МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАДИОТЕПЛОВОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ ЛЕСОВ

ɆɈȾȿɅɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɊȺȾɂɈɌȿɉɅɈȼɈȽɈ ɂɁɅɍɑȿɇɂə ɅȿɋɈȼ
ɉɊɂ ɋɉɍɌɇɂɄɈȼɕɏ ɇȺȻɅɘȾȿɇɂəɏ
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ƚɪɚɧɤɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɢɥɶɲɢɧ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɑɭɯɥɚɧɰɟɜ
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɊȺɇ
141190 ɝ. Ɏɪɹɡɢɧɨ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥ., ɩɥ. ȼɜɜɟɞɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɞ.1., ɬɟɥ. 526-91-50
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɜɫɟɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɦ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɋȼɑ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɋȼɑ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɟɫɚ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
Ʌɟɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɚ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɋ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ-ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ, ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɚɝɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɥɟɫ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [1].
ɉɨɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ
[2]. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ - ɨɬ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɞɨ ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ 0.8 – 4.5 ɫɦ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɧɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɹɬɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɹɪɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ (əɌ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ əɌ ɜ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟ TPBT ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ:
N
TPBT
¦fT
j
BT
j
, ɝɞɟ f j , T jBT - ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɢ əɌ j ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɨɬɤɪɵ-
j 1
ɬɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.) ɜ ɩɢɤɫɟɥɟ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [3] ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɟ 21 ɫɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ – ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɥɟɫɚ, ɬɪɚɜɹɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɪɟɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ. əɪɤɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ - ɥɟɫ - ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ (ɋɉɅȺ)
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ [4,5]:
BT
T6BT TSBT TCBT TSKY
,
(1)
ɝɞɟ TSBT - ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ:
TSBT
BT
SKY
T
BT
A
- ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ T
(1 rS )TS exp(W C W A ) ;
(2)
BT
A
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ T
ɢ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ
BT
TCOS
, ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɟɫɨɦ ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ:
BT
TSKY
BT
C
T
BT
TABT rS (TABT TCOS
exp(W A)) exp(2W C W A ) ;
(3)
- ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ:
TCBT
TC (1 Z C )>1 exp(W C )@˜ >1 rS exp(W C )@exp(W A )
(4)
ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ TC ɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ TS ; ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ W C ɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ W A ; ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜɵ rS .
256
ɋɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ əɌ ɋɉɅȺ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ
rS ( f ) , Z C ( f ) , W A ( f ) ɢ W C ( f ) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ (3) - (4). ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɚɥɶɛɟɞɨ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
T6BT ( f ) . Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ rS ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɜ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ [6]. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɚɥɶɛɟɞɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ [7]. ɋɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ W A ( f ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (a 0.5 ɫɦ) ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ (a 1.35 ɫɦ). ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɨ, ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ [6,8].
ɂɡ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ (2) - (6) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ ɥɟɫɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ W C , ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɥɢɫɬɶɹɯ, ɯɜɨɟ, ɜɟɬɜɹɯ ɤɪɨɧ ɢ
ɫɬɜɨɥɚɯ:
W C W L W N W B WT
(5)
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ W C ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚɦɢ (ɯɜɨɹ, ɜɟɬɜɢ) ɢ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ (ɥɢɫɬɜɚ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɤɪɨɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ [7]:
W AP ko secTHV" t P Q / UV ,
(6)
ɝɞɟ AP - ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; k o ɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ; T - ɭɝɨɥ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɢɪɚ; Q - ɦɚɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ; UV ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɵɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; HV" - ɦɧɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ (ɄȾɉ) ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; t P - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɝɨɥɤɢ; ɢɧɞɟɤɫ p ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ (Ƚɉ) ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ȼɉ) ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɄȾɉ, ɦɧɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ. Ⱦɪɟɜɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɞɪɟɜɟɫɢɧɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɄȾɉ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ H v ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ [5] ɤɚɤ:
Hv
H d H bwvbw H fwv fw ,
ɝɞɟ Q bw ,Q fw - ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ;
H bw , H fw - ɄȾɉ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ; H d
H d' jH d" ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɄȾɉ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
[9], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɧɢɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɄȾɉ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɫɨɥɟɧɨɫɬɶ S 8 ɝ/ɥ), ɯɜɨɢ ɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɵ
ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɜɨɥɧ 3 ɦɦ – 3 ɦ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.1. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɦɧɢɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɄȾɉ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɄȾɉ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ. ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɄȾɉ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɡɨɪɟ [1].
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɥɟɫ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ (ɫɦ. ɪɢɫ.2), ɟɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɜ ɦɦ, ɫɦ ɢ ɞɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ əɌ ɋɉɅȺ ɧɚ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ [10]. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ. Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɟɫɨɜ.
257
1
100
1
2
3
100
Ɇɧɢɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɄȾɉ
10
100
10
10
1
1
10
100
1
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɫɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɋɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɢɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɄȾɉ. Ʉɪɢɜɵɟ: 1 – ɫɨɥɟɧɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ, 2 - ɥɢɫɬɶɹ, 3 – ɯɜɨɹ.
ɏɜɨɣɧɵɣ ɥɟɫ
əɪ
ɤɨ
ɫɬ
ɧɚ
ɹ
ɬɟ
ɦɩ
ɟɪ
ɚɬ
ɭɪ
ɚ,
Ƚɉ
280
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɫɦ
0.81
1.35
1.58
2.25
4
6
20
40
60
80 100 120 140
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɫɵɪɚɹ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɚ, ɬ/ɝɚ
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɋɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ əɌ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɯɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɨɬ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɧɚ Ƚɉ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ
ɉɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɥɚɯ [2,11-14].
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɥɟɫɚ. ɋɬɜɨɥɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚɦɢ, ɜɟɬɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚɦɢ, ɥɢɫɬɶɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɢɫɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɧɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɢ: ɩɹɬɶ ɜ [11], ɨɞɢɧ ɜ [12,14], ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɜ [13].
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ (Ʉɂ) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɥɟɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ 1.5 - 35 ȽȽɰ ɩɪɢ ɭɝɥɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ 35q ɧɚ ɨɛɟɢɯ ɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɫɥɚɛɭɸ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ʉɂ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɥɟɫ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɥɢɫɬɶɹ ɢ ɩɨɱɜɚ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ.3). ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [12] ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ əɌ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɝ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ ɧɚ
ɬɪɟɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ: 5.33, 1.23 ɢ 0.44 ȽȽɰ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ əɌ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ.
258
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
1.0
0.8
1
2
3
4
5
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10
20
30
40
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ (ȽȽɰ)
Ɋɢɫ. 3. ɋɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɪɟɜɨɫɬɨɹ ɧɚ Ƚɉ:
1 – ɥɢɫɬɶɹ, 2 – ɜɟɬɜɢ, 3 – ɫɬɜɨɥɵ, 4 – ɩɨɱɜɚ, 5 – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɥɟɫ.
ȼ [13] ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ʉɂ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ, ɤɪɨɧ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɥɟɫ ɧɚ Ƚɉ ɢ ȼɉ ɞɥɹ
ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɜ L-ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɭɝɥɚ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɹ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɭɝɥɭ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭ ɤɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚ-ɥɟɫ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɤɪɨɧɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɬɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ
ɞɨɥɸ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ʉɂ ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɨɬ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ [14]. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɵ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ Ƚɉ ɜ L-, C-, X-ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ 15 ɢ 45 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɥɢɫɬɜɵ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ ɜ
ɫɬɜɨɥɚɯ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. ɗɬɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ – ɥɢɫɬɜɵ, ɜɟɬɨɱɟɤ, ɜɟɬɜɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ
ɉɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ W C . ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ (5) ɢ (6) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ [1,6] ɜɢɞɚ:
W C AfWHV" bW ,
(7)
ɝɞɟ f - ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ; W - ɜɥɚɝɨɡɚɩɚɫ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ; b - ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
(ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ). ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɞɨɛɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ: W C = K Q , ɝɞɟ K - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ K = 0.079y0.087 ɇɩ˜ɦ2/ɤɝ ɞɥɹ ɯɜɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɫ Q =1.45 - 3 ɤɝ/ɦ2 [15]. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ Q ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɢɡ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ (7) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ: W C
JL , ɝɞɟ J - ɩɨɝɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, L - ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ. Ɂɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ J ɢɡ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ L ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ W C . ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [1] ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ J (ɞȻ/ɦ) ɨɬ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ f (ɆȽɰ) ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ J Af C , ɝɞɟ A 8 ˜ 10 4 , C | 0.8 ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ (ɯɜɨɣɧɵɯ, ɥɢɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ 30 – 9000 ɆȽɰ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ
ɫɬɜɨɥɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ [1], ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɥɟɫɨɜ.
259
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ
ɉɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɟɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɫɩɥɨɲɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɜ 1 ɝɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɬɶ ɞɨ 100 ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɟɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ 3-4 ɹɪɭɫɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ
ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɞɨ 50-70 ɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɹɪɭɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɟɪɟɜɶɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 35 ɦ ɫ ɝɭɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɨɦ. ɋɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ, ɷɥɥɢɩɫɨɜ, ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɯ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ-ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [16,17] ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ:
HV (r ) ˜ HV (r ' ) ! G ˜ H
2
Vm
ª z z ' x x' 2 y y ' 2 º
exp «
»,
Lr
»¼
«¬ LZ
ɝɞɟ G - ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ, HVm - ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, Lz , Lr - ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɰɢɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɥɟɫ ɜ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɟ Ⱥɦɚɡɨɧɤɢ. ɋȼɑ-ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ 10-ɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɚ SMMR ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Nimbus7. ɂɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ Ɏɪɟɧɟɥɹ. ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɫɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ. ɉɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɱɜɚɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ 37, 18, 10.7, 6.6 ȽȽɰ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ –
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɝɚ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɨɣ, ɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɨɝɚ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɯ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɋȼɑ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɨɬ 0.3 ɞɨ 4.5 ɫɦ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ: ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɋȼɑ ɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢ ɛɢɨɦɚɫɫɵ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɢɫɫɢɢ SMOS ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ȽɂɆɋ) ɢ
ɋȼɑ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɂ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɅȺ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɭɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɥɟɫɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɝɟ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɟɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɚɧɬɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɆɇɌɐ, ɝɪɚɧɬ ʋ 2059.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
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