формирование мультимасштабных структур на поверхности

67
«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 832, 2008
ñåð³ÿ ô³çè÷íà «ßäðà, ÷àñòèíêè, ïîëÿ», âèï. 4 /40/
Â.Ã. Êèðè÷åíêî, Å.Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà
Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ìóëüòèìàñøòàáíûõ...
ɍȾɄ 530.1:533.9
ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɆɍɅɖɌɂɆȺɋɒɌȺȻɇɕɏ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊ
ɇȺ ɉɈȼȿɊɏɇɈɋɌɂ ȽɊȺɎɂɌȺ
ȼ.Ƚ. Ʉɢɪɢɱɟɧɤɨ, ȿ.ɋ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚ
ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ. ȼ.ɇ. Ʉɚɪɚɡɢɧɚ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
61108, ɝ. ɏɚɪɶɤɨɜ, ɩɪ. Ʉɭɪɱɚɬɨɜɚ 31
E-mail: [email protected]
ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ 3 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2008 ɝ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ. Ɉɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨ
ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɋ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɨɜ.
ɄɅɘɑȿȼɕȿ ɋɅɈȼȺ: ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɹ, ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɹɱɟɣɤɚ, ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɪɬɟɧɫɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɷɩɢɬɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɝɟɬɟɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ F = U - TS ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɭɩɚɤɨɜɤɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɜ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɟ.
Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɚ. Ƚɪɚɮɢɬ (ɧɟɦ. Graphit, ɨɬ ɝɪɟɱ. grapho - ɩɢɲɭ), ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥ,
ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ.
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɪɟɞɤɢ, ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɱɚɬɚɹ. ɑɚɳɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ
ɥɢɫɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ. ɪɟɲɺɬɤɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ - ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȼ ɫɥɨɹɯ, ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ (0001), ɚɬɨɦɵ ɋ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɭɡɥɚɯ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɫɥɨɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɚɬɨɦ ɋ ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ 1,42 Å. ɋɥɨɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 3,55 Å,
ɫ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɢɧ, ɬ. ɤ. ɨɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɵ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɋ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ
ɩɪɨɱɧɚɹ, ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ; ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ - ɫɥɚɛɚɹ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɚɧɢɡɨɬɪɨɩɢɸ ɪɹɞɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɞɚɺɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɛɥɟɫɤ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɩɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɹɱɟɣɤɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɚ = 0,24612 ɧɦ, ɫ = 0,67079 ɧɦ, z = 4, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
C6/mmc, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ 2,267 ɝ/ɫɦ3). ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨ-ɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ (ȺɋɆ) ɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ (ɋɌɆ)
ɜɵɹɜɢɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ [1]. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ,
ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɦɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ
ɜ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ. Ⱥɬɨɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ,
ɩɨ-ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦɭ, ɪɟɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤ "ɜɫɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ" ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. Ɍɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɤ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨ-ɱɢɫɬɨɣ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ [2].
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɢ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ.
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ɗɄɋɉȿɊɂɆȿɇɌȺ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ JEOL JSM-840. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1, 2 ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɺɦ. Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟɦ.
68
«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 832, 2008
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɥɚ ɧɢɡɤɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɪ.
Â.Ã. Êèðè÷åíêî, Å.Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɥɚ ɧɢɡɤɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 1, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ (ɜ
ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɦɤɚ).
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɟ ɋɌɆ - 1[3,
4]. Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ xy ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 1,4 Å, ɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɢ – 0,7 Å. ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɨɧɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɝɥɵ, ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɬɹɠɤɨɣ.
ɊȿɁɍɅɖɌȺɌɕ ɂ ɈȻɋɍɀȾȿɇɂȿ
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 3 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɭɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ. ȼɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ – 10 - 20 ɫɟɤ.
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ: ɲɟɫɬɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ. Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ
ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɭɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɤɚ), ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ
ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ (ɫɦ.
ɪɢɫ. 3).
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɚɤɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ – ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ – ɦɨɞɭɥɹɊɢɫ. 3. Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ
ɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ.
Ɉɬɦɟɬɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ
(ɬɨɱɧɟɟ – ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ
ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɫ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɩɪɢ
ɫɤɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɯɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɪɨɦɛɨɷɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ.
69
Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ìóëüòèìàñøòàáíûõ...
ñåð³ÿ ô³çè÷íà «ßäðà, ÷àñòèíêè, ïîëÿ», âèï. 4 /40/
Z, ɧɦ
0,52
0,5
0,48
0,46
0,44
0,42
0,4
0,38
0,36
0,34
0,52
0,5
0,48
0,46
0,44
0,42
0,4
0,38
0,36
0,34
0,4
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0,35
0,3
0,25
0,2
0,15
0,1
0,05
0 0
ɏ, ɧɦ
Y, ɧɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 4. ɇɚɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɧɚ X-Y ɲɤɚɥɟ 0,4ɯ0,45 ɧɦ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
Harvard Chart XL 2,0, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ
ɟɝɨ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ (ɪɢɫ. 4 ).
Ɉɛɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 3 ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, zɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ
ɜɵɫɨɬ 0,04 ɧɦ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ,
ɬ.ɟ. ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 0,1 ɧɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ
ɦɟɠɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ (ɪɢɫ. 4).
ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɯ-ɭ (ɪɢɫ. 5) ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ
0,2 ɧɦ, ɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ 0,4-0,5 ɧɦ.
Z, ɧɦ
Z, ɧɦ
1,9
1,8
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1
0,9
1,9
1,8
1,7
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3
1,2
1,1
1
0,9
2,5
2
2
1,5
1,5
1
1
0,5
3
3
2,5
2,5
2
2
1,5
1,5
1
1
0,5
0,5
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
0,5
5
5
0 0
X, ɧɦ
Y, ɧɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 5. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ
ɧɚ X-Y ɲɤɚɥɟ 2,5ɯ3 ɧɦ.
0 0
X, ɧɦ
Y, ɧɦ
Ɋɢɫ. 6.Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɧɚ X-Y ɲɤɚɥɟ 25x25 ɧɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɯ-ɭ ɞɨ 25ɯ25 ɧɦ (ɪɢɫ. 6) ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,8–1 ɧɦ, ɚ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ
ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ 1-1,1 ɧɦ.
ɇɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ) ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ, ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ
ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ. ɗɬɢ ɫɢɥɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ) ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ [4-6].
ɗɬɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
70
«Â³ñíèê Õàðê³âñüêîãî óí³âåðñèòåòó», ¹ 832, 2008
Â.Ã. Êèðè÷åíêî, Å.Ñ. Ìåëüíèêîâà
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɮɥɭɤɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɪɜɚɬɶ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɭɸ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ.
ɗɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɨɜ - ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɢɡ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. Ƚɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɣ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɫɧɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢɡ Rice University
ɝɞɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ [7]. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ shrink-wrapping,
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɵ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɫɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (hot giants),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɨɜ - C60, ɋ70 ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱦɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɨɜ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢɡ Rice
University ɢ Sandia National Laboratory ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɫɧɹɬɶ ɜɢɞɟɨ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ, ɤɚɤ "ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɟ" ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɵ
ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 2000 ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ. ȼɢɞɟɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ.
ɇɚɲɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɋ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɋ-ɋ ɩɪɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɚɟɜ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɚ ɋ100-120.
ȼɕȼɈȾɕ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɟɧ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɨɣ
ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞ ɜɵɫɨɬ
ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɋ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɢ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɋ-ɋ ɩɪɢ
ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɪɚɟɜ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɥɥɟɪɟɧɚ ɋ100-120.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ɋɉɂɋɈɄ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊɕ
ȼɚɤɚɪ Ɂ., Ⱦɟɧɢɫɨɜ ȿ.Ⱥ., Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɰ Ɍ.ɇ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ // ɀɌɎ.-2001. - Ɍ.71. - ȼɵɩ.6. - ɋ.133-138.
Torozkai, E.D. Williams. Nanoscale fluctuations at solid surfaces // Physics Today. - 1999. - Ɋ.24-28.
Kamensky Yu., Limansky A., Limansckaya O. Imaging of oligonucleotides and DNA by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy //
"Nano-2" Second International Conference on Nanometer Scale Science and Technology, Aug. 2-6, 1993. - ɋ.194.
Kirichenko V. G., Kuklin V. M. The Formation of the Multiscale Structures on the Crystal Surfaces and Conversion of Crystals
Under Phase Transformations // Electron Microscopy and Multiscale Materials Modelling. - 2007. – Ɋ.177.
Ramstad A., Brocks G., Kelly P.J. Theoretical study of Si (100) surface reconstruction // Phys. Rev. - 1995. –Vol.51, ʋ20. Ɋ.1450-1457.
Ⱥɥɟɤɩɟɪɨɜ ɋ.Ⱦ., ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɋ.ɂ., Ʌɟɨɧɨɜ ȼ.Ȼ., ɉɚɧɨɜ ȼ.ɂ., ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ɗ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɋɌɆ // Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɵ Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɏɢɡɢɤɚ. - 1989. - T.307, ʋ5. - ɋ.1104-1109.
www.nanometer.ru/2007/10/29/fullerene_5029.html.
MULTISCALE STRUCTURES FORMING ON THE GRAPHITE SURFASE
V.G. Kirichenko, E.S. Melnikova
Kharkov National University,
High Technology Institute, Phisical and Technical Department
31 Kurchatov St., Kharkov, 61108, Ukraine
The results of experimental investigation of graphite surface by scanning tunneling microscopy are presented. The periodic modulation of surface electron density is founded. The character of this modulation is similar to the fine-scale modulation of electron density
in crystal cell on graphite surface. There is various directions and scalability’s overfall of height in carbon atoms’ placement even in
the terms of pure graphite surface. In case there are neighboring C atoms there is possibility to use this overfall’s increase for explanation of the first stag of the process of carbon graphite sheet’s roll.
KEY WORDS: graphite, surface, largescale structures, modulation, elementary cell, fluctuations.