УДК 373.167.1:811.111 ББК 81.2Англ–922 Б59 Аудиоприложение доступно на сайте росучебник.рф/audio Учебно-методический комплект Enjoy English / «Английский с удовольствием» для 8 класса состоит из следующих компонентов: • учебника • книги для учителя • рабочей тетради • аудиоприложения Б59 Биболетова, М. З. Английский язык : 8 класс : учебник / М. З. Биболетова, Н. Н. Трубанева. — 3-е изд. , стереотип. — М. : Дрофа, 2018. — 205, [3] с. : ил. — (Российский учебник : Enjoy English / «Английский с удовольствием»). ISBN 978-5-358-20727-1 Учебно-методический комплект Enjoy English / «Английский с удовольствием» (8 класс) является частью учебного курса Enjoy English / «Английский с удовольствием» для 2—11 классов общеобразовательных организаций. Учебник основывается на современных методических принципах и отвечает требованиям, предъявляемым к учебникам начала третьего тысячелетия. Тематика и аутентичный материал, используемые в учебнике, отобраны с учётом интересов восьмиклассников, ориентированы на выбор будущей профессии и продолжение образования. Учебник состоит из четырёх разделов, каждый из которых рассчитан на одну учебную четверть. Разделы завершаются проверочными заданиями (Progress Check), позволяющими оценить достигнутый школьниками уровень овладения языком. Учебник обеспечивает подготовку к итоговой аттестации по английскому языку, предусмотренной для выпускников основной школы. Учебник соответствует Федеральному государственному образовательному стандарту основного общего образования. УДК 373.167.1:811.111 ББК 81.2Англ–922 ISBN 978-5-358-20727-1 © Биболетова М. З. , Трубанева Н. Н. , 2015 © ООО «ДРОФА», 2016 © ООО «ДРОФА», 2017, с изменениями Contents CONTENTS Section UNIT 1 Grammar focus Function Vocabulary 1. What Is the Weather Like? Sentences beginning with “It’s…” (review) The present / The past / The future simple (review) Stating likes and dislikes Making comparisons Writing a postcard Weather The names of the countries and capitals (review) 2. “Nice to Meet You, Dear Earth” “The” with the unique things and objects Stating personal beliefs Describing positive and negative features Filling in the form Space (the universe, planets) 3. Getting Ready for a Journey into Space! The past continuous Expressing opinions Writing a story Space travels Space and science 4. Do We Need Space Exploration? Since and For with the present perfect and the present perfect continuous Stating facts and opinions Describing positive and negative features Natural disasters 5. How the Earth Shows Its Power The past simple and the past continuous (review) Describing disasters Stating facts Giving warnings Storytelling By (the time) 6. How to Survive in Hard Situations The past perfect Stating facts Describing places Expressing opinions Writing a story World’s geographical champions 7. Amazing Natural Wonders Around You The past simple / The past continuous / The past perfect (review) We Belong to the Universe Page 6 Homework Progress check UNIT 2 1. Any Problems? Any Solutions? “The” with the features of the environment Stating facts Giving reasons and explanations Stating environmental problems Notice Geographical names 2. They Are Trying to Protect Our Planet Conditional II If + the past simple + would + Infinitive Conditional III If + the past perfect + would have + Infinitive Situations in the present, past, future Stating opinions Environmental problems The World Can’t Do Without You Page 54 3 Contents Section Grammar focus Function Vocabulary 3. What’s Wrong with the Earth? be / get used to Stating vital problems Giving personal information Giving advice Environment Serious problems of our day 4. Keeping the Earth Clean Conditionals II and III: combined sentences V + Ving (avoid doing something) Discussing possibilities Discussing ways of saving the Earth Recycling Expressing opinions Giving advice Writing … Environmental problems 5. Let’s Save the Earth, Our Home Homework Progress check UNIT 3 1. Let’s Speak about Media The present / The past simple (review) Prepositions Expressing opinions Making comparisons Mass media Abbreviations British / American English 2. Are You Keen on Television? Uncountable nouns Homophones (review) Giving reasons and explanations Expressing opinions TV programmes Knowledge Quiz 3. Do the British Love Newspapers? The present / The past simple passive (review) Giving reasons and explanations Stating likes and dislikes Newspapers Magazines 4. Why the Internet? Conditional II (review) Expressing opinions Discussing pros and cons Writing a summary The Internet 5. Providing News for People Who / What / When / Where / How + ever (review) Giving reasons and explanations Storytelling Writing a biography Professions Biographies 6. The Amazing World of Books start / prefer / enjoy doing Wh-questions (review) Stating likes and dislikes Expressing opinions Interviewing Reporting on the results of the interview Kinds of books 7. He Said that ... Direct and reported speech (statements, questions, commands) Seeking factual information Stating likes and dislikes Writing a biography Books Verbs, which are often used in reported speech 8. Reading Books Suffix: -less Verbs used in reported speech Mass Media: Pros and Cons Page 84 Homework Progress check 4 Writers Reference books Contents Section UNIT 4 Grammar focus Function Vocabulary 1. What Is Success? The present / The past simple The past perfect The past simple passive (review) Describing people Expressing opinions Characteristics Biographies 2. Start with Your Family! Complex object: make somebody do something ask / want / tell somebody to do something Describing people and relationships Describing feelings Stating opinions Giving advice Characteristics Relationships 3. Help Stop Bullying! Complex object Conditional II (review) Discussing purposes Expressing opinions Giving advice Writing a letter Bullying Holidays 4. Why Are Festivals Important? The past simple / The past continuous / The past perfect (review) Stating likes and dislikes Congratulating Writing a postcard Congratulations 5. What Independence Means to You Expressions with ‘do’ and ‘make’ Discussing pros and cons Giving advice Writing a story Saturday jobs What Does It Mean to Be Successful? Page 124 Homework Progress check APPENDIXES Appendix 1. Grammar reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 УСЛОВНЫЕ ОБОЗНАЧЕНИЯ — упражнение на слушание Appendix 2. List of irregular verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 — работа в парах Appendix 3. Pronunciation table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Appendix 4. Learning strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Appendix 5. Cultural guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Appendix 6. List of personal names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 — работа в группах — задание повышенной сложности — упражнение с использованием Интернета Appendix 7. Transliteration table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Appendix 8. List of geographical names . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 5 1 WE BELONG TO THE UNIVERSE SECTION 1 What Is the Weather Like? 3 Read why people talk about the weather so often. Tick the most realistic ideas. Do you know any other reasons? 1 Listen to the short dialogues. Say what they are about. 2 Listen to the dialogues again. Fill in the missing phrases. Act out the dialogues. 6 People don’t know how to start a conversation. Everyone is interested in weather. The weather changes very often, and everyone wants to find out about it. It’s a common topic for all of us. They don’t have the Internet to look it up. It’s a matter of custom. 4 Look through the list of words. Find the words that can be used to describe the weather. windy, sunny, lovely, quickly, cloudy, bright, stormy, rainy, very, difficult, wet, snowy, cool, warm, boring, humid, misty, fine, nice, closely, thunder, snowfall, noisy 1. Nick: Hello, Mrs Green! ... ! Mrs Green: Hi, Nick! What a lovely day! Nick: Yes, ... , isn’t it? 2. Jenny: Good morning, Mr Smith! Mr Smith: Good morning, Jenny! It was raining cats and dogs all night! 5 Work in pairs. Discuss the weather. Tell each other what the weather is like in different places today. Use the map. Jenny: ... ? I was asleep all night. ... ! Mr Smith: Yes, isn’t it? Example: It’s sunny in London today, isn’t it? — Yes, it’s lovely, isn’t it? UNIT 1 Section 1 6 Say how the weather changes your mood. Example: If the weather is rainy, I feel sad. 10 Read the ironic advice of an English writer on how to be polite in Britain. What is the advice? 7 Listen to the poem about the weather. Say what the main idea of the poem is. 8 Look at the pictures and say what kind of weather is typical in different parts of the Russian Federation in different seasons. Use the example and the words below. Example: It’s hot and sunny in the southern part of Russia in summer. dry and cloudy hot and sunny sunny and icy stormy and windy snowy and stormy warm but stormy The central part of Russia wet and warm cool and cloudy humid but warm warm but windy icy and snowy wet and cloudy The northern part of Russia The southern part of Russia The weather is the most important topic in the land. In Europe if you want to describe someone very dull, you say: ‘He is a person who would discuss the weather with you.’ But in Britain this is always interesting, and you must be good at discussing the weather. You should know that you must never contradict anybody when discussing the weather. Should hurricanes and tornadoes uproot the trees from the sides of the road, if someone remarks to you: ‘Lovely day, isn’t it?’, your answer should be, without hesitation: ‘Yes, isn’t it nice?’ Before you go to Britain, learn the conversations below by heart. If you are not good at English or if you have a poor memory, learn at least one conversation. It will really help you on any occasion. If you do not even say anything else for the rest of your life, just repeat this conversation. And you have a good chance of being remembered as a man of sharp intellect and extremely pleasant manners. WORD FOCUS 11 Read and remember. The place where you live 9 Listen and repeat the names of some countries. Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, China, Cyprus, Denmark, Egypt, England, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK Did you know that in Britain people often start conversations by talking about the weather? In your answer you should agree with the speaker but try to use a different word with the same meaning: It’s a nice morning, isn’t it? — Yes, lovely, isn’t it? Remember the words which are commonly used for: good weather nice, lovely, beautiful, wonderful, gorgeous bad weather awful, terrible, miserable, dreadful 7 UNIT 1 Section 1 12 Listen to the dialogues. Read them and act out. If the weather is good David: Really? I was sure that it’s about minus 10. We could go to the school club then. Lisa: Good idea! Come on. A: Lovely day, isn’t it? B: Yes, isn’t it beautiful? A: The sun is shining. B: Isn’t it gorgeous? A: Wonderful, isn’t it? B: It’s so nice and hot. A: Personally, I think it’s so nice when it’s hot, isn’t it? B: I adore it, don’t you? 13 Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner what you can do on a winter / summer day. How does it depend on the weather? GRAMMAR FOCUS 14 Review the cases when It’s is used. If the weather is bad А: Nasty day, isn’t it? B: Isn’t it dreadful? A: I don’t like it all. Do you? B: Fancy having such a day in July. Rain in the morning, then a bit of sunshine, and then rain, rain all day long. A: I remember exactly the same thing happened in July in 2011. B: Yes, I remember it too. A: Or was it in 2013? B: Yes, it was. A: Or in 2015. B: Yes, that’s right. To describe the weather: It’s snowy in St Petersburg today, isn’t it? To identify the time of the day: It’s five o’clock. To identify the season: It’s spring. To make a statement: It’s time to have lunch. It’s too late! To express an opinion: It’s not dangerous. It’s wonderful! It’s fantastic! 15 Look back at the dialogues in Ex. 12. Find examples of using It’s in them. 16 Work in pairs. Make up a short dialogue about the weather with your partner. Use the dialogues in Ex. 12 as a model. Invite your partner to one of the following places. If the weather is cold David: It’s a lovely morning, isn’t it? Lisa: Yes, isn’t it? David: Look, it’s so beautiful! Let’s go skating! Lisa: Let me see. I’m afraid it’s too cold to go skating today. It’s minus 20. 8 to the cinema to the football match to play volleyball to go bowling to the fitness centre to go for a walk in the park to the skating rink to go for a bicycle ride to go roller skating UNIT 1 Section 1 17 Read the text. Choose a title for it. Explain your choice. 1. Talking about the Weather 2. English Weather — No Problem! 3. A Bad Reputation of British Weather 4. A Foggy Country Typical British weather is quite comfortable. It’s not usually as cold in Britain as it is in northern countries like Russia or Canada. In some parts of Britain, people are happy to see snow in the winter. But usually the winter passes without any snow or frosts at all. In the central and southern parts of Britain it doesn’t usually get very cold in the winter or very hot in the summer. Most British people wouldn’t agree that Britain is a wet and foggy country. It may not rain very much but you can never be sure of a dry day. But why do the British say, ‘It’s raining cats and dogs’? Because in some parts of Britain it sometimes rains very heavily. That is the reason people say, ‘Other countries have a climate, in England we have weather.’ In fact the weather in England changes very quickly. It doesn’t happen often, but sometimes the British have weather from each season, all in one day. If you were in Britain, you would notice that the British talk about the weather all the time. Why not? It’s certainly true that the weather is a good way to start a conversation with your old friend, your neighbour or a person you don’t know. Because of the changeable weather in Britain there is always something to talk about even with a stranger. 18 Read the sentences and mark them as T (true — if the sentence agrees with the information in the text in Ex. 17)), F (false — if the sentence contradicts the information in the text), or NS (not stated — if there is no information in the text). 1. According to the text, British winters are frosty and snowy. 2. British people often get bad colds because of the country’s climate. 3. ‘It’s raining cats and dogs’ means that it is raining hard at the moment. 4. According to the text, British weather is very changeable. 5. It rains every day in the spring and the autumn in Great Britain. 6. British people hate talking about their country’s weather. WORD FOCUS 19 Read and remember. People use different scales of temperature: / Celsius either Centigrade (C) or Fahrenheit (F). Celsius is a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 . 32 Fahrenheit is equal to 0 Celsius. In the USA, temperatures are measured in Fahrenheit. In Britain, both scales are in use: Celsius and Fahrenheit. In Russia temperatures are measured in Celsius. 40 F = (40 – 32 ) : 1.8 = 4.4 C Yesterday it was 8 below zero = It was minus 8 degrees Centigrade. Today it is 11 above zero = It is plus 11 degrees Centigrade. It will be +75 Fahrenheit tomorrow. 9 UNIT 1 Section 1 20 Listen to the weather forecast for tomorrow. Tick the right boxes. 23 Guess what English-speaking countries were visited by Carol, Kristina and Paul. Match the texts with the cards. In the morning Weather Temperature Cloudy and dry +36—38 F Windy and rainy +63—68 F Cloudy and wet +75—80 F In the afternoon Weather Temperature Sunny and cloudless +45—48 F Sunshine and clouds +71—75 F Rainy and foggy +63—68 F A 21 Invite your foreign partner to a picnic. Remember the typical weather in your area. B Use: I’d like to invite you …, But I’m afraid it will be … / I’m sure it will be a nice day, We should take raincoats / hats ... . C 1 22 Read the English proverbs and sayings. Choose one of them. Try to explain its meaning. Think of a Russian equivalent of it. 1. A little rain must fall in every life. 2. It never rains but it pours. 3. After rain comes fine weather. 4. If there were no clouds, we should not enjoy the sun. 10 Dear Timothy, I’m writing you from the Lucky Country. Can you imagine that it’s very hot here? There is hardly a cloud in the sky. January is the hottest month here — it’s mid-summer! It’s about +37 °C today. People are used to such a temperature. But all houses and cars have air conditioning. People usually spend every free minute on the beach, especially at weekends. Water sports are very popular here. Young and even old people swim, dive and go surf ing. The beaches are crowded. They are an important part of country’s life. There are also people who prefer playing sports or just walking. The words ‘Life is a beach’ mean that everything is great. Best wishes, Carol UNIT 1 Section 1 2 Dear Elena, s dreamed of coming to You know, I have alway couldn’t imagine that North America! But I be as cold and frosty as the winter here would teacher once told us in Russia. Our English r Stephen Leacock who about the famous write untry consisted of pre said that life in this co ring winter and recoverparing for winter, endu around, I think he was ing from winter. Looking is adapted for winter: right. Everything here s of transport, public nature, houses, mean more indoor and unplaces. There are many cities. When it’s cold derground centres in the the shops, see a f ilm or outside, you can go to ing outside. Because of have a meal without go of the country are cut the snow, some parts t there by air and dog off. People can only ge sometime. I love dogs, sled. I hope I can do it frost and winter! Love and kisses, Kristina 3 Dear Patrick, My dream has co me true! At last I’m here! I have been dream ing of visiting th e country since I started lear ning English. I was planning to go for a walk on my f irst day here. The weather was won derful in the mor ning. It was sunny and warm. I knew that the w eather can change very quic kly here but didn ’t take an umbrella with m e. At midday th e weather started to change . A cold wind bega n to blow. In half an hour th e rain started. I w as soon getting very wet and cold. Fortunately I sa w a red double-decker w ith tourists at a bu s stop. And I had a pleasant to ur for nearly an ho ur. When I arrived to the hotel, the sun w as shining brightly again. I ha ve read that the w ea ther is changeable here and I had a chan ce to see it myself. Yours, Paul 24 Look through the texts again. Find and make a list of the word combinations that can be used for the descriptions of weather and climate in the Englishspeaking countries. Example: can change quickly 25 Read the texts in Ex. 23 again. Find the sentences with the verbs in the passive voice. Translate the sentences into Russian. Use the Grammar Reference if necessary. 26 Work in pairs. Speak on Skype with your imaginary partner from any Englishspeaking country. Compare the weather and climate in your countries. Useful language You can never be sure of a dry / sunny day. It rains heavily every day / week. It doesn’t usually get too hot or too cold in … It looked like rain in the morning. It often gets hot in … It’s never as cold in … as it is in … Because of changeable weather … You should have your umbrella / raincoat. The weather is miserable / awful / wonderful. It’s better to stay at home / go outdoors today. 27 a) Describe the climate and weather in your area. Use the list you have made (Ex. 24). Follow this plan. Name the region you live in. Say what typical weather is in your region in different seasons. Explain how people adapt themselves and their environment for such weather. Say what season you think is the best for visiting your region / city / town. Why? b) Write down your description. 11 SECTION 2 “Nice to Meet You, Dear Earth” 28 Listen to a short interview with Neil Crane, a British writer. Complete the sentences. 29 Would you like to read Neil Crane’s book ‘Nice to Meet You, Dear Earth’? Explain why / why not? 1. The book ‘Nice to Meet You, Dear Earth’ has been written by ... a) a writer and an astronaut. b) a writer and a scientist. c) two professional writers. 2. The book ‘Nice to Meet You, Dear Earth’ is a collection of ... a) fairy tales for children. b) scientific articles for adults. c) science fiction stories for teenagers. Use: I think / believe that …, be full of interesting information, talk about our solar system in a simple way, learn something new, enjoy reading popular science books, be a funny book, improve my English; (not) like books for children, (not) like reading popular science books, prefer science-fiction novels and stories, be indifferent to space travel, prefer watching popular science-fiction films or cartoons to reading books. 30 Listen and repeat the English words. Match them with their Russian equivalents. Which English words sound similar to Russian? the solar system galaxy planet the Sun the Earth the Moon pole ocean atmosphere astronaut telescope distance kilometre million minute second temperature 12 телескоп планета Солнце дистанция Земля Солнечная система километр миллион астронавт температура Луна галактика секунда полюс атмосфера океан минута UNIT 1 Section 2 GRAMMAR FOCUS 31 Read and remember. 1. 1,000 — one thousand 1,000,000 — one million 1,000,000,000 — one billion 1,000,000,000,000 — one trillion 365 — three hundred and sixty-five 728,439 — seven hundred and twenty-eight thousand, four hundred and thirty-nine 149,597,891 — one hundred and forty-nine million, five hundred and ninety-seven thousand eight hundred and ninety-one 2. 1/2 — one half 1/3 — one third 3.5 — three point five 2.76 — two point seven six 3. 50% — fifty per cent [ ] 59% — fifty-nine per cent 97% — ninety-seven per cent 4. 60 m — sixty metres 20,000 km — twenty thousand kilometres [ ] 30 km/h — thirty kilometres per hour 108,000 km/h — one hundred and eight thousand kilometres per hour 5. 100 tonnes — one / a hundred tonnes [ ] 6. –14 C — minus fourteen degrees Centigrade / Celcius / fourteen degrees below zero –87.8 C — minus eighty-seven point eight degrees Centigrade / eighty-seven point eight degrees below zero 20 C — (plus) twenty degrees Centigrade / twenty degrees above zero 57.8 C — (plus) fifty-seven point eight degrees Centigrade / fifty-seven point eight degrees above zero 32 Find in the table (Ex. 31) an example of how we measure: speed temperature distance 33 Read the Earth fact file. Complete the text with the sentences a—f. EARTH FACT FILE Mass: 597 thousand million, million, million tons. (1) Distance from pole to pole: 20,000 kilometres. (2) Temperature: –87.8 °C (min), 57.8 °C (max) Length of day: 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds. (3) Speed: an orbital speed of around 108,000 km/h. Age: 5 billion years old. However, life has been present on the planet for the last 150 to 200 million. (4) Distance from the Sun: 149,597,891 km. (5) Closest neighbours: the Moon. (6) a) It is the time that the Earth takes to turn around its axis1. b) It takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth. c) The Earth gets 100 tonnes heavier every day because of falling space dust. d) They say it would take twelve and a half million people holding hands to reach from pole to pole. e) From the Earth, only 59% of the Moon’s surface is visible. f) The Earth is the only astronomical body in the entire galaxy which is proven to support life. 1 an axis [ ] — ось 13 UNIT 1 Section 2 34 Say what facts from Ex. 33 were new to you. Use: I’m surprised that …, I didn’t know that …, I have never read about the fact that …, I had never heard that ..., That’s the first time I’ve heard of it. 35 Work in pairs. Do the quiz. GRAMMAR FOCUS: “THE” WITH THE UNIQUE THINGS AND OBJECTS 38 Read and remember. We use the when there is only one of something (unique): the Sun, the Moon, the Earth, the galaxy, the solar system etc: The Earth is the fifth largest planet in the solar system. The Moon was formed 4.5 billion years ago, not long after the Earth. The galaxy is a large group of stars which the Sun and its planets belong to. We say: the sky / the sea / in the country: 1. How many main planets are there in the solar system? 2. What is the biggest planet in the solar system? 3. Which planet is the closest to the Earth? 4. What days of the week were named after Saturn, the Sun and the Moon? 5. Which planet’s year is almost 84 Earth years long? 6. What was the f irst animal that orbited the Earth? 36 Now listen and find out if you were right. The scientist went up to the telescope and looked at the sky. Where did you spend your summer holidays? — In the country, as usual. Sochi is situated by the sea. We say space (without the) when we mean ‘place far above the Earth where there is no air’: Alexei Leonov was the first man who walked in space. But: Write your answers in the space provided. 37 Match the words with the descriptions. 1. The Universe a) … is the Sun together with the planets going round it. 2. A galaxy b) … is a huge group of stars and planets. 3. The solar system c) … is the star which provides light and heat for the Earth. 4. A planet d) … is the round object that moves in the sky around the Earth. 5. The Sun e) … is all space and everything that exists in it. 6. The Moon f) … is a large, round object that goes round a star. 14 THE ARСTIC OCEAN THE ATLANTIC OCEAN THE PACIFIC OCEAN UNIT 1 Section 2 39 Put the where necessary. Example: … Earth goes round … Sun. — The Earth goes round the Sun. 1. … Sun is the star at the centre of … solar system. 2. Her aunt lived in … country to the north of Liverpool. 3. The famous Russian traveller Fyodor Konyuhov crossed … Pacific Ocean by himself in 200 days. 4. The astronaut climbed into his spacesuit and in a few minutes he was out in … space. 5. Look at … sky! … Moon is full, isn’t it? — Yes, it looks like it. 6. It is called the Milky Way, or just … galaxy. 40 Read the text about the Earth. Match the titles with the paragraphs. The Planet We Live on A. The Earth is the fifth largest of the eight main planets in the solar system. It is the only planet that was not named after an imaginary god like Neptune or Saturn. The word Earth came from the Anglo-Saxon word erda which means ground or land. Although the planet is called Earth, only 29% of the surface is land. The rest of its surface is made up of water. But only 1% of this water is drinkable. B. From a distance, in space, the Earth is the brightest planet in the solar system. This is because a large amount of sunlight is reflected by the water on the planet. There are four large oceans on the Earth: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Indian and the Arctic. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean, meeting the Arctic in the north and Antarctica in the south. The oceans contain 97% of all the water on the planet. C. It takes the Earth 365 and a quarter days to move round the Sun. As we don’t count an extra quarter of the day at the end of a year, we have an additional day every four years, 29th February. These years are called leap years. 1. Wearing a Coat of Water 2. Inaccurate Name 3. Special Event for the Planet D. In 1970, on the 22nd of April, people started to celebrate Earth Day. Nowadays people from over 192 countries show their love and care for the planet on that day. They plant trees, pick up roadside trash and take part in ‘green’ projects. Thousands of different activities and celebrations to honour our home planet are held all over the world. 4. Getting an Extra Day 41 Read the text again and answer the questions. THE PACIFIC OCEAN THE INDIAN OCEAN 1. What does the name of our planet mean? 2. What makes the Earth the brightest planet in the solar system? 3. Where is most of the Earth’s water located? 4. Why do we have an additional winter day every four years? What do we call a year containing 366 days? 5. Is Earth Day an international holiday? 6. What do people usually do on Earth Day? Do you and your classmates celebrate this holiday? Why? 7. What do the following numbers in the text stand for: 4, 22, 29, 192, 365? 15 UNIT 1 Section 2 42 Look at the picture and answer the questions. 1. What can you see in the picture? 2. Why do you think people like to watch the stars? 3. Would you like to take part in a trip to other planets / galaxies? Why? / Why not? 44 Read the text and find out whether the statements given after the text are true, false or not stated. Galaxies WORD FOCUS 43 Read and remember. Note the different meanings of space and star. space She managed to park her car in a small space between the house and the fence. Vostok 1 with Yuri Gagarin on board was launched into space on 12th April 1961. In his novel the writer described a huge spaceship that took the astronauts to Mars. When astronauts go outside a space station, they have to wear spacesuits. Have you read about his fourth space flight? star We can see a lot of stars in the summer night sky. Now stars are awarded to hotels: from one star for the cheapest hotel up to five stars for the most comfortable hotels. He is a world-famous tennis star. 16 All of us like watching the stars in the night sky. Do you know that all of them, and the Sun too, belong to a great group of stars that travel through space together? Such a group is called a galaxy. The word ‘galaxy’ comes from the Greek word galaxias which means ‘milky’. That’s why the star group to which our system belongs is called the Milky Way, or just the galaxy. There are about 100,000,000,000 stars in the galaxy, or about 20 stars for each human being on planet Earth. The galaxy is like a huge disc with a bulge in the middle. The galaxy is about 100,000 light years in diameter. This means that it takes a beam of light 100,000 years to travel from one edge of the disc to the other. UNIT 1 Section 2 The Milky Way is not the only galaxy in space. In fact, there are thousands of millions. But most are too far from the Earth to be seen with the naked eye. On clear, dark nights a few of them can be seen without a telescope. People can see the Andromeda galaxy, and the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. Where will people go after they’ve explored their own solar system? To other galaxies, of course. Experts say that travel to other galaxies will only be possible in huge ‘starships’. They will travel through space for hundreds or even thousands of years with a lot of people on board. Then, when a suitable planet is found, some of these people will stay there and begin a new life. Later, they will build new starships and go further to investigate the universe. 1. The Sun and the stars we see in the sky stay still in space. 2. The Milky Way is a group of stars to which the Sun and its planets belong. 3. The galaxy was named the Milky Way due to the size of the stars. 4. The Milky Way (or the galaxy) looks like a big ball. 5. People have created a lot of fairy tales and legends about the Milky Way. 6. There are few galaxies in space. 7. The Andromeda galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen with the naked eye from the Earth. 8. Scientists think that travel to other galaxies will be possible in a hundred years. 45 Look through the text once more and find the words that you don’t understand. Try to guess their meanings. Follow the steps. 1. Reread the word in context (the sentence in which it is used, plus the sentence before and after). 2. Write down a few meanings that you think are possible. 3. Talk with your partner and try to work out the meanings of some words that you have found. 4. Use a dictionary to check your guesses. Mini-project: The Solar System: Different Planets 46 Write a short fact file for any planet of the solar system. Use the Internet. Try to find some interesting facts about the planet. Mass: ... Average temperature: ... Length of day: ... Age: ... Closest neighbours: ... Present the results of your research to your classmates. 17 SECTION 3 Getting Ready for a Journey into Space! 47 Listen to the telephone conversation and complete the sentences. 1. The performance was unusual because ... a) a real policeman took part in it. b) the audience decided the end of the play. c) it went on for two evenings. 2. Steve came to Rachel’s house yesterday to ... a) invite Rachel to the theatre. b) go to the fitness centre together. c) take a book for his project. GRAMMAR FOCUS: THE PAST CONTINUOUS 48 Read, translate and remember. We use the past continuous to say that someone was in the middle of doing something at a certain time: Andrew and Mike were at home yesterday evening. — Эндрю и Майк были дома вчера вечером. At 7 pm the friends were doing their project. — В 7 часов друзья работали над своим проектом. (They started at 6 pm and finished at 8.30 pm. So, at 7 pm they were doing their project.) We use the past simple and the past continuous to say that something happened in the middle of another event: When his mother came into the room, Neil was writing an essay. — Когда мама вошла в комнату, Нил писал cочинение. Sophie met Duncan while she was travelling in Italy. — Софи встретила Данкана, когда она путешествовала по Италии. was / were + Ving (walking) 18 + I was walking You were walking He / She / It was walking They were walking — I was not walking / I wasn’t walking You were not walking / You weren’t walking He /She / It was not walking / He / She / It wasn’t walking You were not walking / You weren’t walking ? Was I walking? — Yes, I was. — No, I was not. / No, I wasn’t. Were you walking? — Yes, we were. — No, we were not. / No, we weren’t. Was he walking? — — Yes, he was. — No, he was not. / No, he wasn’t. Were they walking? — Yes, they were. — No, they were not. / No, they weren’t. UNIT 1 Section 3 49 Make up sentences. Use the table in Ex. 48. I Steven Jane We The friends The students was were watching TV playing tennis watching the stars making a pie reading a magazine shopping browsing the Internet roller-skating having tea writing an e-mail driving taking photos travelling in France talking about the weather the whole evening. at 10.30 am. when he came in. when the mobile rang. when the police arrived. when they met Alice. when the little girl appeared. 50 Complete the sentences. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense (the past simple or the past continuous). Example: Mrs Smith … TV when her son Jim … to visit her. (watch; come) — Mrs Smith was watching TV when her son Jim came to visit her. 1. Alex … his new bike when he … a strange old man crossing the street. (ride; see) 2. When Ann … Mike the SMS, he … home. (send; drive) 3. The family … dinner when John … . (have; arrive) 4. While I … a newspaper, the light … out. (read; go) 5. My mother … Christmas dinner when someone … on the door. (cook; knock) 6. While he … to his friend’s presentation about the solar system, an unusual idea … his mind. (listen; cross) 51 Listen to the telephone conversation between Rachel and Steve once more. Complete the three questions the captain asked the astronauts in the performance. 1. What ... Jane ... when Tim came in? 2. Where ... Tim ... when the mobile phone rang? 3. Why ... Jane ... when the men went out? 52 Work in pairs. Find out what your partner was doing. Use the past continuous. Example: at 2 pm yesterday 53 Listen to the radio programme about the role of animals in space research. As you listen to the programme, complete the following sentences with one word in the spaces provided. 1. Felicette, an ordinary French cat, was launched into ... in 1963. 2. Her ... lasted only 15 minutes but she flew almost 160 km. 3. Felicette came back to the ... alive. 4. After the successful trip, the cat got another ... — Astrocat. Student 1: What were you doing at 2 pm yesterday? Student 2: At 2 pm I was having my lunch. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. at 11 am yesterday at 5 pm the day before yesterday at 7 pm last Sunday when your mum came home from work at 9 o’clock last night 19 UNIT 1 Section 3 54 Complete the story with a—e. Read the text aloud. The Russian dogs Belka (Squirrel) and Strelka (Arrow) were the first animals in orbit who (1) ... . Before the flight the dogs had special training. On 19th August 1960, Belka and Strelka spent (2) ... . During the flight they were accompanied by forty-two mice, two rats, a grey rabbit, flies and some plants. The flight was dangerous because the scientists did not really know what (3) ... . During the flight the dogs were obedient and calm though they sometimes barked loudly. While the animals were travelling round the Earth, scientists (4) ... . Belka and Strelka were flying in space more than one day. On their return, the dogs became (5) ... . a) did several scientific experiments b) international celebrities c) would happen to a living creature in the orbit d) were able to safely return to the Earth e) a whole day aboard Sputnik PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 55 Listen, repeat and read. planet like spaceship galaxy inside spacesuit travel sky way satellite design station spaceman flight radio astronaut eye naked 56 Look at the yesterday’s timetable in the Young Astronauts’ Camp. Say what the young astronauts were doing at 6 am 1.15 am 5.30 pm 7.05 am 1.35 pm 7. 25 pm 8.20 am 3.10 pm 9.20 am Example: The young astronauts were still sleeping at 6 am. What to do? 20 Time Where Get up 6.30 Train on equipment similar to what real astronauts train on 6.30 — 7.15 Gym Enjoy your breakfast 8.00 — 8.30 Camp canteen Listen to presentations about the past, present and future of space exploration 9.00 – 10.00 Hall 1 UNIT 1 Section 3 Окончание What to do? Time Where Carry out scientific tests similar to real research tests astronauts do in orbit 10.15 – 12.00 Halls 2, 3, 4 Enjoy real space food for lunch 1.00 – 2.00 Camp canteen Work on rocket design 2.15 – 3.30 Hall 1 Climb a wall to test your strength and physical endurance1 4.00 – 5.00 Sports ground Discuss food and water processing in spaceships 5.20 — 6.20 Hall 1 Attend a party for young astronauts 6.30 — 8.15 Assembly Hall Enjoy watching a film about space travel to Mars 8.30 — 10.00 Cinema Go to bed and sleep tight! 10.30 Take part in one of the ‘out-of-this world’ projects 57 Would you like to spend a week in the Young Astronauts’ Camp? Say what activities you would like to take part in. Complete the form using Ex. 56. SUMMER CAMP FOR YOUNG ASTRONAUTS Name: Surname: Age: Country of residence: Languages I speak: I’d like to 1 endurance [ in the camp. ] — выносливость 21 UNIT 1 Section 3 58 Do you like reading stories or watching films about people’s life in the remote future? What are your favourite books / films? PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 59 Listen, repeat and read. out outside shout round about found door ball calls paw thought towards season beam cream mean team people 60 a) Read the text and give a title for it. I was told to go out and bring it in. I put away my papers and went to get my spacesuit. All the spacesuits were kept in large lockers. On my way to the lockers I met our cat, Tommy. Most animals don’t like to live in space, but Tommy was happy. All the men liked him. I climbed into my spacesuit and soon I was in space. I saw the satellite and began to move towards it. But at that moment something went wrong. I heard a noise. It was a strange noise. Something was scraping on the metal of the spacesuit. I froze with fear. There was something outside. It was alive. And it was trying to get into my spacesuit, I thought. Bernie Summers! I thought. He died in space. His spacesuit broke open. After the accident, Bernie Summers’ spacesuit had been repaired. Was his ghost trying to get back into my spacesuit? I had heard strange stories about ghosts in space. I grew more and more afraid. I switched on the radio and shouted: “Help! I’m in trouble! Did this spacesuit belong to ...” I never finished the sentence. At that moment, I felt something. Something patted me softly on the back of my neck. I screamed as loud as I could. I fainted and fell down. Sometime later, I woke up. I was back in the space station. The doctors were round my bed. But they weren’t looking at me. They were looking at something more interesting. b) Before reading the second part of the text answer the following questions. I am the Station Supervisor. I work on a space station. From my office, I can see the Earth twenty thousand miles away. It floats in space like a big green and blue ball. I like my job, but I sometimes get bored inside the space station. One day I was in my office, watching the men working outside. They were building part of the station. Suddenly I was called on the radio from the Satellite Control Office. “There is something about two miles away and it’s hardly moving. Can yon see what it is?” I took out my binoculars and looked at the sky. A small satellite was coming towards us. It looked old. 22 1. What were the doctors looking at? 2. Who patted the spaceman on the back of his neck? c) Now read the end of the story and find out if you were right. The doctors were playing with three kittens. Then I remembered the cat, Tommy. Tommy? A tom-cat? We had all made a mistake. Our Tommy wasn’t a tom-cat. She was a mother! She had put her babies in the pocket of the spacesuit. One of the kittens had patted me on the neck with its soft little paw. I had been knocked out by a kitten! UNIT 1 Section 3 61 Mark the sentences as T (true), F (false) or NS (not stated). 1. The narrator’s office is located on the Earth. 2. The narrator got the order to take the satellite into the base. 3. Tommy, the cat, enjoyed living on the station. 4. Bernie Summers was the narrator’s best friend. 5. While in space, the narrator asked for help. 6. The doctors gave the narrator some medicine. 7. The narrator fainted because he was scared by a kitten. 62 Work in pairs. Read the text once more. Some sentences have been left out. Decide where the sentences came from and mark the four places in the text where they could fit in. Compare the places found by your pair and other students. 64 Translate the sentences written in bold (Ex. 60) into Russian. Say why the past continuous is used there. 65 What do you think is the main idea of the story? Explain your choice. 1. Animals should be prohibited on board the space stations. 2. Space poses a serious danger. 3. The devil is not so black as he is painted. 4. Spacemen should be very careful going out into open space. 66 Look at the pictures. Make up a story. Write it down. Use: suddenly, then, as soon as, however, finally. 1. I was pleased to do something different. I didn’t get out of the space station very often. My office had a beautiful view but it was good to get outside. 2. It wasn’t just a suit. It was huge, big enough for more than one man. 3. Then a name came into my mind. 63 Match the phrasal verbs with their definitions. Find the sentences with these phrasal verbs in the text and translate them. 1. to switch on a) to ask someone in a formal way to do something 2. to go out b) to return to a place after you have been somewhere else 3. to wake up c) to put something in the place where it usually kept 4. to get back d) to hit someone so that they become unconscious 5. to call on e) to cause (a device) to operate by moving a switch 6. to knock out f) to start to react to a situation 7. to put away g) to leave the room (the building) 23 SECTION 4 Do We Need Space Exploration? WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT EXPLORING SPACE? 67 a) Read the questions and match them with the photos. 1. Who was the first person who thought of the idea of space rockets? 2. Who constructed the first spaceship? 3. Who was the first cosmonaut? 4. Who was the first man on the Moon? 5. Who was the first woman in space? 6. Who was the first man to walk in space? b) Listen to check if you were right. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Sergei Korolev Yuri Gagarin 68 Read and translate the word combinations. kova Valentina Teresh Alexei Leonov Neil Armstrong 24 launch (запускать) a spaceship / a project into space explore (исследовать, изучать) space / all the possibilities an exploration research (исследование) do research into / on space research flight (полёт) space flight manned / unmanned flight flights to other planets problem a key / serious problem (важная проблема) a scientific problem to solve a problem No problem. UNIT 1 Section 4 69 Choose the correct words to complete the sentences. Example: Another spaceship was launched yesterday from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. a) was flown b) was launched c) was taken 1. Will you try to ... this problem? — I’ll do my best. a) do b) take c) solve 2. Have the engineers ... all the possibilities of the invention? a) explored b) given c) thought WORD FOCUS 70 Read and remember. The suffixes -tion, -er can be used to make nouns from verbs: 1. to explore — exploration to describe — a description to construct — a construction to pollute — pollution to prepare — preparation to communicate — communication 2. to explore — an explorer to research — a researcher to work — a worker to travel — a traveller to write — a writer 3. The former astronaut wrote an interesting book about space ... a) expression. b) exploration. c) exploring. 4. Can you help me to translate the article? — ... a) I think. b) Yes, I do. c) No problem. 5. ... (without astronauts) flight to other planets has now become a reality. b) Manned c) Men a) Unmanned 6. I believe it is a ... problem and we have to solve it in our research. a) keen b) key c) kind 71 Complete the sentences. Use the necessary forms of the words in capitals to fill in the blank space. 1. The young researcher has received a grant to continue his project. RESEARCH 2. I think he is the most talented Arctic ... . EXPLORE 3. The astronauts started their ... for the space flight five months ago. PREPARE 4. What is the film about? — About a Russian ... who crossed the Pacific Ocean in a small boat. TRAVEL 5. Jules Verne was an outstanding science-fiction ... . Have you read any of his books? WRITE 6. They use different means of ... in their work. COMMUNICATE 7. Have you read their latest article about space ...? — Not yet. Is it worth reading? EXPLORE 25 UNIT 1 Section 4 72 A correspondent (C) from Teenager Magazine interviews an astronaut (A). Match the questions with the answers. Act the interview out. C: Why are people so interested in space? A: (1) ... C: Which countries have the most advanced space programmes in the world at the moment? A: (2) ... C: Some people think that space exploration is just a waste of money. They say there are a lot of problems here, on the Earth, to be solved. What would you say to them? A: (3) ... C: And what about travel to other planets, to Mars or, at least, to the Moon? A: (4) ... C: Really? Have I got a chance to join the Mars astronauts’ team? A: (5) ... C: How long have you been at the space centre? A: (6) ... A: (a) I don’t agree with them. I believe that space research is very important. It isn’t cheap, of course. But it changes people’s lives for the better. Astronauts carry out hundreds of medical and scientific experiments. The results help to solve vital problems on the Earth. A: (b) Whatever happens, you should try. It’s exciting and interesting. A: (c) Space exploration has always really been a romantic idea. People want to travel, to see the world from outside the Earth. Now they can do it. A: (d) Russia and the United States have always been the two most important and advanced countries working in space research. But at present other countries are involved in space programmes: China, France and others. A: (e) I think it’s worth trying. Maybe we’ll find another planet where people can live. By the way, unmanned flights to Mars and Venus have become possible. Also, there are some projects being planned for manned flights to other planets. A: (f) I have done my job for more than 15 years. And I love it. Anyone who has seen the Earth from space will never forget it. 73 What questions would you like to ask the astronaut? Write down at least 3 questions. Compare your questions with those of other students and choose the most popular question and the most interesting question. 74 Work in pairs. Interview each other using the questions below. Continue the dialogue with your own questions. Example: — Have you ever dreamed of travelling to other planets? — Yes, I have. In my childhood I wanted to go to the Moon. — Why did you want to go to the Moon? —I… 1. Have you ever watched the stars in the night sky? 2. Have you ever seen a real spaceship? 3. Have you ever read a novel or story about space travel? 4. Have you ever seen a film about the life of a real spaceman? 5. Have you ever written a report about space exploration / a famous spaceman / the planets of the solar system? 6. Have you ever dreamed of becoming a spaceman? 26 UNIT 1 Section 4 GRAMMAR FOCUS: THE PRESENT PERFECT AND THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 75 Read and remember. We use both the present perfect (have + done) and the present perfect continuous (have + been + doing) to talk about actions which started in the past and continue up to the moment of speaking: More than 100 Russian spacemen have worked in space since the space age began. — Более 100 российских космонавтов работали в космосе с начала космической эры. It has been raining since 7 o’clock. — Дождь идёт с 7 часов. We use the present perfect continuous to talk about a continuing situation. The present perfect is used to say that something is completed: I have been watching a new space-travel film. I’m enjoying it. — Я смотрю новый фильм о космическом путешествии. Мне нравится этот фильм. I have watched the new space-travel film. It’s really worth seeing. — Я посмотрел новый фильм о космическом путешествии. Его стоит посмотреть. We often use since and for with the present perfect and the present perfect continuous to indicate that the action has lasted for a period. Since is used to mark the beginning of the period: The scientist has been doing his research since April. — Учёный работает над своим проектом с апреля. For is used to say how long something has been happening: The scientist has been doing research for half a year. — Учёный работает над своим проектом в течение полугода. The scientist has done his research for half a year. — Учёный работал над своим проектом в течение полугода / сделал свой проект за полгода. SINCE (to mark the beginning of a period) FOR (to mark a period of time) 9 o’clock, Christmas, Thursday evening, 2010, he phoned, May half an hour, a year, five days, a long time, three weeks, ages Note: the following verbs are not normally used in continuous: be, believe, belong, consist, contain, depend, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realize, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want. 76 Use the present perfect continuous with since or for to make new sentences. Example: They study Italian. (for six months) — They have been studying Italian for six months. 1. Ms Jones works in hospital. (for a long time) 2. The friends run charity marathons. (since 2014) 3. The old man doesn’t feel well. (since Saturday) 4. He writes popular science stories about space exploration. (for five years) 5. Olivia and Mark live in Edinburgh. (since they graduated from university) 6. The brothers dream of travelling through space. (since they were children) 77 Work in pairs. Ask and answer the following questions. Use the present perfect. Example: Do you still play basketball two times a week? — No, I haven’t played basketball for three months. Do you still listen to rock music? see Philip often? still play computer games till midnight? go to the country at weekends? still watch stars at night? No, I ... for a long time. No, I ... for ages. No, I ... since Saturday. No, I ... for three months. 27 UNIT 1 Section 4 78 Read the paragraphs and number them in order 1—6. But the dream of travelling into space came true only in the 20th century. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched a satellite called Sputnik 1, which successfully remained in outer space for three months. A month later, in November 1957, another satellite known as Sputnik 2 was launched. It carried the first animal into space — Laika, a dog from Russia. Laika travelled around the Earth for 7 days in the satellite. In 1865 Jules Verne’s famous novel ‘From the Earth to the Moon’ was published. In his story, he sends his heroes into space by means of a huge gun. Another space-travel story is ‘The First Men in the Moon’ by H. G. Wells. Wells’s heroes have a wonderful substance that helps their spaceship to fly to the Moon. 1 2 We do not know when men began to dream of travelling in space. The first story that we know about a space flight was written in the year 150. The author described how, during a great storm, a big wave raised a ship up to the Moon, and the men on the ship found themselves in a new world. 3 In the sixteenth century, Galileo made the first telescope and looked through it at the Moon and the planets. Now nobody could say for certain that the Earth was the only world, and many new space-travel stories appeared. In the more than 55 years since Yuri Gagarin’s flight, Russian space science has come a long way. Over 2,000 spaceships have been launched since the space age began. Nowadays Russia leads in many areas of space research. The most important achievements include work on orbital stations. The longest expedition lasted more than 400 days. More than seventy Russian cosmonauts have worked in orbit, many of them more than once. All of them say how beautiful our blue planet is, and how small and fragile it is. 4 5 Then in 1961, everyone on the Earth learned about the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin. He circled the Earth in the Vostok 1 spaceship. The flight lasted for 1 hour 48 minutes. Since that time, the 12th of April has been celebrated as Cosmonautics Day in Russia and International Day of Human Space Flight throughout the world. And Sputnik is one of the Russian words which has become internationally known. 28 6 UNIT 1 Section 4 79 Write captions for the pictures. They can be quotations from the text or your own sentences. Compare your captions with those of other students. 80 Translate the sentences from the text written in bold. Say why the present perfect is used there. 81 Look through the text again. Write a short summary of the text. Use the following keywords. a dream of travelling in space the first telescope 82 Listen to the people speaking about space exploration. Match the statements (1—5) with the speakers (A—D). One statement is not needed. Complete the table. The speaker says that 1. our problems in other fields can be solved with the help of space research. 2. the lives of people in the future depend on our space research. 3. our space exploration is dangerous for other planets. 4. money should be spent on more important research than space exploration. 5. space exploration is just a waste of great sums of money. space-travel stories Speakers around the Earth Statements A B C D the first man in space Cosmonautics Day 83 Say what you think of space exploration. work on orbital stations Use: It seems to me that …, In my opinion …, I believe that … . FOR It’s interesting; for thousands of years people were dreaming of travelling through space / of reaching and touching the stars / of communicating with beings from other planets; find a planet to live on; learn a lot from space research; solve different medical and scientific problems; make progress; change people’s life for the better; it’s worth trying. AGAINST It’s a waste of money; spend money on other (medical, scientific) research; have a lot of serious problems on the Earth (dangerous diseases, pollution, a lot of crime, wars); it is not a key problem for people now; ruin another planet; it’s a chance in a million; be afraid of; have no idea; don’t care. 84 Listen and repeat the word combinations. Which word is usually stressed more? Translate the word combinations into Russian. space exploration space flight space research space travel mountain peak radio telescope key problem square kilometres computer monitor 85 Work in pairs. Read the following statements. Choose one of the topics and decide if you agree or disagree. Write down at least 3 reasons. Present your reasons to your classmates. 1. People should stop exploring space. 2. We need another planet to live on. 3. Countries should work together in space exploration. 4. Space exploration is a key problem for the world nowadays. 29 SECTION 5 How the Earth Shows Its Power 86 Listen and read the words describing disasters. Which of them sound like their Russian equivalents? Match the words with the pictures. 87 Match the words with their definitions. Listen and check if you were right. a) volcano b) flood c) tornado d) earthquake e) drought f) hurricane g) tsunami h) wildfire(forest fire) 1 3 1. A volcano a) … is a very violent wind or storm. 2. A flood b) … is a mountain with a hole called a crater in the top. From time to time gases and lava are released from the crater. 3. A tornado c) … is a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water. 4. An earthquake d) … is a very violent wind in the form of a funnel of air that spins at great speed across land. 5. A drought e) … is a fire which happens quickly and uncontrollably in an area covered with trees and bushes. 6. A hurricane f) … is a huge moving wave on the surface of the sea or ocean. 7. A tsunami g) … is a sudden shaking of the ground. 8. A wildfire / a forest fire h) … is a large amount of water which quickly covers a place that is usually dry land. 2 4 88 Work in pairs. Find out what your partner knows about disasters happening around the world. Ask the following questions. Take turns. 30 5 6 7 8 1. What disasters happen more often than others? 2. In what countries are there lots of volcanoes? 3. In what part of Russia are there many volcanoes? 4. What season is the most dangerous for wildfires? 5. What can people do to prevent wildfires? 6. Where did the last huge earthquake, hurricane or tsunami happen? UNIT 1 Section 5 WORD FOCUS 89 Read and remember the words and word combinations. disaster (бедствие, несчастье) — a terrible disaster, a disaster area, disastrous (бедственный) shake (дрожать, трястись) — to shake your head, to shake with anger / laughter, to shake like a leaf, to shake hands with each other die (погибнуть, умереть) — to die of some disease, to die in an air crash hurt (повредить, причинить боль) — to be badly / seriously hurt. He wouldn’t hurt a fly warn (предупреждать) — to warn someone of / about a disaster; an early-warning system, a warning (предупреждающий) sign 90 Translate the sentences. 1. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, tornadoes, tsunamis and floods can damage houses and hurt people. Early-warning systems can be of great help. 2. The houses were shaking when the terrible disaster came to the town. 3. Lots of people were hurt and killed during the recent earthquake in Mexico. 4. Why are you shaking like a leaf? You have prepared for the test and you’ll be able to do it easily. 5. You can trust this guy. He wouldn’t hurt a fly. 6. And now shake each other’s hands! You have signed a very important contract. 91 Listen to the interview with Sandra Miller and choose the answer to the following question. Why did Sandra participate in the contest NATURE: BEAUTIFUL AND WILD? a) Sandra wanted to share her feelings with other people. b) Sandra’s family asked her to take part in the contest. c) Sandra wanted her essay to be published in a journal. Sandra Miller, 17, high school student The winner of the writing contest NATURE: BEAUTIFUL AND WILD 92 Read the script of the second part of the interview with Sandra. Complete the sentences below with the words from the text. Write only ONE word in each blank. Presenter: We are here again with Sandra, the winner of the writing contest and a girl who seems to know a lot about tsunamis. Sandra, when you mentioned your aunt, you were talking about the tsunami in Thailand, weren’t you? Sandra: Yes. It happened in 2004. My aunt was on holiday in Thailand, the country that was most affected by the natural disaster. Presenter: The tsunami was caused by an earthquake, wasn’t it? Sandra: Yes. It was a very powerful earthquake in the Indian Ocean. The epicentre was located not far from Indonesia. The magnitude at the epicentre was 9.0. You know that the strength of an earthquake is measured using a number from 1 to 10, where 10 stands for the most powerful earthquake. The underwater earthquake in the Indian Ocean was very strong — it had the largest magnitude in 40 years! Presenter: With the epicentre at the bottom of the ocean. 31 UNIT 1 Section 5 Sandra: Right. When it happened, the tectonic plates, that form the surface of the planet, moved against each other. That move sent huge waves from the epicentre in every direction. When the waves reached the coastline, they caused a lot of damage. 14 countries from East Africa to Thailand were struck by the waves. About 230,000 people were killed and houses close to the coast were ruined. Presenter: It was an awful tragedy. Lots of people were dead, and lots became homeless. Sandra: My aunt said there were many tourists on the Thailand beaches at that time. The day was bright and the ocean looked calm. A few minutes before the tragedy the water suddenly retreated, it moved back from the coast line, but the people did not understand why. And then the first giant wave came. Presenter: That’s right. Unfortunately, there were no tsunami-warning systems in that area. And no signs indicated the coming disaster. Sandra: Not exactly. There were some warning signs. Besides the ocean retreating, the people saw animals running to high ground minutes before the tsunami wave arrived. But that was not enough for people to understand what was going on. Earthquake and tsunami experts say that early-warning systems need more development. They will help to avoid tragedies like this in the future. 1. A huge wave or a series of waves is called ... . 2. The wave that struck Thailand was caused by an underwater ... . 3. A scale from 1 to 10 is used to measure the ... . 4. The ... is the exact place where the earthquake is located. 5. The huge wave swept away the houses that were close to the coastline and a lot of people became ... . 6. The sea ... can be a sign of a coming tsunami. 7. An early-warning ... could help to save lots of lives. GRAMMAR FOCUS 93 Read and remember. 32 The Past Simple The Past Continuous Use the past simple to talk about: past habits or states finished actions using the time words given below Use the past continuous to talk about: something that was in progress during a period of some time in the past something that was happening in the middle of some other action or event in the past Time words: yesterday / the day before yesterday a year / month / week ago last Sunday / week / month / year / century in 1812 / in 2014 long ago / once upon a time Time words: at eight o’clock yesterday at that time on Monday from five to six yesterday when Oliver phoned / when it started snowing UNIT 1 Section 5 94 Complete the sentences using the verbs in the correct form: the past simple or the past continuous. 1. This spring a flood in China … (destroy) several villages and small towns. Lots of people … (die) or … (be) badly hurt. 2. What … your classmates … (do) when you … (see) them? 3. The spaceship Vostok … (be launched) at the beginning of space age. 4. We … (dance) when Timothy … (come) in. 5. Jim is fond of reading. On Sunday he … (read) the whole day. 6. At last the firemen … (stop) the wildfire. It … (destroy) the environment for two weeks. 7. What … you … (do) the whole weekend? 8. The volcano … (release) lava for nearly a month. It all … (start) in September. 9. Everything you see around you — rock, trees, clouds, your own body — is made of material which once … (come) out of a volcano. 95 Work in pairs. Discuss the questions. 1. Is it possible to predict tsunamis and other natural disasters? 2. Do you believe animals can feel a coming disaster beforehand? Can you recall any stories about the unusual behaviour of animals right before a disaster? 3. What do you think the emergency services should do if there are signs of a coming disaster? 4. What in your opinion should common people do if there is a warning about a coming disaster? WORD FOCUS 96 Read, translate and remember. Compare the meanings of the words. to break — to separate something into parts suddenly or violently. I can’t join you today. My bike is broken. It needs repairing. Don’t sit down there. The chair is broken! Every time he goes skiing in the mountains he breaks either his arm or his leg. to damage — to spoil or to break something so that it does not work properly or look like it did before. The building was shaken terribly but was not damaged seriously. All smokers should know that smoking seriously damages their health. to destroy / to ruin — to damage something so much that it cannot be repaired. The flood destroyed lots of small villages in Siberia. The volcano completely destroyed a small Italian town which was at the foot of it. 97 Complete the sentences. Use the words from the box. ruined, damaged, broken, explode, shaking, hurt, destroyed 1. Even volcanoes which have been quiet for a hundred years can suddenly … and ruin everything around. 2. The … houses were removed and a new village was soon built. 3. Don’t take that chair. It’s …! 4. The wildfire … most of the local forest and killed a lot of animals. 5. Something stupid he said has … our relationship. 6. It was a violent storm outside. My little puppy was … like a leaf. 7. The man standing under the tree was seriously … by the lightning. 33 UNIT 1 Section 5 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 98 Listen and repeat. eruption tornado research down tornado faster flood volcano occur sound storm disaster blood trained emergency drought unfortunately past hurricane break hurt cloud explore disastrous nothing endanger nurse outer almost alarm another nature universe louder awful garbage 99 Read the text and choose the most appropriate title for it. Explain your choice. 1. They Occur in Spring 2. Unpredictable Disaster 4. Noisy Funnel If you remember the well-known book ‘The Wizard of Oz’, you’ve got an idea of what a tornado is. Dorothy was taken away by a terrible storm that is called a tornado. Tornadoes are the most violent of all storms. Nobody can predict what they might do. They destroy houses, carry away people, trees, cars and telephone boxes. In many places people have seen various strange things falling from the sky: fish, furniture, small animals. Once in Russia during a tornado, people saw money falling from the clouds. The wind had removed the earth from some buried treasure and had picked up some old coins. Tornadoes are very dangerous because they consist of strong winds. The scientists calculated that a tornado can reach a speed of up to 320 kilometres per hour. That kind of a disaster might occur anywhere in the world, but they are most usual in the United States. The central states of the country have probably more tornadoes than any other place in the world. Most tornadoes occur in the spring. A hot day in the afternoon or in the early evening is the most likely time for this dangerous storm. Large dark clouds appear in the sky. There are loud sounds of thunder in the distance. Bright f lashes of lightning are seen. The clouds move closer and closer. One cloud then forms a funnel and begins to twist. It starts moving faster and faster. The faster the winds, the louder the noise. Sometimes there are several funnels at the same time. If the funnel touches the ground, it picks up everything it can. The violent winds of tornadoes blow down and ruin almost everything on their way. Scientists monitor the situation and try to predict tornadoes. Fortunately, most tornadoes can be predicted. In this case people have the opportunity to protect themselves. 100 Work in pairs. Ask each other the right questions to receive the following answers. 101 Look through the text again. Find the words and phrases which have a similar meaning to the words in the box. Example: In what country do tornadoes occur most often? — In the United States. 1. …? — They are the most violent storms. 2. …? — They consist of strong winds. 3. …? — They destroy houses and carry away people, trees and cars. 4. …? — In the spring. 5. …? — Sometimes there are several funnels. 6. …? — Yes, scientists try to do it. 34 3. Violent Storm severe, no one, powerful, damage, to happen, to take away, everywhere, to start, luckily, chance 102 Discuss with your partner what he / she thinks is the most important information in the text. Write a summary of the text — the main facts you need to know about tornadoes. SECTION 6 How to Survive in Hard Situations 103 Look at the pictures. Name professions that are needed to help people survive when there is a disaster. Make a list of these professions. 104 Read the short text. Find out if your list of professions is complete. Say what these professionals do in a disaster zone. All natural disasters, such as wildfires, storms, floods, tornadoes, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions, occur unexpectedly. They usually damage and ruin houses, destroy fields, and kill people and animals. In all these disasters, nature and people need help. There is a group of specially trained people who do their job during and after these types of disasters. They are emergency workers such as firemen, doctors, nurses, water and gas workers. They do their jobs in difficult situations saving frightened people and animals. If the disaster is serious, the police and the army help too. WORD FOCUS 105 Read and remember the words and word combinations. evacuate (эвакуировать, перемещать в безопасное место) — to evacuate people from somewhere; evacuation (эвакуация) rescue (спасать от чего-либо; спасение) — to rescue from a tornado; a rescue of children / people / animals; broadcast (вещать, транслировать, передавать) — to broadcast TV programmes / warnings / messages limit (ограничивать; предел, граница) — to limit the speed; an age limit, a time limit, a limit on something 106 Translate into Russian. 1. Scientists monitor the situation with active volcanoes using special machines. 2. As soon as a disaster starts, or even before it, emergency workers broadcast messages on the radio or on TV. 3. It’s very important to start rescuing people as soon as possible. 4. Please warn me if you are going to do dangerous sports. 5. Regulations limit the speed of cars in the town. 6. Because of the late warning, the evacuation was not begun in time. 7. The eruption was predicted by scientists and everyone was evacuated to a safe place. warn (предупреждать, предостерегать; предупреждение) — to warn of a storm / tsunami / flood; a warning (предупреждение) about evacuation, without warning monitor (наблюдать за чем-либо; экран / монитор) — to monitor the radiation, to monitor the water level; a computer monitor 35 UNIT 1 Section 6 107 Read the text. Choose the best title for it. Explain why you have chosen it. 1. A Flood Is Always an Awful Disaster 2. They Help to Survive the Flood 3. The Flood in Sochi Floods are disasters that often happen all over the world. They occur when a river overflows its banks because of an unusually high water level. Floods rarely catch people by surprise because they usually happen after a heavy rainstorm or after the sudden melting of snow in spring or in summer. In most cases there is enough time for people to leave their homes. As floods often occur in the country, they can destroy fields, kill animals and wash away cars. But after the warning farmers usually move their animals and cars to higher ground. In dangerous areas where floods occur rather often, people can build up the riverbanks with sandbags to limit the amount of water that will overflow. Sometimes, however, a river can rise higher and faster than expected. When this happens, emergency workers arrive to help. They monitor the water level and warn people to leave their houses. They do this by broadcasting messages on the radio or by warning people in person. Some people prefer not to leave their houses. They climb onto the roofs of their houses to escape the water and wait there to be rescued. Using helicopters and boats emergency workers pick the people and domestic animals up and take them to evacuation camps on higher ground. A terrible flood happened in Sochi in 2015 because of severe rainstorms in the mountains. Lots of houses were washed away into the Black Sea. Fortunately people were warned in time and escaped before the high water reached their houses. After the emergency had passed, the emergency workers cleared away all the rubbish on the roads and examined bridges and electricity. They also put up special warning signs for drivers on the damaged roads. 108 Read the text once more. Underline the words you don’t understand. Guess their meanings. See ‘How to guess the meaning of a new word’ in the Learning Strategies. 110 Work in pairs. Complete the dialogue between two students. One of them is planning to become an emergency worker. 109 Answer the questions. Jason: Hi, Pete! I haven’t seen you for ages! Peter: Hi, Jason! I’m really very busy these days. Right now I must be off to do sports. Jason: But we don’t have a PE lesson today! Peter: That’s right. I do sports in a special centre for training emergency workers. Jason: How interesting! Do you plan to be an emergency worker? Peter: ... Jason: ... 1. Why are floods dangerous? 2. How do people who live in dangerous areas try to prevent floods? 3. What do emergency workers usually do before and during a flood? 4. What was the cause of the terrible flood in Sochi in 2015? 5. How could most Sochi citizens manage to get away before the high water reached their houses? 6. What did emergency workers do after the flood in Sochi? 36 UNIT 1 Section 6 111 Read the text. Say what kind of help is needed during volcanic eruptions. Everything you see around — rocks, trees, clouds, your own body — is made from material that once came out of a volcano. The land around old volcanoes is very good for growing fruit and vegetables. That’s why people build their towns and villages at the foot of volcanoes. A volcanic eruption can cause a lot of damage to the surrounding countryside. The clouds of hot gases and ash can make the day seem like night. The lava that flows down the mountain can destroy the forests around the volcano and kill all people and animals. Volcanoes behave differently. Even volcanoes which have been quiet for a hundred years can suddenly explode. Most of them give signs of activity for a long time before an eruption occurs. Steam leaks out of cracks in the earth’s surface, and the mountain begins to crack. Scientists monitor these signs so that they can warn people to leave their homes in time. To help them monitor the changes in and under the volcano, scientists use special equipment. In most cases, scientists can predict if there will be an eruption and where it will happen. 112 Look through the text about volcanoes again. Do the following tasks. 1. Find the words which sound similar in Russian. Example: volcano — вулкан 2. Find synonyms to the verbs in the box. to construct, to damage, to happen, to start, to watch, to let somebody know, to forecast, to save, to repair 113 Read the statements. Mark them as T (true), F (false) or NS (not stated). 1. Everything on the Earth consists of material that once came out of a volcano. 2. The lava that comes from volcanoes is used in agriculture as fertilizer1. 3. A volcanic eruption is safe for nearby towns and villages. 1 fertilizer [ f t ] — удобрение Naturally, the scientists who monitor the activity of a volcano work very close to it and they are in danger if the volcano erupts unexpectedly. As soon as a volcanic eruption starts, emergency workers are busy evacuating people from the area and rescuing people who were not evacuated in time. Very often specially trained dogs help them to do that hard work. After the eruption, emergency workers restore the electricity, telephone, water and gas services as quickly as possible. To do work like this, they need a high level of qualifications and training. 4. It is impossible to predict volcano eruptions. 5. In every country there are several scientists who are responsible for certain volcanoes. 6. After a volcanic eruption, emergency workers continue their work in the disaster area. 114 Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner what characteristics are necessary to be an emergency worker. Make a list of those characteristics. Explain your choice. 115 Do some research on the disaster that happened in Fukushima a few years ago. Use the Internet. Follow these ideas as guidelines. 1. In what country did it happen? 2. Could the disaster have been predicted? 3. How did people behave during the disaster? 4. What did they do after the disaster to clear up their country? Present the results of your research to your classmates. 37 UNIT 1 Section 6 GRAMMAR FOCUS: THE PAST PERFECT 116 Read and remember. When we are talking about something that happened in the past and want to talk about things that happened before this time, we use the past perfect. had + V3 (written / finished / found etc) Alice had done her homework before she went to the cinema with her friend. — Алиса сделала домашнюю работу до того, как пошла в кино со своей подругой. When my mum phoned, I had already finished cooking the dinner. — Когда мама позвонила, я уже закончила готовить ужин. We had written our Maths test by 11 o’clock last Friday. — Мы написали тест по математике к 11 часам в прошлую пятницу. John had found the necessary information by that time. — К тому времени Джон нашёл нужную информацию. 117 Make up sentences with the past perfect. I He / She His / Her brother The teenagers You We had left the party shaken hands translated the article into English phoned her parents finished cooking cleaned up the streets completed (my / your / his / her / our) homework with each other. before we arrived. by 7 o’clock. when you returned. by that time. before the rain started. 118 Read the sentences and translate them into Russian. 1. Who had finished writing the test before the teacher came back into the classroom? 2. Had it finished raining when the stranger knocked on the door? 3. I had never heard that opera before you gave me the disc. 4. Why don’t you believe me? I had written the essay by 4 o’clock yesterday! Ask my mother. 119 Complete the sentences. Be careful with the verb tenses: the past perfect or the past simple. 1. The boy … (never hear) the name of that pianist before the concert. 2. The terrible tornado … (destroy) half of the village by that time. 3. The pilot … (finish) his flight by 11 o’clock the day before yesterday. 4. When the teacher … (come), the students … (already gather) their thoughts. 5. … (already find) you the documents when they … (arrive)? 6. Nick ... (change) his mind after I ... (phone) him. 120 Work in pairs. Make up two short stories explaining why it was possible to make the following statements. Use the past perfect. Example: Lisa’s parents are proud of her. — Lisa was recognized as the best student in her class. She had found a lot of new information about history and had prepared a fantastic report for her classmates. 1. The volcano did a lot of damage to the area around it. 2. The students enjoyed the trip. 3. Our New Year party was a real success. 38 UNIT 1 Section 6 121 a) Read the title and guess what the story is about. b) Read the story and suggest your own title for it. Modern Robinson Crusoes and Their Guitar There is a little island called Ata, in the warm South Sea, where it is summer all year round. Nobody lives on the island — ships don’t stop at Ata — it has no connections with the outside world. But once, ‘The Merry Sandra’ suddenly changed her course and headed to the island. Some people travelling on the ship had noticed some small moving figures on a hill not far from the sea coast. They were trying to attract someone’s attention, were shouting and jumping up and down. The captain decided to find out who was there. When it became clear that the ship was coming towards the island, the small figures ran down the hill and rushed into the water to meet the ship as soon as possible. There were six of them, all boys. They didn’t wait for the ship to come nearer, they swam to the ship, climbed up and were soon telling their fantastic story. Several months before, they had gone out fishing. Their little boat had gone down during a terrible storm, and the sea had taken them many kilometres from their homeland to this little island. As soon as they recovered from the storm and from a hard sea journey, the boys had managed their life very well. They had chosen a leader first. Each boy had his own duties. Their food was birds, birds’ eggs, fruit, fish, whatever they could find on the ground, in the air and in the water. Fortunately there were a lot of birds on the island and fresh clean water too. Robinson Crusoes had even made a kind of guitar. They danced and sang songs that they had made up themselves. They were quite optimistic about their future. They were sure that soon some ship or plane would notice them. Though they had enjoyed their fine life on the island, they were glad to be saved, and were happy to return home to their families. 122 Arrange the sentences in the correct order. Robinson Crusoes had spent several months on the island before the people from the ship noticed them. The ship changed her course and went towards the island. The boys believed that someone would see them and save them one day. The boys organized their life on the deserted island. Their little boat was taken away from the coast by a terrible storm. 123 Retell the story as if you were one of the Robinsons. Use the statements which you have arranged in Ex. 122 as a plan for your story. 39 SECTION 7 Amazing Natural Wonders Around You 124 Listen and read the information about world records. What new facts have you learned from it? The highest point — Mount Everest, 8,848 metres above sea level. It is in Asia. The lowest point — Challenger Deep, Marianas Trench, 11,034 metres below sea level, deep enough to hide Mount Everest. It is in the Pacific Ocean. The longest river — the Nile, 6,695 kilometres long. It is in Africa. The deepest lake — Lake Baikal, in Russia, Asia; 1,620 metres deep. The largest lake — the Caspian Sea, in Russia, Asia; 371,000 square kilometres. The largest ocean — the Pacific Ocean, 165,200,000 square kilometres. The hottest place — the Sahara Desert, Africa, the temperature is up to +50 C in the shade. The coldest place — the lowest temperature ever recorded was –89.2 C at Vostok base, Antarctica, in July 1983. The largest country — Russia, 17,125, 407 square kilometres. 125 Make a fact file of the records of Russia. Use the Internet. Share the information with your classmates. Find out about the following: the territory of Russia the deepest lake the biggest lake the longest river the highest point 40 the coldest place the hottest place the biggest settlement (city) the longest railway UNIT 1 Section 7 126 Work in pairs. Discuss the following with your partner. what your city / town / village is famous for what your favourite places in your city / town / village are; why you like them what season is the best for visiting the place you live in GRAMMAR FOCUS: THE PAST TENSES 127 Compare the past tenses. Tense When it’s used Form The Past Simple Single completed action in the past did / worked The Past Continuous Action at a certain time or period in the past was / were + doing / working The Past Perfect Action happened before a certain time or event in the past had + done / worked R.Kipling wrote his famous fairy tale 'Mowgli' in 1893. It was raining the whole day on Sunday. I had written the essay by that time. 128 Read the short texts. Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple. 1. A skiing champion … (return) home at nine o’clock. He … (be) very tired. He … (get) up at six o’clock in the morning. He … (put) on his sports suit, … (take) his skis and … (go) to the wood. The day … (be) sunny and frosty. There … (are) no people in the wood at that time. He … (ski) about thirty kilometres. It … (take) him nearly two hours. It … (be) a usual day for him before the international competition. When it happened in 2005 in the last century a month / a week ago yesterday at 7 o’clock yesterday the whole day last Saturday when she phoned me by 6 o’clock yesterday before she arrived by that time when my friend left 2. A young man … (take) an album and his paints and … (go) to the park to watch animals. He … (be) a student and … (be given) a task to draw pictures of the birds and dogs in the park. Lots of people were walking there. The young man … (find) a vacant bench, … (put) his paints down by his side, … (open) the album and … (start) watching. He … (see) a lovely brown spaniel playing with a ball and … (decide) to draw it. 129 Put the verbs in the correct forms: the past simple or past continuous. 1. I … (read) a book about the first space travel, when I … (hear) a strange sound. 2. Students … (write) a test on French when the headteacher … (come) into the classroom. 3. Mike … (look) through the door and … (see) that Fiona … (learn) a new piece of music. 4. While my parents … (work) in the garden, they … (see) a red fox there. 5. She … (browse) the Internet, when her mobile phone suddenly … (ring). 41 UNIT 1 Section 7 130 Read the text and put the verbs in the past simple or past perfect. Tim’s birthday party … (be) a great success because all the family … (do) a lot to prepare it. His mother … (bake) a huge tasty cake with strawberries, his father … (prepare) a sports ground in the yard. Everyone … (can) play many games there: tennis, badminton etc. His older brother … (bring) the equipment for mini-golf. His younger sister … (learn) a new song for her brother’s birthday. His grandpa … (write) a crossword with some events from Tim’s life. Tim … (be) absolutely happy. 131 Work in pairs. Prepare a short story about an event from your school life. Use the past perfect in your story. Start it like this. All my classmates enjoyed the bike trip in the countryside because … Everybody was happy to participate in the competition on Sunday, because … 42 132 Match the words with their definitions. Listen and check if you were right. 1. a coast a) the weather we usually have 2. unique b) the place where the land meets the sea 3. wildlife c) to excite interest 4. an environment d) to make someone be very surprised 5. climate e) animals and plants which live and grow in natural conditions in a region 6. to amaze f) the natural conditions, such as air, water and land, in which people, animal and plants live 7. to attract g) the only one of its type 133 Listen to the story told on the radio programme ‘Traveller’s Club’. Answer the following questions. 1. What does the word Niagara mean? 2. At what distance can the noise from the Niagara Falls be heard? 3. Why does the Niagara Falls attract tourists? UNIT 1 Section 7 134 Work in groups. Read one of the texts and do the following tasks. Amazing place 1. Prepare three comprehension questions on the text you’ve just read. 2. Exchange your questions with other groups. 3. Read the other groups’ text and answer their questions. Lake District The Lake District, also called Lakeland, lies within the territory of a National Park in England. It occupies about 2,300 square kilometres. In 1951 the Lake District was given the status of a national park to keep the natural beauty of the place. There are many natural mountains and hills in the territory but its main feature is the beautiful deep blue lakes that inspired many British poets. Not only flora and fauna but also the historic villages that have existed here from the early times became an open-air museum. Scientists found out that the first people lived in the Lake District in caves because the climate was rather cold. They mostly went fishing, hunting and gathering. Only four thousand years ago they started building stone homes and farming. The Lake District Park is now popular among European tourists. They can easily find their way in the Lake District with the help of modern travel guides. The first guide was written in the 18th century by Thomas West. It changed the image of the north of the country as a cold and unfriendly territory. Visitors to the park enjoy the endless green hills covered with violet flowers in spring and summer, the deep blue water of the lakes and the view of the old villages built in traditional grey stone. 1 biogeography [ ] — биогеография New Zealand is situated about 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga. The country has sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, created by volcanic eruptions. Because it’s far from continents, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. New Zealand’s geographic isolation for 80 million years and island biogeography1 are responsible for the country’s unique species of animals and plants. Before the first human beings arrived here, New Zealand was inhabited by birds. There were over 160 different species. As the birds had few natural enemies, most of them lost their ability to fly. Some were very tall and ate leaves off the trees, while others grazed like sheep. Most of New Zealand’s unique birds and many of its native seals and fish have become extinct in the last five hundred years. Today only a few of New Zealand’s birds survive. One is the kiwi, which is about the size of a duck. The kiwi is the national bird and emblem. New Zealanders often call themselves ‘Kiwis’. English spoken in New Zealand is often called Kiwi English. Nowadays the population of New Zealand does a lot to protect the environment. 135 Exchange your opinions: which of the two texts did you find more interesting? Why? Write a short summary of it. 43 UNIT 1 Section 7 136 Read the texts and say in which one you can find information about: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the romantic image of the place; the research done on the place; the features which go against stereotypes; the unique wildlife of the place; the age dispute between the places. A. Not many people have ever fancied Chukotka as a dream holiday destination. However, those who have been there want to go back to the place again and again. It’s the only region of Russia lying in the Western hemisphere and the most remote northwest territory of the country. A friend of mine has been there. He only stayed in Providence Bay for two weeks but he’ll be telling stories about it till the end of his life. It’s a beautiful, mysterious and very cold place. The variety of birds and fish is amazing! The local people can see whales, polar bears, and seals in their very close neighbourhood. My friend was very lucky to hear the whales talking to each other — the huge animals’ communication sounds like something from another planet! B. This city is a fantastic blend of history, brisk cultural life, and unique natural features. You can find it in any guidebook and it’s usually the first place tourists coming to Russia want to visit. St Petersburg is especially crowded in June, during the ‘white nights’ period — the time when the sun practically does not set and happy tourists admire the amazing architecture of the city day and night. The special charm of St Petersburg is its embankments and bridges. Along with the well-known Neva River, which starts at Ladoga Lake, the famous Fontanka, and the Moika, there are lots of minor rivers and man-made canals running through the city. It is sometimes called the Venice of the North. C. Veliky Novgorod, a city built on the Volkhov River, has a remarkable history and a lot of historians believe the Russian State has its roots there. According to historical evidence, in 865, a fortress was built at that place which soon became a fast developing trade and crafts centre. UNESCO recognizes Veliky Novgorod 44 UNIT 1 Section 7 as a World Heritage Site1 and the citizens are proud of the unique architecture and the most ancient kremlin in the country. There is another Russian city, however, which claims it was set up earlier. It is the city of Derbent which is located on the coast of the Caspian Sea. It is the oldest city in the Republic of Dagestan and in Russia. The historians have proof that the city was founded as early as in the 8th century BC. Due to its strategic location and the constant wars in the region, Derbent passed from one state to another and became a permanently Russian city only in the 19th century. D. Russia is famous all over the world for its severe winters but there are places where the snow is rare and, if it falls, it melts very quickly. One of the warmest cities in Russia is Sochi, which is situated on the coast of the Black Sea. Even in the winter, the average daytime temperatures are about 10 C. And the summer is really hot, with average temperatures of 25— 28 C, occasionally rising to 40 C and even higher. The mountains protect Sochi from the north and the cold Arctic air does not affect it much. The Black Sea in the south provides warmth and humidity. The daytime and nighttime temperatures do not differ as much as deep inside the continent. E. Lake Baikal, the largest freshwater lake in the world, was discovered in the middle of the 17th century. At least, the first descriptions of the wonderful lake in southern Siberia were found in the Russian chronicles referring to that time. It was stated that the Baikal looked like the sea but had crystal clear freshwater. The serious exploration of the Baikal started under the reign of Peter I. Under his orders, the first expeditions with the participation of reputable scientists were sent to far off Siberia. Since then we have learnt a lot about the famous lake, but scientists say there are still lots of amazing surprises hidden in the depths of the water. Nowadays ambitious projects are carried out by teams from the leading Russian research centres. The Russian scientists work in collaboration with international teams of hydrobiologists, biophysicists and microbiologists from all over the world. 1 a World Heritage Site — объект мирового наследия 45 UNIT 1 Section 7 137 Read the texts (A—C) once more and mark the following statements as T (true), F (false) or NS (not stated). 138 Read the texts (D—E) once more. Find the answers to the following questions in the texts. Text A Text D 1. According to the text the author’s friend disliked Chukotka. 2. Providence Bay is the most popular place for tourists in Chukotka. 3. The whales produce special sounds to be in contact with each other. 1. What influences the climate in Sochi? 2. How do the daytime temperatures in Sochi differ in the winter and summer? Text B 1. The author believes that the beginning of summer is the favourite time for tourists to visit St Petersburg. 2. ‘White nights’ go on the whole summer in St Petersburg. 3. St Petersburg is called the Venice of the North because both cities have numerous canals. Text C 1. The Kremlin in Veliky Novgorod is older than other Russian kremlins. 2. UNESCO considers Derbent fortress as a World Heritage Site. 3. Derbent has been a Russian city since its foundation. 46 Text E 1. How was the Baikal described in old Russian chronicles? 2. When were the first expeditions sent to explore the Baikal? 3. Why does the exploration of the lake continue nowadays? 139 Look back at the texts in Ex. 136. What new information have you learned about Russia? 140 Write a story about a special place in your local environment which you would like to show to foreign visitors. Use the Internet if necessary. Use: have a remarkable history, be founded as early as in the 6 / 7 / 8th century BC, have some amazing sights, be rich in, be an unspoiled land, have unique natural features, a fast developing trade and crafts centre etc. HOMEWORK 1 Complete the dialogues. Use Ex. 5 on p. 6 as an example. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. It’s a lovely morning, isn’t it? — ... The view is lovely, isn’t it? — ... What a miserable day! — ... October is awful, isn’t it? — ... It’s warm today, isn’t it? — ... 2 Write about the weather in your area. Use: It usually gets cold / It doesn’t … in winter. Sometimes … goes by without any snow / rain … . In summer it never gets too wet / too hot / … . The average temperature in autumn is … . 3 Match the two parts of the statements. Use the text in Ex. 17 on p. 9. 1. The weather in England 2. In some parts of Britain 3. When it rains heavily, they say that 4. Other countries have a climate, 5. The British often talk about the weather a) because it’s a good way to start a conversation. b) it’s raining cats and dogs. c) but in England they have weather. d) winter goes by without any snow falling. e) changes very quickly. 4 Write a letter to your English-speaking pen friend about Russian weather. Use the texts in Ex. 23 on pp. 10—11 as a model and tell him / her about the best time to visit the place where you live. 5 Write down the numbers and the measurements in words. 1. 368; 5,415; 6,286,193 2. 7.28; 9.34; 2.56 3. 100 m; 35,000 km; 60 km/h 4. –10 C; 0 C; 23 C 6 Translate into English. 1. Что ты знаешь о своей планете? По мнению учёных, она ещё молода. Из космоса она выглядит ярко, потому что солнечный свет отражается от воды. 71% поверхности Земли — это вода. Но только 1% воды является питьевой (пригодной для питья). 22 апреля празднуется День Земли. В этот день люди принимают участие в различных «зелёных» проектах. 2. Ты бы хотел(а) побывать на Луне? Я уверен(а), что скоро люди будут летать туда на космическом корабле на выходные. 7 Fill in the prepositions on, for, through, to, of, in, from if necessary. Lots of people dream of travelling into space. If you do, you have to choose where to travel … . It’s difficult to imagine that there are about 20 stars … each being ... our planet. A group … stars is called a galaxy. It will take … you 100,000 years to travel … one edge of it … the other. But people hope they will travel … space … huge starships far … the Earth. 8 Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form: the past simple or the past continuous. 1. My sister … pizza when I … home. (make; come) 2. I’m sorry I couldn’t join you yesterday. I … my project. (do) 3. When we … dinner, his friend … from Rome. (have; phone) 4. What … you … at 9 o’clock the day before yesterday? — I … the news. (do; watch) 5. I … the whole day yesterday. (work) 6. The captain … the satellite, which … very fast. (notice; move) 9 Do Ex. 56 on pp. 20—21 in written form. 10 Write down a brief summary of the text from Ex. 60 on p. 22. Use: one day…, suddenly …, on the way to …, then …, next …, but at that moment …; sometime later …; finally … . 47 UNIT 1 Homework 11 Choose the phrase which has the same meaning. Example: research a) an experiment b) an achievement c) exploration 1. to launch a) to start b) to fly c) to stop 2. to communicate a) to give a call b) to be in contact c) to take care of 14 Write down what is typical of a hurricane, a tornado, an earthquake, a volcano, a flood, a drought, a tsunami, and wildfire. Use the words from the box. Example: A very violent wind is typical of a hurricane. a very violent wind, terrible fire, a moving wave, shaking of the ground, too much water, lack of water, spinning air, lava and gases, hot sun 15 Translate into English. 3. outer space a) a great distance b) the atmosphere c) the universe 4. key (problem) a) interesting b) important c) new 5. awful a) terrible b) hard c) exciting 12 Write the questions to the following answers. Use the text in Ex. 78 on p. 28. Example: What did Galileo create? — 1. Землетрясение — это всегда ужасная трагедия; гибнут сотни людей. Кроме того, землетрясение приводит к многочисленным разрушениям. 2. «Пожмите друг другу руки. Надеюсь, что теперь вы станете друзьями. Правда, Джек?» — «Конечно». 3. Мне кажется, что ты ошибаешься. Эндрю — робкий молодой человек. Он мухи не обидит. 4. «Перед каждым экзаменом я дрожу как лист». — «Не стоит относиться к этому так серьёзно. В жизни ещё будет много экзаменов». The first telescope. 16 Fill in the blanks. Use the words from the box. 1. Jules Verne. 2. In the 20th century. 3. For 7 days. 4. Space Day 5. Small and fragile. destroy, damage, damaged, broken, hurt, destructive, disaster 13 Write down compound nouns. Use the words from the box. Think up 3 sentences with the compound nouns and write them down. Example: space exploration, space travel space, post, town, corner, emergency, key, culture, history, sports, bus 48 exploration, centre, travel, problem, fan, driver, office, shock, shop, workers, teacher, flight 1. All kinds of disasters either … or completely … the environment. Floods, earthquakes and tornadoes leave a lot of … houses behind them. 2. The earthquake in Japan was very … . A lot of people were killed or seriously … . 3. Tornadoes are very dangerous because they … houses and carry away cars, trees and people. 4. Emergency workers help people who have found themselves in ... areas. 5. “I’m sorry, I can’t help you because of my … finger.” — “It’s OK. I’ll manage myself.” UNIT 1 Homework 17 Fill in the prepositions up and down, under, across, behind, off, from, at. A terrible noise was coming ... the ground. The earth was moving ... like the sea. The ground was moving ... his feet. He ran and heard screams ... him. When he saw that a mountain seemed to be f lying ... him, he swam ... the river. Later he realized that the earthquake had broken ... a large piece of the mountain. 18 Write the questions to the following answers. Use the text in Ex. 104 on p. 35. Example: Why are natural disasters dangerous? — They do a lot of damage. 1. Emergency workers. 2. In dangerous areas. 3. Clean up the area and restore the electricity. 4. If the disaster is serious. 19 What is the most dangerous natural disaster in your opinion? Write about it. Follow the plan. 1. Explain why it is dangerous. 2. Whether it can be predicted. 3. How people should behave during it. 4. What the emergency workers do during / after the disaster. 20 Complete the following sentences. Use the past perfect . Example: … when the violent storm came down on the city. — The emergency workers had already evacuated the citizens when the violent storm came down on the city. 1. … by that time. 2. … before the party. 3. … before the hurricane. 4. When she came into the room, … 5. When the flood occurred, … 6. … when the emergency workers came into the disaster area. 21 Do Ex. 130 on p. 42 in written form. 22 Complete the sentences. Use the necessary forms of the words in capitals to fill in the blank spaces. The Peak District, a national park, is situated between two English cities — Manchester and Sheffield. The Peak District is protected from industrial and urban … . The Peak District also includes wild land, where there are more sheep than people. Sheep farming is an important part of the local economy. The Peak District is also famous for its … lakes with clean water. There are many nice villages and small towns in the Peak District. The national park is an important tourist … . Visitors from … parts of the country come to the Peak District. It is such a pleasure to walk there on a warm and … day! NATION DEVELOP WONDER ATTRACT DIFFER SUN 23 Complete the sentences. Use the past continuous, past perfect and past simple of the verbs in brackets. Example: Where … you … when you … this awful sound? (stand; hear) — Where were you standing when you heard this awful sound? 1. While Jane … down the street, she … John. (walk; meet) 2. Tim ... to St Petersburg last week. Before that, he … a lot about that wonderful city. (go; read) 3. The manager … a letter, when I … in. (write; come) 4. They … not … by plane before they … to Lake Baikal. (travel; go) 5. He … friends a frightening story when somebody … at the door. (tell; knock) 6. We … pleased to see Ann again. We … not … her for two years. (be; see) 49 UNIT 1 Progress check KEY VOCABULARY warning wildfire Nouns: achievement astranaut beach damage disaster drought Earth (the) earthquake evacuation exploration flight (the) flood hurricane limit monitor Moon (the) planet pole rescue research researcher satellite space spaceman spaceship star survivor tornado universe (the) volcano Verbs: break broadcast damage destroy die evacuate explore hurt launch limit monitor rescue research ruin shake survive warn Adverbs / Adjectives: awful foggy humid miserable stormy terrible violent wet Expressions and phrases: be badly / seriously hurt be known internationally computer monitor die of some disease disaster area do a lot of damage do research emergency jobs / workers evacuate from key problem launch a project / a spaceship limit on / to something Milky Way (the) No problem. outer space rescue from something shake hands with each other shake with laughter / anger solar system (the) solve a problem South (the) / North Pole (the) space flight / research space research space travel warn of / about a warning sign without a warning PROGRESS CHECK 1 Listen to the conversation between Kate and her father. Complete the sentence. Kate and her father are going on a hiking holiday on ... a) Saturday. b) Sunday. c) Monday. 2 Listen to the weather forecast and choose the correct list of weather expected on Friday. a) cold b) hot c) warm 50 windy sunny dry wet stormy windless 3 Listen to the information broadcast by the local radio. Fill in the gaps with the words from the audio text. 1. Due to the heavy rain, the water ... in the river may rise. 2. There is a danger of ... in the area. 3. The ... workers are available on the telephone at any time. 4. If the situation gets worse, the special services will ... people from the area. 5. People are warned not to use their ... unless necessary. Points /7 UNIT 1 Progress check 4 Read the text and mark the statements below as T (true), F (false), or NS (not stated). I was one of the people who happened to be in the region of the earthquake. That’s what’s called being in the wrong place at the wrong time — just my luck. But on the other hand, I’m one of the luckiest people all the same — because I survived this devastating situation and was not even injured. A few scratches don’t count. My friends have been calling me Lucky Sam since then. It was a terrifying experience which will never be repeated, I hope. And I still shiver when I recall that day. The earthquake started all of a sudden. For me it came out of the blue as I had never experienced anything like earthquakes, hurricanes or other disasters, before. There had not been any warnings or earthquake notifications from the hotel staff. And people tend to be careless when they are on holiday, don’t they? Anyway, I was woken up at night by a strange noise. It felt as if I was on board a ship in the rough sea. I put my head under the pillow but the shaking did not stop. I could hear shouts from the corridor, got out of bed and rushed out of the room. My hotel room was on the twelfth floor, and my first impulse was to go to press the elevator button. Fortunately, it occurred to me that I shouldn’t use the elevator as the electricity might go off at any moment, and I could be trapped inside the cabin or even fall down the elevator shaft. I ran to the staircase and was somewhere between the first and ground floor landings when the building shook again, I lost my balance and fell down on my knees. At that very moment, there was a crash. There were bright sparks everywhere and the walls started to fold down as if the building were made of cards. The electricity went out, and it became dark. I wanted to stand up but I could not as there was a stone block right above my head. There was enough space to roll over on to my belly, but I could not even stretch my arms. The shaking stopped. It felt very quiet and I got a panic attack. Well, wouldn’t you? I cried and shouted but nobody heard me. I don’t know how long all that went on. Then I ordered myself to calm down. From the back of my mind there came some vague memories about instructions we were given at school of what to do in an earthquake. The first thing I remembered was that one should not light a match. I had no matches anyway so that was useless. Then I remembered that shouting was not recommended either, as one could inhale too much dust or gases or whatever. Then a piece of useful information emerged. To help the emergency workers to locate you, you should tap on pipes or walls. I remembered how we played hide-and-seek in the old abandoned house. The house was large and it could take too much time to find all the people. So we tapped what we pretended to be Morse code to help the seeker to identify our location. It goes without saying that we knew nothing about the code except its name, Morse. I decided to do the same. I found a stone and started to tap on the large block above. To make the sound less monotonous and more recognizable, I tapped out the rhythm of all the melodies I could recall at that moment. Later, the emergency workers said that it was the sound that attracted their attention. 1. Sam escaped injuries during the earthquake. 2. Sam had survived several earthquakes. 3. When the earthquake started, Sam was in his hotel room. 4. Sam used the elevator to get to the ground floor. 5. There were several people blocked under the remains of the building. 6. Sam’s watch was broken. 7. Sam lit a match to find out where he was. 8. The sounds Sam made helped the emergency workers to find him. Points /8 51 UNIT 1 Progress check 5 Imagine that in a magazine you see an interview with an archaeologist, James Carter. He mentions a settlement of ancient people and you want to learn more about them. Complete the letter to him with 5 questions. ... We started our research at a place very close to the volcano. In the past, the volcano erupted several times covering the area with lava. We found the remains of an ancient settlement and the findings have helped us understand a lot about the life of those people ... But I have to get back to the main topic of the interview ... Dear Mr Carter, I read the interview about your research where you mentioned there that you found a settlement in the area of a volcanic eruption. I’m very fond of archaeology and would like to know as much as possible about these ancient people. I would be very grateful if you would be able to answer my questions. 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . Thank you very much for your time. Yours sincerely, (your name) Points 6 Imagine that you need to make a presentation. Here is the text for the presentation. Read it out aloud. Remember to sound clear and distinct to capture people’s attention. Scientists believe that long-distance space travel will become a reality in the near future. Space missions may last for years or decades and one of the most important questions is what the astronauts will be eating during their long journey. Food in cans and tubs does not look very appealing, does it? Experiments on growing fresh food in space have been carried out for a long time. And at last, in August 2015, the astronauts of the International Space Station included lettuce grown on their space station on their menu. You may say that lettuce is not really a big deal, but for people in space it is. Fresh food provides natural vitamins and improves the astronauts’ mood. It helps to protect the astronauts from depression and radiation and gets us closer to the era of long-distance space travel. 52 /5 UNIT 1 Progress check 7 Complete the dialogue and act it out. Hi! What are you doing? I'm just trying to write a presentation. Not very successfully so far. Why? And what's the presentation about? I need to talk about an important job or profession. The teacher said that we can talk about any profession, because all professions are important. But we need to prove its importance. I know a profession whose importance is easy to prove: emergency workers. What do you mean by emergency workers? Are you talking about the people who ...? (complete the sentence) Points to discuss: — what the functions of the emergency workers are; — whether you would like to become a professional emergency worker or do an emergency job as a volunteer, and why; — what kind of pictures could be used for the presentation and where to find them. All this sounds like a great idea for my presentation. It really is. I'll try to write the first draft of the presentation right now. Could you come and have a look at it some time later? Yes, sure. If you need my help, just give me a call. Thank you, ... . You are a great friend! Mark your score For tasks 1—5 you can get 20 points. 20—18 points — Well done! 17—14 points — Good! 13—11 points — You can do better! 10 points or less — Revise and try again! Tasks 6 and 7 should be evaluated by your teacher. 53 2 THE WORLD CAN’T DO WITHOUT YOU SECTION 1 Any Problems? Any Solutions? 1 Read the following warnings and slogans. Match them with the pictures. 1 2 a) Stop using your car! b) Please keep off the grass! c) No smoking! d) Feeding animals strictly prohibited! e) All dogs must be on a lead! f) This area is not a dog toilet. It’s for recreation and play! g) Protect historic buildings! h) Save the tigers! i) Keep away from water. Crocodiles! j) No f ishing here! k) Protect the forest! Take your garbage home with you! 2 Listen to check if you were right. 3 Look at the signs again. Explain: what the signs mean; where they can be seen. 3 4 5 6 Example: No fishing here! — This sign means that you shouldn’t catch fish in this place for some reason. The sign can be seen by the city’s ponds, at the zoo and on river banks. 9 7 54 8 10 11 UNIT 2 Section 1 WORD FOCUS 4 Read and remember the words and word combinations. pollute (загрязнять) — to pollute the Earth; air pollution (загрязнение), water / river / sea pollution, noise / light pollution protect (защищать, предохранять) — to protect somebody, to protect from pollution; protection (защита) of wildlife, good / effective protection environment (окружающая среда) — to protect the environment, pollution of the environment; environmental problems / research 6 Look at the slogans again (Ex. 1). Say what problems they are trying to prevent. The list of problems is given below. Example: The slogans ‘All dogs must be on a lead’ and ‘Keep away from water. Crocodiles!’ prevent the problem of dangerous animals. Endangered animals Water pollution Land pollution Air pollution Dangerous animals waste (отходы) — chemical waste, waste paper People’s behaviour waste (трата) — It’s a waste of time; industrial waste Destroying cultural heritage 5 a) Read the text and fill in the blanks with the words from the box. waste, protect, environment, pollution, environmental, polluting For thousands of years the Earth has taken care of people, animals, plants and insects. Nowadays our planet and its inhabitants are suffering from … . Air, sea and land pollution are the main causes of numerous … problems. Scientists’ predictions are really frightening. We must stop … the Earth and cut down our household and industrial … . There are plenty of people in the world who want to … the environment and save the planet from catastrophe. Only all together we are able to take care of the … . b) Answer the questions. 1. What are people and wildlife suffering from? 2. What is the reason for several environmental problems? 3. Why do scientists worry about our planet? 4. What must people do to help our planet and its inhabitants? 5. Is there anybody who wants to change the current environmental situation? Pollution of places for recreation and rest Danger to health 7 Work in pairs. a) Decide what types of environment the signs in Ex. 1 relate to. physical — environment which has not been changed much by people biological — environment consisting of living organisms man-made geographical — environment which has been changed by human activity b) Classify the words and word combinations in the box according to the types of environment. towns, human beings, roads, planets, climate, weather, cars, mountains, forests, fish, the Sun, plant species, houses, lakes, seas, oceans, continents, man-made canals, trees, minerals, air, water, natural rivers, national park, railways, islands, animals, land, farms, factories, picture galleries, insect species, the Moon, flowers, stadiums, birds, castles Man-made Physical Biological geographical environment environment environment 55 UNIT 2 Section 1 GRAMMAR FOCUS: ‘THE’ WITH THE FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT 8 Remember how to use the with the features of the environment. We don’t use any article with the names of: continents: Europe, Asia, South America, Africa countries: Switzerland, Norway, Russia, New Zealand But: we use the in names with ‘Republic’, ‘Federation’, ‘State’, ‘Kingdom’: the Czech Republic, the Russian Federation, the USA, the United Kingdom (the UK). mountains: Everest, Elbrus, Ben Nevis But: we use the with mountain chains: the Alps, the Caucasus the Pamirs , islands: Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland But: we use the with the group of islands: the Bahamas, the British Isles, the Maldives. lakes: Lake Ontario, Lake Ladoga, Lake Victoria But: the Baikal, the Ladoga We use the with the names of: oceans: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean seas: the Caribbean Sea, the Irish Sea, the Mediterranean Sea channels / canals: the Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, the English Channel rivers: the Volga , the Angara, the Thames 9 Use the correctly. Choose the form with or without an article. Listen and check your choice. 1. Severn / The Severn is the longest river in UK / the UK. 2. USA / The USA is in North America / the North America. 3. The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest / the Everest. 4. United Kingdom / The United Kingdom consists of Great Britain / the Great Britain and Northern Ireland / the Northern Ireland. 5. Have you ever been to Lake Onega / the Lake Onega? 6. Maldives / The Maldives are a group of islands in Indian Ocean / the Indian Ocean. 7. Irkutsk/The Irkutsk is situated not far from Lake Baikal / the Lake Baikal. 8. Lots of tourists go skiing in Alps / the Alps. 9. The capital of Canada / the Canada is Ottawa / the Ottawa, though some people think it’s Montreal / the Montreal. 10 Do the quiz. Choose the correct answer. Use the if necessary. Listen and check if you were right. 1. Which is the longest river in Europe? (Danubе, Don, Volga) 2. Which is the highest mountain in the world? (Mont Blanc, Everest, Elbrus) 3. Which is the smallest continent in the world? (North America, Africa, Australia) 4. Which country is Canberra the capital of? (Australia, New Zealand, India) 5. Which of the oceans has a ‘peaceful’ name? (Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Atlantic) 6. Which is the largest lake in the world? (Onega, Caspian Sea, Baikal) 7. Which is the deepest lake in the world? (Ontario, Michigan, Baikal) 8. Which is the largest country in the world? (USA, Australia, Russia) 56 UNIT 2 Section 1 11 Read the text and choose the best title for it. Explain your choice. 1. What an Amazing World We Live in 2. A Miserable Future 3. Sad Results of Human Activity Look around you. What a wonderful world we live in! For millions of years our planet has given support to all forms of life — human beings, animals, birds, fish, insects and plants. Human beings appeared on the Earth only 6—7 million years ago. In the beginning they were as friendly to the planet as the other species. But now people are killing the planet. Already many species of animals and birds have disappeared. Millions of animals die every year because man has polluted their natural homes. Also, people don’t stop cutting down trees, building more roads, and using more and more land for farming. As a result, there are fewer jungles, fields and forests for wildlife. Looking for new sources of energy, people build power stations that pollute the air and the land. Most rivers, once clean and fresh, are now empty of fish. And in some rivers you can even see a thick foam caused by chemical waste. Scientists warn that the forests are disappearing because of human activity. All over the world people cut trees down because they need wood and paper. Sometimes they do it to find new places for their farms and houses. It’s an international disaster. Even if new trees are planted, it takes many years for them to grow. Have you been to the beach recently? You can see a lot of litter on the beach. Some of it was left by people after picnics and some was brought by the water. Lots of litter and waste is thrown away from the ships into the sea. Why don’t people realize that pollution is very dangerous for them, for wildlife and the environment? People don’t just pollute the environment. They pollute themselves with cigarettes, alcohol and junk food1. They breathe in the air polluted by their cars and factories. Can anyone predict what will happen if we don’t start solving these serious environmental problems? We shouldn’t wait any more. 1 junk food — unhealthy food like popcorn, chips, hamburgers etc. 12 Read the text and underline the words that you don’t understand. See ‘How to guess the meaning of a new word’ in the Learning Strategies. 13 Work in pairs. Write a plan of the text (Ex. 11) using your own statements. The statements should express the main idea of the paragraphs. Compare your plan with those of your classmates. Example: 1. The Earth is home to all forms of life. 2. ... 14 Write captions for the pictures using the text in Ex. 11. Compare your captions with the captions of other students. 1 2 3 4 15 Answer the questions. 1. What forms of life exist on the Earth? 2. Why don’t some species of animals and birds exist anymore? 3. What kinds of pollution do we see around us at present? 4. Why shouldn’t we cut down trees? 5. How do people pollute themselves? 6. What did you learn from the text? 57 UNIT 2 Section 1 WORD FOCUS 16 Read and translate the following words. Pay attention to the suffixes. 1. Sometimes a verb and a noun have the same form: to waste — waste to research — research 2. -tion / -ion is used to make nouns from verbs: to introduce — introduction to protect — protection 3. -al is used to make adjectives from nouns: ecology — (ecologic) — ecological nation — national 4. -ist is used to make nouns from nouns: science — a scientist biology — a biologist 17 Make new words from the words given below. Use the information from Ex. 16. Consult the dictionary if necessary. 1. without any suffix to damage — … to play — … to start — … to hurt — … to award — … 3. with suffix -al / (-ic + -al) geography — ... biology — … environment — … history — … nature — … 2. with suffix -tion / -ion to pollute — … to predict — … to educate — … to attract — … 4. with suffix -ist art — … piano — … flora — … journal — … ecology — … 18 Write a short essay about your area (city, town, village). Use the following guidelines. Write where it is situated, how far it is from the capital city of the country and your region. Write about its population (how many people, what nationalities, what languages are spoken and taught). Describe its geographical features and wildlife (weather, rivers, plants and animals etc). Name the environmental problems in the place where you live. 58 SECTION 2 They Are Trying to Protect Our Planet 19 Listen to the interview broadcast by a local radio studio and say why Andrew Gramm decided to become an ecologist. 20 a) Listen to the interview once more. Mark the statements as T (true) or F (false). Correct the false statements. 1. Andrew Gramm has come to the radio studio by train. 2. Andrew Gramm was bitten by a dog that morning. 3. Andrew Gramm supports the idea that people should use private cars as little as possible. 4. Andrew Gramm got interested in ecology in the childhood. 5. Andrew Gramm changed his profession a few years ago. 6. The topic of the interview with Andrew Gramm is sea pollution. 7. Andrew Gramm refused to answer the first question. 21 Explain what, in your opinion, ecologists do. Would you like to become an ecologist? Why? / Why not? Use the following phrases if necessary. study how people’s activity can change the environment try to find ways to protect our planet measure the level of pollution in the area research wildlife study how different species of animals react to environmental changes spend most of their time doing research, analyzing data and preparing reports make recommendations for environmental protection arrange events to bring attention to ecological problems b) Say whether you support Andrew’s views of public transport and private cars. Explain your position. 59 UNIT 2 Section 2 GRAMMAR FOCUS: CONDITIONALS II AND III 22 Read and remember. Sometimes we talk about things which are unlikely or impossible: If we created more national parks in the country, we would save most endangered animals. — Если бы мы (сейчас / в ближайшем будущем) создали больше национальных парков в стране, мы могли бы спасти большинство исчезающих видов животных. (Действия и условия совершения действия маловероятны. Условие и действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени.) If we had created more national parks in the country, we would have saved most endangered animals. — Если бы мы (в прошлом) создали больше национальных парков в стране, мы спасли бы большинство исчезающих видов животных. (Действия и условия совершения действия абсолютно нереальны (мы не сделали это в прошлом). Условие и действие относится к прошлому.) CONDITIONAL II Маловероятное условие. Действие относится к настоящему или будущему времени CONDITIONAL III Нереальное условие. Действие относится к прошедшему времени If-clause1 Principal clause2 If-clause Principal clause a) If trees could talk, they would tell us a lot about the past. a) If we had stopped cutting forests, we would have had fewer environmental problems. Если бы деревья могли говорить, они бы многое рассказали нам о прошлом. Если бы мы перестали вырубать леса, у нас было бы меньше экологических проблем. b) If you were the President, what would you do? Если бы вы были президентом, что бы вы сделали? Remember: In Conditional II the verb to be has the form were in the if-clause: If I were you (на вашем бы месте), I would visit Ms Green. If I were the prime minister, I would launch an eco-friendly project. If Alex were here, he would try it. 1 2 60 if-clause — придаточное условное предложение principal clause — главное предложение UNIT 2 Section 2 23 Read the sentences. Translate them into Russian. 24 Complete the second conditional sentences. Use the verbs in brackets. 1. If people protected our rivers and lakes from the pollution, they would be full of fish. 2. If we planted more trees and plants, the air would be cleaner. 3. If people were responsible and careful, they wouldn’t drop litter in the streets and parks. 4. If we looked after the Earth, we would have fewer environmental problems. 5. If people had painted the houses in different colours, the town would have been nice and colourful. 6. If they had laid out a park in the centre of the town, the children would have had a place to walk and play. 7. If we hadn’t polluted our planet, many species of animals and plants would have been saved. 8. If countries had spent more money on research, scientists would have discovered solutions to some environmental problems. Example: If he … live anywhere in the world, he … in Australia. (can; live) — If he could live anywhere in the world, he would live in Australia. 1. If Alice … German, she … part in the research. (speak; take) 2. If I … you, I … her as soon as possible. (be; phone) 3. If he … more free time, he … a book about his amazing trip. (have; write) 4. What … you … if you … the prize? (do; win) 5. If they … five pets, they … more. (not have; travel) 6. I … his advice, if I … you. (not follow; be) 25 Listen to the poem and fill in the blanks. Read the poem out loud. If all the seas … one sea, What a great sea that would be! If all the trees were one tree, What a great tree that would …! If all the axes were one axe, What a great axe1 that … be! If all the men … one man, What a great man that … ! And if the great man … the great axe, And … down the great tree, And let it … into the great sea, What a splish-splash2 that … . 1 2 an axe — топор splish-splash — брызги, плеск 61 UNIT 2 Section 2 26 Match the parts of the sentences. Translate them into Russian. 1. If you had told me the truth, a) if you hadn’t confused the streets. 2. We’d have gone to the concert b) I’d have come in time. 3. We wouldn’t have got lost c) I’d have written a letter of apology at once. 4. If the weather had been warmer, d) if we had bought tickets. 5. If I hadn’t missed the train, e) I’d have changed my plans. 6. If John had phoned me in the morning f) we would have gone to the beach. 27 Work in pairs. Answer the questions. Put the verbs in brackets in the past simple. 1. What book would you write if you … (have) the chance? 2. What would you do if you … (be) invited to take part in space travel as a member of an international crew? What would you prefer to be responsible for? 3. What film would you make if you … (have) a chance? 4. What would you do if your friend … (give) you a snake or a crocodile as a birthday present? 5. What would you do for the environment if you … (be) the President of the country? 28 Complete the sentences. 1. If I could choose an ideal job, I’d … 2. If I had more free time, I’d … 3. If I could choose any country to travel around, I’d … 4. If I won the lottery, I’d … 5. If I could drive a car, I’d … 6. If I were an ecologist, I’d … 29 On the site of a radio station, Andrew Gramm, an ecologist, wrote 5 questions for his listeners. Answer the questions. Write your answers. 1. How do you get to school? — . . . 2. What means of public transport do you have in the place where you live? — . . . 3. Is bicycle a popular means of transport in the place where you live? Why? — . . . 4. Do you know any environmental problems caused by cars? Name at least one. — . . . 5. What could you do to reduce transport pollution in the place where you live? — . . . 62 SECTION 3 What’s Wrong with the Earth? 30 Listen and repeat the words and word combinations. Match them with their Russian equivalents. 1. acid [ ] rain 2. climate change 3. dangerous diseases 4. deforestation 5. genetic engineering 6. global warming 7. depletion of natural resources 8. depletion of the ozone layer [ 9. overpopulation 10. pollution 11. waste ] a) отходы b) опасные болезни c) перенаселение d) вырубка лесов e) генная инженерия f) загрязнение g) кислотные дожди h) истощение озонового слоя i) изменение климата j) глобальное потепление k) истощение полезных ископаемых 31 Look at the list of environmental problems (Ex. 30). Name the two most serious and crucial problems in your opinion. 63 UNIT 2 Section 3 32 Read the texts. In which text can you find the information about 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. a cause of illnesses? a danger to constructions? a cause of natural disasters? a controversial method? a shortage of resources? A. Climate change, or global warming, is the result of human activity. The problem is that the level of gases (carbon dioxide, methane, ozone etc) which absorb the Sun’s heat is rapidly rising. As a result, a kind of a gas blanket is created in the atmosphere. This gas blanket doesn’t allow heat to leave the Earth’s surface. The global temperature is rising. And the situation is becoming disastrous. Global warming is changing the weather worldwide. Great floods, extreme snow, disastrous hurricanes and terrible droughts are the results of global warming. B. The population of the planet is growing fast — at the rate of 150 people a minute. The scientists say that towards the end of the 21st century there will be around 10 billion people on the Earth — or twice as many people as today. Population growth is caused by a number of economic and medical factors. Nowadays overpopulation has become one of the most crucial environmental problems. More people need more water, fuel and food. Scientists doubt that the Earth can provide all these people with everything they need. C. Ozone is a gas that absorbs the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. It forms a layer in the atmosphere. Ozone saves us from the Sun’s rays that would be dangerous for our skin. In 1987, scientists discovered a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica. It was a serious disaster. Though 46 countries agreed to stop the use of CFCs (chemicals that destroy the ozone layer), the situation remains quite dangerous. As the ozone layer is damaged, more and more radiation from the Sun reaches the surface of the Earth. It causes skin and eye problems. The number of cases of skin cancer and eye cataracts has increased. D. Due to acid rain, some famous buildings and monuments of architectural and historical value in different parts of the world are in danger. The acid attacks and ruins sandstone, limestone and other materials the buildings and monuments are made of. The Parthenon in Greece, the Taj Mahal in India, and St Paul’s Cathedral in Great Britain have stood for centuries but they cannot survive acid rain. Of course, people are trying to stop the damage, but the progress is very slow. E. Genetic modification of food using biotechnology is called genetic engineering. Genetically engineered food, or genetically modified (GM) food, comes from plants or animals that have been given additional genes from other plants or animals. It is a relatively new technology that may bring many benefits to people, but there is an opinion that it can be harmful too. Some countries hide the fact that they grow GM food sources. However, people have a right to know if their food has been modified, so that they can avoid it if they want. 64 UNIT 2 Section 3 33 Match the words with their definitions. 1. global warming a) water which has mixed with pollution in the air and therefore causes corrosion and erosion when it falls from the sky 2. population b) all the people that live in a particular country, area or place 3. radiation c) it contains information in a special pattern received by each human being, animal or plant from the parents. It controls physical development, behaviour etc 4. acid rain d) a rise of the average temperature of the Earth’s climate and its related effects 5. a gene e) a level of gas which is different from the material above or below it, or a thin sheet of gas 6. a layer f) energy from heat or light, for example ultraviolet 34 Use the texts (Ex. 32) to answer the why-questions. 1. Why is global warming dangerous? 2. Why does population growth cause problems? 3. Why do scientists worry about the ozone layer? 4. Why is acid rain harmful to buildings? 5. Why are some people against GM food? 35 Work in pairs. a) Write down problems caused by global warming. Use: change the weather worldwide; is responsible for most floods, hurricanes, droughts; cause a rise in sea level; hot and dry areas — hotter and drier; wet and stormy — wetter and stormier; be difficult to grow food (rice, wheat, coffee etc); some animals — lose their homes and die out etc. Example: The polar ice in Antarctica and Arctic might melt and then the sea level would rise. b) Compare your list with your classmates’ lists. Which is the most crucial problem in your opinion? 36 Speak about global warming. Use the information from the text (Ex 32. A). Remember to talk about: the main causes of global warming; the results of global warming; what we can do to stop global warming (name at least one thing). 37 Listen to an ecology expert, Simon Levy, talking about deforestation. Mark the sentences as T (true) or F (false). Correct the false sentences. 1. According to Simon Levy, there are several key environmental problems nowadays. 2. Simon Levy says that the ecological situation in the countryside is better than in the town. 3. Simon Levy names several reasons why people cut down trees. 4. Simon Levy states that nowadays people cut down fewer trees than they used to. 5. Simon Levy says that the situation with forests is worst in Europe. 6. Simon Levy draws listeners’ attention to the situation with rainforests. WORD FOCUS 38 Read and remember. be / get used to something / doing something — привыкнуть к чему-либо, иметь привычку делать что-то She doesn’t mind the heat. She is used to the hot weather in the country. — Она спокойно относится к жаре. Она привыкла к жаркому климату страны. They live in a small town and are used to cycling everywhere. — Они живут в маленьком городке и имеют привычку / привыкли передвигаться везде на велосипеде. 65 UNIT 2 Section 3 39 Read the sentences and translate them into Russian. 1. He is used to going to bed late. 2. The children got used to wearing school uniform very quickly. 3. There is no use discussing it. He has already made his decision. 4. It took me a month to get used to the routine. 5. Do you mind if I use your dictionary? 6. I don’t think Alice will ever get used to this situation. 40 Read the situations (1—3) and complete the sentences (a—c). Example: Last month Edward went to a new school. It is a traditional English private school for boys. a) At first he wasn’t used to strict discipline / to wearing a uniform. b) Then, he got used to strict discipline / to wearing a uniform. c) Now he is used to strict discipline / to wearing a uniform. 1. Steve went to India last month. It was very hot and humid there. a) At first Steve wasn’t used to … . b) Then, he got used to … . c) Now he is used to … . 2. The Brumptons moved to a town. Now it takes Mr Brumpton an hour and a half to get to Liverpool to his office. a) At first Mr Brumpton wasn’t used to … . b) Then, he got used to … . c) Now he is used to … . 3. Linda decided to get fit. It was difficult for her to keep to a healthy diet and do sports every day. a) At first Linda wasn’t used to … . b) Then, she got used to … . c) Now she is used to … . 41 Work in pairs. Look at the pictures. They show different ways we can help the environment. Which of them do you think is the most effective / the least effective? Use: turn off lights when they are not in use; cycle / walk more; use public transport; plant trees and plants; take part in clean-up projects, use hot water only when we really need it, use separate bins for different types of waste etc. 66 UNIT 2 Section 3 42 Complete the questionnaire ‘We protect the environment’. 1. Name: 2. Age: 3. Where do you live? 4. What environmental problem does your region have? 5. What do you do to protect the environment? 6. How often do you do it? 7. How does this help protect the environment? 8. What else can you do to protect the environment? 43 Compare your answers to questions 4—8 with your classmates’. Make a list of possible measures to protect the environment. 44 a) Listen to the dialogue and choose the correct option. Jeff is talking about ... a) his plans for the coming holidays. b) how he spent his holidays. b) Listen to the dialogue again and answer the questions. Use only one word for each answer. 1. What is the name of the place that Jeff has visited recently? — ... . 2. What is Jeff’s favourite school subject? — ... . 3. What does Jeff want to be in the future? — ... . 45 Listen to these words. Read and compare them with the Russian words. project, idea, moment, device, gas, electronic, economical, system, smart phone, command, temperature, electricity, energy, start, situation 46 Read and remember the words and word combinations. WORD FOCUS device (устройство, прибор, девайс) — an electronic device, a household device eco-friendly (безвредный для окружающей среды) — an eco-friendly device, an eco-friendly project renewable (возобновляемый) — a renewable resource, renewable energy sources solution (решение) — new solution, technological / engineering solution consume (потреблять, расходовать) — to consume for heating / lightening, to consume fuel 47 Read the rest of Jeff and Monica’s conversation from Ex. 44. Complete the sentence with the most appropriate option (a—c). Jeff explains ... a) what a smart house is. b) how to build a smart house. c) how to produce clean energy. Monica: The project is called Smart House, you said. What is it about? Jeff: Remember that it wasn’t me who started talking about it. I can go on about it for hours. Monica: OK, let’s sit down then. Jeff: Right. Well … The idea of a smart house supposes that people living in it have all the possible comfort you can imagine. Also the house is safe, independent in terms of energy supply and eco-friendly. The last point is very important. As the house is 67 UNIT 2 Section 3 stuffed with household electronic devices, they should use as little electricity as possible. Monica: Yes. That’s clear. Jeff: The amount of the energy they consume for heating and cooling, lighting, cooking, vacuum cleaning and washing is electronically controlled. Monica: That’s done to minimize the amount of energy we use, isn’t it? The system switches on the devices we need and switches off the devices we don’t need at any moment. Jeff: Exactly. And another feature of a truly smart house is that it uses only ‘clean energy’. Monica: ‘Clean energy’? That’s the energy of the sun, wind, and water? Jeff: Right. To produce clean energy we use renewable resources and do not pollute the environment. You know that using gas and oil for domestic needs is old-fashioned. It’s a dead end. Only clean technologies should be used in the future. Monica: Do you think it’s possible? Jeff: I’m sure it is. And there are special engineering and technological solutions to do it. Monica: OK. Fine. And you also say a smart house should provide lots of comfort, don’t you? Jeff: Yes. A smart house supposes that all the devices communicate with each other. They are put in a network and they are all at your command. You can give a command with your voice, or your smart phone, or tablet, and the system decides by itself how to do the job in the most efficient and economical way. It switches on the devices needed for this and decides in what order they should be switched on. 68 Monica: Sorry, I can’t say I understand. Could you give a practical example? Jeff: Yes, sure. For example, you give the command “I want the perfect start to my day.” The system understands that it means the following: you want to have your bath filled with water of a certain temperature, you want your breakfast cooked and kept comfortably warm for eating, you want your favourite TV or radio channel to entertain you during your meal. You can also be informed about the weather forecast, the latest news, the traffic jams, whatever, according to your interests. Monica: Are you saying a single voice command is enough for all this? Jeff: Yes. Monica: Sounds fantastic! But what if…? Jeff: What if something goes wrong and the electricity goes out? An accident, a natural disaster, or they just run out of oil? Monica: Yes. Does this mean the whole system collapses and the house becomes useless? Jeff: To avoid this situation a smart house should have independent energy supplies — it should have devices that can produce and store energy. Monica: Look, Jeff, it’s very interesting and I would like to learn more about it, but … Jeff: But not now, right? Monica: Yes, the thing is … Jeff: It’s fine, Monica. I need to be off too. We’ll continue the conversation when we both have time. Monica: Fine. See you later, then. Jeff: See you! UNIT 2 Section 3 48 Read the dialogue once more and underline the words that you don’t understand. See ‘How to guess the meaning of a new word’ in the Learning Strategies. 49 Match the phrases from the text with the explanations of what they mean. 1. clean energy a) It means a road that has no way out at the end. It is often used to say that if we follow a certain way of development, we will not succeed but will find ourselves in a very difficult situation. 2. to consume electricity b) It means everything we need to do at home to make it a nice place for living. It includes warming, cooling, cleaning, using electricity devices like TVs and computers for education and entertainment. 3. to run out of something c) It means that we produce energy from resources that are replaced naturally. The most common example is getting energy from the sun, wind, water. There are also technologies that process litter and waste to produce energy. It may refer to renewable resources too. 4. dead end d) It means any sort of energy produced without polluting the environment and without damaging the planet. 5. domestic needs e) It means that we have used all the supply of something and we do not have any more of it. 6. to use renewable resources f) It means to use electricity. We often use this expression when we talk about electrical devices or machines that use electricity to do their jobs. 50 Find the words or word combinations in the dialogue a) which have a similar meanings to the following: intelligent, ecological, to reduce, an answer, to connect, one, a misfortune, to collect; b) which have the opposite meanings to the following: stupid, dangerous, dirty, to clean, in the past, expensive, to stay, to face. 51 Complete the table. Use the text in Ex. 47. Smart House 1. What is smart house used for? To provide its inhabitants lots of comfort. 2. What are the main features of smart house? It is safe, … 3. What is smart house full of? 4. What energy does smart house use? 5. How is smart house operated? 6. What does smart house have in case of energy collapse? 52 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions. 1. Would you like to live in a smart house? Why? / Why not? 2. What smart house features are the most important in your opinion? 3. What smart house function do you like most of all? 4. What would your command ‘I want the perfect start to my day’ mean? 5. Does your house / flat look like a smart house in any way? How? 69 SECTION 4 Keeping the Earth Clean 3 1 2 4 5 53 Look at the pictures and say what these bins are used for. Use: to protect the environment; to throw away different types of rubbish: bottles, cans1, metal, plastic, glass, waste paper; be recycled; to throw away rubbish without sorting. Example: People use the bins in picture 1 to throw away plastic rubbish. 54 Answer the following questions. 1. Are there bins like these in your yard / street / school? 2. How often is the area near your house cleaned? 3. Who in your family takes the rubbish out? 4. Does your family sort the rubbish before throwing it away? Why? / Why not? 5. Are there any recycling centres (plants) in the place where you live? 1 70 a can — банка (жестяная) 55 Read the words used to describe the pollution and protection of the environment. Translate the examples. to throw away (выбрасывать) — Where do you throw away your litter / rubbish / garbage? to be polluted (быть загрязнённым) — A huge area has been polluted with chemical waste. to bury (захоранивать) — Most countries bury the chemical / plastic / paper waste they produce. to pack / to package (упаковывать) — There is a lot of packaged food in the supermarket. If you have a choice, avoid buying packaged goods. to recycle (перерабатывать) — We can recycle most kinds of paper, glass, metal and plastic. to prohibit (запрещать) — Walking dogs is strictly prohibited in this area. to waste (бездумно тратить) — Try not to waste electricity or gas if you want to protect the planet. I think that playing computer games is a waste of time. UNIT 2 Section 4 56 Match the words with their definitions. Ex. 55 could be helpful for you. 1. to pollute 2. to pack 3. to bury 4. to recycle 5. to prohibit 6. to waste 7. to throw away a) to forbid, to make impossible b) to use something carelessly c) to make something dangerously dirty or unfit for use d) to hide, to cover something with earth e) to get rid of f) to make things that have already been used fit for use again g) to put things into boxes, cans, cases etc 57 Read the text and choose the best title. 1. How Much Does Rubbish Cost? 2. Why Throw Things Away? Why Not Recycle? 3. How Should We Get Rid of Rubbish? Every year, around the world, millions of tons of rubbish are buried. How much rubbish does a person create every year? According to the Environmental Protection Agency, the average American produces about 4.4 pounds1 (2 kg) of rubbish a day, or a total of 29 pounds (13 kg) per week and 1,600 pounds (726 kg) a year: food cans, drinks cans, plastic and glass bottles, packaging, waste paper etc. This only takes into consideration the average family member and does not count industrial waste. Britain produces 8.5 billion cans per year. Half are for drinks and half for food. England and Wales produce 500 tons of rubbish every year. This costs 600 million pounds to collect and bury. Statistics says that in one year, an average European family with two children throws away about 60 kilos of plastic and about 50 kilos of paper. To make that amount of paper, six trees need to be cut down. The number of cans thrown away in one year by an average person is amazing: it’s about 70 food cans, 1 more than 30 cans of pet food, and about 70 drinks cans and plastic bottles. It’s quite interesting what the rubbish you produce can say about your age, job, tastes, and hobbies. You would be surprised to know that Americans are not the number one producers of rubbish in the world. In Mexico, the average family produces 30 per cent more rubbish than in America. Russia is in the seventh place in this rating behind the USA, China, India and other countries. All reasonable people realize that something must be changed in our lifestyle to stop the pollution of the Earth. We don’t have to throw away all our waste paper, glass, metal and plastic. In fact it is possible to recycle most domestic rubbish, but only four per cent of recyclable material is actually recycled. The reason is that recycling is not cheap. However, in countries that recycle most of their waste, they save electrical energy, and their forests, and protect the environment from pollution. one pound = approximately 0.45 kilo (or 450 g) 71 UNIT 2 Section 4 58 Work in pairs. Look through the text and make a list of words that sound similar to Russian words. Listen and check if you were right. 62 a) Listen and read the conversation. Say: why recycling is necessary; what can be produced from recycled paper (plastic)? 59 Read some answers containing information from the text. Write questions to the answers. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ...? — Million of tons of rubbish. ...? — 726 kilos. ...? — The average person. ...? — Half for drinks and half for food. ...? — Six trees. ...? — In the seventh place. ...? — It’s not cheap. 60 Look through the text again. Say what the following figures refer to. 2 13 726 8.5 500 60 50 70 30 7 600 These signs mean that the thing is made from recycled materials or can be recycled. 61 Work in pairs. Discuss what you can do to throw away less rubbish. What action is the most effective in your opinion? Use: don’t drop rubbish, before buying anything, think if you really need it, avoid buying packaged things, don’t waste paper, write on both sides of the paper, buy recycled paper products, take as much rubbish (paper, cans, plastic) as you can to local recycling centres, clear up rubbish outside your home and school etc. 72 Angela: Hey Ben, come in. I am just finishing my coke and then we can go out, OK? Ben: Errrrr, why did you just put the can in a bin? It is recyclable, you know. Angela: I know but I really can’t be bothered with recycling. It’s just so boring. Ben: Why don’t you join me? I take my recycling away by bike, and it’s great. It is a good reason to get out of the house for some fresh air and also do something useful. Would you like to join me next time I go? Angela: Yes, sure. Why is recycling useful then? Ben: What? Are you joking? Don’t you know how many things are made out of recycled materials? UNIT 2 Section 4 Angela: Well, I saw some notebooks and cards made out of recycled paper, but that’s about it. Ben: You really haven’t got a clue? Well, let me show you something. You see this funky iPod cover? It is made out of recycled rubber. Angela: Wow! That is amazing! Ben: And do you remember my old pencil case? That was made out of an old car tyre1. And my ruler too — that was made out of recycled plastic. So, next time you are thinking of throwing something away, remember that you might be able to recycle it and it could be turned into a new thing. Angela: Cool! But what happens to it if I don’t recycle it? Ben: Wait, you don’t know?! Angela: No, I’m afraid I don’t know much about it. Ben: Well, your rubbish will be either burnt, releasing poisonous gases into the atmosphere, which pollute the air, or it will be put into a great big hole in the ground and left to rot2 for ever and ever. Angela: Wow! Well, I guess I knew that was happening but I didn’t know that it was that bad! Ben: So next time you do go recycling, think of how you are helping the world by doing so. Angela: Yes, you are right. Call me when you go recycling next, I’ll join you. b) Act out the conversation. 63 Answer the questions. 1. Who visits the recycling centre regularly? 2. Who is too lazy to do the recycling? 3. Who doesn’t sort the rubbish before throw it away? 4. Who buys things made of recycled materials? 5. Who knows very little about the fate of the rubbish which is thrown away? 1 2 6. Who tries to do his / her best to reduce pollution? 7. Who has changed his / her attitude towards rubbish? 64 Remember the meanings of the words. Make up your own sentences with them. to waste — to use something carelessly. waste — things that are not wanted any more. Synonyms: rubbish, litter, garbage, scrap. waste-paper bin (n) — a special bin for paper that has been used. Usually bins like this are used in offices, schools, colleges, universities etc. 65 Translate into Russian. 1. Our discussion was just a waste of time. We haven’t come to an agreement. 2. Don’t litter the place. Old people often meet and spend their time here. 3. What’s done with litter in your country? Is it recycled? 4. Nuclear waste remains dangerous for a very long time. 5. I empty my waste-paper bin once every couple of days. 66 Say what you think about recycling. Remember to say: why it is important to recycle rubbish; what can be recycled; give some examples of things made of recycled materials; what an ordinary person can do to save the environment from rubbish. Use: I think, I believe, however, first(ly), second(ly); throw something away, drop rubbish / litter; burn rubbish, dig in the ground, take a hundred years to rot; glass, paper, plastic can be recycled; buy unpackaged goods, buy recycled products, sort the rubbish into different bins, take paper to the local recycling centre, never drop rubbish / litter in the streets and in the countryside etc. a tyre [ ] — шина to rot [r t] — гнить 73 UNIT 2 Section 4 67 Listen to the conversation and complete the sentenses. 1. Kevin invited Jane ... 2. Kevin asked Jane ... a) to go for a walk in the park. a) to write an essay for him. b) to take part in an eco-friendly event. b) to phone Ann and Simon. c) to walk to school together next Saturday. c) to draw an exciting poster. GRAMMAR FOCUS: CONDITIONALS 68 Read and remember. Different types of conditionals can be used in the same sentence to show that the cause and the effect refer to different time periods: If we had protected the environment seriously, our planet would be out of danger now. — Если бы мы серьёзно охраняли окружающую среду, нашей планете сейчас не грозила бы опасность. If smokers had known about the effects cigarettes cause, most of them would stop smoking immediately. — Если бы курильщики знали о вредном воздействии, причиняемом сигаретами, большинство из них немедленно прекратили бы курить. If people avoided damaging the environment, a great number of animal species wouldn’t have died out in the past. — Если бы люди избегали разрушать природу, большое количество видов животных не вымерло бы в прошлом. 69 Translate the sentences with Conditionals into Russian. 1. If people threw away less rubbish, the Earth would be cleaner and nicer now. 2. If my sister had heard the conversation, she wouldn’t have come here. 3. If I were you, I would join a Green organization to save the planet. 4. If we didn’t pollute our rivers, seas and oceans, they would be full of fish. 5. If you had read these books, you would have known more about environmental problems. 6. If I were you, I would spend my summer holiday in the open air. 7. If we had stopped using cars so intensively, our air would be fresh and clean. 74 70 Complete the sentences. 1. If teenagers stopped playing computer games so much, … 2. If we avoided buying packaged food and other goods, … 3. If people didn’t drop litter in the streets and beaches, … 4. If people took bottles, cans and waste paper to special bins, … Mini-project: Why Throw Away? 71 Work in groups. Make a poster to encourage people living in your city / town / village to recycle the rubbish they usually throw away. Try to be convincing and original. Use any information which you need from this Unit. Present your poster to the class. SECTION 5 Let’s Save the Earth, Our Home 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 72 Look at the pictures of green sources of energy. Read the captions for them. Match the captions with the pictures. a) Every time you see a big dam1, it is creating hydropower for cities and towns. The water is not polluted by the process of creating electricity. b) Solar energy is light and heat from the Sun. The price of solar power, together with batteries for storage, is cheaper in many countries than electricity produced by coal, oil, natural gas. c) Hydropower has been used since ancient times to grind flour2. d) Fossil fuels3 burned in power stations make electric power for most of the world, using coal, oil and natural gas. e) Biomass is a renewable energy because it contains energy which comes from the Sun. This source of renewable energy will last forever because biomass includes plants, crops, trees, rubbish etc. a dam [d m] — дамба to grind flour [fla ] — молоть муку 3 fossil fuels — ископаемое / органическое топливо 1 2 f) Geothermal energy is energy that is produced from beneath the Earth. It is clean and eco-friendly. g) There’s energy locked in wind. These wind turbines, using giant propellers, can capture some of it and turn it into electricity. h) Wave energy is created from the waves that are produced in the oceans. Wave energy is renewable, eco-friendly and causes no harm to the atmosphere. 73 Listen to check if you were right. 74 Read and translate the words and word combinations. Use them in your own sentences. energy — source of energy, natural / solar / wave energy, biomass / geothermal energy electricity — to create electricity; fossil fuel electricity; power station, electrical power power — solar power; hydropower; electrical power technology — renewable technology; ecofriendly / green technology green — green technology / products / materials 75 UNIT 2 Section 5 75 Work in groups. Discuss the question and present your ideas. Use the information in Ex. 72. Which of the sources of energy do you think is the most eco-friendly? Why? source of energy which will never run out while the Sun shines in the sky. There are two types of solar technology — active solar and passive solar. Active solar technology involves using special panels with cells. The cells catch the sun’s rays and convert their energy into electricity. Passive solar technologies mean smart engineering solutions and materials. They allow a house to catch and store as much heat energy as needed. 77 Answer the questions. 76 Read the text and say which of your ideas are mentioned in it. ‘We do not get the Earth from our parents, we borrow it from our children,’ this is what the native Americans say. And we should agree with them. The Earth belongs to all generations. We can’t use all its resources and pass it on to our children empty and polluted. However, nobody would agree to stop using oil and gas, to close factories and plants, to give up heating our houses and travelling by air and to go back to primitive tools. We cannot stop technological progress and make it move backwards, can we? The only correct solution for us is to develop safe technologies and to use renewable energy sources. There are many ways to do this. Way No.1 The idea to use wind power is not a new one — people built windmills centuries ago. The windmills ground grains, pumped water, and did other jobs. The wind turbines we use today are just a highly upgraded old windmill. The wind turbine used today is placed on the top of a tall, narrow tower. The wind makes the turbine rotate and the energy of the wind is made into electricity. Like a sunflower turns to face the sun, the turbine turns to face the wind. It is equipped with a special device to detect the direction of the wind. Way No. 2 The sun generates a great amount of energy. Some of it reaches our planet and supports life here. Solar energy is actually the cleanest 76 1. Who does the Earth belong to? 2. What is the alternative to stopping technological progress? 3. How long have people used the energy of the wind? 4. What does the wind turbine do to use the wind? 5. What kinds of solar energy exist? 6. What do passive solar technologies mean? 78 Look at the pictures. Read the following statements and say whether you agree with them or not. Explain your opinion. People’s technological and industrial activity damages the planet. People produce many more goods today than they did in the past. Most people don’t even understand how much energy they waste in their everyday life. People prefer buying packaged goods even though packaging is really harmful to the environment. A lot of rubbish can be recycled and used in everyday life. In cities and towns, rubbish looks horrible and in the country it can be dangerous for animals. UNIT 2 Section 5 79 Read the text and give the most appropriate title to it. Do you remember that you are just one of more than 7,000 million people who live on our Earth. Can your actions really make a difference to its future? The answer is “yes”! There are lots of people around you who want to save the world, but they don’t realize how to do it. If you try to live in a way that will protect the world, you won’t be alone. Your close friends and your family will follow you. Then they will share these ideas with their friends and families. The number of people trying to care for the environment will grow. Here are some ways in which you, your friends and your family can begin trying to save the Earth right now. 1. Keep yourself informed about environmental problems. 2. Try not to waste energy in your everyday life. 80 Read the sentences which belong in Ex. 79. Then read the text again and mark the places where these sentences fit best. a) Listen to music through earphones. Other people may not want to hear it. They might like other music. b) After disasters, some people can’t afford to buy new books, clothes and toys. They will be pleased to use yours. c) It’s strange to stand with the fridge open while you decide what to eat — make your mind up before you open the door. The fridge warms up when the door is open and it takes extra energy to cool it again. d) There are new technologies to recycle various kinds of rubbish. 3. Stop and think before you throw anything away. It might be useful for someone else. 4. Take as much rubbish as you can to local recycling centres. 5. If you have a choice, avoid buying packaged goods. 6. Don’t waste paper. When you are writing, use both sides of the paper. 7. While shopping, ask yourself if you really need the thing you are going to buy. This will help you to avoid buying things you don’t need. 8. Walk or cycle whenever possible. 9. Never drop litter yourself and help to clean up your local environment. e) Using a car, people pollute the environment with chemical waste. f) Nice packaging doesn’t make the food better. 81 Listen to the text from Ex. 79 to check if you have added the sentences correctly. 82 Work in pairs. Write a dialogue between the characters in one of the following pictures. Act it out with your partner. 10. Take care of trees and other plants. Grow and plant them in your garden or street. 11. Try to reduce noise pollution. These are only some of the possible steps towards saving the Earth. Certainly, it won’t be easy to follow them. But if you manage to, you will contribute to making the Earth cleaner and saving it for yourself and for future generations. 77 UNIT 2 Section 5 83 Listen to the beginning of an interview on Radio 1. Guess what Emma and her schoolmate did to improve the environment. Presenter: Emma: Presenter: rest of the journey. It really does reduce the pollution and improves the environment around the school and the neighbourhood. And how are you planning to go to school next week? For the first couple of days I will go to school by scooter, and for the rest of the week I will share a lift in a car with my best friend Anna. Thank you very much, Emma, for being with us this morning. And enjoy walking to school next week. 85 Discuss with your classmates the following questions. 84 Read the rest of the interview and check your guesses. Emma: Presenter: Emma: Presenter: Emma: Presenter: Emma: 78 Well, in our DT (Design and Technology) lessons we made some wooden birdhouses and put them up on the trees around our school. That’s interesting. I am sure it makes you feel much better knowing that you have done something to help the environment. Our town has lots of cars and the air pollution is very high. Is there anything your school can do to reduce it? Well, actually next week we have ‘Walk to school week’ which happens in all local schools every year. Oh, can you tell us a bit more about it? Basically, students are asked to walk to school for one week. You could also do a car share or cycle to school. So what is a car share? Well, it is when one person can pick up a friend and drive to school, so really you are using one car instead of two. And usually we are asked to stop the car away from the school and then walk the Use: to reduce pollution, to improve the environment, to make wooden birdhouses, to share a lift with somebody, ‘Walk to school week’, to go to school by scooter / bike. 1. What ways of saving the environment are used in some British schools? 2. What do students usually do in DT lessons in Russian schools to help the environment? 3. Are the ways of getting to school mentioned in the interview popular in your school / area? 86 Choose оne of the ways to help the environment mentioned in Ex. 79. Write a short paragraph to explain how you are going to do it. Use the following plan. State the most suitable way for you to help the environment. Write what you are going to do. Explain what you are going to do to convince others to join you. 87 Work in pairs. Prepare an announcement for your school radio station inviting your schoolmates to take part in a ‘clean-up day’ outside the school. Try to be original and convincing. Use whatever information you need from the texts you’ve read in this section. Read the announcement to your classmates. HOMEWORK 1 Copy the sentences. Fill in the if needed. The official name of the country is … United Kingdom of … Great Britain and … Northern Ireland. The country is situated in … British Isles. The two main islands are … Great Britain (which includes … England, … Wales and … Scotland) and … Ireland. … United Kingdom is situated not far from … Europe. … UK is surrounded by … Atlantic Ocean in the west and by … North Sea in the east. The highest mountains are in … Scotland and … Wales — … Ben Nevis (1,343 metres) and … Snowdon (1,085 metres). The longest rivers are … Severn (354 kilometres) and … River Thames (346 kilometres). … UK is one of the world’s smallest countries (it is half the size of … France or … Spain). The largest cities of Great Britain are … London, … Birmingham and … Glasgow. 2 Look back at Ex. 7 on p. 55 . Write down the kinds of environment, which are in your area. Physical environment: … Biological environment: … Man-made environment: … 3 Translate into English. Тысячи лет Земля кормила и заботилась о нас. Сейчас человек уничтожает свою планету. Люди вырубают леса и уничтожают животных. Наши реки, земля и воздух отравлены химическими отходами. Загрязнение окружающей среды становится опасным для людей и природы. Предсказания учёных настораживают: это экологическая катастрофа. Кроме того, люди травят себя некачественной едой, сигаретами и алкоголем. Все эти проблемы можно решить только вместе. 4 Complete the sentences using Conditionals II and III. Example: If we … (throw) away less rubbish, our planet would be nicer. — If we threw away less rubbish, our planet would be nicer. 1. If I … (be) you, I would join the Green movement. 2. If we didn’t pollute our seas, they … (be) full of fish. 3. If he … (be) a scientist, he would have continued the research. 4. If you had read all these articles, you … (know) more about this environmental problem. 5. If we protected the environment seriously, our planet … (be) out of danger. 6. If people … (avoid) cutting down the forests, many species of animals wouldn’t have disappeared. 5 Write a sentence with if for each situation. Use Conditional II. Example: I was not in a hurry, so I didn’t drive to the University. — If I had been in a hurry, I would have driven to the University. 1. The scientist was against the experiments that involve cruelty to animals, so he left the country. 2. The plants threw chemical waste into the river, so there was thick white foam (пена) on the water. 3. These endangered animals were saved because scientists opened several wild animal parks in the country. 4. The hole in the ozone layer appeared over Antarctica because countries produced so much CFCs. 5. Many species of animals and birds disappeared because people cut down a large area of the rainforests. 6 Write a short essay about global warming. Use the guidelines and the texts you have read (Ex. 32 on p. 64). The main causes of global warming. The results of global warming. What we can do to stop global warming. 7 Write what you are used to / aren’t used to doing at school / at home. Example: I’m used to walking to school in the morning. I am not used to the new school bells. 79 UNIT 2 Homework 8 Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space. 10 Complete the sentences. Use Conditionals II and III. Example: POLLUTE 1. If people thought about their planet and our future, … 2. If people took as much rubbish as they could to local recycling centres, … 3. If people avoided buying packaged goods, … 4. If people didn’t drop litter in the streets, … 5. If people stopped wasting energy, … 6. If people cleared up litter outside their houses, … Local authorities are responsible for the collection and disposal of waste, keeping the streets clear of litter, and reduction of air and noise pollution. 1. ENVIRONMENT It is a serious … problem for those who live in a megalopolis, isn’t it? 2. PROTECT Fortunately, there is some good news. Extra … was provided to stop the harmful action of acid rain. 3. INFORM Where do you usually get … about ‘cleanup’ days in your town. 4. ECOLOGY The terrible flood has caused an … disaster in the region. 5. NATIONAL The 5th … Conference on recycling problems was held in Novosibirsk. 6. CHEMISTRY No one wants … waste near them, but it has to go somewhere. It’s a huge problem for every country. 9 Copy the text. Fill in the blanks using the words from the box. pollute, rubbish, pollution, protect, recycling, prohibited, environment, in danger Lately, people have made the sea a very dirty place. A lot of … is thrown into the sea. Oil from big ships, chemicals and waste … the sea. Sea animals, fish and birds are … . If we are not more careful, … will kill many of the fish and plants in the sea. Luckily many people realize now that we must look after the sea and … it. They say polluting the sea should be strictly … . People who care about the … spend their free time clearing up litter from beaches. People collect packaging, bottles and cans and put them into different bins for further … . 80 11 Translate into English. 1. Мы бы жили на чистой планете, если бы люди не выбрасывали столько мусора последние 20—30 лет. 2. Если бы каждый убирал свою улицу, посёлок, город, то жизнь стала бы приятнее и удобнее. 3. Если бы люди не начали интенсивно вырубать леса 30 лет назад, воздух на планете был бы чище. 4. Если бы животные могли говорить, то они бы рассказали много интересного о себе и о людях. 12 Mr Brown is a well-known journalist. He writes about different environmental problems. Write down 5 questions you would like to ask him about the ecological situation and the problems that face us today. 13 Complete the sentences. Use Conditional II. 1. If we took cans, bottles, paper to the local recycling centre, … 2. If we only bought the things we need, … 3. If we tried to walk or cycle instead of driving cars, … 4. If we avoided buying packaged goods, … 5. If we didn’t waste paper, … 6. If we followed half of the points listed in Ex. 79, ... 14 If we want our planet to be green and healthy, there are certain things we should and mustn’t do. Complete the table. We should help to clear up our local environment, … We mustn’t waste energy, … UNIT 2 Progress check KEY VOCABULARY Verbs: avoid busy consume pack package pollute prohibit protect recycle throw (away / into) waste Nouns: bin can danger device electricity energy environment human being litter packaging pollution power prohibition protection recycling resource rubbish solution technology warning waste Adjectives: eco-friendly environmental least protective recyclable renewable technological Expressions and phrases: acid rain air pollution avoid doing something be in / out of danger be polluted (with) be / get used to something be / get used to doing something break human rights chemical waste clear litter away consume for heating / lightening drop litter / rubbish electronic device global warming It’s a waste of time. keep silent recycling centre sea pollution source of energy throw away waste paper PROGRESS CHECK 1 Listen to the conversation and mark the statements as T (true) or F (false). 1. Nora often visits the Museum of Natural History with her friend. 2. The exhibition Nora is going to see today is about dinosaurs. 2 Listen and match the speakers (A—E) with the topics (1—6). There is one topic you do not need to use. The speaker is talking about: 1. a new invention; 2. a birthday present; 3. a recent excursion; 4. a coming party; 5. a new hobby; 6. the scale of pollution. Speaker A B C D E Points /7 Topic PROGRESS CHECK 3 Read the conversation and complete the advertisement with the words from the text. Use only one word for each gap. Neil: And why did you put the bottle cap into your bag? Why not in the rubbish bin, together with your empty bottle? Sandra: It’s because I need it. Neil: You make me feel worried. What do you need it for? Do you collect plastic bottle caps? Sandra: Yes, I do. And I have a very good reason for it. Neil: I’m curious. Sandra: There’s nothing to be curious about. Our recycling centre came up with the initiative. They want to motivate people to protect the environment and to supply them with material that can be easily and cheaply recycled. In return, they promise to give us free wheelchairs. 81 UNIT 2 Progress check Neil: Do you need a wheelchair? Sandra: I personally don’t need it so far. But there are people in our neighbourhood who do. The wheelchairs are really good. They look good and they are equipped with modern electronic devices that help people move quickly and safely. Neil: I see. You want to give a wheelchair to someone who needs it, don’t you? Sandra: Yes. There are some disabled people in our neighbourhood who really need them. Neil: It’s kind and really good of you. How many caps are necessary for one wheelchair? Sandra: Three kilos of them. Neil: That’s a lot. The caps are very light. You’ll be collecting them for ages. Sandra: Yes, I know. Neil: That’s an idea! Sandra: Yes? Neil: Let’s post an advertisement about this project in our school. We can collect the required amount much quicker together. Sandra: Good idea! Thanks. Neil: And why are the recyclers so interested in the caps, not in the whole bottles? Sandra: I don’t know exactly. But they said something like the plastic the caps are produced from is more valuable than the plastic in the bottles. And it would save them lots of time and energy if they had more of it. Neil: Yes, I’ve got it. And I’ll be asking everyone around not to throw away the caps but give them to me! Attention to EVERYONE! We are launching a new project 'Protect the __________________ and help people'. We need to ________________ as many plastic bottle caps as possible. For every 3 kg of these caps, the _________________ centre will give us one wheelchair. The wheelchairs are nicely designed and are __________________ with electronic devices. We can present the wheelchairs we get to any _________________ or elderly people in our neighbourhood. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Note: The plastic bottle caps are made from a special kind of ________________. Lots of new valuable goods can be ________________ from them. Please do not __________ the caps away! Bring them to room 4, ground floor. (6) (7) (8) Sandra Miller, project manager 4 You are going to attend a presentation of a ‘Smart House’ prototype. To make the presentation more informative, the engineers have asked the audience to send them their questions beforehand. What would you like to know about smart house technologies? Write 5 questions. Please type your questions in the spaces provided. The authors of the most interesting questions will be awarded special souvenirs and Technological Exhibition tickets. 1. 2. 82 Points /8 Points /5 3. 4. 5. 5 Give a talk about an ecological problem. Say: what ecological problem worries you the most; what has to be done to improve the situation; what the aim of the Green Movement is and whether you would like to join this movement or not. Explain why. UNIT 2 Progress check 6 Work in pairs. Complete the telephone conversation and act it out. Telephone rings Answer tips You: Hello! Sarah: Hello, I'm Sarah Brown, an assistant at Smart Ideas Club. We are trying to improve our club’s performance, and make our activities more interesting for young people and more practical. Could you answer a few questions to help us? Give a positive answer. You: Sarah: Fine. Thanks. The first question is how you feel about the idea of sorting out domestic waste? You: Well... What exactly do you mean? Sarah: Do you think it’s important to use separate containers for different kinds of waste? Give either a positive or negative answer and explain your reasons. You: Sarah: Do you or anyone in your family sort out waste? Give any answer you like. You: Sarah: What electronic devices do you use in your home? Give any answer you like. You: Sarah: What can people do to save water and electricity in their houses? Give any answer you like. You: Sarah: What do you know about clean sources of energy? Explain what clean energy is, mention the advantages of clean energy, explain about ways to produce clean energy You: Sarah: Thank you very much for your time. You’ve really helped us. You are always welcome at our club. You: Thank you. You’ll probably see me there. Mark your score For tasks 1—4 you can get 20 points. 20—18 points — Well done! 17—14 points — Good! 13—11 points — You can do better! 10 points or less — Revise and try again! Tasks 5 and 6 should be evaluated by your teacher. 83 3 MASS MEDIA: PROS AND CONS SECTION 1 Let’s Speak about Media 1 Listen to the definitions and match them with the following means of communication. Fill in the table with the appropriate letters. a) Radio b) Television (satellite or cable) c) The Internet d) Newspaper (daily, weekly) e) Tabloid f) Magazine 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 Listen and check if you were right. 3 Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner which of the above mass media is the most popular. Use the following points to compare them. Who uses it. Whether it is easy to use or not. Whether the information is reliable. Whether it is cheap / expensive. 84 UNIT 3 Section 1 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 4 Listen, repeat and read. programme show radio though local sociable telephone host source broadcast always report before forecast call also tabloid enjoy annoy the Bolshoi (Theatre) newspaper station daily amazing radio favourite educate mass (media) international channel advert fantastic add character attitude 5 Read and say what role media plays in people’s lives. Imagine a situation: you want to listen to your favourite music, ... (1), or hear the latest news. What will you do? You’ll turn on your television, radio or computer. They are the sources that most people use to get their news and information. They ... (2). Apart from radio and television, media also includes the Internet, films, and printed publications (books, magazines, newspapers, tabloids). Everyone can always find something interesting. Mass media informs, educates and entertains people. It is known that mass media plays a crucial role in forming public opinion. The way the information is provided forms people’s opinion or makes them change their views and their attitude to current events. Some TV and radio stations and newspapers belong to big corporations and are widely used for ... (3). Of course, most people are not happy with the great amount of advertising on mass media but they can do nothing about it. Mass media also plays a crucial role in educating people; there are many educational radio programmes and television channels that you can learn from, like the National Geographic Channel and the Discovery Channel. In Russia lots of people enjoy ... (4). The Internet also contributes to education and learning. With the information on the Internet, one could learn anything from cooking biscuits to ... (5). As for entertainment, there is a wide choice of opportunities too. One can watch musical and dance shows, enjoy broadcasts of classical operas or watch the latest hit film on line. By definition, mass media is a two-way process. You can not only receive information but you can also share your ideas via mass media. 85 UNIT 3 Section 1 6 Here are five phrases that belong in the text in Ex. 5. Read the text again and find the places where these phrases fit in best. a) … building a smart house. b) … advertising their goods. c) … watching the Kultura Channel. d) … watch your favourite film or show. e) …. are called mass media. 7 Talk about the positive and negative sides of mass media. Give your reasons. Use the following words and word combinations. Add your own ones. Example: My family members love to watch programmes about travelling to different countries. It’s a good chance to see different places without going there. + get / receive information, study cooking, relax, listen (read) about famous people, current events, study foreign languages, watch shows and competitions, try one’s luck, win prizes and awards, travel round the world for free, study from home, keep fit, find new friends, learn new skills – damage your eyes, it’s a waste of time, have no time to communicate with relatives and friends, get lazy, have a passive life style, put on weight, have no time for sports activities, lack of fresh air, watch films for adults, too many adverts, change your views, get anxious, sleep badly after horror films WORD FOCUS: ABBREVIATIONS 8 Read and remember the information. Some English words are often used in an abbreviated or shortened form: exam (examination) photo (photograph) bye (goodbye) TV (television) Some abbreviations are read as individual letters: BBC (the British Broadcasting Corporation) CNN (Cable News Network) MTV (Music Television) (the United Kingdom) the UK There are some abbreviations that are read as words: UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) (North Atlantic Treaty NATO Organization) Some abbreviations only have a written form: Mr Ms Mrs Dr Miss St There are also abbreviations that are read in a special way or just as letters: etc e.g. — and so on — for example 9 Match the words with their shortened forms. Make up your own sentences with them. 1. telephone 2. newspaper 3. television 4. advertisement (2 words) 5. refrigerator 6. laboratory 7. Mister 8. aeroplane a) plane b) telly c) advert d) Mr e) phone f) paper g) lab h) fridge i) ad 10 Work in groups. Make a list of similar abbreviations in Russian. Compare it with the lists made by other groups. 86 UNIT 3 Section 1 11 Do some research. Find out what information and educational channels there are in Russia. Make a list of the channels. Write a brief information about the channel you like to watch. Use the following as a plan. The name of the channel. The kind of information it provides. The target audience. Why you like this channel. WORD FOCUS 14 Read and remember. Some words in British English (BrE) and American English (AmE) have the same meaning and the same pronunciation, but different spelling. Compare the words. BrE AmE favourite favorite programme program cheque check colour color dialogue dialog catalogue catalog traveller traveler 12 Listen to the dialogues and say: who in the family prefers learning news from the newspaper, and who from TV; whether the sister and brother are going to watch the film together. 13 Read the dialogues to check if you were right. Act them out. Dialogue 1 Wendy: Darling, here is your breakfast. If you don’t put aside your newspaper, you’ll have to eat it cold. Roy: But I haven’t read the news yet. Wendy: Let’s switch on the TV and we can find out everything we need from there. I never waste time reading newspapers but I always know what’s going on. With the TV you can watch the news and eat your breakfast. Roy: No, the newspaper is the way I get the news. And I don’t want to change. Dialogue 2 Kevin: Is there anything good on TV? Lisa: Yes, I’m going to see a new film. I’m not sure about its name but it won an Oscar this year. Kevin: It must be something good then. But I can’t miss going to the gym tonight. Tell me if the film’s really good. I’ll watch it online later. Lisa: OK. 15 Work in pairs. Ask your partner the following questions. Take turns. 1. How often do you listen to the radio? 2. Which radio station is your favourite? 3. Are there any radio channels for teenagers in the Russian Federation / in your local area? 4. What kind of programmes do you listen to (sports, educational, news, pop / classical music, radio talk shows, others)? 5. Have you ever heard a radio talk show? What was it about? 6. Did you call in to ask a question or to give your opinion? Why? / Why not? 7. What question would you ask a radio talk show host speaking about the media? 16 Prepare brief information as the host of a new radio talk show about travelling. Use the following phrases. Hello, everybody! Today I’m presenting a new … You may … (change your opinion about some countries / learn a lot of new information about / take part in quiz about ...) One can hardly believe that ... (people are not curious ...) It’s worth mentioning that ... (most of the world / lots of people around you ...) While doing something ... (visiting the country …) 87 SECTION 2 Are You Keen on Television? 17 Listen to the dialogue and complete it. Read and act it out with your partner. Paul: Alice, what have you got there? Alice: It’s a quiz … I like to test myself sometimes. Paul: What is it like? Alice: It’s fairly good. Look, here’s the quiz. Would you like to do it ...? Paul: Why not? Let’s try. 18 Work in pairs. Make your own short dictionary of television programmes: suggest the definitions. Example: A weather forecast is a programme which informs of the weather expected in the near future / on the coming weekend etc. A weather forecast is … . A documentary is … . An educational programme is … . A game show is … . A music programme is … . News is … . Sport is … . A soap is … . A talk show is ... . 19 Make your own questionnaire either about TV programmes or other mass media. Answer the questions in your partner’s questionnaire. Example: Do you like watching talk shows? — Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. / I don’t mind. 88 Alice: First question for you. Do you like watching TV? The options: Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. /... Paul: Yes, I do. Alice: Second question: Do you like … ? Paul: No, I don’t like them. Alice: Third question: Do you like shopping? Paul: I don’t know. Alice: It’s — “Yes”, “No” or “I don’t mind.” Paul: OK, I don’t mind shopping. Alice: Fourth question: Do you like playing ... games? Paul: No. Generally, I don’t like playing most games. Only some of them. Alice: Do you like reading ...? Paul: Well, I don’t mind reading them but I prefer books. Look, this isn’t a quiz! These are just silly questions! Alice: That’s right! It isn’t a quiz. It’s a test to find out more about your personality. Now, I think I know you ...! UNIT 3 Section 2 PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 20 Listen, repeat and read. quiz queen quit quickly question quite quiet review computer news musical opportunity pure attitude broadcasting always reporter talk forecast prove through approve Moon cartoon GRAMMAR FOCUS 21 Make up sentences. I / you / he / she / we / they My best friend The TV talk show host The famous journalist The teacher of science always enjoy / enjoys have / has never dreamed of don’t / doesn’t mind asked me to stop has no chance of quitted (прекращать делать что-л.) going round the world. writing articles. speaking loudly in the lesson. reading detective stories. taking part in a talk show. watching talk shows. asking lots of questions. 22 Make a list of television programmes you like watching. Then say why you like watching them. Use: ... because I feel smart when I watch it, … because it helps me relax, ... because I can get useful information, ... because it’s very interesting, … because it can teach me new skills, ... as it is very exciting to watch, … because sometimes you can see curious things there. Example: I like watching the TV programme Voice for children as it is very exciting to see how the participants compete. 89 UNIT 3 Section 2 23 Read the text. Choose the best title for it. 1. 2. 3. 4. Teenagers’ Tastes in TV Why Do Teenagers Watch Television? The Best Media What’s on TV? Most teenagers watch television nowadays but they are not regular watchers. For information, educational and entertainment purposes they use a mixture of media. According to a survey, teenagers often watch a particular show or educational programme at a certain time for a number of weeks. But as soon as the show is over, they may stop watching television for a long time. The majority of teenage boys watch more TV when it is the football season. It’s normal to watch two games and related shows for about 5 hours a week. Some teenagers watch programmes that are regular (such as soap operas) at least five times a week for half an hour or so. Still, the number of soap opera watchers is getting smaller. The reason is that it is hard to find the time for them every day. Besides, teenagers get bored pretty quickly and the numerous adverts also irritate them. As you may know, while watching TV for an hour you are made to spend about 20 minutes of your time on adverts. Teenagers do not want to watch these, so they switch to another channel or do something else whilst the adverts are on. Sometimes teenagers view television just to be with their family. When someone in the family asks ‘What’s on TV?’, it really means ‘What shall we watch together?’ Finding out why teenagers watch television and what types of programmes they prefer is the object of much research. Psychologists, teachers, and parents want to know what they watch, when and where! 24 Find in the text words and word combinations which have a similar meaning to the following: a review, an investigation various kinds of is finished most of it’s usual it is difficult to … moreover to annoy the aim of 90 25 Read the text in Ex. 23 once more. Find the sentences proving the following statements. 1. Teenagers can watch certain TV programmes for a rather long period of time. 2. Teenagers don’t watch TV all the time. 3. Some programmes are not watched by teenagers regularly because of lack of time. 4. Watching advertisements is annoying. 5. Television can bring teenagers and their parents together. UNIT 3 Section 2 26 Explain why television as mass media has become less popular with teenagers. Use the arguments given in the text in Ex. 23 and your own arguments. PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 27 a) Listen and read the transcription. b) Match the words or phrases that have the same pronunciation in the two boxes. GRAMMAR FOCUS 30 Read, translate and remember. A noun can be countable or uncountable. Countable nouns are used for things we can count: a book — two books Uncountable nouns are used for things that we cannot count: music, advice, air, snow, bread, TV, information, water, progress, news, damage, food, weather, work etc. — whether — weather Uncountable nouns have only one form (news, water, advice): who’s, it’s, meat, arrest, sea, address, their, no, peace, right, war, weather, two, check, hear, aloud, new, one No news is good news. What sort of music do you listen to? Example: here, to, won, know, wore, whether, whose, allowed, knew, its, a rest, piece, write, there, a dress, meet, cheque, see 28 Listen and say which of the two words you’ve heard in the sentences. 1. a) it’s 2. a) weather 3. a) it’s 4. a) address 5. a) write 6. a) hear b) its b) whether b) its b) a dress b) right b) here 29 Complete the dialogues with the phrases from the box. Act them out. ’s looking for, quit, any ideas, ’ve ever seen, won’t be a problem, going Articles a / an are not used with uncountable nouns: He doesn’t eat meat. He is a vegetarian. What’s on TV tonight? Some / any and much / little are used with uncountable nouns: Excuse me, where can I get some information about the event? She can’t join us at the weekend. She has too much work to do. 31 Write a short paragraph about the most interesting TV programme or TV show you’ve seen recently. Mention the following: the name of the programme / show; the host of the programme; the guests of the programme, if any; what the programme was about; your opinion of it. — Nancy, where are you … ? The film’s not over yet! — No, thank you! I … . I can’t watch it anymore. It’s the most boring film I ... . *** — Have you heard the news? Oliver has quit his job! Now he ... another one. Have you got ...? — Not really. I don’t know what he wants. He is a good journalist and photographer. It … for him to find a good job. 91 SECTION 3 Do the British Love Newspapers? 32 Look at the photos and guess where these newspapers are published: in Britain, in the USA, in Russia. The New York Times The Times The Guardian Moscow News The Daily Telegraph The Financial Times The Russia Beyond the Headlines The Washington Post The Daily Express The Daily News USA Today The Wall Street Journal The Sun The St Petersburg Times 33 Listen and check if your guesses were correct. WORD FOCUS 34 Read and remember. Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations. press (пресса) — quality or serious press, popular press / populars, independent press report (репортаж / сообщение / отчёт) — financial report, news report paper (newspaper) — national / local / regional paper, tabloid, quality / popular paper, daily / weekly paper disapprove (of) (не одобрять, осуждать) — disapprove of tabloids / aggressive policy / bad behaviour 92 UNIT 3 Section 3 35 Read through the information on newspapers in Britain and say what the difference is between: quality / serious newspapers and tabloids; national and local newspapers; daily and Sunday newspapers. All newspapers in Britain, daily or Sunday ones, can be divided into the quality press and the popular press. The quality newspapers are also known as ‘heavies’ because they contain a lot of information. These newspapers, such as The Times or The Daily Telegraph, publish home and international news, write about the current political situation, and give detailed information on sports and cultural events. They also include financial reports, travel news, and book and film reviews. The popular press, or the ‘populars’, are also known as tabloids. They are smaller in size, have a lot of big photographs and short texts. Tabloids concentrate on the private lives of well-known people, recent sensations and scandals. The language of a tabloid is much more colloquial than in quality newspapers. Though some people disapprove of tabloids, 36 Discuss the following questions with your classmates. 1. Do you know any quality Russian newspapers? What are they called? 2. Why do some people disapprove of tabloids? 3. Why do you think some newspapers are offered for free? Where can you usually find them? 37 Work in pairs. a) Complete the dialogue with the appropriate words. Kate: Shall we do one more circle around the park on our bikes and then come to mine for tea and cakes? Ann: Yes, that’s great. Let me just drop into the newsagents to get a magazine. Kate: A magazine? Do you ...? Ann: Yes, I do. In fact, I enjoy reading magazines. What’s ... with that? Kate: Nothing’s wrong with that, I just read everything online now. I find it very easy and ... . And what kind of magazines do you read? they are quite popular. Many people buy tabloids like The Sun which is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. There are a lot of different regional daily and weekly papers in Britain as well. They give information about films, concerts and other things that are happening in the local area. Regional papers also contain a lot of advertisements. Some local newspapers are free. Daily newspapers are published every day except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily ones. They often have 2 or 3 sections. All Sunday newspapers are national. Ann: I read comics and informative magazines. Have you seen the film ‘Star Wars’? Kate: Of course, I have. It is quite an old one, isn’t it? Ann: But there is a new ‘Star Wars’ magazine out and I want to buy it. It has the same characters but the storyline is ... . It’s supposed to be quite good. Kate: Oh, I didn’t know that. That sounds interesting. Can I read it ... you? And what about the informative magazines that you mentioned? Ann: Oh, the one I read is amazing ! It’s called ‘Deadly 60’. It is all about that man who goes around ... and discovers interesting facts about dangerous animals. This magazine is based on the series that used to be on the BBC every week. Kate: Cool! I remember that programme. I loved it. It’s a shame it’s not on anymore. I will definitely get that magazine with you. Come on. Let’s go. b) Listen and check. Act it out. 93 UNIT 3 Section 3 38 Work in pairs. Match the newspaper sections with their contents. 1. Headline news a) stories about people and places; houses and gardens; health tips 2. Education b) stories about celebrities; exhibitions, films and performances 3. Sports c) stories about sportsmen; reports about competitions 4. Lifestyle d) breaking news stories; important national and international news 5. Entertainment and Arts e) stories about events that happened in the past 6. History f) reviews and reports on examination results; stories about dream jobs 39 Read the two pieces from articles. Guess what sections they are taken from. Explain why. 40 Look back at the texts in Ex. 39. Find the words that can be understood without a dictionary. Example: career — карьера 1. Have you already made up your mind about your future career? Don’t leave your career planning till the last moment. The earlier you decide about your future, the better you can plan to make it happen! It’s good if your parents support you and your career plans. If you have any hesitations and questions, remember that there are special centres for teenagers to help them plan their future. Most of the centres have websites, so you can get help online. 41 a) Read the text about the Channel Tunnel again. The phrases a—c were taken out of the text. Find and complete the sentences they were taken from. a) which is the shortest way from France to Britain b) which were based on different technical solutions c) but it was not completed b) Listen to check if you were right. 2. At present, most Europeans are used to travelling through the Channel Tunnel. Building the Channel Tunnel under the sea was one of the biggest European engineering projects in history. The tunnel was first suggested by French Emperor Napoleon in 1802. Many engineers submitted their plans as early as in 19th century. The ambitious project was launched in the 1880s. The plans were ruined by the two world wars. For obvious reasons, Britain preferred to stay isolated from Europe. It was not until the 1960s that the idea of the Channel Tunnel came up again. The two countries finally met up in the tunnel in 1994. 94 42 Choose any of the sections in Ex. 38. Write a short paragraph for your chosen section. Use the texts in Ex. 39 as a model. Share your paragraphs with your classmates. UNIT 3 Section 3 43 Listen to the interview with a school psychologist, Miss Carey. Complete the sentences. The psychologist advises on how ... a) to overcome shyness. b) to avoid academic problems. c) to talk to parents. 44 Read the interview and say what the psychologist recommends teenagers should do. Interviewer: Miss Carey, we have another question — how to get rid of shyness? I know that lots of our teenage listeners experience this problem. I can remember that in my school years I suffered from being too shy. Sometimes I felt really miserable! Miss Carey: I should say at the age of 13—14 most teenagers have problems in communication with their families and classmates. Being shy is a really common problem at that age. Interviewer: Is it possible to overcome shyness somehow? Miss Carey: The good news is that you can almost always overcome your shyness. Or at least learn to deal with it. Interviewer: Sounds optimistic. How can you do it? Miss Carey: One of the best ways to cope with shyness is to ‘rehearse’ situations that make you really shy. Interviewer: But there are so many of those situations! Miss Carey: Let me just give you an example. If you hate talking to boys, you have to be brave: start by simply saying ‘Hi!’ to the boy you like most. Interviewer: OK. But how to deal with situations in lessons? Even good students may hate answering questions in class! Miss Carey: The main thing is not to be afraid to make mistakes. Just come up with your answer and try to explain why you think it is right. Don’t hesitate when the teacher asks you! This is my advice to all shy students. Interviewer: I hope it’ll help them! Miss Carey: Right! When you’ve practised it a few times, everyone will see the result. Good luck! Interviewer: Thank you. 45 Work in pairs. a) Make a list of the most common teenagers’ problems. Use: some teenagers hate / don’t like / are scared of / are afraid of doing something. Example: Some teenagers hate speaking in public. b) Give advice for some of the problems on the list. Example: If they hate speaking in public, they should rehearse their speech at home in front of a mirror. Mini-project: Creating a Newspaper 46 Work in groups. Make a content map of a poster for your class. Use the following steps. Define a topic for your poster: news, education, sports, lifestyles, entertainment, Arts, History, other. Write it down. Write brief texts (articles, interviews etc) for your poster. Find, draw or take pictures to illustrate your poster. Arrange your articles and pictures on a big sheet of paper. Present your paper to your classmates. Choose the best one. 95 SECTION 4 Why the Internet? 47 Work in groups. Look at the pictures. Discuss with your classmates the following questions. 1. For what purposes do people use the Internet? 2. With people of what ages is the Internet popular nowadays? 3. How can the Internet improve your life? 4. In what way can the Internet be harmful? 48 Talk about your experience of using the Internet. Say: whether you are a skilled Internet user; what you use the Internet for; how the Internet helps you in your studies. 96 WORD FOCUS 49 Read and remember. Make up your own sentences with the words and word combinations. the Internet — to browse / to use / to surf the Internet; a website / the Internet connection information — to find / to get / to search for / to collect / to arrange / to share information; important / detailed / useful / negative / verbal / visual / audio / information world — to change / to save / to improve the world; the real / virtual world UNIT 3 Section 4 50 Read the texts. Match the texts with the titles. You don’t need to use one of the titles. Complete the table. 1. A Bank of Information 2. Be Careful in the Virtual World 3. The Internet Connects People 4. The Multifunctional Internet 5. The Slaves of the Internet A. The Internet is a creation of the 20th century. All the existing means of communication were united together to create one — the Internet. Using the Internet you can send information like you would via a telegram, you can speak to people like you would on the phone and see images like you would on TV. You can shop, travel and talk to people living far away from you! It has become so easy to use the Internet that scientists believe that every day more and more people are becoming addicted to the computer. C. Have you ever thought of the dangers of using the Internet? Who will you meet in this virtual world? You can meet anyone there: smart and foolish, honest and dishonest people. When you meet somebody in the real world, you can look into their eyes, and see their body language — all these things help you to understand if this person is honest or not. Imagine that you decided to meet somebody in the virtual world. How could you be sure of their real age, appearance or interests? There are some criminals who use the Internet to involve young people in criminal activities. The virtual world can be as dangerous as the real one. B. What is the main purpose of the Internet? Evidently it is to extend the communication network. Using the Internet, lots of people can travel anywhere they like. These days we often have our friends and family living in different parts of the world. It’s important to keep in touch with them. Using the Internet, we can write and talk to people who live on other continents, thousands of miles away from us. It’s very important for elderly people who have a lot of free time but who cannot easily travel long distances. But it takes no time for them to reach their children living in other places via the Internet. D. One of the most important purposes of the Internet is to collect, arrange, keep and share information — verbal, audio and visual. This way the Internet creates a virtual world, where we can find anything that interests us. It gives us the opportunity to learn about the past and the future, and gain new knowledge and skills. It is much easier to do research if you have an Internet connection. You need to take a few steps. First you have to type in key words. Then you select the information needed and arrange it according to the format of your research. Add pictures and photos to illustrate your paper — they can be taken from the Internet as well. However, remember that the Internet offers only information, and it’s you who selects and develops it to express your ideas. A B C D 97 UNIT 3 Section 4 51 Complete the ideas using the information from the texts in Ex. 50. 1. With the help of the Internet, people can ... . 2. The Internet is popular with people of different ages because ... . 3. The virtual world can be dangerous because ... . 4. To write a report, you need to ... . 52 Read text C from Ex. 50 once more. These phrases were taken out of the text. Find and complete the sentences they were taken from. a) good and evil b) hear their voice c) and you need to be careful there too! 53 Look back at text D from Ex. 50. Write a question about the text for each of the answers below. 1. ...? — Collect, arrange, keep and share information. 2. ...? — Anything that interests us. 3. ...? — Type in the key words. 4. ...? — They can be taken from the Internet. 54 Work in pairs. Discuss and present your answers to the following questions. 1. In what places and circumstances could you find yourself without the Internet? 2. What means of communication can the Internet replace? 3. In our everyday life we depend on the Internet a lot. What are the drawbacks of this situation? 98 UNIT 3 Section 4 55 Listen to the conversation between the journalist and Mr Godfrey, the guest in the studio. Complete the sentence. The journalist and Mr Godfrey are talking about ... a) unknown facts about the invention of the Internet. b) the most important Internet projects. c) the life without the Internet. 56 Read the conversation between the journalist and Mr Godfrey. Do you agree with Mr Godfrey’s optimistic view? Give your arguments. Journalist: Hello, Mr Godfrey! I’m so glad to see you here at last. Mr Godfrey: Hello! Journalist: I want to start with the question people often ask: “What will happen if one day the Internet breaks down? Will the whole world collapse?” Mr Godfrey: I wouldn’t put it like that. Firstly, it’s a very unlikely situation that the Internet will break down. Lots of scientists and engineers do a lot to make it next to impossible. Journalist: But theoretically speaking it is still possible, isn’t it? Mr Godfrey: Everything is possible. But I don’t think it’ll be a catastrophe. The virtual world is already integrated into our life. Lots of processes are controlled by computers. Of course, there will be lots of problems in the spheres of transport and economy. However, people can cope with them. It is people who created the virtual world not vice versa. Journalist: Are you saying there are no dangers at all? Mr Godfrey: No, it’s not like that. But the main danger is panic. We need to remember that all technical problems, even global ones, can be overcome. Journalist: Sounds optimistic. Thank you. Now let’s get to the main topic of our today’s talk … 57 Write about what your life would be like without the Internet. Use the scheme below. Start and end your writing with one of the suggested options. If I didn’t use the Internet for three months, my life would change for the better. If I couldn’t use the Internet for three months, my life would be horrible. Give two or three arguments to explain your position. In conclusion, I’d like to say that modern life is impossible without the Internet. In conclusion, I’d like to say that real life is much more exciting than the world of the Internet. 58 Use the Internet to do some research. Think of a person (scientist, businessman, artist etc) who became famous thanks to the Internet. Prepare a short text about him / her. 99 SECTION 5 Providing News for People 59 Listen to the interview with Jim Moor, a photographer. Say whether the following statements are true or false. 1. Jim Moor’s exhibition is going to start in the City Centre. a) True b) False 2. Jim Moor takes photos of big cities. a) True b) False 3. Jim Moor thinks his job involves no risk at all. a) True b) False 60 Match the occupations with their descriptions. Listen and check if you were right. 1. a journalist a) a person who introduces and talks to the people taking part in a television or radio programme 2. a correspondent / a reporter b) a person who writes articles for a newspaper or a magazine, or reports the news for a radio or television programme 3. a writer c) a person who gives a description of an event or sports competition as it happens on television or radio 4. a poet d) a person who organizes the work and the money involved in making a film, play, TV programme etc 5. a talk radio show host e) a person who makes broadcasts about the events in the radio or television news, usually dealing with a particular area or subject 6. a commentator f) a person who writes novels, short stories or articles as their job. 7. a producer g) a person who writes poems 61 a) Look at the occupations in Ex. 60. Say which one, in your opinion, is: the most interesting; in demand nowadays; well paid. b) Would you like to choose any of them as a job? Why? 100 UNIT 3 Section 5 62 Complete the text with the phrases a—e. Say why the jobs of a journalist and a photographer may be dangerous. a) on political protests b) to climb high mountains c) to get the pictures d) in dangerous situations e) of their efforts Whenever and wherever something important happens, journalists and photographers report on the events and take pictures. These people often put themselves ... (1). Some may be seriously hurt or even killed because ... (2). Journalists go to areas where there are conflicts to report on the war. They also report ... (3). Sometimes their responsibilities put them in danger as they try to find out the facts behind a story. Photographers are courageous people too. Wherever they go, they are ready to put themselves in dangerous situations to take dramatic pictures. For instance, ... (4) of wild animals, photographers try to get as close as they can to the animals: sharks, snakes and crocodiles. They also may have ... (5) or dive deep into the sea. Why do they do it? 63 Work in pairs. a) Discuss and write down at least two reasons why journalists and photographers put themselves in dangerous situations. b) Share your reasons with the other students. Use: firstly, secondly, next, finally. 64 Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions. 1. What kind of people do journalists usually want to interview? 2. Why do journalists interview these people? 3. What famous person would you like to meet and interview? 101 UNIT 3 Section 5 65 Read the interview with Henry Palmer, a traveller. Try to answer the last question of the interview for Henry Palmer. Arches National Park, the USA The Valley of Geysers in the Kamchatka Region, Russia Interviewer: When did you start travelling? Henry Palmer: More than 30 years ago. I can call myself a veteran traveller. First I decided to visit all the 50 US states. It wasn’t easy for a beginner like me. It took me a year to go round the country. But I coped with my first travel ambition. Then I decided to visit another 193 countries, all the members of the United Nations. Interviewer: Ambitious plans! Henry Palmer: Yes, I decided I was going to travel everywhere. Interviewer: What do you mean by ‘everywhere’? Henry Palmer: To complete my travel list I visited not only the capitals of the countries but I went to almost every geographical or political part of them. For example, I have been to 27 regions of France and 20 regions of Italy. Russia is a great country. And, to get acquainted with it, I have visited 83 Russian regions. Interviewer: Have you got any rules which you always follow? Henry Palmer: Of course. Every traveller has his own ones. For example, I bring my own pillow everywhere. It’s a must. And I never leave home without a detailed plan of my trip. Interviewer: Are there still any places which you haven’t been to? Henry Palmer: Well, a few islands in the Pacific Ocean. Their names are unknown to most people and travellers. Interviewer: So, you have been almost ‘everywhere’. What’s next? What are your plans for the future? Henry Palmer: ... 66 Mark the sentences as T (true), F (false) or NS (not stated). 1. Henry Palmer’s first trip was round the USA. 2. Henry Palmer went on his first trip alone. 3. In every country Henry Palmer visited only its capital. 4. Henry Palmer visited Russia twice. 5. There is a thing that Henry Palmer always takes on all his trips. 6. Henry Palmer prefers travelling without any plan. 67 Write 5 questions which reporters may ask people during interviews. Share your list with your classmates. Choose the most interesting question. 102 68 Work in pairs. Imagine that your partner is a famous sportsman / doctor / traveller / film star etc. Ask him / her the questions you’ve written. UNIT 3 Section 5 69 Say which of the famous people you would like to meet. What would you talk about? Example: I would like to become a computer programmer. That’s why I would like to meet E. Kaspersky. I’d like to ask him some questions about the safety of the Internet. WORD FOCUS 70 Read and remember. wherever — где бы ни, куда бы ни whenever — когда бы ни whatever — чтобы ни whoever — кто бы ни whichever — какой бы however — как бы ни / тем не менее / однако 72 Have you ever heard about Artyom Borovik, a well-known Russian journalist? Read the text about him and say what he wrote about. 71 Complete the sentences. Use the words from Ex. 70. Example: You’ll get to the museum … bus you take. — Whatever bus you take, you’ll get to the museum anyway. All the buses go there. 1. … you visit us, we’ll be glad to see you. 2. You can take … you like. OK? 3. You can invite … you want to your birthday party. It’s your day and your party! 4. … they go, their knowledge of English helps them a lot. 5. … busy she is, she goes to the fitness centre twice a week. 6. You can’t always get up … you want, eat … you want, and go … you want. sian journalist to win a top American Overseas Press Award. Later he founded the Sovershenno Sekretno (Top Secret) publishing house. Artyom Borovik and his team produced a popular newspaper and TV programme, which investigated cases of corruption. Artyom Borovik died in a plane crash at Moscow airport. He was only 39 when it happened. 73 Write a question about the text for each of the answers below. 1. ...? — As a war correspondent. 2. ...? — To write his book. 3. ...? — Yes, he was the first. 4. ...? — The Sovershenno Sekretno publishing house. 5. ...? — He was 39. Artyom Borovik began his career as a war correspondent in Afghanistan, when Soviet forces were located there in the 1980s. Later he became a Special Correspondent in Moscow. He made reports for the most popular American TV news show ‘60 Minutes’. Artyom Borovik briefly joined the US Army on an exchange programme, doing research for his book. Artyom Borovik was a well-known international journalist and he became the first Rus- 74 Write a story about an ordinary person (your relative, your friend, anyone you know well) who deserves to have a special story told about them. Use: this is a story of / about …, he / she was born in …, at the age of … he/she became more and more interested in …, later … he / she met …, in … he / she started to work for …, most of his / her friends say that …, it is not surprising that …, finally … . 103 SECTION 6 The Amazing World of Books 75 Work in pairs. Do the questionnaire on books. 1. How often do you read books? Every day Once a week Once a month Rarely Never 2. What kind of books do you read? Detective stories Adventure books Historical books Science fiction Fantasy Poetry Classical novels 3. Where do you get the books to read? From home From the school library On the Internet From my friends 4. Who do you discuss the books with? With your parents / grandparents With your classmates With your friends With your teachers 76 Share your results with your classmates. Find out: who reads most in your class; which kinds of books are the most popular with your classmates; with whom your classmates prefer to discuss the books. 104 UNIT 3 Section 6 77 Here are Sarah’s and Robin’s opinions on reading books. Read and say which of them thinks that: books can stop you feeling lonely; school students have too much reading to do; reading is an exciting pastime; reading e-books is more pleasant than reading printed ones; books can teach you a lot; an electronic gadget can motivate you to read books. Sarah I have to say that lots of my classmates are not keen on reading books. They prefer going to discos, playing computer games or watching TV. I’m a shy person and I am not very sociable. I have few friends but I don’t feel lonely because of the books. They take me to a special world full of new friends and adventures. When I was a little girl and couldn’t read at all, I loved turning the pages over and over, looking at the pictures and wondering what the story was about and what would happen to the characters. I started reading when I was six. While reading I imagined myself travelling to different places, swimming in the oceans and climbing high mountains. I also loved books about space travel. I think that nearly everything I know came from books. My friends read a lot too and they are interesting to talk to. Robin There are a lot of books in my home library. My parents and grandparents collected them for many years. They love reading but I don’t. Naturally they tried to teach me to read when I was a small boy. But I was a normal child and I preferred playing with my friends to reading boring books. At school the situation has become even worse. We are given a lot of homework, so I have to read about history and literature, biology and geography. So much reading every day! Some time ago my father bought me an electronic reader. It has a function for listening to audiobooks. It’s hard to believe but it changed my attitude to literature. At first I listened to it on my way to school. Then I felt so involved with the plot and the characters that I tried to use every opportunity to listen to the story. I even started reading books! Some of them are not bad at all. I think that the e-reader is a great device. And it’s much more popular with teenagers than printed books. 78 Make up sentences. Make sure you use the -ing forms. Usually As a rule Quite often Sometimes From time to time Rarely Very seldom Almost never I / you / they / we teenagers school teachers multi-interest readers scientists journalists spend time prefer start love enjoy hate like reading … guessing … saving … looking at … watching … browsing the Internet ... searching (for) … keeping in touch … 105 UNIT 3 Section 6 WORD FOCUS 81 a) Fill in the prepositions if necessary. 79 Read and remember. confess — признаваться The criminal had confessed to his crime. wisdom — мудрость Winston Churchill was known as a man of great wisdom. Some people have four wisdom teeth. But usually a person has two. Old books let us know the wisdom of the ancients. reader — 1) читатель; 2) устройство для чтения электронных книг; 3) книга для чтения / хрестоматия As a present I got a reader — a smart device for reading e-books (electronic books). In our English reader you can find short stories and abstracts from the books of English writers. My sister is a great reader. She reads a lot about different topics. 80 Work in pairs. Agree or disagree with the statements. Give your arguments. Use Ex. 77. 1. Reading books makes people shy and unsociable. 2. Teenagers prefer reading e-books to printed books. 3. Books written many centuries ago can be interesting for modern readers. 4. Students are given too much reading at school. Why don’t you ask me what I think … reading books? I have to say that books have been my best friends … many years. I don’t have any sisters or brothers. I’m the only child … my family. My mother and father were always busy … their work. Naturally, I spent a lot … time playing … my toys. From time … time my friend Maria visited me. She used to bring me interesting books and we read them together. My parents gave me very good books too: fairy tales, classics, science fiction. Some … them were written ages ago but they are still interesting … people … my generation. I believe that books will never disappear. They will exist forever — either … paper or electronic form. b) Listen and check if you were right. 82 Match the types of the books and the definitions. Add your own definition to complete the table. 106 1. a guidebook a) a book that presents the words of a language in alphabetical order 2. a cookbook b) a book that tells you how to do something or use a device 3. a textbook c) a book that contains different recipes 4. a dictionary d) …………………………………….. 5. a manual e) a book giving information about everything 6. an encyclopedia f) a book that gives information about a city or town UNIT 3 Section 6 83 Complete the interview with John Griffiths, an ecologist, with the phrases a—d. Listen to check if you were right. Act out the dialogue. Correspondent: Hello, Mr Griffiths! John Griffiths: Hi, you may call me John. Correspondent: OK. John, it’s well known that you have been to lots of exotic places of the world. John Griffiths: (1) ... Correspondent: Do you take any books with you when you start each journey? John Griffiths: (2) ... Correspondent: If you found yourself on a desert island one day, what three books would you be happy to have with you? John Griffiths: (3) ... Correspondent: OK. I can understand your first and third choices. But what do you need the dictionary for? John Griffiths: (4) ... Correspondent: OK. Fine! Now a question from our listener … a) My first choice is Lofty Wiseman’s ‘SAS Survival Handbook’. It’s very useful for a person on a desert island. Then I think, ‘The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations’ and the Bible, in case I were on the island for a long time! b) ‘The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations’ is a book of wisdom. Every time I open it, I find something to make me wiser and stronger. It helps me survive in any situation. c) That’s right! I love travelling. d) Do you mean printed books? Sure, but only one or two. There are so many opportunities to find something to read on the way. 84 Say what would be your desert island choice. Don’t forget to name the author, the title of the book, the reason why you’ve chosen it. Use: I believe I would take …; my choice is …; if I had to spend some time on a desert island, I would …; I would be happy to have; useful, informative, encouraging, amazing, humorous, entertaining. Mini-project: Reading Books 85 Work in groups. Make a survey about your classmates’ reading habits. Write 5 questions for your questionnaire. Compare your questions with your classmates’. Choose the 5 best questions for the final draft of the questionnaire. Do the survey. Share the results of your survey with your classmates. 107 SECTION 7 He Said That … 86 Listen and say whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The professor had an excellent memory. 2. That evening he gave a lecture to the members of the scientists’ club. 3. On his way home the professor remembered that he had no key. 4. The professor’s wife recognized her husband in the dark and opened the door. 87 Listen to the story about the professor again. Complete the sentences. 1. The professor said to himself that his wife … at home. 2. She explained that the professor … a lecture at the scientists’ club. 3. Then he replied that he … another time. GRAMMAR FOCUS: DIRECT SPEECH AND REPORTED SPEECH 88 Read, compare and remember. Direct Speech Reported speech He says: “I play tennis three times a week.” He says (that) he plays tennis three times a week. He says: “I will play tennis tomorrow.” He says (that) he will play tennis tomorrow. He says: “I played tennis yesterday.” He says (that) he played tennis yesterday. 89 Read the conversation. Find and translate the sentences with reported speech. Act out the conversation. Ann: Hello! Lovely morning, isn’t it? Mother: Yes, it’s nice, isn’t it? Ann: Dad, you look too serious for a sunny morning. What has happened? … Sorry, I don’t understand. Mother: Dad says that he has lost his voice. Ann: What? He has lost his voice. Is he making fun of us? It can’t be true. Mother: He says he isn’t making fun of us. It isn’t a joke. Unfortunately he really has lost his voice. Ann: But how did it happen? Mother: He says he went to a basketball match yesterday. He shouted so much that he lost his voice. Ann: Dad, you are a real fan! Did they win? Mother: Dad says that they lost. Ann: It’s a pity. Don’t worry, Dad! They’ll win next time. Here is a nice cup of tea. Would you like some toast and marmalade? Mother: He says he would like some toast and honey. Ann: Why honey? Mother: He says that honey is good for his throat. 108 UNIT 3 Section 7 GRAMMAR FOCUS: REPORTED SPEECH ( STATEMENTS ) 90 Read and remember. При переводе прямой речи в косвенную следует в первую очередь обращать внимание на грамматическое время глагола в главном предложении (Он / Она говорит … Он / Она сказал(а)... . Если в главном предложении глагол употреблён в present simple (says, answers, states, …), то в придаточном предложении (как и в русском языке) английский глагол не изменяется во времени: He says: “I speak English and French.” He says that he speaks English and French. She answers: “I prefer tea with milk.” She answers that she prefers tea with milk. Если же в главном предложении глагол употреблён в past simple (said, answered, stated, …), то в придаточном предложении глагол употребляется в одном из прошедших времён. При этом глагол в придаточном предложении меняется следующим образом: He said: “I play tennis 3 times a week.” He said / told me that he played tennis 3 times a week. (the present simple) (the past simple) He said / told me that he would play tennis He said: “I will play tennis tomorrow.” the next day. (the future simple) (the future-in-the-past) He said / told me that he had played tennis He said: “I played tennis yesterday.” the day before. (the past simple) (the past perfect) Если же в главном предложении глагол употреблён в past simple, то употреблённые в придаточном предложении модальные глаголы также изменяются: shall should, will would, can could, may might, must had to. He said: “I can speak German.” He said that he could speak German. She said that she had to visit her. She said: “I must visit her.” При переводе прямой речи в косвенную меняются также слова, обозначающие место и время действия: today that day this evening that evening that night now then tonight the day before this that yesterday the next day these those tomorrow (a week) before here there (a week) ago the year before last year next year the following year 91 Say the following sentences in reported speech. Example: Alice said: “I’ll phone tomorrow.” — Alice said that she would phone the next day. 1. The journalist said: “TV plays an important role in people’s lives.” 2. The teenager says: “I don’t feel lonely because I love reading.” 3. Mr Smith said: “I can’t imagine my morning without a cup of coffee and The Times.” 4. The correspondent said: “The Internet makes people spend more time on-line and less time communicating face-to-face.” 5. The teacher said to us: “You must complete the answer sheet for this test.” 6. Jim said: “Last month we went to the mountains. It was great.” 7. Alice says: “Tomorrow I’ll collect all the necessary information on this issue.” 8. “E-books will replace paper books in the future,” Simon told me. 9. “I bought these postcards by chance,” Angela said to us. 10. “Fifty years ago no one knew about computers and the Internet,” he said. 109 UNIT 3 Section 7 92 a) What did Kate say? Listen and tick ( ) the correct sentences. 95 Read the story. Transform all the phrases in direct speech into reported speech. Use: told, asked, thought, explained, added, answered. “I don’t have much time for reading.” “I can’t dance.” “I go swimming regularly.” “I prefer reading adventure stories.” “I fell asleep very late yesterday.” “The book was interesting.” “I put the book aside late at night.” “It was 2 am already.” “I was really sleepy the next day.” b) Answer the question using reported speech. What did Kate tell us? Example: Kate told us that she didn’t have much time for reading. 93 Look back at Sarah’s and Robin’s opinion on reading books (Ex. 77). Choose one of them and report what was written there. Example: Sarah said that … . GRAMMAR FOCUS: VERBS USED IN REPORTED SPEECH 94 Read and translate the sentences. Remember the verbs that are used to report speech. The doctor explained to me that it was necessary to stick to a diet and take the medicine. Kate suggested going to the cinema at the weekend. James thought that he would have time to read the essay once more. The girl offered me a cup of coffee. My mother reminded me to take my umbrella. It looked like rain. Bess asked me to help her with the project. The psychologist advised the teenagers to be more careful when they used social networks. 110 Mark Twain, a famous American writer, made a lecture tour of cities and towns. One day, he came to a small town. In the afternoon he went to a shop to buy some paper. The shopkeeper was a talkative man. So he asked Mark Twain when he had come to the town. “Yes, I came to the town yesterday. I’m here for the first time. I haven’t walked around the city yet. However, I see it is lovely and green,” Mark Twain answered. “Yes, our town is nice. And you’ve chosen a good time to come,” the shopkeeper said. Mark Twain gave the shopkeeper a questioning look. “Mark Twain, a famous writer, is going to give a lecture at the writer’s club this evening. You simply must visit his lecture,” said the shopkeeper. Mark Twain smiled. “But all the tickets for his lecture are sold out. So you will have to stand,” the shopkeeper continued. “I always have to stand whenever that fellow gives a lecture!” said Mark Twain with a laugh. 96 Do you know a funny story about a famous person? Share it with your classmates. UNIT 3 Section 7 97 Work in pairs. а) Interview your classmate about the books he / she likes. Ask your partner the following questions. 1. What do you usually do in your free time? 2. Do you like reading? 3. What is your favourite book? 4. Do you prefer printed books or e-books? Why? b) Report on the results of your interview using reported speech. Use: said, told me, explained to me, thought etc. Example: Sergey told me that he usually browsed the Internet, watched films or did sports in his free time. He said that he liked reading science fiction. He thought that he didn’t have a favourite book. He explained to me that he preferred e-books. GRAMMAR FOCUS: REPORTED SPEECH ( QUESTIONS ) 98 Read and remember. Для передачи в косвенной речи вопросов чаще всего используются глаголы ask, want to know, wonder в past simple. Для передачи в косвенной речи общих вопросов используется один из названных глаголов и союз if / whether. При этом порядок слов в вопросе становится прямым. General questions Direct Reported She asked me: “Are you tired?” She asked me if I was tired. She said: “Does your little brother like drawing?” She wanted to know whether my little brother liked drawing. He wondered: “Will you come to the school party tomorrow?” He wondered if I would come to the school party the next day. He said: “Has Andy phoned?” He wanted to know whether Andy had phoned. Для передачи в косвенной речи специальных вопросов используются вопросительные слова when, where, how etc, порядок слов становится прямым. Wh-questions (Special questions) Direct Reported She said: “Where have they been?” She wanted to know where they had been. She said: “What exam will you take tomorrow?” She asked me what exam I would take the next day. He said: “How much does the book cost?” He wondered how much the book cost. He said: “Why do you want to become a journalist?” He asked me why I wanted to become a journalist. 111 UNIT 3 Section 7 99 Read the conversation between the characters of the story ‘The Adventure of Three Students’ by Arthur Conan Doyle. Transform the phrases into reported speech. …“Did you leave your key in the door?” asked Holmes. “Yes, sir, I left my key in the door,” answered Bannister. “When did you come into the room?” “It was about half past four. It is Mr Soames’ tea time.” “How long did you stay?” “Mr Soames was out so I went out at once.” “Did you look at these papers on the table?” “No, sir — certainly not. I didn’t look at the papers.” “Why did you leave the key in the door?” “I had the tea-tray in my hands.” … “Thanks,” said Holmes. “Can I visit the students now?” “Yes, their rooms are the oldest in the college and many visitors come to see them. I will go with you,” said Mr Soames. GRAMMAR FOCUS: REPORTED SPEECH ( COMMANDS ) 100 Read and remember. Для передачи в косвенной речи предложений в повелительном наклонении (просьбы, приказы, советы) используются глаголы: ask, advise, order, remind, teach, tell, warn и другие в present simple и past simple: She said, “Please close the window.” She asked me to close the window. He always says, “Don’t worry.” always advises us not to worry. He “Remember, you should go for a walk every day,” the doctor said. The doctor reminded him to go for a walk every day. “Jim, don’t be late tomorrow,” the coach said. The coach warned Jim not to be late the next day. 112 101 Complete the sentences. Example: “Don’t draw in your textbooks!” The teacher warned us … — The teacher warned us not to draw in our textbooks. 1. “Speak louder, John.” — The teacher asked John … . 2. “Mark, could you open the window?”— Alice asked Mark … . 3. “Don’t play computer games late at night.” — The doctor told Kevin … . 4. “First collect the information for your project.” — The teacher reminded us … . 6. “Don’t tell anyone about the incident.” — Jane asked me … . 7. “Watch the film!” — The journalist advised the audience … . 8. “Don’t share the information with Jim.” — Sally warned him … . UNIT 3 Section 7 102 Read the texts. Say in which texts you can find information about: 1. the role books play in people’s lives; 2. the places where the first printed books appeared; 3. the way people got the news in the past; 4. the advantages of e-books. A. Radio, television and the Internet, the great inventions of the 20th century, have not made printed books less important. The books transfer to us the knowledge of the past, they help us deal with the present, and they teach us how to build a better future. B. Books, newspapers, tabloids and magazines are so common these days that we cannot imagine the world without them. But five hundred years ago, nothing like them existed: most people in one place knew almost nothing about what was happening a hundred miles away, and nothing about foreign countries. Information was mostly transferred by travellers who used to tell stories about the places they had seen. whole library on the trip. However, printed books are still loved by people. They have lots of advantages as well. D. Ivan Fyodorov in Russia, Gutenberg in Germany and Caxton in England began to print books in the 15th century, the same century in which Columbus discovered America. Columbus discovered a new world; but the printers opened up a new world of thoughts and knowledge that changed the lives of millions everywhere. 103 Work in pairs. Find out which of the facts from the text were new to your partner. Interview each other with the following questions. 1. Did you know that …? 2. Was the information about … new to you? 3. Have you learned any new facts from the text? Etc. Report on the results of your interview. Example: I asked Marina if she had learned any new facts from the text. She answered that … . 104 Work in groups. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of e-books and printed books. Give your reasons. Share your list with the classmates. C. These days e-books are getting more and more popular. E-books can have not only text and pictures, but also audio and even video. The reader can choose to read or to listen to the audio version. E-books are cheaper than printed books; sometimes it is even possible to find free e-books online and download them. Also, they are more convenient for travelling as it’s possible to take several books or even a Use: have a whole library in a small device, be cheap / expensive, it’s possible to change the letter size, can be read in the dark, be safe for your eyes, notes can be made in the margins, be eco-friendly / damage the environment, be easy / heavy to carry, not to take up much room, can be read in different places, can be lent and borrowed, work with battery which needs to be charged / doesn’t need to be charged etc. 113 SECTION 8 Reading Books 105 a) Look at the list of English-speaking writers (authors). Do you know what kinds of books they wrote? Have you read any of their books? William Shakespeare Lewis Carroll Mark Twain Charles Dickens Agatha Christie Jack London Clive Samuel Lewis Arthur Conan Doyle Ray Bradbury John Ronald Tolkien Joanne Rowling Stephen King Example: Arthur Conan Doyle wrote detective stories and historical novels. poems / sonnets, short stories, novels, science fiction, fairy tales, love stories, adventure stories, fantasy stories, thrillers, horror stories, detective stories, plays b) Listen and check if you were right. 106 Work in pairs. Read the different texts about famous British writers. Ask your partner questions about the text which he / she has read. Use the questions given after the texts. Arthur Conan Doyle Arthur Conan Doyle is a well-known British writer who became famous for his stories about Sherlock Holmes. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1859. After school, Arthur decided to pursue a medical career and entered the University of Edinburgh. One of his professors at the university was Dr Joseph Bell, who became the model for Sherlock Holmes in the future. As a student, Arthur Conan Doyle started to write stories. His stories were published in various magazines and had some success. After getting a medical degree, Arthur Conan Doyle spent two years on sea voyages as a ship’s doctor. Then he and his family settled down in England. His medical practice didn’t 114 make much money. To improve his financial position Arthur Conan Doyle started writing. His first story about Sherlock Holmes appeared in 1887. It was a novel ‘A Study in Scarlet’. The novel introduced the detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant and friend, Dr Watson, to the world. Three years later, Conan Doyle wrote his second Holmes story, ‘The Sign of the Four’. The unusual detective soon became one of the best loved fictional characters. During his life the author created more than 60 stories about Sherlock Holmes. The success of Sherlock Holmes made Conan Doyle leave his medical practice and become a full-time writer. Arthur Conan Doyle was deeply interested in history, so he started writing serious historical novels. However, his historical novels never brought him the same fame as his Sherlock Holmes stories did. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle died in 1930. He is considered to be one of the creators of the literary genre of the detective story. On his gravestone, there are the words ‘... Arthur Conan Doyle, Knight, Patriot, Physician, and Man of Letters’. UNIT 3 Section 8 Charles Dickens Charles Dickens is one of the greatest English writers, the author of the famous books ‘Oliver Twist’, ‘David Copperfield’ and ‘A Christmas Carol’. Charles Dickens was born in England, in 1812. His father was a clerk in the navy Pay Office. In 1821, at the age of 9, Charles had to leave school and start working at a factory. It happened because his father and his family were put into debtors’ prison. Later the writer described the hard years at a factory in his novels ‘David Copperfield’ and ‘Great Expectations’. A few years later Charles’ father managed to pay all his debts and the boy returned to school. Like many other writers, Charles Dickens started his literary career as a journalist. He wrote articles for several newspapers. At the same time he tried to write fiction in his free hours. His first book was a series of short stories from London’s life. The writer published them under the penname Boz in 1835. A year later, in 1836, his novel ‘Pickwick Papers’ was published. In the novel Dickens described common people and their everyday life. ‘Pickwick Papers’ was full of humour and the readers enjoyed the novel. Charles Dickens worked hard all his life. He wrote 15 novels and a lot of short stories including a number of Christmas stories. ‘Oliver Twist’ and ‘David Copperfield’ are considered to be Charles Dickens’ greatest works. In these novels Charles Dickens described the hard life of homeless children in Britain in the 19th century. The novels were a great success. Since his childhood Charles loved reading stories to the family and their guests. He had a special talent for performing, he was a wonderful storyteller. He could make people laugh or cry. In 1858, being a famous author he started to read his novels and stories to audiences. His readings were very popular. Charles Dickens liked theatre very much. He wrote some plays and performed them himself. His performances were received warmly by the audience. Charles Dickens died in 1870 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. 1. When and where was the writer born? 2. What job did he do before he started writing? 3. What kinds of books did he write? 4. What are his most famous works? 5. Was he popular during his lifetime? Are his books popular now? 6. When did he die? 7. Have you read any of his books? Did you like them? 107 Look through the texts. Say what these numbers refer to: Arthur Conan Doyle: 1859, 1887, 60, 1930 Charles Dickens: 1812, 1821, 1835, 15, 1870 108 Find the words and word combinations in the text about Arthur Conan Doyle. a) which have a similar meaning to the following: to go in for, to receive, a journey by ship, to get better, supported, a type, a doctor; b) which have the opposite meaning to the following: to leave, in the past, for the last time, real, part-time. 109 Go back to the text about Charles Dickens. Match the words in bold with their definitions. 1. … a long printed story with imaginary characters and events. 2. … pieces of writing on a particular subject in a magazine or a newspaper. 3. … a book (story) which is not based on real facts and people. 4. … pieces of writing for acting out in a theatre or on radio or on television. 5. … a person who writes, tells or reads stories. 110 Speak about your favourite writer. Use the following plan. Name. Country of birth. Some facts from his / her life. The books he / she wrote. The most famous books written by the author. 115 UNIT 3 Section 8 111 Imagine that you are invited to a radio studio as a Literature Contest assistant. You need to read a short extract randomly selected by a computer. The audience in the studio have to guess the name of the book and the name of the author. Try to read the texts correctly and distinctly. A. It was seven o’clock of a warm evening when Father Wolf woke up from his day’s rest. He scratched himself, and spread out his paws one after the other to get rid of the sleepy feeling in their tips. Mother Wolf lay with her big grey nose dropped across her four cubs. The moon shone into the mouth of the cave where they all lived. “It’s time to hunt again,” said Father Wolf. WORD FOCUS 113 Read and remember. find (находить) — to find out (выяснять), to find the book interesting idea (идея) — the main / an interesting idea, to give an idea of something, What a good idea! character (характер, персонаж) — a main character, a man of character (человек с сильным характером) 114 Speak about your favourite book. Use the plan below. What the title of the book is. Who wrote the book (the author). How many times you have read it. What the book is about (who the main characters are; what the main idea of the book is). Why you like the book. 115 Read the story about Voltaire, a famous French philosopher and writer. Guess what the signs ‘?’ and ‘!’ in the letters meant. B. She was a little shocked by seeing the Cheshire Cat sitting on a branch of a tree. The Cat only grinned when he saw Alice. It looked good-natured, she thought: still it had a great many teeth, so she felt that it had to be treated with respect. “Would you tell me, please, which way I have to go from here?” “That depends a good deal on where you want to get to,” said the Cat. “I don’t much care where,” said Alice. “Then it doesn’t matter which way you go,” said the Cat. 112 Do you know which books these extracts were taken from? Who are the authors of these books? Listen and check if you were right. 116 ? ! There are many unusual stories in the history of letter writing. This is one of them. The letter that we are speaking about was written by Voltaire, the great French philosopher and writer. Voltaire wrote a pamphlet and sent it to his publisher. Some time passed, but Voltaire received no news of his pamphlet’s fate. Voltaire, who knew his publisher very well, at last sent him a letter which only contained the sign ‘?’. A letter like that would be meaningless to any other person but not to Voltaire’s publisher. It was quite clear to him what the sign ‘?’ meant in Voltaire’s letter. All copies of the published pamphlet were already sold. So he sent an answer that was as short as Voltaire’s letter and no less clear. The answer also contained only one sign — ‘!’. UNIT 3 Section 8 116 Answer the questions. 1. Why did Voltaire send his pamphlet to the publisher? 2. Why did Voltaire write a letter to his publisher? 3. Why was Voltaire sure that his publisher would understand his short letter? 4. Why did the publisher write a short answer to Voltaire too? WORD FOCUS 117 Read, translate and remember. The suffix -less means ‘without’: meaning — meaningless (without meaning) home — homeless (without home) help — helpless (unable to do something without help) 118 Complete the sentences using the words in brackets with the suffix -less. Translate the sentences. 1. Due to a great flood, hundreds of families became … . (home) 2. She looked at the … gadgets and sighed. (use) 3. The article is worth reading, it’ll explain how you can avoid … mistakes in exams. (care) 4. He thought there were no … situations. He was sure it was always possible to find a way out. (hope) 5. She had a terrible headache after a … night. (sleep) 119 Read the dialogue. Say why Linda needs to go to the library today. Linda: Hi, Tim! How are you settling in to our new school? Tim: I think I’m OK. But there is still a lot to take in. Linda: Yes, I understand. What are you doing at lunchtime? Tim: I don’t know, I haven’t decided yet, I’ll probably just sit outside for a bit. Linda: Why don’t you come to the library with me then, because I need to finish off some homework? Tim: Library!? Do you still go to the library at your school? Linda: Yes, of course we do. Everyone goes there! Tim: But libraries are useless nowadays because you can just go online and do research or even read books. Linda: No. I need to go to the library today to finish off some research for my geography project about Africa. Also our library has just got a new set of fantasy adventure books. Have you read anything from the new ‘Percy Jackson’ series? Tim: No, I haven’t read ‘Percy Jackson’. And in fact you can do it all online — research for projects and even read new books. Linda: Yes, but our teacher asked me to write down a list of books I used to do the homework. Actually I prefer to use books for research. I like the feel of turning the pages and ‘holding’ the information in my hands. You can’t really do that online! Tim: Yes, I can see your point. All right then, I’ll come with you to the library at lunchtime. Are there any computers in the library? I need to fill in a questionnaire about myself and e-mail it to my tutor. Linda: Yes, of course there are computers there. See you at the library after 1 pm. Tim: OK, have fun in your Maths lesson. 120 Answer the following questions. 1. Who do you agree with — Tim or Linda? Why? 2. Do you have a library at school? 3. How often do you visit your school library? 4. What books do you borrow from your school library? 5. What else do you use your school library for? 121 Work in groups. Discuss whether we need libraries nowadays. Write down a few reasons for or against using libraries. Share your ideas with your classmates. 117 HOMEWORK 1 Copy the text. Fill in the missing prepositions. Watching television … the weekend is my hobby. There are lots … interesting programmes … me to watch: sports news, talk shows, films etc. I know that watching TV … many hours is not good for me but I only do it … Sundays. Isn’t it fantastic that all those programmes are sent … my house … the air! I hope to work in television … the future. And I promise not to show so many advertisements … TV. Most … them are so boring! 2 Write down five positive and five negative things about watching television. Use the words from Ex. 7 on p. 86. Example: Because I watch TV, I don’t have time to do my homework. 3 Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space. Example: INFORM You can find all the necessary … on this Internet site. — You can find all the necessary information on this Internet site. 1. EDUCATE I’m sure that an all-round … is necessary for every child. 2. MUSIC What … instrument would you like to play? — The guitar. 3. BROADCAST The BBC (British … Corporation) was created in 1922. It was a company that broadcast radio services. 4. USE This article is full of … information. You should read it. 5. NATIONAL The 3rd … photo exhibition started its work yesterday. Photographers from ten European countries are taking part in it. 6. APPROVE According to the survey most people … of showing adverts on TV. 118 4 Do Ex. 21 on p. 89 in written form. 5 Write about your favourite TV programme. Use the words from Ex. 22 on p. 89. 6 Put the nouns from the box in two groups: countable and uncountable. Write the countable nouns in plural form. money, magazine, show, year, music, advice, channel, woman, work, city, time, damage, country, hour, air, news, way, family, information, weather, teenager, soap, TV, friend, child, food, colour, tabloid, documentary Countable nouns Uncountable nouns magazine (magazines), … money, … 7 Complete the sentences using the text from Ex. 35 on p. 93. Example: Daily newspapers are published every day except Sunday. Some Most Daily Serious newspapers tabloids magazines are called … are published … have … give … are … express … 8 Complete the text using the words from the box. appeared, source, international, fewer, readers, articles All the newspapers published in Great Britain can be divided into serious (or quality) papers and tabloids. The serious ones contain detailed articles about national and … events. The tabloids have a lot of pictures and … about the private lives of well-known people. As in many other countries, Britain’s main newspapers are losing their … . Fewer and … people are buying and reading serious papers and tabloids. In the last quarter of the 20th century the Internet … . It is a convenient and inexpensive alternative … of news for everyone. UNIT 3 Homework 9 Summarize the text in Ex. 44 on p. 95. Use the following phrases. 1. Being shy is a really common problem … . 2. … at least learn to deal with it … . 3. One of the best ways to … is … . 4. If you hate talking … . 5. Start by simply saying … . 6. Once you’ve done it … you’ll … . 7. Don’t give yourself a hard time … . 10 Write the questions for the phrases in bold. Are there any facts that surprised you? Example: Teenagers spend on average 31 hours online every week. — How many hours per week do teenagers spend online? 1. The Internet started with a single page of information about a new project. 2. Most people use mobile Internet to prepay for services and entertainment. 3. The first e-mail was sent in 1971. 4. More than 280 billion e-mails are sent every day. 5. Most Internet users live in North America. 6. Yes, there are 6 countries without the Internet. 11 Complete the sentences. Use the information from the texts in Ex. 50 on p. 97. 1. The main purpose of the Internet is … . 2. With the help of the Internet people can … . 3. The Internet gives us the opportunity to … . 4. But people should be careful with information from the Internet because … . 5. The virtual world can be dangerous because … . 12 Do Ex. 57 on p. 99. in written form. 13 Complete these sentences and write them down. Use some words from the box. 4. … arrange interesting TV and radio programmes and invite guests to them. 5. … take pictures of different events. 6. … write articles on problems for newspapers and magazines. 14 Fill in prepositions on, into, in, of, to, behind, under. Journalists often put themselves … dangerous situations. They report … wars and political protests. They go … risky areas where there are war conflicts. They try to find out the facts … the story they are writing about. They can even be killed because … their efforts. Sometimes journalists risk their lives trying to get rare pictures … wild animals. They climb high mountains or dive deep … the sea. 15 Complete the sentences using the words wherever, whatever, whenever, whoever, however. 1. … you see don’t be surprised. 2. … you meet here, they are your friends. 3. If you could travel … you wanted, where would you go? 4. Write me … you like. 5. … tired he was, he read fairy tales to his son in the evening. 16 Do Ex. 78 on p. 105 in written form. 17 Translate from Russian into English. Книги играют большую роль в моей жизни. Я люблю читать. У меня большая библиотека дома. Я предпочитаю книги о жизни великих людей и научную фантастику. Я читаю печатные и электронные книги. Я не хочу говорить о достоинствах и недостатках этих книг. Какие книги читать, зависит от ваших личных предпочтений. В моём ридере (e-reader) много разных книг. Обычно я читаю несколько книг одновременно. Я не могу представить свою жизнь без книг. teachers, producers, inventors, architects, scientists, talk show hosts, journalists, photographers, emergency workers 18 Read a short text about World Book Day. Write the questions for the answers. 1. … plan and design convenient towns and houses for us. 2. … create something unusual. 3. … give financial and other support to create films, performances and shows. World Book Day (or the International Day of the Books) is celebrated on April, 23 every year. The holiday was established by UNESCO in 1995. The day, April 23, was chosen because it’s the date of birth and death of several well-known writers. The aim of 119 UNIT 3 Homework World Book Day is to encourage people, particularly children and teenagers, to read books and appreciate literature. The holiday is marked in over 100 countries. The holiday’s activities include storytelling, public readings of books and plays in the streets and parks, writing competitions, book exhibitions, fancy dress parties and many other exciting events. 1. ...? — In spring. 2. ...? — Because a few famous writers were born or died at that day. 3. ...? — To make people read books. 4. ...? — More than 100. 5. ...? — Storytelling and lots of various events. 19 Do Ex. 91 on p. 109 in written form. 20 Do Ex. 95 on p. 110 in written form. character, childhood, appeared, magic, would, immediately, idea, published, disappeared Joanne Rowling is one of the most popular writers today. From her …, Joanne wanted to become a writer. In 1990, on a train journey from Manchester to London, she first got the … for a book about a boy and a school for wizards. She called her main … Harry Potter. When Joanne arrived home, she started writing her book … . In 1997, the first book about Harry Potter was … . It was a great success. The final book of the Harry Potter Series was … ten years later. Joanne Rowling said that the book was her favourite. She promised her readers that she … continue writing but not about Harry Potter. 21 Read the short funny dialogues. Rewrite them in reported speech. Use the words said, told, asked, answered, replied, explained. 24 Fill in the word endings with -less. 1. Teacher: Do you know the ABC? Student: Yes, I do. Teacher: What comes after the letter ‘A’? Student: All the others. 1. A person who has no friends is a … one. 2. The mother spent the whole night without sleep again. It was her second … night. 3. In her everyday life the actress avoided wearing bright colours. She preferred wearing plain … dresses. 4. In spring all the trees are covered with green leaves. They are full of life and energy. Unfortunately in autumn the leaves become … . 2. Father: Why are you sad, Mark? Mark: I got a bad mark in Maths today. Father: Hm-hm. Did you understand the teacher’s question? Mark: Of course, I did. But he didn’t understand my answer. 22 Complete the sentences in reported speech. Example: “Would you like a cup of jasmine tea?” — Ann offered me a cup of jasmine tea. 1. “Remember to take your mobile!” — Jane reminded her brother … . 2. “Close the door, please!” — Ann asked me … . 3. “Don’t copy each other in the exam!” — The teacher warned us … . 4. “Don’t speak with your mouth full!” — She told Tom … . 5. “Jim, switch off the TV immediately. That’s an order!” — Jim’s mother ordered him … . 6. “Try to be polite to them.” — Sue advised me … . 120 23 Complete the text using the words from the box. Be careful, there are two extra words. Example: Sun never came into the children’s room. The children didn’t like their sunless room. 25 Write the extract from the dialogue in reported speech. Use the words said, told, asked, answered, replied, explained, added. Tim: Do the students still go to the library at school? Peter: Yes, we do. Everyone goes there! Tim: But libraries are useless nowadays. You can just go online and do research or even read books. Peter: I need to go today to finish my geography project about Africa. Also the library has just got a new set of fantasy adventure books. Have you read the new series ‘Percy Jackson’? Tim: No, I haven’t read any ‘Percy Jackson’. And in fact, I can do it all online. Peter: Actually I prefer to use printed books for research. UNIT 3 Progress check KEY VOCABULARY Nouns: article channel character conclusion connection encyclopedia guidebook handbook headline horror manual media press report review site thriller wisdom Verbs: apologize approve (of) broadcast confess disapprove (of) explain prove quit remind report search (for) Adverbs: however whatever whenever wherever whoever Adjectives: broadcasting daily virtual weekly Expressions and phrases: a man of great wisdom arrange the information be full of ideas be / keep in touch browse / surf the Internet change the world find / collect get the information get news over TV / the Internet improve the world in conclusion information on / about Internet connection mass media national / local paper news report on the Internet on Internet site quit doing something That's an idea. the main / primary / real purpose search for the information share the information use the Internet useful / detailed/ negative information verbal / visual / audio information virtual / real world What a good idea! PROGRESS CHECK 1 Listen to the end of the radio programme and mark the statements as T (true) or F (false). 1. The topic for the next talk show will be suggested by the participants. 2. If you want to take part in the talk show, you need to register beforehand. 2 Listen to the conversation and choose the correct option to complete the sentences. 1. Kate and Jim are talking ... a) in a museum. b) at home. c) at school. 2. Both Kate and Jim like ... a) reading books. b) watching TV. c) playing sports. 3. Kate’s grandfather was ... a) a writer. b) a photographer. c) a journalist. 4. On leaving, Jim is going to borrow ... a) a book. b) a newspaper. c) a bag. Points PROGRESS CHECK /6 121 UNIT 3 Progress check 3 Read the text and mark the statements below as T (true), F (false) or NS (not stated). I started to write when I was six. At first, it was brief comments about film and cartoon characters, about my friends and the members of my family. Mum still keeps the blocks of coloured paper where in large clumsy letters I tried to express my attitude to the world. My parents wanted me to become an economist, or an accountant. But my choice was literature. Still at school, I tried to write fairy tales, novels and even thrillers. I read them to my classmates hoping for their enthusiastic approval. People either said nothing or advised me not to waste time and to think about something more practical. In spite of everybody’s discouragement, I kept trying and I went to university to study literature and linguistics. Those were the happiest years of my life — I enjoyed studying, and my academic results were impressive. During my third year at the university I got interested in journalism. My interest was sparked by one of our teachers. Dr Knoblock, that was his name, regularly disappeared from the university and we knew that he was probably on a trip to some remote place. We waited for his reports from there. The reports, essays and reviews were on different topics, but we really enjoyed his comments on lifestyles in different countries, rare and endangered animals, and exploring the deserted places of the Earth where nature was still unspoiled by human activity. When we completed our university course, we presented the file to Dr Knoblock and he felt very touched by our attention and interest in his work. Though I was happy with my success as a student, I had to accept that my talent was not great enough to make me a great author. Instead of ambitious plans to write a bestseller, I concentrated on short reports and essays. My first report was published in my final year at university. It was about the aboriginals of Australia and how their culture and lifestyle was damaged by the unwise policy of integration. I was very grateful to Dr Knoblock who had made some very important improvements in my work and helped me to write out the final draft of the report. 1. The author’s parents dreamt their son would become a writer. 2. The author’s writing was very popular with his classmates. 3. At university the author was a good student. 4. Dr Knoblock never wrote about wildlife. 5. Dr Knoblock discussed his reports with his students in class. 6. Dr Knoblock was happy to get a present from his students. 7. The author’s first report was published when he was still at university. 8. The author interviewed the aboriginals of Australia to write his report. Points /8 4 Complete Kevin’s letter to help him find out the information he needs. Ask the questions. Dear John, I saw your sister Jane today and she said something about the literary party you are going to next week. She said I could go too but we both were in a hurry and she didn’t give me any details. So I would like to ask you the following: devoted to any particular writer or character? Where? When? bring a friend? dress code? programme: contests, games? Sorry for bothering you with all this stuff, but I hope you can give me a quick answer. Best wishes, Kevin Points 122 /6 UNIT 3 Progress check 5 Give a talk about the future of mass media. Talk about: what mass media is; what types of mass media are losing popularity these days and why; how, in your view, people will get information in the future. 6 Work in pairs. Act out an interview between a correspondent and yourself in the future. Imagine that in a few years’ time you are a famous person (writer / scientist / inventor/ actor / artist / traveller etc). Before you start, let ‘the correspondent’ know who you are: use your real name and an imaginary job (e.g. Alexander Belov, a football coach). Then swap the roles. Correspondent Interviewee Hello! Alexander Belov speaking. (give your real name) Hello! It’s Maria Smirnova, Bright Smile Journal correspondent. (give your real name) What can I do for you? Alexander, you are very popular with our readers and I want to ask you some questions for our journal. I’m very sorry, but I’m very busy these days. We are preparing a new project. Yes, I understand. But I hoped you could agree to give a brief interview right now? Hmm. OK. Go ahead. But no more than five questions. Say thank you and ask any five questions on any topics. Answer the questions. Your answers may be true or you can invent them. Thank your interviewee for his / her time. Suggest another interview when he / she has time. Agree to meet up with the correspondent some time later. Say goodbye. Say goodbye. Mark your score For tasks 1—4 you can get 20 points. 20—18 points — Well done! 17—14 points — Good! 13—11 points — You can do better! 10 points or less — Revise and try again! Tasks 5 and 6 should be evaluated by you, your classmates and your teacher. 123 4 WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE SUCCESSFUL? SECTION 1 What Is Success? 1 Look at the pictures of the people and say what each of them is famous for. The Cultural Guide could be helpful. Use the Internet if necessary. 2 Work in pairs. Rate the qualities and factors that can make a person successful, with number one being the most important. Comment on the first three items on your list. sharing everything you have with other people Mikhail Lomonosov Mother Teresa Walt Disney Yuri Gagarin living in a big city being independent in relations with other people having friends you can rely on a strong will to succeed in something having a childhood dream ability to work hard a good memory a good education ability to speak foreign languages being open to new ideas attractive appearance good communication skills a strong will to help your family Luciano Pavarotti 124 Slava Polunin Joanne Rowling Bill Gates Roman Petushkov UNIT 4 Section 1 3 Say what job you dreamed of in your childhood. Why did it attract you? 5 Translate the following sentences into Russian. Example: In my childhood I dreamed of being a detective story writer. I read a lot of detective stories and very often guessed who the criminal was from the very beginning. I was sure that I could write more interesting and more intriguing stories. 1. All men are created equal. 2. Scientists believe that we are all born equal. 3. Equality is one of the basic principles of democracy. 4. It is not easy to become a self-made person. 5. You have to make all your decisions yourself. 6. My uncle is the owner of a recycling company. 7. I saw it with my own eyes. WORD FOCUS 4 Read and remember. equal (равный) — equal/unequal opportunities, equal rights, to be equal; equality self-made (достигший успеха собственными силами) — a self-made person, a self-made man 6 Say what personal qualities you should develop in yourself to become a successful person. What qualities would you like to get rid of? own (свой собственный) — to have your own opinion, to own (владеть) a flat / house; to be the owner (владелец) of something Example: I think I should be more punctual and do everything on time. I should be less talkative because it makes people think that I am not serious enough. 7 Match the phrases with their definitions. 1. a self-made man a) a person who has a strong desire for success, power etc 2. a successful person b) a person who reached success by his own effort, starting without money or social position 3. an ambitious person c) a person who has done what he has tried to do 8 Work in pairs. Here is a list of the personal qualities that can help you to become a successful person in future or prevent you from doing so. Put the words into two columns. Some of the words can fit the both columns. hardworking, communicative, aggressive, friendly, positive, selfish, shy, optimistic, creative, curious, lazy, athletic, self-confident, tolerant, unsociable, independent, responsible, angry, sociable, honest, faithful, proud, greedy, peaceful, pragmatic, strong, unfriendly, smart, serious, forgetful, easy-going, punctual, absent-minded, talkative Qualities that help a person to be successful Qualities that can prevent a person from being successful 125 UNIT 4 Section 1 9 Read and arrange the following parts of the text to make a biography of Walt Disney, the famous American producer. After the First World War he managed to set up his own film company. He rented an old camera and a garage. He became the owner of a small studio. He loved cartoons and had clear ideas of how to make them. The Disney company continued producing movies after Walt Disney’s death in 1966. Wherever American films are shown, the name of Disney still attracts people. He wasn’t a good student at school because he always found things that interested him more than school such as drawing or going to the movie house. His family wasn’t a rich one, and Walt worked hard helping his father. Young Disney did not have much time for entertainment but he was fascinated with cinema and films. When Walt Disney’s business became profitable, he started to invest money in new entertainment projects. He created Disneyland, a magical park, where children and their parents could spend time in the company of Disney’s characters. Soon Disney’s cartoon films became popular all over the world. They were full of adventures and fun. Children and grown-ups enjoyed his films about funny Donald Duck, brave Mickey Mouse, beautiful Snow White, little Bambi and lovely Mary Poppins. Walt Disney was born in 1901. In his childhood, young Walt spent a lot of time on a farm, where he observed nature and enjoyed playing with animals. 126 UNIT 4 Section 1 10 a) Listen to the text about Mother Teresa and say if the following statements are true or false. 1. In her childhood Mother Teresa had another name. 2. Her parents were against helping the poor. 3. Teresa’s mother taught her daughter not to give up. 4. Mother Teresa never left her native country, Albania. 5. Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. 6. The Missionaries of Charity1 set up by Mother Teresa still works today. b) Listen to the text about Mother Teresa again and check if you were right. PRONUNCIATION FOCUS 11 Listen and read the words. Mind the stress. First syllable: serious, talkative, charity, cunning, naughty, student, adult, sociable, curious, tolerant, character. Second syllable: in dustrious, in telligent, cre ative, po lite, un happy, dis able, suc cessful, suc ceed, am bition, am bitious, ad venture, your self, bi athlon. Third syllable: inde pendent, maga zine, inter national. *** Double stress: English- speaking, self- made, hard- working, teen ager, Para lympics, cross- country, compe tition, disa bility. 12 a) Complete the interview with Slava Polunin, one of the most famous clowns. Find the answer (a—g) to each question. Reporter: What’s your job? Slava Polunin: ... (1) Reporter: What’s your main character trait? Slava Polunin: ... (2) Reporter: How many languages do you speak? Slava Polunin: ... (3) Reporter: Where is your home? Slava Polunin: ... (4) Reporter: What’s your motto2? Slava Polunin: ... (5) Reporter: What’s your attitude to life? Slava Polunin: ... (6) a) I’m unique! b) Any place where the evening finds me. c) I don’t know exactly. d) I don’t have regrets ... f) I’ve been a ‘fool’ for many years. g) To be a clown whenever I can. b) Listen to the interview and check if you were right. 1 The Missionaries of Charity — Благотворительная миссия 2 a motto [ ] —девиз 127 UNIT 4 Section 1 13 Read the text about Slava Polunin and say what he is famous for. Undoubtedly this artist has gained all possible success in his profession. The newspaper The Irish Times described the world-famous Russian mime actor, Slava Polunin, as one of the greatest living clowns. His ‘Snow Show’ is one of the most successful performances in the world. It’s been on stage since 1996 when it was first shown in Britain. Mikhail Shemyakin, a well-known Russian artist and fashion designer, made fantastic costumes for Slava’s ‘Snow Show’. Most of the adults who have seen it confess ‘Snow Show’ turned them into wide-eyed children. Slava Polunin was born in a small place in Central Russia. As a boy, he was fond of playing snowballs and making tunnels under the snow. As a mime actor, Slava made his childhood fantasies a reality in his ‘Snow Show’. Traditionally, mimes act without words. Slava Polunin follows this tradition but if his show needs some words, he doesn’t hesitate to put them in. Polunin’s show is constantly changing. Each show is so different from the others. “Watch the show once a year, and you’ll see that each time it’s a new one,” says the world famous clown. Slava Polunin and his ‘Play-Makers Group’ are known all over Russia and the world. With their performances they have travelled through more than 20 countries, taking part in different festivals and cultural events. At present Slava is working on some new shows with clowns from Russia and abroad. 14 Work in pairs. Make your own list of 5 questions to the mime actor. Ask him about his show, work, colleagues, hobbies etc. Share your list with your classmates and choose the most interesting questions. 128 15 Read the text about the famous sportsman. Say why we can call him a self-made person. Roman Petushkov is the main hero of the Paralympic Games in Sochi. Roman took six gold medals in cross-country skiing and biathlon. It was the second Games in his career. Four years before, he participated in the Vancouver Paralympics in Canada. In 2015 he was nominated Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability. But, as it often happens, this success came to Roman after a real drama. Roman Petushkov was born in 1978, in a small place not far from Moscow. In his childhood he was a Bruce Lee fan and did lots of different sports: karate, boxing, judo. Apart from that, he used to go skiing in winter, and he was quite good at all these sports. Suddenly, in 2006, a car accident changed his life — Roman’s car was hit by a huge truck. In spite of the doctors’ fears, Roman survived, but he lost his both legs. At that moment he could hardly predict that in a few years he would get back into sports and would receive national and international awards. After the accident, Roman spent long months in the hospital. His friends told him about the coming Paralympic Games in Turin, Italy. Roman didn’t know anything about the Paralympic movement at that time. He found out that the Paralympic movement began in 1880. It became really popular after World War II, when lots of brave young people with disabilities joined it. In 1948, disabled sportsmen started competing. In 1960 more than 400 athletes from 23 countries took part in the first Paralympics in Rome. Roman watched the Paralympic Games on TV and was greatly impressed by the disabled sportsmen. He thought that he could do the same. He coped with his fears, pain and stress and became a winner. UNIT 4 Section 1 16 Complete the sentences with the words from the text. You should use one or two words. Example: In Sochi, Roman Petushkov was the winner in … … and biathlon. — In Sochi, Roman Petushkov was the winner in cross-country skiing and biathlon. 1. Roman Petushkov took part in the Paralympic Games in Sochi and was awarded six … … . 2. The first Paralympic Games of his career took place in ... . 3. In his school years, apart from …, Roman did other sports like karate, boxing and judo. 4. Roman got his disability because of a … … . 5. In hospital Roman learnt about the … … and decided to take part in them. 17 a) Look through the text. Say what these numbers refer to. 1880, 1948, 1960, 23 b) Read aloud the information about the Paralympic movement in italics (Ex. 15). 18 Write a short paragraph about the Paralympic Games in Sochi. Use the Internet if necessary. Mini-project: A Successful Person 19 Who do you believe is a successful person among the people you know well (your family members, your neighbours, your friends)? Make up a presentation about him / her. Use the words and word combinations from Exercises 4, 6 and 7 in this section. You may also use the pictures below. Follow the plan. Introduce the person (name, occupation). Say what he / she has succeeded in. Give some details about his / her life and name the character traits that helped him / her to achieve success. Say how you feel about his / her success. Give your presentation to the class. 129 SECTION 2 Start with Your Family! 20 Listen to the dialogues between family members. Guess which of the pictures matches each of the dialogues. 3 1 2 21 Listen to the dialogues once more. Say whether the following statements are true or false. Dialogue 1 1. Mr and Mrs Maxwell are going to congratulate their grandchild. a) True b) False unfair punishments getting along with your brother / sister Dialogue 2 2. Tracy has changed schools recently. a) True b) False getting along with your grandparents 3. Tracy thinks that English is easier than Maths a) True b) False lack of pocket money Dialogue 3 4. Kate and Edward are going to the mountains together. a) True b) False 22 What can you say about the families from the dialogues? Describe them based on the dialogues you have heard. Example: I think the family from dialogue 2 is quite friendly. The parents are interested in their daughter’s life. They are ready to help her if needed. 130 23 Look through the list of typical teenage problems in the family. Choose three most important problems in your opinion. Compare your choice with your classmates’ ones. having nobody to rely on having nobody to talk to low grades at school problems with teachers too many responsibilities at home lack of free time too much homework arguing with parents arguing with classmates lack of independence unequal rights with other members of the family sharing a room with an elder / younger sister or brother UNIT 4 Section 2 24 Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner possible solutions to the three top teenage problems. Share your proposals with your classmates. Example: Most teenagers suffer from a lack of free time. To change the situation they should learn to plan their day and concentrate on the task they are doing. For example, they shouldn’t listen to music and write SMS messages while doing their homework. Then the homework will be done quicker and they will have some extra free time. 25 Some teenagers’ problems depend on their personal fears. Work in pairs. Rate the fears below with number 1 being the most common. Add some other points if necessary. Give your comments on the first two items in your rating. swimming in a deep river, lake or sea; being stuck in a lift; being lost in a place you don’t know well; being afraid of mice / spiders; visiting the dentist; flying in planes; watching horror films; taking examinations. 26 Choose one of the fears. Suggest a possible solution on how to get rid of it. Example: Some students are afraid of taking exams. But I believe that mock exams can help them to overcome their fear and pass the real exam successfully. GRAMMAR FOCUS: COMPLEX OBJECTS 27 Read and remember. want somebody to do something — хотеть, чтобы кто-либо сделал что-то But: make somebody do something — заставлять кого-либо делать что-то My parents want me to do some sport. They think it’s necessary to feel healthy and fit. My parents don’t want me to do boxing. They believe it’s a dangerous sport. She made me read this book. The book was very interesting. What made you come to school so early? — Jim asked me to help him with his project. 28 Translate the following sentences. 1. He wanted his son to write an article for the magazine. 2. Adults make us think carefully about what we say and do. 3. Peter wants me to take care of his pet when he is on holiday. 4. What made you laugh? — It’s the face you’ve just made. 5. Anthony wanted them to wear something special for the fancy dress party. 29 Complete the sentences. Put in to if it’s necessary. 1. Olivia doesn’t want me … eat junk food. 2. Most parents want their children … share their problems at home. 3. Our Science teacher makes us … do lots of homework. 4. I want you … pack your suitcases now. I don’t want us ... be in a hurry tomorrow. 5. What kind of information do you want me … find for you? 6. Don’t make me … feel guilty! 131 UNIT 4 Section 2 30 Say what your parents / teachers make you do or want you to do. Try to explain why. Use: do my homework, eat proper meals, read classics, do sports regularly, work hard on my English, wear a school uniform, help about the house, look after little sister / brother, be attentive in the classroom, do the shopping, make my bed, take out the garbage, come to school on time, walk my dog, wash up, stay at home in the evening, get ready for tests, not talk on the phone longer than an hour, go to bed by 10 o’clock in the evening etc. Example: My parents want me to work hard on my English. They think it is useful for my future career. 31 Read the teenagers’ letters to Tracey. She works for a youth magazine in Britain as an adviser on teenage problems. Say whether teenagers in your country have similar problems. Jack Smith, 13 Dear Tracey, out parents get me down ab I’ve got a problem. My inly my homework. It’s ma everything, especially my t ou ab ays asking me my mum. She’s alw ne. do to make sure it’s homework. She wants group for almost every Though I am in the top the the highest marks in subject and often get class. m saw a comment fro Recently my parents ppy ay. The teacher was ha a teacher about my ess ed problem was that I hand with my essay but the It ss. cla r er students in ou it in later than the oth let n’t angry and they did made my parents really thday party. me go to my friend’s bir m and dad. But it didn’t I tried to speak to my mu happy. work. I feel down and un n. Please help me if you ca All the best, Jack 132 Angela Bloom, 13 Dear Tracey, I feel terrible beca use of my sister. W hen I was little, my older sist er Wendy was ni ce and kind to me. She was open and friendly. She played games with me, read me books and told m e stories. Now she’s 16 and is go ing to university after school. But she’s been ve ry strange lately. M y mum and I feel very upset ab out this. She refu ses to eat and she hates seeing people eating. Sh e is losing weight. She does n’t talk to mum an d m e. She often locks herself in her room and st ay s there for hours. I worry about her so much. What ca n I do to help her? Yours, Angela UNIT 4 Section 2 32 Read Jack’s letter again. Find the phrases that have a similar meaning to the following: … make me feel unhappy and dissatisfied I’m a good student. not long ago a note I gave it to … It didn’t help to improve the situation. I get upset. 33 Read Angela’s letter again. Suggest a reason for Wendy’s strange behaviour1. Explain why you think this is the reason. Wendy is too busy getting ready for university exams. She is looking for a quiet place to be left alone. That is why she … Wendy is tired of her younger sister, who is quite noisy and annoying. So, she … Wendy and Angela have different interests … Wendy has an eating problem ... Wendy doesn’t want anyone to listen when she speaks with her friends … Example: mostly — mainly 34 Now read Tracey’s answers. Say which of the letters is addressed to a) Jack, b) Angela. Letter 1 Dear … It’s natural that you feel worried abo ut your sister and want to help her. Let’s look at the situation. Because most of Wendy’s strange hab its are about food and eating, I think she has some problems with them. She also locks herself in her room for a long time. You can be very helpful if you let you r sister know that you love her. Tell her that you hate to see her troubled and unhappy. To suppor t her, suggest seeing a doctor about her eating pro blems. I’m sure that the doctor will be able to help Wendy. As for you — just be there for her — that’s what sisters are for. 35 Work in pairs. Look through Tracey’s letters to Jack and Angela. Make a list of word combinations that you find useful for writing such letters. Letter 2 Dear … and they want I’m sure your parents love you, parents are you to stay top of the class. All academic n’s extremely interested in their childre results. in. Explain to You need to talk to your parents aga are angry they n them that you feel upset whe w that kno about your academic results. Let them you are doing your best. to talk to your You could also ask your teacher are a hardparents and inform them that you quite happy is working student and that he / she with your progress. 36 Read Tracey’s letter to Jack (or Angela) again. Do you think it is helpful? What would you recommend to him (her)? Write the letter. Use Tracey’s letter as a model. Example: It’s natural that, … 1 behaviour [ ] — поведение 133 SECTION 3 Help Stop Bullying! 37 Listen and read the dialogue between two friends. Say what advice Ben gave to Will. Ben: Hey, Will, what’s wrong? Why are you sitting all on your own at lunch time? Will: I’ve just had enough of those two boys! They have been following me around for the past month. Ben: So what? Just ignore them. They are just silly boys who have nothing to do. Will: I have been but they still keep on picking on me! And they also call me names. Ben: Well, that’s not nice, is it? Will: And yesterday they threatened to break into my locker! Can you believe it? They are just bullies I think. Ben: Good grief, they really are bad bullies, aren’t they? Will: I don’t know what to do anymore. I’ve had enough! Ben: Well, you should defend yourself. Have you been to the HUB1 about it? Will: Yes, I have. They gave me some tips on what to do but the boys keep on annoying me. Ben: Yes, it is rather tricky. I know those boys. One of them has already been suspended once for bullying. The other one was excluded for a whole week last year for threatening and hurting someone. I think you should just follow the tips the HUB gave you and keep ignoring them. All they want is your reaction. Will: OK. Thanks for listening, Ben. I will try and ignore them. 1 HUB — a place / a room in schools where you can go and talk to teachers or older pupils about your problems regarding your studies or social life. 134 38 Read the dialogue again and guess the meaning of underlined words. Match them with their definitions. 1. to pick on somebody a) an attempt to frighten, threaten or hurt someone 2. to call someone names b) to protect somebody against attack 3. to threaten c) a person who frightens or hurts weaker people 4. a bully d) to pay no attention to actions or people 5. to defend e) to say you will do something bad to somebody if they don’t do what you want 6. bullying f) to insult someone with unkind words 7. to ignore g) to criticize or unfairly treat a particular person 39 Work in pairs. Listen to the dialogue again. Act it out with your partner. Use the following phrases. A: What’s wrong? So what? Just ignore them. All he / she wants is your reaction. I think you should follow the tips. B: I’ve had enough! … keep on picking on me! … call me names. Thanks for listening. I will try and ignore … . UNIT 4 Section 3 40 Read a brief article on types of bullying. Say: what type of bullying was experienced by Will (Ex. 37); which types of bullying you have experienced yourself. Why Do People Bully? That’s a good question. In many cases bullies don’t even realize that they are not behaving properly. Some people bully because they may have problems at home and they take it out on other people at school or in the street. Other people bully because they have learned it from home (from their brothers, sisters or parents). Most bullies are not brave or strong. They are just sure that no one will stop them. There are several types of bullying. Cyber-bullying — sending unkind text messages on the phone or on the Internet. Physical bullying — hitting, kicking, taking belongings1. Verbal bullying — name-calling, insults, racist remarks, blackmail2. Indirect bullying — threatening, telling nasty stories, not letting someone join in with games etc. If you see someone being bullied, tell an adult as soon as possible. Stick up for the person that’s doing the right thing. When people are bullying, don’t be afraid to say no to them! Remember there are a lot of people who will want to help you. Don’t suffer in silence! 41 Work in pairs. Discuss with your partner the types and kinds of bullying typical of teenagers in some schools. What are the reasons for it? What is being done to get rid of bullying? 42 Listen to a person who works on the British Childline. Childline is the telephone line children and teenagers call if they can’t talk about their problems to anyone at home. Complete the sentences. 1. The most typical problems the teenagers face are … . 2. Most teenagers use Childline because they want to … . 3. Teenagers often need special information about how … . 43 Read the short texts. In which text you can find the information about: 1. what bullying is; 2. what kind of things are called ‘bullying’; 3. who a bully is; 4. what should happen to bullies; 5. what the victim should do. A. Threatening, stealing3, blackmail, name calling, and sending threatening messages on the phone are forms of bullying. Racism can be called bullying too. Making someone feel bad or less good about themselves is bullying. B. Bullying must be spoken about. The victims should talk to someone about how they feel after the bullying. Students and teachers should try to prevent bullying at school. After all, prevention is better than cure. C. A bully is a person who physically or verbally hurts someone. A bully can be a boy, a girl, a man or a woman. A bully usually picks on people who cannot defend themselves. D. Bullying is wrong and should be punished. There are different levels of bullying and various punishments. Normally the forms of punishment for British schoolchildren are: an interview with the teacher, a letter home, suspension or exclusion from school. E. The word ‘bullying’ covers different situations. There is a clear definition of bullying: ‘It is an attempt to hurt, threaten or frighten someone.’ 1 2 belongings — принадлежности blackmail — вымогательство, шантаж 3 stealing — кража 135 UNIT 4 Section 3 WORD FOCUS 44 Read and translate to review the meanings of the word kind. kind There are different kinds of punishment for bullying. Do you like horror films? — No, I don’t like that kind of film. I prefer comedies. Welcome to your supermarket! We can offer you twenty kinds of cheese, fifteen kinds of ice cream and eight kinds of fizzy drinks. What kind of person is he? Our Labrador is the kindest dog I’ve ever seen. Thanks a lot! It’s really kind of you to help me with the project. 45 Read the top tips about bullying which are given to British students. Do you agree with all of them? Why? / Why not? 1. If someone is bullying you, you need to stand up for yourself. 2. If someone is bullying you, tell an adult as soon as possible so it can be resolved. 3. If someone is bullying you, don’t do it back because it can make the matters worse. 4. If someone threatens you and demands that you do something, believe in yourself and say NO. 5. If your friends turn against you, there will always be someone there to help you through it. You can always make new friends in the end. 46 Now say what you would do in each of the following situations. If I were threatened, I would ... . If I were bullied, I could ... . If my friend were bullied in my presence, I would ... . If someone bullied weaker people in my presence, I would ... . Use: defend myself / someone from the bully, tell my parents or the teacher, ignore the bully, threaten the bully, stand up for myself, tell an adult as soon as possible, try to help, shout loudly, ask for help, fight, try to explain that, laugh at the bully, pay no attention to, try to change, say NO, become more independent, make friends with a bully, help each other, rely on, explain, it’s useless, make fun of a bully etc. 47 Work in groups. Prepare a Bullying Leaflet on a separate sheet of paper. Write your advice on how to resist bullies. Use the information in the section. BULLYING LEAFLET Please stop bullying now Top tips against bullying kinds of bullying 136 Don’t be afraid to stand up and speak out! UNIT 4 Section 3 48 The problem of bullying is not a new one. People have faced it for many years. Read an extract from Сharlotte Вrоntё’s novel ‘Jane Eyre’ and answer the questions below. I had begun to feel happy at Lowood. Most of the girls and teachers were kind to me. Unlike Mrs Reed, they didn’t think that I was a wicked child. I tried to sit still so that Mr Brocklehurst1 would not notice me. But then I dropped my book with a loud noise. I wanted to die! I was so ashamed. Mr Brocklehurst turned to me, and his eyes were cold and cruel. “Oh — I see it is the new girl — come here, Jane Eyre. I have something to say about you.” I was standing in front of Mr Brocklehurst when I heard Miss Temple say very quietly, “Don’t be afraid, Jane. I saw that it was an accident.” How kind she was to me at this terrible moment! Mr Brocklehurst pointed to a chair and said, “Stand on that chair!” For the next ten minutes, he told all the teachers and girls everything he knew about me. “She tells lies,” he said. “The school must not talk to such a wicked girl.” As he left the room, he said loudly, “Jane Eyre must stand on that chair for half an hour and no one must speak to her until tomorrow morning!” I was so ashamed. I wanted to die. “Now everyone will hate me,” I thought. But suddenly I saw Helen. She wanted to give me her courage. I did not leave my chair until everyone had gone for tea. Then I sat down in a corner and cried. I felt so unhappy and lonely. Soon Helen came into the room again. “Jane,” she said, “you mustn’t cry, you know. We don’t all share Mr Brocklehurst’s opinion of you. I’m sure that many of us feel sorry for you.” 1 Mr Brocklehurst was the supervisor of a boarding school for girls that did not have parents. 1. Where does the story take place? 2. How did Jane feel after she dropped the book? 3. What kind of punishment did Mr Brocklehurst give her? Was it severe? 4. What kind of help did Jane get? 5. Can you call it bullying? Why? / Why not? 49 Work in pairs. Look through the text again to find and write down the words and word combinations that are related to bullying. 51 Think of a story about bullying with a happy ending. Write it down. Express your attitude to the victim and the bully. Example: ... must not talk to such a wicked girl. Use: to listen to, to be sorry for, to try to help, to encourage, to calm someone down, to give someone advice, to say NO, to defend, to be angry with, to ignore, to threaten, to explain, to make fun of a bully, to break the friendship, to stop communicating with etc. 50 Have you read the novel ‘Jane Eyre’ by Сharlotte Вrоntё or watched the film version? What happened to Jane next? Will she be able to resist bullies in her adult life? 137 SECTION 4 Why Are Festivals Important? 52 Match the festivals with the countries where they are celebrated. 1. Australia a) Christmas Day (25th December) 2. The USA b) St Valentine’s Day (14th February) 3. The UK c) Australia Day (26th January) 4. Canada d) Canada Day (1st July) 5. Russia e) Independence Day (4th July) 6. New Zealand f) Waitangi Day (6th February) g) Victory Day (9th May) h) Christmas Day (7th January) 53 Listen and check if you were right. Do you know any other holidays that are celebrated in English-speaking countries? 54 Work in pairs. Make a list of Russian holidays. Write down the popular holidays we celebrate each year. Compare the list with your classmates’ ones. Example: January — New Year’s Day and Christmas. 55 Read the congratulations and wishes. When do we say them? Example: We say ‘Happy New Year!’ on New Year’s Eve. a) Happy birthday to you and many happy returns of the day! b) I wish you good luck and great success in the coming year! c) Merry Christmas! d) Warm wishes for a wonderful Easter! e) Victory Day greetings to you! f) Have a nice trip! g) Get well soon! h) Good luck! 138 UNIT 4 Section 4 56 Look at the postcard and remember its layout. Dear Jane, Wishing you peace this Christmas and also lots of joy for the New Year. We wish you all the best. May your wishes come true. Love, Cathy and Duncan 1. Never begin with Dear friend. Use the name. 2. Begin the first sentence with a capital letter. 3. General endings in postcards and letters are: Best wishes, Yours, Love, With much love from. 4. Don’t forget to write your own name. 57 Write your own postcard to a pen friend from an English-speaking country and send him / her greetings on a holiday (New Year, Christmas, birthday etc). Use Ex. 56 as a model. 58 Listen to the dialogue and complete the sentences. 1. At Christmas it is hot and sunny in Australia because … . 2. At Christmas the Australians decorate their towns and cities with … . 3. Most Australian families have traditional … at home. It can be fake or real. 4. Some Australian families have rejected traditional Christmas dinner because … . 5. Most Australians prefer … for Christmas dinner. 6. Australians spend Christmas holidays out-of-doors. They … . 59 Work in pairs. Discuss why Australian Christmas has so much in common with the traditional holiday. Define the specific features of the Australian holiday. 139 UNIT 4 Section 4 60 Read the text about an American family holiday. Put the paragraphs in correct order 1—6. The first winter in America was very hard for the travellers, or ‘Pilgrim s’, as they were called. The Native Americans helped the Pilgrims. They showed the newcomers how to hunt, fish and grow corn. lot of The next year the Pilgrims had a God for food. And they wanted to thank vest they their new home and for the har e days. thre for had got. The event lasted four ost That way, in 1621, which is alm nksgiving hundred years ago, the first Tha Day was celebrated. The story started in 1620. For economic and religious reasons a group of people decided to leave England and to make a new start in America. They wanted to be free to practice their religion. They also wanted a better life. On 16th September 1620 they left Plymouth, a port on the south coast of England, on the ship called ‘Mayflower’. There were about a hundred of passengers on board. In those times th ere were no engine s in the ships — only sails and the wind. It to ok the ‘Mayflower’ more than a mon th to cross the Atlantic Ocean. At last, on the 9th November, th e passengers of th e ‘Mayflower’ saw the co ast of America — but not all of them, unfo rtunately. Some people had become sic k and died befo re they arrived in Americ a. 140 rth Thursday in Nowadays, on the fou families get together November, American iving Day. People and celebrate Thanksg od fortune and the are grateful for their go ual way for Ameriautumn harvest. The us ay is to host a dincans to spend this holid ends and relatives. ner at home, invite fri on this day is turkey The traditional menu and pumpkin pie. People of Canada also celebrat e Thanksgiving Day but the day is different. The Canadian Thanksgiving Day is on the second Monday of October. The hol iday is celebrated earlier because the autu mn starts earlier in Canada than in America. And the harvest is gathered there earlier too . On that day, according to tradition, members of the family gather to thank God for a goo d year and pray for the coming one. 61 Answer the questions. 1. Why did a group of people from England decide to go to live in America? 2. How long did it take them to cross the Atlantic Ocean? 3. Who helped the Pilgrims in the new place? 4. Why was the holiday called Thanksgiving Day? 5. What do people usually eat on Thanksgiving Day? 6. Why do people in Canada celebrate Thanksgiving Day earlier than Americans? UNIT 4 Section 4 62 Work in pairs. Discuss why people enjoy celebrating special days with their families. Write down three most important reasons. Use: see each other, support members of the family, visit their relatives, ask for advice, express their respect for older members of the family, discuss the news, talk to each other etc. 63 What family festivals are celebrated in Russia? Tell your classmates about one of them. When it is celebrated. Who is usually invited. What traditional food is served on this day. Whether people give presents to each other on that day. What the members of the family usually do on that day. 64 Look at the pictures and say what holiday the family is celebrating. What makes you think so? 65 Read the text and say who actually had the holiday. HOW WE KEPT MOTHER’S DAY (retold from Stephen Leacock) So we decided to have a special celebration of Mother’s Day. We wanted to make it a great day and do everything we could to make Mother happy. Father decided to take a holiday from his office, so as to help in celebrating the day, and my sister Anne and I stayed home from college classes, and Mary and my brother Will stayed home from High School. According to our plan to make a holiday for our mother just like Christmas, we decided to decorate the house with flowers and all that kind of thing. So we got mother to arrange the decorations, because she always does it during the holidays. We have only one maid, and mother is busy in the house nearly all the time. So to give mother a surprise, father hired a motor car to take her for a beautiful drive away into the country. But on the very morning of the day, we changed our plan a little bit. Father said that it would be better to take mother fishing and that he had just got a new rod1 the day before. So we got everything arranged for the trip, and we asked mother to cut up some sandwiches in case we got hungry. However, we planned to come back home again to a big dinner in the middle of the day, just like at Christmas or on New Year’s Day. 1 a rod [r d] — удочка 141 UNIT 4 Section 4 When the car came to the door, it turned out that there is a room only for five people. Father said that he could stay at home. But of course we understood that it would be unfair to let father stay at home. The two girls, Anne and Mary, could stay and help the maid cook dinner. But the day was lovely and they were wearing new hats. Will and I could stay at home too, but unfortunately we were useless at making dinner. So in the end it was decided that mother would stay home and just have a lovely restful day round the house, and cook the dinner. Mother didn’t care for fishing anyway, and though it was lovely and sunny, Father was rather afraid that mother might catch cold if she came. So we all, except for mother, drove away and we had a lovely day up among the hills. It was quite late when we got back, nearly seven o’clock in the evening, but mother kept back the dinner to have it ready and hot for us. We sat down to the grandest kind of dinner — roast turkey and all sorts of things like on Christmas Day. Mother had to get up and down a good bit during the meal fetching things back and forward. The dinner lasted a long while, and was great fun. When it was over, all of us wanted to help clear up and wash the dishes. But then we let mother do it. It was quite late when it was all over. When we all kissed mother before going to bed, she said it had been the most wonderful day in her life, and I think there were tears in her eyes. So we all felt proud of all that we had done. 66 Complete the sentences. Choose a, b or c. 1. Father took a day off ... a) to celebrate the holiday with his family. b) to drive his children to High School. c) to go fishing with his friends. 2. The children asked their mother to decorate the house because ... a) the maid refused to do it. b) mother usually did it. c) they were very busy. 3. Mother decided to stay at home on Mother’s Day because ... a) there was not enough room in the car. b) she wanted to have a relaxing day at home. c) she disliked travelling by car. 4. After dinner, the table was cleared by ... a) father. b) mother. c) the children. 142 5. After Mother’s Day the children felt ... a) happy. b) guilty. c) disappointed. 6. In your opinion there were tears in mother’s eyes in the evening because ... a) she spent her holiday cooking and cleaning up. b) she was upset about the tasteless dinner. c) she was moved by her family’s love and attention. 67 Say who in the story: stayed home from the office; decorated the house with flowers; hired a motor car; cut up sandwiches for lunch; went for a drive in the country; went fishing on a nice day; cooked a great dinner; cleared up and washed the dishes; had a wonderful day; felt proud of all that they had done. UNIT 4 Section 4 68 Match the word combinations with their meanings in the text. 1. to stay home from а) to end in a particular (sometimes unexpected) way 2. to cut up b) to leave the place 3. to come back c) to divide something into slices 4. to turn out d) to go to another place to get something and bring it back 5. to drive away e) to return to a place / to a previous activity 6. to fetch back and forward f) to stand up and sit down 7. to get up and down g) not to go to a place / office / school 69 Tell the story from the point of view of: mother; the maid. 70 Work in pairs. Discuss how the children should have arranged a celebration of Mother’s Day to make their mother happy. Complete the dialogue. Use the ideas and the vocabulary from the box if necessary. Speaker 1 That’s a good idea! / Lovely! / Fine! That’s not a bad idea … but How about …? I have an alternative suggestion. What if they ...? Speaker 2 It’s a really amusing story but the situation the author described often happens in everyday life. Yes. And I think the children should have arranged the holiday celebration in a different way. Right. They have made lots of mistakes. Discuss what mistakes the children made, share ideas on how to make mothers happy on Mother’s Day. And why do you think mother didn’t tell her children how she really felt? Answer the question. Agree / Disagree / Add something to your partner’s answer. 143 SECTION 5 What Independence Means to You 71 Work in pairs. a) Mark the items you associate with independence. Add your own ideas if you have them. To me, independence means that I can choose my friends make decisions what hobby to have spend money on the things I want plan my weekdays and my holidays choose what sports to do decide how to spend my free time choose what films to see and books to read have my own opinions To me, independence means that I should take responsibility for all my decisions correct my mistakes by myself have some responsibilities at home and do some housework be able to control myself be responsible for my academic progress take care of my health respect other people’s opinions do my best to keep a good relationship within the family … b) Complete the explanation. People often say they want to be independent but they do not always understand what independence means. To me, independence means that ... 144 UNIT 4 Section 5 72 Put the paragraphs in the correct order and read the text of what Americans think about being independent. How do the parents encourage their children to be independent? Often even small children decide for themselves what toys to play with or how to decorate their bedrooms. Teenagers have many more choices to make: at school they choose between sports or music, French or German, science or social studies. They choose who their friends are and how to earn their pocket money, for example by babysitting or delivering newspapers. They also choose how to spend the money that they have earned: on new computer games, summer travelling or just going out with friends. Parents are not the only people to encourage children to be independe nt. Teachers also motivate their students to take their own decisions. However, they are always ready to help them make the best cho ice. The teachers can give advice on what subjects to choose or about activities after clas ses. However, they believe that it’s very imp ortant to be independent and to believe in you rself. n we Independence is a hot issue whe ents entalk about teenagers. Do your par r evyou in nt nde courage you to be indepe bey The do. eryday life? American parents e hav the lieve strongly that a person should ay and in freedom to decide what to do tod children r thei age the future. Parents encour to be nt, nde from an early age to be indepe iety and responsible, to respect their soc their country and to work hard. 73 Read the text again. Mark the following statements as T (true), F (false) or NS (not stated). 1. Most American parents want their children to learn to take decisions themselves. 2. There are several things American parents teach their sons and daughters from an early age. 3. American teenagers always discuss their future career with their parents. 4. American schools give their students some choice of subjects to study. 5. American teenagers can’t spend their pocket money without their parents’ permission. 6. To encourage their students to be independent teachers prefer not to give them any advice. 74 Read the words and the definitions. Choose the right meaning, a or b. to encourage a) to help somebody do something by means of giving confidence b) to prevent something by making it impossible to make a choice a) to refuse to do something b) to choose from a range of things or possibilities to earn a) to receive money for work b) to get something for free to deliver newspapers a) to sell newspapers in the newsagent b) to take newspapers to people’s houses to advise a) to talk a lot b) to suggest what to do to be independent a) not to be controlled by other people or events b) to meet new people and spend time with them 145 UNIT 4 Section 5 75 Answer the questions. 1. Do your parents encourage you to be independent in your everyday life? 2. What decisions can you take on your own? 3. What are you (not your parents) responsible for in your life? 4. How do your teachers help you to become independent? 5. Who do you consult with before taking a serious decision? Why do you trust him / her / them? 76 Listen to two teenagers, Linda and Jeff, talking about their part-time jobs. Fill in the table. Linda Jeff What do they do to earn some extra money? What are the disadvantages of their work? What do they want to spend the money they earned on? WORD FOCUS 77 Review the word combinations with do and make. Make up your own sentences with them. to do exercises your homework the housework the shopping the washing to make sports your hair your best well / badly without a mistake tea / coffee / a sandwich a bed a phone call money friends fun of somebody a choice up a story it on your own 78 Complete the sentences. Use make or do in the appropriate form. 1. Rewrite your essay, please. You’ve … some mistakes. 2. Don’t … fun of the boy. He’s only a kid. 3. Let’s … all the housework first and then you can spend the rest of the weekend however you want. 4. Please … me some coffee. I feel sleepy. 5. Have you … the washing up yet? — Not yet. 6. Please … your best to complete the work as soon as possible. We are really short of time. 7. It’s not always easy to …. the right choice. Especially when you don’t know which choice is right for you. 8. The test was really difficult but I have ... all the tasks. What about you? 9. She is a very sociable person. She … friends easily. 146 UNIT 4 Section 5 79 Label the following pictures showing typical kinds of job teenagers do to earn their pocket money. a) Babysitting b) Walking dogs c) Delivering newspapers d) Caring for animals 1 2 3 4 80 Read the texts. In which text the author 1. gets a bonus in addition to his payment; 2. talks about working hours for teenagers; 3. has two groups of clients; 4. gives advice to readers. A. I live in the country in a small place. Usually it is a very quiet place. But in summer a lot of people from the city come here to relax and ride horses. I want to earn some pocket money and it is not that difficult! I have found a riding school that needs help. They don’t have enough time to take care of their horses. It’s not far from my home. Every morning, before school, I bring fresh water for the animals, feed them and clean the place where they are kept. After school I go there again to check if the animals are OK. Horses are fantastic! Sometimes I think that they understand my every word. I’m quite happy that, along with the money, I’m allowed some free riding lessons. 5. takes care of young children; 6. works in the morning; 7. uses a bicycle for his / her work. B. I love dogs. For many years I had a wonderful dog that died not long ago. At the moment I’m not ready yet to get another dog. But as I’m good with dogs I offer to walk other people’s dogs and even train them to obey some simple commands. If you love dogs, this is the job for you. Many people in big cities commute to their offices and have to leave their dogs at home for the whole day. Also, some elderly people cannot walk their dogs. Why not help them? I work for people working long hours and for elderly people. The important thing to remember is you should never let a dog off the lead1. You never know what the dog might do. It’s also important to make friends with the dog before you take it out for a walk. 1 a lead [li ] — поводок 147 UNIT 4 Section 5 C. Lately I’ve got a job at the local post office. You should know that in Britain there are strict government laws about working hours for children. Only children over 13 are allowed to work. On a school day they cannot work more than 2 hours a day, definitely not during their school hours. At weekends and during school holidays they can work longer hours. I prefer to work only on holidays and weekends. Of course, it’s not easy. I have to get up early in the morning to deliver newspapers to houses on time. Most people to whom I deliver the mail know me well by now. They are friendly and my morning begins with a smile. My bicycle is of great help to me. I love cycling and enjoy myself while working. 81 Listen, repeat and read. 84 Choose the text you like most of all. Write five questions to find out more about the job the author is doing. work country own ride Example: Have you got any problems with a person you work for? turn money obey cycle early government progress smile person encourage programme quite earn result overcome PRONUNCIATION FOCUS died 82 Choose one of the texts from Ex. 80. Answer the questions. 1. What does the author do to earn some pocket money? 2. Does the author like his / her job? Why do you think so? 3. Does the author get some extra bonus doing his / her job? What is it? 83 Look through the texts in Ex. 80. Find synonyms for the following words and word combinations. Example: to rest — to relax to rest, to look after, it’s close to, wonderful, to get on well with, not long ago, work, at the proper time, to get better, to take care of a child, to go to school 148 D. Working parents often have to leave their kids with grandparents or babysitters. If you are good with children, responsible and kind, you can earn your pocket money looking after children. It’s not very difficult to play and read fairy tales to small boys and girls, and taking them for a walk may be fun too. I also know that some parents will also pay for a teenager to walk their children safely to and from school. A friend of mine babysits with a little boy who attends a primary school. I don’t have much free time but sometimes I babysit for my neighbour. The pay is not big but I can buy some new clothes, or whatever I want. 85 Give a talk about your attitude to part-time jobs. How you get your pocket money. What you usually spend it on. Whether you’d like to take a part-time job. Why? / Why not? What kind of a part-time job you would like to take (if any). 86 Work in pairs. Choose one of the statements from the list below. Decide if you agree or disagree with it. Present at least three reasons for or against the statement. Use: firstly …, secondly …, thirdly …; and another thing …, what’s more … . Teenagers should earn their pocket money. Part-time jobs affect pupils’ academic results. It’s next to impossible for a teenager to find a part-time job. Teenagers who have part-time jobs are more responsible. Teenagers don’t have time for any part-time jobs. HOMEWORK 1 Complete the text with one of the words or word combinations from the box. 5. FAVOUR Who is your … writer? — I like Tolkien best. 6. FAME The … sportsman took part in four Olympic Games. 3 Write down the questions for the following answers. Use Ex. 9 on p. 126. Example: ...? — In 1901. When was Walt Disney born? owners, all over, proud of, self-made, rely on, on their own, social position There are a lot of things our country is famous for. But mostly we are … our people. There are many … persons who succeeded by their efforts alone. They started without any money or … . Some of them didn’t even have friends or relatives to … . They worked hard every day to succeed and made it … . Some of them have become the … of successful business, others have left their marks in science. The names of Russian artists, writers, actors and singers are wellknown … the world. 2 Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits suitably in the blank space. Example: AMBITION Steve will succeed in politics. He is bright and ambitious. 1. OWN Is he the … of this racing motorcycle? — I think so. 2. SUCCESS Nowadays they run a very … computer business. 3. EQUAL All her life she fought against the … rights of men and women in her country. She believed that all the people are created equal. 4. EDUCATE The brothers received a good home … . They easily got into university. 1. ...? — On a farm. 2. ...? — To help his father. 3. ...? — With cinema and films. 4. ...? — After the First World War. 5. ...? — Adventures and fun. 6. ...? — Disneyland. 4 Complete the text. Use the correct forms of the verbs (active or passive). When we hear the name Leonardo da Vinci, most people think of his famous painting, the Mona Lisa. But Leonardo … (not be) just a painter. He was known as a talented inventor, engineer, architect and sculptor. From his childhood, Leonardo … (study) the world around him. He … (read) a lot, … (listen) to other people’s ideas and … (draw) numerous sketches. Leonardo was full of new ideas and a lot of notes … (make) by the famous artist. Some of them … (publish) in the 1800s and can be seen today. Leonardo da Vinci … (design) a parachute and a mechanical robot. His robot … (can) sit, wave its arms and move its head. 5 Complete the text. Put in prepositions if needed. I have too many responsibilities … home. I can never rely … my younger sister. Though my parents are proud … her, she doesn’t treat them … respect. She often argues … my mother. She likes to shout … our old dog. She often makes … fun … her schoolmates. She wants everyone to obey … her. I know that parents should take care … their children, but they shouldn’t let … their children do whatever they like! 149 UNIT 4 Homework 6 Complete the sentences with the words in brackets in the correct forms. 10 Choose the word or word combination (a—c) with the same or similar meaning. Example: Hot weather always … feel sick. (make; I) — Hot weather always makes me feel sick. 1. to ignore a) to notice b) to pay no attention to c) to protect 1. When she was a little girl, her father … … get up early and do morning exercises. (make; she) 2. The doctor examined David and … … to stay in bed for 3 days. (tell; he) 3. Our teacher … … to work hard in lessons. We are going to have a difficult exam in a month. (want; we) 4. What … … laugh? (make; you) 5. Please … … to make a short presentation on a self-made person for Saturday. (ask; he) 6. Alice called her friends yesterday. She … … to go to the mountains for a weekend with her. (want; they) 7 Translate into English. 1. Я беспокоюсь о своей подруге. Она всегда была общительной и дружелюбной. Но в последнее время она стала грустной. Она не хочет разговаривать со мной. Что мне делать? 2. Не переживай! Ты один из лучших учеников по всем предметам. Но ты не можешь знать всё. 3. У него обычная семья. Все члены семьи относятся друг к другу с уважением и любовью. Иногда они ссорятся, но всегда готовы поддержать и помочь друг другу. 8 Complete the text with the words or word combinations from the box. calls, bully, pick on, insults, threatened, be punished Have you ever met a bully? I’m sure you have. A … can be a child or an adult, a boy or a girl. Bullies usually … people who cannot defend themselves. Victims can be … or hurt in some other way. When a bully … you names, steals something from you, … or blackmails you, do something to stop him. Remember that bullying is wrong and bullies should … . 9 Do Ex. 46 on p. 136 in written form. 150 2. to succeed in a) to fail b) to manage c) to be out of luck 3. to argue a) to disagree b) to ask c) to make friends 4. to defend a) to save b) to help c) to protect 5. an opportunity a) a chance b) a situation c) a success 6. equal a) unfair b) different c) one and the same 11 Complete the text. Put in the prepositions. Boxing Day is a public holiday in Great Britain. It is usually celebrated … December 26th, … the following day … Christmas Day. Some historians think that the holiday got its name because … the Christmas presents … boxes which the lords and ladies of England gave to their servants … 26th December. Others believe that the holiday was named Boxing Day due to the priests who opened the charity boxes … the day … Christmas and gave the money … the poor. Nowadays Boxing Day is a day … different sports events and also the start … the postChristmas sales. 12 Write down the questions for the following answers. Use Ex. 60 on p. 140. 1. ...? — In November. 2. ...? — To become free and have a better life. 3. ...? — There were no engines on their ships. 4. ...? — The Native Americans. 5. ...? — To thank for all the good. UNIT 4 Homework 13 Write a short paragraph about your family tradition. Use the following phrases. Every year … The tradition started … On that day we invite our friends (relatives) to see each other … The traditional food on that day is … 14 Do Ex. 71 on p. 144 in written form. 15 Complete the sentences. Fill in do or make in the right form. Example: Alice has gone to the city centre to … some shopping. — Alice has gone to the city centre to do some shopping. 1. He only got a C in Maths. Unfortunately he … 4 mistakes in the test. 2. At the camp the young sportsmen get up at 6 am, … their beds and then … morning exercises. 3. Have you already … friends with your new classmates? — Yes, I have. 4. What can I … for you? 5. Don’t be nervous! Just … your best. 6. You have to ... a difficult choice. 16 Write a short paragraph about a job you would like to do to earn some pocket money. Use the teenagers’ stories in Ex. 80 on pp. 147—148 as models. Try to cover the following questions. What kind of work would you like to do? Why do you think you are able to do this work? How will you spend the money you earn? KEY VOCABULARY Nouns: ambition babysitter bully bullying congratulation festival independence kind opportunity owner person right threat Verbs: argue defend earn encourage obey own succeed threaten Adjectives: ambitious dependent equal independent own patient self-made social successful unequal Expressions and word combinations: a threatening letter be ashamed of be frightened of be successful (in doing something) defend against / from deliver newspapers have own opinion / equal rights lack of something make a choice make plans make someone do something pocket money a self-made person send greetings to social position special occasion threat against someone want somebody to do something 151 UNIT 4 Progress check PROGRESS CHECK 1 Listen to the speakers (A—D) and mark the statements as T (true) or F (false). 1. Speaker A always discusses his / her school problems with the family. 2. Speaker B has ideas for how to earn his / her pocket money. 3. Speaker C does not mind being dependent on his / her parents. 4. Speaker D is focused on his / her career. 2 Listen and choose the answers to the questions. 1. What made the speaker change school? a) A conflict with his / her classmates. b) Moving house. c) Ambitious plans for the future. 2. What worries the speaker in his / her new school? a) Bullying at school. b) Transportation problems. c) Students’ lack of ambition. Points /6 3 Read the text and complete the sentences below. Use only one word from the text for each blank. I work in a school. My students are fantastic. They are very cheerful and playful but they enthusiastically do the tasks I suggest just to please me. There are no common school problems with bullying, stealing pocket money, calling names, or playing telephone games during the classes. They never do it. I think you can guess what kind of school I’m talking about and who my students are. Right. It’s a school for dogs and my students are dogs of different breeds and ages. I’m a professional dog trainer. Our school is called B&S, where the letters stand for the words Brave and Smart. Being brave and smart is, in my opinion, natural for dogs. If a dog is not like that, it’s always the owner’s fault, not the dog’s. I’m sure that every dog needs professional training. 152 B&S School provides courses for dogs of different ages. Our youngest students are puppies from only 8 to 20 weeks old. Then we hold schooling for our teenagers — the dogs from 5 months to 2 years old. The third age group are adult dogs. They are not difficult to train but we often have to correct some of their bad habits like digging, chewing, barking, or biting. Finally, we have our senior students — the dogs from above 9 years old. They prove that it’s never too late to learn and that the old proverb “You can’t teach an old dog new tricks” is absolutely wrong! Depending on the age and the learning goals we recommend different courses. If the owner wants the dog to behave properly and know commands like ‘stay’, ‘wait’, ‘come’, ‘down’, ‘leave it’, we offer a basic training course. When we have specific training goals, we design special programmes and teach the dog special skills — from performing tricks to assisting blind people. Needless to say, we never use punishment in our training practice. And there is no need — positive encouragement works miracles! 1. The text is written by a dog ... . 2. No students in the school call people names or ... money. 3. The letter S in the name of the school stands for ... . 4. There is a special course to correct the dogs’ misbehaviour and bad ... . 5. Dogs older than 9 years are called ... students. 6. The author is sure that even old dogs can learn new ... . 7. The choice of course depends on the learning ... . 8. The author says that ... is not an appropriate way to train dogs. Points /8 4 Congratulate your English-speaking friend on some national holiday / public holiday / family special event. Write him / her an electronic postcard. UNIT 4 Progress check 5 Give a talk about a special event you celebrate as a family. Say: what kind of event it is; how you celebrate it; why most people like family celebrations and what you personally enjoy about them most. 6 Work in pairs. Imagine that your school athletics team has won first prize in a city competition. Discuss how you will arrange a celebration of this event at school. Complete the dialogue. Use the ideas from the boxes if necessary. have a picnic, concert in the school, homemade cakes, arrange a fancy dress party, display the photos of the winners, mock competitions, chocolate prizes It’s not a bad idea but … . I’m not sure it’ll work. I have an alternative suggestion. What if we ...? OK, that sounds reasonable … . It’s nice but too expensive … . It’ll be fun, won’t it? Speaker 1 Speaker 2 It’s amazing that we won! We are the best! Yes. And I think we should arrange something special to celebrate. Good idea! Lots of people will be glad to support it but we need to suggest something first. Right. How about …? Discuss two or three options of how to arrange the celebration, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of all of them, agree on one of them. Fine. What we need now is to present everything to the class in a very clear way. Yes. And if they approve of our plan, we’ll start getting ready for the celebration. Exactly. Mark your score For tasks 1—3 you can get 14 points. 14—13 points — Well done! 12—11 points — Good! 10—8 points — You can do better! 7 points or less — Revise and try again! Tasks 4 and 6 should be evaluated by your teacher. 153 GRAMMAR REFERENCE Appendix 1 PRONOUNS Personal Pronouns (Личные местоимения) Possessive Pronouns (Притяжательные местоимения: чей? чья? чье?) Subject Form (Именительный падеж: кто? что?) Object Form (Объектный падеж: кого? что? кому? чему? кем? чем?) употребляются перед существительными за ними не следуют существительные (абсолютная форма) I you he she it we you they me you him her it us you them mу your his her its our your their mine yours his hers — ours yours theirs Reflexive Pronouns (Возвратные местоимения) myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves NUMBERS / NUMERALS 1—21 1-й—21-й 10, 20... 10-й, 20-й... one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth twenty-first ten twenty thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety a hundred two hundred a thousand a million tenth twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth seventieth eightieth ninetieth hundredth two hundredth thousandth millionth 1/2 — a half 1/4 — a quarter 1 1/2 — one and a half 1.7 — one point seven 100 — a / one hundred 200 — two hundred 1,000 — a / one thousand 4,000 — four thousand 1,000,000 — a / one million 1,000,000,000 — a / one billion 137 — one hundred and thirty-seven hundreds of students — сотни студентов / учащихся 5,253 — five thousand two hundred and fifty-three thousands of books — тысячи книг 2,500,000 — two million five hundred thousand millions of people — миллионы людей 154 Appendix 1 Grammar Reference ARTICLES I. Indefinite Article (a/an) Артикль a/an употребляется: 1. перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе, когда оно называется впервые Mike has got a brother and a sister. I bought a new board game. 2. перед названием профессии He is a teacher. I am a journalist. 3. перед числительным (в значении «одна», «один») a hundred, a thousand 4. в восклицательных предложениях What a clever girl! It is a nice morning! II. Definite Article (the) Артикль the употребляется: 1. перед существительными как в единственном, так и во множественном числе, когда они уже знакомы или упоминались ранее Here is the book you asked for. Its worth reading. This is the magazine which I’ve bought for you. 2. перед существительными, являющимися единственными в своем роде the Moon, the Sun, the Earth, the solar system 3. перед названиями сторон света the East, the South 4. перед названиями некоторых исторических учреждений (музеев, театров и т. д.) the Kremlin, the British Museum, the Bolshoi Theatre 5. перед названиями газет The Guardian, The Sun 6. перед названиями стран, содержащих слова: republic, kingdom, states, federation the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic 7. перед названиями национальностей the Russians, the English, the Chinese 8. перед существительными с порядковыми числительными the second book, the Third World 9. перед существительными с прилагательными в превосходной степени the best weekend, the smallest planet 10. перед фамилиями, употребляемыми во множественном числе для обозначения членов одной семьи the Ivanovs, the Pitts 11. перед словами: theatre / cinema / radio / sky / sea / country We went to the cinema last Friday. She likes talking about weather. 12. перед названиями пустынь the Sahara Desert the Kalahari Desert 13. перед названиями групп островов the Bahamas the British Isles 14. перед названиями горных цепей the Urals the Caucasus 155 Appendix 1 Grammar Reference Окончание табл. Артикль the употребляется: 15. перед названиями океанов the Atlantic Ocean the Indian Ocean 16. перед названиями морей the Irish Sea the White Sea 17. перед названиями рек the Volga the Thames 18. перед названиями проливов the Suez Canal, the English Channel the Bering Strait III. Zero Article (No Article) Артикль не употребляется: 1. перед именами и фамилиями Agatha Christie, Alexander Pushkin 2. перед названиями стран, городов, улиц, площадей Spain, London, Fleet Street, Red Square 3. перед названиями отдельных островов и горных вершин Sakhalin, Iceland, Elbrus, Ben Nevis 4. перед названиями континентов Europe, Asia, Australia 5. перед названиями озёр Lake Ontario, Lake Baikal, Lake Ladoga COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Adjective / Adverb (Прилагательное / Наречие) Comparative (Сравнительная степень) Superlative (Превосходная степень) old short big nice pretty hard popular beautiful carefully older shorter bigger nicer prettier harder more popular more beautiful more carefully (the) oldest (the) shortest (the) biggest (the) nicest (the) prettiest (the) hardest (the) most popular (the) most beautiful (the) most carefully (the) much more carefully better worse farther / further better more less (the) best (the) worst (the) farthest / furthest (the) best (the) most (the) least Remember good bad far well much / many little 156 Appendix 1 Grammar Reference VERB TENSES The Present Simple + Positive I You We They He She It – Negative ? Question speak English. I You We They don’t speak English. speaks English. He She It doesn’t speak English. I you we they speak English? Does he she it speak English? Do Yes, I / we / you / they do. No, I / we / you / they don’t. Yes, he / she / it does. No, he / she/it doesn’t. Short answers: The Past Simple + Positive I You He She It We They – Negative I You He She It We They spoke English. Short answers: Yes, ? Question didn’t speak English. I / you / he / she / it / we / they did. Did I you he she it we they No, I / you / he / she / it / we / they speak English? didn’t. The Future Simple + Positive I We You They He She It – Negative will (shall) speak English. I We will speak English. You They He She It won’t (shan’t) speak English. won’t speak English. ? Question Will (Shall) I we speak English? Will you they he she it speak English? Yes, I / we will (shall). No, I / we won’t (shan’t). Yes, you / they / he / she / it will. No, you / they / he / she / it won’t. Short answers: 157 Appendix 1 Grammar Reference The Present Continuous + Positive I We You They He She It – Negative am are writing now. is Yes, Short answers: Yes, I We You They He She It am ? Question Am are Are not writing now. is Is I we / you / they am. he / she / it is. No, are. No, I we you they he she it writing now? I we / you / they am not. he / she / it is not. are not. The Present Perfect + Positive I We You They He She It – Negative have written the story. has written the story. I We You They He She It haven’t written the story. hasn’t written the story. ? Question Have Has I we you they he she it written the story? Yes, I / you / we / they have. No, I / you / we / they haven’t. Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn’t. Short answers: Have got + Positive I We You They He She It – Negative have got a computer. has got a computer. haven’t got a computer. hasn’t got a computer. Have Has I we you they he she it got a computer? Yes, I / you / we / they have. No, I / you / we / they haven’t. Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn’t. Short answers: 158 I We You They He She It ? Question Appendix 1 Grammar Reference The Past Perfect + Positive I You He She It We They – Negative had prepared dinner (before the party started). Short answers: I You He She It We They had not prepared dinner (before the party started). I / you / he / she / it / we / they Yes, ? Question had. I you he she it we they Had No, prepared dinner (before the party started)? I / you / he / she / it /we / they hadn’t. The Present Perfect Continuous + Positive – Negative ? Question I You We They have been writing the essay (for 2 hours). I You We They haven’t been writing the essay (for 2 hours). Have He She It has been writing the essay (for 2 hours). He She It hasn’t been written the essay (for 2 hours). Has I you we they he she it been writing the essay (for 2 hours)? Yes, I / you / we / they have. No, I / you / we / they haven’t. Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn’t. Short answers: Since It has been snowing since 12 o’clock. Снег идёт с 12 часов (и сейчас продолжает идти). For It has been snowing for 3 hours. Снег идёт на протяжении трёх часов (начался три часа назад и всё ещё продолжается). Verbs which are not usually used in the continuous: be, believe, consist, depend, know, love, mean, realize, belong, contain, hate, need, like, prefer, remember, seem, understand, suppose, want. We have lived in Sochi for five years. I have known her since 1998. 159 Appendix 1 Grammar Reference VERB + OBJECT + VERB ask want tell expect help invite order teach me you him / her / it us them to do something I often ask them to walk my dog. — Я часто прошу их погулять с моей собакой. But: Anecdotes make me laugh. — Анекдоты заставляют меня смеяться. DO and MAKE Do do homework do your best do an exercise do well / badly do the shopping do housework do a lot of damage do Maths / Physics do research 160 Make make a cake / tea / coffee make an effort make fun of make a mistake make money make progress make a phone call make a bed make friends Appendix 1 Grammar Reference Verbs followed by the -ing form or by the Infinitive with to Some verbs and expressions can only be followed by the -ing form: Some verbs can only be followed by the infinitive with to: be fond of enjoy finish give up imagine it’s worth dislike mind miss practise succeed in suggest stop agree arrange decide fail forget happen hope learn manage offer pretend promise refuse want This cathedral is very beautiful and old. It’s worth visting. He refused to invite her to the party. She failed to pass the exam. Some verbs can be followed by either -ing form or by to: begin continue hate like love prefer start I like / hate to get up early on Sunday morning. Begin reading, please. 161 Appendix 1 Grammar Reference PASSIVE VOICE The Present Simple Passive + Positive – Negative ? Question I am given a task by the teacher. I am not given a task by the teacher. We You They are given a task by the teacher. We You They He She It is given a task by the teacher. He She It Short answers: Am I are not given a task by the teacher. Are we you they is not given a task by the teacher. Is he she it given a task by the teacher? Yes, I am. No, I am not. Yes, we / you / they are. No, we / you / they are not. Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it is not. The Past Simple Passive + Positive – Negative ? Question I was examined. I was not examined. Was I We You They were examined. We You They were not examined. Were we you they He She It was examined. He She It was not examined. Yes, I / he / she / it was. No, I / he / she / it was not. Yes, we / you / they were. No, we / you / they were not. Short answers: examined? he she it Was The Future Simple Passive + Positive I We You They He She It will be tested tomorrow. Short answers: 162 – Negative Yes, I We You They He She It ? Question will not be tested tomorrow. I/we/you/they/ he/she/it will. Will No, I we you they he she it be tested tomorrow? I/we/you/they/ he/she/it won’t. Appendix 1 Grammar Reference CONDITIONALS Conditional Clause Conditional I We use it to talk about events which are possible in the present or future. Conditional II We use it for unlikely (маловероятные) situations in the present or future. Conditional III We use it to talk about situations that didn’t happen in the past. Main Clause If + present simple 1. If it snows, Если пойдёт снег, will + infinitive they will go skiing. они отправятся кататься на лыжах. 2. If you don’t write the composition, Если ты не напишешь сочинение, you’ll get a bad mark. 3. If I see Jane, Если я увижу Джейн, I’ll invite her to my birthday party. я приглашу её на свой день рождения. 4. Don’t miss the lessons, He пропускай уроки, (Если ты пропустишь уроки) or you’ll be punished. а то тебя накажут. If + past simple 1. If I knew the answer, Если бы я знал ответ, would (might) + infinitive I would tell you. я бы сказал тебе. 2. If I were you, На твоём месте I would learn German. я бы выучил немецкий язык. 3. If she had money, Если бы у неё были деньги, she might spend her holidays abroad. то она могла бы проводить каникулы за границей. 4. If they spoke Spanish, Если бы они говорили по-испански, they might go to Spain. то они могли бы съездить в Испанию. If + past perfect 1. If the teenager had collected his thoughts, Если бы подросток собрался с мыслями, would + have + + Participle II he would have won the competition. он бы победил в состязании (но он не победил). 2. If I had been in Moscow at that time, Если бы я был в Москве в то время, I would have helped him. ты получишь плохую оценку. я бы помог ему (но меня не было в Москве, и я не помог ему). 163 Appendix 1 Grammar Reference REPORTED SPEECH I. Reported speech (present) Direct speech She says: “I phone my friends every day.” (present simple) (present simple) She says: “I will phone you tomorrow.” (present simple) (future simple) She says: “I phoned you an hour ago.” (present simple) (past simple) Reported speech She says (that) she phones her friends every day. (present simple) (present simple) She says (that) she will phone me tomorrow. (present simple) (future simple) She says (that) she phoned me an hour ago. (present simple) (past simple) II. Reported speech (past). Statements. Tense changes She said: “I phone my friends every day.” (past simple) (present simple) She said: “I will phone you.” (past simple) (future simple) She said: “I phoned you at 5, but you were not at home.” (past simple) (past simple) He said: “I can solve this problem.” (past simple) (present simple) He said: “We may go there.” (past simple) (present simple) He said: “I must leave.” (past simple) (present simple) She said (that) she phoned her friends every day. (past simple) (past simple) She said (that) she would phone me. (past simple) (future-in-the past) She said (that) she had phoned me at 5, but I had (past simple) (past perfect) not been at home. He said (that) he could solve that problem. (past simple) (past simple) He said (that) they might go there. (past simple) past simple) He said (that) he had to leave. (past simple) (past simple) III. Reported speech (past). Questions. Tense changes General questions She said, “Are you a good reader?” (past simple) (present simple) She said, “Does your sister like jogging?” (past simple) (present simple) She said, “Will you come to the party?” (past simple) (future simple) She said, “Have you met before?” (past simple) (present perfect) General questions She asked me if I was a good reader. (past simple) (past simple) She wanted to know if my sister liked jogging. (past simple) (past simple) She wondered if I would come to the party. (past simple) (future-in-the-past) She asked if we had met before. (past simple) (past perfect) Wh-questions He said, “How did you get here tonight?” (past simple) (past simple) He said, “What subjects do you like?” (past simple) (present simple) He said, “What are you doing now?” (past simple) (present continuous) He said, “Why is your cousin sad loday?” (past simple) (present simple) Wh-questions He wanted to know how I had got there that night. (past simple) (past perfect) He asked me what subjects I liked. (past simple) (past simple) He wondered what I was doing then. (past simple) (past continuous) He asked why my cousin was sad that day. (past simple) (past simple) IV. Reported speech (past). Commands “Give up fast food,” the doctor said. “Don’t be late!” said the teacher. 164 The doctor advised her to give up fast food. The teacher warned us not to be late. Appendix 1 Grammar Reference Changes to time words and phrases Direct speech Reported speech that day that night the day before the next day (a week) before the year before the following year that evening then today tonight yesterday tomorrow (a week) ago last year next year this evening now Changes to demonstrative pronouns Direct speech these this here Reported speech those that there WORD FORMATION Nouns -tion / -sion / -ion -er / -or -ance / -ence -ing -ity -ist -ment Verbs Adjectives Adverbs mis-, re-, un- un-, in-, il-, im-, non-, dis-, ir- un- -ize (-ise), -en -able / -ible -al-, -(i)an -ful-, -ic-, -ing -y(ly)-, -ous -ive -ly Numbers / Numerals -teen -ty -th 165 LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS Infinitive awake be bear beat become begin bite break bring build burn buy can cast catch choose come cost cut do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget get give go grow hang have hear hold hurt keep know 166 будить, просыпаться быть, находиться, являться рождать бить, ударять становиться начинать(ся) кусать(ся) ломать, нарушать приносить, приводить строить жечь, гореть покупать мочь, уметь кидать, бросать ловить, поймать выбирать приходить, приезжать стоить резать, рубить делать, поступать, выполнять рисовать, чертить, тянуть пить вести машину, ехать на машине есть, кушать падать кормить чувствовать бороться, сражаться находить летать запрещать забывать получать давать ходить, идти, ехать расти, выращивать висеть, вешать иметь, владеть слышать держать ушибить(ся), причинять боль держать, хранить знать Appendix 2 Past Simple Past Participle awoke was (ед. ч.) were (мн. ч.) bore beat became began bit broke brought built burnt, burned bought could cast caught chose came cost cut did drew drank drove awoken been born beaten become begun bitten broken brought built burnt, burned bought — cast caught chosen come cost cut done drawn drunk driven ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot got gave went grew hung had heard held hurt kept knew eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten got given gone grown hung had heard held hurt kept known Appendix 2 List of Irregular Verbs Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle leave let lie lose make mean meet pay put read rid ride ring rise run say see sell send set shake shoot show shut sing sit sleep smell speak spend spill spread stand steal swim take teach tell think throw tread understand класть, положить вести, руководить учить что-то, узнавать, учиться уезжать, оставлять позволять, разрешать лежать терять делать, заставлять значить, иметь в виду встречать(ся) платить класть, ставить читать избавлять ехать верхом звенеть, звонить подниматься, вставать бежать, бегать говорить, сказать видеть продавать, торговать посылать, отправлять ставить, класть трясти стрелять показывать закрывать петь сидеть спать нюхать, пахнуть говорить, разговаривать тратить, расходовать проливать, разливаться простираться стоять воровать, красть плавать брать, взять учить сказать, рассказать думать, полагать бросать ступать, топтать понимать, предполагать laid led learnt learned left let lay lost made meant met paid put read rid, ridded rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shook shot showed shut sang sat slept smelt, smelled spoke spent spilt, spilled spread stood stole swam took taught told thought threw trod understood laid led learnt learned left let lain lost made meant met paid put read rid, ridded ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent set shaken shot shown shut sung sat slept smelt, smelled spoken spent spilt, spilled spread stood stolen swum taken taught told thought thrown trodden understood upset wear win write расстраивать носить (одежду), изнашивать выигрывать, побеждать писать upset wore won wrote upset worn won written lay lead learn 167 PRONUNCIATION TABLE Согласные знак транскрипции Гласные слово знак транскрипции слово pen meet bee sit ten cosy dog letter king bag go park cheese stop jump morning fat book very blue three mum they bird sad sister zoo table she nose pleasure time hot now milk boy name dear song bear let sure red tired yes our want 168 Appendix 3 LEARNING STRATEGIES Appendix 4 Tips for giving a talk 1. Read the task and the key words or questions which are suggested. 2. Follow the plan. Don’t miss any part of it. 3. Keep to the point to be informative. 4. Use linking words and expressions in your talk. 5. Speak clearly so that your partners can hear you. How to deal with true / false / not stated tasks 1. Read the text. Try to catch the logic of the text. Pay attention to details. 2. Start with the sentences which (as you think) are true. Study the parts of the sentence. Use the text to check your guess. Mark the sentences with the letter “T”. 3. Then get rid of the obviously incorrect sentences. If you are not sure, look through the text again. Mark the sentences with the letter “F”. 4. The hardest is to decide which information was not stated. Make a logical guess where such kind of information could be placed in the text. Read that part of the text attentively. 5. Make a decision on whether the information was stated or not. Mark the sentence with the letters “NS”. How to guess the meaning of a new word 1. Look for clues. Reread the new word in its context: the sentence in which it is, plus the sentence before and after. Try to get an idea of the possible meaning of the word. 2. Write down a few meanings that you think are possible. 3. If you work with a partner, talk with him / her and try to work out the correct meanings of the words that you have underlined. 4. Use an English-Russian dictionary to check your guesses. How to deal with structural clauses 1. Read the task attentively. Read the words and phrases given for filling in the gaps. Example: in danger, pollution, bins, is thrown ... 2. Read the text quickly for general understanding. Try to ignore the gaps. Example: A lot of rubbish ... into the sea. Sea animals, fish and birds are ... . Some animal try to eat the ..., they die. 3. Then read the text sentence by sentence. Pay attention to the words which go before and after the gaps. Decide what part of speech is missing in each gap. 4. Go back to the given words and phrases. Choose the most appropriate one for each gap. Fill in the gaps. 5. Read the text again to check if you were right. Example: A lot of rubbish is thrown into the sea. Sea animals, fish and birds are in danger. Some animals try to eat the bins, they die. 169 Appendix 4 Learning Strategies How to write a personal letter A typical personal letter has a definite structure: 1. Your address and the date in the top right-hand corner. 2. Greeting: Dear Helen (or any name of a person you are addressing to). 3. Beginning: Thank you for your letter ...; It was great to hear from you. 4. 2—3 phrases giving answer to your pen friend’s question or giving the information (according to the task). 5. Ending (common finishing remarks) a) Write soon ... or I look forward to your reply / to hearing from you soon. b) Best regards to / Best wishes / All the best. 6. Your name. Example: St Petersburg, Russia 19.10.2016 Dear Jane, Thank you very much for your letter. It was great to hear from you. You asked me about the books teenagers read in Russia. Well, it depends on how old they are. My friends prefer fantasy, detective stories, sometimes fiction. Write soon and tell me about the books and magazines you like to read. Best wishes, Dasha Tips for doing individual projects 1. Choose a topic / idea for your research. 2. Find the information on the topic from all sources (your textbook, other books, people who are aware of the subject). Use the Internet if necessary. 3. Make a proposal on how to develop the idea. 4. Write down the key words or the plan of the presentation on the topic. 5. Share your proposals with your classmates. Be ready to answer their questions. 170 CULTURAL GUIDE A Africa — one of the seven continents of the Earth. Antarctica — one of the seven continents. The South Pole is founded in Antarctica. Arctic Ocean (the) — the smallest ocean in the world, at the North Pole. It is covered with ice all year round. Armstrong, Neil (1930—2012) — an American astronaut. He was the first man to walk on the Moon in 1969. Atlantic Ocean (the) — the second largest ocean in the world, which separates North and South America from Europe and Asia. Australia — one of the seven continents of the Earth. It’s also a large country which lies between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The capital is Canberra. English is the first state language. Australia Day — an Australian public national holiday. It is held on 26th January. It commemorates the arrival of the First English Fleet in 1788. B Baikal (the) — the deepest lake in the world (1,620 metres deep). Bambi — the title of a cartoon film by W. Disney about a young deer called Bambi. Bangkok — the capital of Thailand. Beatles (the) — a famous British music group. Bible (the) — the holy book of the Christians. Bolshoy Theatre (the) – a historic theatre in Moscow. It holds the performances of ballet and opera. Bombay — the largest city in India. Borovik, Artyom — international journalist. He founded the Sovershenno Sekretno Publishing House, which produced a popular newspaper and TV programme. Bradbury, Ray (1920—2012) — an American writer of science fiction. His most popular novels are ‘Fahrenheit 451’ and ‘The Halloween Tree’. Brontё, Charlotte (1816—1855) — an English writer. Her most popular novel was ‘Jane Eyre’. Appendix 5 C Canada — a country in North America. The capital is Ottawa. English and French are the official languages. Canada Day — a Canadian national public holiday. It is held on 1st July. Carroll, Lewis (1832—1898) — an English writer who wrote two well-known children’s stories ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’ and ‘Through the Looking Glass’. Caspian Sea (the) — the largest lake in the world (371,000 sq kilometres). It is situated in Russia. Celsius/also Centigrade — a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 . CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) — a gas which used in fridges and aerosol cans. It is believed that this gas is responsible for damaging the ozone layer. Challenger Deep — the lowest point on the Earth. It is 11,034 metres below sea level. It is in the Pacific Ocean. Channel Tunnel (the) – a 50 km long undersea tunnel. It connects southeastern England with northern France. Cheshire Cat — the famous cat in Lewis Carroll’s story ‘Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland’. China — a country in Asia. The capital is Beijing. Christie, Agatha (1890—1976) — an English writer of popular books and plays, especially detective novels. Christmas — Christian holiday held in honour of the birth of Christ. It is held on 25th December. In Russia this holiday is celebrated on 7th January. CNN (Cable News Network) — an American cable television station that broadcasts only news. Conan Doyle, Sir Arthur (1859—1930) — an English doctor and writer who wrote stories about the famous detective Sherlock Holmes. Crusoe, Robinson — a character from a book of the same name by Daniel Defoe. 171 Appendix 5 Cultural Guide D Dickens, Charles (1812—1870) — a famous English writer. His most popular novels are ‘Oliver Twist’, ‘David Copperfield’ etc. Disney, Walt (1901—1966) — an American film producer. His most famous cartoons characters are Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse and Bambi. He also produced adventure films. Disneyland — a very large amusement park in the USA. Donald Duck — one of the first Disney characters. Now he is a symbol of Disney. E Elbrus — the highest mountain in Europe. England — the largest country in Britain. The capital is London. Europe — one of the seven continents of the Earth. Everest — the highest mountain in the world (8,848 metres). F Fahrenheit — a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 32 and boils at 212. 32 Fahrenheit equals 0 Celsius. Foster, Jodie (b. 1962) — an American actor, director and producer. Fucushima – a region in Japan. In 2011 a terrible earthquake and tsunami and the resulting nuclear disaster caused great damage to the region. Sherlock Holmes — a detective in the stories by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. I Independence Day — (4th July) is the National Independence Day of the USA. The Day is celebrated all over the country with parades, picnics and fireworks at night. 12th June is the National Independence Day of Russia. India — a large country in South Asia. The capital is New Delhi. The official languages are English and Hindi. Indian Ocean (the) — the third largest ocean in the world. J Jane Eyre — the main character and the title of a book by Charlotte Brontё written in 1847. Jupiter – the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the solar system. K Kipling, Rudyard (1865—1936) — an English writer born in India. He is best known for his ‘Jungle Book’, the poem ‘If’ and stories for children. He received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1907. Korolev, Sergei (1906—1966) — an outstanding Russian scientist and designer. He created the famous spaceships ‘Vostok’ and ‘Voshod’ on which the first space travel and the first space walk were carried out. G Gagarin, Yuri (1934—1968) — a Russian cosmonaut. On 12th April 1961 he became the first man in space when he travelled round the Earth in ‘Vostok-1’. Galilei, Galileo (1564—1642) — an Italian astronomer, mathematician and physicist. He made several important scientific discoveries. He made the first telescope. Gates, Bill — one of the richest people in the world. He founded the company Microsoft. H Hollywood — a place in Los Angeles which is known as the centre of the American film industry. 172 L Lake District – an area in Northwest England. It is famous for its beautiful lakes, forests and mountains. Leacock, Stephen (1869—1944) — a Canadian writer. He is known and loved internationally as a humorist. The most famous of his books are: ‘Book of Sketches’, ‘Nonsense Novels’. Leonov, Alexei (b. 1934) — a Russian cosmonaut who was the first man to take a walk in space. Lee, Bruice (1940—1973) – a famous film actor and martial arts instructor. Lewis, Clive Staples (1898–1963) – a British writer, poet and literary critic. His most famous books are ‘The Chronicles of Narnia’ and ‘The Screwtape Letters’. Appendix 5 Cultural Guide London — the capital of the United Kingdom, one of the biggest and the most interesting cities in the world. London, Jack (1876—1916) — an American writer. His most famous books are ‘Martin Eden’, ‘The Call of the Wild’ and ‘White Fang’. Los Angeles — the second largest city in the USA. It’s on the Pacific Ocean. ‘Lucky Country’ — Australia has been called the ‘Lucky Country’. Millions of people who have gone through war and poverty in their countries now enjoy peace and prosperity in Australia. M Manchester — a city in England. Mary Poppins — a character in a children’s book by P. L. Travers. The film ‘Mary Poppins’ was very successful. Mars — the fourth planet from the Sun and the nearest to the Earth; the Roman god of war. ‘Mayflower’ (the) — the ship that took a group of English settlers to the US in 1620. Mercury, Freddy (1946—1991) — a British popular music singer with the group Queen known for his strange clothes and exciting performances on the stage. Microsoft — the biggest company which produces computer software. Mickey Mouse — a famous mouse in the cartoons of Walt Disney. Mickey Mouse is famous all over the world and recognized as a symbol of Disney. Milky Way — a Galaxy in which the Earth and the solar system are found. Mother Teresa (1910—1997) — a Roman Catholic nun. She worked in India and helped the poor and the sick. She started the Society of the Missionaries of Charity, now an international organization. She won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979. N National Geographic Channel — an American television channel. It features documentaries on history, science, technology, disasters, mysterious, exploration and education. Neptune, the god — the eighth planet from the Sun; the Roman god of sea. New York — the largest city and port in the USA. New Zealand — a country in the Pacific Ocean. It’s known mainly for its farming (meat, cheese and butter). The official languages are English and Maori. Nile (the) — a river in Africa, the longest in the world (6,695 kilometres long). Niagara Falls (the) — very large waterfalls on the border between Canada and the USA. Nobel Prize (the) — a prize (any of several prizes) given in Sweden each year to people from any country for important work in science, medicine, economics, literature and works towards world peace. North America — one of the seven continents of the Earth. Napoleon (1769—1821) — the emperor of France from 1804—1815. O Ontario (the) — a lake between the USA and Canada. Ottawa — the capital of Canada. One third of its people are French-speaking. Oxford University — one of the oldest and famous British universities. P Pacific Ocean (the) — the world’s largest ocean. It covers one third of the Earth’s surface (поверхность). Paris — the capital of France. Parthenon (the) – a temple to the goddess Athena in Athens (Greece). pilgrim — a person who travels a long way to a holy place. Plymouth — a city in England. Polunin, Slava — a Russian world-famous actor and clown. Harry Potter — a young wizard in J. K. Rowling’s fantasy novels. R Rowling, Joanne (b. 1965) — a British writer. She is best known as the author of the Harry Potter fantasy series. S Sahara (the) — the world’s largest desert. It is in Africa. Saturn, the god — the sixth planet from the Sun; the Roman god of agriculture. 173 Appendix 5 Cultural Guide Shakespeare, William (1564—1616) — an English writer. He is famous for his plays (‘Romeo and Juliet’, ‘Hamlet’) and sonnets. Snow White — the main character in an old fairy tale. St Paul’s Cathedral — a fine cathedral in central London. It was built (1675—1710) by Sir Christopher Wren. St Valentine’s Day — (Valentine’s Day) February 14th. People send special cards to someone they love. Usually they don’t sign their names. T Taj Mahal – a beautiful white building in Agra (India). Tereshkova, Valentina (b. 1937) — a Russian woman-cosmonaut. In 1963 she became the first woman in space when she travelled round the Earth in ‘Vostok-6’. Thanksgiving Day — the fourth Thursday in November which is a public holiday in the USA. Times (the)— a national daily newspaper in Britain. Tokyo — the capital of Japan. It’s also the largest and the biggest city in the world. Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1892—1973) — an English writer. He is famous for his books ‘The Hobbit’, ‘The Lord of the Rings’. Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin (1857—1935) — a famous Russian scientist. Twain, Mark (1835—1910) — an American writer. His most famous books are ‘The Adventures of Tom Sawyer’ and ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’. U UK (the) — a country in Europe. The official name of the country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Usually it’s shortened to the United Kingdom or UK. The capital of the country is London. United Nations (UN), (the) — an international organization. The UN tries to make sure that there is peace in the world and all countries work together to deal with international problems. UNESCO — United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. It is an organi- 174 zation through which rich nationalities help poorer ones. United States of America (the United States, the USA / the US, America) (the) — a country in North America. It consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia, where the capital (Washington) is. English is the first state language. V Venus, the god — the second planet from the Sun; the Roman name of Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and love. Verne, Jules (1828—1905) — a French writer who wrote science fiction. His most famous books are ‘Journey to the Centre of the Earth’, ‘Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea’, ‘Around the World in Eighty Days’. Victoria (the) — the largest lake in Africa. Victory Day — national public holiday in some countries. In Russia it is held on 9th May. Volga (the) — a river in Russia, the longest river in Europe. Voltaire (1699—1778) — a French writer and philosopher. W Wales — a country in Britain. It’s capital is Cardiff. Washington, D.C. — the capital of the USA. Westminster Abbey — a large gothic church. It was built in the 11th century. Many famous British people are buried in the Abbey. Waitangi Day — (or New Zealand Day) a national public holiday in New Zealand. It is held on 6th February. Wellington — the capital of New Zealand. It’s the country’s second largest city and a main port. Wells, Herbert George (1866—1946) — an English writer. His most famous books are ‘Time Machine’, ‘The War of the Worlds’, ‘Outline of History’. Wiseman, Lofty — an English writer, the author of ‘SAS Survival Handbook’. Wizard of Oz (the) — a children’s book by Lyman Frank Baum. It tells the story of a girl called Dorothy who, with her dog Toto, is carried by a storm to the magic land of Oz. LIST OF PERSONAL NAMES A Agnes Alex Alice Andrew Andy Angela Ann, Anna B Ben Bess C Candice Carol Cathy F Felix Freddy L S Linda Lisa Sally Sam Sandra Sarah Simon M Maria Margaret Mark Martin Mary Mike Miriam Monica N Nancy Neil Nora O Olivia Oliver H P Helen Pamela Patrick Paul Peter Philip J Jack Jane James Jeff John K Appendix 6 R Rachel Robert Robin T Teresa Tom Tracey W Wendy Will Doctor Watson Mr Brocklehurst Mr Brumpton Miss Carey Ms Green Mr Knoblock Miss Reeds Mr Soames Mr Smith Mrs Swan Miss Temple Professor Goodfry Andrew Gramm Andrew Levy James Carter Jim Moor John Griffits Henry Palmer Sandra Miller Kate Kevin Kristina 175 TRANSLITERATION TABLE Appendix 7 Russian letters English letters Russian letters English letters A Анна А Anna П Павел Р Pavel Б Борис В Boris P Роман R Roman В Виктор V, W Viktor / Wiktor С Света S Sveta Г Глеб G Gleb T Тима T Tima Д Даша D Dasha У Уфа U, OU Ufa/Oufa Е Елена E Elena Ф Филипп F, PH Filip/ Philip Ё Ёжино YO Yozhino X Хабаровск KH, H Khabarovsk Ж Женя ZH Zhenya Ц Цветкова царь TS, TZ Tsvetkova The tsar / tzar З Зина Z Zina Ч Чебоксары CH, TCH Cheboksary / Tcheboksary И Игорь I Igor Ш Шатура SH Shatura Й Йорк Y York Щ Щелково SCH Schelkovo К Клара К Klara Ы Сыктывкар Y Syktyvkar Л Лев L Lev Э Элла E Ella М Марина M Marina Ю Юлия YU, JU Yulia / Julia Н Нина N Nina Я Яков YA, JA Yakov / Jakov О Ольга О Olga 176 LIST OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES A Africa — Африка Afghanistan — Афганистан Alps (the) — Альпы Amason (the) — Амазонка Amsterdam — Амстердам Angara (the) — Ангара Antarctica — Антарктида Arctic Ocean (the) — Северный Ледовитый океан Asia — Азия Atlantic Ocean (the) — Атлантический океан Australia — Австралия Austria — Австрия B Bahamas (the) — Багамские острова Baikal (the) — Байкал Barcelona — Барселона Belarus — Беларусь Belgium — Бельгия Ben Nevis — Бен Невис Berlin — Берлин Birmingham — Бирмингем Black Sea (the) — Чёрное море Bombay — Бомбей Brazil — Бразилия Britain — Британия Bulgaria — Болгария Appendix 8 D Dagestan Republic (the) — Дагестан Denmark — Дания Derbent — Дербент Dublin — Дублин E Edinburgh — Эдинбург Egypt — Египет Elbrus — Эльбрус England — Англия English Channel (the) — Ла-Манш Europe — Европа Everest — Эверест F Fiji — Фиджи Finland — Финляндия France — Франция G Germany — Германия Glasgow — Глазго Great Britain — Великобритания Greece — Греция Greenland — Гренландия H Hungary — Венгрия C Canada — Канада Canberra — Канберра Carribean Sea (the) — Карибское море Caspian Sea (the) — Каспийское море Caucasus (the) — Кавказ Challenger Deep — впадина Челенджер Chicago — Чикаго Chukotka — Чукотка China — Китай Czech Republic (the) — Чехия Cyprus — Кипр I Iceland — Исландия India — Индия Indian Ocean (the) — Индийский океан Indonesia — Индонезия Ireland — Ирландия Irish Sea (the) — Ирландское море Italy — Италия J Japan — Япония 177 Appendix 7 List of Geographical Names L Ladoga (the) — Ладога Liverpool — Ливерпуль London — Лондон Los Angeles — Лос-Анджелес M Maldives (the) — Мальдивы Manchester — Манчестер Mediterranian Sea — Средиземное море Mexico — Мексика Milan — Милан Montreal — Монреаль Moscow — Москва N Netherlands (the) — Нидерланды New Caledonia – Новая Каледония Newfoundland — Ньюфа́ундленд New York — Нью-Йорк New Zealand — Новая Зеландия Niagara Falls — Ниагарский водопад Nile (the) — Нил North America — Северная Америка Norway — Норвегия O Ontario (the) — Онтарио Oslo — Осло Ottawa — Оттава P Pacific Ocean (the) — Тихий океан Panama Channel (the) — Панамский канал Pamirs (the) — Памир Paris — Париж Philadelphia — Филадельфия Plymouth — Плимут Poland — Польша Portugal — Португалия R Romania — Румыния Rome — Рим Russia — Россия Russian Federation (the) — Российская Федерация 178 S Sahara (the) — Сахара Scotland — Шотландия Sheffield — Шеффилд Siberia — Сибирь Severn — Северн Slovakia — Словакия Spain — Испания South America — Южная Америка Snowdon — Сноудон St Petersburg — Санкт-Петербург Stratford-upon-Avon — Стратфорд-он-Эйвон Suez Canal (the) — Суэцкий канал Sweden — Швеция Switzerland — Швейцария Sydney — Сидней T Tasman Sea — Тасманское море Thames (the) — Темза Thailand — Таиланд Tokyo — Токио Tongo — Тонго Turin — Турин U United Kingdom (the) — Соединённое Королевство United States of America (USA) (the) — Соединённые Штаты Америки (США) Urals (the) — Урал V Venice — Венеция Veliky Novgorod — Великий Новгород Volga (the) — Волга Volkov (the) — Волхов Vologda — Вологда W Wales — Уэльс Washington — Вашингтон Wellington — Веллингтон White Sea (the) — Белое море Vocabulary VOCABULARY A abbreviation — сокращение, краткая форма ability — способность able — способный (к чему-либо / делать что-либо) — о, около about above — над — доступ access — несчастный случай accident according — соответственно achievement — достижение across — через act — играть, разыгрывать — деятельность activity actor — актёр — на самом деле, actually действительно ad — краткая форма от advertisement add — добавлять addicted — быть зависимым от чего-либо address — адрес — имя прилагательное adjective adult — взрослый — движение вперед advance in advance — заранее advantage — преимущество adventure — приключение — наречие adverb advert — реклама, объявление — реклама, advertisement объявление advice — совет, советы (только в ед. числе) AE = American English — американский английский язык afraid — испуганный to be afraid of — бояться чего-либо African-American — афроамериканец(нка) — после after — время после полудня afternoon again — опять, снова against — против — возраст, век age for ages — долгое время — пожилой, старый aged ago — тому назад agree — соглашаться Ah! — восклицание air — воздух airplane — самолёт airport — аэропорт alarm — тревога; тревожиться alcohol — алкоголь alive — живой all — весь, вся, всё, все allow — разрешать — почти almost alone — один; одинокий — вдоль, по along aloud — громко, вслух alphabetic(al) — алфавитный already — уже — также, тоже also always — всегда am (a.m.) — утро до обеда am (to be) , — глагол-связка amaze — удивлять amazing — удивительный ambition — амбиция ambitious — амбициозный — среди, посреди, между among(st) amount — сумма, количество; составлять amuse — развлекать, забавлять — древний, старинный ancient —и and , anger — гнев angry — сердитый, раздражительный animal — животное animated — живой ~ cartoon — мультфильм — юбилей, дата anniversary announcement — провозглашение, объявление another — ещё один, другой — ответ; отвечать answer antipollution — противостоящий загрязнению среды 179 Vocabulary any — какой-нибудь, сколько-нибудь, любой — больше anymore —всякий, кто-нибудь anyone anything — что-нибудь, что-либо — во всяком случае anyway apart — в стороне, отдельно apologize — извиняться appealing —привлекательный, притягательный appear — появляться — ценить appreciate appropriate — подходящий — одобрять approve April — апрель architect — архитектор architecture — архитектура — Арктика; арктический Arctic are (to be) — глагол-связка — площадь, пространство, район area argue — спорить — кресло armchair army — армия around — вокруг, кругом arrange — устраивать, договариваться arrest — арест; арестовывать — приезжать, прибывать arrive article — артикль, статья , — как as ash — пепел ashamed — стыдящийся to be ashamed of — стыдиться чего-либо — спрашивать, просить ask asleep — спящий assistance — помощь, поддержка assistant — помощник, ассистент — астронавт, космонавт astronaut — на, за, в at ate — past tense от eat atmosphere — атмосфера attack — нападение; нападать, атаковать attend — посещать attention — внимание — внимательный attentive 180 attitude — отношение — привлекать, притягивать attract attraction — развлечение, атракцион attractive — привлекательный August — август aunt — тётя Australian — австралиец; австралийский author — автор, писатель — осень autumn average — средний, в среднем avoid — избегать award — награда; присуждать что-либо away — прочь awful — ужасный, шокирующий B baby — ребёнок babysit — присматривать за ребёнком babysitter — приходящая няня, бебиситер back — спина; назад, обратно backdrop = background background — предшествующий(ие) опыт/ условия — плохой bad badly — плохо — сумка, портфель bag ball — мяч banana — банан bang — ударить(ся), шлёпнуть(ся) — батончик (шоколадный) bar based — основанный basis — основа basketball — баскетбол BBC = British Broadcasting Corporation BE = British English — британский английский язык be (was / were, been) — быть, находиться, являться beach — пляж, взморье beam — луч (света) beard — борода — прекрасный, красивый beautiful beauty — красота, красавица Vocabulary because — потому что, так как become (became, become) — становиться becoming — подходящий (идущий к лицу) bed — кровать bee — пчела before — до, прежде чем begin (began, begun) — начинать — начало beginning behalf (on behalf of someone) — от имени кого-либо behave — вести себя, поступать — за, позади behind being (human being) — существование (живое существо) believe — верить, думать — принадлежать belong below — ниже, внизу — кроме, помимо besides best (см. good) — самый лучший (см. good) — лучше better between — между Bible (the) — Библия bicycle — велосипед — большой big biggest-selling — пользующийся наибольшим спросом bike = bicycle — велосипед — биллион (амер. миллиард) billion binoculars — бинокль bin — контейнер для мусора biological — биологический biology — биология bird — птица — день рождения birthday biscuit — печенье bit (a bit of) — кусочек black — чёрный blackboard — школьная доска blackmail — шантаж; шантажировать blank — пропуск (в слове, в предложении) blast — взрыв; взрывать blood — кровь blow (blew, blown) — дуть, надувать blue — голубой, синий — доска board boat — лодка, корабль body — тело bold — жирный шрифт, лысый boil — кипеть, кипятить, варить Bolshoy Theatre (the) — Большой театр book — книга bookshop — книжный магазин bore — надоедать to be bored — скучать boring — скучный, надоедливый born — рождённый to be born — родиться — брать взаймы (книги, borrow деньги) both — оба bottle — бутылка — ящик, коробка box the box — телевизор boy — мальчик bracket — скобка — храбрый brave bread — хлеб (broke, broken) — перерыв, break перемена; ломать, крушить breakfast — завтрак brick — кирпич brief — краткий briefly — кратко — яркий, способный bright brightly — ярко (brought) — приносить, bring приводить, привозить British — британский; британец(ка) broadcast — вещать — вещательный broadcasting brother — брат — коричневый brown browse — бродить (built) — строить build building — здание — выпуклость; выпячиваться bulge bullet — пуля bully — хулиган, задира; запугивать, задирать bullying — запугивание (burnt) — жечь, гореть burn 181 Vocabulary bury — зарывать, закапывать, хоронить bus — автобус — бизнес, дело business busy — занятой, загруженный, оживлённый but — но, кроме buy (bought) — покупать, купить — у, около, к by by car — на машине, машиной bye(-bye) — до свидания (разг.) C cable — кабель cake — торт, пирожное — зов, звонок; звонить, звать, call называть to give a call, to call up — звонить (по телефону) calm — успокаивать; спокойный camera — фотоаппарат, кинокамера can — банка (консервная) can (could) — могу, умею, можем / умеем, можем / умеет и т. д. canal — канал capital — столица caption — подпись (под картинкой) car — легковая машина card — открытка — забота, уход; заботиться care to take care of smb — заботиться о комлибо career — карьера, занятие — внимательный, осторожный careful carefully — внимательно, осторожно caring — заботливый carry — носить, возить cartoon (animated) — мультфильм case — случай, дело cash — наличные (деньги) cassette — кассета cat — кот, кошка catalog(ue) — каталог, перечень catch (caught) — ловить, поймать cause — причина; причинять CBC — Canadian Broadcasting Corporation CD-ROM — компакт-диск 182 — праздновать celebrate celebration — празднование, юбилей — Цельсий Celsius centre (center) — центр Centigrade — шкала температур по Цельсию central — центральный — век century certain — определённый — конечно, несомненно certainly chain — цепь — стул chair champion — чемпион — шанс, возможность chance change — перемена, изменение, сдача; менять, изменять changeable — изменчивый, переменчивый channel — канал — характер, персонаж character characterize — давать характеристику charity — благотворительность cheap — дешёвый check — проверка, контроль; проверять to check out — выписываться (из гостиницы) — сыр cheese chemic(al) — химический chemicals — химикаты — химия chemistry cheque — чек —шахматы chess chest — грудная клетка chicken — цыплёнок — ребёнок child childhood — детство childish — детский, ребячливый childline — телефон для помощи детям и подросткам children — дети chips — чипсы, хрустящий жареный картофель chocolate — шоколад choice — выбор choking — удушье; душный (chose, chosen) — выбирать choose Christmas — Рождество church — церковь cigarette — сигарета Vocabulary cinema — кино, кинотеатр — круг; обводить circle circumstance обстоятельство, условие circus — цирк city — город (большой) class — класс classical — классический classify — классифицировать classmate — одноклассник, одноклассница classroom — классная комната clean — чистый clean-up — убирать, делать уборку — ясный, чистый, понятный clear clever — умный cliff — скала, утёс climate — климат climb — взбираться вверх clock — часы (настенные) 6 o’clock — 6 часов close — близко; близкий close — закрывать — одежда clothes clothing — одежда cloud — облако, туча cloudless — безоблачный cloudy — облачный; облачно club — клуб CNN = Cable News Network coast — побережье coastline — береговая линия coat — пальто, пиджак coffee — кофе coin — монета cold — холодный; холодно collect — коллекционировать, собирать, забирать collective — коллективный colour (color) — цвет, краска coloured — цветной colourful — яркий, разноцветный column — столбец, колонка combination — сочетание, комбинация combine — сочетать, комбинировать (came, come) — приходить, come приезжать — комедия comedy comfortable — удобный, уютный, комфортабельный — высказывать мнение, comment комментировать commentator — комментатор common — общий, обычный communicate — общаться, сообщать communication — общение, связь companion — собеседник, компаньон company — компания, общество compare — сравнивать compete — соревноваться, состязаться competition — соревнование, конкурс — жаловаться complain complete — завершать, заканчивать — сложный complex comprehension — понимание computer — компьютер concern — забота; заботиться, касаться concert — концерт conclusion — заключение, решение in conclusion — в заключение conditional — условный; сослагательное наклонение conditions — положение вещей, условия conference — конференция confess — признаваться conflict — ссора, конфликт congratulate — поздравлять congratulation — поздравление — связывать, объединять connect connection — соединение consequence — следствие, последствие, результат conservative — консервативный consist (of) — состоять (из) construct — возводить, сооружать consume — потреблять, расходовать contact — контакт; соединять, связывать(ся) 183 Vocabulary contain — содержать, вмещать container — контейнер, ёмкость content — содержание context — контекст continent — континент continue — продолжать, продлевать continuous — непрерывный, длительный contribute (to) — вносить вклад (в) — проверка, контроль; control проверять, управлять convenient — удобный conversation — разговор convince — убеждать convincing — убедительный, убеждающий — повар; готовить (еду) cook cookbook — поваренная книга cool — прохладный, модный copy — переписывать, копировать copybook — тетрадь (для упражнений) corn — кукуруза popcorn — воздушная кукуруза corner — угол corporation — корпорация correct — исправлять; правильный — correspondent корреспондент corruption — коррупция, нечестное поведение cos = because — потому что cosmonaut — космонавт советский / российский, астронавт could — мог count — считать countable — исчисляемый country — страна, сельская местность countrymen — сельские жители countryside — сельская местность, деревня courage — смелость, отвага courageous — отважный, бесстрашный course — курс of course — конечно court — корт (теннисный) cousin — двоюродный брат / -ая сестра cover — укрывать, покрывать cow — корова 184 crack — трещина, треск; трещать, образовывать трещины crash — столкновение, авария; ударяться шумно и сильно crater — кратер, воронка (от бомбы) create — творить, создавать creative — творческий creature — существо (живое) — преступление crime criminal — преступник crocodile — крокодил cross — пересекать, переходить crossword — кроссворд crowd — толпа crowded — переполненный, загруженный crucial — решающий, главный cruel — жестокий, безжалостный crust — корка, твёрдый поверхностный слой — крик, плач; кричать, плакать cry cultural — культурный — культура culture — хитрый cunning cup — чашка, кубок — лечебное средство; излечивать cure curious — любопытный — обычай custom cut — резать, рубить — ездить на велосипеде cycle D dad — папа daily — ежедневный, ежедневно — опасность; разрушать, damage вредить dance — танец; танцевать — опасность danger dangerous — опасный dark — тёмный; темно — дата date daughter — дочь — день day deal — иметь дело, торговать — дорогой, глубокоуважаемый dear death — смерть deceitful — обманчивый Vocabulary December — декабрь decide — решать decision — решение decorate — украшать — глубокий deep defend — защищать definite — определённый, точный definition — определение degree — степень, градус delighted — радостный, довольный demand — требование; требовать depend (on) — зависеть (от) dependent — зависимый describe — описывать — описание description desert — пустыня desert — опустошать deserve — заслуживать — проект, рисунок, дизайн; design проектировать, создавать desk — парта, письменный стол destroy — разрушать, уничтожать destruction — разрушение, уничтожение destructive — разрушительный — подробный, детальный detailed detective — сыщик, детектив; детективный develop — развивать(ся) development — развитие device — устройство, прибор — дьявол, чёрт devil dialog(ue) — диалог, разговор diameter — диаметр dictionary — словарь (книга) — умереть die diet — диета; соблюдать диету difference — разница, различие different — различный differently — по-разному, различно difficult — трудный — трудность, затруднение difficulty dinner — обед direct — прямой; направлять(ся) directions — указания dirty — грязный — инвалид disabled — недостаток disadvantage disagree — не соглашаться, ссориться disappear — исчезать, скрываться disapprove — не одобрять disaster — бедствие, ненастье disastrous — бедственный, разрушительный disc — дискета — дисциплина, порядок discipline disco — дискотека discover — открывать, делать открытие — открытие discovery discrimination — дискриминация, угнетение discuss — обсуждать discussion — дискуссия, обсуждение — болезнь disease dislike — не любить disposing — уничтожение — дистанция, расстояние distance district — район, округ dive (dove) — нырять (did, done) — делать, выполнять, do поступать doctor — доктор, врач documentary — документальный (фильм или радиопередача) does — см. do — собака dog dollar — доллар domestic — домашний — дверь door doubt — сомнение; сомнительный doubtless — без сомнения down — вниз, внизу dramatic(al) — драматический (drew, drawn) — рисовать, draw привлекать drawing — рисование, рисунок dream (dreamt) — мечта, сон; мечтать — платье; одевать(ся) dress drink (drank, drunk) — пить (drove, driven) — вести машину drive drop — бросать, ронять — засуха drought drug — лекарство, наркотик 185 Vocabulary dry — сухой; сухо duck — утка during — на протяжении, во время duty — обязанность E each — каждый each other — друг друга, друг другу — ранний; рано early earn — зарабатывать Earth (the) — Земля earthquake — землетрясение — восток east easy — лёгкий; легко (ate, eaten) — есть, кушать eat eclipse — затмить eco-friedly — экологически безопасный ecologic(al) — экологический ecology — экология economic(al) — экономный, экономически выгодный economy — экономия, экономика edge — кромка, край educate — давать образование educated — образованный education — образование — образовательный educational effect — эффект, результат, влияние effort — усилие, попытка egg — яйцо — восемь eight either — любой (из двух), каждый, также electricity — электричество elementary — элементарный, простой elephant — слон eleven — одиннадцать else — ещё — электронная почта, e-mail электронное сообщение emblem — эмблема, символ emergency — крайняя необходимость, непредвиденный случай, авария emperor — император empty — пустой, незначительный encourage — поощрять, подбадривать 186 encouragement — поддержка, поощрение — энциклопедия encyclopedia end — конец, окончание; заканчивать endangered — находящийся под угрозой вымирания или уничтожения enduring — выживание enemy — враг, противник energy — энергия, сила engine — двигатель engineer — инженер English — английский; англичанин(ка), английский язык English-speaking — англоговорящий enjoy — получать удовольствие, наслаждаться enjoyable — приятный, доставляющий удовольствие — довольно, достаточно enough entitle — озаглавливать, давать название envelope — конверт envious — завистливый environment — окружающая среда environmental — связанный с окружающей средой equal — равный, одинаковый equally — равным образом — эквивалент equivalent eruption — извержение (вулкана) especially — особенно, специально essay — очерк, эссе, сочинение etc — и так далее Europe — Европа European — европеец; европейский evacuate — эвакуировать evacuation — эвакуация eve — канун even — даже — вечер evening event — событие; вид (спорта) ever — когда-либо every — каждый everybody — все, каждый (человек) everyday — повседневный, ежедневный everyone — каждый (человек), все до одного Vocabulary everything — всё everywhere — всюду, везде exaggeration — преувеличение exam — экзамен examination — экзамен example — пример except — кроме, за исключением exchange — обмен; обменивать(ся) exciting — вызывающий интерес, волнующий exclusion — исключение — тетрадь exercise book (для упражнений) exhibition — выставка exist — существовать exotic — экзотический expect — ожидать, надеяться, предполагать — экспедиция expedition — дорогой (по цене) expensive experience — опыт, испытание expert — эксперт, человек со специальными знаниями — объяснять, пояснять explain explanation — объяснение exploration — изучение, исследование explore — исследовать, изучать — выражать express expression — выражение extend — простираться, тянуться, длиться extra — дополнительный, экстра …, сверх … extinct — вымирающий — отрывок (из текста) extract eye — глаз F face — лицо fact — факт, событие, обстоятельство — фабрика, завод factory Fahrenheit — шкала температур по Фаренгейту faint — падать в обморок; слабый fair — ярмарка; справедливый fairy tale — сказка — сказочный fairytale (fell, fallen) — падать fall — неверный, фальшивый false family — семья famous — знаменитый fang — клык fan — (разг.) болельщик, фанат(ка) — фантастический, fantastic превосходный far — далёкий; далеко farm — ферма farmer — фермер — мода, фасон fashion fashionable — модный fast — быстрый; быстро fat — жир; толстый, жирный fate — судьба — отец, папа father — любимый favourite fax — факс fear — страх; бояться feature — черта (характера), черты лица February — февраль federation — федерация feed [fi:d] (fed) — кормить feel (felt) — чувствовать — чувство, ощущение feeling feet — (см. foot) ноги fence — изгородь, забор festival — фестиваль, праздник few — несколько, немного fiction — художественная литература, художественное произведение field — поле, луг, поле деятельности fifteen — пятнадцать fifty — пятьдесят fight (fought) — бороться, сражаться figure — цифра, фигура fill (in) — заполнять (пропуск) film — плёнка, фильм; снимать фильм final — последний; заключительный, финальный finally — в конце концов, в заключение financial — финансовый find (found) — находить find out — выяснять, обнаруживать fine — хороший, прекрасный 187 Vocabulary finish — финиш; заканчивать Finnish — финский fire — огонь, пожар fireman — пожарный firm — фирма; жёсткий, твёрдый, строгий first — первый; сначала — рыба; удить рыбу fish fit — подходить to be fit — быть в хорошей форме (club) — центр здоровья fitness five — пять five-minute — пятиминутный flash — вспышка; сверкать flight — полёт, рейс (самолёта) float — плыть на поверхности, скользить по воде — наводнение flood flowerbed — клумба (цветочная) — (разг.) грипп flu fly (flew, flown) — летать, улетать foam — пена focus — зд.: внимание foggy — туманный folk — народный — следить, следовать (за) follow following — следующий food — еда, пища foot (pl feet) — нога football — футбол footpath — тропинка for , — для, в течение какого-то времени force — сила; заставлять forecast — прогноз погоды — иностранный, чужой foreign forest — лес forget (forgot, forgotten) — забывать forgive (forgave, forgiven) — прощать form — класс, форма former — бывший, прежний fortunately — к счастью forward — форвард; вперёд, дальше foul — пачкать, загрязнять foundation — основание, фундамент, фонд four — четыре — четырнадцать fourteen 188 fourth — четвёртый fragile — хрупкий France — Франция — свободный, бесплатный free freedom — свобода freeze — замерзать French — французский; французский язык, француз(женка) fresh — свежий, чистый, новый — пресноводный freshwater — пятница Friday fridge — холодильник friend — друг, подруга — дружелюбный, дружеский friendly friendship — дружба frighten — пугать frightening — пугающий from , — от, из front — передний in front of — перед — фрукты, плоды fruit full — полный fumes — пары́, испарения fun — удовольствие, веселье to have fun — получать удовольствие function — функция, назначение functional — функциональный funnel — воронка funny — смешной, забавный furniture — мебель — дальше; дальнейший further future — будущий; будущее G galaxy — галактика; галактический gallery — галерея game — игра garage — гараж garbage — мусор garden — сад gas — газ gather — собирать(ся) general — общий in general — в общем generally — обычно, в общем Vocabulary generation — поколение geographical — географический geography — география German — немецкий; немецкий язык get (got) — получать; понимать to get along (with smb) — ладить (с кем-либо) to get up — вставать (утром) ghost — привидение — девочка, девушка girl gist — суть, основное содержание give (gave, given) — давать glad — радостный to be glad — радоваться glass — стекло glasses — очки (went, gone) — идти, ехать go goat — коза, козёл God — Бог — золото; золотой gold golf — гольф (игра) good (better, best) — хороший, подходящий goods — товары grammar — грамматика; грамматический grammatically — в грамматическом отношении grandpa — (разг.) дедушка grandparents — бабушка и дедушка grass — трава graze — пастись — великий, большой great greedy — жадный green — зелёный grey — серый gripping — захватывающий ground — земля — группа; группировать group grow (grew, grown) — расти, выращивать — взрослый grown-up guess — догадываться — гость, гостья guest guide — гид guidebook — путеводитель, руководство — указания guidelines guitar — гитара gun — огнестрельное оружие gunpowder — чёрный порох H habit — привычка — волосы hair — половина half hall — зал, холл — гамбургер hamburger — рука; протягивать hand handbook — справочник, руководство happen — случаться, происходить happening — событие, случай happy — счастливый hard — твёрдый, трудный; усердно hardly — едва, с трудом hardworking — трудолюбивый harmless — безвредный, безобидный has — (см. have) имеет hate — ненавидеть have (had) — иметь he — он head — голова, начальник heading — заголовок, рубрика headline — заглавие health — здоровье healthy — здоровый hear (heard) — слышать heartless — бессердечный, безжалостный heat — жара heavily — сильно heavy — тяжёлый (по весу) helicopter — вертолёт help — помощь; помогать her — её, ей, (о) ней here — здесь, сюда hero — герой, героиня herself — (она) сама Hi! — (разг.) Привет! hide (hid, hidden) — прятать(ся) — высокий high hill — холм 189 Vocabulary him — его, ему, им, (о) нём himself — (он) сам his — его — исторический (имеющий historic историческое значение) historical — исторический (связанный с историей) history — история hobby — хобби, увлечение (held) — держать(ся), hold удерживать hole — дыра, отверстие holiday — праздник — каникулы holidays holy — священный home — дом; домой homeless — бездомный homework — домашняя работа honest — честный, искренний — мёд; медовый honey honored — заслуженный, почётный hope — надежда; надеяться hopeless — безнадёжный horrible — ужасный — ужас, отвращение horror — лошадь horse hospitable — гостеприимный — больница hospital host — хозяин (по отношению к гостю) hot — жаркий, знойный, горячий hotel — отель, гостиница — час hour — дом house housework — работа по дому — как, каким образом how — однако, тем не менее however huge — огромный human — человеческий human being — человек humanity — человечество, человечность humid — сырой, влажный; сыро, влажно — юмористический, humorous забавный hundred — сотня, сто — голодный hungry 190 to be hungry — быть голодным hunt — охотиться — ураган, тайфун hurricane hurry — поспешность; спешить in a hurry — в спешке hurt (hurt) — повредить, причинять боль I I —я icy — холодный, морозный; холодно, морозно idea — идея ideal — идеальный identify — опознавать, устанавливать сходство if — если if-clause — придаточное условное предложение ignore — игнорировать, пренебрегать ill — больной illustrate — иллюстрировать, пояснять imagine — представить, вообразить imaginary — воображаемый, нереальный — важность, importance значительность important — важный — невозможный impossible impress — производить впечатление — выразительный, impressive производящий впечатление improve — улучшать(ся) in —в — включать, содержать в себе include indeed — в самом деле — независимость independence independent — независимый (the) — индеец Indian indicate — указывать, означать individual — личный, индивидуальный indoor — комнатный, находящийся внутри дома industrial — промышленный industry — промышленность, производство infinitive — инфинитив (неопределённая форма глагола) inform — информировать, сообщать Vocabulary informal — неформальный information — информация informative — информативный, информационный inhabit — населять inhuman — жестокий, бесчеловечный injured — раненый, обиженный insect — насекомое inside — внутри instance — единичный случай, пример for instance — например instead (of) — вместо intensive — интенсивный, напряжённый interest — интерес interested — интересующийся to be interested in — интересоваться чем-либо interesting — интересный intergalactic — межгалактический — международный international internationally — во всём мире Internet (the) — Интернет interpreter — переводчик interrelations — взаимоотношения — интервью; брать interview интервью into — в (куда?), внутрь introduce — представлять, знакомить introduction — введение invade — вторгаться invent — изобретать invention — изобретение investigate — исследовать, тщательно изучить investigation — исследование invitation — приглашение — приглашать invite (to be) — глагол-связка is island — остров isles — острова — это, оно; его, ему, ей (заменяет it неодушевл. сущ.) italics — курсив its — её, его (с неодушевл. сущ.) J January — январь jazz — джаз jealous — ревнивый, завистливый jeans — джинсы — работа, занятие job jog — бег трусцой — бег трусцой jogging join — присоединяться, вступать — шутка; шутить joke journal — журнал, дневник — журналист journalist journey — путешествие (сухопутное), поездка joy — радость, веселье juice — сок July — июль — прыжок; прыгать jump June — июнь — джунгли jungle junk — барахло; бесполезный (о пище) just — только что justify — подтверждать, объяснять K keen — острый to be keen on smth — очень интересоваться чем-либо keep (kept) — держать, хранить to keep fit — быть в хорошей физической форме key — ключ, разгадка kill — убивать — килограмм kilo kilogram — килограмм kilometre — километр kind — вид, разновидность; добрый, любезный kindly — любезно — доброта, любезность kindness king — король — королевство kingdom kitten — котёнок kiwi — киви (фрукт) km — см. kilometre 191 Vocabulary knock — стучать know (knew, known) — знать knowledge — знания known — известный L lab — см. laboratory label — этикетка, ярлык; подписывать картинки laboratory — лаборатория — недостаток, отсутствие lack — лестница (приставная) ladder lake — озеро — земля land language — язык — больший large last — последний, прошлый; длиться, продолжаться late — поздно; поздний — недавно, за последнее время lately later — позже, спустя laugh — смеяться laughter — смех launch — запускать, давать старт lava — лава law — закон (laid) — класть, положить lay lazy — ленивый lead (led) — вести, руководить lead — поводок (для собаки) — лист (растения), страница (книги) leaf leafless — голый (без листьев) leak — течь to leak out — просачиваться learn (learnt) — учить, узнавать новое learner — тот, кто учит что-то least — наименьший at least — по крайней мере leave (left) — уезжать, оставлять lecture — лекция; читать лекцию left — левый; см. leave leg — нога (от бедра до ступни) — легенда legend less — меньше lesson — урок 192 (let) — позволять, разрешать let — буква, письмо letter level — уровень librarian — библиотекарь — библиотека library lie — ложь, обман; лгать (lay, lain) — лежать, быть lie расположенным life — жизнь — светлый, лёгкий (по весу) light lightning — молния like — любить, нравиться; похожий, подобный; как likely — вероятный, подходящий limit — граница, предел; ограничивать line — линия, черта, строка linguistic — лингвистический lining — каёмка lion — лев list — список, перечень; перечислять listed — перечисленный в списке — слушать(ся) listen listener — слушатель literature — литература litter — мусор; мусорить — маленький; мало little (a) little — немного live — жить lizard — ящерица lobby — холл, коридор, лобби local — местный, локальный — замок; запирать lock locker — зд.: шкаф lofty — возвышенный, высокомерный lonely — одинокий, уединённый — длинный; долго long loo — туалет look (at) — смотреть (на) to look for — искать to look after — присматривать за lose (lost) — терять lord — лорд, господин lorry — грузовая машина lot (a lot of, lots of) — много loud — громкий loudly — громко Vocabulary love — любовь; любить lovely — симпатичный, приятный loving — любящий luckily — удачно lucky — счастливый, удачливый lunch — еда в середине дня (ланч) M machine — машина, станок mad — сумасшедший made — см. make magazine — журнал magic(al) — волшебный, магический — почта; посылать по почте mail main — главный, основной mainly — в основном — большой, старший major make (made) — делать, изготовлять, заставлять mammal — млекопитающее (pl men) — мужчина, человек man manage — уметь, удаваться manager — управляющий, менеджер man-made — искусственный, изготовленный человеком manual — ручной (о работе), руководство — много many mар — карта (географическая) March — март mark — отметка, оценка; отмечать married — женатый, замужняя mass — масса; массовый master — хозяин match — состязание material — материал; материальный, вещественный mate — приятель, товарищ mathematics — математика maths — математика (сокр.), см. mathematics matter — вопрос, дело mature — зрелый, спелый maximum — максимум, высшая степень May — май (might) — могу, можем, может и т. д. may — может быть maybe mе — мне, меня meal — пища, еда (meant) — означать, иметь в виду mean meaning — значение meaningful — значимый, имеющий значение means — средство by means of — посредством, с помощью measure — мера; измерять meat — мясо media — средства информации — медицинский medical medicine — медицина, лекарство (met) — встретить(ся), meet познакомиться melt — таять member — член, участник memory — память men — (см. man) мужчины, люди mention — упоминать message — сообщение, послание messenger — посланец metal — металл metre — метр metro — метро — середина middle midsummer — середина лета — см. may might mile — миля Milky (Way) — Млечный Путь million — миллион mind — разум; помнить, возражать mineral — минерал; минеральный mingle — смешивать(ся) minus — минус minute — минута in a minute — через минуту Just a minute. — Подождите минуточку. miserable — жалкий, несчастный misleading — вводящий в заблуждение, обманчивый miss — пропускать (уроки), опаздывать (на поезд), скучать mistake — ошибка model — модель, образец 193 Vocabulary modern — современный — (разг.) мама mom moment — момент monastery — монастырь Monday — понедельник — деньги money monitor — экран, монитор; наблюдать за чем-то month — месяц — ежемесячный; monthly ежемесячно moody — мрачный, угрюмый Moon (the) — Луна moonless — безлунный more — больше, более morning — утро most — самый — главным образом mostly mother — мать, мама motherless — не имеющий матери motto — девиз, эпиграф — гора mount(ain) mouse — мышь — двигаться, переезжать, move передвигать(ся) movie — (амер.) фильм much — много — (разг.) мама mum music — музыка — музыкальный musical must — должен, должна, должны и т. д. — мой, моя, моё, мои my — (я) сам myself mysteriously — волшебно, загадочным образом N naked — зд.: невооружённый — имя name nameless — безымянный nasty — отвратительный, мерзкий nation — нация, народ national — национальный — родной, отечественный native natural — естественный, природный 194 — природа nature naughty — непослушный, вредный (о человеке) — около, рядом, близко near nearby — близкий, соседний nearly — почти, около, приблизительно necessary — необходимый neck — шея need — нужда; нуждаться needed — нужный, необходимый negative — отрицательный — сосед(ка) neighbour neither... nor — ни ... ни … nervous — нервный — сеть, сетка net network — сеть never — никогда — новый new news — новость, новости newspaper — газета newsreader — ведущий программы новостей next — следующий, ближайший, будущий nice — красивый, приятный nicely — хорошо night — ночь nine — девять nineteen — девятнадцать — нет no nobody — никто — шум noise noiseless — бесшумный — шумный noisy none — никто, ничто non-smoking — некурящий normal — нормальный north — север northern — северный northwest — северо-западный not — не (отриц. частица) note — заметка, запись notebook — записная книжка nothing — ничего notice — заметка; замечать noun — имя существительное novel — роман Vocabulary November — ноябрь now — сейчас, теперь nowadays — нынче, в настоящее время — номер, число, цифра number nun — монахиня nurse — медсестра, няня O obey — подчиняться, повиноваться object — предмет, вещь, объект occupation — занятие, работа occur — случаться, происходить ocean — океан o’clock — час (указание на время) — октябрь October of — предлог родительного падежа — о, от (предлог, указывает off на удаление) offence — обида, нарушение offer — предложение; предлагать — офис, контора office often — часто — О! (восклицание) Oh! ОК — всё в порядке, хорошо, ладно — старый old on — на, в on Sunday — в воскресенье once — однажды, один раз — один; раз (два…); заменяет one объект only — только open — открытый; открывать — опера opera operate — действовать, работать — мнение opinion opportunity — возможность, удобный случай — напротив; opposite противоположный or — или orange — апельсин; оранжевый orbit — орбита orbital — орбитальный order — порядок, приказ; заказывать, приказывать ordinary — обычный, привычный organism — организм organization — организация — организовывать, organize устраивать origin — происхождение — первоначальный, original подлинный other — другой, иной — наш our ourselves — (мы) сами out — вне, за пределами, из outdoor — на открытом воздухе — за пределами, вне outside over — над, через the lesson is over — урок окончен overcome (overcame, overcome) — преодолеть overseas — заокеанский own — собственный; владеть чем-то owner — владелец P pack — пачка (сигарет); паковать package — пачка, упаковка (книг); упаковывать packaging — упаковка packet — пакет (упаковка с несколькими мелкими предметами) page — страница paint — красить; рисовать (красками) — пара pair pamphlet — памфлет paper — бумага; документ paragraph — абзац, раздел — родитель parent park — парк; парковать (автомобиль) — часть part participant — участник — участвовать participate participle — причастие (грам.) particular — особенный, заметный partner — партнёр — приём гостей, вечеринка party pass — проход; проходить, пересекать — проход, проезд passage passenger — пассажир passive — пассивный 195 Vocabulary passive voice — страдательный залог passport — паспорт past — прошедший, прошлый patient — пациент, больной; терпеливый pat — похлопывать paw — лапа pay (paid) — платить PC = personal computer — персональный компьютер peace — мир — ручка pen penalty — штраф, пенальти pen friend — друг по переписке people — люди per hour — ежечасно, каждый час perfect — совершенный, прекрасный perfectly — совершенно performance — представление, спектакль — может быть, возможно perhaps period — отрезок времени, период person — человек, личность — личный personal pet — питомец, домашнее животное philosopher — философ — телефон; звонить по телефону phone — фотография photo photograph — фотография; фотографировать photographer — фотограф — фраза phrase physical — физический — физика physics piano — пианино pick — выбирать, вытаскивать picnic — пикник picture — картина picturesque — живописный — пирог pie — кусок piece pig — поросёнок, свинья pipe — труба, трубка place — место plain — простой plan — план; планировать plane — самолёт 196 planet — планета — растение; сажать (растения) plant plastic — пластик; пластиковый plate — тарелка play — игра, пьеса; играть player — игрок — пожалуйста please pleased — довольный — удовольствие pleasure plural — множественное число (грам.) plus — плюс — карман pocket poem — стихотворение poet — поэт — пункт, точка; указывать point pointed — остроконечный poisonous — ядовитый, отравляющий polar — полярный — полюс pole polite — вежливый political — политический politically — политически politician — политик pollute — загрязнять pollution — загрязнение — сокр. водное поло (игра) polo polythene — полиэтилен — бассейн, лужа pool — бедный poor pop — поп (о музыке) popcorn — воздушная кукуруза popular — популярный — население population port — порт — позиция, положение position positive — положительный possibility — возможность possible — возможный possibly — возможно post — почта; отправлять по почте — открытка postcard poster — плакат, афиша — фунт (единица веса); фунт pound стерлингов (денежная единица) pour — лить Vocabulary power — власть, сила, энергия powerful — сильный, мощный — практика, привычка, practice обычай practise — практиковаться pray — молиться predict — предсказывать — предсказание prediction prefer — предпочитать — готовить(ся), prepare подготавливать(ся) preposition — предлог presence — присутствие present — подарок; настоящий present — дарить, преподносить — президент president press — пресса; давить pressure — давление pretend — притворяться pretty — хорошенький, прелестный prevent — предотвращать, мешать prevention — предотвращение, предупреждение principal — начальник; главный print — печатать printer — печатник — частный, личный private — премия, приз prize probably — вероятно — проблема, задача problem process — процесс produce — производить, создавать producer — продюсер product — продукт, результат professor — профессор — программа, план program(me) programmer — программист programming — программирование progress — развитие, прогресс prohibit — запрещать prohibition — запрещение — проект, план project promise — обещание; обещать pronoun — местоимение pronounce — произносить pronunciation — произношение properly — правильно, надлежащим образом proposal — предложение prospect — перспектива, проспект protect — защищать, охранять protection — защита, охрана protective — защищающий proud — гордый to be proud of — гордиться proudly — гордо — доказывать prove proverb — пословица — обеспечивать, снабжать provide provided — при условии pub — паб, пивная publish — публиковать, печатать, издавать publisher — издатель pumpkin — тыква punish — наказывать punishment — наказание pupil — ученик — щенок puppy purpose — причина (put) — класть, ставить put puzzle — загадка, головоломка Q quality — качество, сорт quarter — четверть — вопрос question — быстрый, скорый quick quickly — быстро, скоро quiet — тихий, спокойный quietly — тихо, спокойно quit — покидать, бросать (делать что-то) — вполне, совсем quite quiz — викторина quotation — цитата R racist — расист; расистский radio — радио — железная дорога railway 197 Vocabulary rain — дождь raincoat — плащ rainy — дождливый raise — поднимать(ся), повышать(ся) range — выстроить по определённому принципу rarely — редко rather — до некоторой степени, скорее ... чем — достигать, доезжать до reach read (read) — читать reader — читатель; книга для чтения — готовый ready — подлинный, настоящий real realize — осознавать, понимать really — действительно; разве reason — причина, объяснение receive — получать recent — недавно recently — недавно, на днях — узнавать, признавать recognize record — записывать recorder — записывающее устройство tape recorder — магнитофон recover — выздоравливать recreation — развлечение, отдых recycle — перерабатывать recycling — переработка red — красный reduce — уменьшать, сокращать refer — обращаться за … reference — ссылка, сноска refrain — припев refrigerator — холодильник region — край, область, округ, район (страны) rehearse — репетировать relation — отношение relative — родственник relax — отдыхать, расслабляться religion — религия — религиозный religious rely (on) — доверять, полагаться (на) remain — оставаться remember — помнить, запоминать remind — напоминать — возобновляемый renewable 198 rent — арендовать — чинить repair repairing — починка repeat — повторять replace — замещать, заменять reply — ответ; отвечать — доклад, отчёт; сообщать report reported (speech) — косвенная (речь) (грам.) reporter — репортёр republic — республика reputation — репутация reread — перечитывать rescue — спасение; спасать research — научное исследование; исследовать researcher — исследователь — уважать respect responsibility — ответственность responsible — ответственный — отдых; отдыхать rest restore — восстанавливать result — результат retell (retold) — пересказывать return — возвращать(ся), отдавать in return — взамен — обзор, обозрение; обозревать review rewrite — переписывать — богатый rich to be rich in — быть богатым (чем-либо) rid (rid) — избавлять to get rid of — избавляться от ... ride (rode, ridden) — ехать right — правый, правильный all right — всё в порядке rights — права — кольцо ring rise (rose, risen) — подниматься, вставать river — река riverside — берег реки — дорога road roadside — обочина roar — рёв, шум roaring — гремящий, ревущий rocket — ракета role — роль Vocabulary romantic — романтический room — комната round — круглый; вокруг royal — королевский rubbish — мусор rude — грубый ruin — разрушать — правило; править rule run (ran) — бегать, бежать — русский; русский язык Russian S sad — грустный, печальный safe — безопасный, надёжный safely — безопасно sail — парус salad — салат salt — соль — тот же самый same sand — песок SAS — шведская авиакомпания satellite — спутник Saturday — суббота save — спасать saving(s) — сбережение(я) say (said) — говорить, сказать saying — поговорка scale — шкала scandal — позорный, неприличный поступок, скандал scene — сцена, явление (в пьесе) schedule — расписание — школа school — школьники schoolchildren schoolmate — одноклассник science — наука scientific — научный scientist — учёный scrape — скрести(сь) scream — пронзительный крик; пронзительно кричать script — сценарий sea — море search — поиск; искать, разыскивать seaside — морское побережье — время года season second — второй secondly — во-вторых — тайна, секрет; тайный secret section — параграф, раздел (saw, seen) — видеть see seem — казаться, представлять — редко seldom self-made — обязанный всем самому себе a self-made man — человек, добившийся успеха, славы своими собственными силами send (sent) — посылать — разумный, sensible благоразумный sensitive — чувствительный, восприимчивый sentence — предложение separate — отделять(ся), разделять(ся) separate — отдельный, особый, самостоятельный separately — раздельно, отдельно — сентябрь September serious — серьёзный — серьёзно seriously set (set) — набор; ставить, класть — семь seven seventy — семьдесят several — несколько severe — строгий, суровый sex — пол — тень, оттенок shade (shook, shaken) — трясти shake to shake hands with each other — пожимать руки to shake one’s head — покачать головой (в знак неодобрения или отрицания) to shake with laughter — трястись от смеха shall — вспомогательный глагол будущего времени, 1 л. ед. и мн. ч. — делиться, пользоваться вместе share shark — акула she — она sheep — овца sheet — лист shelf (pl shelves) — полка shine (shone) — светить — корабль ship 199 Vocabulary shop — магазин to go shopping — ходить за покупками short — короткий shorten — укорачивать(ся) — вспомогательный, should модальный глагол shoulder — плечо shout — кричать (showed, shown) — представление, show шоу; показывать shrinking — уменьшение shy — застенчивый shyness — скромность sick — больной to feel sick (to be sick) — испытывать недомогание, тошноту — сторона side sight — достопримечательность; взгляд — надпись; подписывать(ся) sign silence — тишина — глупый silly similar — подобный, похожий — простой simple simply — просто — с тех пор как since sincerely (Yours sincerely) — искренне Ваш (в письмах) sing (sang, sung) — петь — единственный, одинокий single sir — сэр — сестра sister sit (sat) — сидеть — сайт site — расположенный situated — ситуация situation six — шесть sixteen — шестнадцать size — размер, величина size-friendly — большой размер (одежды) skiing — катание на лыжах skin — кожа, шкура — небо sky sled — сани; ехать на санях sleep (slept) — спать slim — худенький, стройный slogan — призыв, девиз 200 slow — медленный — медленно slowly — маленький small smart — умный smb — см. somebody smile — улыбка; улыбаться — дым; курить smoke smoking — курение smth — см. something snake — змея snow — снег snowfall — снегопад snowy — снежный, покрытый снегом so — так, такой, поэтому — телесериал, «мыльная опера» soap sociable — общительный social — общественный society — общество soft — мягкий softly — мягко solar — солнечный solar system — Солнечная система — солдат soldier — решение solution solve — решать some — несколько, некоторое количество, какой-то somebody — кто-то, кто-нибудь someone — кто-то, кто-нибудь — что-то, что-нибудь something sometimes — иногда somewhere — где-то, где-нибудь son — сын — песня song soon — скоро — извините sorry sort — род, сорт — звук; звуковой sound south — юг — южный southern space — пространство, космос spaceman — космонавт — космический корабль spaceship spacesuit — скафандр Spanish — испанский; испанский язык Vocabulary speak (spoke, spoken) — разговаривать, говорить special — особый, специальный specialist — специалист specially — особенно species — вид (биолог.) speech — речь, выступление — скорость speed spelling — правописание, орфография spend (spent) — проводить (время), тратить spin — крутиться spider — паук (split) — раскалывать(ся) split spoil — портить sport (sports) — спорт sportsman (pl sportsmen) — спортсмен sportswoman (pl sportswomen) — спортсменка spring — весна — спутник sputnik square — площадь, сквер; квадратный — стадион stadium stand (stood) — стоять — звезда star starship — звездолёт — начинать start state — государство, штат — утверждение, statement заявление station — станция stay — оставаться, останавливаться steal (stole, stolen) — воровать, красть steam — пар, дым step — шаг; шагать stick — палка, трость; прикреплять — всё ещё, пока ещё still stocking — чулок stone — камень stop — остановка; останавливать(ся) storm — буря, шторм stormy — штормовой story — история storyteller — рассказчик strange — странный, чужой stranger — незнакомец — улица street — ударение, напряжение, стресс stress — тянуть, вытягивать stretch strict — строгий strictly — строго strong — сильный, крепкий strongly — сильно, крепко substance — вещество student — ученик, студент studio — студия study — изучать, учиться stuff — вещество, материал style — стиль subject — учебный предмет — достигать цели succeed success — успех, удача successful — удачный, успешный successfully — удачно, успешно such — такой suddenly — вдруг suffix — суффикс suffocate — задохнуться — предлагать, советовать suggest — предложение, совет suggestion suit — костюм; подходить suitable — подходящий, годный summer — лето sun — солнце Sunday — воскресенье sunny — солнечный sunshade — навес, тент от солнца — яркий, солнечный свет sunshine — универсальный supermarket магазин, супермаркет supervisor — инспектор — поддержка; поддерживать support sure — уверенный surface — поверхность surfing — сёрфинг — удивление; удивлять surprise to be surprised at — удивляться (комулибо, чему-либо) surprising — неожиданный, удивительный surprisingly — удивительно; неожиданно survival — выживание survive — выжить, пережить 201 Vocabulary survivor — выживший suspension — временное исключение swap — обмениваться sweet — конфета; сладкий (swam, swum) — плавать swim swimmer — пловец swimming — плавание swirling — кружиться в водовороте — переключать switch to switch on — включать to switch off — выключать — слог syllable symbol — символ system — система T table — стол tabloid — таблоид (малоформатная газета со сжатым текстом) tactful — тактичный take (took, taken) — брать, взять to take care of — заботиться о to take off — снимать (об одежде) to take part in — участвовать в to take place in — происходить в, иметь место talent — талант talented — талантливый — разговор; разговаривать talk talkative — разговорчивый talking — говорящий tall — высокий tape — плёнка (магнитная) task — задание — вкусный tasty tea — чай (taught) — учить кого-то, обучать teach teacher — учитель — слеза tear technological — технологический technology — технология — подростковый teenage teenager — подросток в возрасте от 13 до 19 лет 202 (см. tooth) — зубы teeth — телеграмма telegram — телеграф telegraph telephone — телефон — телевидение television tell (told) — рассказывать, сказать (кому-то что-то) telly — телевизор (разг.) — температура temperature ten — десять tender — нежный tennis — теннис — время (грам.) tense terrible — ужасный, страшный terrific — ужасающий, необычный test — тест — текст text textbook — учебник — чем than thank — благодарить Thank goodness! — Слава богу! thankful — благодарный thanks — спасибо Thanksgiving Day — День благодарения that — что, тот, та, который the — определённый артикль — театр theatre their — их (чей?) theirs — их them — им, их (кого?) — (они) сами, себя themselves then — потом, затем — там, туда there these — эти — они they thick — толстый, густой — вещь thing (thought) — думать think third — третий — это, этот, эта this — те those though — хотя, несмотря на thought — мысль — тысяча thousand threat — угроза threat against smb — угроза кому-то Vocabulary threat of smth — угроза чему-то under the threat of — поставить что-либо под угрозу threaten — грозить, угрожать threatening — угрожающий three — три thriller — триллер (приключенческое произведение, вызывающее сильные эмоции – беспокойство, страх и т. д.) throat — горло — через, сквозь through throughout — во всех отношениях; повсюду throw (threw, thrown) — бросать to throw away — выбрасывать thunder — гром — четверг Thursday tick — отмечать галочкой ticket — билет time — время, раз in time — вовремя on time — вовремя (как предполагалось) how many times — сколько раз tip — тонкий конец, кончик, край tired — уставший to be tired of — устать от — заглавие title to — к, в, на (предлог на вопрос: куда?) to — частица глагола в неопределённой форме toast — тост (ломтик хлеба, подрумяненный на огне) today — сегодня together — вместе — туалет toilet tolerant — терпимый — завтра tomorrow ton — тонна tonight — сегодня too — тоже, также, слишком, очень (pl teeth) — зуб tooth top — верх — тема, предмет обсуждения topic tornado — торнадо, шквал, смерч touch — дотрагиваться, касаться to keep in touch, to be in touch — держать связь, быть в контакте touching — трогательный tour — путешествие, поездка — турист tourist towards — к, по направлению к — город town toy — игрушка; игрушечный tractor — трактор — традиция tradition — традиционный traditional traditionally — по традиции traffic — уличное движение — поезд; обучать, тренировать train trained — обученный trait — черта характера transcription — транскрипция transfer — переносить, перемещать transform — изменять, преобразовывать translate — переводить — путешествие; путешествовать travel traveller — путешественник travelling — путешествие tray — поднос treasure — зарытый клад treat — лечить — дерево tree trip — поездка, путешествие tropical — тропический trouble — беда, беспокойство, неприятность; беспокоить to be in trouble — быть в беде to stay out of trouble — избежать несчастья — верный, правильный true truth — правда, истина try — пробовать, пытаться, стараться to give it a try — пробовать T-shirt — футболка — метрополитен (в Лондоне) tube — вторник Tuesday tune — мелодия; настраивать tunnel — тоннель turkey — индейка — вертеть, поворачивать turn it’s your turn — твоя очередь in turn — по очереди TV — телевизор, телевидение 203 Vocabulary twelve — двенадцать twenty — двадцать twice — дважды twist — закручиваться, перекручиваться two — два — тип; печатать на машинке type typical — типичный U UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) — НЛО umbrella — зонт — неудобный uncomfortable uncountable — неисчисляемый — под under underground [ ] — метро — подчёркивать underline understand (understood) — понимать unequal — неравный unfair — несправедливый, нечестный — к несчастью unfortunately unfriendly — недружелюбный, неприветливый unhappy — несчастливый, несчастный unhealthy — нездоровый unidentified — неопознанный uniform — форма — неинтересный uninteresting unique — единственный в своём роде; уникальный unit — раздел учебника united — объединённый, совместный Universe — Вселенная, космос — университет university unkind — злой, недобрый — если не unless unlike — непохожий на unpacked — неупакованный, распакованный — неприятный unpleasant unspoiled — неиспорченный, нетронутый unsure — неуверенный until — до — не имеющий заглавия untitled 204 unusual — необычный, необыкновенный up — вверх, кверху us — нам, нас — польза, употребление use use — использовать, применять — полезный useful useless — бесполезный — обыкновенный, обычный usual usually — обычно V value — ценность, стоимость vanish — исчезать variant — вариант variety — многообразие, разнообразие, разновидность vary — изменять(ся) various — различный vegetarian — вегетарианец — средство передвижения vehicle verb — глагол verbal — словесный, устный verbally — устно version — версия very — очень victim — жертва victory — победа — видео (фильм); записывать video на видео view — вид — деревня village — сильный, яростный violent violently — сильно, яростно virtual — виртуальный — посещение, визит; посещать visit visitor — посетитель visual — зрительный — жизненный, насущный vital — словарь, vocabulary словарный запас voice — голос volcano — вулкан volcano eruption — извержение вулкана volleyball — волейбол Vocabulary W wait (for smb) — ждать (кого-либо) — прогулка; гулять; ходить walk пешком to go for a walk — прогуливаться wall — стена want — хотеть, желать war — война — тёплый; тепло warm warn — предостерегать, предупреждать warning — предостережение (past simple от to be; ед. ч.) — был, was была, было — мыть(ся), умываться, стирать wash to wash up — мыть посуду washing — мытьё, стирка waste — трата; тратить впустую It’s a waste of time. — Это пустая трата времени. wastes — отходы watch — смотреть, наблюдать, следить water — вода; поливать wave — волна way — путь, дорога; образ действия, способ we — мы weak — слабый wealth — богатство wear (wore, worn) — носить одежду weather — погода web — сеть Wednesday — среда week — неделя weekend — уикенд (время отдыха с пятницы или субботы до вечера воскресенья) — еженедельный weekly weight — вес welcome — приветствовать Welcome! Добро пожаловать! well — хорошо; здоровый — известный well-known were (past simple от to be; мн. ч.) — были west — запад — мокрый; мокро wet — что, какой, который what whatever — что бы ни; любой — когда when whenever — когда бы ни where — куда wherever — где бы ни; куда бы ни — ли whether — который, какой (из) which while — пока, в то время как — белый white — кто, который who whoever — кто бы ни — весь, целый whole — кого, кому, которого whom whose — чей Wh-question — специальный вопрос (вопрос, начинающийся с вопросительного слова) why — почему wicked — испорченный — широкий wide wife — жена wild — дикий wildfire — огонь, пожар wildlife — живая природа will — вспомогательный глагол будущего времени; 1 л. ед. и мн. ч. win (won) — выигрывать — ветер wind window — окно — ветрено windy winter — зима wisdom — мудрость a man of great wisdom — мудрый человек, мудрец wisdom tooth — зуб мудрости wish — желание; желать with —с without — без woman (pl women) — женщина wonder — чудо; удивляться, хотеть знать wonderful — чудесный wood — небольшой лес, роща 205 Vocabulary wooden — деревянный word — слово work — работа; работать workbook — рабочая тетрадь worker — рабочий world — мир; всемирный all over the world — во всём мире worry — беспокоиться (см. bad) — хуже worse worst (cм. bad) — наихудший — сто́ящий worth to be worth doing smth — сто́ит что-либо сделать would — вспомогательный глагол wrapping — обёртка (wrote, written) — писать write writer — писатель wrong — неверный; неверно 206 Y yard — двор — год year yellow — жёлтый — да yes yesterday — вчера yet — ещё, ещё не всё, всё ещё, уже́ — ты, вы, тебе, вам, тебя, вас you young — молодой your — твой, ваш yours — твой, ваш — (ты) сам yourself youth — юность, юноша, молодёжь Z zero — нуль zoo — зоопарк Изображения были предоставлены: © Rex Feature / FOTODOM с. 20, с. 24 (6), с. 124, с. 127, с. 129 © TopFoto / FOTODOM с. 31, с. 35 (2), с. 36, с. 37, с. 92 (3), с. 94, с. 114, с. 124 (7), с. 125 (6), с. 127, с. 128 (2) © FOTODOM с. 96, с. 103 © RU.WIKIPEDIA.ORG (https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Wostok-Station_core32.jpg) с. 40 © EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel#/media/File:Course_Channeltunnel_en.svg) c. 94 © Баландин Р.К. Кто есть кто в мире науки и техники. М. Вече: 2012. ISBN 978-5-9533-3551-5 с. 124 © Овчинникова Ирина / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 7, © Самохвалов Артем / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 44, © Анна Мартынова / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 45, © Михаил Марковский / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 35, © lana1501 / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 46, © Литвяк Игорь / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 46, © Владимир Мельников / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 46, © Мальцев Семен / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 46, © Данил Руденко / «Фотобанк Лори» с. 92, © Frank Gärtner / «Фотобанк Лори» / easy Fotostock с. 139 207 РОССИЙСКИЙ УЧЕБНИК УЧЕБНОЕ ИЗДАНИЕ Биболетова Мерем Забатовна Трубанева Наталия Николаевна ENJOY ENGLISH Английский с удовольствием Английский язык 8 класс Учебник Редактор Л. Г. Беликова Художественный редактор, дизайн макета Е. А. Подтуркина Верстка Н. В. Зайцева Художник Н. В. Мишина Технический редактор С. А. Толмачева Корректор Г. Н. Кузьмина Подписано в печать 28.08.17. Формат 60х84/8 Гарнитуры SchoolBook, Circe Печать офсетная Усл. печ. л. 24,18 Тираж 3000 экз. 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