Ɍ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɛɢɤ ȺɇȺɌɈɆɂə ȼɇɍɌɊȿɇɇɂɏ ɈɊȽȺɇɈȼ ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤ 2024 ɍȾɄ 611.01 ȻȻɄ 28.706 Ȼ 12 Ɋɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɍɪɚɥȽɍɎɄ Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɷɦɛɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɘɠɧɨ-ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ» Ɇɢɧɡɞɪɚɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɞ.ɦ.ɧ. Ɇ. Ʌ. ɋɢɡɨɧɟɧɤɨ ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ», ɞ.ɛ.ɧ. ə. ȼ. Ʌɚɬɸɲɢɧ Ȼɚɛɢɤ, Ɍ. Ɇ. Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ɍ. Ɇ. Ȼɚɛɢɤ. – ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤ, 2024. – 115 ɫ. ȼ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɦɨɪɮɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (2003 ɝ.) ɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦ ɩɨ ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ (2009 ɝ.). ɉɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ «Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ» ɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ. ɍȾɄ 611.01 ȻȻɄ 28.706 © ɍɪɚɥȽɍɎɄ, 2024 © Ȼɚɛɢɤ Ɍ. Ɇ., 2024 2 ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ 1 ɈȻɓɂȿ ȾȺɇɇɕȿ .................................................................................................. 5 2 ɉɂɓȿȼȺɊɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ .................................................................... 7 2.1 Ɋɨɬ .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ....................................................................................................... 8 2.1.1.1 ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ .............................................................................................. 8 2.1.1.2 Ⱦɟɫɧɚ ............................................................................................................. 10 2.1.1.3 Ɂɭɛɵ............................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1.4 ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ …………………………………………………. 21 2.1.1.5 əɡɵɤ .............................................................................................................. 24 2.1.2 ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɬɚ ...................................................................................................... 28 2.2 Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ ................................................................................................................. 29 2.3 ɉɢɳɟɜɨɞ ............................................................................................................. 33 2.4 ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ .............................................................................................................. 35 2.5 Ɍɨɧɤɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ..................................................................................................... 37 2.6 Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ .................................................................................................... 39 2.7 ɉɟɱɟɧɶ.................................................................................................................. 42 2.8 ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ............................................................... 45 2.9 ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ..................................................................................... 46 3 ȾɕɏȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ .............................................................................. 48 3.1 ɇɨɫ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ............................................................................................... 48 3.2 Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ................................................................................................................ 50 3.2.1 ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ................................................................................................ 51 3.2.2 ɋɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ....................................................................................... 52 3.2.3 Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ .............................................................................................. 53 3.2.4 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ............................................................................................. 55 3.3 Ɍɪɚɯɟɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ .................................................................................... 56 3.4 Ʌɺɝɤɢɟ .................................................................................................................. 57 3 4 ɉɈɅɈɋɌɖ ȽɊɍȾɂ. ɉɅȿȼɊȺ .............................................................................. 61 4.1 ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ........................................................................................................ 62 5 ɆɈɑȿȼȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ........................................................................................ 63 5.1 ɉɨɱɤɚ ................................................................................................................... 63 5.2 Ɇɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ ........................................................................................................ 69 5.3 Ɇɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ................................................................................................. 69 5.4 ɀɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ .............................................................. 71 6 ɉɈɅɈȼɕȿ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ....................................................................................... 72 6.1 ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ............................................................ 72 6.1.1 əɢɱɤɨ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ ................................................................................... 73 6.1.2 ɋɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤ ................................................ 76 6.1.3 ɋɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ............................................................................................. 77 6.1.4 ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ, ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ........................................................... 78 6.2 ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ .............................................................. 80 6.3 Ɇɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ............................................................. 83 6.4 ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ..............................................................85 6.4.1 əɢɱɧɢɤ .............................................................................................................. 85 6.4.2 Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ ................................................................................................ 90 6.4.3 Ɇɚɬɤɚ ................................................................................................................ 91 6.4.4 ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ........................................................................................................ 96 6.5 ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ................................................................ 98 7 ɉɈɅɈɋɌɖ ɀɂȼɈɌȺ ɂ ɌȺɁȺ. ȻɊɘɒɂɇȺ ................................................... 102 8 ɉɊɈɆȿɀɇɈɋɌɖ ................................................................................................ 112 ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ .................................................................. 115 4 1 ɈȻɓɂȿ ȾȺɇɇɕȿ ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ, ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ, ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ, ɝɨɥɨɜɵ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ) ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ: ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ, ɦɨɱɟɜɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ). ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɨɬ ɢ ɧɨɫ (ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ (ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɞɢ, ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɬɚɡɚ. ɉɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɵɟ (ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ) ɢ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɟ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ (ɹɡɵɤ), ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɟɣ (ɡɭɛɵ), ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɨɩɨɪɧɨ-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ (ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ). ɉɨɥɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ, ɦɚɬɤɚ, ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɥɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ), ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ (ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ), ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ (ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ) ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ – ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ. ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢ) ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ (ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ), ɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ – ɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ. 5 ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ (ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɭ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɶɸ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ, ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɟɧ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɥɨɺɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ). ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɭɸ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɭɸ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɭɸ, ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɵɯɥɭɸ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɫɟɬɹɦɢ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ, ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (1-3 ɫɥɨɹ, ɱɚɳɟ 2), ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɟɺ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ, ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢɡ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɜ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ: ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ) ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ). ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ. Ⱥɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ (ɪɵɯɥɚɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ). ɋɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɟɡɨɬɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨ6 ɤɨɧ). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ – ɩɥɟɜɪɨɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ (ɬɪɚɧɫɫɭɞɢɪɭɸɬ) ɢɥɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ (ɪɟɡɨɪɛɢɪɭɸɬ) ɫɟɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. ɉɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ), ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ – ɫɬɪɨɦɵ. ɋɬɪɨɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɧɟɪɜɵ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ (ɞɨɥɹ, ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ, ɞɨɥɶɤɚ). ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ (ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ, ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ) ɢɥɢ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ. ɉɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ (ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ, ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɹɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤ) ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ (ɥɺɝɤɢɟ, ɩɨɱɤɚ). 2 ɉɂɓȿȼȺɊɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ ɉɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɢɳɢ, ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɢɳɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: ɪɨɬ, ɝɥɨɬɤɭ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ, ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɤɬ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 8-10 ɦ (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ). 7 2.1 Ɋɨɬ Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. 2.1.1 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ (ɛɟɡ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ). Ʉɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ (ɬɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ) ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɟɬ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ (ɫ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɧɢɹ) ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ. ɋɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɹɝɤɢɦɢ ɬɤɚɧɹɦɢ (ɝɭɛɵ, ɳɺɤɢ, ɦɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ) ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ. ɀɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɨɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɟ (ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ). ȼɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ) ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ (ɡɚɞɧɟɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ). 2.1.1.1 ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɝɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɳɟɤɚɦɢ, ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ – ɡɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɭɛɚɦɢ, ɚ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɬɚ (ɩɪɢ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɡɭɛɚɯ) – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧ8 ɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɪɵɥɨɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɲɨɜ). Ƚɭɛɵ ɪɬɚ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɝɭɛɚ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɨɫɚ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɳɺɤ ɧɨɫɨɝɭɛɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦɢ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɭɛɚ ɨɬɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ. ȼ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɪɬɚ (ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ) ɝɭɛɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɚɟɤ. ȼ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɟ ɝɭɛ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ 3 ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɤɨɠɧɭɸ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ. Ʉɨɠɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɨɠɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ, ɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɇɚ ɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɤ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɜɚɥɢɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɨɡɨɜɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ ɤɚɣɦɚ ɝɭɛ) ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɞɟɪɦɢɫ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɭɸ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ. ȼ ɤɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ) ɝɭɛ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ – ɭɡɞɟɱɤɚɦɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɵ. ɓɟɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ – ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɤɭɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ (ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ), ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ (ɫɡɚɞɢ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɳɟɤɢ (Ȼɢɲɚ), ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ. ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɏɢɜɢɰɚ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 1-1,5 ɫɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 19 2 ɦɦ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɹɠɚɦɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɚɤɫɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ), ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧɧɵɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɦɢ (ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ) ɫɥɨɹɦɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɪɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɚɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɳɟɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɡɨɧɵ: ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɭɸ), ɧɢɠɧɸɸ (ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɭɸ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ, ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɫɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɫɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɨɜ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɡɨɧ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɳɺɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɇɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɳɟɤɢ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɭɛɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. 2.1.1.2 Ⱦɟɫɧɚ ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɭɛɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɧɨɣ. ɍ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɭɸ (ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɞɟɫɧɚ) ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ (ɤɪɚɟɜɚɹ ɞɟɫɧɚ), ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɤ. ɉɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɟɺ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɪɬɚ ɜɨɥɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ (ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ). ȼ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɜ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɪɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨ-ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ). ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɟɫɧɵ (ɲɢɪɢɧɚ 0,8-2,5 ɦɦ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɟɺ ɤɪɚɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɡɭɛɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ – ɞɟɫɧɟɜɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ, ɞɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɨɛɤɚ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ 10 ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɟɬ ɞɧɨ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɡɭɛɚ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɤɭ, ɩɪɨɱɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɷɦɚɥɶɸ (ɡɭɛɨɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ). ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ; ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɭɸ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɭ. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɪɨɜɢ (ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ), ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɥɸɧɭ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɦ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɞɭɝ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɞɟɫɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ (ɦɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɟ) ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ (ɧɺɛɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɦɟɠɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɦ (ɦɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɦ) ɫɟɞɥɨɦ. Ⱦɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɲɟɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɤ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɶɧɭɸ (ɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɭɸ) ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ – ɬɪɚɩɟɰɢɟɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɫɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ. Ɋɵɯɥɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, ɜɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ. ɋɟɬɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ (ɫɭɩɪɚɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ), ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɞɟɫɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ (ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɨ-ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ), ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɝɚɦɢ (ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨ-ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ), ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɡɭɛɨɜ (ɡɭɛɨɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ (ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɞɥɚ (ɦɟɠɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ). 2.1.1.3 Ɂɭɛɵ Ɂɭɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɢɳɢ (ɪɚɡɠɺɜɵɜɚɧɢɟ), ɚɪɬɢɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɪɟɱɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɷɫɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. Ɂɭɛɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɡɭ11 ɛɨɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ: ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ (20 ɡɭɛɨɜ) ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ (28-32 ɡɭɛɚ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɡɭɛ ɢɦɟɟɬ 3 ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɤɨɪɨɧɤɭ, ɲɟɣɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ (ɤɨɪɧɢ). Ʉɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɡɭɛɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɷɦɚɥɶɸ, ɤɨɪɟɧɶ – ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ. ɒɟɣɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ, ɷɬɨ ɫɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɭɛɚ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɷɦɚɥɟɜɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɞɟɫɧɨɣ, ɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɟ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ. ɍ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɡɭɛɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ 5 ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ: ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ, ɧɺɛɧɭɸ (ɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ), ɨɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɚɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɪɬɚ, ɭ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɭɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ – ɳɺɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ (ɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ), ɞɥɹ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɥɹ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ – ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤ ɡɭɛɚɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɭ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɪɟɠɭɳɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ. Ⱥɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɤ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɭɛɚɦ ɜ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɟ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɤ ɤɪɚɸ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ, – ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɍ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɚɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ) ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɚɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɭɛɨɦ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ. Ʉɨɪɧɟɣ ɭ ɡɭɛɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɬɪɺɯ, ɨɧɢ ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɨɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ (ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ) ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɧɹ. Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. Ʉɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ 12 ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ (ɮɢɛɪɨɛɥɚɫɬɵ, ɦɚɤɪɨɮɚɝɢ, ɥɟɣɤɨɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ – ɨɫɬɟɨɛɥɚɫɬɵ, ɨɫɬɟɨɤɥɚɫɬɵ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɛɥɚɫɬɵ. ɉɭɱɤɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɨɫɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ: ɞɟɫɧɟɜɭɸ, ɞɟɧɬɨ-ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ. Ⱦɟɫɧɟɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ (ɡɭɛɨɞɟɫɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɭ ɞɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɦɚɧɚ, ɟɺ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɟɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ, ɜɩɥɟɬɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɞɟɫɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɡɭɛɨɜ. Ⱦɟɧɬɨ-ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɟ (ɬɪɚɧɫɫɟɩɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ) ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɲɟɟɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɧɚɞ ɦɟɠɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ, ɦɟɠɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɡɭɛɚɯ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɫ ɤɪɚɟɦ (ɝɪɟɛɧɟɦ) ɦɟɠɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ (ɡɭɛɨɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɡɭɛɨɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɞɟɫɦɨɡ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɢ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɨɣ, ɷɬɚ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚ. ȼɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɭ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ (ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɸɳɢɟ, ɒɚɪɩɟɟɜɵ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ). Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɟ, ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɭɛ, ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɜɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɠɟɜɚɧɢɢ. ɐɟɦɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬ, ɡɭɛɧɚɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɞɟɫɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɡɭɛɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɨɞɨɧɬ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɡɭɛɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɡɭɛɚ. ȼ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɡɭɛɚɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ. ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɭɸ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɺ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚɦ – ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɭɛɚ. Ʉɚɧɚɥ ɤɨɪ- 13 ɧɹ ɡɭɛɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. ȼ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɡɭɛɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɭɥɶɩɚ (ɦɹɤɨɬɶ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɚɦɢ. ɉɭɥɶɩɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɧɭɸ, ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɩɭɥɶɩɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɺɬ ɟɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɢɫɬɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɸ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ, ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ – ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨɛɥɚɫɬɵ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɩɨɰɢɬɵ. ɉɭɥɶɩɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɭɥɶɩɭ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɩɭɥɶɩɭ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɩɭɥɶɩɚ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɵɯɥɚɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɭɥɶɩɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɩɭɥɶɩɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɨɹ: ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ (ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɭɥɶɩɟ) ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨɛɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ (ɨɞɨɧɬɨɛɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ), ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ – ɩɭɥɶɩɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ (ɩɪɟɨɞɨɧɬɨɛɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ), ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ – ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ⱦɟɧɬɢɧɨɛɥɚɫɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ, ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ: ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɟɨɝɥɢɤɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ) ɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɨɛɵɡɜɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ). Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨɛɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ) ɞɟɧɬɢɧ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ. Ʉ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ (ɬɜɺɪɞɵɦ ɬɤɚɧɹɦ) ɡɭɛɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɞɟɧɬɢɧ, ɷɦɚɥɶ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ. Ⱦɟɧɬɢɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɡɭɛɚ, ɷɦɚɥɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬ – ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ. Ⱦɟɧɬɢɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ (ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɧɢɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ (ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɚɦɢ) ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 1-3 ɦɤɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ 14 ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨɛɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ, ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɟɧɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɬ ɩɭɥɶɩɵ ɡɭɛɚ ɤ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɭ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɟɬɜɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɥɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɵɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɟɦ (ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɚɩɚɬɢɬ). ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɩɭɥɶɩɟ, – ɩɪɟɞɟɧɬɢɧ – ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫɚ, ɟɳɺ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 70-72% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 18-20%, ɜɨɞɚ – 10%. Ⱦɟɧɬɢɧ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɬɭɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ, ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɭɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ɉɟɪɢɬɭɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɮɨɪɦɭ ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɯ ɲɟɫɬɢɝɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɦ. Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɭɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɯɨɠɢ ɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɬɭɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɵ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ. ɗɬɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɥɨɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ – ɤɚɥɶɤɨɫɮɟɪɢɬɵ (ɝɥɨɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɥɨɛɭɥɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ (ɢɧɬɟɪɝɥɨɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɧɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɷɦɚɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ. ȼ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɡɭɛɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɝɢɩɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɭɥ (ɡɺɪɟɧ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ (ɝɪɚɧɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ Ɍɨɦɫɚ). ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɢɧɬɟɪɬɭɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ: ɨɤɨɥɨɩɭɥɶɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɥɚɳɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ. ȼ ɨɤɨɥɨɩɭɥɶɩɚɪɧɨɦ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɫɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɬɭɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ (ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɗɛɧɟɪɚ) ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɦ (ɬɚɧɝɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɷɦɚɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ). Ʉɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɥɚɳɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ (ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ Ʉɨɪɮɚ) ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɨɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ) ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɩɚ15 ɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɦ, ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɤɨɫɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ɗɦɚɥɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɤ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɤɨɥɨ 95% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɚɩɚɬɢɬ, ɤɚɪɛɨɧɚɬɚɩɚɬɢɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ), 4% – ɜɨɞɚ, 1% – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ, ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɫ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚɦɢ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ (ɜ 2-3 ɪɚɡɚ ɲɢɪɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɳɟ, ɜ 10-12 ɪɚɡ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ). Ʉɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɷɦɚɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ – ɭɞɥɢɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɚɪɨɱɧɭɸ ɢɥɢ ɚɪɤɚɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɜɢɞ «ɡɚɦɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɜɚɠɢɧɵ»). ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɺ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ. ɗɦɚɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɫɸ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɷɦɚɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ), ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ S-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɢɡɝɢɛɵ. ȼ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ (ɛɟɫɩɪɢɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɦɚɥɶ). ȼ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɩɨɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ, ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧ. ɉɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɬɹɧɭɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɝɥɭɛɶ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɷɦɚɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ. ɉɭɱɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɷɦɚɥɟɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɩɭɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ 1/5-1/3 ɟɺ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɦɚɥɶɸ ɢ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨɦ ɧɟɪɨɜɧɚɹ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɷɦɚɥɢ ɜɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɷɦɚɥɟɜɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ. ɉɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɷɦɚɥɶ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɸɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɩɭɥɶɩɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ. ɐɟɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɭɛɚ, ɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɚɩɚɬɢɬ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 50-60% ɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɚ – 40-50%. ɉɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɫ ɝɪɭɛɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ (ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ) ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɤɫɢɚɩɚɬɢɬɚ. Ʉɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧ16 ɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɡɭɛɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɛɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɛɨɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɡɭɛɚ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɛɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ (ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɣ) ɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ (ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɣ). ɇɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɡɭɛɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɪɧɟɜɨɣ ɞɟɧɬɢɧ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ, ɫɥɨɟɦ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 30-230 ɦɤɦ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ (ɞɟɧɬɢɧɨ-ɰɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ) ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɟɱɺɬɤɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɨɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. Ʉɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɰɟɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɪɧɟɜɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɟɝɨ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 100-1500 ɦɤɦ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɰɢɬɵ – ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɹɯ (ɥɚɤɭɧɚɯ), ɢɯ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚ. ȼ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɰɢɬɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɝɢɛɧɭɬ. ȼɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɡɭɛɚ, ɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ (ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɢɞ) – ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɛɥɚɫɬɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɬɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ – ɡɚɦɭɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɺɦ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɫɶ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɤɫ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ (ɨɛɵɡɜɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ). Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɨɛɥɚɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɢ ɧɟɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɟɟ, ɚ ɫɥɨɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɰɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɡɭɛɚ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɡɭɛɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɰɵ, ɤɥɵɤɢ, ɦɚɥɵɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ (ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɵ) ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ 17 ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ (ɦɨɥɹɪɵ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɚɦɢ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɭɸ (ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ) ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɭɸ (ɧɢɠɧɸɸ) ɡɭɛɧɵɟ ɞɭɝɢ (ɪɹɞɵ). Ɋɟɡɰɵ, ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ (ɞɜɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɞɜɚ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɞɭɝ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ "ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ". ɋɚɦɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɰ, ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɩɨ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɰ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɰ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɟɰ. Ɋɟɡɰɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨ-ɨɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɢ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ – ɨɬɤɭɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɨɬɪɟɡɚɧɢɟ) ɩɢɳɢ. ɇɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ – ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɇɚ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɜɚɥɢɤɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚɦɢ. ɇɺɛɧɚɹ (ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɠɺɥɨɛɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ, ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɹɫ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ, ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɪɟɠɭɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ, ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ ɡɭɛɚ. Ʉɥɵɤɢ, ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɞɭɝ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ "ɭɝɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ". Ʉɥɵɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɺɧɧɭɸ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɭ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɦ, ɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ – ɨɬɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɧɢɟ) ɩɢɳɢ. ɇɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɢɤ, ɢɞɭɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ ɜɚɥɢɤɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɠɭɳɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ – ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚ. ɇɚ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ (ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɢ, ɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɹɡɵɱɧɨ18 ɦɭ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɭ. Ɉɬ ɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɲɟɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ, ɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɭ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɨɤ, ɨɬɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ (ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɵ), ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, 1ɵɟ (ɩɪɚɜɵɣ, ɥɟɜɵɣ), 2-ɵɟ (ɩɪɚɜɵɣ, ɥɟɜɵɣ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ "ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ". ɋɚɦɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 1-ɵɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪ, ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɩɨ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ: 2-ɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪ, 2-ɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪ ɢ 1-ɵɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪ. Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭ 1-ɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɚ ɪɚɡɞɜɨɟɧ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ – ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ (ɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɢɟ) ɩɢɳɢ. Ɋɟɥɶɟɮ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɫɯɨɞɟɧ ɫ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ – ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɚɦɢ. ɇɺɛɧɚɹ (ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɭɠɟ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ, ɟɺ ɪɟɥɶɟɮ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧ. ɇɚ ɨɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɳɺɱɧɵɣ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɣ) ɢ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ (ɹɡɵɱɧɵɣ) ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɦɟɠɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɟ (ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɢ, ɨɬɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ (ɦɨɥɹɪɵ), ɨɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɞɨ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ, 1-ɵɟ, 2-ɵɟ (ɩɪɚɜɵɟ, ɥɟɜɵɟ) ɢ 3-ɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɭɛɵ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ (ɩɪɚɜɵɣ, ɥɟɜɵɣ). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɞɭɝ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ "ɡɚɞɧɢɦɢ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ". ɋɚɦɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ 1-ɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɩɨ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ 2-ɵɟ ɢ 3-ɢɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɜɨɣ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ. ɍ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɬɪɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ: ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ, ɭ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ: ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ – ɪɚɡɠɺɜɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɟ) ɩɢɳɢ. ȼɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ – ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶ- 19 ɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ (ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ), ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ. ɍ 1-ɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ (ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ), ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦɢ, ɭ 1ɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɚ ɜ ɲɟɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ – ɩɨɹɫ. ɇɚ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ (ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɟɺ ɧɚ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɨɧɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ – ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚ: ɳɺɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɵɟ (ɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ) ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɨɤ. ɍ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ – ɧɺɛɧɨɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ – ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ (ɹɦɤɚ), ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ ɨɬ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚ, ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ ɨɬ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɜ. ɍ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ – ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ – ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ɓɺɱɧɵɟ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ, ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɪɨɡɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ. ɍ 1-ɝɨ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɚ ɨɤɤɥɸɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɹɬɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɹɬɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ – ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɨɜ; ɭ 1-ɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ (ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ Ʉɚɪɚɛɟɥɥɢ). Ʉɚɤ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ 1-ɵɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɦɢ ɝɪɟɛɟɲɤɚɦɢ. ɂɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ, ɧɺɛɧɵɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ, ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ, ɳɺɱɧɨɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ. əɡɵɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ, ɳɺɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɢɡɨ20 ɝɧɭɬɵ. ɍ ɧɢɠɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɦɟɡɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. 3-ɢɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ (ɡɭɛɵ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɛɟɥɶɧɵ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ, ɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɤɨɪɧɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ. Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ (ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ) ɡɭɛɵ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ, ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɵ. Ʉɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɱɺɬɱɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ (ɲɟɣɤɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ), ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɟɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ. Ɍɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɭɛɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ, ɷɦɚɥɶ ɛɟɥɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɫ ɝɨɥɭɛɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɦ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɩɨɹɫ. Ʉɨɪɧɢ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɵɤɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɵɟ, ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɟ, ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ "ɤɥɟɳɟɜɢɞɧɨ" ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɉɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɡɭɛɧɵɯ ɞɭɝ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ. ȼ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɚɹ ɡɭɛɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ: 2 1 2 3, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ: 2 1 0 2. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɟɡɰɨɜ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ – ɤɥɵɤɨɜ, ɬɪɟɬɶɹ – ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɚɹ – ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ (ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɤ ɤɪɚɸ ɡɭɛɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɢ). ɉɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ (ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɡɭɛɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ. Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 6-7 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ 2-2,5 ɝɨɞɚ. ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɰɵ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɤɥɵɤɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɡɭɛɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 5-6 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ 12-13 ɥɟɬ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ ɦɨɥɹɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɠɟ (ɜ 18-25 ɥɟɬ). ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ: ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɪɟɡɰɵ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɤɥɵɤɢ, ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɦɨɥɹɪɵ, ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɵ. 2.1.1.4 ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɡɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɺɫɧɚɦɢ, ɫɜɟɪɯɭ – ɧɺɛɨɦ, ɫɧɢɡɭ – ɧɚɞɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɦɢ 21 ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɲɟɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ ɪɬɚ. ɋɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ ɡɟɜɚ – ɭɡɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ, ɧɺɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɭɠɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɥɨɬɤɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɡɭɛɚɯ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ. ɇɺɛɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɟ. Ɍɜɺɪɞɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɧɺɛɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɧɺɛɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɲɨɜ ɧɺɛɚ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɰɨɜɵɣ ɫɨɫɨɱɟɤ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɟɡɰɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ). ɉɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɧɺɛɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ (ɱɚɳɟ 3-4), ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭ ɞɟɬɟɣ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɫɧɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, ɜɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ), ɜ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɟɬɹɯ – ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ (ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ). ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɜ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ɇɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ – ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɺɛɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɺɛɧɵɦ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ɋɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɜɧɟ ɚɤɬɚ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɪɬɚ, ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ – ɤ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɟ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɜɢɫɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɨɣ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɺɛɧɚɹ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɹɡɵɱɨɤ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɟ ɞɭɠɤɢ: ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ) ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ (ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɭɠɤɚɦɢ, ɫ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɭ (ɝɥɚɧɞɚ). ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ 22 ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɨɣ. ɇɺɛɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɶ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɵ (ɩɟɪɟɤɥɚɞɢɧɵ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɟɺ ɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ (ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ). ɇɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɦɨɱɤɢ (10-20), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɫɬɶɹɦɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɢɩɬ – ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜɟɬɜɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɟ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ. Ɇɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ, ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɭ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɦ "Ɂɟɜ". Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɢ ɡɟɜɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ: ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚɹ (ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɚɹ) ɦɵɲɰɚ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɚɞɶɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɤɪɸɱɨɤ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ – ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɭ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɬɜɺɪɞɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɟɺ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɜ ɦɹɝɤɨɦ ɧɺɛɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɺɛɧɨɦɭ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɭ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɯ ɞɭɠɤɚɯ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɜ ɦɹɝɤɨɦ ɧɺɛɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɭɱɤɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɺɛɧɵɣ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɭɱɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ 23 ɤɪɸɱɤɭ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɫɬɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɹɡɵɱɨɤ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɬɹɧɟɬ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɇɺɛɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ, ɧɺɛɧɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɬɹɧɟɬ ɦɹɝɤɨɟ ɧɺɛɨ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɱɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɡɜɭɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ɋɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɢ ɹɡɵɱɨɤ (ɨɛɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ) ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, ɜɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ. ɇɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ (ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ). ȼ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɷɬɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɦɵɲɰ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ. ɇɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. 2.1.1.5 əɡɵɤ əɡɵɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɢɳɢ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ), ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɚɤɬɚɯ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ, ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. 24 əɡɵɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɥɨ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɹ. Ɍɟɥɨ – ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɡɚɤɪɭɝɥɺɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ, ɤɨɪɟɧɶ – ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ. ɇɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɧɹ (ɩɪɟɞɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɩɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ, ɭ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ – ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɡɚɪɨɫɲɟɝɨ ɳɢɬɨɹɡɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ. əɡɵɤ ɩɨɤɪɵɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ, ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɬɪɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ: ɧɟɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ ɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɛɨɤɨɜɭɸ ɹɡɵɱɧɨɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɭɸ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɟ ɹɦɤɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. ɋ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ (ɞɧɨ) ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɭɡɞɟɱɤɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɇɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ ɢ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ – ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɟɺ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ). ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɝɪɢɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ. ɇɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɫɚɦɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɹ ɟɣ ɛɚɪɯɚɬɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɺɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɨɝɨɜɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ƚɪɢɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɟ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɍ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱ25 ɤɨɜ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɧɨɠɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ. Ʌɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ. ɍ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɪɟɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɀɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ (ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɚɬɵɯ) ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ 7-12, ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ V, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ɀɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ, ɧɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɟɺ ɬɨɥɳɭ), ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɡɤɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ, ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɨɣ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɥɢɤ – ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɟ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ȼ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɤɭ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɱɢɳɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɝɪɢɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ, ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ (ɨɪɝɚɧ ɜɤɭɫɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ, ɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɢ ɧɢɬɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ. ɇɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɭɡɟɥɤɨɜ, ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ (ɞɨ 100). ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɦɵɲɰ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɢ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ), ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɟ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ) ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɟ (ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɨɣ. Ⱥɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɟɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɧɤɟ, ɜɧɢɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɲɨɜ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨ-ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. 26 Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɨɬ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ: ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɵɱɟɤ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡɭ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɺɜ; ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɤɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɹɡɵɤ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ, ɞɟɥɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɢɧɤɭ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɣ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɭɩɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ. ɋɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɲɢɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ. ɒɢɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɲɢɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɲɢɥɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɬ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɨɬ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ. ɋɭɯɨɠɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɩɨɧɟɜɪɨɡ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ɒɢɥɨɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɬɹɧɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ, ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ, ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɤɟɥɟɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. 27 2.1.2 ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɬɚ ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɪɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ. Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ (ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ): ɝɭɛɧɵɟ, ɧɺɛɧɵɟ, ɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ, ɳɺɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɳɟɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɭɛɨɜ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ, ɦɚɥɵɟ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɦɢ (ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɦɢ), ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɦɢ (ɦɭɤɨɡɧɵɦɢ) ɢ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦɢ (ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɦɢ). Ʉ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ: ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɚɹ, ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɚɦɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɥɸɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɭɲɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ. ȼɵɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɳɺɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɥɹɪɚ. ɉɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɜ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɟ (ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɤɚɦɢ ɞɜɭɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ). ȼɵɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɟ – ɩɚɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɢ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɉɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ, ɫ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ. ɍ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚɦɢ, ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭ28 ɥɨɣ. Ɉɬ ɤɚɩɫɭɥ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ. Ⱦɨɥɶɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ (ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɨɣ (ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɟ) ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɪɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɸɧɨɣ. ɋɥɸɧɚ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɫɤɥɟɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɠɺɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɢɳɭ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɟɺ ɤ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɯɚɧɢɹ. 2.2 Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ, ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 12-15 ɫɦ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ VI ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ. Ƚɥɨɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɤ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɟɺ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɭ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ, ɪɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɇɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ (ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ) ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɟɺ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɞɨɦ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ; ɤɧɢɡɭ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ (ɚɞɟɧɨɢɞɧɚɹ) ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɜɢɞ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɟɺ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ 4-8 ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɹɦɨɱɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ: ɯɨɚɧɵ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ, ɢ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬ29 ɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ (ɟɜɫɬɚɯɢɟɜɨɣ) ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɧɨɫɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɭɯɚ. Ƚɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ – ɬɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɢɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɬɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɢɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɢɤ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɺɛɧɭɸ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ɉɨɡɚɞɢ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɣ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɨɣ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɬɚ ɢ ɡɟɜɚ (ɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ, ɧɺɛɧɨɣ), ɬɪɭɛɧɚɹ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ (ɉɢɪɨɝɨɜɚ-ȼɚɥɶɞɟɣɟɪɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɋɨɬɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ (ɪɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ) ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɡɟɜɚ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɨɬɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɬɚ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ (ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ) ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ, ɫɭɠɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɤɧɢɡɭ (ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ), ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ – ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. ɇɢɠɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɨɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɜɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ, ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɪɜ, ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ. ɉɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɵɲɰ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ, ɧɺɛɧɚɹ ɡɚɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɹ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ 30 ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ, ɚ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɦɵɲɰ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ ɲɟɢ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɦɟɪɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ (ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ) ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɟɜɲɢɯ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨ-ɫɟɪɨɡɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. Ʉɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɛɚɡɢɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɮɚɫɰɢɸ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɤɭ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɤ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɦɭ ɯɪɹɳɭ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. Ʌɢɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɛɚɡɢɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɨɣ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɚ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɤ ɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɹ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɭ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɤɚɦɟɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɢɧɯɨɧɞɪɨɡɚ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɜɧɢɡ ɢ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɤ ɡɚɞɧɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ. ȼ ɪɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɲɟɫɬɶɸ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ, ɬɪɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɠɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ), ɬɪɢ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɲɢɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ, ɬɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɧɺɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ). ɇɺɛɧɨ- ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɦɹɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɺɛɚ, ɟɺ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ, ɧɚɱɢ31 ɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ (ɤɪɵɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɤɪɵɥɨɧɢɠɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɲɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ (ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨ-ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɢ (ɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɹɡɵɤɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ). ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ (2-3 ɫɦ) ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɛɚɡɢɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɪɨɠɤɨɜɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɯɪɹɳɟɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ, ɛɟɪɭɳɟɣ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɨɬ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɲɢɥɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɜɟɟɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɳɢɬɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɞɭɬ ɜɟɟɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɲɨɜ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɤ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɭ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ. ɒɢɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɲɢɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɢɞɺɬ ɜɧɢɡ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɺ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɭɱɤɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. Ɍɪɭɛɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɟɺ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɰ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ 32 ɟɺ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɵɲɰ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɨɬɤɭ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɵ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɳɺɱɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. ɋɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ – ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ. Ʉ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɡɚɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɂɚɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɲɟɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɥɚ ɲɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɢ ɲɟɢ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ (ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɝ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ. Ɂɚɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɚɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ (ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ), ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɪɵɥɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ ɢ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɥɸɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ). ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ (ɲɢɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɝ), ɧɚɬɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɲɢɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɦ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɳɺɱɧɨ-ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ, ɛɨɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɹɪɺɦɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ ɢ IX-XII ɩɚɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɩɧɵɯ ɧɟɪɜɨɜ, ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɫɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ (ɫɨɧɧɵɦ) ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟɦ. 2.3 ɉɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɉɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɫɩɥɸɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ – XI ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɟɝɨ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 23-30 ɫɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ ɢɡ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. 33 ɍ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ: ɲɟɣɧɭɸ, ɝɪɭɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ. Ƚɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ III ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɛɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ (ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ X-XI ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ). ɒɟɣɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɚɯɟɟɣ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɺ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɫɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɜɵ. Ƚɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɢ, ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɢ. ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɬɪɚɯɟɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɤ ɞɭɝɟ ɚɨɪɬɵ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɛɪɨɧɯɭ (ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ IV-V ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ), ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɤ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞɭ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɪɞɢɹ ɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. Ⱥɨɪɬɚ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɜɚ (ɞɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ VIII ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ), ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɞ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ). Ȼɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ 1-3 ɫɦ, ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɇɚ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛɵ ɜɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɯ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ (ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ II-III ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ ɧɚ 0,5-1 ɫɦ), ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI-VIII ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɺ, ɛɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɟɜɨ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ (ɧɚ 2-3 ɫɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ). ȼ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɢɮɨɡɭ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ. Ƚɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɹ: ɛɪɨɧɯɨɚɨɪɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɥɟɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɦ ɢ ɞɭɝɨɣ ɚɨɪɬɵ, ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ (ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ) ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɧɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ) ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɵ – ɤɥɚɩɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, 34 ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ 7-10 ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ, ɠɟɥɨɛɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɲɟɣɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɜ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɜ ɲɟɣɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɫɭɯɨɠɢɥɢɟ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. Ƚɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞ ɫ ɥɟɜɵɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɦ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɚɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɪɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɥɟɜɪɨɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ (ɜ ɲɟɣɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ) ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ (ɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ). 2.4 ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɵɦ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ: ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɳɢ (ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ 1,5-3 ɥɢɬɪɚ), ɟɺ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ), ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ- 35 ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɠɢɪɨɜ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɜɨɞɚ, ɫɨɥɢ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ). ɀɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ: ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɜɯɨɞɧɨɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɫɟɪɞɰɭ) ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ (ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɭ – ɫɭɠɟɧɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɭ, ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɳɟɦɭ ɫ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ). Ʉɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ X-XI ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ – ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ XII ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ – I ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ. ɍ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ, ɦɚɥɭɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɭ (ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɹ), ɬɟɥɨ (ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɫɜɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɞɧɨ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɬ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦ). ɉɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ (ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɳɟɪɭ (ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɬɟɥɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ) ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ (ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɡɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ). ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɢɡɟɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɤɨɜ ɩɢɳɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɟɺ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨɡɥɟ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɟ ɤ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɟ, – ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɨɪɨɠɤɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ, ɠɢɞɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ, ɧɟ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɟ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ (ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ). ɇɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ (1-6 ɦɦ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ) ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ – ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. ȼ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚ36 ɫɬɹɯ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ) ɢ ɩɢɥɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɩɫɢɧ, ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɫɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɬ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɭ ɤ ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɸ. Ʉɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ (ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ) ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. 2.5 Ɍɨɧɤɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ Ɍɨɧɤɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ (ɞɥɢɧɚ 3-4 ɦ, ɭ ɬɪɭɩɚ – 5-6 ɦ). Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ: ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɬɨɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɍɨɳɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ⱦɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɞɤɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ: ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ (ɧɢɠɧɸɸ) ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ – ɚɦɩɭɥɨɣ (ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɟɣ); ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ – ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ 37 ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ (ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ), ɤɧɢɡɭ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼɵɲɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɫɨɫɨɱɟɤ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɳɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɨɬ ɬɟɥɚ II ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨ-ɬɨɳɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ, ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɤ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɧɨɠɤɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ. Ɍɨɳɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ (ɧɢɠɟ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ), ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɜ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɜ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɳɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ 6-7 ɩɟɬɟɥɶ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ 7-8 ɩɟɬɟɥɶ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɚɦɢ ɧɟɬ ɱɺɬɤɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 2/5 ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ, ɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ – 3/5. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɚɦɩɭɥɟ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ. ɇɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ – ɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ (ɜɵɫɨɬɚ 0,5-1,5 ɦɦ) ɢ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɤɪɢɩɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɞɥɢɧɚ 0,25-0,5 ɦɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɺɦɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɯ (ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ), ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ (ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɯ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɋɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ (ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɢɫɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɺɦɤɭ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɢɡɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤ38 ɰɢɸ. ɋɦɟɫɶ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɤɨɦ. ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ (ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ), ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ – ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɟɺ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɣ (ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ) ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ (ɪɢɬɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ, ɦɚɹɬɧɢɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɭ. ɍ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ). 2.6 Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ (ɞɥɢɧɚ 1-1,5 ɦ), ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɚ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ (ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ), ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ), ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɥɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ. Ɍɨɥɫɬɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ, ɱɟɦ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ (4-8 ɫɦ ɢ 3-6 ɫɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɟɺ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɫɥɟɩɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ, ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ, ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. ɋɥɟɩɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɥɟɧɬ, ɝɚɭɫɬɪ (ɜɡɞɭɬɢɣ) ɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɜ. Ʌɟɧɬ ɬɪɢ: ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ, ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ 3-5 ɦɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɲɨɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ; ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ ɢɞɺɬ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɤ ɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ, ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɢɲɤɚɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɯ 39 ɤɢɲɨɤ ɤ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ. ɋɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɢɲɨɤ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ƚɚɭɫɬɪɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦɢ, ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ. ɋɥɟɩɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ (ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ), ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹɫɶ ɫɥɟɩɨ. Ɉɬ ɟɺ ɡɚɞɧɟɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ (ɚɩɩɟɧɞɢɤɫ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢɦɦɭɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɵ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɬɨɥɫɬɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. Ɉɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɭɛɚɦɢ: ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ. ȼɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ. Ɉɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɵɣ (ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ) ɢɡɝɢɛ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ – ɥɟɜɵɣ (ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ) ɢɡɝɢɛ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɩɭɸ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɦɢ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɞɭɝɭ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɧɢɡɭ. ɇɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɝɢɛɚ 40 ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɭ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɟɛɧɹ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ – ɜ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɺɛɟɪɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ – ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɋɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ (ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ), ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ (ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ), ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ III ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. ɉɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɥɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɫ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɵɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɢ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ – ɟɺ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɣ (ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ) ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɩɟɪɺɞ. Ɂɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɫɦ) ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ ɬɚɡɚ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ – ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɨɦ (ɚɧɭɫɨɦ). ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɥɭɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɦ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚɦ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɝɚɭɫɬɪɵ. ȼ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɟɺ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ) ɫɬɨɥɛɚɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ – ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ) ɫɢɧɭɫɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ – ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ) ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚɦɢ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ, ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɺɦɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɯ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɋɬɨɥɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɺɦɤɭ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ 41 ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ - ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ȼɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɚ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɢɩɬɵ), ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵ ɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɶ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɝɞɟ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɧɟɬ). ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɨɲɧɵɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ. Ʉɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ (ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ). ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɋɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɩɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ), ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ – ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɍ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ. 2.7 ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ (ɦɚɫɫɚ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,5 ɤɝ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ. ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɞɟɫɹɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɶɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɨɤɨɥɨɝɪɭɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ. 42 ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟɦ (ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɟɩɫɢɧ, ɫɦɟɧɹɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɠɢɪɨɜ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ). ɀɟɥɱɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɰɢɞɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɮɥɨɪɭ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɯɨɥɟɫɬɟɪɢɧ, ɛɢɥɢɪɭɛɢɧ, ɮɨɫɮɨɥɢɩɢɞɵ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɤɨɝɟɧ, ɜɢɬɚɦɢɧɵ, ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɯ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɧɭɸ (ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ (ɞɟɬɨɤɫɢɤɚɰɢɢ) ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɯ ɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ (ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɨɡ, ɥɢɡɢɫ) ɛɚɤɬɟɪɢɣ, ɜɢɪɭɫɨɜ, ɨɩɭɯɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɨɫɬɚɪɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɷɪɢɬɪɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɨɦɛɨɰɢɬɨɜ. ɉɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɲɥɹɩɤɭ ɝɪɢɛɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɜɵɩɭɤɥɭɸ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɭɸ, ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ. Ⱦɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɟɱɟɧɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ: ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ (ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ "Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ"). ɋɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɞɨɥɢ: ɩɪɚɜɭɸ (ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ) ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ (ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ). ɇɚ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ: ɥɟɜɚɹ, ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ (ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ) ɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɢɯ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ. Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɳɟɥɶ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ – ɳɟɥɶ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɳɟɥɹɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ 43 (ɡɚɪɨɫɲɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ) ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ (ɡɚɪɨɫɲɢɣ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ). Ʉɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ (ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ) ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ; ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɨɣ. ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɟ, ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɹɦɤɭ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ – ɛɨɪɨɡɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɹ ɳɟɥɢ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɹɦɤɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ȼ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ, ɢɡ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ (ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ) ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɨɥɢ: ɥɟɜɭɸ, ɩɪɚɜɭɸ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɭɸ (ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ) ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɭɸ (ɤɡɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ). ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ ɢ ɳɟɥɶ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɉɨɞ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ (Ƚɥɢɫɫɨɧɨɜɚ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚ). ɋɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ (ɫɬɪɨɦɚ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ (4), ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ (8) ɢ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 500000). ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɶɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ- ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɲɟɫɬɢɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɦɵ (ɜɵɫɨɬɚ 1,5-2 ɦɦ) ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɨɜ. Ƚɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɵ ɜ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɹɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɜ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɥɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɟ (ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ) ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɧɟɫɭɳɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɭɸ (ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɭɸ) ɤɪɨɜɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢ ɛɚɥɨɤ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɝɟ44 ɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ – ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɝɟɩɚɬɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɶɤɚɦɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɜɟɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɢɚɞɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ – ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ. Ɉɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɢ ɜɟɧ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɟɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɢɬɨɝɟ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ȼɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɧ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ (ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɜɟɧɵ ɢ, ɞɚɥɟɟ, ɜ 3-4 ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ. 2.8 ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɀɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɭɚɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɥɱɢ (ɨɛɴɺɦ 40-70 ɦɥ), ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɟɺ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ɍ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɧɨ, ɬɟɥɨ (ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ (ɤɨɧɭɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɲɟɣɤɭ (ɭɡɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. Ⱦɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɣ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɺɦɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɥɤɨɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ȼ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ (ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɚ Ƚɟɣɫɬɟɪɚ), ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɚ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 45 ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɵɲɰ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ). ɋɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɹ. ɉɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ – ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ (ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ (ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. ȼɧɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɩɢɳɢ, ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬ, ɢ ɠɟɥɱɶ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɶɸ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ, ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɜ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɢɳɢ ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ, ɠɟɥɱɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ (ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɺɦ ɩɢɳɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ) ɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɋɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɫɶ ɜ ɫɨɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɟɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. 2.9 ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ (ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ (ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ) ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ XIXII ɝɪɭɞɧɵɯ – I-II ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɟɺ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 70-80 ɝ. ɍ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚ, ɲɟɣɤɚ, ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɨɬ ɟɺ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɪɸɱɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ. ɇɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ. Ɍɟɥɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟ46 ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɤɪɚɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪ. ɏɜɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɜɥɟɜɨ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ. ɉɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ. ɉɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (1-2 ɦɥɧ.), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ɗɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɚɦɢ (ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ), ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ 8-12 ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ – ɚɰɢɧɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ. Ⱥɰɢɧɨɰɢɬɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬɵ, ɪɚɫɳɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɠɢɪɵ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɵ). ɗɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɚɦɢ (Ʌɚɧɝɟɪɝɚɧɫɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɠɧɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɦɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɚɦɢ, ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɧɫɭɥɨɰɢɬɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɭɥɢɧ ɢ ɝɥɸɤɚɝɨɧ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɥɶɤɚɯ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 97% ɦɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 3% ɟɺ ɦɚɫɫɵ. ȼɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ ɫɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɟɺ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ. ȼɛɥɢɡɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɤɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɠɟɥɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɡ47 ɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɠɟɥɱɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɤɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɩɨ-ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɜ 2/3 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ) ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɟ (ɜ 1/3 ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ). 3 ȾɕɏȺɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ Ⱦɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ – ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɟɺ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɧɨɫ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ) ɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ (ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ). ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ, ɝɥɨɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɢɳɟɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ (ɞɨ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ, ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ: ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ), ɬɟɪɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. 3.1 ɇɨɫ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɇɨɫ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɧɨɫ) ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɬɪɺɯɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɨɣ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɤɨɪɟɧɶ, ɫɩɢɧɤɭ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ (ɤɨɧɱɢɤ) ɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɹ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɧɨɫɚ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɚ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɟɣ, ɫɩɢɧɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɡɤɨɣ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ. Ʉɪɵɥɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɨɫɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɧɨɡɞɪɢ. ɇɨɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ, ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɥɢɰɚ (ɧɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɧɨɫɚ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɝɭɛɭ ɢ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɧɨɫɚ), ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɠɚ. Ʉɨɫɬɢ (ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɫɬɢ 48 ɢ ɥɨɛɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɱɟɥɸɫɬɟɣ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɏɪɹɳɢ ɧɨɫɚ (ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɯɪɹɳɢ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ, ɯɪɹɳ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ (ɱɟɪɟɩɚ) ɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɫɚ (ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɨɡɞɪɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɯɨɚɧɵ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɫɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ. ɉɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚ ɧɨɫɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɤɨɫɬɧɨɣ (ɡɚɞɧɟɣ), ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɣ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ). ɏɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ, ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɧɨɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɧɨɫɚ, ɨɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨ ɤɨɠɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɠɺɫɬɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɵ – ɜɢɛɪɢɫɫɵ. ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɧɨɫɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ (ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ) ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɨɦ – ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɧɨɫɚ. ɇɚ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɨɣ ɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ. ɋ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ ɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɪɟɩɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɧɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɚɡɭɯɚɦɢ. ɋ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɪɟɲɺɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɪɟɲɺɬɱɚɬɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɥɨɛɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɱɟɥɸɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ, ɫ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɯɨɞɨɦ – ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɚ. Ɉɤɨɥɨɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɵ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ (ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ). ȼ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɺɡɧɨ-ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɫɥɺɡɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. 49 ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ. Ʉ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ, ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɋɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɸ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ), ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɩɵɥɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɝɪɟɜɚɧɢɸ ɜɞɵɯɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ʉ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ ɧɨɫɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɨɪɝɚɧ ɨɛɨɧɹɧɢɹ). ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. 3.2 Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ IV-VI ɲɟɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɲɟɢ, ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ – ɞɨɥɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ. ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɚɯɟɟɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ, ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɟɥ (ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɩɚɡɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɚɲɟɥɶ). ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɥɚɩɚɧ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɨɬɚɧɢɢ, ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨ50 ɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ. 3.2.1 ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ. Ʉ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɤ ɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɪɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ. ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ) ɯɪɹɳɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɝɢɚɥɢɧɨɜɨɣ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɪɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ, ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɨɤ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ – ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɢɡ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɟɺ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 90° ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ 120° ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɟɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɤɚɞɵɤ), ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɹɯ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ, ɤɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ, ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɪɨɝɚ. ɇɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɨ-ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰ. ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ, ɫɭɠɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɞɭɝɢ, ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ. Ⱦɭɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ. ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɚɪɵ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ. ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ ɨɬ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ 51 ɤɨɪɧɹ ɹɡɵɤɚ. ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɜɚɥɚ, ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ – ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ, ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪɨɤ. Ʉɧɢɡɭ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɺɤ. ɑɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɬɪɺɯɝɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɨɣ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ. Ɉɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɚ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ: ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ (ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ) ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ (ɤɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ). Ɋɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɪɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ – ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɺ. Ɉɛɚ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɪɨɠɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ. 3.2.2 ɋɨɱɥɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɏɪɹɳɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɟɣ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜ. ɓɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɬɨɥɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ (ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ) ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ (ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ ɪɨɝɚɦɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɪɨɝɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ). ȼ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɳɢɬɨɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɟɫɚɦɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ. ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɬɪɚɯɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɞɴɹɡɵɱɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɯɪɹɳɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ (ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɛɟɥɶɤɚ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɯɪɹɳɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ. ɑɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɧɚ 52 ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ), ɟɺ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ. ɗɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɭɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ), ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ. ɋɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɧɚɬɹɧɭɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɝɥɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ, ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɨɦ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ (ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ). ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɪɨɝɨɦ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. ȼ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ – ɧɚɤɥɨɧɵ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɤɡɚɞɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɟɜɚɸɬ. ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɭɫɬɚɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɢ – ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɳɟɥɶ ɫɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɹ) ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɫɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ. 3.2.3 Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɺ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɢ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ. 53 Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ 3 ɦɵɲɰɵ: ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɫɚɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɭ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. ɗɬɚ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ. ɉɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ (ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚɹ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ; ɤɨɫɚɹ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɤ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɯɪɹɳɢ (ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ). Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɵɲɰɚ – ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɭ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. Ɂɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ (ɧɚɩɪɹɝɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ), ɳɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ). ɉɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɭɝɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɪɨɝɭ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ, ɩɟɪɫɬɧɟɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɹɟɬ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɯɪɹɳ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ. ɓɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ (ɫɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ). 54 Ʉ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ, ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɵɲɰ: ɳɢɬɨɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɳɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ) ɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨ-ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ (ɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɜɯɨɞ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ). ɓɢɬɨɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɳɢɬɨɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚ ɳɢɬɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨ-ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɨɣ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ ɤ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ. 3.2.4 ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɩɟɫɨɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɭ ɧɟɺ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ: ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ), ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ) ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ (ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ). ɋ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɥɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ – ɜɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ (ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ), ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ (ɫɡɚɞɢ) ɢ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɨ-ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ (ɩɨ ɛɨɤɚɦ). ɉɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɞɨ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɳɟɥɶ (ɳɟɥɶ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ, ɦɟɠɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦ) ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ, ɦɟɠɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚɦ ɱɟɪɩɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ, ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɟɤ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ (ɪɟɡɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ). ɉɨɞɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɞɨ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ. 55 Ƚɨɪɬɚɧɶ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɝɞɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɢɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ (ɜ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚɯ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɝɨɪɬɚɧɧɢɤɚ) ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. 3.3 Ɍɪɚɯɟɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ Ɍɪɚɯɟɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI ɲɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ V ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ (ɛɢɮɭɪɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ). Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ – 10-15 ɫɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ – 1,5-2 ɫɦ. ɍ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ: ɲɟɣɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɭɸ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɪɬɚɧɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɋɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɡɟɥɤɢ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ – ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɥɤɨɜɨ-ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɏɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 16-20 ɝɢɚɥɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɯɪɹɳɟɣ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɤɨɥɟɰ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɏɪɹɳɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2/3 ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɨɣ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ). ɉɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨ- 56 ɪɚɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɭ, ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ ɩɢɳɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɚɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ: ɩɪɚɜɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 20-30°, ɥɟɜɵɣ – ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ 40-50° ɤ ɟɺ ɨɫɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɧɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ. ɉɪɚɜɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɧɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ 2-3 ɫɦ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ – 1,3-1,6 ɫɦ, ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ. Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɛɪɨɧɯ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ (ɞɥɢɧɚ 4-6 ɫɦ) ɢ ɭɠɟ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 1-1,3 ɫɦ), ɧɚɞ ɧɢɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɭɝɚ ɚɨɪɬɵ. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ, ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 6-8 ɯɪɹɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɤɨɥɟɰ, ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɟ – 912. 3.4 Ʌɺɝɤɢɟ Ʌɺɝɤɢɟ, ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚɯ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɟ ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4/5 ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɺɝɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨ-ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɞɟɩɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɢ ɨɱɢɳɚɸɬ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ, ɢɧɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɡɜɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɩɚɜɲɢɟ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ. Ʉɥɟɬɤɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɭɪɮɚɤɬɚɧɬ – ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ-ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɥɺɧɤɢ, ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ (ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ) ɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɢɯ ɫɥɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɞɨɯɚ. Ʌɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɯɨɠɭɸ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɭɫɚ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ. ȼɟɪɯɭɲɤɚ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 2-3 ɫɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɥɸɱɢɰɵ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ). Ɉɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ) ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VIII ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɩɨ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ X ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ (ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ) ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɧɚɯɨ57 ɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VI, VIII ɢ X ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɢɣ. Ʌɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ: ɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɚɹ, ɢɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ: ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ. Ɋɺɛɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ɑɚɫɬɶ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɨɥɛɭ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɣ. Ⱦɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ, ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ. ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɚɹ (ɦɟɞɢɚɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɚɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ, ɥɺɝɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɧ. ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ. ȼ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ – ɧɢɠɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ; ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɧɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɚɹ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɚ – ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɳɟɥɟɣ, ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɟ ɳɟɥɢ: ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɞɨɥɢ, ɢ ɤɨɫɭɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɞɨɥɢ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɥɺɝɤɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɨɫɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɞɨɥɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɞɟɱɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ – ɹɡɵɱɨɤ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɵɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɥɟɜɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ. Ⱦɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ, ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ – ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɟɣ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɥɺɝɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 10 ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ: 3 ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ, 2 ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɢ 5 ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ, ɜ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɥɺɝɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 9 ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɜ: 4 ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɢ 5 ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɞɨɥɟ. ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ 58 ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ (ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ) ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ, ɦɟɥɤɢɟ), ɢɯ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ 9-12 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ (ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ. ȼɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɶɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1-2,5 ɫɦ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 12-18 ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ) ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ (3-4 ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ). ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɚ ɞɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ. Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ (ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ 1-ɝɨ-3-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɨɜ (ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ). Ɉɬ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ 3-ɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ (ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɩɥɨɬɧɭɸ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ), ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ, ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɭ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ. ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ – ɚɰɢɧɭɫ (ɝɪɨɡɞɶ). ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 12-18 ɚɰɢɧɭɫɨɜ, ɜ ɥɺɝɤɨɦ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 15000. Ⱥɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɶɤɭ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɞɨɥɟɜɵɯ, ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ (ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ – ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ, ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɺ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɞɵɯɚɧɢɢ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, 59 ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨ-ɛɟɥɤɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɏɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɝɢɚɥɢɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ, ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨ-ɯɪɹɳɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɨɜ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɪɹɳɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ (ɩɪɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ – ɨɞɧɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɳɺɬɨɱɧɵɟ (ɤɚɺɦɱɚɬɵɟ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ, ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ (ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ʉɥɚɪɚ), ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚɯ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥɚɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɨɥ. ɍ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɣ – "ɩɭɝɨɜɨɤ", ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ (ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ Ʉɥɚɪɚ). Ⱥɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɵ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ, ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɚɝɟɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ. ɋɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɚɯ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɵɯɥɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɨɰɢɬɨɜ – ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ: ɪɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ (1-ɵɣ ɬɢɩ) ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ (2-ɨɣ ɬɢɩ). Ɋɟɫɩɢɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɨɰɢɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 95% ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɚɥɶɜɟɨɥɨɰɢɬɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɪɮɚɤɬɚɧɬɚ. ȼɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɦ 60 ɜɟɧɚɦ. Ⱥɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɩɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɬɜɹɦ, ɜɟɧɨɡɧɚɹ ɤɪɨɜɶ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɟɧɚɦ (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ). 4 ɉɈɅɈɋɌɖ ȽɊɍȾɂ. ɉɅȿȼɊȺ ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɫɧɢɡɭ – ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ. ȼɜɟɪɯɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɲɟɢ, ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ (ɧɚɞɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ) ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɥɟɱɟɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɝɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɚ ɜɧɢɡɭ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɨ ɟɺ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɵ. Ƚɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ, ɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ. ɉɥɟɜɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɞɧɭɸ ɮɚɫɰɢɸ), ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɪɚɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɨɣ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɥɺɝɤɨɝɨ, ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɜɪɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ, ɧɢɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ, ɥɺɝɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ. ɍ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɪɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ, ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɢ ɤɭɩɨɥ – ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɨɣ ɫ ɧɚɞɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɪɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɟɜɪɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ (20-25 ɦɥ) ɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ) ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɪɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ – ɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɵ: ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨ-ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɪɺɛɟɪɧɨ-ɦɟɞɢɚɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɦɟɞɢɚɫɬɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ. ȼ ɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɵ ɥɺɝɤɢɟ ɡɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɜɞɨɯɟ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɪɵ 61 (ɩɥɟɜɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɲɤɨɜ) ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɥɺɝɤɢɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɸɱɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VII ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɞɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ IX ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɩɨ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ – ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ XI ɪɟɛɪɚ, ɫɥɟɜɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɧɢɹɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ VII, IX ɢ XI ɦɟɠɪɟɛɟɪɢɣ. 4.1 ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɦ ɫɡɚɞɢ, ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɜɧɢɡɭ – ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ. ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɪɨɣ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɛɢɮɭɪɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɯɟɢ ɨɬ ɫɢɧɯɨɧɞɪɨɡɚ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɢ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɵ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɞɨ ɦɟɠɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ IV ɢ V ɝɪɭɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚɦɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ, ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ. Ʉ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɬɢɦɭɫ, ɬɪɚɯɟɹ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɞɭɝɚ ɚɨɪɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɺ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɩɥɟɱɟɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ ɢ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ. ɇɢɠɧɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɟ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɞɢɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞɨɦ, ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɫ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ (ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɚɨɪɬɚ, ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɬɜɨɥ ɢ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɺɝɨɱɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɯɢ. Ɂɚɞɧɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɢɤɚɪɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɝɪɭɞɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɚɨɪɬɵ, ɧɟɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɧɟɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɜɟɧɵ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ. 62 5 ɆɈɑȿȼȺə ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺ Ɇɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɱɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɩɨɱɤɚ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ, ɠɟɧɫɤɢɣ). Ɇɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ. 5.1 ɉɨɱɤɚ ɉɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɛɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ XII ɝɪɭɞɧɨɝɨ – II ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ 1,5-2 ɫɦ ɧɢɠɟ ɥɟɜɨɣ (ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ). Ɋɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 7-8 ɫɦ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 11 ɫɦ. ȼ ɩɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɱɚ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ (ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɚ, ɫɨɥɢ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ, ɫɟɪɧɚɹ, ɮɨɫɮɨɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɧɭɤɥɟɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ (ɦɨɱɟɜɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ), ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɜɨɞɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɨɜ (ɢɨɧɨɜ), ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɝɥɸɤɨɡɵ. ɋ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɷɤɫɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɨɣ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɦɟɨɫɬɚɡɚ (ɜɨɞɧɵɣ, ɢɨɧɧɵɣ, ɨɫɦɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ), ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɱɤɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɛɨɥɢɡɦɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɥɢɩɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɛɟɥɤɨɜ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɪɟɧɢɧ, ɭɪɨɤɢɧɚɡɚ, ɷɪɢɬɪɨɩɨɷɬɢɧ). ɍ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɵ (ɩɨɥɸɫɚ), ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɹ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɚɹ, ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɥɨɳɟɧɚ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ, ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ (ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɰɵ) ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɥɨɠɟ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɵɣ, ɧɚ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ) ɢ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ (ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ). 63 ɉɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɚ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ) ɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ (ɱɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ). ɍ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ (ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ): ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɤɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɚɨɪɬɵ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɟɥɚɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ. ɉɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɚɡɭɯɢ (ɫɢɧɭɫɚ), ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɤ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɦ. ȼɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ (ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ) ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ (ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ). Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ 5-8 ɦɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɵ (ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ) ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ (ɥɭɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɵɟ ɥɭɱɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɤɢ, ɷɬɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɣ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɦɢ (10-18), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɤ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɚ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɢ, – ɤ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɡɭɯɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɥɛɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ, ɩɨɱɟɱɧɭɸ ɥɨɯɚɧɤɭ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ), ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɭ. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨ-ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɟɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɮɪɨɧ (ɨɤɨɥɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ (ɦɚɥɶɩɢɝɢɟɜɨ 64 ɬɟɥɶɰɟ) ɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ. ɉɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɨɤɨɥɨ 200 ɦɤɦ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɟɤ (ɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɭɫ) ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɞɜɭɫɬɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɭ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ (Ȼɨɭɦɟɧɚ-ɒɭɦɥɹɧɫɤɨɝɨ). Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɤ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɦɭ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɟ, ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɟ. Ʉɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ (ɱɭɞɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ). ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ (ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɚɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ), ɜ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɦ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ – ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɱɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 180 ɥ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ). Ɇɟɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɟ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚ ɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɵɦ ɩɨɥɸɫɨɦ; ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɵɦ ɩɨɥɸɫɨɦ. ɉɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ (ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ, ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ, ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ. ɉɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɢ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ – ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ. Ɍɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ, ɬɨɧɤɢɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɬɥɸ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ (ɩɟɬɥɹ Ƚɟɧɥɟ). ɉɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ, ɩɪɢɱɺɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɟɰ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɺɣ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɥɶɰɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚɦɢ. Ⱦɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ (ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 5-10, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚɯ. ȼɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ 65 ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ. ȼ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɚɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ 2 ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ: ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɹ (ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɟ ɜɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ) ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɨɟ ɪɭɫɥɨ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ: ɝɥɸɤɨɡɚ, ɛɟɥɤɢ, ɚɦɢɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɜɨɞɚ. ɋɟɤɪɟɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɚɯ, ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɵ, ɢɨɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɚɦɦɢɚɤ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɱɚ (ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,5-2 ɥ). ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɬɥɢ, ɧɟɮɪɨɧɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɬɢɩɚ: ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ. ɍ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ (1% ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ) ɩɟɬɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ (80% ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ) ɩɟɬɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɦ, ɢ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ⱦɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɸɤɫɬɚɦɟɞɭɥɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɵ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 20% ɜɫɟɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ), ɬɟɥɶɰɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɬɥɸ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ. ȼ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚɯ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɨɛɴɺɦɟ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ. ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɸɤɫɬɚɦɟɞɭɥɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɲɭɧɬɚ, ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɱɟɤ (ɩɪɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɯ). ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɟɬɟɥɶ ɸɤɫɬɚɦɟɞɭɥɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ, ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɢɯ ɨɩɥɟɬɚɸɳɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ, ɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟ. ɉɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ, ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɛɢɪɢɧɬɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɺɦɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ). ɉɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ, ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ (ɩɟɬɥɢ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ) ɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɱɚɯ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɟɬɥɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ). ȼ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɯ ɦɨɡ66 ɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɡɨɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ, ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ; ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ. Ʉɚɩɫɭɥɚ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ, ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ – ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ (ɩɨɞɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ). ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ – ɢɡ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɋɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ȼ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɣ ɤ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɸɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ ɩɟɬɥɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɟ ɩɹɬɧɨ – ɱɺɬɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɹɞɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɭ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɦɨɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɨɧɨɜ Na ɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɨɱɟ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɹɬɧɚ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɸɤɫɬɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ (ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɧɢɧ) ɢ ɸɤɫɬɚɜɚɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɦɢ (ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɟ ɡɜɺɡɞɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɦ ɩɹɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɚɦɢ), ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɸɤɫɬɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɛɫɨɪɛɰɢɸ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɧɟɮɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɚɯ. ɉɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɟɺ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. ɉɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɜɟɬɜɢ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ 67 ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ, ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ. Ɉɬ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɢ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10-18. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɞɭɝɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞ ɢ ɨɬɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ (ɢɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ) ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ. Ɉɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɵ, ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɫɟɬɶ ɤɥɭɛɨɱɤɚ. Ɋɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 600 ɜ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ), ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɥɭɱɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼɟɧɨɡɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɩɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɟɺ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦ, ɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɡɜɺɡɞɱɚɬɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɨɥɶɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ. ɋɨɫɨɱɤɢ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɲɤɚɦɢ (ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 8-9), ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ: ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɲɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɯɚɧɤɨɣ – ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɚɳɟ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɲɟɤ ɢ ɥɨɯɚɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɢ (ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚ) ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ – ɫɠɢɦɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɜɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɨɱɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɟɺ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ. 68 5.2 Ɇɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ Ɇɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɱɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɯɚɧɤɢ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 30-35 ɫɦ, ɨɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɛɪɸɲɧɭɸ, ɬɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɬɚɡɚ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ); ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɫɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɧɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. Ȼɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɬɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ (ɨɛɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ). ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ) ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ) ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ – ɢɡ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ. ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɺɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ: ɩɪɢ ɨɬɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɥɨɯɚɧɤɢ, ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. ȼ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɚɜɟɪɧɨɡɧɵɟ (ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ) ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɦɨɱɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚɦ, ɦɨɱɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɧɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ, ɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ (ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ). 5.3 Ɇɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ Ɇɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɥɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɢɦɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɨɣ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɉɨɡɚɞɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɢ ɢ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ – ɲɟɣɤɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ. ɋɧɢɡɭ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɟ, ɭ ɠɟɧ69 ɳɢɧ – ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɱɢ, ɟɝɨ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 300500 ɦɥ. Ɇɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ, ɬɟɥɨ, ɞɧɨ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɭ. ȼɟɪɯɭɲɤɚ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ) ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɭɩɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ, ɞɧɨ (ɡɚɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ) ɜɨɪɨɧɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɫɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɲɟɣɤɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. Ɍɟɥɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɧɨɦ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ, ɨɧɚ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɧɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɧɚ – ɦɨɱɟɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɧɟɬ. ȼ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɦɨɱɟɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ (ɜɟɪɯɧɟɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɵ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɭɝɨɥ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɟɠɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ – ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɹɡɵɱɤɨɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɱɟɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɺɜ: ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ. ɋɥɨɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɫɨ ɢɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ, ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɦɨɱɭ (ɞɟɬɪɭɡɨɪ). ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɱɟɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ (ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɦɨɱɟɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ) ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ (ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɦɨɱɟɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɚ). ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧ ɫ ɧɢɠɧɢɦɢ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɯ 70 ɤɨɫɬɟɣ (ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨ-ɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ), ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɣ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ (ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ), ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟɦ (ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨ-ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ). ɇɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧ ɩɨɤɪɵɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɫɜɟɪɯɭ, ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ), ɜ ɧɟɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ – ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɫɜɟɪɯɭ). 5.4 ɀɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɀɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɪɟɬɪɚ) – ɷɬɨ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 3-4 ɫɦ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɱɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ɀɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬ ɤɡɚɞɢ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ. ɇɚɱɚɜɲɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ, ɠɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɪɟɬɪɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɲɟɣɤɟ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ). ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɺ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ – ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɢɦ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ – ɝɪɟɛɟɧɶ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ: ɷɤɡɨɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ) ɢ ɷɧɞɨɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɛɨɤɚɥɨ71 ɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ), ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ – ɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɨɣ. Ƚɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɹɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɭɯɚɬɶ (ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɥɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ). Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ. ȼɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ (ɩɚɪɚɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ) ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ ɛɨɤɚɦ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. ɉɚɪɚɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɢɯ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɛɧɨɣ ɢɧɜɚɡɢɢ. 6 ɉɈɅɈȼɕȿ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɉɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ. 6.1 ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ Ʉ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɹɢɱɤɨ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ. 72 6.1.1 əɢɱɤɨ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ əɢɱɤɨ (ɫɟɦɟɧɧɢɤ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɷɥɥɢɩɫɨɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɟ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɹɢɱɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɟɝɨ. ɍ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɰɵ (ɩɨɥɸɫɚ), ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɹ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. əɢɱɤɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɲɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ – ɤɧɢɡɭ, ɤɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ. Ʉ ɡɚɞɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ (ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ), ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬɚ (ɫɭɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ). Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ (ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɵ). ɉɪɢɞɚɬɨɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ. əɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɨɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɨɣ (ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ) ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɜ: ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ. ȼɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɹɫɶ ɫ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ ɹɢɱɤɚ; ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɟɬ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ. ȼɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɢɧ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɹɢɱɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ȼɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɩɚɡɭɯɭ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ. ɋɬɪɨɦɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɱɤɢ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (250-350). Ⱦɨɥɶɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɤ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚɦɢ – ɤ ɜɟɪɯ73 ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɹɢɱɤɚ. ɋɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɲɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɚ ɭɡɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɨɱɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɞɨɥɟɤ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 2-4 ɢɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ (ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ) ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 30-70 ɫɦ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ. ɂɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɭ ɹɢɱɤɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɵɯɥɚɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ (ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɹɢɱɤɚ), ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɰɢɬɵ (ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ʌɟɣɞɢɝɚ), ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ – ɬɟɫɬɨɫɬɟɪɨɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɫɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɧɵɟ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ. ɉɪɹɦɵɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɨɫɬɟɧɢɢ, ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ 12-18 ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ. ȼ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɹ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɯɨɞ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɥɶɤɚɯ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɤ ɹɢɱɤɭ) ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɞɨɥɶɤɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ 1-2 ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɹɢɱɤɚ. ȼɫɟ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɵ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɢ, ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɹɫɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɨ ɢ ɯɜɨɫɬ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ȼ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 3-4 ɦɟɬɪɚ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 4-5 ɫɦ). ɏɜɨɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɚ, ɡɞɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ: ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ), ɦɢɨɢɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɮɢɛɪɨɡɧɵɦ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ). 74 ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɨ-ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ: ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ (ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɋɟɪɬɨɥɢ) ɢ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɵ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɭ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɨɧɢɢ, ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɢɞɵ). ɋɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 75 ɫɭɬɨɤ (ɧɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɹ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɟ ɹɢɱɤɚ – 10-15 ɫɭɬɨɤ). Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ 34°ɋ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɹɢɱɤɢ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɭɬɪɨɛɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɋɟɪɬɨɥɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɝɟɦɚɬɨɬɟɫɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɛɚɪɶɟɪ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɡ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɝɥɨɛɭɥɢɧɨɜ (ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɚɭɬɨɢɦɦɭɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ), ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ɇɢɨɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɦɢɨɮɢɛɪɨɛɥɚɫɬɨɜ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ ɤ ɫɟɬɢ ɹɢɱɤɚ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ, ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɦ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ (ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ). ȼ ɩɪɹɦɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɫɟɬɢ ɹɢɱɤɚ – ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ. ȼ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɵɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɯ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɯ (ɜ ɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɚɯ) ɢ ɜɫɬɚɜɨɱɧɵɯ (ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ) ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɨɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɪɚɫ75 ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɟɤ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ. 6.1.2 ɋɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤ ɋɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ – ɷɬɨ ɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 45-50 ɫɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3-3,5 ɦɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɤ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɭ. Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɦɨɲɨɧɨɱɧɭɸ, ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤɨɜɭɸ, ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɭɸ. Ɇɨɲɨɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɹɢɱɤɚ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ, ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɜɢɬɨɣ. Ʉɚɧɚɬɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤɚ, ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɟ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɞɨɯɨɞɹ ɞɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ, ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ȼ ɚɦɩɭɥɟ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɭ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɭɸ ɫ ɯɪɹɳɟɜɨɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɫɥɨɹ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɸ (ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɟ) ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. ɋɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ ɬɹɠ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 16-20 ɫɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹ76 ɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɟɧɵ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ, ɥɨɡɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ, ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ. ɋɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɞɨ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ, ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ. Ɉɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɹɢɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ (ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ): ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ, ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɹɢɱɤɨ, ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɹɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɹɢɱɤɨ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɹɢɱɤɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɨɬɞɟɥɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɤɨɫɨɣ ɦɵɲɰ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɬɹɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɹɢɱɤɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɶɰɭ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. 6.1.3 ɋɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɋɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɺɤ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɫ ɛɭɝɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5-6 ɫɦ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɫɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɩɨɥɚɦ, ɫɥɟɩɨ ɨɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ. ɋɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɞɧɨɦ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɧɚɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ. ȼɵɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɟɺ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɭ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɤɪɵɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ. ɋɥɢɡɢ77 ɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɺɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɢɞ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɥɨɺɜ – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ, ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ – ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɨɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɪɚɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ. ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ (ɮɪɭɤɬɨɡɚ), ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɜ ɷɹɤɭɥɹɬɟ (ɨɛɴɺɦ 2-6 ɦɥ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 6065% (ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 30-35%, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ ɹɢɱɟɤ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɨɜ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 5%). ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɦɢ ɹɢɱɟɤ, ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɨɜ ɹɢɱɟɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ, ɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ (ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɷɹɤɭɥɹɬɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ). 6.1.4 ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ, ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ (ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ, ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɯɨɠɚ ɫ ɩɥɨɞɨɦ ɤɚɲɬɚɧɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 4 ɫɦ (ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɣ) ɧɚ 3ɫɦ (ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ), ɦɚɫɫɨɣ 20-25 ɝɪɚɦɦ. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɡɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɺɦ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ, ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɫɡɚɞɢ, ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ78 ɫɹ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɟɺ ɨɬ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ. Ɏɢɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ, ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨ-ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɝɧɭɬɨɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɭ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɭɸ ɤɧɢɡɭ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɭɸ, ɥɟɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ. ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɢ ɥɟɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ. ɉɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ɇɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɭ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɩɟɪɺɞ. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɨɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ (ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɦɚ), ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ (4), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 30-50 (ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚ). Ƚɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɦɵ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɟ (ɫɟɤɪɟɬɨɪɧɵɟ) ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɸ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ (ɮɢɛɪɨɦɭɫɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɨɦɚ). ɀɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɦɢ, ɫ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɵɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ 25-35 ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɚ. ȼ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɩɟɪɢɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ), ɩɪɨɬɨɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɪɟɬɪɭ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɷɤɡɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɠɢɠɚɸɬ ɫɟ79 ɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ. ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɵɲɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɟ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɨɣ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɝɟɧɟɡ ɢ ɷɪɟɤɰɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɟɺ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɸ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ). Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɡɚɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ ɢ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɱɢ ɜ ɷɹɤɭɥɹɬ. Ȼɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ – ɩɚɪɧɚɹ, ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 0,30,8 ɫɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɦɟɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɵɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 35 ɫɦ, ɩɪɨɛɨɞɚɟɬ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ (ɩɪɟɞɷɹɤɭɥɹɬ) ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɢɫɥɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨ ɧɟɦɭ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɷɹɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ). 6.2 ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ Ʉ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɢ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɥɟɧ (ɩɟɧɢɫ) ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɨɱɢ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ, ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɤɨɪɟɧɶ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɜɢɫɚɸɳɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɬɟɥɨ, ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ. ɍ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɢɧɤɚ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ) ɢ ɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ (ɡɚɞɧɹɹ). Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɧɚ ɟɺ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɤɧɢɡɭ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɭɬɨɥɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɨɫ- 80 ɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɟɧɟɰ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɧɰɨɦ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ – ɲɟɣɤɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ. ɉɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ: ɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɢ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɵɦ. ɉɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ (ɩɪɚɜɨɟ, ɥɟɜɨɟ) ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ – ɧɨɠɟɤ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɜɟɬɜɹɦ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɟɬɜɹɦ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɇɢɠɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɟɧɟɰ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ. Ƚɭɛɱɚɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ) ɫ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɚɯ. ɇɢɠɧɟɟ ɭɬɨɥɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɡɚɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ – ɟɝɨ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɭɸ ɤ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ, ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. ɉɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɟ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɵ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ. Ɉɬ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɵ (ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ (ɥɚɤɭɧɵ), ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ȼ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɬɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɜɩɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ (ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ) ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ (ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ) ɢ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ (ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ) ɜɟɧɵ. ɉɢɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ, ɡɚɜɢɬɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ȼ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɵ ɡɚɜɢɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ (ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ) ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɵ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɭɠɟɧ. Ʉɪɨɜɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɦ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɬɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɧɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɧɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɨɥɨ-ɜɟɧɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɚɧɚɫɬɨɦɨɡɵ, ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ – ɱɟɪɟɡ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɵ ɡɚɜɢɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɤɪɨɜɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɭɠɚɟɬɫɹ 81 ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɜɟɧ (ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɯ) ɢ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɬɨɤɚ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɢɯ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɪɟɤɰɢɸ. ɉɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɤ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɠɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɵɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ). ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɳɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɟɥɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɞɜɭɦɹ ɧɨɠɤɚɦɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɥɟɧ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɹɫɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɢ. Ƚɥɭɛɠɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɢɞɭɳɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ ɤ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ. Ʉɨɠɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ, ɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ, ɫɨ ɫɩɢɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɤɨɠɭ ɥɨɛɤɚ, ɫ ɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɤɨɠɭ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɢ. ɇɚ ɤɨɠɟ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɲɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɜ ɲɨɜ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɢ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɤɨɠɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ – ɤɪɚɣɧɸɸ ɩɥɨɬɶ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɜ ɟɺ ɤɨɠɭ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɹɹ ɩɥɨɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɫɟɤɫɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ. Ɂɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ (ɤɡɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ) ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɶɸ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ – ɭɡɞɟɱɤɨɣ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɺ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɶɸ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɢ (ɩɪɟɩɭɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɲɨɤ). Ʉɨɠɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɢ ɧɟɠɧɚɹ, ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɚɹ (ɪɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ), ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɩɪɟɩɭɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ) ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. 82 Ɇɨɲɨɧɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɠɧɨ-ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɲɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɹɢɱɤɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɞɚɬɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɲɨɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ. Ʉɨɠɚ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ, ɦɨɪɳɢɧɢɫɬɚɹ, ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɪɟɞɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɠɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɹɫɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɦɹɫɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ. Ɇɹɫɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɢ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɹɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɲɨɜ ɦɨɲɨɧɤɢ. ɂɡɧɭɬɪɢ ɤ ɦɹɫɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɹɢɱɤɚ. 6.3 Ɇɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ Ɇɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ (ɦɭɠɫɤɚɹ ɭɪɟɬɪɚ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 18-23 ɫɦ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɦɨɱɚ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɇɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ S-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɭɸ, ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɭɸ. ȼɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɚɹ (ɩɪɟɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ) ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɲɟɣɤɟ. ɉɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɭ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ ɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɩɟɪɺɞ, ɧɚ ɟɺ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɨɦɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɵ – ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɨɥɦɢɤ. ɇɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ) ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɨɱɤɢ – ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ (ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ 3-5 ɦɦ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɡɨɧɟɮɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɚ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɉɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɨɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧ83 ɤɚɦɢ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɡɭɯɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɶɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ȼ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛ (ɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 35 °), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɟɺ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɞɥɢɧɵ. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ (ɩɟɪɟɩɨɧɱɚɬɚɹ) ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɞɥɢɧɚ 1-1,5 ɫɦ) ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɵɲɰɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ƚɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɭɸ ɭɪɟɬɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɭɸ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɞɭɝɭ, ɨɝɢɛɚɸɳɭɸ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ, ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɨ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɭɝɭ, ɜɵɩɭɤɥɭɸ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ (ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɤ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ). ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɚ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɚɞɶɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɨɣ. ɋɭɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, – ɝɪɟɛɟɧɶ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɡɵɱɤɚ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɶ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɨɦ. ɍ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ (ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɤɨɧɰɚ ɥɚɞɶɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ – ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɭ ɥɚɞɶɟɜɢɞ84 ɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɪɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɚ ɜɫɺɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɥɚɞɶɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɢɦ. ȼ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ: ɷɧɞɨɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɛɨɤɚɥɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ), ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ, ɢ ɷɤɡɨɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɠɟɥɟɡɵ Ʌɢɬɬɪɟ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɟɺ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ. ɋɟɤɪɟɬ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɱɨɣ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ – ɢɡ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ȼɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ) ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. 6.4 ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ Ʉ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɹɢɱɧɢɤ, ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ, ɦɚɬɤɚ, ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ. 6.4.1 əɢɱɧɢɤ əɢɱɧɢɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɟɧɯɢɦɚɬɨɡɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 2,5-5,5 ɫɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 1,5-2,5 ɫɦ. ɉɪɚɜɵɣ ɹɢɱɧɢɤ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ – ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ (ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɵ, ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧ) ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɭɠɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ (ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɵ). Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɢɱɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɡɚɞɢ (ɜ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɹɦ85 ɤɟ). ɍ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ (ɡɚɞɧɢɣ) ɢ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɣ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ) ɤɪɚɹ, ɬɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɰɵ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦɢ (ɧɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɫ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ), ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɡɚ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɧɺɦ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɨɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɢ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɬɚɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧ ɤ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɤ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɬɚɡɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ – ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧ ɫ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɬɟɥɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɬɹɠɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. əɢɱɧɢɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ – ɦɟɡɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɦɢɤɪɨɜɨɪɫɢɧɤɢ. ɋɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɹɢɱɧɢɤ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɦɵ ɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɪɨɦɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɢɧɬɟɪɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ), ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɵ (ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɵ), ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ. Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ (ɦɟɲɨɱɤɢ), ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɜɨɰɢɬ – ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ɇɨɡɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɹɠɢ ɢ ɬɪɭɛɨɱɤɢ – ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɶɰɟɜ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ. Ɏɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɩɨɤɨɹɳɢɟɫɹ), ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ, ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ, ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɵɟ (ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ) ɢ ɚɬɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɩɨɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɟ). ɉɪɢɦɨɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ (300-500 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɜ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚɯ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɹ) ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ (30-40 ɦɤɦ). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɨɜ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 20-25 ɦɤɦ), ɨɤɪɭɠɺɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ (ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ. ɉɪɢɦɨɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ 35 ɥɟɬ) ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱ86 ɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ (ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 3-5 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ), ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ, ɧɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. ɍ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɤɭɛɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ – ɫɥɨɣ ɝɥɢɤɨɩɪɨɬɟɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɝɥɢɤɨɡɚɦɢɧɨɝɥɢɤɚɧɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ (ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ), ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ – ɬɟɤɚ. ɍ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ (ɩɪɟɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ) ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ (ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ), ɜ ɧɺɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɨɰɢɬɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɴɺɦɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɰɢɬɨɜ: ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ – ɥɭɱɢɫɬɵɣ ɜɟɧɟɰ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɟ (ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ). Ɉɜɨɰɢɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɜ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɟ ɷɤɫɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɨɫɬɚɜɚɹɫɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ – ɹɣɰɟɧɨɫɧɵɦ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɨɦ. Ɍɟɤɚ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɬɟɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɰɢɬɵ), ɫɢɧɬɟɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɰɢɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɵ, ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɨɟ ɪɭɫɥɨ. ɉɪɟɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɵɟ) ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 0,1-0,2 ɦɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɭɥ ɩɨɤɨɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɟɬ (ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 2-2,5 ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ- ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɞɢɹ) ɞɨ ɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ (ɩɨɥɨɫɬɧɵɯ) ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 1-2 ɦɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ 10-20, ɨɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ (ɝɨɪɦɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɚɹ ɫɬɚ87 ɞɢɹ), ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɤ 6 ɞɧɸ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 6-8 ɦɦ. ɇɚ 7-8 ɞɟɧɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ 10-12 ɦɦ (ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɢɯ 2-3), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɺ ɫɨɡɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɪɟɡɢɢ – ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ, ɜɟɞɭɳɟɦɭ ɤ ɢɯ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ. ɇɚ 12-13 ɞɟɧɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 18-20 ɦɦ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 0,10,15 ɦɦ) ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɸ ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ (ɩɪɟɨɜɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɣ, ɝɪɚɚɮɨɜ ɩɭɡɵɪɺɤ). Ɍɪɟɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɫɬɨɧɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɹɣɰɟɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɚ. Ɏɨɥɥɢɤɭɥ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɜɵɩɹɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ 14-15 ɞɟɧɶ (ɩɪɢ 28-ɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ) ɬɪɟɬɢɱɧɵɣ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 22-24 ɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɹ – ɜɵɯɨɞ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ (ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ) ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɥɸɬɟɢɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɦɨɧɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɵɯɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɧɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ, ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɢ ɦɟɡɨɬɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ, ɨɜɨɰɢɬ ɨɬɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɹɣɰɟɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɥɦɢɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ) ɞɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 400 ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ (ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɚɧɨɜɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚɦɢ). ɍ ɩɪɚɜɲɟɣ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɜɨɰɢɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ, ɝɞɟ, ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɦ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ (ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɣɨɡɚ) ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ (ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɶɰɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ "ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɚ", ɬ.ɟ. ɩɨɥɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɫ ɝɚɩɥɨɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ, ɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɜɨɰɢɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɢɝɨɬɭ (ɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɫ ɞɢɩɥɨɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦ). 88 ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɧɟɺ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɨɪɜɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɝɟɦɨɪɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɝɟɦɨɪɪɚɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɠɺɥɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ – ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɨɪɝɚɧɧɭɸ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ. Ʉɪɨɜɹɧɨɣ ɫɝɭɫɬɨɤ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ, ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɥɢɮɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɬɶɫɹ), ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ. ȼ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬ ɥɸɬɟɢɧ (ɠɺɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ), ɨɧɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɸɬɟɨɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɬɟɤɚɥɸɬɟɨɰɢɬɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɪɦɨɧ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɺɥɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɺɥɬɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɢɦɟɫɬɪɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ 2,5-3 ɫɦ (ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɢɦɟɫɬɪɚ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɟɫɬɟɪɨɧ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɥɚɰɟɧɬɨɣ). ȿɫɥɢ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ, ɠɺɥɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ) ɠɺɥɬɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ, ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,5 - 2 ɫɦ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ – 10-12 ɞɧɟɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɠɺɥɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ: ɥɸɬɟɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɚɬɪɨɮɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɚɸɬ (ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɠɺɥɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ), ɡɚɦɟɳɚɹɫɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ (ɪɭɛɰɨɜɨɣ) ɬɤɚɧɶɸ – ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɛɟɥɨɜɚɬɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɥɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ. Ɂɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɤɚɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ (ɫɦɨɪɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ), ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ (ɦɨɪɳɢɧɤɢ). Ȼɟɥɨɜɚɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɚɫɵɜɚɹɫɶ. Ⱥɬɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ (ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ) ɢ ɩɨɫɬɧɚɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ 62-66 ɥɟɬ (ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɨɫɬɦɟɧɨɩɚɭɡɵ). ȼ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɚɬɪɟɡɢɢ (ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ, ɝɢɛɟɥɢ) ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɵ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɨɜɭɥɹɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɚ, ɦɨɪɮɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ 89 ɫɟɥɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. ɉɪɢ ɚɬɪɟɡɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ (ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ) ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɢɛɟɥɶ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ ɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɫ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ɉɪɢ ɚɬɪɟɡɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɨɜ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɝɢɛɟɥɶɸ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ ɢ ɮɨɥɥɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɝɢɚɥɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɦɨɪɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɟɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɬɟɤɢ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡ ɚɧɞɪɨɝɟɧɨɜ ɷɫɬɪɨɝɟɧɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɨɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɬɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ. ɋɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ, ɛɥɟɫɬɹɳɚɹ ɡɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɧɞɨɤɪɢɧɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. 6.4.2 Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɮɚɥɥɨɩɢɟɜɚ ɬɪɭɛɚ – ɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ) ɢɡ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ (ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ) ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɤɢ. Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ 4 ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɦɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ, ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ, ɚɦɩɭɥɭ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ, ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ 1012 ɫɦ, ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɥɟɜɨɣ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɢ, ɨɬ 1-2 ɞɨ 7-8 ɦɦ. Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,5 ɫɦ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɜ ɟɺ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ, ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ, ɚɦɩɭɥɚ ɢ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. ɍɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɨɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɉɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɭɠɟɧ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɞɥɢɧɚ 2-3 ɫɦ), ɚɦɩɭɥɚ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹɫɶ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1/2-2/3 ɞɥɢɧɵ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ (5-8 ɫɦ). ȼɨɪɨɧɤɚ (ɞɥɢɧɚ 1-1,5 ɫɦ), ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹɫɶ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɢ ɜɧɢɡ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɛɪɸɲɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ 90 ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. Ȼɪɸɲɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɨɤɚɣɦɥɟɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɪɨɫɬɚɦɢ – ɛɚɯɪɨɦɤɚɦɢ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 1-3 ɫɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɯɪɨɦɤɨɣ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɜɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɚɯɪɨɦɤɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɬ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɢɱɧɢɤɚ, ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɹ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɺ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɟ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ) ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɨɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɟ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɜɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɹ: ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ. Ⱦɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ) ɩɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɦɚɬɤɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɦɟɪɰɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɟɤ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ. Ɉɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɜɨɰɢɬɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 18-36 ɱɚɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɚɦɩɭɥɟ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ. ɋɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɵ ɢɡ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɦɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɦɩɭɥɭ, ɝɞɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1-2 ɫɭɬɨɤ (ɫ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ Y-ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɨɣ) ɢ 3-5 ɫɭɬɨɤ (ɫ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɏ-ɯɪɨɦɨɫɨɦɨɣ). Ɉɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɚɹ (ɢɥɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɲɚɹ) ɹɣɰɟɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ 3-5 ɫɭɬɨɤ. 6.4.3 Ɇɚɬɤɚ Ɇɚɬɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɵɦ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɍ ɧɟɪɨɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɟɺ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 7-8 ɫɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ – 4-5,5 ɫɦ, ɜɟɫ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 40-60 ɝ. ɍ ɪɨɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɦɚɬɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɜɟɫ (ɞɥɢɧɚ – 8-9,5 ɫɦ, ɜɟɫ – 80-100 ɝ). Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɺɦ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɩɟɬɥɹɦɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ɇɚɬɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɚ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ (ɱɚɳɟ) ɢɥɢ 91 ɥɟɜɭɸ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ: ɞɟɬɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ. Ɇɚɬɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɟɥɚ, ɞɧɚ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ, ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɭɸ (ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ) ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ (ɡɚɞɧɸɸ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɹ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɜ ɦɚɬɤɭ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɝɨɦ. Ⱦɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ; ɲɟɣɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ (ɭ ɪɨɠɚɜɲɢɯ) ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɍɟɥɨ – ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɥɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɨɩɨɪɨɠɧɺɧɧɨɦ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɨ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹɫɶ ɧɚɞ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɺɦ, ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫ ɲɟɣɤɨɣ ɬɭɩɨɣ ɭɝɨɥ (100-140°). Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɟɜɟɪɫɢɨ, ɭɝɨɥ (ɢɡɝɢɛ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɨɣ – ɚɧɬɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɨ. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɬɟɥɨ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɭɝɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɨɣ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɟ 2/3 ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɟɺ ɧɚɞɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɜɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ, ɷɬɨ ɟɺ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɧɚɞɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɬɟɥɭ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɤɢ (ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1 ɫɦ). ȼ ɬɟɥɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɯɨɠɚɹ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɜɺɪɧɭɬɵɦ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ, ɜ ɭɝɥɚɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɜ ɭɝɥɭ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɵ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ, ɜɟɞɭɳɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɲɟɣɤɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɭ 2-3 ɫɦ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ (ɡɟɜɨɦ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɝɭɛɚɦɢ. Ɂɚɞɧɹɹ ɝɭɛɚ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɢ ɬɨɧɶɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɟɺ. Ɇɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɭ ɧɟɪɨɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɜɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɭ ɪɨɠɚɜɲɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ. ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɪɺɯ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ: ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ (ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɣ), ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ (ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɣ) ɢ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ (ɩɟɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɣ). ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ 92 ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɺɜ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɟɺ ɲɟɣɤɢ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɶ. ȼ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɟ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɲɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɢɡɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɺɧɧɵɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. ɉɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɟɫɧɢɬɱɚɬɵɟ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɟ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ) ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ (ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ) ɠɟɥɟɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɢɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɲɟɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ, ɫɥɢɡɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. ɒɟɟɱɧɚɹ (ɰɟɪɜɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ) ɫɥɢɡɶ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɤɚ), ɨɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɩɚɥɶɦɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɂɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɺ ɩɨɞ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɉɚɥɶɦɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɫɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɢɡɢ ɜ ɟɺ ɤɚɧɚɥɟ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɥɨ, ɞɧɨ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɜɵɫɬɢɥɚɸɳɭɸ ɟɺ ɲɟɣɤɭ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ. ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ (ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ) ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. ɗɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɣ ɬɟɥɚ, ɞɧɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɥɨɹ: ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ) ɢ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɣ (ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ), ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 1-1,5 ɦɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɣ ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ: ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ (ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ) ɢ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɵɦɢ (ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɚɸɬ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ). Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚ93 ɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɨɜɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ȼ ɮɚɡɭ ɤɪɨɜɨɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɩɚɡɦ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɟɤɪɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɢɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤɪɨɜɨɢɡɥɢɹɧɢɹ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ (ɮɚɡɚ ɞɟɫɤɜɚɦɚɰɢɢ, 28-2 ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɢ 28ɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɰɢɤɥɟ). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɪɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɫɤɜɚɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɺ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ. ɇɚ 3-4 ɞɟɧɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ "ɞɨɧɵɲɤɢ", ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ) ɪɚɧɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɮɚɡɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ). ɉɨɫɬɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ (ɮɚɡɚ ɩɪɨɥɢɮɟɪɚɰɢɢ, 5-14 ɞɟɧɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ 9-12 ɦɦ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɚɡɭ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɢɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ, ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɺɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɮɚɡɚ ɫɟɤɪɟɰɢɢ, 15-25 ɞɟɧɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ). Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. Ⱥɪɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɫɩɢɪɚɥɟɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɧɚ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɫɧɢɱɤɢ. Ɍɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɟɳɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɹ 10-18 ɦɦ. ɇɚ 26-27 ɞɟɧɶ ɰɢɤɥɚ (ɮɚɡɚ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɚ) ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ: ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɱɚɝɨɜɵɟ ɤɪɨɜɨɢɡɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɨɜ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɪɚɡɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɫɬɪɨɦɵ ɢ ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɹ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɫɦɨɪɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɨɦɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɷɧɞɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ ɦɚɬɤɢ (ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ), ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɫɥɨɺɜ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ: ɩɨɞɫɥɢ94 ɡɢɫɬɨɝɨ, ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɞɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɝɨ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɣ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧ ɫ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ. ɉɭɱɤɢ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɞɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ (ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɟ) ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ – ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɫɨɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ. ȼ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɟ, ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɫɨɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ – ɤɨɫɨɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɟ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɳɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɞɨ ɬɭɩɨɝɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ. ɉɭɱɤɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ ɨɧ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ. ȼ ɲɟɣɤɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ (ɠɨɦ). ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɢɡɢ ɲɟɟɱɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɢ (ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ) ɫɩɟɪɦɚɬɨɡɨɢɞɨɜ ɢɡ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. ɋɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɭɸ ɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɸ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɦɚɬɤɢ (ɩɪɚɜɭɸ, ɥɟɜɭɸ), ɟɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɒɢɪɨɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɚɬɤɚ, ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɚ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɤɧɢɡɭ – ɜ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ ɟɝɨ ɞɧɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɤɪɚɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɛɚ; ɱɚɫɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɤ ɤɪɚɸ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɭ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ). ɉɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɞɧɭ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɨɣ (ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬ95 ɪɢɣ), ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɟɣɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨɲɟɟɱɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ (ɩɚɪɚɰɟɪɜɢɤɫ). Ɉɬ ɤɪɚɹ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɹɠ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 10-15 ɫɦ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 3-5 ɦɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ʉɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɤ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦɭ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɶɰɭ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɯɨɜɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɭɱɤɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ. ȼ ɩɨɞɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɬɚɡɚ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ ɦɚɬɤɢ. ɗɬɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨ-ɲɟɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ, ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɢ ɫɪɚɳɟɧɵ ɫ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɬɚɡɚ. Ʉɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ (ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɲɟɣɤɢ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ) ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɲɟɣɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ. Ʌɨɛɤɨɜɨ-ɲɟɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɟɤ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɤ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ (ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ), ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ – ɫ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɚ (ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ). ɉɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ. ɋɜɹɡɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɟɺ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɟɺ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɢ ɮɚɫɰɢɹɦ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɚ. 6.4.4 ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ – ɧɟɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɬɪɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɭɩɥɨɳɺɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɡɚɞɧɟɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 8-10 ɫɦ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ 96 ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɨ ɤɡɚɞɢ, ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɬɟɥɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ 90-100°. ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ, ɤɭɞɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɦ ɚɤɬɟ, ɨɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɷɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɨɧɚɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ (ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɭɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɨɦ). ɑɟɪɟɡ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɢ ɲɟɣɤɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɚ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ, ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɜ ɦɚɬɤɭ ɢ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ. ȼɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 1,5 ɫɦ). ɉɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɞɧɭ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ – ɤ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɚɧɚɥɭ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ. Ɂɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ ɚɦɩɭɥɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɺɧ ɨɬ ɧɟɺ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɮɚɫɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɟɣɤɭ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɠɺɥɨɛɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɞɨɦ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɞɚ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ (ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ ɤ ɲɟɣɤɟ ɦɚɬɤɢ). ɇɢɠɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. ɍ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɰ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɟɜɚ – ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɱɚɳɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɥɭɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɟɮɥɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɨɫɤɭɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɢɞ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɣ (ɫɨɫɨɱɤɨɜ). ɋɬɟɧɤɚ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ, ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ, ɚɞɜɟɧɬɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɟɤ. ɉɨɞɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɚ ɫ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ. 97 ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɦ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɦ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɨɝɨɜɟɜɚɸɳɢɦ, ɷɩɢɬɟɥɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɨɣ, ɧɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɗɩɢɬɟɥɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɺɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɚɡɚɦɢ ɨɜɚɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɟɧɫɬɪɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɋɥɢɡɢɫɬɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɥɫɬɨɣ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɦɦ), ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ (ɦɨɪɳɢɧɵ), ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ. ȼ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɫɬɨɥɛɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɛɭɤɜɵ ɇ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɚɹ, ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɢɥɟɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɜɨ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɜɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɛɨɜ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɵɯ, ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɩɭɱɤɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. Ɇɵɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɢɡ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɯ ɦɢɨɰɢɬɨɜ, ɤɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɜ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɩɨɥɨɫɚɬɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɦɵɲɰ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɧɚ. 6.5 ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ (ɜɭɥɶɜɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ: ɥɨɛɨɤ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɭɛɵ, ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɤɥɢɬɨɪ. Ʌɨɛɨɤ (ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ) – ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɥɨɫɹ98 ɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ. Ʌɨɛɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɳɺɧɧɨɟ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ – ɥɨɛɤɨɜɚɹ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɚ, ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɥɨɫɹɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ (ɨɜɨɥɨɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ). ȼɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɚ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɢ ɤɡɚɞɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɭɛɵ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. Ʌɨɛɨɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɦɚɬɤɭ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɭɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɜɟ ɩɚɪɚɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 7-8 ɫɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 2-3 ɫɦ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɭɸ ɳɟɥɶ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɭɛɵ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɩɚɣɤɚɦɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ. Ʉɨɠɚ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɩɢɝɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɜɨɥɨɫɚɦɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ʉɨɠɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ, ɪɨɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ (ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɨɜɟɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ ɤ ɟɺ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ), ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɥɨɫɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɜɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ. ɉɨɞɤɨɠɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɤ ɧɚɞɤɨɫɬɧɢɰɟ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɭɛɵ – ɞɜɟ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ ɤɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɠɝɭɛɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɨɣ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɭɛɵ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɧɨɠɤɢ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ (ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ) ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɭɸ (ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ). ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɧɨɠɤɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɩɨɞ ɨɫɬɪɵɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɤ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɟɝɨ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɭ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɧɨɠɤɢ ɨɝɢɛɚɸɬ ɬɟɥɨ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɞɧɚ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ (ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ) ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɸɸ ɩɥɨɬɶ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ. Ɂɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ – ɭɡɞɟɱɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ. ɓɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ 99 ɝɭɛ, ɭɡɞɟɱɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. ȼ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɢ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɝɨ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɲɢɧɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɨɱɤɚ – ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɭɪɟɬɪɵ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 2 ɫɦ ɤɡɚɞɢ ɨɬ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟɦ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɨɣ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɹɦɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ. Ʉɨɠɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɨɠɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ, ɜ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɟ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɨɠɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ (ɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ). Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɝɭɛɵ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ ɢ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɦ ɚɤɬɟ, ɨɛɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɥɟɧ. Ʌɭɤɨɜɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɞɤɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ (ɞɨɥɟɣ) ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɫɩɚɣɤɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ. Ȼɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 3,5 ɫɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ 1,5 ɫɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ, ɛɭɞɭɱɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ. Ʌɭɤɨɜɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɫɯɨɠɚ ɫ ɝɭɛɱɚɬɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ (ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɟɣ) ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɨɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ, ɝɥɚɞɤɨɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɝɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɦ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɟɧɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ, ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚ, ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɤ ɫɭɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɺɦ ɷɹɤɭɥɹɬɚ. 100 Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ (ɛɚɪɬɨɥɢɧɨɜɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɨɣ, ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, 1,5-2 ɫɦ ɜ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɦɟɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ȿɺ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ (ɞɥɢɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɫɦ) ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɜ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɝɭɛɵ ɢ ɞɟɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɟɺ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚ 1,5-2 ɫɦ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɭɡɞɟɱɤɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɟ, ɟɺ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɹɟɬ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɞɚɯ. Ʉɥɢɬɨɪ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɷɪɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ (ɩɪɚɜɵɦ, ɥɟɜɵɦ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɦ ɬɟɥɚɦ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ. ɉɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɬɟɥɨ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, Ƚ-ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɡɨɝɧɭɬɨɟ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ 2,5-3,5 ɫɦ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɳɟɥɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɭɛ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ – ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɟɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɩɥɨɬɶɸ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ, ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɡɚɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɤɡɚɞɢ, – ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɨɠɟɣ. Ɂɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɧɨɠɤɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɞɥɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 4 ɫɦ, ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɜɟɬɜɹɦ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɭ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ. Ɉɬ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɬ ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɥɚɤɭɧɵ, ɜɵɫɬɥɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɧɞɨɬɟɥɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɤɭɧ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɷɪɟɤɰɢɹ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ 2 ɪɚɡɚ. Ȼɟɥɨɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɥ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɚ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ), ɜ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɳɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɧɨɠɤɚɦɢ. 101 7 ɉɈɅɈɋɌɖ ɀɂȼɈɌȺ ɂ ɌȺɁȺ. ȻɊɘɒɂɇȺ ɉɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ (ɛɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ – ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɦɢ, ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ – ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɛɚ, ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɰɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɜɟɪɯɭ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɛɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼɧɢɡɭ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɡɚ (ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɡɚɞɢ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɦ ɢ ɝɪɭɲɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɫ ɛɨɤɨɜ – ɬɚɡɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɤɪɵɥɶɟɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ) ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ. ɇɢɠɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ (ɞɧɨɦ) ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚ ɬɚɡɚ. ɋɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ (ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ), ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɡɚ – ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ (ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɫɰɢɹ ɬɚɡɚ). Ȼɪɸɲɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɧɟɪɜɵ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ (ɜɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ). Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ – ɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ (ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ) ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ (ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɟɪɨɡɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɚ, ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ, ɦɚɬɤɭ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɹɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ – ɫɥɨɣ ɪɵɯɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɇɟɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɞɫɟɪɨɡɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɠɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɭ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜɧɟɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ, ɩɨɡɚɞɢɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ 102 ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ, ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɭɸ ɮɚɫɰɢɸ. ɉɨɡɚɞɢɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ (ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ), ɩɨɡɚɞɢɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɟ (ɩɪɟɞɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɟ) ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɨɦ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ. ȼɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɩɨ-ɪɚɡɧɨɦɭ: ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɢɧɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ), ɫ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɦɟɡɨɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ) ɢ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɷɤɫɬɪɚɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɬɪɨɩɟɪɢɬɨɧɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ). Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɵɦɢ. ɋɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ: ɠɟɥɭɞɨɤ, ɚɦɩɭɥɭ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɬɨɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɥɟɩɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɦɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɬɪɭɛɭ, ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɭ. ɋ ɬɪɺɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ: ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ, ɦɚɬɤɭ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ: ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɚɹ ɤɢɲɤɚ (ɤɪɨɦɟ ɚɦɩɭɥɵ), ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ, ɩɨɱɤɚ, ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤ, ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤ, ɩɭɫɬɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɭɡɵɪɶ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ, ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɢ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɵ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɧɟɪɜɵ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɢɯ ɤɪɨɜɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɥɢɦɮɨɨɬɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ, ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɹɡɨɤ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. ɋɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɵ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ (ɥɢɧɢɹ) ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɭ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɨɤ (ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ), ɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɨɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡ103 ɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ). Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɉɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ: ɧɟɩɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ. ɋɪɟɞɢɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ, ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɢ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɨɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɭɸ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ (ɨɛɥɢɬɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ) ɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɢ (ɨɛɥɢɬɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɬɹɧɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɟ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɱɪɟɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ. ɍ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ ɹɦɤɢ: ɧɚɞɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɵɟ. ɇɚɞɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ, ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ – ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ɇɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ, ɧɚ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɯɨɜɭɸ ɹɦɤɭ – ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ. Ɇɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɯɨɜɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɦ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɟ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ (ɫɧɢɡɭ), ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ (ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɭɩɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ (ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ). ɉɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɫ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɟɧɶ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɜ. Ʌɢɫɬɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ (ɩɨɞɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ) ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɫɚɝɢɬɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɟ104 ɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ. ȼɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɨɬ ɟɺ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɚ, ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɭɸ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ. ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɢɳɟɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɢɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ, ɩɪɚɜɵɟ, ɥɟɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ (ɜɞɨɥɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ). ɉɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɚɹ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɟɺ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ: ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɟɺ ɜɟɬɜɢ, ɜɨɪɨɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɧɚ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɠɟɥɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ. ɉɨɤɪɵɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ. ɋ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɫɜɨɞɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɪɟɡɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ. ɋ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ (ɜɞɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ). ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ, ɢ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ (ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ). Ɂɚɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɹ ɞɨ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ, ɨɬɤɥɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɡɚɞɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɤ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɟ, ɢ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ (ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ). Ɉɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɤ ɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɢɡɝɢɛɭ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫ ɩɨ105 ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɪɺɛɟɪɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ. ɋ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɩɪɚɜɟɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɡ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɬɟɥɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɚɩɟɪɬɭɪɵ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɡɚɝɢɛɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɡɚɞɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ (ɞɭɩɥɢɤɚɬɭɪɵ) ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨɞɨɣɞɹ ɤ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɟ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɨɝɢɛɚɟɬ ɟɺ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɬɪɟɬɶ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɫɚɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɥɢɫɬɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ: ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɭ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ (ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ), ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ – ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ, ɜɜɟɪɯɭ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɤ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɟ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɜɢɫɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ (ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ). ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ (ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɜɨɡɥɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ (ɬɪɚɛɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɫɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ (ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɞɨɥɶɤɢ) ɢ ɦɥɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɛɥɟɞɧɨ-ɠɺɥɬɨɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɠɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ), ɮɚɝɨɰɢɬɵ ɢ ɢɦɦɭɧɨɰɢɬɵ (ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɹɬɧɚ). 106 ɀɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɢɤ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɨɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɹɬɟɧ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɣɤɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɥɢɫɬɤɨɜ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ) ɪɚɜɧɚ 10-15 ɫɦ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɚɦɢ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 18-20 ɫɦ. ɉɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɣ ɷɬɚɠɢ. ȼ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɠɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ. ɉɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ) ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɚɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ) ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɭɦɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɥɟɜɟɟ ɟɺ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ, ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɟɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ. Ʌɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɨɤɨɥɨɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ (ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɚɪɦɚɧ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ). ɉɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ (ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɫɟɪɩɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭɸ ɢ ɥɟɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ, ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɫɧɢɡɭ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ɇɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ. 107 Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɨɦ, ɦɚɥɵɦ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɡɚɞɢ. Ʌɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɨɣ. ɋɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɷɬɚɠɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ. ȿɺ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤ, ɡɚɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɚ ɠɟɥɭɞɤɚ ɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ, ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ – ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɚɨɪɬɭ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɩɨɥɭɸ ɜɟɧɭ, ɬɟɥɨ ɩɨɞɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ, ɥɟɜɵɣ ɧɚɞɩɨɱɟɱɧɢɤ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɨɱɤɢ. ɋɜɟɪɯɭ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɨɣ, ɫɧɢɡɭ – ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ. ɋɥɟɜɚ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭ ɜɨɪɨɬ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɤɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ (ȼɢɧɫɥɨɜɨ) ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 2-3 ɫɦ), ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɭɦɤɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɩɨɞɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɋɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ, ɫɡɚɞɢ – ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ. ȼɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ, ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ – ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨ-ɩɨɱɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɤɚ. Ʉ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɸ ɩɪɢɥɟɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɟ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ – ɫɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɢ. Ɉɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ ɧɟɪɨɜɧɵɟ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ, ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ –ɝɚɫɬɪɨɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ. ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɜɨɫɬɚɬɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ, ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɇɢɠɧɟɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɥɟɜɨ ɜ ɫɟɥɟɡɺɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɨɡɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɫɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɭɦɤɢ, ɝɚɫɬɪɨɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɥɟɜɵɟ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɩɟɱɺɧɨɱɧɨ-ɩɚɧɤɪɟɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɟɟ, – ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɢ ɠɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɭ. 108 ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɷɬɚɠɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɳɭɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɭ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɚ 15-17 ɫɦ (ɜ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɬɨɳɟɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 20-25 ɫɦ). Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɫɨ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɟɜɵɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɬɟɥɚ II ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɚɨɪɬɵ, ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɣ ɜɟɧɵ, ɩɪɚɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ. Ⱦɥɢɧɚ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 16-18 ɫɦ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɵɣ ɢ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɟɬɥɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɉɪɚɜɵɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɣ ɫɢɧɭɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɜɧɢɡɭ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɚɡɚ. Ɉɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɫɥɟɜɚ – ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɫɩɪɚɜɚ – ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɨɣ ɬɨɧɤɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɢɲɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ. Ȼɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɧɭɫɵ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɹɦɤɢ) ɛɪɸɲɢɧɵ. ȼ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɢɧɭɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ: ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ, ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ, ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɡɚɞɧɟɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɟɪɜɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɨɫɬɤɚ. ɂɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɜɵɲɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɜ ɫɥɟɩɭɸ. Ʉɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɟɨɰɟɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɭɞɢɫɬɚɹ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɭɸ ɚɪɬɟɪɢɸ. ɋ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲ109 ɧɭɸ ɦɵɲɰɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɳɟɥɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɫɥɟɩɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɡɚɞɢ ɫɥɟɩɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ȼ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɛɪɵɠɟɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɢɧɭɫɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ – ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɟɪɫɬɧɨɬɨɳɟɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɧɟɦ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɉɨɡɚɞɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɨɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɢɠɧɟɟ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɟ ɞɭɨɞɟɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ. ȼ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɪɸɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɧɟɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɤɢɲɤɭ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɟɺ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɥɢɫɬɤɚɦɢ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɵ, ɥɢɦɮɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɡɥɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɚɜɧɚ 12-14 ɫɦ. Ʉɨɪɟɧɶ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɟɪɟɜɺɪɧɭɬɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɵ V, ɜɟɪɲɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ (ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɤɨɪɧɹ) ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɢ ɦɨɱɟɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ IV-V ɩɨɹɫɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ. Ʌɟɜɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɟɬɥɟ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɉɪɚɜɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɜ, ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɜɡɞɨɲɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɨɜ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦ ɢɡɝɢɛɨɦ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɛɪɵɠɟɣɤɢ ɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɢɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɦɟɠɫɢɝɦɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ. Ȼɪɸɲɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɬɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ. ɋ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɤɧɢɡɭ ɨɬ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɯɨɜɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɭɸ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɭ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ ɢ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ – ɨɤɨɥɨɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚ ɞɟɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɢ ɧɢɠ110 ɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɩɪɢ ɩɭɫɬɨɦ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɟ). ɍ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɪɚɹ ɚɦɩɭɥ ɫɟɦɹɜɵɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɟɥɺɡ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɬɚɡɚ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɟɺ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ III ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɧɤɚ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɦɨɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɭɡɵɪɺɦ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɤ – ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ- ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ). ɍ ɥɢɰ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɭɡɵɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɲɟɣɤɚ ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ ɬɟɥɚ ɦɚɬɤɢ. ɉɨɤɪɵɜ ɞɧɨ ɦɚɬɤɢ, ɛɪɸɲɢɧɚ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɟɺ ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɩɪɢɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɟ ɜɢɫɰɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɬɚɡɚ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɛɪɸɲɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɬɚɡɭ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɚ: ɩɭɡɵɪɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɺ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ. ɉɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɟ (Ⱦɭɝɥɚɫɨɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ) ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ, ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɤɪɚɹɦ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɺɧɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ). Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɤɢɲɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɩɭɡɵɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɨ-ɦɚɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɨɤɨɥɨɩɪɹɦɨɤɢɲɟɱɧɵɟ ɹɦɤɢ. 111 8 ɉɊɈɆȿɀɇɈɋɌɖ ɉɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɚ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɠɧɢɦ ɤɪɚɟɦ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ, ɫɡɚɞɢ – ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɨɣ ɤɨɩɱɢɤɚ, ɩɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ – ɧɢɠɧɢɦɢ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɢ ɛɭɝɪɚɦɢ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɪɟɫɬɰɨɜɨ-ɛɭɝɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɤɚɦɢ. ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɵɟ ɛɭɝɪɵ, ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ, ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɭɸ, ɢ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ, ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɭɸ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɵɲɰɚɦɢ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɨɣ, ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɠɟɣ. ȼ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɭ ɥɢɰ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ – ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɢ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɟ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɭɸ (ɚɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ) ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɚɪɧɵɟ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɚ – ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɬɤɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɚ, ɧɚɬɹɧɭɬɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɠɧɢɦɢ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɜɟɬɜɹɦɢ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɪɚɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɮɢɡɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɤɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ (ɭ ɥɢɰ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ). Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɦɟɲɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɤɜɟɪɯɭ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɠɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɚ, ɫɨɫɭɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɧɢɡɭ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ – ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɨɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɬɟɥɚ. Ʉ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɝɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. Ƚɥɭɛɨɤɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɭɝɪɚ ɢ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ 112 ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ɍ ɥɢɰ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɣ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɶɸ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ. ɉɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɥɨɛɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ, ɩɭɱɤɢ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ. Ɉɛɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɥɶɛɨɭɪɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɠɟɥɟɡɵ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɭ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. Ʉ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ ɦɨɱɟɩɨɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨ-ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɵ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨ-ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɢɞ ɭɡɤɢɯ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɤ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɨɬ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɤɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɪɚ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨ-ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɜɩɥɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɭ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ. ɍ ɥɢɰ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɵɲɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨ-ɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨɩɟɳɟɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ. Ʌɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ, ɛɨɤɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɮɚɫɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ. Ɂɚɞɧɢɟ ɩɭɱɤɢ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɚ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɚ ɫɞɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɢɡɝɧɚɧɢɸ ɢɡ ɦɨɱɟɢɫɩɭɫɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɦɨɱɢ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɷɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ. ɍ 113 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ, ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɫɡɚɞɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹɫɶ ɫ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ, ɫɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɹɹɫɶ ɤ ɛɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɫɭɠɚɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɟ ɜɥɚɝɚɥɢɳɚ, ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɠɟɥɟɡɭ ɩɪɟɞɞɜɟɪɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɤɥɢɬɨɪɚ. Ɇɵɲɰɵ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɦ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɩɚɪɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɧɟɩɪɨɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɧɚɥ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɰɵ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ: ɩɨɞɤɨɠɧɭɸ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɭɸ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ. ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ, ɫɥɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɱɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɟɪɯɭɲɤɢ ɤɨɩɱɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɠɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ. ɋɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɫɠɢɦɚɟɬ (ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ) ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ, ɝɞɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɱɧɨ-ɝɭɛɱɚɬɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ, ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɫɮɢɧɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɲɰɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɵɦɢ ɛɭɝɪɚɦɢ, ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɡɚɩɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɵɲɰɵ ɫɧɚɪɭɠɢ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɮɚɫɰɢɟɣ ɞɢɚɮɪɚɝɦɵ ɬɚɡɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɵɲɰɭ, ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɯɨɞ ɢɡɧɭɬɪɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɚɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɞɚɥɢɳɧɨ-ɚɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɹɦɤɚ, ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɱɚɬɤɨɣ (ɠɢɪɨɜɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ), ɫɨɫɭɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɟɪɜɚɦɢ. 114 ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾɍȿɆȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ 1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: 1.1. Ȼɨɹɧɨɜɢɱ, ɘ. ȼ. Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ : ɚɬɥɚɫ / ɘ. ȼ. Ȼɨɹɧɨɜɢɱ. – Ɇ. : ɆȿȾɉɊɈɎ, 2022. – 736 ɫ. 1.2. ɂɜɚɧɢɰɤɢɣ, Ɇ. Ɏ. Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ : ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ / Ɇ. Ɏ. ɂɜɚɧɢɰɤɢɣ ; ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ȼ. Ⱥ. ɇɢɤɢɬɸɤɚ, Ⱥ. Ⱥ. Ƚɥɚɞɵɲɟɜɨɣ, Ɏ. ȼ. ɋɭɞɡɢɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ. – 14-ɟ ɢɡɞ. – Ɇ. : ɋɩɨɪɬ, 2018. – 624 ɫ. 1.3. Ɍɤɚɱɭɤ, Ɇ. Ƚ., ɋɬɟɩɚɧɢɤ, ɂ.Ⱥ. Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ : ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ / Ɇ. Ƚ. Ɍɤɚɱɭɤ, ɂ. Ⱥ. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɢɤ. – ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ «Ʌɚɧɶ», 2024. – 368 ɫ. 2. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ: 2.1. ɋɚɩɢɧ, Ɇ.Ɋ., ɇɢɤɢɬɸɤ, Ⱦ.Ȼ., ɇɢɤɨɥɟɧɤɨ, ȼ.ɇ., Ʉɥɨɱɤɨɜɚ ɋ.ȼ. Ⱥɧɚɬɨɦɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ : ɜ 2 ɬ. / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ. Ɋ. ɋɚɩɢɧɚ. – Ɇ. : ȽɗɈɌȺɊ-Ɇɟɞɢɚ, 2022. – Ɍ.2. – 464 ɫ. 2.2. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, ɋ. Ʌ. Ƚɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɰɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɷɦɛɪɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ : ɍɱɟɛɧɢɤ / ɋ. Ʌ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜ, ɇ. ɇ. Ɇɭɲɤɚɦɛɚɪɨɜ. – Ɇ. : «Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ», 2016. – 640 ɫ. 2.3. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ʌ. Ʌ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɧɢɤɨɜɚ. – Ɇ. : Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɚ, 2003. – 424 ɫ. 2.4. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɝɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ȼ. ȼ. ɋɟɦɱɟɧɤɨ, Ɋ. ɉ. ɋɚɦɭɫɟɜɚ. – Ɉɦɫɤ : Ɉɦɫɤɚɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ, 1999. – 156 ɫ. 2.5. ɋɢɧɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, Ɋ. Ⱦ. Ⱥɬɥɚɫ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ : ɭɱɟɛ. ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ : ɜ 4 ɬ. / Ɋ. Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ə. Ɋ. ɋɢɧɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, Ⱥ. ə ɋɢɧɟɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ. – Ɇ. : «ɇɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ», 2023. – Ɍ. 2. – 536 ɫ. 115 ɉɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ 15.04.2024. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60×84 1/16. Ȼɭɦɚɝɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɉɟɱɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɢɡɨɝɪɚɮɟ. ɍɫɥ. ɩɟɱ. ɥ. 6,74. Ɍɢɪɚɠ 50 ɷɤɡ. Ɂɚɤɚɡ 64244. Ɉɬɩɟɱɚɬɚɧɨ ɫ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥ-ɦɚɤɟɬɚ ɜ ɈɈɈ «Ⱥɛɪɢɫ-ɩɪɢɧɬ» 454008 ɝ. ɑɟɥɹɛɢɧɫɤ, Ʉɨɦɫɨɦɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɩɪ., 2, ɨɮ. 203 116