. 2006 . 2006 1 621.382 . : / . . .- . .- , 2006. - 136 . ISBN 5-9616-0170-6 , , Internet. , – “ ” , – “ ”, .5. . .: 11 . . : . ( ); . ( ) ISBN 5-9616-0170-6 , 2006 2 ”, " " . , , , . 550713 – “ ” , 551611 – “ - ”. , , Internet . . ? ? ? ISO/OSI? ? , , Ethernet, Token Ring , FDDI, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet. 3 3 . Internet. – ISDN, frame relay X.25, ATM. 4 : , , . 5 6 . . , , . . PostScript PDF , Microsoft Word. , , . , . , , [email protected] 4 1. 1.1. , , , . – , ( , , ). ). , . (mainframes), ( ), , , . , . , , . : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) ; , . – . , – 5 . , , Internet. . . – , . ( 10 ( ), 100 ( 100 ), ). , , , , . 1.2. : LAN WAN. (Local Area Network) ( . , ). , . . , : • ; • ; • : , , , ; 6 • , ; • ; • , , , , ( , ). : ( ( Peer to Peer) ). , ( ) . . , LANtastic, Windows’3.11, Novell NetWare Lite, 32– Windows’95 OSR2, Windows NT Workstation XP , OS/2, Windows Me, Windows 2000 Professional, Windows . – , , . , Windows NT Server, Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2003. – . . . , 7 , , , (100 ). , , . (Wide Area Network) , . , , . (PSTN, Public Switched Telephone Network) (ISDN, Integrated Services Digital Network). ISDN , . : , , , . ( , ). – , . . . – . , , . . 8 , , . ( , ). . , , . « » , . . , . . , .« . » – , . . . , . , . . , , 9 , , ( ). 1.3. , , : • (Wire); • ; • (NIC, Network Interface Card); • (Hub); • (Switch)$ • (Router, ); • (Remote Server, - ); • ( ). 1.3.1. – , . , . – , ( ). : 1) , 2) ; ; 3) ( , ), . 4) 5) , . , , . 10 (Structured Wiring System) , , . – . . – ( , ). . , , . " " (TP, Twisted Pair) : (STP, Shielded Twisted Pair) (UTP, Unshielded Twisted Pair). . " " , . " " (3, 4 " . " 5). , . . RG-58A/V 50 . 11 0,2 . . , – 185 , 30. BNC- (Bayonel-Neill-Concelnan) ( , « ») . (« BNC- »). ( ) . , Ethernet 50 . , 50 500 0,4 , – . , . , . . (Digital, Intel , 50 . Xerox). – , DIX- 15. . . . « » . , . , , , , , . , . , , – ( ). ( ) 10, 100 1000 . 12 , . , UTP, , . , . 1.3.2. , , . ( ) (NOS, Network Operating System). 1.3.3. (NIC, Network Interface Card) . . , . . , ( ) , ( ) . , , , . 13 1.3.4. ( ). (Hub) – , " . . , . , . – , . : , , (Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI ). , . ( , ) – , " ". ( ) . , . . . , , , 14 ( ). . , ( ) . , . , ). . (dual-speed) . Ethernet 10 Fast Ethernet 100 , , . – Ethernet Ethernet, Fast , , . , , , , . 1.3.5. (Switch) – , . – , , 15 . (data PABX). ( , ), , . . , 10 100 , . , – . ? , , , ( ), MAC- (Media Access Control) ( , , ). , . , . , ), . 1.3.6. : • (LAN) (WAN); 16 - • . ( , TCP/IP, IPX, AppleTalk). . , , , . , , , . 1.3.7. , , . ) . , , . 1.3.8. Internet . " " " ". , , , , , . , . , . , 17 . , PC Card. 56 . 1.4. : • ; • . 1.4.1. (NOS, Network Operating System) – , . . , . . , , , . , . , . , . Windows 95, Windows NT, UNIX, MacOS, OS/2. 1.4.2. , . , " 18 ", (TCO, Total Cost of Ownership). World Wide Web , , , , . , RMON RMON2, . , , . , . , , " , " . 1.5. 1.5.1. Ethernet Ethernet – . IEEE 802.3, Ethernet 10 . Ethernet (" " ). , Ethernet . , . . . 19 . 10 . Ethernet. Ethernet 1.5.2. . Fast Ethernet Fast Ethernet , Ethernet – (CSMA/CD, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). IEEE 802.3. ( ) , . 100 Fast Ethernet , Ethernet. " ", . 10/100 , 10" Ethernet 10/100- 100- Fast Ethernet. Ethernet/Fast Ethernet , , , ( , ). 10/100- Ethernet/Fast Ethernet 10 10 . 10/100- , 100 . , . 20 , , . 1.5.3. Gigabit Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Fast Ethernet, 1000 – Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet – " 10 , " ( ). " " , . Gigabit Ethernet Ethernet Fast Ethernet . . 1.5.4. ATM ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) – , . , ATM , , . Internet , (backbone), . 1.5.5. Token Ring FDDI . , , (token). , . , 21 , , . ( ) . Token Ring 4 16 IBM. FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) , . Token Ring . Token Ring, FDDI , . ( )– FDDI . 100 . 100 FDDI , –2 . ATM Ethernet. 1.6. . , . , ) ). . , . . 22 , . . , , . , Windows 98. , . , . . , , . : , . — , , , , : , , . , . , . . 23 . , , . . " ", , . . . , . . . ( ) , . . . . , . Internet Web- 2. . OSI, , , . – 24 . . . (Protocol), – : , . . – , . . . , . , , . (ISO, International Standards Organization) , Systems Interconnection). (OSI, Open OSI " – ( ) . . , . 25 ) " , ( 7. Telnet FTP TFTP SMTP 6. 5. 4. TCP 3. ICMP 2. 2.1. IP ARP RARP IEEE 802.2 X.25 1. UDP IEEE 802.3… 802.12 TCP/IP TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol) Internet. TCP , . TCP/IP Internet . , ( Internet. 1500 ) . , . (datagram). , TCP/IP , . IP . , TCP/IP . TCP/IP Internet. , , . 26 TCP/IP , . — , . , . TCP IP. IP . . IP - , ( Internet Point-to-Point ( ) , — ), . Internet, IP- Internet. , , . , , . , . IP , , , . , , , , . , , . IP , TCP . 27 , . , TCP . , TCP , . IP (I — Internet Control Message Protocol), (IP- ). UDP (User Datagram Protocol) — , IP. , . , UDP NFS (Network File System — ) SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol — ). UDP, TCP . Telnet « ». FTP (File Transfer Protocol — ) , . SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol — ) Internet. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol — ), ( . 28 ) IP- Ethernet RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol — ). , , . , , Ethernet : FTP/TCP/IP/IEEE 802.4. (Internet) . , . , Ethernet , , MAC : 07:01: :47:54: 4 ( ). — , , . . 3. Internet 1990- . , . , Internet. Internet. . , . Internet Internet 29 , , . Internet . Internet . . , Internet (Internet Architecture Board — IAB) . Internet . Internet Internet, . 3.1. Internet , Internet (Internet Service Provider). ( ) Internet, Internet Internet. . . Internet . , . Internet . Web- — , Web- . (Online Services). , Internet, 30 . CompuServe America Online. Internet. Internet. • Internet. , , . • , Internet, . , Internet , . • Internet ( , , , ). Internet . • , Internet; Internet. , . , . 31 , , (dial-up access) ; , , ISDN- , , , , . ISDN , ISDN- . ISDN- ISDN- . Web- , , (leased line). Internet. . , . 56 1,5-2 45 . frame relay . , . . Frame relay — , . frame relay 1,5 . frame relay, , 32 (Permanent Virtual Circuit — PVC), . , , PVC , , PVC . frame relay , . , . ( , ), frame relay . 3.2. IP, . Internet Internet IP. ) IP- 1 IP- . 254, . : 10.18.49.102. 0 , IP- 255, 255 IP. . 0 , 102 10.18.49.102. 10.18.49.0 , 0.0.0.102 . IP, , . Internet , • . : . ( ) . . 33 — • : . ( ) — . ( ) . • : . . — . IPInternet. , IP, . Novell Internet Ware NT, Microsoft Windows , IP- . , IP- , Internet. 1993 Internet (Internet Network Information Center — InterNIC), (Domain Name System — DNS). IP- IP comsys.mgu.ru, , . 10.18.49.102. hostname. (DNS), , , IP- . IP- , . IP- , — , , Internet. 34 msys. , . , . , , , , . fatex.interline.ivanovo.ru , . .ru , , , , .u – . , .fr — , , a .nl — . , : ü com ( ) ü gov ( ) ü mil ( ) ü edu ( ) ü org ( ) ü net ( , ) ü int ( ) , , , IP- . , .interline — , fatex — “ ”. . IP- . Internet- , . IP- , . , Internet- . 35 , , . , (root name server), , IP, , .corn. ( , ) InterNIC. IP- , , . . IP- - . , . , . , www , World Wide Web ( Web), Internet- . World Wide Web, , (Hyper Text Markup Language — HTML), , HTML. Web(HTTP), , HTML . , Web. Internet WebWeb- , . (File Transfer Protocol — FTP). 36 . , FTP- , , FTP- . , — ftp://vector.isuct.ru/ 3.3. Internet — (browse). Web- , , . Internet. Internet Explorer Microsoft, Netscape Navigator, Communications Netscape Opera. Internet ( ) Internet, , , Telnet Navigator HTTP, FTP, , Gopher. , Java, ( ), . Opera , . Internet Explorer Microsoft Windows, . . 37 ) Internet Explorer, (MyIE2, NetCaptor). , IP- , . , Internet Yandex, , http://www.yandex.ru. (HTTP). (Universal Resource Locator — URL). IP, , . , , . HTML , , Web- . Web, , , , Web- . . , , . : ü KOI8 – 8- ; ü IBM PC Code Page 866 (" ") – DOS; ü ISO-8859-5 – , ; 38 , MS- ü Microsoft Code Page 1251 ("Windows") – , Microsoft Windows. 11 . Internet Explorer 4 , ( ). Internet Explorer 3 . Netscape Navigator – . HTML IE. 4. Internet Internet: ü e-mail ü World Wide Web ü telnet ü ftp ü Archie ü gopher ü WAIS ü ICQ, IRC 4.1. World Wide Web WWW (World Wide Web — — , ) , — . , , ( , , . , ), WWW , Internet . , , , Internet) Internet, 39 , Internet . WWW , WWW Internet». — , WWW , — : ftp, gopher, Usenet, . Internet, , WWW . , • WWW. L (hypertext markup language), . , WWW . , . (browser). HTML html ( , MS-DOS htm Windows). • HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol, ). , WWW. • URL (uniform resource locator, ). Internet. . file //host/directory/filename — ; ftp://[email protected]/directory/filename — FTPgopher//host:port/gopher-path — Gopber- ; http://host.port/directory/filename7searchpart — mailto.user@host — WWW; Internet; telnet://user [email protected]/ — TELNET40 ; . 4.2. E-mail , , . : . , , , . . UUCP, Internet- ( ) . Internet, @ . . [email protected] sas , . – , , , , , @, . . , , – . ISO 1. , ru – . . , Educational institutions , , , edu – cs.berkeley.edu), gov – Government institutions 41 . ( , – ivanovo – . , – . . ivanovo.ru , . – interline.ivanovo.ru. Interline. – . UUCP – , . . , UUCP – : mcvax!uunet!ucbvax!hao!boulder!lair!evi – – lair, evi. UUCP. , hao , , ucbvax UUCP- uunet. , Internet, . UUCP, UUCP. Internet – [email protected]. evi@lair, . lair , colorado.edu, : [email protected] 42 UUCP 4.3. FTP FTP — , , TCP/IP: — — , , FTP . , . FTP: FTP [ IP_address | hostName] FTP . • "Type" — — ("ascii") ("image"). • "Dir" "Ls" — . • "CD" — . • "Get remote_file_name local_file_name" . • "Put local_Jite_name remote_flle_name" . • "Close" — FTP . • "Open" FTP. • "Quit" — . FTP , , anonymous — . , , anonymous ftp — , . FTP – Internet, 43 — , anonymous ftp. 4.4. Telnet Remote Login , , . ( . ), , , , , . telnet telnet , , . , telnet- – , , , . telnet , , , . , . 4.5. Archie Archie , (Archie( . , ftp- ) ) – , : , . Archie , . . . 44 Archie ( , ) , ( . ) , netscape.zip , Archie , netscape.*, , . , , ; www client browser. ( , , , , ) , . 4.6. Gopher Gopher Internet. , Internet. , . , e-mail : telnet, . ftp, , . , , , . Gopher , Archie. Veronica. Gopher . « » Gopher , . Gopher- . , Gopher, Gopher . 45 e-mail, 4.7. WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers) WAIS Wide Area Information Servers – . WAIS – . , , – swais. , , swais . , , SLIP/PPP- dial-up . . Gopher WWW. WAIS WAIS- Archie , . , . 4.8. On-Line: ICQ, IRC Internet on-line. , . , ( ) . , , , . , – , . IRC 4.9. ICQ. Usenet — , , 46 , , , . . , Usenet. Usenet , Usenet Internet. . Usenet, , . , Internet. , , , . , . , . , , . . . : • alt — ; • comp — • misk — ; , ; , ; • news — • ; — ; 47 • sci — ; • soc — ; • talk — : , , , . Usenet ( " — ) ". , , ), , ( . , . . , , , , Usenet , . , , . , , , . , , comp.sys.sun.sun.admin. , , . sys, . , sun Sun Microsystems, a admin , . , conip.sys.sun.sun.admin Sun Microsystems. Usenet, , HELP. : 48 LIST — Usenet: SUBSCRIBE . UNSUBSCMBE : . . 4.10. (mail-list) — , . , , — . , , [email protected] ( , UNIX), , . 4.11. Internet – . . , , , . . . , Quick Link II Fax : , Artline PCX TIFF, IMG Ventura Pablisher, BMP Microsoft Windows, CUT Paintbrush. 49 GEM Dr.Halo 5. Internet 5.1. – (Search Engines). , (spider) (crawler), , . URL, . ), ( ), ( Web- , , HTML – , , ), , , ), . . – . , . , ( , ). , . , , . , , , ( ). 5.1.1. (title): (Yandex) 512 256 (Aport). 50 (Rambler), 203 : (URL) – ; (DOC) – . , , (URL), . URL ; (SERV) – . , , . , , . : , . , , . : , . , , . , . , . : - , " "; - ; - . : , . , 51 . ( ADD URL). : (add url) , , URL . . , . : , . , , . , . , Image maps, , , , . Infoseek, Lycos) . , . : . . ImageMaps: , image maps. . : , login . , , , , . 52 : " - . " " , . : , . . , – . . : - c Robots.txt, . http://info.webcrawler.com/mak/projects/robots/exclusion.html - , . : , . , . Rambler – $URL: host/url_name Yandex – http://yandex.ru/addurl.html, , . – url=www.promotion.aha.ru. : , , , 53 , . , , . link=www.promotion.aha.ru ( ). 5.1.2. , : , . " " . , . , , . : keywords, : description . , , . ALT: ALT ( , IMG, ALT ). : , , . ( . , html- , .) : , . ", "the" . 54 , "www", : , , . ., , " , ", " ", " " . : , AltaVista – . , "banner" , "banner", , "Banner" – , . Meta-refresh: , . , , : ; , . . refresh. : ; - , ; - , , . : - , . – . 55 , . , " " ,– . ( title), , , , , , . , , " . . , , keywords , 5 , , . , , . 5.1.3. , (title): , . title ( , ( ). . , .): . N- , description, , . : . : . 56 : . : . : , . : , 10 – 20 . : . 57 Rambler ! Google . . , AltaVista , , , , , , , MP3 31 12 , , Apple, Linux, BSD (MP3) 14 250 1,25 58 , , , , ( ( - , Top100 ( , .) , .) .) &( 15 - AND, &, , AND, &,+, AND, & ( ) )&&( ) OR OR ( | OR, | , OR, | ), | ( ) 1,5 Web- Rambler ! AltaVista ~( AND NOT, ! ( )~~( "-" (AND – ) ) . (+) . (-) +, () () , – (59 + , ) "" *, ? ( () 2(...), 2(...), w2(...), [2,...] (,+ ) NEAR ( , " ", ' ' *( "" , , 10 ) " ", ' ', -..- * ) : , : , 25 , #( ), @ ! ( ) ,!( "-" +, - ) () ) : ) +, – ( +, - /(n m) – &&/(n m) – Google 25 ) ) , , , , , , ( , , ). , , , , . , . , , , , , , , . 1 . Rambler ! AltaVista Google , , , , AND, OR, , , , , , , , ( , , ) 60 , ,5 , 3, , , , , , , , , . , , , , SORT . . . ) . SORT BY ) , , HELP online 2 HELP 5.1.4. – ) ( ( ). – , . , . : – , . – . : . – , ( , – ), , – , . , , , " " " " " ( . , "– ) , ) . – , , , , , . 61 , 6 , , . ( ) " " : . . , , , , , , , , . : , – ( ), , , . , , . , , . . – . "Not , Found" . ( ) . , . : . . , , , (" " " – , " "advanced search"). 62 , . , , : . – < , > ( , – ). ( , ) – . . . HTML , , ( , , .). ( , , ) . – . – , , (META KEYWORDS) . – , . : ( Help' ). , , . , . ( , ) , , 63 , , . : , . , . , , . , – , – , , . 5.1.5. , , , . . , ( " "). ? , . , . " " , " " ". . (|). , . " | , | " " ". , " " " " . , . 64 , " " ". . , " , " " " ". , , , . , . . ", " , " ". , , " ". . , . ndex , , , " ". "+" "-" , , . , , . , . , , , - - ". , ( , , , "+ 65 , + ). ". . , , , , . . , ! , " ". 5.2. , , World Wide Web. , ( – , , .). , , . , – . , , : Yahoo! . , – , , . , , Web WWW- , . , 66 World Wide , . , WWW, , . WWW , . , , , – YAHOO. , : , , , , . . – . 67 List.Ru Rambler 10 14 19 7 , , , 56 ( Yahoo! – 14 About 36 . – , , ) . , ) , ) , , , , ), , ), 68 ), ( ) ), ( ) ndex ndex Rambler "" "" +, - +, - More… ) * *( ) 68 http://www.scirus.com/ Scirus http://www.google.com.ru/ Google http://www.altavista.com/ Alta Vista http://www.rambler.ru/ Rambler http://www.go.com/ Go.com (Infoseek) http://www.yandex.ru/ Yandex http://www.lycos.com/ Lycos http://www.aport.ru/ http://www.hotbot.com/ HotBot http://www.alltheweb.com/ All the Web, All the Time http://www.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! http://www.atrus.ru/ @Rus ( http://www.britannica.com/ Britannica http://www.list.ru/ List.ru ( !) Yandex) http://www.search4info.com/ Search4info http://www.weblist.ru/ Weblist http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/InternetIndex/ Librarian's Index to the Internet http://www.susanin.net/ http://www.about.com/ About.com http://ulitka.ru/ http://www.webcrawler.com/ WebCrawler http://www.metacrawler.com/ MetaCrawler http://www.aj.com/ Ask Jeeves 6. Internet , , , . 69 , : ( ) . , , , . , : • ; • ; • . ( , , ), , . ) , , ). , , ( ). , , ( , , — ). , , . 70 , . , “ ” ( ); ( ); , ( ) . , . ( , ) , . . , ( ). : 1. ( ). ( ). : ); . , . , , . Medline, USPTO, EPO RUPAT ( ). 2. . , , .) ( . 71 , , , ”. “ ”, “ ”, “ 200 ” . , . 10- , . , , , , , 20-30 , . : — (Advanced , Search), . 3. : ; — ( , , , , .). , , . — . . (Word Search). ( ). Medline WWW. , (AND, OR, NOT), , 72 , , . . , “Word Search” “Advanced Word Search”, . , , . (Browse Search) . , , . “ ” (and), ” (or), “ ” (not). , AltaVista “+” “-” “ ” ( “ ”). 4. ( , , ). Y hoo, Alta Vista, Google, Exsite, HotBot, : , , . (link) ( , ), . , , . , , , , , 73 , , , , , . , . — Medline, USPTO, WIPO, EPO, RUPAT : • . • — , , . , 100% . • — USPTO ( ) RuPAT ( ), PO ). • — STN. , . • : Academic Press ( Springer ( ) ), Elsevier ( ), , . 74 , . • - , . • , , , www- . , , . • — , : “ ”, , . • — , , “ ”. • , , , 75 — , . • , — , . • , , , ( ), , ( , , , , .) ( , ). 6.1. http://elibrary.ru. , . , , , . , , . ( , , , , .) . , , IP- , . . ( , , ) 76 ( . ). , , " ( " – ) IP- , . . ) . " ", " " , IP- ( ) . , – , , , , . ( , , ), , " " " ". . , . ( ), . . , , , , , . , , . . , 77 , , , , . , . 6.2. " " http://bukinist.agava.ru/ " " , . 12000 ). ( 290 – 24.09.2002. : . . "AND" (" ") , , . "OR" (" ") , . "+" , . , "-". ". : "+ - , . , ", " " ", " " ", " " ", " . , (" 6.3. " !"). " http://www.infomag.ru:8082 " " , , . . 78 " " , , ( "), ( ) RELARN. 6.4. http://www.edu.ru. ; , , , ); ; ; ( , ; ); ; ( ); , ( ( , , , , , ); ); CD/DVD. : http://www.apnet.com/ Academic Press http://www.bowker.com/ R.R.Bowker http://www.elsevier.nl/ Elsevier Science http://www.kokken.go.jp/public/jibooks.html Japan Book Publishers Assn http://www.karger.ch/ Karger AG, Basel http://www.wkap.nl/ Kluwer http://www.lrpub.com/ Lippincott-Raven Publishers http://www.mcgraw-hill.co.uk/ McGraw-Hill http://www.mosby.com/ Mosby http://www.munksgaard.dk/ Munksgaard http://www.oup.co.uk/ Oxford University Press http://www.penguin.com/ Penguin http://www.randomhouse.com/ Random House, Inc. http://www.springer.de/ Springer-Verlag http://www.wiley.com/ Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publishers http://www.hwwilson.com/ Wilson Company 79 ; 7. , . . : • ; • ; • ; • . , . , , (Boot- ) – , (Master Boot Record). , , . , - , , , . . , . . . , . . : 80 • , ( ); • , , • ; , • ; , , , , . : • (companion) – , . , EXE- , .COM, , , XCOPY.EXE COM- EXE- DOS COM- , • -“ EXE” XCOPY.COM. (worm) – . . , , , . , . , ( ). ; • ” – , . , ” “ ”; 81 , • ” – , ; • ”- ( , stealth), , DOS “ ” . , “ , ” ; • ”- ( , polymorphic) – , , . . . ; • ” – , ( , ). , Microsoft Word. , , “ ” . , , , , , . , . “ ( — ” ) . , , 82 , , . : • ; • ( ); • “ ” ; • ( ); • ; • CD-ROM- • , ; , . , ” ( ” , ) . , . , , . , . . . . . , , , , . . , . 83 , . Windows Update Windows. . . , . , . , “ ” , . . , , , . , , , . , . , , . , . . . Panda Antivirus Titanium McAffe Virus Scan. Dr. Web 84 Windows. Web- , , www.kaspersky.ru 1975 . 12.6 21 www.esetnod32.ru 1115 . 8.2 16 Personal Pro Eset NOD32 Eset Software , Dr. Web Windows 85 Norton Antivirus Symantec 2005 Panda Antivirus Panda Titanium 2006 Software McAffe Virus Scan McAffe www.drweb.com 960 . www.symantec.ru 40 . www.pandasoftware.com 30 . 32 60 http://us.mcafee.com . 9.5 39 20 7.6 60 56 Safe’n’Sec StarForce www.starforce.ru 715 . 4.7 , 5 . AVG Anti-Virus GriSoft www.grisoft.com Free 85 9.7 . 8. . . , . , , . 15 . – , , . . 8.1. , . ". — . , . 86 8.2. • . . . • . " " " , " — , " • " . . – . • . . • . . • . , , ( ) . 8.3. • , , . • ( ) . • . 87 8.4. — , , . — , . , , , . . . , . — : , , . , , : • ; • ; • , , , , ). : • , ? 88 • ? • ? • ? , , , , " ". , . . , . . , . . , — , , . , . , , , , , . . , . " " . 89 " , . , , . . , . , , 7-15 500 , . , , . , , . , , , . , . 8.5. 1. . , . 2. . , , . 3. . ( , , , ), , ( ) . 4. , . . 5. . , . . 90 — . 6. . : , . . 7. . ( 40-50 100-200 ). . 8.6. 1. — , , 2. . — , , , , . , . . 3. — . . 4. — , ) 5. . — . , . 91 8.7. . • , ( . , ), 4-5 . , . • : . , , ( ). , , 7-12 • . . . ( ), . • , , . . , HyperTest, UniTest, Markiz, Test Office Pro . . , . : • ; 92 : • ; • ( ); • ; • ; • ( ) Office) ( MS ; • – . . , SuperTest Freeware http://supertest.narod.ru 1,2 Freeware http://utk.mastak.ru 1,2 UTC Net 2.0 SunRav http://www.soft- Freeware Test 5ye.xost.ru/ 3,81 ShareWare www.sunrav.com ShareWare http://www.listsoft.ru/ 3,6 UniTestSystem ShareWare http://www.listsoft.ru/ 10 TestMan Freeware http://freesoft.ru/ Mirax Test Freeware Office Pro 5,6 1,2 1,8 , : 1) SuperTest, – , , . 93 SuperTest 2.42 . ShareWare 3.0. 2) UTC 1.6. . 8.8. SuperTest SuperTest : 1. TestMaker – ; 2. TestInfo – . • 1000; • 10; • 400 ; • ( : bmp, ico, wmf, emf; jpg); • MS-Word, WordPad, Internet Explorer drag&drop; • , ; • ; • , ; • ( ), ( html); • ; 94 • : ; ; • : « ; » – ; « » – ; • ; • ; • ); • ; • / ); • : ; ; ( ); • (2,3,4,5), – ; • ( , ); • ; • ; • ( ), ( ); • ( ; 95 ) • ( ) ; • – ; • ; • , ; • ; • ; • ; • , ; • ; • ; • ; • ; • ; • ; • ; • ; • HDD, , , 96 ); • , ; • ( , ) ); • ( , ); • ; • ; • ); • , ; • ; • , , , ; • , , , ; • ( Windows, 7 • ); WYSIWYG ( , ; • ; • «result.txt» ; 97 ) • « », . . , ; • Windows 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP ( 95 Windows comtcl.dll). 8.9. UTC : » – , , . »– . » , , . Microsoft Word, , Microsoft Word . , , , , , ~ 6 MB. , . 9. Microsoft Word . , – , , , – , 98 , , . , , , , . MS Word , , , . , , , – – MS Word. , , . . , Visio , OrgChart – , Excel , Origin – , , . , . MS Word : • OLE ; • ; • . OLE MS Word . linking and embedding). MS Word , OLE (object MS Word , 99 . , MS Word , – . ( ) , BMP ” WMF; . , , MS Word , “ ” (“ . ”) .( , , , .) , OLE : 1) (“ ” BMP WMF) ); 2) ( ; 3) – . , (2) , MS Word ( ), . (“ ) , ” “ ”, . OLE , , , MS Word, “ MS Word. ”, , , , MS Word. 100 MS Word : 1) OLE, ; 2) MS Word, , – , , . ; 3) ( ) . , (2) , MS Word , , ; 4) , , ( ) . , , ( ) , . , , , . OLE: 1) ; 2) ( 3) “ MS Word ” → ”); → “ “ :” ( , ). ( . OLE, “ , , :” .) 101 . , , → “ → ”. MS Word . ( ”); MS Word . – – ( ). : 1) ; 2) ; 3) MS Word “ ” “ : → :” . , , . , . WMF, BMP DIB. WMF , , – : ( , , ), ; . WMF 102 , . , . , , WMF, , , . BMP DIB , , . , . , . DIB , ( BMP ), WMF. : 1) ; 2) , . MS Word , , . MS Word : WMF, BMP, DIB, GIF, TIFF, JPEG . ( , . , MS Word) , Microsoft Office setup.exe. → → ”. , 103 MS Word . , , . , , , , ), ( ), . : 1) , ( , ) MS Word. ( .) 2) MS Word “ ” → → . , : . 9.1. Microcal Origin , . Microsoft ( Microsoft Excel) . , « , », , Mathematica, MathCAD, Maple, MathLab, Visio. Origin . ( Excel), . . 104 , , . Microcal — www.originlab.com — ( PDF ). 6 , 7 Microcal Origin — Windows ( , , ). ( , , ) . Origin , , , . , , ( , - ), , . . Origin? MathCAD Excel, Maple, MathLab, Derive, Visio, Mathematica? , , , ( ) , , , . 10. PostScript , , , PDF PostScript. PostScript Basic, 105 C++, Fortran. , – ( , ) – . Adobe Systems 1984 . , . PostScript, . PostScript , ( ) . Adobe Illustrator " " PostScript , , , PostScript . : Adobe Illustrator , ( , , . , NC, FAR, WC). , PostScript PostScript- . , . , PostScript ), . , " , RIP (Raster Image Processor). RIP PostScript page) – (dots on a . , PostScript- , PostScript , . (Adobe Graphics Models), Adobe InDesign, 106 , AGM RIP' : PostScript- , AGM " . , " , (bitmapped preview), InDesign' , , PostScript preview. PostScript . , PostScript . PostScript . , PostScript 72 dpi (dot per inch – ), 600 dpi 2400 dpi. PostScript . . Type1 – PostScript. . . Type1 (PostScript Font-Binary) PFB PFA (PostScript Font-ASCII). , , – , . Type3. PostScript. , . PostScript . PostScript Level 1. PostScript Level 1 . PostScript, 107 , PostScript Level2. . , PostScript - , RIP – EPS (Encapsulated PostScript)? EPS PostScript – , " (preview) ("encapsulated"). Adobe InDesign – "preview" , RIP , Illustrator- , " , PostScript ". : PostScript ; EPS . PostScript PostScript. PostScript PostScript ( 1200se , Lexmark E322 1300). Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Microsoft Word PostScript PostScript . , PostScript PostScript. PostScript , PostScript, , . , PostScript . , PostScript. , , . PostScript . PostScript, , 108 . PostScript , . PostScript , PostScript PostScript , , . AI (Adobe PostScript. Illustrator) Adobe Illustrator – PostScript. Adobe Illustrator , Adobe Illustrator. PostScript , PostScript. Adobe Illustrator PostScript, PostScript – , Adobe Illustrator. Adobe Illustrator PostScript. Adobe Illustrator , PostScript. Adobe Illustrator . Illustrator Adobe PostScript . 1. SVG PostScript, WMF 2. PostScript. Windows, PostScript? PCL, , , PostScript, , EPS PCL PostScript- , . 109 . EPSF, “Encapsulated PostScript File”( PostScript). EPSF, . PostScript- .ps) ( PostScript . PDF? PDF (Portable Document Format) – !) EPS ( Adobe Illustrator (AI). PDF PostScript . , PDF EPS) – , , (PDF – , , , PostScript , , , . EPS PDF, , PostScript Adobe . Distiller ( ). PDF RIP). . , PDF . , , , . , . " PDF PostScript , , , EPS , , 110 ". PDF , , . " ( )– PDF PostScript PostScript . Adobe. Adobe Reader 7.0 Adobe Acrobat 7.0 Standart Professional. : http://www.adobe.com/ PDF ( , ) , PDF. , VeryPDF: PDF Split-Merge, PDF2HTML, PDF2TXT, PDF2Word/PDF2RTF. Windows Adobe Acrobat. : http://www.verypdf.com/ , BCL BCL Technologies (BCL Drake, BCL Jade, Magellan) ( , ) Adobe Acrobat. : http://www.bcltechnologies.com/ PDF BMP, PCX, JPEG, PNG TIFF PostScript GSview 4.1 previewer AFPL Ghostscript 7.03. : http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost/ PDF Adobe Acrobat Jaws PDF Editor Jaws. : http://www.jawspdf.com/pdf_editor/ ) , . 111 Adobe Adobe Acrobat, Adobe PDF, Windows . , : FinePrint pdfFactory FinePrint. : http://www.fineprint.com/ proxy Proxy ( " ”) – , Internet. proxy web- , , proxy- web, Internet . Proxy : • Internet ; • ; • , ; • firewall); • . " ". ? , , – . , , . . : "A" "B" ( ). – 112 . . – "C", , ( "B"). "B", "C" "A". : "A" ) "B" , "A" ) "C" ) "B" : "A" "C"), proxy- proxy- ( , ), webproxy ( "C" "B"). : webproxyproxy : web- proxy proxy . proxy , . HTTP proxy proxy . web- HTTP proxy . ( proxy HTTP ) FTP. HTTP proxy – proxy ICQ. "proxy", HTTPS ( , Secure HTTP) proxy. proxy HTTP proxy . Socks proxy proxy , 113 , HTTP proxy. Socks proxy TCP/IP POP3, SMTP ), socks proxy: socks 4 socks 5. Socks 5 (FTP, Gopher, News, HTTP. 2 socks 4, TCP, , UDP . socks proxy proxy . socks proxy : . proxy ICQ . CGI proxy ( ) proxy proxy , . ( ) ( , ), , URL proxy : . HTTP ( – FTP, – HTTPS) , ( proxy) proxy cookie , . , , proxy . FTP proxy proxy . FTP proxy , Firewall, Internet. proxy ( , FAR, Windows Commander 114 ). proxy FTP , . proxy proxy proxy, , – proxy , . proxy HTTP ( socks proxy, , ), proxy : socks proxy -> socks proxy -> http proxy -> http proxy ->- cgi proxy -> cgi proxy -> web proxy HTTP proxy ( . , – HTTP proxy ). – CGI proxy. proxy web- ( ) . , , – ( , !) Internet. , web– IP – " , . proxy : HTTP CGI proxy 1. – " " 2. –" " IP FTP IP : Socks proxy . 115 IP; " " . " cookies Cookie – , . cookies , ( ), , cookies, . , , cookies , , " . " , cookie. ( , Yandex " ). , ". , , . , " – , " ( .), . , . "– , . , , . , , . , , . "– , , 116 " ". ( ), ( ). , . cookies Netscape: Edit ( Advanced ( ) ) ) Cookies Accept All Cookies ( ). cookies Internet Explorer: Internet Options ( ) Tools ( ) ) Security Custom Level ( ). Cookies ( stored on your computer ( ), Allow cookies that are cookies Enabled ( ) ). 10 Mbps 10 100 Mbps 100 10Base-2 Ethernet. Fast Ethernet FDDI. IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Thinnet. . 10Base-5 IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Thicknet. . 10Base-F IEEE 802.3 Ethernet . 10Base-T IEEE 802.3i Ethernet (" "). 100Base-T IEEE 802.3us Ethernet 100 (" "). 100Base-FX IEEE 802.3us Ethernet 100 . Access method ( ) , CSMA/CD (Ethernet) 117 . (Token Ring). ActiveX , ( , Object Model (COM) Internet) . Component . Address ( ) , , . Address mask ( ) , Internet . 32 Internet . . Address resolution ( ) (Network Layer) ADPCM (Adaptive (media-specific) Differential Pulse (MAC). Code Modulation ) ITU 32 Agent ( ( PCM). ( ) ) SNMP . – , . . NMS, DUA, MTA. Algorithm , . , . . . American National Standards Institute , , ANSI ( ) , . ANSI ISO. Amplitude ( ("height"). Analog ( ) . ) , ( ) ( , ). Analog Transmission , , – . , , , , ( ), , ( ). . ANSI: American National Standards Institute ( , ). . ANSI (ISO). 118 AOWAPI (Application ). Program Interface , . API: Application Program Interface ( , ). . AppleTalk 1. , . AppleTalk Phase 2 16 2. Apple Computer, Apple . Application Layer ( ) OSI, . ARP: Address Resolution Protocol ( Internet, Internet ( ) ARP , . , ). . , IP. ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency. DARPA , ARPANET. ARPANET , 70. Internet. ARPANET 1990. ARQ (Automatic Request for Repeat or Retransmission ) , . ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII Character Set A character set consisting only of the characters included in the original 128-character ASCII standard. Asynchronous Transmission ( ) , , . , . (start-stop transmission). ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ) ITU – (cell). ATM , . 1.5 2 ( , , multimedia, ) . ATM ATM (ATM Forum) . 119 Attach unit interface (AUI) 15Attenuation ( DB-15, . ) , Audio Frequencies ( . ) , 15 – 20000 ). 300 3000 ( . , (Hi-Fi). AUI . Attach unit interface. AWG (American Wire Gauge System ) . Backbone ( , , ) . , , , , . , , . Balanced ( ) , , . Balun (BALanced/UNbalanced) ( ) Bandwidth ( , ( .). ) , . . Baseband modem ( Baud ( ) . ) , . , ). ( Big-endian , ( ) . little-endian. " " " BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) " " . , UNIX 4.3BSD. . BIND , DNS . Bipolar ( ) ( 1/ 1), , 0– . 120 DNS , BISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network ) ISDN, ( ). ATM SONET SDH . Bit ( ) , , . 0 1. BootP (Bootstrap Protocol) , . IP- TFTP. Bps (Bits Per Second . ) . Bridge ( ) , . , . , (MAC- ). , . , (repeater), (router), , . Layer). Broadband ( OSI (Data Link ) , , , . . " " . Broadcast ( ) , , . Ethernet. BSD Berkeley Software Distribution. , Berkeley UNIX ( , 4.3BSD UNIX). Buffer ( ) [ ] , . (jitter). Burstiness frame relay ( . , . ). . LAN-LAN , . . , . , (DTE) . 121 Bus ( ) ( ) . , . Bus topology ( ) , ( ), . Ethernet, . , , . Byte ( ) ( Carrier ( 8). ) , ( ) , Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) . CSMA/CD CD (Carrier Detect ) , . , . Channel ( ) [ ] : link, line, circuit ) client-server model ( . facility. ( ) . DNS Clock ( , NFS . ) , , . Collision ( , ) ( ) CSMA/CD. . . Compression ( , ) , , . , . Connection ( ) , . ) connectionless ( , : . ( , Internet IP, OSI CLNP, UDP, 122 ) . . connection-oriented ( ) , , X.25, Internet TCP, : . . Control Characters ( ) – , ( , , CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check , , .). , ) . . . . CSMA/CD (Carrier sense multiple access/collision detection ) ( ), Ethernet. CSMA/CD " " – IEEE802.3 , , , . , . Ethernet 35-40% . . CSNET: Computer+Science Network. , , . CSNET , . BITNET Data ( CREN. . BITNET. ) , , Data Link Layer 2 , ( ) OSI. , . , . 2 . Data Rate, Data Signaling Rate , dB (Decibel - (bps). ) ( ). Dedicated LAN ( ) . (10 ) . DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ) , TCP/IP. DHCP BootP IP- , , 123 DNS. Diagnostics ( ) , , Digital ( . ) , . ( ) ( ). Distortion ( , ) . Domain ( ) Internet – . ( "interline.ivanovo.ru." ), (.) Internet , OSI , MHS Private Management Domain (PRMD) Directory Management Domain (DMD). DNS (Domain Name System ) , Internet. IP. DNS Internet, IP. Dotted decimal notation 328, . IPInternet (192.67.67.20). E1 2.048 Mbps. E3 (34 Mbps) . EIA (Electronic Industries Association ) . – . RS-232C. EMI (Electromagnetic Interference [ ]) , , . . Encapsulation ( ) , , (protocol data unit – PDU) . Internet – , (IP), (TCP), . End system ( ) OSI, , OSI. Internet. Ethernet ( ), IEEE . IEEE 802.3. Ethernet 10 Mbps CSMA/CD. Ethernet 10Base-T. Ethernet Fast Ethernet (100 ). 124 Ethernet LAN , DEC. Xerox, Intel Xerox Ethernet (LAN ) RG-11 ( 3 5 RG-58) (CSMA/CD). Ethernet FCC (Federal Communications Commission , . c . . ) 1934 . FCC , . FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface. . , Token Ring . Fiber Optics ( ) , . Flame ( ), . ) Four-Wire Circuit ( , , , ) Fragmentation ( – . IP (reassembly). . MTU. . Frame Relay , , FRAD, 56Kbps 1.544Mbps. , . . Frame relay ) . ( X.25, Frame relay CIR . frame relay . (mesh). FTP: File Transfer Protocol. Internet . . FTAM. Full Duplex ( ) , Java , ( ) - . , , JavaWeb Web- 125 (applets). Java. Gateway ( ) Internet. (router) "gateway" "application gateway" IP. , . Half Duplex ( . router. ) , . , , . ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol. , IP. ICMP IP. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ) , . IEEE ANSI ISO. IEEE 802.3 IEEE CSMA/CD. IEEE 802.5 IEEE Token Ring. Interface , , , , . internet , . Internet ) internet, (backbone) ( , MILNET, NSFNET, CREN) . Internet IP. Internet IP, . ping. Internet. Internet address 32, , TCP/IP. . dotted decimal notation. IP: Internet Protocol. Internet. IP datagram , Internet. , , , . IPX/SPX Internet Packet eXchange/Sequenced Packet eXchange. IPX Novell NetWare , . SPX IPX , . SPX . 126 ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network ( , ISDN ). . , . , ISDN, CCITT. ISO (International Organization for Standardization ) , . ITU (International OSI/ISO, OSI. . . Union Telecommunication ) , . Jitter ( ) . . LAN (Local Area Network , ) ( , , , ). Layer 2 (Data link layer) OSI. , , . Layer 3 (Network layer) OSI. . Layer 4 (Transport layer) . ) Leased Line ( , ( OSI. ). ". Little-endian , ( ) " ). " " Loading ( ( . big-endian. " " " . ) . . basebandLoopback ( , . , ) , , MAC (Media Access Control , . ) , . 127 , IEEE, MAC(data link layer). Mail exploder , . (mailing ( list). , [email protected]), . Mail gateway ( ) , ) . , ", " , . Mark ( , ) . . space ( ), . 0. MIPS ( ) (CPU). Modem (Modulator-Demodulator , DTE . DTE. Modulation ( ) ) , , . , . MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit. . , Ethernet : MTU 1500 . Multicasting . Multiplexer (Mux ) , . Name resolution ( ) . . DNS. NDIS , Microsoft , . . NetBIOS Extended User Interface. , Microsoft LAN Manager, Windows for Workgroups, Windows NT . NetBIOS: Network Basic Input Output System ( ). , IBM PC . NetBEUI 128 Network 1. 2. ( , ). , , . Network Address ( ) . Internet address OSI Network Address. Network Layer ( ) OSI, OSI. Network Mask 32, IP. NFS(R): Network File System ( , , , IP- ). Sun Microsystems . NIC (Network Interface Card) ( ). Node , , . NOS (Network Operating System) NSFNET: National Science Foundation NETwork. , mid-level (backbone). NSFNET , Object ( ) , . , . , , MIB, . OSI: Open Systems Interconnection. . . ISO. OSI model, Open Systems Interconnection model , (ISO) , . OSI Network Address , 20 , OSI (OSI Transport entity). (Initial Domain Part), (Domain Specific Part), . OSI Presentation Address , OSI (OSI Application entity). OSI (OSI Network Address) ( ), Transport, Session, Presentation). Packet , . 129 Packet Switching , , . – . Parity Bit , , ( ). PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) ( , ) 64 Kbps. Physical Layer ( ) OSI, . , . Physical Media ( ) . (Layer OSI 0). ( , ) , . . OSI. Ping: Packet internet groper. , (ICMP echo request – ICMP) : "Ping host X to see if it is up!" . Port ( ) , Internet . . selector. , . . PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol. SLIP, PPP , Presentation Layer ( . ) OSI, ( ) . Protocol ( ) , . Proxy , . Proxy- , , . PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network ) , , PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit . ) . QoS (Quality of Service) . QoS , . 130 RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol. Internet Internet . RARP Internet. . ARP. Repeater ( ) , , ( ) . . RFC: Request For Comments. , Internet RFC RFC RMON OSI . bridge router. 1969 . ( Internet, , Internet ) RFC. InterNIC. , . Router ( ) , . , ("routing metrics"). . . , OSI gateway, bridge repeater. Routing . RPC: Remote Procedure Call. . . , , RPC. RS-232C . Serial Transmission , , ( Session Layer ( ) . ) OSI, . Sharing Device , . , , . Shielding (EMI/RFI). SLIP: Serial Line IP. Internet, ( SLIP SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Internet. RFC 822. 131 IP RS-232). PPP. RFC 821, SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol ) SNMP . SNMP SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork SONET TCP/IP. SNMP-2 . ) . 2.5 51.84 Mbps Gbps. Space – . SQL: Structured Query Language. . . STP (Shielded Twisted Pairs , ) . Subnet mask ( . Subnetwork ( ) address mask. ) OSI, . X.25, . SVC- Switched virtual circuit . Switched 56 , 56Kbps. Synchronous Transmission , , T1 , . AT&T DS1 1.544 Mbps. 1 24 (timeslot). T3 . TCP: Transmission Control Protocol. Internet, , , . . TP4. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Internet) Internet (Internet Protocol Suite). Internet . Telnet Internet. . 132 . TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) , FTP. TFTP . USD. TFTP FTP Token Ring , IEEE 802.5. (token), (supervisory frame), . , , . ) Transceiver ( . , , Ethernet. Ethernet , Transport Layer ( . ) OSI, . UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) FIFO, . UDP (User Datagram Protocol) IP ; Internet. UDP, TCP, UDP . , TCP, Unbalanced Line , , ( , ). USD (User datagram Protocol) . UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair ) , ". UUCP: UNIX to UNIX Copy Program. , WAN (Wide-Area Network , " UNIX- . ) . WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) Internet Windows, Microsoft. WINS IPWINS- TCP/IP. DHCP. X.25 ITU – TSS ( CCITT ), (packet data networks – PDN). 133 1. . . .- , .: , / . , 2001.- 672 . 2. . . , .– .: / , 2005.- 544 . 3. / . 4. Web- / . .- .: .- 2- , 2003.- 560 . .- .: « », 2004.- 512 . 5. HTML . .- XHTML. 10 .: « 6. www.citforum.ru 7. www.ixbt.com 8. www.hardnsoft.ru 9. www.compress.ru 10. www.yandex.ru 11. www.ivnet.ru 134 , 3», 2003.- 224 . ./ ..................................................................................................3 1. ......................................................................5 2. OSI, , ...................................................................................24 3. .............................................29 4. Internet .....................................................................................39 5. Internet ..................................................................50 6. Internet ....................................................69 7. ..........................................................................80 8. ..........................................................................................86 9. Microsoft Word........................................................................................98 10. 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