Unity (game engine)

Unity (game engine)
Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity
Technologies, first announced and released in June 2005 at Apple
Worldwide Developers Conference as a Mac OS X game engine.
The engine has since been gradually extended to support a variety
of desktop, mobile, console, augmented reality, and virtual reality
platforms. It is particularly popular for iOS and Android mobile
game development, is considered easy to use for beginner
developers, and is popular for indie game development.[6]
The engine can be used to create three-dimensional (3D) and twodimensional (2D) games, as well as interactive simulations.[7][8]
The engine has been adopted by industries outside video gaming,
such as film, automotive, architecture, engineering, construction,
and the United States Armed Forces.[9]
Unity
Developer(s)
Unity
Technologies
Initial release
1.0 / June 8,
2005
Stable release
Unity 2023.2.17
(Tech Stream)
Unity 2022.3.24
(LTS) /
April 4, 2024[1]
April 9, 2024[2]
History
The Unity game engine launched in 2005, aiming to "democratize"
game development by making it accessible to more
developers.[7][10] It was shown at Worldwide Developers
Conference 2005 by Scott Forstall on Mac OS X.[11] The next
year, Unity was named runner-up in the Best Use of Mac OS X
Graphics category in Apple Inc.'s Apple Design Awards.[12] Unity
was initially released for Mac OS X, later adding support for
Microsoft Windows and Web browsers.[13]
Unity 2.0 (2007)
Preview release Unity 6000.0.0
Beta 15 (Beta)
2023.2.0a22
(Alpha) /
April 13, 2024[3]
July 10, 2023[4]
Written in
C++ (runtime)[5]
C# (Unity
Scripting API)
Platform
See § Supported
platforms
Unity 2.0 launched in 2007 with approximately 50 new
License
Proprietary
features.[14] The release included an optimized terrain engine for
software
detailed 3D environments, real-time dynamic shadows, directional
unity.com (http
lights and spotlights, video playback, and other features.[14] The Website
s://unity.com)
release also added a version control system to allow developers to
collaborate more easily.[14] It included a Networking Layer for
developers to create multiplayer games based on the User Datagram Protocol, offering Network Address
Translation, State Synchronization, and Remote Procedure Calls.[14] When Apple launched its App Store in
2008, Unity quickly added support for the iPhone.[13] For several years, the engine was uncontested on the
iPhone and it became well known with iOS game developers.[7]
Unity 3.0 (2010)
Unity 3.0 launched in September 2010 with features expanding the engine's graphics features for desktop
computers and video game consoles.[15] In addition to Android support, Unity 3 featured integration of
Illuminate Labs' Beast Lightmap tool, deferred rendering, a built-in tree editor, native font rendering,
automatic UV mapping, and audio filters, among other things.[15] In 2012 VentureBeat wrote, "Few
companies have contributed as much to the flowing of independently produced games as Unity
Technologies. [...] More than 1.3 million developers are using its tools to create gee-whiz graphics in their
iOS, Android, console, PC, and web-based games. Unity wants to be the engine for multi-platform games,
period."[16] A May 2012 survey by Game Developer magazine indicated Unity as its top game engine for
mobile platforms.[17]
Unity 4.0 (2012)
In November 2012, Unity Technologies delivered Unity 4.0.[18] This version added DirectX 11 and Adobe
Flash support, new animation tools called Mecanim, and access to the Linux preview.[18]
Facebook integrated a software development kit for games using the Unity game engine in 2013.[19] This
featured tools that allowed tracking advertising campaigns and deep linking, where users were directly
linked from social media posts to specific portions within games, and easy in-game-image sharing.[19] In
2016, Facebook developed a new PC gaming platform with Unity.[20] Unity provided support for
Facebook's gaming platforms, and Unity developers could more quickly export and publish games to
Facebook.[20]
Unity 5 (2015)
The Verge said of 2015's Unity 5 release: "Unity started with the goal of making game development
universally accessible. [...] Unity 5 is a long-awaited step towards that future."[21] With Unity 5, the engine
improved its lighting and audio.[22] Through WebGL, Unity developers could add their games to
compatible Web browsers with no plug-ins required for players.[22] Unity 5.0 offered real-time global
illumination, light mapping previews, Unity Cloud, a new audio system, and the Nvidia PhysX 3.3 physics
engine.[22] The fifth generation of the Unity engine also introduced Cinematic Image Effects to help make
Unity games look less generic.[23] Unity 5.6 added new lighting and particle effects, updated the engine's
overall performance, and added native support for Nintendo Switch, Facebook Gameroom, Google
Daydream, and the Vulkan graphics API.[24] It introduced a 4K video player capable of running 360degree videos for virtual reality.[24]
However, some gamers criticized Unity's accessibility due to the high volume of quickly produced games
published on the Steam distribution platform by inexperienced developers.[25] Former CEO John Riccitiello
said in an interview that he believes this to be a side-effect of Unity's success in democratizing game
development: "If I had my way, I'd like to see 50 million people using Unity – although I don't think we're
going to get there any time soon. I'd like to see high school and college kids using it, people outside the core
industry. I think it's sad that most people are consumers of technology and not creators. The world's a better
place when people know how to create, not just consume, and that's what we're trying to promote."[26]
Unity (2017–present)
In December 2016, Unity Technologies announced that they would change the version numbering system
for Unity from sequence-based identifiers to year of release to align the versioning with their more frequent
release cadence; Unity 5.6 was therefore followed by Unity 2017.[27] Unity 2017 tools featured a real-time
graphics rendering engine, color grading and worldbuilding, live operations analytics and performance
reporting.[28] Unity 2017.2 underscored Unity Technologies' plans beyond video games.[28] This included
new tools such as Timeline, which allowed developers to drag-and-drop animations into games, and
Cinemachine, a smart camera system within games.[28] Unity 2017.2 also integrated Autodesk's 3DS Max
and Maya tools into the Unity engine for a streamlined asset sharing in-game iteration process.[29]
Unity 2018 featured the Scriptable Render Pipeline for developers to create high-end graphics.[30] This
included the High-Definition Rendering Pipeline for console and PC experiences, and the Lightweight
Rendering Pipeline (later renamed to the Universal Render Pipeline[31]) for mobile, virtual reality, and
augmented reality.[30] Unity 2018 also included machine learning tools, such as Imitation Learning,
whereby games learn from real player habits, support for Magic Leap, and templates for new
developers.[30]
The C# source code of Unity was published under a "reference-only" license in March 2018, which
prohibits reuse and modification.[32]
As of 2020, software built with Unity's game engine was running on more than 1.5 billion devices.
According to Unity, apps made with their game engine account for 50 percent of all mobile games, and are
downloaded more than 3 billion times per month, and approximately 15,000 new projects are started daily
with its software.[33][34] Financial Times reported that Unity's engine "powers some of the world's most
lucrative mobile games", such as Pokémon Go and Activision's Call of Duty Mobile.[35]
In June 2020, Unity introduced the Mixed and Augmented Reality Studio (MARS), which provides
developers with additional functionality for rules-based generation of augmented reality (AR)
applications.[36] Unity released Unity Forma, an automotive and retail solution tool, on December 9,
2020.[37]
In June 2020, Unity announced the Unity Editor will support Apple Silicon. The first beta version shipped
later that year.[38][39]
Unity 2021 brought multiple new features such as Bolt, Unity's Visual Scripting system, a new multiplayer
library to support multiplayer games, improved Il2cpp runtime performance, Volumetric clouds for the High
Definition Render pipeline.[40] Shadow caching and Screen Space Global Illumination for HDRP.[41] For
the Universal Render Pipeline it added new features such as point light shadows, Deferred renderer and
general core engine improvements and fixes.[42][43] Full Apple Silicon support was also added in Unity
2021.2. Unity Hub support for Apple Silicon editors arrived in version 3.0 in January 2022.[44]
Changes to Unity 2022 were intended to improve productivity by reducing the time required to enter play
mode and import files, and implementing visual search queries and multi selection in the package
manager.[45] For 2D projects, changes focused on accelerating core software, import, animation, and
physics. Sprite atlasing was revised. Support for PSD extension files and layer management were added to
the 2D PSD Importer, and Delaunay tessellation for 2D physics was added.[45]
On November 16, 2023, Unity announced that the next version of the engine would be called Unity 6,
reverting to the previous version numbering convention. Unity 6 is planned for release in 2024, with
planned features including new generative AI tools called Unity Muse and Unity Sentis.[46]
Features
Unity gives users the ability to create games and experiences in both 2D and 3D, and the engine offers a
primary scripting API in C# using Mono, for both the Unity editor in the form of plugins, and games
themselves, as well as drag and drop functionality.[47] Prior to C# being the primary programming language
used for the engine, it previously supported Boo, which was removed with the release of Unity 5,[48] and a
Boo-based implementation of JavaScript called UnityScript, which was deprecated in August 2017, after
the release of Unity 2017.1, in favor of C#.[49][50]
Within 2D games, Unity allows importation of sprites and an advanced 2D world renderer. For 3D games,
Unity allows specification of texture compression, mipmaps, and resolution settings for each platform that
the game engine supports,[51] and provides support for bump mapping, reflection mapping, parallax
mapping, screen space ambient occlusion (SSAO), dynamic shadows using shadow maps, render-to-texture
and full-screen post-processing effects.[52]
Two separate render pipelines are available, High Definition Render Pipeline (HDRP) and Universal
Render Pipeline (URP, previously LWRP), in addition to the legacy built-in pipeline.[53][54] All three
render pipelines are incompatible with each other.[55] Unity offers a tool to upgrade shaders using the
legacy renderer to URP or HDRP.
Creators can develop and sell user-generated assets to other game makers via the Unity Asset Store. This
includes 3D and 2D assets and environments for developers to buy and sell.[56] Unity Asset Store launched
in 2010. By 2018, there had been approximately 40 million downloads through the digital store.[57]
Supported platforms
Unity is a cross-platform engine.[58] The Unity editor is supported on Windows, macOS, and the Linux
platform, while the engine itself currently supports building games for more than 19 different platforms,
including mobile, desktop, consoles, and virtual reality.[59][60] Unity 2020 LTS officially supports the
following platforms:[61]
Mobile platforms iOS,[62] Android[62] (Android TV[63]), tvOS;[64]
Desktop platforms Windows[62] (Universal Windows Platform[65]), Mac,[10] Linux;[66]
Web platform WebGL;[60]
Console platforms PlayStation 4,[62] PlayStation 5,[67] Xbox One,[10] Xbox Series X/S,[68]
Nintendo Switch;[62]
Virtual/Extended reality platforms Oculus,[62] PlayStation VR,[69] Google's ARCore,[70]
Apple's ARKit,[71] Windows Mixed Reality[72] (HoloLens[73]), Magic Leap,[74] and via Unity
XR SDK[75] Steam VR,[76] Google Cardboard.[77]
Formerly supported platforms are Wii,[78] Wii U,[79] PlayStation 3,[80] Xbox 360,[80] Tizen,[81] PlayStation
Vita,[82] 3DS,[83] BlackBerry 10,[84] Windows Phone 8,[84] Samsung Smart TV,[85] Gear VR,[60]
Daydream,[86] Vuforia,[70] Facebook Gameroom,[86] and Stadia.[87] Unity formerly supported other
platforms including its own Unity Web Player, a Web browser plugin.[66] However, it was deprecated in
favor of WebGL.[88] Since version 5, Unity has been offering its WebGL bundle compiled to JavaScript
using a 2-stage language translator (C# to C++ and finally to JavaScript).[89]
Unity was the default software development kit (SDK) used for Nintendo's Wii U video game console, with
a free copy included by Nintendo with each Wii U developer license. Unity Technologies called this
bundling of a third-party SDK an "industry first".[16][90]
In August 2023, Unity China announced that it would soon launch a Chinese edition called Tuanjie
Engine (Chinese:
; pinyin: Tuánjié Yǐnqíng) based on Unity 2022 LTS, which includes support
for Chinese platforms like Weixin Mini Game, OpenHarmony and AliOS.[91]
团结引擎
Licensing
During its first ten years as a product, the paid versions of Unity were sold outright; in 2016, the corporation
changed to a subscription model.[86] Unity has free and paid licensing options. The free license is for
personal use or smaller companies generating less than $100,000 annually, later raised to $200,000, and the
subscriptions are based on revenues generated by the games using Unity.[92][60] The subscription-based
versions also include additional features geared towards professional projects, including analytics,
performance analysis and error reporting, and Cloud Build among others.[93]
The paid option, Unity Pro, had been required for developers that had over $200,000 in annual revenue, but
this also could have been provided for console developers through a Preferred Platform License from the
console manufacturer. The Unity Pro keys would have been part of the other SDK from the console
manufacturer that the developer paid for. In May 2016, Unity released "Unity Plus", a mid-range tier
between Personal and Pro that provides tools and benefits oriented towards "first-time commercial
developers".[94]
In June 2021, Unity changed its licensing terms to require any developer making games on the closed
console systems (PlayStation, Nintendo Switch, and Xbox) regardless of revenue to have a Unity Pro
license or a Preferred Platform License Key from the manufacturers. Sony and Nintendo provide this as part
of the SDK, but Microsoft had yet to implement this functionality for their SDK.[95] The engine source
code is licensed on a "per-case basis via special arrangements".[96]
Runtime fee reception
On September 12, 2023, Unity announced that use of the engine would become subject to royalties
(referred to as a "runtime fee") beginning in January 2024, calculated per-installation and charged monthly,
if the product reaches specific revenue and lifetime installation thresholds. Unity states that monetizing the
runtime in this manner is required to "allow creators to keep the ongoing financial gains from player
engagement."[97][98]
The new terms faced criticism from game developers who had been using Unity for years, particularly
regarding how this fee would be calculated and enforced, and the implications for demos, freemium games
and bundles distributed for charitable causes.[99][100][101] The change was considered to be contradictory to
statements made by former CEO John Riccitiello in 2015 when Unity originally announced its shift to free
and subscription-based models, stating that all users would "get the full power of Unity for free", and that
there would not be royalties (in contrast to Unreal Engine, which had recently switched to free distribution
but with royalties paid above a specific revenue threshold).[102][93]
Unity subsequently issued a statement clarifying the definition of a chargeable "installation", and
announced that the fee would not apply to charity games or bundles.[103][104] Many indie developers,
including Among Us developer Innersloth[105] and Slay the Spire developer Mega Crit,[106] announced that
they would switch to other game engines.
An analysis by Ars Technica found that several older versions of Unity's terms of service would allow
developers to continue to release their software without having to pay the new fee, as long as they did not
update their project after the January 1, 2024 date.[102] Ars Technica also discovered that Unity had
apparently removed a GitHub repository that permitted developers to track changes in Unity's terms of
service;[102] Mega Crit accused Unity of having done so to apply their new financial model to games
retroactively.[107][108] An analysis by Game Developer came to the conclusion that the changes were
intended to encourage games with large install bases such as Genshin Impact, Subway Surfers and
Hearthstone to migrate to Unity services in order to get a fee reduction. The article noted that the Operate
Solutions division, handling in-app-purchase services for example, was far more profitable than the Create
division, and added that "The many indie developers who will be left by the roadside are completely
incidental to Unity's goals, and are not going to be a significant factor in its future decision making."[109]
Gameindustry.biz described the move as "self-combustion" and identified the changes as an example of
enshittification.[110]
In response to this negative feedback, Unity Technologies introduced revised runtime fee terms on
September 22, 2023. These included removing any fees for uses of Unity Personal for projects funded up to
$200,000 (an increase from the previous $100,000 threshold), fees would only apply to games developed
with Unity 2024 and beyond without any retroactive fees, and the fee would be based on the lesser of 2.5%
of monthly revenue or a calculated value based on monthly engagements, both which rely only on selfreporting of these numbers.[111][112]
Usage
Video games
The engine is used in games including Pokémon Go, Monument Valley, Call of Duty: Mobile, Beat Saber
and Cuphead according to the Financial Times in 2020.[113] Some early commercial games in 2007 include
Splume (Flashbang Studios), Magical Flying Pink Pony Game (Starscene Software) and Global Conflicts:
Palestine (Serious Games Interactive).[114]
As of 2018, Unity had been used to create approximately half of the mobile games on the market and 60
percent of augmented reality and virtual reality content,[115] including approximately 90 percent on
emerging augmented reality platforms, such as Microsoft HoloLens, and 90 percent of Samsung Gear VR
content.[92] Unity technology is the basis for most virtual reality and augmented reality experiences, and
Fortune said Unity "dominates the virtual reality business".[116][117][118] Unity Machine Learning Agents
is open-source software whereby the Unity platform connects to machine learning programs, including
Google's TensorFlow.[119] Using trial and error in Unity Machine Learning Agents, virtual characters use
reinforcement learning to build creative strategies in lifelike virtual landscapes.[119] The software is used to
develop robots and self-driving cars.[119]
Non-gaming industries
In the 2010s, Unity Technologies used its game engine to transition into other industries using the real-time
3D platform, including film and automotive.[120][121] Unity first experimented in filmmaking with Adam, a
short film about a robot escaping from prison. Later, Unity partnered with filmmaker Neill Blomkamp,
whose Oats Studios used the engine's tools, including real-time rendering and Cinemachine, to create two
computer-generated short films, Adam: The Mirror and Adam: The Prophet.[120] At the 2017 Unite Europe
conference in Amsterdam, Unity focused on filmmaking with Unity 2017.1's new Cinemachine tool.[56] In
2018, Disney Television Animation launched three shorts, called Baymax Dreams, that were created using
the Unity engine.[122] The Unity engine was also used by Disney to create backgrounds for the 2019 film
The Lion King.[123]
Automakers use Unity's technology to create full-scale models of new vehicles in virtual reality, build
virtual assembly lines, and train workers.[121] Unity's engine is used by DeepMind, an Alphabet Inc.
company, to train artificial intelligence.[124] Other uses being pursued by Unity Technologies include
architecture, engineering, and construction.[125]
Mascot
On December 16, 2013, Unity Technologies Japan revealed an official mascot character named Unity-chan
(
, Yuniti-chan), real name Kohaku Ōtori (
, Ōtori Kohaku) (voiced by Asuka
Kakumoto). The character's associated game data was released in early 2014.[126][127] The character was
designed by Unity Technologies Japan designer "ntny" as an open-source heroine character.[128] The
company allows the use of Unity-chan and related characters in secondary projects under certain
licenses.[129] For example, Unity-chan appears as a playable character in Runbow.[130]
ユニティちゃん
大鳥 こはく
See also
Video games
portal
List of game engines
List of WebGL frameworks
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開発者向けに無償利用可能なキャラクター ユニティちゃん が来春デビュー！
External links
Official website (https://unity.com)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unity_(game_engine)&oldid=1219660611"