PHRASAL VERBS

Gymnasium conference “The Way to Science”
THE SECOND ST. PETERSBURG GYMNASIUM
Phrasal verbs
(in the Students’ Book Focus 4)
subject English
The work was done
by a student of grade 10-1
Kseniya Kopylova
Supervisor: E.A. Bolbot,
an English teacher
Saint-Petersburg
2023
Contents
Introduction ......................................................................................................... 3
The Characteristics of the Verb ......................................................................... 5
History of Phrasal Verbs .................................................................................... 7
Classification of Phrasal Verbs .......................................................................... 9
Some tips for Learning Phrasal Verbs ............................................................ 14
List of Phrasal Verbs from Focus 4 Students’ Book ...................................... 16
Conclusion .......................................................................................................... 25
Bibliography ...................................................................................................... 26
2
Introduction
Every language is unique so each language has its own ways of word formation.
One word can often belong to different parts of speech and have several
meanings.
The characteristic of the English language is a numerous group of verbs called
phrasal verbs. They are an important distinctive feature of English and represent
a combination of a verb with a preposition, a particle or an adverb. In the
Modern English the number of phrasal verbs grows. It is the evidence of many
books and dictionaries devoted to phrasal verbs and their applications. Together
with the growth in number, the frequency of the usage also grows. This means
that phrasal verbs carry out their necessary function because of greater
conciseness and significance at the same time.
Phrasal verbs are used not only in the spoken language; several of them are the
integral part of the language of the newspapers and of the official business.
In our opinion a lot students find learning phrasal verbs rather difficult. It is
confusing that the meaning of the verb and the phrase changes if a student uses
another preposition or particle after the phrasal verb.
The relevance of the topic is conditioned by the fact that there are not any
similar ways of verb formation in Russian that makes it difficult for students to
learn and use widely-spread phrasal verbs in their speech.
The basis of this project is the problems that students most often come across
with - "practical and theoretical value of the types of phrasal verbs, the structure
and their role in the English Grammar”
The purpose of the project is to make a workbook “Phrasal Verbs” to Focus 4
Students’ Book.
To achieve this purpose, the following objectives have been set:
•
to study the history of phrasal verbs
•
to define and classify phrasal verbs
3
•
to consider effective ways to learn phrasal verbs
•
to make a list of phrasal verbs from Focus 4 Students’ Book
In order to study the subject of the project we used the following methods:
bibliographic method, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization.
The project includes 2 parts.
Chapter One contains the theoretical basis and general notions of the work. In
this chapter we tried to give a definition of a phrasal verb, to analyze it and to
give a classification of phrasal verbs.
Chapter Two contains the List of Phrasal verbs. In this chapter we tried to show
the meanings of phrasal verbs with different prepositions or particles.
4
The Characteristics of the Verb
A verb is a word used primarily to indicate a type of action though it may also
be used to indicate a general state of existence. There is also a special type of a
verb, known as a copula or linking verb, which helps to describe the subject of
the sentence, rather than describing an action. The primary example of this in
English is the verb to be which is usually used in the role of linking verb. A verb
is one of the basic building blocks of a sentence in most languages. Most
grammatical sentences require at least one noun acting as a subject, and one verb
to indicate an action.
Verbs can be inflected, which means the verb is changed in some way to
indicate something about the sentence the verb is a part of. A verb may be
inflected to describe virtually anything.
Dance! Sing! Paint! Giggle! Chew! What are these words doing? They are
expressing action, something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can
do. As a result, words like these are called action verbs.
There are three properties which characterize verbs in English - tense, voice, and
mood.
One of the most important things about verbs is their relationship to time. In
English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an
action or condition occurs. Verbs tell if something has already happened, if it
will happen later, or if it is happening now. For things happening now, we use
the present tense of a verb; for something that has already happened, we use the
past tense; and for something that will happen later, we use the future tense.
The voice of a verb, passive (The house was built) or active (They built a house),
expresses whether the action is being received by the subject or being done by
the subject. The two voices may occur in any tense.
The mood of a verb expresses the conditions under which an action or condition
is taking place. In English there are three moods: indicative (I am a student),
subjunctive (If I were you, I should go home) and imperative (Be careful!).
Indicative and subjunctive can be in any tense; imperative, only in the present
tense.
5
Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs (play, swim, study)
show action or possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. State
verbs describe a state of being or perception (believe, hear, know). They can also
be used to describe a mental, emotional, or physical state. State verbs are
typically used for a state of being that is general or unchanging, so they can’t be
used in the progressive (continuous) tense. Linking verbs (She is pretty) show
the condition of the subject. Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used
with other verbs to change the tense, voice, or condition of the verb (Did he tell
you about that).
Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated with could, would, or should to show a
possible condition. They may be in any tense. (If I don’t do homework, I get a
bad mark. If I don’t do my homework, I will get a bad mark. If I didn’t do my
homework, I would get a bad mark. If I hadn’t done my homework, I would
have got a bad mark.)
Unlike most of the other parts of speech, verbs change their form. Sometimes
endings are added (learn - learned) and sometimes the word itself becomes
different (teach-taught). The verb has finite and non-finite forms, the latter being
also called verbals. The verbals, unlike the finite forms of the verb, do not
express person, number or mood. Therefore, they cannot be used as the
predicate of a sentence. Like the finite forms of the verb the verbals have tense
and voice distinctions, but their tense distinctions differ greatly from those of the
finite verb. There three verbals in English: the participle (helping, writing,
helped, written), the gerund (inviting, reading) and the infinitive (to swim, to
become). The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such
things as tense (past, present, and future), person (first person, second person,
third person), number (singular, plural) and voice (active, passive). Verbs are
also often accompanied by verb-like words called modals (may, could, should,
etc.) and auxiliaries (do, have, will, etc.)
6
History of Phrasal Verbs
Since phrasal verbs were not investigated until the late nineteenth to early
twentieth century, although they have been part of the English language for
centuries, their history is still a controversial subject. Rolando Bachelor says it is
"impossible to write an exhaustive and definitive history of phrasal verbs." The
term itself, "phrasal verb," was first seen in print in 1925 when Logan Pearsall
Smith used it in Words and Idioms; it was supposedly suggested to him by
Editor Henry Bradley. Phrasal verbs themselves, however, have been around
much longer, as can be seen by looking at some Shakespearean and Middle
English works.
Old English generally did not possess phrasal verbs as they are found in PresentDay English. They did exist, although they were rare. Much more common in
Old English was the inseparable-prefix verb, a form in which the particle was
attached to the beginning of the verb. These Old English prefixed verbs are
directly comparable to current phrasal forms. Old English prefixes often
remained before the verb because Old English had strong object-before-verb
(OV) tendencies, whereas Present-Day English is largely a VO language. Some
Old English verbs did function as modern phrasal verbs do.
Middle English was subject to the powerful forces of French and AngloNorman, as well to some influence from Old Norse. Old Norse, which already
had a fairly robust incidence of phrasal verbs, must have incited the production
of English phrasal, but the rapid borrowing of French verbs into Middle English
likely slowed the development of phrasal verbs. French was the language of
status in England after the Norman Conquest, and phrasal verbs, while common
by the fourteenth century, were considered informal. Nonetheless, phrasal verbs
regained strong productivity by the fifteenth century.
The expansion of phrasal verbs occurred with the adoption of the Subject Verb
Object (SVO) word-order (Bachelor). One researcher, Kennedy, proposes the
7
idea that this took place because the invasion of Romance compound verbs
stunted the growth of new verb-particle combinations.
By late Middle English, phrasal verbs could be divided into 3 categories: a) Old
English-style inseparable particle + verb (understand, overtake); b) phrasal verbs
including verb + separable particle (take up, write up); and c) nominal
compounds derived from the first two (outcry, write-off).
The incidence of phrasal verbs exploded in Early Modern English. Shakespeare
himself applied the form widely throughout the plays. Phrasal verbs were used
extensively in Early Modern English dramatic texts because of their variable
shades of meaning and productive capacity “to be expanded to form new
idioms”. Phrasal verbs occupied a lower social position in Early Modern English
than, perhaps, single Latinate verbs that could fill their semantic fields, which
gives rise, incidentally, to a syntactic test for phrasal verbs. However, phrasal
verbs continued to become entrenched.
8
Classification of Phrasal Verbs
A phrasal verb is a phrase that consists of a verb with a preposition or an adverb
or both, the meaning of which is different from the meaning of its separate parts.
Phrasal verbs have a lot of types, and to be mastery phrasal verbs it is very
important to know the difference between them. A phrasal verb is a combination
of a "simple" verb consisting of one word (For example: come, put, go) and a
postposition (for example: in, off, up), representing semantic and syntactic
uniform unit.
For example:
come in - to enter
give up - to cease
The phrasal verb can be replaced by a "simple" verb. It characterizes a phrasal
verb as a semantic unity
For example:
call up - telephone
come by - obtain
put off - postpone
put up with - tolerate.
But this criterion is not common for all phrasal verbs since the equivalent of
many phrasal verbs is a word-combination
For example:
break down - stop functioning
make up - apply cosmetics
take off - of a plane - leave the ground.
9
The next peculiarity is idiomatic. The idiom is a combination of two or more
words, whose value does not coincide with the value of its components. Many
phrasal verbs have the value which is impossible to deduce from the values of its
components.
For example:
bring up - educate
give up - stop doing, using, etc.
go off - explode; ring
come by - obtain.
It is difficult to define the meaning of an idiomatic verb.
So, for example the verbs fall down and pull off, on the one hand, don't possess
any idiomatic value.
fall down - to fall
pull off - to remove, pull down
But these verbs have also the following dictionary values.
fall down
1) to admire (to someone in power)
2) to fail, unsuccessfully to terminate
pull off
1) to achieve, despite difficulties
2) to win (a prize, competition)
So, the given property is not the core for phrasal verbs.
Sometimes the value of a verb can be deduced from its components.
10
Some phrasal verbs have two and more values, one of which idiomatic, others
opposite which are easily deduced from their components.
Many linguists consider the ability of phrasal verbs to form the passive voice as
one of their basic properties.
For example:
Payments are limited to 10 % each month.
This medicine must be measured out exactly.
The next property of a phrasal verb is the possibility to have adverbial
postposition before and after a noun used with the given verb. For object the
final position bears the big semantic loading, therefore if addition does not bear
the new or important information, usually it settles down interposition.
For example: Call him up or call up him (not his sister)
If the object is expressed by several words, it most likely will be taking of a final
position.
For example: He put on the coat he had bought in London.
If the object is expressed by a pronoun, it always is interposition.
For example: He took his coat and put it on.
Based on Scott Thornbury there are several types of phrasal verbs.
Type 1: intransitive verbs are phrasal verbs that don’t take objects. The
important thing to remember about them is that the verb and particle always stay
together. For example, you can sit down on a chair but you can’t sit on a chair
down. Note that some intransitive phrasal verbs can be transitive also.
11
Type 2: transitive phrasal verbs are much more notable mainly because of the
placement of the object. With many of these constructions the object can go
between the verb and its object, for example, look into, while in other situations
or with other verbs the object has to go after the particle.
Type 3: transitive separable, for example, put off (postpone).
Separable phrasal verbs can be separated by their object. When the object is a
noun, it is usually entirely optional whether the object is placed between the
verb and the particle or placed after the particle. Both sentences below are
correct:
I took my shoes off.
I took off my shoes.
However, when a pronoun is used instead of a noun the pronoun must be placed
between the verb and the particle:
I took them off.
We can’t say:” I took off them”.
But in one type of sentence separable phrasal verbs must be separated — when
the phrasal verb has two objects:
She put a blanket on.
She put on a blanket.
She put a blanket on the bed.
We can’t say: “She put on a blanket the bed”.
Type 4: three parts for example put up with (endure) these are always
intransitive inseparable.
12
Inseparable phrasal verbs cannot be separated by their object:
He ran into a tree.
We can’t say: “He ran a tree into.”
Classification of phrasal verbs makes learning of them easier and more
convenient for students.
13
Some tips for Learning Phrasal Verbs
1.
Phrasal verb challenge
Day 1: Choose an unknown phrasal verb. Look its meaning up in the dictionary
and choose one meaning. Write a sentence with this verb.
Day 2: Choose one more phrasal verb. Check its meaning in the dictionary. Use
the verb to write a sentence which is connected with the sentence of Day 1.
In 30 days you will have a text with phrasal verbs. If writing a text is too
difficult you can make sentences.
2.
Music
Music is part of everyone’s life. It consists of melody, harmony, rhythm and
sound. Music is sound organized into pattern that can please the ear or
communicate feeling or a mood. With music it helps students to control mind
and to be experienced of emotion and make a good mood while in the class. The
most people like singing and listening music. Music is humanly organized
sound. Learning English is easy with music and song, when learners love to the
song, easy to follow and know the lyric. Students can improve their vocabulary
throughout English song lyrics.
Listen for a song every day and write down phrasal verbs that you come across.
Make memory cards to remember the verbs better. Then download the lyrics,
delete all the phrasal verbs from the text. Try to complete the text yourself
listening to the song.
3.
Use the table to learn
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Phrasal verb
Get into
Literal
and Separable
figurative
or
meaning
Inseparable
Literal:
open
a
Synonyms Example sentences
to Inseparable Enter
box,
I used a key to get into the
house.
drawer or other
container
Figurative: to
Be
I got heavily into rap
start
be
interested
music.
interested
in
in
something
15
List of Phrasal Verbs from Focus 4 Students’ Book
Module 1
1.
catch up - to learn or discuss the most recent news (навёрстывать, быть
в курсе)
2.
do away (with) - to get rid of something, or to stop using something
(избавиться от чего-либо, покончить с чем-либо)
3.
do up - to repair or decorate a building so that it looks attractive
(ремонтировать, приводить в порядок)
4.
fall behind (with) - slower or later than someone else, or than you should
be (отставать)
5.
get on (with) - to have a good relationship (ладить, быть в хороших
отношениях)
6.
go on to – to move to the next thing or stage (перейти к чему-то)
7.
hand in – to give something to someone in a position of authority
(сдавать, подавать (письменную работу, заявление и т.д.))
8.
hang out - to spend a lot of time in a place or with someone (постоянно
бывать, околачиваться, шляться)
9.
look forward (to) - to feel pleased and excited about something that is
going to happen (ждать чего-либо с нетерпением)
10.
put forward - to state an idea or opinion, or to suggest a plan or person,
for other people to consider (выдвигать, предлагать что-либо)
11.
put off - to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later
time or date (откладывать, отсрочивать)
12.
set off - to start a journey (отправляться в путь)
13.
set up - to arrange for an event or activity to happen (организовывать,
договариваться)
14.
soak up - to understand and remember information well (впитывать)
Module 2
1.
blow out - If a flame blows out or you blow it out, it stops burning when a
person or the wind blows on it (гаснуть, задувать)
16
2.
boss around - to tell someone what to do (командовать)
3.
bring up - to care for a child until they are an adult, often giving them
particular beliefs (воспитывать)
4.
plunge into - to start doing something with a lot of energy (погружаться
с головой во что-либо)
5.
drift apart - If two people drift apart, they gradually become less friendly
and their relationship ends (расстаться, становиться чужими)
6.
fall for - to suddenly have strong romantic feelings about someone
(влюбляться)
7.
go out (with) - to have a romantic relationship (встречаться (о
влюблённых))
8.
grow up - to gradually become an adult (вырастать, становиться
взрослым)
9.
hear from - to get a letter, a telephone call, or message from someone
(получать известия от кого-либо)
10.
leave out - to fail to include something or someone; omit (пропускать, не
включать что-либо/кого-либо)
11.
look back (on) - to think of or remember what has happened in the past
(обращаться к прошлому, вспоминать)
12.
meet up (with) - to see another person or group in order to discuss
something (встречаться, собираться)
13.
pluck up (courage) - to force yourself to be brave enough to do
something, although you are frightened or worried about it (набраться
смелости)
14.
pull of - to manage to do something difficult (справляться, «вывозить»)
15.
put on - to produce or provide something, especially for the good of other
people or for a special purpose (сделать, обеспечить, организовать)
16.
split up (with) - to end a marriage or relationship (расставание,
окончание отношений, развод)
17.
take off - to spend time away from your work (взять отпуск)
17
18.
tell off - to criticize someone angrily (ругать кого-либо)
19.
turn out - to be known or discovered finally and surprisingly (оказаться)
Module 3
1.
get down to - to start to direct your efforts and attention towards
something (приниматься за что-либо, приступать к чему-либо)
2.
hold onto - to keep something or someone that is important or useful
(ухватиться, держаться)
3.
look out for - to try to notice someone or something (высматривать
кого-либо/что-либо)
4.
look up to - to try to find a piece of information by looking in a book or
on a computer (посмотреть в источнике (в словаре, интернете))
5.
nod off - to begin sleeping, especially not intentionally (дремать)
6.
rely on - to depend on or trust someone or something (полагаться на
кого-либо/что-либо)
7.
set off - to cause an activity or event, often a series of events, to begin or
happen (вызвать, стать причиной)
8.
settle down - to become calmer (успокоиться)
Module 4
1.
bring out - to produce something to sell to the public (выпускать (о
продукции))
2.
deal with - to develop a way to manage or relate to someone or something
(иметь дело)
3.
fork out - to pay a large amount of money, especially unwillingly
(раскошелиться)
4.
go off - If a light or a machine goes off, it stops working (выключаться,
отключаться, выходить из строя)
5.
keep (costs) down - to prevent something from increasing (снизить
стоимость)
18
6.
knock off - to reduce the price or value of something (снизить
стоимость)
9.
rely on - to depend on or trust someone or something (полагаться на
кого-либо/что-либо)
7.
rip off - to cheat someone by making them pay too much money for
something (обманывать, надувать)
8.
run out (of) - to finish, use, or sell all of something, so that there is none
left (заканчиваться, иссякать)
9.
save up - to keep money so that you can buy something with it in the
future (копить)
10.
shop around - to go from shop to shop, looking for bargains or special
items (болтаться по магазинам)
11.
sign up - to agree to become involved in an organized activity
(записываться, поступать)
12.
snap up (a bargain) - to buy or get something quickly and
enthusiastically because it is cheap or exactly what you want (раскупать,
хватать)
13.
splash out on - to spend a lot of money on buying things, especially
things that are pleasant to have but that you do not need (разоряться на чтолибо)
14.
take/send back - to return something to the person who sent it to you,
especially because it is damaged or not suitable (возвращать что-либо)
Module 5
1.
carry out – to do or complete something, especially something that you
have said you would do or that you have been told to do (выполнять,
исполнять)
2.
come across as - to seem to be a particular type of person (производить
впечатление)
19
3.
cut out - to remove something or form a shape by cutting, usually from
paper or cloth (вырезать)
4.
deal with - to talk to someone or meet someone, especially as part of your
job (иметь дело с кем-либо/чем-либо)
5.
draw up - to prepare something, usually something official, in writing
(составлять, набрасывать (план, список и т. д.))
6.
embark on - to start something new or important (начинать что-либо,
браться за что-либо)
7.
fall out - to argue with someone and stop being friendly with them
(ссориться)
8.
get away with - to succeed in avoiding punishment for something (делать
что-либо безнаказанно, выходить сухим из воды)
9.
get out of - to avoid doing something that you should do, often by giving
an excuse (избегать чего-либо)
10.
give in - to finally agree to what someone wants, after refusing for a
period of time (уступать, поддаваться)
11.
keep on (as…) - to continue to employ someone (оставить на работе)
12.
kick/throw out - to force somebody to leave a place (выгонять)
13.
lay off - to stop employing someone, usually because there is no more
work for them (увольнять, сокращать кого-то)
14.
lead to - to make something happen or exist (приводить к чему-либо,
вызывать что-либо)
15.
look down on - to think that you are better than someone (смотреть
свысока на кого-либо)
16.
look up to - to respect and admire someone (уважать, восхищаться)
17.
make up - to invent something, such as an excuse or a story, often in
order to deceive (придумывать)
18.
make up for - to take the place of something lost or damaged or to
compensate for something bad with something good (возместить)
20
19.
pick up - to learn a new skill or start a habit without intending to
(приобрести навыки)
20.
put off - to decide or arrange to delay an event or activity until a later
time or date (откладывать, отсрочивать)
21.
step down from - to leave an important job (уходить в отставку)
22.
take off - to suddenly become successful (преуспеть)
23.
take on - to employ somebody (принять на работу)
24.
take in - to deceive (обманывать)
25.
take up - to start doing a particular job or activity (начать заниматься
чем-либо)
26.
try out - to use something to discover if it works or if you like it
(испытывать, опробовать)
27.
turn down - to reduce the level of sound or heat that a machine produces
(убавить громкость)
28.
work out - if a problem or difficult situation works out, it gradually
becomes better (решаться, улаживаться)
Module 6
1.
blend into - to look or seem the same as surrounding people or things and
therefore not be easily noticeable (влиться)
2.
come across - to behave in a way that makes people believe that you have
a particular characteristic (производить впечатление)
3.
cover up - hide the truth (покрывать)
4.
end up - eventually stay (оказаться)
5.
go through - to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation (пережить,
пройти через)
6.
hand out - to announce an official decision, especially in a court of law
(объявлять)
7.
keep up - continue to pretend (продолжать обманывать)
21
8.
look into - to examine the facts about a situation (расследовать что-
либо)
9.
pass yourself off as somebody - to pretend that yourself is a particular
person when it is not (выдавать себя за)
10.
pick up - to collect somebody who is waiting for you (забрать, увезти
откуда-то)
11.
run away - to secretly leave a place because you are unhappy there
(совершить побег)
12.
see trough - to realise the truth about something (разглядеть, увидеть то,
что скрыто)
13.
settle in/into - to start to feel comfortable in a new home, job, etc.
(освоиться)
14.
stand for - if a letter stands for a word, it is used to represent it.
(расшифровываться как, означать)
15.
take in - to let someone stay in your house (принять в дом, дать кров,
приютить)
16.
turn up - to arrive or appear somewhere, usually unexpectedly or in a
way that was not planned (появиться, приехать, «нарисоваться»)
17.
zoom in (on) - to adjust a camera to make a person or thing being
photographed appear larger or closer (делать изображение крупным планом)
Module 7
1.
bring in – to do a particular job (привлекать кого-либо к чему либо)
2.
come out – if information, results, etc. come out, they are given to people
(становиться известным, выходить)
3.
consist of - to be formed or made from two or more things (состоять из
чего-либо)
4.
dash around – to go somewhere quickly (метаться, ринуться, нестись)
5.
do without - to manage without having someone or something
(обходиться без кого-либо/чего-либо)
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6.
feed into - to have an influence on the development of something
(повлиять)
7.
figure out - to finally understand something or someone after a lot of
thought (понимать)
8.
go on and on about something – If you go on doing something, or go on
with an activity, you continue to do it (болтать)
9.
have nothing on - to not be as good as someone or something (не
оправдывать ожиданий)
10.
kick back - to stop doing things and relax (расслабиться)
11.
log on - to start using a computer system or program by giving a password
(входить в систему (при работе на компьютере))
12.
talk somebody into (doing) something - to persuade someone to do
something (уговаривать кого-либо сделать/не сделать что-либо)
13.
tear somebody away from something - to make someone stop doing
something that they enjoy, in order to do something else (отрывать кого-либо
от чего-либо (интересного))
14.
think over - to consider an idea or plan carefully before making a
decision (обдумывать что-либо)
15.
wind up - to deliberately say or do something in order to annoy somebody
(провоцировать, задираться)
Module 8
1.
break up into - to separate into smaller pieces (разделить)
2.
follow around - to keep going with somebody wherever they go
(преследовать)
3.
go around - to visit somebody or a place that is near (навестить)
4.
set off/set out - to start a journey (отправляться в путь)
5.
sit around - to spend time sitting down and doing very little (сидеть
сложа руки, рассиживаться без дела)
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6.
turn around and around - used when talking about something that
someone says, especially when they say it in a very direct way without worrying
about people's reactions (перевернуть, изменить, измениться)
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Conclusion
Phrasal verbs take a considerable place in vocabulary verbs of Modern English
language and are generally used in idiomatic phrases. Their functioning is
heterogeneous with a view to their great variety. The development and
supplementation of phrasal verbs system proceeds in two directions: new verbs
inclusion and semantic development.
In our project we have analyzed about one hundred twenty verbs, taken from the
informal speech. As a result, we can make the following conclusion: phrasal
verbs are frequently used. Their usage becomes usual phenomena in English
grammar.
Having the list of phrasal verbs, we can make the conclusion that postposition
plays the main role in the semantic meaning of the verb. The usage of phrasal
verbs in the informal speech allows us to express our thoughts and make our
speech more dynamic and diverse.
The workbook, which was developed during the project, can be used to study
phrasal verbs together with Focus 4 Students’ Book or separately.
The manual, which was developed during the project, can be used to study
phrasal verbs together with the training focus 4 and separately.
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Bibliography
1. Andrew Betsis and Lawrence, Illustrated Phrasal Verbs, United
Kingdom, 1988
2. Baugh, Albert C. and Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language.
4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993.
3. Bollinger, D., (1971), The Phrasal Verb in English, Harvard University
Press, Cambridge, Mass.
4. Brazil, D. A Grammar of Speech D. Brazil. - Oxford University Press,
1995
5. Dilys Parkinson, Jennifer Bradbery, Really learn 100 more phrasal verbs,
China, 2011
6. Scott Thornbury, How to teach English, Malaysia, 2007
7. Sue Kay, Vaughan Jones, Daniel Brayshaw, Beata Trapnell, Focus 4
Students’ Book, Chine, 2016
Internet resources:
1. Cambridge
English
Dictionary:
Meanings&Definitions
-
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/
2. Collins
English
Dictionary
-
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english
3. Macmillan Dictionary - https://www.macmillandictionary.com/
4. Oxford
Learner’s
Dictionaries
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
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