Книгопечатание на арабском языке в Казани в первой половине

реклама
Dgb]hi_qZlZgb_ gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_ \ DZaZgb
\ i_j\hc iheh\bg_;,;\_dZ
< ]h^m \ DZaZgb hkgh\u\Z_lky lbih]jZnby
\uimkdZxsZy dgb]b gZ yaudZo \hklhqguo gZjh^h\ wlh
lbih]jZnby =Z[^_e]ZabaZ ;mjZr_\Z< ]h^m wlZ lbih]jZnby
i_j_oh^bl d DZaZgkdhc ]bfgZabb
<hklhqgu_ dgb]b \ DZaZgb klZeb i_qZlZlvky ebrv \
gZklhys_f klhe_lbbhlf_qZ_l DZlZgh\b f_`^m gbfb hq_gv
fZeh khqbg_gbc ^j_\gbo lZlZjkdbo Z\lhjh\ aZlh ]hjZa^h
[hevr_
khqbg_gbc
ZjZ[kdbo i_jkb^kdbo lmj_pdbo
^`Z]ZlZckdbo b dbj]bakdbo
K\_^_gby h gZqZevghf i_jbh^_ lZlZjkdh]h dgb]hi_qZlZgby
kZfu_ ijhlb\hj_qb\u_ LZd gZijbf_j \ h[rbjghf k[hjgbd_
ihk\ys_gghf bklhjbb dgb]hi_qZlZgby \ Jhkkbb e_l
jmkkdh]h dgb]hi_qZlZgby hlf_q_gh qlh ba^Zgb_ dgb] \
DZaZgb aZkem`b\Zxs__ [he__ ih^jh[gh]h jZkkfhlj_gby
jZa\_jgmehkv ihke_ ]h^ZaZ i_j\h_ ^_kylbe_lb_ lZf [ueh
ba^Zgh \k_]h dgb] Gh _keb ihiulZlvky ih^kqblZlv qbkeh
lZlZjkdbo ba^Zgbc k ih ]] ih fhgh]jZnbb : =
DZjbfmeebgZ lh a^_kv fu \b^bf ba^Zgbc ;mjZr_\Z b ba^Zgbc :iZgZ_\Z ?keb `_ h[jZlblvky d khklZ\e_gghc gZfb
;Za_ ^Zgguolh \uoh^blqlh lhevdh gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_ \ i_j\h_
^_kylbe_lb_ ih aZdZaZf lZlZjkdbo ba^Zl_e_c [ueh gZi_qZlZgh dgb]
Ih gZrbf ^Zgguf \ i_j\h_ ^_kylbe_lb_ dgb]hba^Zgby \
DZaZgb ^h ][ueh gZi_qZlZgh ba^Zgbc O_nlb_di_j\h_
ba dhlhjuo ih \ukhqZcr_fm jZaj_r_gbx kZfh]h IZ\eZ ,
³O_nlb_d´i_j_ba^Z\Zeky \ ]h^ZoLZd`_
G: JLnhi^
e_l jmkkdh]h dgb]hi_qZlZgby
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
ba i_j\hc DZaZgkdhc lbih]jZnbb \ i_j\h_ ^_kylbe_lb_ __
jZ[hlu \urehba^Zgbc DhjZgZ
?keb `_ ]h\hjblv h kZfhf i_j\hf lZlZjkdhf ba^Zgbb k
bkihevah\Zgb_f ZjZ[kdh]h yaudZ lh lZdh\hc ki_pbZebklu
kqblZxl fmkmevfZgkdmx Za[mdm ^ey h[mq_gby ibkvfm b ql_gbx
fhebl\ dhlhjZy \ ]h^Zo \uoh^beZ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f
³:lZ]Z^`b´ : = DZjbfmeebg ijb\h^bl [md\Zevguc i_j_\h^
gZa\Zgby dZd ³Ql_gb_ ih keh]Zf´< ]h^m hgZ ba^Z_lky ih^
gZa\Zgb_f ³£ÎË×Ē L«Ï’Ð ےÓÕÎÃÓu ÄÈÓÎsÐO G_dhlhju_
bkke_^h\Zl_eb
wlhl
]h^
kqblZxl
gZqZehf
ba^Zgby
fmkmevfZgkdhc Za[mdbdhlhjZy \ ihke_^mxs_f [m^_l \uoh^blv
ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ³«Ï’Ðےӗu´beb³»ÃӒÌ˗ÃΆϒÐO
WlZ dgb]Z ihemqb\rZy rbjhdh_ jZkijhkljZg_gb_ kj_^b
lZlZj \ k\h_ \j_fy ^Z`_ b]jZeZ jhev g_dh_]h ³n_lbrZ´ HgZ
[ueZ g_h[oh^bfZ ijb kh\_jr_gbb hkgh\guo j_eb]bhaguo
h[yaZgghkl_c
ih\he`kdbo
fmkmevfZg ijb
fhebl\_
`_jl\hijbghr_gbb ³LZlZjkdbc j_[_ghd wlhc dgb]hc gZqbgZe
k\hc mjhd k __ ihfhsvx qblZe :ebn[Z bamqZe yaud DhjZgZ
j_eb]bx ihemqZe hij_^_e_gguc gZ[hj agZgbc ih nbdom
fmkmevfZgkdhfm ijZ\mWlZ dgb]Z [ueZ g_h[oh^bfZ lZlZjbgm
fmkmevfZgbgm b ihke_ kf_jlb hg \_jbe qlh keh\Zfb ba wlhc
dgb]b _fm ijb^_lky ^_j`Zlv hl\_l i_j_^ FmgdZjhf b
GZdbjhf´ Ihwlhfm __ deZeb \ fh]bem \f_kl_ k mf_jrbf ´ ?keb ^h gZqZeZ i_jbh^Z ³ukme_^`Z^b^´dgb]Z ³BfZg rZjlu´
[ueZ h^ghc ba kZfuo ihimeyjguo b g_h[oh^bfuo dgb]lh m`_
\h \j_f_gZ \jZ`^u dZ^bfbklh\ b ^`Z^b^bklh\ = JZobf b =
=m[Zc^meebg __ gZau\Zxl hkgh\guf Z\lhjbl_lhf m h^ghc ba
klhjhg
>ey wlhc dgb]b \k_]^Z [ue oZjZdl_j_g [hevrhc lbjZ` LZd
gZijbf_j\ ]OmkZbgh\ ba^Ze wlm dgb]m \ dhebq_kl\_ wda Qbkeh __ ba^Zgbc dhe_[e_lky \ ij_^_e_ ihemlhjZ^\mo khl_g
< Dgb]_ h DhjZg_\ur_^r_c \ ]Z\lhju :\dk_glv_\ :<b
FZ\exlh\ J J hlf_qZxl qlh \ ]] DhjZg \ DZaZgb ba^Z_lky ih^
gZa\Zgb_f FmkoZn rZjbn;eZ]hjh^guc k\blhdgh g_ mdZaZg bklhqgbd wlhc
bgnhjfZpbbFu g_ h[gZjm`beb mihfbgZgbc h[ wlhf ba^Zgbb gb \ dZlZeh]Zo
gb \ ^jm]bo bklhqgbdZo
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
°qÕÈÌ££qÇÈÇ£²ÀÒÀÐqÄqÁÈßÒÛÒÀÐÈÕÛÁ
?klv ^Zggu_qlh \ ]h^m dhebq_kl\h wda_fieyjh\ wlhc dgb]b
[ueh jZ\gh \ ]f_`^m b ]]lhevdh
ba lbih]jZnbb mgb\_jkbl_lZ \ureh wda_fieyjh\Ijb wlhf
gZ ijhly`_gbb \k_c ihke_^mxs_c bklhjbb ba^Zgby \iehlv ^h
]h^ZwlZ dgb]Z [m^_l khojZgylv k\hc i_j\hgZqZevguc \b^
b nhjfZl
Yaud dgb]b gZau\Z_fuc \ gZjh^_ ³dgb`guf´ gZ
ijhly`_gbb ^he]h]h \j_f_gb y\eyeky ebl_jZlmjguf b khojZgye
ihabpbx hnbpbZevgh]h j_eb]bhagh]h yaudZ
< kZfhc dgb]_ g_ ^Z_lky gbdZdhc bgnhjfZpbb h lhfdh]^Z
b d_f hgZ kha^ZgZ<u^_j`Zgghklv yaudZ b klbey gZ ijhly`_gbb
\k_c dgb]b mdZau\Z_l gZ lh qlh ijhba\_^_gb_ g_ y\ey_lky
j_amevlZlhf dhee_dlb\gh]h l\hjq_kl\Z Z kha^Zgh dhgdj_lguf
^h\hevgh Z\lhjbl_lguf lZlZjkdbf Z\lhjhf < g_dhlhjuo
bklhqgbdZo Z\lhjkl\h wlhc dgb]b ijbibku\Z_lky h^ghfm ba
h[jZah\Zgg_crbo
ex^_c
k\h_]h
\j_f_gb
`bl_ex
FZfZ^urkdh]h m_a^Z FmjlZa_ [Dmlem]mr Kbf_lb dhg_p ;9,,
gZqZeh ;9,,, \\ < ^jm]bo bklhqgbdZo Z\lhjhf mdZaZg
oZevnZ agZf_gblh]h DZj]Zebgkdh]h f_^j_k_ Brgbya Rbjgbya
\lhjZy iheh\bgZ ;9,,, \=;Zjm^b \ ghf_jZo `mjgZeZ
٠ĤÈÍÂqËqÄqÁµ ibkZe ³<j_fy kha^Zgby b Z\lhj mihfbgZ_fhc
dgb]b lhqgh g_ ba\_klgu Fhc gZklZ\gbd fmeeZ KZeZoZ^^bg B[g
fmeeZ BkoZd ]h\Zjb\Ze h \hafh`ghc l\hjq_kdhc ijbgZ^e_`ghklb
wlh]h ijhba\_^_gby fmee_ FmjlZa_ OZnbamdhlhjuc [ue ba\_kl_g
k\hbf klZjZgb_f ijbg_klb ihevam gZjh^m ihkj_^kl\hf lZdbo dgb]´
< dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ = ;Zjm^b ijb\h^bl h^bg ba h[jZaph\ lZd
gZau\Z_fuo ³kbekbe_´ p_ihq_d keh\hkhq_lZgbc h[hjhlh\
ijbgZ^e_`Z\rbo fmee_ FmjlZa_ OZnbam ^ey ^hdZaZl_evkl\Z bo
koh`_klb k yaudhf \ur_mihfbgZ_fhc dgb]b LZd`_ \ kghkd_
;Zjm^b hlf_qZ_l qlh fmeeZ FmjlZaZ OZnba mqbeky \ ;moZj_ \
gZqZe_ ]h \_dZ ob^`ju lh _klv \h \j_f_gZ ijZ\e_gby
bfi_jZljbp :ggu b ?ebaZ\_lu \ ]h^u ijbl_kg_gby lZlZj ih^
jmdh\h^kl\hf Emdb DZgZr_\bqZ b [ue `b\ \ ]h^m ob^`juGh
´qÕÐÅÒÄÈÍΰ ÑÀÐƬqÐÆqÍȸ¬ÎÑÒÀÔÀÄqËqÕÁqÐ
ÊÈÒÀÏ
GZkucjb DDZe_g^Zj_e
\k_ wlh ^h\hevgh kihjgh b \hijhk h[ Z\lhjkl\_ ijhba\_^_gby
hklZ_lky hldjuluf
DZd hlf_qZeb =JZobf b ==m[Zc^meebg ³^j_\ghklv yaudZ
wlhc dgb]b h[beb_ qZ]ZlZckdbo keh\ koh`_klv [hevrbgkl\Z
keh\ b ij_^eh`_gbc k yaudhf b keh]hf ;me]Zjkdbo
gZ^fh]bevguo
dZf_gguo
iebl
]h
\_dZ
ob^`ju
k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h jZgg_f i_jbh^_ __ kha^Zgby´
I_j\ufb ZjZ[hyauqgufb ba^Zgbyfb mgb\_jkbl_lkdhc
lbih]jZnbb hldjulhc \ ] [ueb ³:a[mdZ b ]jZffZlbdZ
lZlZjkdh]h yaudZ k ijZ\beZfb ZjZ[kdh]h ql_gbyij_ih^Z\Z_fZy
\ Bf_jZlhjkdhc DZaZgkdhc ]bfgZabb´ B[jZ]bfZ OZenbgZ b
khqbg_gb_ ³à’••†ÌÃÕÃÔϒCՈ’ĤÃÇÓO ³Hkh[_gghklv bf_g
ih]b[rbo \ [bl\_ ijb ;Z^j_´ \ dhlhjhf ij_^bkeh\b_ [ueh
^Zgh gZ lZlZjkdhf yaud_ b ^Ze__ [ueb i_j_qbke_gu bf_gZ
kih^\b`gbdh\ ijhjhdZ ijb bklhjbq_kdhc [bl\_ m ;Z^jZ
< o ]]dhebq_kl\h ba^Z\Z_fuo \ DZaZgb dgb] [ueh
g_agZqbl_evguf IjbqbgZ wlh]h [ueZ k\yaZgZ k hlkmlkl\b_f
ijb]h^guo ^ey i_qZlZgby ZjZ[kdbo rjbnlh\ b k\_jo\ukhdbfb
lZjbnZo aZ i_qZlZgb_ fmkmevfZgkdbo dgb] mklZgh\e_ggufb
]bfgZab_c : = DZjbfmeebg m[_^bl_evgh ^hdZaZe dZdb_
^hoh^u ijbghkbeh i_qZlZgb_ ih aZdZam lZlZjkdbo ba^Zl_e_c
lbih]jZnbb b dZd ^he]h \eZ^_evpu lbih]jZnbb g_ ohl_eb l_jylv
__ fhghihevgh]h iheh`_gbyijb wlhf ij_iylkl\my mdj_ie_gbx
__ fZl_jbZevghc [Zau
BgnhjfZpby ih wlhfm i_jbh^m dgb]hba^Zl_evkdhc
^_yl_evghklb lZlZj ^h\hevgh ijhlb\hj_qb\Zy M ; : >hjgZ k
ih ]h^u mql_gh lZlZjkdbo ba^Zgbc< gZr_c [Za_
^Zgguo ZjZ[kdb_ ba^Zgby aZ \lhjh_ ^_kylbe_lb_ khklZ\eyxl dgb] Wlh ba^Zgby DhjZgZ ba^Zgby O_nlb_d b BfZg
°qÕÈÌ££qÇÈÇ£²ÀÒÀÐqÄqÁÈßÒÛÒÀÐÈÕÛÁ
]kwda
G; D=M:
DZd ibr_l G AZ]hkdbg lbih]jZnby k i_j\uo ^g_c hldjulby
g_ij_ju\gh gm`^Z_lky \ ZjZ[kdbo ebl_jZo ]Zjl_ fZljbpZo D ] dhebq_kl\h
rjbnlh\ lbih]jZnbb khklZ\eyeh \k_]h im^h\<k_ wlh kdZau\Zehkv gZ dhebq_kl\_
ba^ZgbcLbih]jZnby ihqlb g_ jZ[hlZeZ
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
'RUQ
rZjlu< ^\Z^pZlu_ ]h^u fu lZd`_ \b^bf ZjZ[kdbo ba^Zgbc
LZdbf h[jZahffu \b^bfqlh k ih ]h^u bf_xlky ZjZ[kdbo ba^Zgbc
<hafh`gh gZ khdjZs_gb_ \uimkdZ dgb] \ l_ ]h^u \ebyeb b
h[t_dlb\gu_ h[klhyl_evkl\Z Z bf_ggh \ l_ ]h^u
ki_pbZebklZfb hlf_q_g kiZ^ \ ba^Zl_evkdhf ^_e_ ih \k_c
Jhkkbb GZ wlh ih\ebye b mdZa hl ghy[jy ] dhlhjuf
ij_^ibku\Zehkv ³qlh[u \ ba^Zgbb khqbg_gbc b i_j_\h^h\
hkh[_ggh \ ij_ih^Z\Zgbb gZmd g_ [ueh gbq_]h dhe_[exs_]h
\_jmb [eZ]hgjZ\b_ g_ ml_jb\Zehkv´
< ]h^u gbdheZ_\kdhc j_Zdpbb ihke_ ih^Z\e_gby \hkklZgby
^_dZ[jbklh\ \ ] pZjkdZy p_gamjZ g_h[uqZcgh mkbebeZkv
Gh\uc p_gamjguc mklZ\ ]h^Z ijha\Zgguc aZ k\hx
ly`_eh\_kghklv b j_Zdpbhgghklv ³qm]mgguf´ \\h^be keh`gmx
p_gamjgmx kbkl_fm < ijhlb\h\_k mklZ\m ] ³qm]mgguc´
mklZ\ g_ ^ha\heye ³ijhimkdZlv d gZi_qZlZgbx f_klZbf_xsb_
^\hydbc kfuke _keb h^bg ba gbo ijhlb\_g p_gamjguf
ijZ\beZf´ < ] p_gamjguc mklZ\ \ur_e \ gh\hc
g_kdhevdh [he__ kfy]q_gghc j_^Zdpbb Iheh`_gh [ueh gZqZeh
fgh`_kl\_gghklb p_gamjudgb]b p_gamjh\Zebkv \ khhl\_lkl\bb
k kh^_j`Zgb_f \ jZaebqguo \_^hfkl\Zo b wlh mkbeb\Zeh
aZ\bkbfhklv bo km^v[u hl \heb ijZ\bl_evkl\_gguo qbgh\gbdh\
Ihy\bebkv f_klgu_ hj]Zgu p_gamju b hl^_evgu_ p_gahju \
lhf qbke_ b DZaZgkdbc hl^_evguc p_gahj < J=B: \ KZgdl
I_l_j[mj]_ \ nhg^_ ³=eZ\gh]h mijZ\e_gby p_gamju´ ojZgylky
³>hg_k_gby dZaZgkdh]h hl^_evgh]h p_gahjZ k i_j_qgyfb
\ur_^rbo b \ukeZgguo \ =eZ\gh_ mijZ\e_gb_ p_gamju
ba^Zgbc´ k ih ]h^ < gbo d dZ`^hfm wda_fieyjm
: = DZjbfmeebg M bklhdh\ kh kkuedhc gZ Zjob\gu_
fZl_jbZeu nhg^h\ b G: JL mdZau\Z_lqlh k ih ]h^ lZlZjkdZy
lbih]jZnby ih aZdZam qZklguo ba^Zl_e_c \uimklbeZ dgb]< lZdhf kemqZ_ d
gZrbf ^Zgguf fh]eb [u ^h[Z\blvky _s_ ba^Zgbc DhjZgZO_nlb_d b BfZg rZjlu Gh d kh`Ze_gbx gZf g_ m^Zehkv gZclb fZl_jbZeh\
ih^l\_j`^Zxsbo wlh b fu \ugm`^_gu h]jZgbqblvky \ur_gZa\Zggufb
pbnjZfb
e_l jmkkdh]h dgb]hi_qZlZgby
K[hjgbd ihklZgh\e_gbc b jZkihjy`_gbc ih p_gamj_ k ih ]h^Ki[K
hlhkeZggh]h \ =MP ba^Zgby ijbeZ]Z_lky ^hdmf_gl kh^_j`Zgby
ih^h[gh ke_^mxs_fm ³Bf_x q_klv ij_^hklZ\blv ijb k_f gZ
hkgh\Zgbb <ukhqZcr_ ml\_j`^_ggh]h ]h Zij_ey ]
MklZ\hf
h
p_gamj_ gZi_qZlZggmx
\
lbih]jZnbb
Bfi_jZlhjkdh]h DZaZgkdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ dgb]mkh^_j`Zsmx \
k_[_ >@\ h^ghf wda_fieyj_ijhky ihdhjg_cr_h ihemq_gbb
hghc f_gy m\_^hfblv´ Bamq_gb_ ih^h[guo ^hg_k_gbc b
Zjob\guo fZl_jbZeh\ojZgysboky \ GZpbhgZevghf :job\_ JL
iha\hebeh
gZf
khklZ\blv
ijb[ebabl_evgmx
dZjlbgm
dgb]hi_qZlZgby \ DZaZgb i_j\hc iheh\bgu;,;\
: = DZjbfmeebguf ijb\h^ylky ke_^mxsb_ pbnju h[
ba^Zgbyo gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_ ihke_ ] ba^Zgby DhjZgZ
ba^Zgby O_nlb_dba^Zgby Kmju YkbglZlZjkdZy ³:a[mdZ´
k ZjZ[kdbfb fhebl\Zfb ba^Zgby lbjZ`hf dZ`^h]h g_ gb`_
wda Z hl^_evgu_ ba^Zgby ^h wda H[s__ qbkeh
\hklhqguo dgb]\uims_gguo k ijbf_g_gb_f ZjZ[kdh]h rjbnlZ
lhevdh lbih]jZnb_c mgb\_jkbl_lZ k ih ]h^ jZ\gh
Ih gZr_c [Za_ ^Zgguo aZ wlhl i_jbh^ \k_]h \ DZaZgb [ueh
\uims_gh hdheh ZjZ[kdbo ba^Zgbc ijbq_f \ureh b h^gh
ba^Zgb_ k ijbf_g_gb_f ZjZ[kdh]h b lmj_pdh]h l_dklZ
Ki_pbZebklZfb hlf_q_gh qlh hkh[_ggh ljm^guf ^ey
jmkkdhc i_qZlb [ue i_jbh^ ³fjZqgh]h k_fbe_lby´ i_jbh^
k_fbe_lg_c ^_yl_evghklb ;mlmjebgkdh]h dhfbl_lZ\ dhgp_ o gZqZe_ o ]] dhlhjuc ihemqbe gZa\Zgb_ ³wihob
p_gamjgh]h l_jjhjZ´ dh]^Z ]eZ\gh_ \gbfZgb_ h[jZsZehkv gZ
³f_`^mkljhqguc kfuke khqbg_gby´ ³Gug_ j_rbl_evgh <_d
dgb]hg_gZ\b^_gby´ ibkZe ³Kh\j_f_ggbd´ \ ] Ijhp_kk
p_gamjh\Zgby jmdhibkb ijhoh^be f_^e_ggh b k [hevrbfb
ljm^ghklyfb Gh\uc p_gamjguc mklZ\ jZaj_rZe p_gahjZf
^himkdZlv jmdhibkb d i_qZlb_keb hgb g_ \ha[m`^Zeb gbdZdbo
khfg_gbc Gh lZdb_ kemqZb [ueb j_^db b h[uqgh m p_gahjZ
aZim]Zggh]h \kydh]h jh^Z j_ij_kkb\gufb f_jhijbylbyfb
>Ze__ ke_^m_l ih^jh[gZy bgnhjfZpby h dhgdj_lghc dgb]_
J=B: Ki[nhi^
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
µÖˆ×ÃÕÃÎÏÖÎÍ >Zj pZjyf I_j_\Rb]Z[m^^bg :abah\DZaZgv
khfg_gby \hagbdZeb ?keb f_klguc p_gahj g_ j_rZeky
\ukdZau\Zlv hij_^_e_ggh_ km`^_gb_ lh jmdhibkv ihklmiZeZ \
=eZ\gh_ mijZ\e_gb_ p_gamjudhlhjh_ \ughkbeh hdhgqZl_evgh_
j_r_gb_ Bgh]^Z jmdhibkb ijhoh^beb hq_gv ^ebgguc imlv
ij_`^_ q_f [ulv gZi_qZlZggufb
Gh b ijb lZdbo mkeh\byo_keb k ih ]h^u \ DZaZgb
ih aZdZaZf lZlZjkdbo ba^Zl_e_c [ueh \uims_gh dgb] lh
iheh\bgm bo khklZ\eyxl ZjZ[kdb_ ba^Zgby
DZd fu \b^bf ih Zjob\guf b ^jm]bf bklhqgbdZfk ih
]h^u k\_l m\b^_eh hdheh ba^Zgbc gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_
Gh dZd ml\_j`^Z_l : = DZjbfmeebg ³k ih ]h^
dZaZgkdbc p_gahj jZaj_rbe lZlZjkdbf ba^Zl_eyf ba^Zgb_ dgb]Z aZ wlh \j_fy lbih]jZnbb kmf_eb ba^Zlv \k_]h dgb]b
l _ f_g__ iheh\bgu lh]h qlh hgb ohl_eb ba^Zlv´ LZd qlh
keh`gh km^blv h lhqghklb gZrbo pbnj
GZqbgZy k ]h^Z lbih]jZnby mgb\_jkbl_lZ gZqZeZ
Zdlb\gh ba^Z\Zlv h[jy^h\mx j_eb]bhaghgjZ\hmqbl_evgmx
ebl_jZlmjm
GZqbgZxl
ba^Z\Zlvky
khqbg_gby
ih
fmkmevfZgkdhfm ijZ\m < ] \uoh^yl i_j\u_ ba^Zgby
ke_^mxsbo ihimeyjguo dgb]
ÀËÊÄ ÃÎÃCÃÏ ÃÎÏÖĒÓÃÍ <_ebdbc [eZ]hkeh\_gguc
Oba[ khklZ\e_gguc C£ÎË Ä ´ÖΗ’Ð ¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇ £Îݒӆ
mf
¯Ö›ÕÕÃÓ ÃÎÅË͒Ìà ׆ ÏÃԒ
ËÎ ÃÎØËǒÌÃ
KhdjZs_gb_ Ze<bdZcZ ih \hijhkZf ZeOb^ZcZ Wlh
ba^Zgguc
DZa_f;_dhf
khdjZs_gguc
\ZjbZgl
dmjkZ
aZdhgh\_^_gby h j_eb]bb b [ul_ Z\lhjhf dhlhjh]h y\eyeky
agZf_gbluc fmkmevfZgkdbc aZdhgh\_^ C¶ÄÃÌÇÖÎÎÃ Ä ¯ÃÔCÇ
G: JL N Hi > E k_dj_lgZy i_j_ibkdZ DZaZgkdh]h
hl^_evgh]h p_gahjZ F : DZa_f[_dZ b MijZ\eyxs_]h DZaZgkdbf Mq_[guf
Hdjm]hf^Zlbjh\ZggZy ^_dZ[j_f]
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
Oba[ hagZqZ_l iZjlby beb qZklv\ ^Zgghf kemqZ_ j_qv b^_l h qZklb
DhjZgZba^Z\Z\r_cky fmkmevfZgZfb hq_gv Zdlb\gh b [hevrbfb lbjZ`Zfb
H^bg wda_fieyj wlhc dgb]b ojZgblky \ G; D=M :
mgb\_jkbl_lkdZy lbih]jZnbyk
Kheh\v_\=hl\Zev^
Ä µ’ÇÉÖÛÛÃӆCà < ihke_^mxsb_ ]h^u wlZ dgb]Z [m^_l
ba^ZgZ [he__ jZa<k_]h \h \lhjhc iheh\bg_ o ]h^h\ [ueb
ba^Zgu khqbg_gbc ih nbdom b ljb ba gbo wlh ba^Zgby
\ur_mdZaZggh]h khqbg_gby
Ba [h]hkeh\kdhc ebl_jZlmju gZqbgZ_l ba^Z\Zlvky
\Z`g_cr__ g_[hevrh_ ih h[t_fm khqbg_gb_ ·Ë…Ø ÃÎÃÍÄÃÓ
<_ebdh_ agZgb_ Z\lhjhf dhlhjh]h ih ljZ^bpbb kqblZ_lky
hkgh\hiheh`gbd
oZgZnblkdhc
\_l\b
fmkmevfZgkdh]h
aZdhgh\_^_gby kmggblkdh]h lhedZ °ÖCÏ’Ð Ä Ù’ÄËÕ £Ä
ÀÃІ×à mf\ ]gZau\Z_fuc «Ï’ÏÃΣ ÃÏ BfZf
\_ebqZcrbcLjZdlZl fgh]hdjZlgh dhff_glbjh\ZekyH^bg ba
lZdbo dhff_glZjb_\ »Ãӈ ×Ë…Ø ÃÍÄÃÓ kZfuc ihimeyjguc
kj_^b fmkmevfZg Ih\he`vy dhlhjuc khklZ\be £Ä ÃÎ
¯ÖÐÕÃؒ C«•ÏÃÕÃÎÎÃØ >Ä ¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇ Ãίà ІԒņ@ \
] < DZaZgb <_ebdh_ agZgb_\f_kl_ k dhff_glZjb_f
ba^Z\Zehkv [he__ ^\Z^pZlb jZa M DZlZgh\Z _klv bgnhjfZpby h
lhfqlh i_j\h_ ba^Zgb_ wlhc dgb]b [ueh \ ] gh fu g_
gZreb dZd b wlh]h ba^ZgbylZd b dZdboeb[h bguo mihfbgZgbc
h g_f \ ^jm]bo bklhqgbdZo Ih gZrbf ^Zgguf wlZ dgb]Z
\i_j\u_ [ueZ ba^ZgZ \ ]ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ¸Ã¢’ÍËՒÄ×˅Ø
ÃÍÄÃÓ \ dhlhjhc hkgh\ghc l_dkl [ue jZkiheh`_g \ jZfd_ k
gZ^kljhqgufb b ih^kljhqgufb agZdZfb Z gZ iheyo dhff_glZjbb: qlh dZkZ_lky [he__ jZgg_]h ba^Zgbylh \ ] \ mgb\_jkbl_lkdhc lbih]jZnbb [ueZ ba^ZgZ dgb]Z ·Ë…Ø
ÃÍÄÃÓÆs ÕUÓÍË Ûsӈ† Lxjdkdbc dhff_glZjbc d ³<_ebdhfm
agZgbx´ \ dhlhjhc ZjZ[kdbc l_dkl ^Z_lky jZa^_e_gguf gZ
ij_^eh`_gby \ kdh[dZo Z \g_ kdh[hd jZkiheh`_g lZlZjkdbc
dhff_glZjbc Djhf_ wlh]h \ lhf `_ ba^Zgbb gZ kk
jZkiheh`_gh Zihdjbnbq_kdh_ aZ\_sZgb_ihmq_gb_ ³¸ÃÊÓÃÕ
ËÏ’Ï £ ÊÃÏ ÅÕuÌÃÕÈ «Ï’Ï £Ä ¬ÔÖ×Íô dhlhjh_
ba\_klguc fmkmevfZgkdbc aZdhgh\_^ hklZ\be k\h_fm mq_gbdm
£Ä ¬ÔÖ×Ö ¬ÃC͝ÄÖ ÃΣÐÔÃӆ mf hd ] [Z]^Z^kdhfm
Kh[jMaKKJ:KOZDUGW
G: JL nhi^eZ
G; D=M:
KfKh[jMaKKJ:KOZDUGW%URFNHOPDQQ>hi
km^v_ ijb oZebn_ OZjmg ZjJZrb^_ < wlhf
aZ\_sZgbb £Ä ÀÃІ×à h[jZsZ_lky d k\h_fm mq_gbdm k
ihmq_gb_f dZd _fm ^_j`Zlvky \ hlghr_gbb oZebnZ b \
hlghr_gbb ^jm]bo ex^_c qlh[u g_ ihl_jylv k\h_]h
^hklhbgkl\Z b k\h_]h Z\lhjbl_lZ b hkms_kl\eylv e_`Zsb_ gZ
g_f hl\_lkl\_ggu_ aZ^Zqb < hibkZgbb Kh[jZgby \hklhqguo
jmdhibk_c MaKKJ mihfbgZ_lky ZjZ[kdZy
jmdhibkv wlh]h
aZ\_sZgby dhlhjZy dZd mdZaZgh \ dhehnhg_ aZbfkl\h\ZgZ ba
³Dgb]b koh^kl\ b ih^h[bc´«ÄÐÃаÖÇÉÃÌÏÃÃί˕ӆ mf
] Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh \ [hevrbgkl\_ dZaZgkdbo
ba^Zgbc l_dkl ³<_ebdh]h agZgby´ gZ[jZg k mdZaZgb_f
gZ^kljhqguo b ih^kljhqguo agZdh\ Z l_dkl dhff_glZjby [_a
gboM`_ \ dhgp_ O,;\_dZ \ ][ue ba^Zg dhfi_g^bc gZ
Dhff_glZjbc >dgb]b@ <_ebdh_ agZgb_ gZau\Z_fuc ¯Ö›ÕÕÃÓ
ÃÎÏŒÎCÃÎÃÛÃӈÃÎ×˅ØÃÎÃÍÄÃÓk hkgh\guf l_dklhf \
jZfd_ b ijbf_qZgbyfb gZ iheyo Z\lhjhf dhlhjuo [ue
¯ÖC†ÐÃÇdžР£Ä ÃÎÀÃÔÃÐ C£Õ’
ÖÎΒ Ä ¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇ ÃÎ
ÝÖӕ’ņ
<]gZqbgZxl ba^Z\Zlvky lZdb_ dgb]bdZd
³ËÔÃÎà ׆ ÃÎCŒMËÇ ÃÎËÔÎÃφÌà LjZdlZl ih
\_jhmq_gbx bkeZfkdhfmba^Zgb_ <Zeblh\Z
§ÃΒ
ËÎ ÃΛÃÌÓ’Õ Z\lhj £Î§ÉÃʝΆ £Ä C£ÄÇÃÎÎÃØ
¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇÄ´ÖÎÃÌϒУԴ†ÏΒΆ mf\ ]dhlhjZy
]h^hf jZgvr_ [ueZ ba^ZgZ \ KZgdlI_l_j[mj]_ \ lbih]jZnbb
K_e_ag_\Z ijb mqZklbb bfZfoZlu[Z Kh[hjghc f_q_lb
DZfZeZ^^bgZ [:^beZ ³ijb ijZ\e_gbb GbdheZy´Wlh k[hjgbd
fhebl\ aZ ijhjhdZ FmoZffZ^Z ih oZjZdl_jbklbd_ Jha_gZ
³ba\_klgh_ khqbg_gb_ dhlhjh_ fgh]h jZa ba^Z\Zehkv gZ
<hklhd_´
Kh[jMaKKJ
G; D=M : DZlZeh] B< KI[ 5,,, 5,,,: D,, D,,
D,,D,,D,,D,,D,,
G; D=MLLbi<yq_keZ\Zk
'RUQKheh\v_\G: JL nhi^eZ
:J B< :G KKKJ
Kfh g_f )OXJHO\ dZlZeh]_ jmdhiBfi_j<_gkd[b[e,,,3HUWVFK
GDUDE+GVFKUG+]JO%LEO]X*RWKD‹ lZd`_%URFNHOPDQQ>hi
DjZqdh\kdbc
µÖˆ×ÃÕ ÃÎÏÖÎÍ >Zj pZjyf ijZ\beZ h[ bkiheg_gbb
h[jy^h\ BkeZfZ Z\lhj ¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇÄÂƤÃÍÓÀÃÔÃÐÃÓ³’ʆ
Dgb]Z ba^ZgZ k lZlZjkdbf i_j_\h^hf Rb]Z[m^^bgZ
:abah\ZWlZ dgb]Z \ ihke_^mxs_f dZd k lZlZjkdbf i_j_\h^hf
lZd b gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_ [m^_l ba^ZgZ [he__jZa
C£…’
ËÇ ÏÃЍÏà >h]fZlu \ \bjrZo \_jhmq_gb_
baeh`_ggh_ \ klboZo khklZ\e_ggh_ «ÄӒ؆ÏÑÏ ÀŅ† lmj_pdbf Z\lhjhf dhgpZ;,;\
£ÎגÃÎÍÖ×ÓKeh\Z g_\_jby
£ÌÖØà ÃÎÅÃÎÃÇ H ^bly wlbdhgZab^Zl_evgh_
khqbg_gb_ agZf_gblh]h ªÃÌÐÖÇdžР£Ä À’ÏËÇ ¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇ
£Î¦ÃʒΆ ]] < ] \ureh \ k\_l ba^Zgb_
_s_ h^gh]h _]h khqbg_gby ³ËÔÃÎÃËНÓÐÃÏÃwlZ [jhrxjZ ³h
iheva_ mq_gby FmoZffZ^Z´ ba^Z\ZeZkv jZaZ lbjZ`hf ^h lukwda
LZd`_ gZqbgZ_l ba^Z\Zlvky [h]hkeh\kdhgjZ\hmqbl_evgh]h
oZjZdl_jZ klbohl\hj_gb_ £ÏÃΆ kh^_j`Zs__ \ k_[_ mq_gb_
bkeZfZ k ih^kljhqguf lZlZjkdbf i_j_\h^hf gZibkZggh_
´ËӒÇÉÖÇdžÐÄC¶¡ÏÃÐÃÎÁۆhd]
< wlhl `_ ]h^ \ lbih]jZnbb R_\bpZ \uoh^bl i_j\h_
ba^Zgb_ agZf_gblhc ihwfu h gZdb^d_ IjhjhdZ ÝՆÇÃ
ˤÖÓÇÃ
Z\lhj dhlhjhc C£ÄÇÃÎÎÃØ »ÃÓÃ×ÃÇdžР¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇ Ä
G: JL nhi^eZ
M Kheh\v_\Z mdZaZghqlh wlh khqbg_gb_ ³kha^Zggh_ ih ijhba\_^_gbyf
FmoZffZ^Z GmjZ^^bgZ ?]bi_lkdh]h b Ibj]Zeb kM $KOZDUGWb
%URFNHOPDQQ >hiDjZqdh\kdbc:J B< :G KKKJ
\ jZa^_e_ XJBKIJM>?GPBY mdZaZg Z\lhj¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇÄ «ÔÏÃC†ÎÄ
¯ÃˆÏÇ¤ÃÇÓ ÃÓ³ÃۆÇE
Y› ¥W fEKB› h WBü mf]gZqZeh …’ÎÃÛÛÃ̛ÃÎËϒÏÃÎCÃÎΒÏÃeeZ m $KOZDUGWkb :J B<
:G KKKJ \ jZa^_e_ WLBD: gZa\Zgb_ hE?BAü aKü Y>@›ü ¬K›
Z\lhj ¯ÖÃ××ÃÓÄ«ÄӒ؆ÏįÃЕÓÃÎà׆ÄgZqZeh…’ÎÃÛÛÃ̛
ÃÎËϒϣĝÃÎ×ÃÕÕÈhlf_q_ghqlh wlh ijhba\_^_gb_ h \ukdZau\Zgbyo b
^_ckl\byoaZij_lguo ^ey fmkmevfZg jmdhibkv \ eeLZd dZd gZfb ihdZ _s_
g_ h[gZjm`_g gb h^bg wda_fieyj wlhc dgb]bfu g_ fh`_f kdZaZlvd dZdhfm ba
\ur_gZa\Zgguo ijhba\_^_gbc hlghkblky wlh ba^Zgb_
M $KOZDUGWwlh ijhba\_^_gb_ ihf_s_gh \ jZa^_e_Kmnbaf
Kf lZd`_ :J B< :G KKKJ %URFNHOPDQQ >hiDjZqdh\kdbc
´ÃC†Ç Zԝ•†Ó† ]] Wlh ba\_klgh_ \ ijhklhj_qbb
khqbg_gb_ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ³DZkb^Zl Ze;mj^Z´ IhwfZ ieZsZ
beb _s_ qZs_ ³Ze;mj^Z´ ijbh[j_eh g_h[uqZcgmx
ihimeyjghklv \ fmkmevfZgkdhf h[s_kl\_ b k^_eZehkv
ij_^f_lhf h[yaZl_evgh]h bamq_gby \ rdhe_ < k\yab k wlbf
ohl_ehkv [u gZ g_f hklZgh\blvky ih^jh[g__Ih oZjZdl_jbklbd_
B F Nbevrlbgkdh]h \ fmkmevfZgkdhf h[s_kl\_ wlZ ihwfZ
³kjZam `_ [ueZ ijbgylZ k \hkobs_gb_f dhlhjh_ i_j_jhkeh \
[eZ]h]h\_cgh_ ihqblZgb_ [eZ]h^Zjy ijbibku\Z_fhc _c
qm^h^_ckl\_gghc kbe_´ ³DZku^_ ieZsZ´ ijbibku\Zehkv
fZ]bq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ b ijZ\h\_jgu_ fmkmevfZg_ ghkbeb l_dkl
hlju\dh\ ba g__ \ dZq_kl\_ lZebkfZgh\
IhwfZ khklhbl ba [_clh\GZibkZggZy \ nhjf_ dZku^u
hgZ gZqbgZ_lky k ljZ^bpbhggh]h gZkb[ZZ aZl_fihke_ djZldhc
^b^Zdlbq_kdhc qZklb jZa\b\Z_lky ]eZ\gZy l_fZ Ih
oZjZdl_jbklbd_ =b[[Z³ihfbfh lh]hqlh h^Z baysgZ b \ h[s_f
k\h[h^gZ hl kmnbckdbo b^_c [eZ]h^Zjy q_fm hgZ ijbh[j_lZ_l
ijbylgmx ijhklhlm ^ey gZk hgZ ]eZ\guf h[jZahf bgl_j_kgZ
l_f qlh \ g_c k`Zlh baeZ]Z_lky kj_^g_\_dh\Zy e_]_g^Z h
ijhjhd_´
GZ kZfhf gZqZevghf wlZi_ fh_c jZ[hlu \ g_dhlhjuo
bklhqgbdZo >hjg G: JL n hi ^ eZ
g_h^ghdjZlgh \klj_qZehkv gZa\Zgb_ ³:fbg lyaZo´ ³:fbg
lZadbj´³:fbg lyaZd´b y [_amki_rgh iulZeZkv \uykgblv qlh
`_ wlh [ueh aZ ijhba\_^_gb_ ihdZ g_ magZeZ qlh agZf_gblZy
ihwfZ gZqbgZ_lky keh\Zfb³£ÏËÐÕâÃÍÍÃÓËÇÉËӒÐË ³Hl
\hkihfbgZgbc eb khk_^_c >Ab KZeZfZ ba hq_c l\hbo ihevxlky
]hjxqb_ ke_au@´ LZdb_ \hl dmjv_au fh]ml \klj_lblvky gZ
imlb gZqbgZxs_]h bkke_^h\Zl_ey
Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ihwfZ ba^Z\ZeZkv dZd \ hjb]bgZe_
lZd b \ i_j_\h^_ \ =_jfZgbb Lmjpbb Jhkkbb <i_j\u_ ihwfZ
[ueZ gZi_qZlZgZ \_g]jhf B\Mjb_f \ Ehg^hg_ \ ]aZl_f k
Nbevrlbgkdbc BF:jZ[kdZy deZkkbq_kdZy ebl_jZlmjZF =e j_^
<hklebljuk
=b[[
g_f_pdbf i_j_\h^hf Jha_gp\_c]hf \ <_g_ \ < ]
ihwfZ i_j\uc jZa [ueZ ba^ZgZ k lZlZjkdbf ih^kljhqguf
i_j_\h^hf \ DZaZgb GZf ba\_klgu ba^Zgbc ihwfu
lbjZ`Zfb wda qlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h
qj_a\uqZcghc ihimeyjghklb __ kj_^b lZlZj< gZjh^_ hgZ [ueZ
rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_gZ lZd`_ ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ³:fbg lZaZd´ih
gZqZevguf keh\ZfH ihimeyjghklb ihwfu k\b^_l_evkl\m_l b
lhl nZdl qlh hgZ [ueZ i_j_\_^_gZ gZ bg^bckdbc i_jkb^kdbc
lmj_pdbcg_f_pdbcnjZgpmakdbc b Zg]ebckdbc yaudb< k\yab
kh ki_pbnbq_kdbf \a]ey^hf gZ wlm ihwfm ihy\behkv fgh]h
ijhba\_^_gbc qZklh [_aufygguo ihk\ys_gguo hibkZgbx __
³k\hckl\´ Wlb ijhba\_^_gby ij_^ihkueZxlky l_dklm ihwfu
khklZ\eyy k ihke_^gbf g_qlh _^bgh_< lZdhf kemqZ_ hgb ghkyl
gZa\Zgb_ bkgZ^ b kh^_j`Zl djhf_ ³k\hckl\´ _s_ jZkkdZa h
ijbqbgZo gZibkZgby ihwfu mdZaZgb_ ijZ\be ql_gby __ ^ey
^hklb`_gby `_eZ_fh]h j_amevlZlZ b beexkljbjmxl bo
jZkkdZahf h ³kiZkbl_evguo kemqZyo´ ijbf_g_gby ihwfu
DZku^Z fgh]hdjZlgh dhff_glbjh\ZeZkv< ]\ DZaZgb [ue
ba^Zg dhff_glZjbc à’ÎËÇà £Î£ÊØÃӆ gZ wlm ihwfm »Ãӈ
CÃÎà ÃΤÖÓÇà LZd`_ ihwfZ g_h^ghdjZlgh h[jZ[Zlu\ZeZkv
kha^Z\Zebkv gh\u_ klbohl\hjgu_ ijhba\_^_gby \dexqZxsb_
hkgh\ghc l_dklGZ]ey^guc ijbf_j wlh]h ba^Zgby \ ]] khqbg_gby µÃ›Ï†Ô …Õ†ÇÃ
Ë ¤ÖÓÇÃ beb _s_ h^bg \ZjbZgl
gZa\Zgby £Ð†Ô ÃÎÅÈÇà ÕÃ›Ï†Ô ÃΤÖÓÇà Miyl_j_gb_
Ihwfu IeZsZ :\lhj wlh]h khqbg_gby C£ÄÄ’Ô ·ÃÖʆ £Ç
§’ ËÔՒІ
< ] j_i_jlmZj ZjZ[kdhc dgb`ghc ijh^mdpbb
jZkrbjy_lky
_s_
[hevr_
GZqbgZ_l
ba^Z\Zlvky
wkoZlheh]bq_kdh_ khqbg_gb_ £ÛӒ— ÃÔԒCà :\lhjhf wlh]h
khqbg_gby gZau\Z_lky dZd kZY› ]h^u `bagb lZd b ºYEW› ]]< ba^Zgbb dgb]b £Î
«Û’CÃÕÎËËÛӒ—ÃÔԒCà MdZaZgb_ ijbagZdh\ dhgpZ k\_lZ
mdZaZg i_j\uc Z\lhj ihegh_ bfy dhlhjh]h ¯ÖˆÃÏÏÃÇ Ä
C£ÄÇÃÓÓÃÔÎ Ä C£ÄÇÃÔÔÃÌËÇ ÃÎC£ÎÃņ ÃÎÀÖÔÃÌІ ÃÎ
¯ÃÅÔÃ
† ÃίÃÇÃІ ÃΤËÓÊÃÐÇɆ < aZdexq_gbb ijh
Z\lhjZ kdZaZgh ³€sΆΠÊÃÏÃÐÃÔuÐÇà s ÎsÏ ËÎÏsÇÃÐ
ÏÃ ÇÇ ÖΒРÏÝÎsВO H^bg ba kZfuo ba\_klguo mq_guo
k\h_]h \j_f_gb b qlh l_dkl wlh]h khqbg_gby ijb\_a_g ba
F_^bgu bfZfhf f_^j_k_ ³§É’φCÛÃӆ׆´ÀmkZcghf wn_g^_
b i_j_^Zg ^ey ba^Zgby ¯ÃˆÏÖÇ [Zx OmkZbgh\m J_^Zdlhj
C£Î’ÏÃÇdžÐs×sÐÇț’ЫÔΒÏÑÅ
Djhf_ wlh]h k o ]h^h\ O,O \_dZ [hevrbf kijhkhf m
lZlZjfmkmevfZg klZeb ihevah\Zlvky fhebl\_ggbdb b lZ[ebpu
rZfZbeb Fh`gh kdZaZlv qlh wlhl \b^ i_qZlghc ijh^mdpbb
i_j_`b\Z_l k\h_h[jZaguc [mf Wlh y\e_gb_ jy^hf
bkke_^h\Zl_e_c gZau\Zehkv ³aZkhj_gb_f´ lZlZjkdhc dgb`ghc
ijh^mdpbbGh :=DZjbfmeebg kijZ\_^eb\h hlf_qZ_lqlh wlh
³[ueh k\yaZgh k ijhlb\h^_ckl\b_f fbkkbhg_jkdhc ^_yl_evghklb
f_klguo ojbklbZgbaZlhjh\´
Fhebl\_ggbdb ba^Z\gZ kms_kl\h\Zeb \ ZjZ[kdhf fbj_
>Z`_ kZfufb k_jv_agufb fmkmevfZgkdbfb mq_gufb \ k\h_
\j_fy kha^Z\Zebkv ijhba\_^_gby ihk\ys_ggu_ fhebl\Zf
Ba\_klgh qlh rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_gu [ueb k[hjgbdb fhebl\
abdjh\ \bj^h\ oba[h\ b dhff_glZjb_\ gZ fhebl\u lZdbo
Z\lhjh\ dZd ÃνÃʒΆ ÖÏ Ãέ†Î’Ð† mf
ÃΰÃÅÃņ mf ] ÃΧÉÃÊÃӆ ÃÎ
¤ËÓÍÃņ mf ÃÎC£Ô…ÃΒІ mf ] ÃÎ
ݒӆÃθÃÓÃņmfÃέ’Û† b ^jm]b_
$KOZDUGW
'RUQG: JL nhi^eZ
Hj_g[mj]Lbi¤ÈÍÂqÌqÃÈØqÒk
:J B< :G KKKJ Kf lZd `_ %URFNHOPDQQ DjZqdh\kdbc
OjZgbebs_ BYEB :G JL
DZjbfmeebgM bklhdh\
:J B< :G KKKJ
;ueh ba^Zgb_ \ hjb]bgZe_ b eZlbgkdhf i_j_\h^_ \ ]\ 3HWU%RUOHQ
nhjfZlKjZ\5LHX&DWDORJXH[
=hl\Zev^:jZ[kdb_ jmdhibkb
Ih^ lZdbf gZa\Zgb_f ihwfZ mihfbgZ_lky m =LmdZy
Mgb\_jkbl_lkdZy lbiba^OmkZbgh\uok
Ba ba^Z\Z_fuo lZlZjZfb fh`gh gZa\Zlv ke_^mxsb_
Z\lhjkdb_ fhebl\_ggbdb
§ÃΒMËÎÃÎØÃÌÓÃÕFgh`_kl\h ^h[jh^_l_e_cba^Z\Zeky
jZa ]]
£ÅÓ’Ç ×ÃՈËÌà Ih[_^gu_ \bj^u >keZ\hkeh\by@ wlh
kmnbckdb_ fhebl\u khklZ\bl_e_f dhlhjuo y\ey_lky kZcb^ b
kmnbc ijha\Zgguc £Î£Ï†Ó ÃέÃÄ†Ó beb £Ï†Ó ´ÃÌÌËÇ
ihegh_ bfy _]h ¯†Ó ´ÃÌÌËÇ C£Î† Ä »ËØ’Ä ¸ÃÏÃǒІ
] Hg jh^beky \ OZfZ^Zg_ hldm^Z [_`Ze
ijb gZr_kl\bb LbfmjZ \ DZrfbj ]^_ jZkijhkljZgye
fmkmevfZgkl\h Mf_j gZ h[jZlghf imlb \ BjZg b ihohjhg_g \
Dmey[_ \ kh\j_f_gghf LZ^`bdbklZg_ ]^_ bf__lky gZ^ _]h
fh]behc fZ\ahe_c FZaZj Ze:fbj Wlhl fhebl\_ggbd lZd`_
bgh]^Z ba^Z\Zeky lZlZjZfb ih^ iheguf gZa\Zgb_f ­ËՒÄ
ÏÖÔÕ×’Ä ÛÃÓË× ÏÃ’Ä £ÅÓ’Ç ×ÃՈËÌà H[sbf qbkehf
ba^Z\Zeky jZa ]]
§ÖCÃ ÇÉÃÐÐÃÕ ÃÎCÃÔÏÃC Fhebl\Z JZc bf_g
khklZ\e_gguc ªÃÌÐÖÇdžËУĝÀ’ÏËǯֈÃÏÏÃÇÃνÃʒΆ
]]K ih ]h^u \ureh \ k\_l ba^Zgby
ijbq_f lbjZ` g_dhlhjuo ^hoh^be ^hwda
ÀËÊÄ ÃÎÄÃˆÓ Àba[ fhjy khklZ\bl_ev £ˆÏÃÇ Ä
C£ÄÇÃÎÎÃØ Ãλ’¢ËΆ mf ] <k_]h k\_l m\b^_eb
ljb ba^Zgby]]
»ÃӈÐÍÏÃÛ»Ã̛ÃÎÃÇÉÃÎΰÓÃÇdžÐÃǧËÏ̒—†
׆ ÃÔϒ
ÃÎÎÃØ ÕÃC’Î’ ÃΈÖÔВ Dhff_glZjbc gZ klbob
r_coZ ij_keZ\gh]h Gmjm^^bgZ >bfcZlb ³H ij_djZkguo bf_gZo
G; D=M L : : : : : :
::OjZgbebs_ BYEBDZlZeh] B< Ki[D,,
KfKh[j MaKKJ
Kf;_ey_\%URFNHOPDQQ>hiKh[jMaKKJ
:J B< :G KKKJ)OXJHORbZ
G; D=M : : ;dZ DNLB DGP J:G DZlZeh] G; B<
KI[D,
;dZ DNLB DGP J:G
%URFNHOPDQQ>hi:J B< :G KKKJ
;dZ DNLB DGP J:G
[h]Z´Z\lhj £Î¤Ð†¯Öˆ††ÇdžУĝC£ÄĒÔmf\ ] H^gh ba^Zgb_ ]h^Z b h^gh ba^Zgb_ ]h^ dhlhjh]h g_
mdZaZg ih^ gZa\Zgb_f ³»Ãӈ …Õ†Çà ÃÛ»Ã̛ ÃÎÃÇÉÃÎÎ
°ÓÃÇdžРÃǧËÏ̒—† ׆ ÃÔϒ
ÃÎÎÃØ ÕÃC’Î’ ÃΈÖÔВ´
Lhedh\Zgb_ gZ dZku^m r_coZ ij_keZ\gh]h Gmjm^^bgZ >ZfcZlb
³H ij_djZkguo bf_gZo [h]Z´
Fu \b^bf qlh i_j\uc fhebl\_ggbd ³ËԒÎà ×ÃӋ CÃÌÐ
XsÏ ÇÃCÃÅ’Õ IhkeZgb_ aZih\_^_c hkh[_gguo b fhebl\ b
i_j\Zy lZ[ebpZ \ureb \ k\_l \ ]: aZ ljb ]h^Z k ih
dhebq_kl\h ba^Zgguo fhebl\ b lZ[ebp ^hklb]eh khjhdZ
^\mo Wlh hagZqZ_l qlh \ l_q_gb_ ]h^Z ba^Z\Zehkv g_ f_g__
^_kylb fhebl\_ggbdh\ b lZ[ebpKj_^b gbo _klv dZd fhebl\u aZ
ijhjhdZ lZd b bg^b\b^mZevgu_ ]jmiih\u_ h[jy^h\u_
ijZa^gbqgu_ ijbmjhq_ggu_ d hij_^_e_gguf kh[ulbyf b
ij_^\Zjyxsb_ g_dhlhju_ ^_ckl\by b l i DZd fu \b^bf
rbjhdh ba^Zxlky kh[jZgby ZjZ[kdbo keZ\hkeh\bc gZ
jZaghh[jZagu_ kemqZb `bagb k i_j_\h^hf ZjZ[kdh]h l_dklZ b k
lhedh\Zgb_f _]h
Ihke_ hlf_gu pZj_f k\h_]h aZij_s_gby ba^Zgb_
fmkmevfZgkdbo dgb] gZqZ\r__ h`b\eylvky k ]h^Z
ijh^he`Z_l jZklb Wlh i_jbh^ h`b\e_gby iheb]jZnbq_kdhc
^_yl_evghklb ih \k_c Jhkkbb gZ qlh \ebyxl b lZdb_ nZdlhju
dZd jhkl lbih]jZnbc b kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ iheb]jZnbq_kdhc
l_ogbdb iheh`_gh gZqZeh f_oZgbaZpbb ijhp_kkZ i_qZlZgby
ihy\eyxlky i_j\u_ kdhjhi_qZlgu_ fZrbgu mkh\_jr_gkl\h\Zg
kl_j_hlbiguc ijhp_kk [hevr__ ijbf_g_gb_ gZoh^bl
eblh]jZnby
mkh\_jr_gkl\m_lky
^j_\gbc
kihkh[
\hkijhba\_^_gby beexkljZpbc dkbeeh]jZnby F_gy_lky
iheb]jZnbq_kdh_ bkiheg_gb_ b oZjZdl_j hnhjfe_gby dgb]Fu
\b^bf
\hagbdgh\_gb_
dhgdmj_gpbb
f_`^m
qZklgufb
lbih]jZnbyfb b lbih]jZnb_c mgb\_jkbl_lZ \ dhlhjhc
ihke_^gyy l_jibl ihjZ`_gb_
G; D=M=hl\=hl\:::
G; D=M:
DjZldbc fmkmevfZgkdbc dZl_obabk h j_eb]bhaguo h[yaZgghklyo
fmkmevfZg\ ihke_^mxs_f [m^_l ba^Z\Zlvky [he__jZa
< o ]h^Zo ihy\eyxlky lbih]jZnbcR_\bpZ \ ]k
]hgZ gZau\Z_lky lbih]jZnb_c Dhdh\bgZ ih bf_gb gh\h]h
\eZ^_evpZ \ ] ihy\ey_lky i_j\Zy lZlZjkdZy eblh]jZnby
RZob YobgZ \ ] qZklgZy lbih]jZnby JZobf^`Zgh\Z k
] hgZ gZau\Z_lky lbih]jZnb_c JZobf^`ZgZ KZb^h\Z
<
k_j_^bg_
;,;
klhe_lby
lZlZjkdZy
dgb]Z
ij_bfms_kl\_ggh j_eb]bhagh]h kh^_j`ZgbygZqbgZ_l \uoh^blv
gZ f_`^mgZjh^guc jughdklZgh\blky h[t_dlhf dmiebijh^Z`b
\ ]hjh^Zo Kj_^g_c :abbg_dhlhjuo kljZg ;eb`g_]h b Kj_^g_]h
<hklhdZ Dhgdmj_glhkihkh[ghklv lZlZjkdhc dgb]b ij_`^_
\k_]h
dZaZgkdh]h
ijhba\h^kl\Z
h[_ki_qb\ZeZkv
__
iheb]jZnbq_kdhc hkh[_gghklvx KlZgh\e_gb_ b jZa\blb_
ZjZ[h]jZnbq_kdhc dZaZgkdhc i_qZlghc ijh^mdpbb reh ih^
\ebygb_f ^\mo iheb]jZnbq_kdbo rdhe \hklhqghc b aZiZ^ghc
Wlhfm kihkh[kl\h\Zeh ]_h]jZnbq_kdh_ b bklhjbdhdmevlmjgh_
iheh`_gb_ DZaZgb gZoh^b\r_cky ³gZ f_kl_ \klj_qb :abb b
?\jhiu´ Ihwlhfm \h \g_rg_c nhjf_ \ hkh[_gghklyo
l_ogbq_kdh]h bkiheg_gby lZlZjkdbo i_qZlguo dgb] fh`gh
gZclb we_f_glu dZd ljZ^bpbhggh \hklhqguo lZd b lbibqgh
aZiZ^guo iheb]jZnbq_kdbo ljZ^bpbc DZaZgkdb_ i_qZlgbdb
kmf_eb \ujZ[hlZlv gZ hkgh\_ gZb[he__ m^h[hqblZ_fh]h ihq_jdZ
³gZko´oZjZdl_jguc lhevdh ^ey gZrbo ba^Zgbc baysguc rjbnl
ihemqb\rbc gZ <hklhd_ gZa\Zgb_ dZaZgkdh]h rjbnlZIhwlhfm
dZaZgkdb_ ba^Zgby ihevah\Zebkv kijhkhf gZ <hklhd_ baaZ
ykghklb b m^h[ghklb l_dklZ
Ihke_ agZdhfkl\Z k [b[ebh]jZnbq_kdbf h[ahjhf >hjgZdZd
ibr_l < Kfbjgh\ ³BghkljZggu_ ]eZ\guf h[jZahf
Zg]ebckdb_im[ebpbkluijb\udrb_ kfhlj_lv gZ Jhkkbx dZd gZ
kljZgm Z[khexlgh]h ij_h[eZ^Zgby jmkkdhc gZpbhgZevghklb
bkdexqZxs_]h \kydh_ \g_rg__ ijhy\e_gb_ kZfh[ulgh]h
kms_kl\h\Zgby dZdboeb[h bguo gZjh^ghkl_ch[blZxsbo gZ __
h[rbjghf ijhkljZgkl\_ ijhklh ijbreb \ bamfe_gb_ ijb \b^_
lh]h rbjhdh]h ihevah\Zgby i_qZlguf keh\hf dZdh_
ij_^hklZ\e_gh \ Jhkkbb fmkmevfZgkdhfm gZk_e_gbx Bo
ihjZabeh ]jhfZ^gh_ dhebq_kl\h ba ]h^Z \ ]h^ ih\lhjy\rboky
MkfZgh\ F:LjZ^bpbb lZlZjkdhc jmdhibkghc dgb]b Keh\h h dgb]_
DZaZgvLZlZjdgba^\hk
ba^Zgbc :edhjZgZ b ^jm]bo dgb] j_eb]bhagh]h kh^_j`Zgby
Ih^\_^y klZlbklbq_kdbc blh] wlbf pbnjZf Zg]ebckdb_
im[ebpbklu mdZau\Zeb gZ gbo k\h_fm ijZ\bl_evkl\m Bg^bb dZd
gZ h[jZa_p \ hlghr_gbb p_gljZevghc \eZklb d bghie_f_gghfm b
bgh\_jghfm gZk_e_gbx ]hkm^Zjkl\Z Wlb iZg_]bjbdb [ueb
\hkijhba\_^_gu lh]^Z \ g_dhlhjuo gZrbo kheb^guo ]Za_lZo k
\ujZ`_gb_f
g_khfg_ggh]h
qm\kl\Z
m^h\hevkl\by
hl
aZ]jZgbqguo iho\Ze b h^h[j_gby lZdhfm y\e_gbx \h
\gmlj_gg_c `bagb gZr_]h hl_q_kl\Z´
JZkrbj_gb_
j_i_jlmZjZ
fmkmevfZgkdhc
dgb`ghc
ijh^mdpbb kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ __ dZq_kl\Z b dhebq_kl\_gguc
jhkl g_ hklZebkv g_aZf_q_ggufb kh klhjhgu pZjkdh]h
ijZ\bl_evkl\Z
< GZpbhgZevghf :job\_ JL ojZgylky ^_eZ Ih hlghr_gbx
fbgbkljZ \gmlj_ggbo ^_e h ijbhklZgh\e_gbb i_qZlZgby DhjZgZ
b ^jm]bo fZ]hf_lZgkdbo ^moh\guo dgb] gZqZlh Z\]mklZ
]h^Z hdhgq_gh hdly[jy ]h^Z H \hkij_s_gbb
i_qZlZlv DhjZg b ^jm]b_ fZ]hf_lZgkdb_ dgb]b H
\hkij_s_gbb i_qZlZlv dhjZg b FZ]hf_lZgkdb_ >moh\gu_ dgb]b
Hl ihi_qbl_ey DZaZgkdh]h Mq_[gh]h Hdjm]Z ] ijhj_dlhjm
DZaZgkdh]h mgb\_jkbl_lZ] b ^j
Ihke_
\ur_mdZaZggh]h
aZij_s_gby
i_qZlZgby
fmkmevfZgkdbo dgb] \ qZklguo lbih]jZnbyo lbih]jZnby
mgb\_jkbl_lZ gZoh^blky gZ ijb\be_]bjh\Zgghf iheh`_gbb
_keb \ ]h^u \ g_c [ueh gZi_qZlZgh hdheh dgb] k
ijbf_g_gb_f ZjZ[kdh]h yaudZ lh \ qZklghc lbih]jZnbb
R_\bpZ [ueh ba^Zgh hdheh dgb] < \ur_gZa\Zgghc
fhgh]jZnbb DZjbfmeebgZ : = kh kkuedhc gZ fZl_jbZeu G:
JL hlf_q_ghqlh k ih ]h^ lZlZjkdb_ ^moh\gu_ dgb]b
i_qZlZebkv
lhevdh
\
lbih]jZnbb
mgb\_jkbl_lZ
>_ckl\bl_evgh \ ] ba qZklguo lbih]jZnbc g_ \ureh gb
FmkmevfZgkdb_ i_qZlgu_ ba^Zgby \ Jhkkbb AZibkdb <hklhqgh]h
hl^_e_gby Bfi_jZlhjkdh]h Jmkkdh]h :jo_heh]bq_kdh]h H[s_kl\ZLKI[
LbiBfi:Gk
G: JLNhi^
G: JLNhi^
G: JLNhiJ_dlhj^
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
h^ghc fmkmevfZgkdhc dgb]bGh ih Zjob\guf fZl_jbZeZf gZfb
m^Zehkv hij_^_eblv qlh \ ] qZklgufb lbih]jZnbyfb
[ueb \uims_gu ljb ba^Zgby \ lbih]jZnbb R_\bpZ ihwfZ
;mkbjb b DhjZg ba^Zl_ey F_^\_^_\Z wlm dgb]m q_j_a ljb ]h^Z
\ ] [m^_l jZkkfZljb\Zlv p_gahj ;_j_abg ^ey
i_j_ba^Zgby b \ lhf `_ ]h^m \ lbih]jZnbb Dhdh\bgZ [ueZ
ba^ZgZ lZ[ebpZ h dZq_kl\Zo ijhjhdZ »Ãϒ
ËÎ ÃаÃĆ
Djhf_ wlh]h\ ]h^m lbih]jZnb_c R_\bpZ [ueh \uims_gh
r_klv ba^Zgbc
BlZddgb]hba^Zgb_ gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_ b k bkihevah\Zgb_f
ZjZ[kdh]h yaudZ i_j\hc iheh\bgu O,O \\ DZaZgb ij_^klZ\eyeh
kh[hc ke_^mxs__ AZ ihe\_dZ \ DZaZgb [ueh ba^Zgh [he__ lZlZjkdbo dgb]< bo qbke_ aZ wlhl i_jbh^ [ueh ba^Zgh [he__
dgb] gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_ b [he__ kh kf_rZgguf ZjZ[kdbf
b lZlZjkdbf yaudhf D wlbf qbkeZf _s_ ke_^m_l ^h[Z\blv
lZlZjkdb_ ba^Zgby gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_ \uims_ggu_ ba
lbih]jZnbc KZgdlI_l_j[mj]Z dZd gZijbf_j ;md\Zjv
lZlZjkdh]h b ZjZ[kdh]h ibkvfZ G ; :lghf_lh\Z ] b
fhebl\_ggbd §ÃΒ
ËÎ ÃΛÃÌÓ’Õ ] lbi B\ZgZ
K_e_ag_\Z ba^Zl_ev bfZf b oZlu[ Kh[hjghc f_q_lb
DZfZe_l^bg [:^_e LZdbf h[jZahffu \b^bfqlh ZjZ[kdb_
ba^Zgby khklZ\eyxl [he__ iheh\bgu \k_c lZlZjkdhc i_qZlghc
ijh^mdpbb i_j\hc iheh\bgu ;,; \_dZ Kj_^b gbo [ueh [he__
ba^Zgbc DhjZgZ O_nlb_d b [he__ ba^Zgbc
fmkmevfZgkdhc Za[mdb «Ï’ÐےÓÕu beb »ÃӒ
†—ÃΆϒÐ
Gh ke_^m_l hlf_lblvqlh \k_ wlb pbnju mkeh\gulZd dZdd
kh`Ze_gbx ihdZ _s_ g_\hafh`gh mdZaZlv lhqgh_ dhebq_kl\h
ba^Z\Z\rboky fmkmevfZgkdbo dgb] >Zggu_ \aylu_ ba jZaguo
bklhqgbdh\ jZkoh^ylky b aZqZklmx ijhlb\hj_qb\u : =
DZjbfmeebg h^ghc ba ijbqbg wlh]h gZau\Z_l lhqlh ³dZaZgkdb_
fbkkbhg_ju [hjykv ijhlb\ lZlZjkdhc dgb]b aZy\eyeb qlh
G: JL nhi^eZ
G: JL nhi^eZ
Kheh\v_\'RUQG: JL nhi^eZ
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
=hl\Zev^
G; D=ML
lZlZjkdbo dgb] ba^Z_lky hq_gv fgh]h wlbf hgb klZjZebkv
h[tykgblv hliZ^_gb_ dj_s_guo lZlZj \ fmkmevfZgkl\h
\hafh`gh\ wlbo p_eyo hgb ij_m\_ebqb\Zeb dhebq_kl\h lbjZ`Z
lZlZjkdbo dgb] : mgb\_jkbl_l aZbgl_j_kh\Zgguc \ ba^Zgbb
lZlZjkdbo dgb] fh] ihclb gZ mf_gvr_gb_ lbjZ`Z lZlZjkdbo
dgb] \ k\h_f ^hg_k_gbb L_f [he__ p_gahj jZ[hlZxsbc ijb
mgb\_jkbl_l_g_ \_e kbkl_fZlbq_kdh]h mq_lZ lbjZ`Z lZlZjkdbo
dgb]´ Gh hij_^_e_ggh fh`gh kdZaZlvqlh _keb dZ`^Zy lj_lvy
dgb]Zba^ZggZy \ ijh\bgpbb \ wlhl i_jbh^[ueZ lZlZjkdhclh
\ k\hx hq_j_^v iheh\bgZ Z gZ g_dhlhjuo wlZiZo b [hevr_
iheh\bguwlhc ijh^mdpbb ba^Z\ZeZkv iheghklvx beb qZklbqgh
gZ ZjZ[kdhf yaud_
KL:LBKLBD: <HKLHQGUO BA>:GBC I?J<HC
IHEH<BGU;,;<?D:
=H>U
h[s__ ba^Zgby gZ ba^Zgby gZ
h[s__
dhebq_kl\h qbklhf
ZjZ[kdhf k dhebq_kl\h
lZlZjkdbo ZjZ[kdhf ijbf_g_gb_f ZjZ[kdbo
ba^Zgbc
yaud_
lZlZjkdh]h
ba^Zgbc
hdheh
hdheh
DZjbfmeebg :=M bklhdh\
Ih fZl_jbZeZf x[be_cgh]h k[hjgbdZ ³ e_l ³ k ih
]h^ \h \k_o ]m[_jgbyo Jhkkbb [ueh ba^Zgh gZ \k_o yaudZo \k_]h dgb]b
Pbnjh\u_ ^Zggu_ h[ ZjZ[kdbo ba^Zgbyo ba\e_q_gu ba gZr_c [Zau
^Zgguo ^Zggu_ h dhebq_kl\_ lZlZjkdbo ba^Zgbc ba fhgh]jZnbb : =
DZjbfmeebgZ³M bklhdh\ lZlZjkdhc dgb]b´
Скачать