Качалова. Практическая грамматика английского языка с упражнениями и ключами
advertisement
УДК 373.167.1:811.111 ББК 81.2 Англ 2 К30 К30 Качалова, Ксения Николаевна. Практическая грамматика английского языка с упражнения ми и ключами / К. Н. Качалова, Е. Е. Израилевич. — СПб. : КАРО, 2018. — 608 с. ISBN 978 5 9925 0716 4. Настоящий учебник помогает учащимся овладеть как навыками перево да, так и навыками устной и письменной английской речи. Для достижения этой цели учащиеся должны приобрести определенный запас слов и изучить грамматический строй языка. В учебнике освещены основные грамматиче ские явления, встречающиеся в бытовой и деловой современной разговорной речи. Учебник предназначен для студентов и преподавателей языковых вузов, а также для специалистов, связанных в своей практической работе с англий ским языком. УДК 373.167.1:811.111 ББК 81.2 Англ2 ISBN 9785992507164 © КАРО, 2003 Все права защищены ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ Çàäà÷à íàñòîÿùåãî ó÷åáíèêà ïîìî÷ü ó÷àùèìñÿ îâëàäåòü êàê íàâûêàìè ïåðåâîäà, òàê è íàâûêàìè óñòíîé è ïèñüìåííîé àíãëèéñêîé ðå÷è. Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ýòîé öåëè ó÷àùèåñÿ äîëæíû ïðèîáðåñòè îïðåäåëåííûé çàïàñ ñëîâ è èçó÷èòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêèé ñòðîé ÿçûêà. Ïîñêîëüêó ó÷àùèéñÿ ìûñëèò íà ðîäíîì ÿçûêå, òåñíîå âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ðîäíîãî è èíîñòðàííîãî ÿçûêîâ â ïðîöåññå îáó÷åíèÿ èãðàåò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíóþ ðîëü. Àâòîðû ñòðåìèëèñü ïðè ýòîì îòìå÷àòü êàê ðàçëè÷èå ìåæäó ãðàììàòè÷åñêèìè ÿâëåíèÿìè â îáîèõ ÿçûêàõ, òàê è èõ ñõîäñòâî. Ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî ó÷àùèåñÿ ñòðåìÿòñÿ ïåðåíîñèòü â èíîñòðàííóþ ðå÷ü êîíñòðóêöèè, ñâîéñòâåííûå ðóññêîìó ÿçûêó, àâòîðû äåëàþò â ðÿäå ðàçäåëîâ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ, ÷òîáû ïðåäîòâðàòèòü âîçíèêàþùèå íà ýòîé ïî÷âå òèïè÷íûå îøèáêè. Àâòîðû ñòðåìèëèñü ìàêñèìàëüíî îïèðàòüñÿ â èçëîæåíèè ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ÿâëåíèé íà çíàíèÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ â îáëàñòè ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, èñïîëüçóÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ, ôîðìóëèðîâêè è òåðìèíîëîãèþ èç ðóññêîé ãðàììàòèêè, îòñòóïàÿ îò ýòîãî â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ýòîãî òðåáîâàëà ñïåöèôèêà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Ïî ñâîåìó îáúåìó äàííûé ó÷åáíèê ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê ó÷åáíèêàì íîðìàòèâíîé ãðàììàòèêè äëÿ ÿçûêîâûõ âóçîâ. Îäíàêî îí îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò íèõ â îñíîâíîì ìåíåå ïîäðîáíûì òåîðåòè÷åñêèì àíàëèçîì ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ ÿâëåíèé, ïîñêîëüêó îí ïðåäíàçíà÷àåòñÿ íå äëÿ ïîäãîòîâêè ïðåïîäàâàòåëåé àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà, à äëÿ ïîäãîòîâêè ñïåöèàëèñòîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ â ñâîåé ïðàêòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòå ñ àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì.  ó÷åáíèêå îñâåùåíû îñíîâíûå ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå ÿâëåíèÿ, âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ êàê â áûòîâîé è äåëîâîé ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, òàê è â ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ è âíåøíåòîðãîâûõ òåêñòàõ è äîêóìåíòàõ. Íåêîòîðûå ðàçäåëû, êàê, íàïðèìåð, ïðè÷àñòèå, èíôèíèòèâ è ãåðóíäèé, ðàçðàáîòàíû íåñêîëüêî ïîäðîáíåå äðóãèõ ðàçäåëîâ, òàê êàê èõ äåòàëüíîå èçó÷åíèå îñîáåííî âàæíî äëÿ òî÷íîãî ïåðåâîäà ñïåöèàëüíûõ òåêñòîâ è äîêóìåíòîâ. Ïðèìåðû, èëëþñòðèðóþùèå ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå ÿâëåíèÿ, è ìíîãèå óïðàæíåíèÿ ïîñòðîåíû íå òîëüêî íà áûòîâîé ëåêñèêå, íî è íà íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé è âíåøíåòîðãîâîé ëåêñèêå. * * * Íàñòîÿùåå ïîñîáèå ïîñëåäíåå èçäàíèå ó÷åáíèêà Ê. Í. Êà÷àëîâîé è Å. Å. Èçðàèëåâè÷à, îòðåäàêòèðîâàííîå ñ ó÷åòîì íîðì ñîâðåìåííîãî àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. 4 ÌÎÐÔÎËÎÃÈß ×ÀÑÒÈ ÐÅ×È Âñå ñëîâà äåëÿòñÿ íà ðàçðÿäû, íàçûâàåìûå ÷àñòÿìè ðå÷è. Ñëîâà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê òîé èëè èíîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñëåäóþùèõ ïðèçíàêîâ: 1) ñâîåãî çíà÷åíèÿ, 2) ðîëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè, 3) ôîðì ñëîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿ (ñóôôèêñîâ) è 4) ôîðì ñëîâîèçìåíåíèÿ (ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ îêîí÷àíèé).  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ôîðìû ñëîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿ è ñëîâîèçìåíåíèÿ î÷åíü ÷àñòî íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïðèçíàêàìè, îòëè÷àþùèìè îäíó ÷àñòü ðå÷è îò äðóãîé, ïîñêîëüêó îãðîìíîå êîëè÷åñòâî àíãëèéñêèõ ñëîâ íå èìååò õàðàêòåðíûõ ñóôôèêñîâ, óêàçûâàþùèõ íà èõ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ê òîé èëè èíîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è, à êîëè÷åñòâî ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ îêîí÷àíèé êðàéíå îãðàíè÷åíî. Ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ÷àñòè ðå÷è: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå Èìÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå Èìÿ ÷èñëèòåëüíîå Ìåñòîèìåíèå Ãëàãîë Íàðå÷èå Ïðåäëîã Ñîþç Ìåæäîìåòèå (the (the (the (the (the (the (the (the (the Noun) Adjective) Numeral) Pronoun) Verb) Adverb) Preposition) Conjunction) Interjection) Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå, ÷èñëèòåëüíîå, ìåñòîèìåíèå, ãëàãîë è íàðå÷èå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ à ì î ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü í û ì è ñëîâàìè. Îíè îáîçíà÷àþò ïðåäìåòû, èõ ñâîéñòâà, èõ äåéñòâèÿ è ò. ï. è ñëóæàò â ïðåäëîæåíèè åãî ÷ëåíàìè. Ïðåäëîãè è ñîþçû ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ ë ó æ å á í û ì è ñëîâàìè. Îíè ïîêàçûâàþò ðàçëè÷íûå îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èëè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, íî ñàìè íå ñëóæàò ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ñëóæåáíûìè ñëîâàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ òàêæå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ãëàãîëû, ñëóæàùèå äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñëîæíûõ ãëàãîëüíûõ ôîðì. Ê ÷èñëó ñëóæåáíûõ ñëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ è àðòèêëè, íå ïðèíàäëåæàùèå íè ê îäíîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è, à ñëóæàùèå ïðèçíàêàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. Ìåæäîìåòèÿ (ñëîâà, âûðàæàþùèå ÷óâñòâà, íî íå íàçûâàþùèå èõ) íå îòíîñÿòñÿ íè ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì, íè ê ñëóæåáíûì ñëîâàì, ïîñêîëüêó îíè îòëè÷àþòñÿ ñâîèì çíà÷åíèåì è ðîëüþ â ïðåäëîæåíèè êàê îò òåõ, òàê è îò äðóãèõ. 5 ÈÌß ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ (THE NOUN) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. 1. Èìåíåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷àñòü ðå÷è, êîòîðàÿ îáîçíà÷àåò ïðåäìåò. Ïðåäìåòîì â ãðàììàòèêå íàçûâàþò âñå òî, î ÷åì ìîæíî ñïðîñèòü: who is this? êòî ýòî? èëè what is this? ÷òî ýòî? Íàïðèìåð: who is this? êòî ýòî? a man ÷åëîâåê, a girl äåâî÷êà, an engineer èíæåíåð; what is this? ÷òî ýòî? a house äîì, wheat ïøåíèöà, darkness òåìíîòà, work ðàáîòà. 2. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îáû÷íî ñîïðîâîæäàþòñÿ àðòèêëÿìè è ÷àñòî ñî÷åòàþòñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè. Àðòèêëü è ïðåäëîã ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè ïðèçíàêàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: a table, the table ñòîë, on the table íà ñòîëå, under the table ïîä ñòîëîì. 3. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå èìåþò äâà ÷èñëà: å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î å è ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î å : a table (åä. ÷.) ñòîë, tables (ìí. ÷.) ñòîëû; a book (åä. ÷.) êíèãà, books (ìí. ÷.) êíèãè. 4. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå èìåþò äâà ïàäåæà: «î á ù è é » è «ï ð è ò ÿ æ à ò å ë ü í û é »: worker (îáùèé ïàäåæ), workers (ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ); father (îáùèé ïàäåæ), fathers (ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ). 5. Ðîä èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íå ôîðìîé ñëîâà, à åãî çíà÷åíèåì. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û å ïðåäìåòû, áûâàþò ì ó æ ñ ê î ã î èëè æ å í ñ ê î ã î ðîäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáîçíà÷àåìîãî èìè ïîëà: a man (ìóæñêîé ðîä) ìóæ÷èíà, a woman (æåíñêèé ðîä) æåíùèíà. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå í å î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û å ïðåäìåòû, îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ñ ð å ä í å ì ó ðîäó: a chair ñòóë, water âîäà, a window îêíî. 6. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå áûâàþò ï ð î ñ ò û å è ï ð î è ç â î ä í û å . Ê ï ð î ñ ò û ì èìåíàì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, íå èìåþùèå â ñâîåì ñîñòàâå íè ïðåôèêñîâ, íè ñóôôèêñîâ: ship êîðàáëü, town ãîðîä, book êíèãà, wheat ïøåíèöà. Ê ï ð î è ç â î ä í û ì èìåíàì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, èìåþùèå â ñâîåì ñîñòàâå ñóôôèêñû èëè ïðåôèêñû, èëè îäíîâðåìåííî è òå è äðóãèå: darkness òåìíîòà, misprint îïå÷àòêà, unemployment áåçðàáîòèöà. Ê íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì ñóôôèêñàì ïðîèçâîäíûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ îòíîñÿòñÿ: -åã: worker ðàáî÷èé, writer ïèñàòåëü -ment: development ðàçâèòèå, government ïðàâèòåëüñòâî -ness: happiness ñ÷àñòüå, kindness ëþáåçíîñòü -ion: restriction îãðàíè÷åíèå, connection ñâÿçü -dom: freedom ñâîáîäà, wisdom ìóäðîñòü -hood: childhood äåòñòâî, neighbourhood ñîñåäñòâî -ship: leadership ðóêîâîäñòâî, friendship äðóæáà Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ïî÷òè íå èìåþò õàðàêòåðíûõ ïðåôèêñîâ. Ïðåôèêñû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â îñíîâíîì ñîâïàäàþò ñ ïðåôèêñàìè ãëàãîëîâ è 6 ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, òàê êàê îíè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îáðàçîâàííûõ îò ýòèõ ÷àñòåé ðå÷è: reconstruction ðåêîíñòðóêöèÿ, disarmament ðàçîðóæåíèå, uneasiness áåñïîêîéñòâî, inequality íåðàâåíñòâî. Íåêîòîðûå èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ î ñ ò à â í û ì è è îáðàçóþòñÿ èç äâóõ ñëîâ, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ îäíî ïîíÿòèå: bedroom ñïàëüíÿ, newspaper ãàçåòà, reading-room ÷èòàëüíÿ. Íåêîòîðûå ñîñòàâíûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îáðàçóþòñÿ èç äâóõ ñëîâ ñ ïðåäëîãîì ìåæäó íèìè: commander-in-chief ãëàâíîêîìàíäóþùèé, motherin-law ñâåêðîâü. (Ñì. ïðèëîæåíèå 1.) 7. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè â ôóíêöèè: à) ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î : The train leaves at six oclock. Ïîåçä îòõîäèò â øåñòü ÷àñîâ. á) è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î : Íå is a teacher. Îí ïðåïîäàâàòåëü. â) ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ (ïðÿìîãî, áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî è ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî): Ive received a telegram. Weve sent the buyers a letter. Ill speak to the manager. ã) î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ : This is the managers room. ä) î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à : There is a hospital in the village. ß ïîëó÷èë òåëåãðàììó. Ìû ïîñëàëè ïîêóïàòåëÿì ïèñüìî. ß ïîãîâîðþ ñ çàâåäóþùèì. Ýòî êîìíàòà çàâåäóþùåãî.  äåðåâíå èìååòñÿ áîëüíèöà. ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÁÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ È ÍÀÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ § 2. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå äåëÿòñÿ íà ñ î á ñ ò â å í í û å (Proper Nouns) è í à ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û å (Common Nouns). 1. Ñ î á ñ ò â å í í û å èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé íàçâàíèÿ ïðåäìåòîâ, åäèíñòâåííûõ â ñâîåì ðîäå: the Volga Âîëãà, the Caucasus Êàâêàç, London Ëîíäîí. Ê ñîáñòâåííûì èìåíàì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêæå ëè÷íûå èìåíà: Peter Ïåòð, John Smith Äæîí Ñìèò. Ñîáñòâåííûå èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ïèøóòñÿ ñ ïðîïèñíîé áóêâû. Åñëè ñîáñòâåííîå èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñî÷åòàíèå íåñêîëüêèõ ñëîâ, òî âñå ñëîâà, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì àðòèêëåé, ïðåäëîãîâ è ñîþçîâ, ïèøóòñÿ ñ ïðîïèñíîé áóêâû: the Russian Federation Ðîññèéñêàÿ Ôåäåðàöèÿ, the Atlantic Ocean Àòëàíòè÷åñêèé Îêåàí, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Ñîåäèíåííîå Êîðîëåâñòâî Âåëèêîáðèòàíèè è Ñåâåðíîé Èðëàíäèè. 7 2. Í à ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û å èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé îáùåå íàçâàíèå äëÿ âñåõ îäíîðîäíûõ ïðåäìåòîâ: a boy ìàëü÷èê, a country ñòðàíà, a house äîì, a river ðåêà. Ê íàðèöàòåëüíûì èìåíàì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ: à) èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå î ò ä å ë ü í û å ïðåäìåòû (a book êíèãà, books êíèãè, a tree äåðåâî, trees äåðåâüÿ), à òàêæå èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ñ î á è ð à ò å ë ü í û å , ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå ñîáîé íàçâàíèÿ ãðóïï ëèö èëè æèâîòíûõ, ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ êàê îäíî öåëîå (a family ñåìüÿ, families ñåìüè, a crowd òîëïà, crowds òîëïû, a herd ñòàäî, herds ñòàäà); á) èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ðàçëè÷íûå â å ù å ñ ò â à (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå âåùåñòâåííûå Material Nouns): water âîäà, steel ñòàëü, wool øåðñòü; â) èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ï ð è ç í à ê è, ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ, ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è ÿ, ÷ ó â ñ ò â à, ÿ â ë å í è ÿ, í à ó ê è, è ñ ê ó ñ ñ ò â à è ò. ï. (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îòâëå÷åííûå Abstract Nouns): honesty ÷åñòíîñòü, bravery õðàáðîñòü, darkness òåìíîòà, love ëþáîâü, work ðàáîòà, sleep ñîí, winter çèìà, history èñòîðèÿ, music ìóçûêà. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå èñ÷èñëÿåìûå è íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûå § 3. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå íàðèöàòåëüíûå ìîæíî ðàçäåëèòü íà äâå ãðóïïû: 1) è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û å è 2) í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û å. 1. Ê è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ íàçâàíèÿ ïðåäìåòîâ, êîòîðûå ìîæíî ïåðåñ÷èòàòü. Îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì, òàê è âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: I have bought a book. I have bought two books. There is a library in this street. There are very many libraries in Moscow. ß êóïèë êíèãó. ß êóïèë äâå êíèãè. Íà ýòîé óëèöå èìååòñÿ áèáëèîòåêà.  Ìîñêâå î÷åíü ìíîãî áèáëèîòåê. 2. Ê í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ íàçâàíèÿ ïðåäìåòîâ, êîòîðûå í å ë ü ç ÿ ïåðåñ÷èòàòü. Ê íèì ïðèíàäëåæàò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå âåùåñòâåííûå è îòâëå÷åííûå. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: Coal is produced in many districts of our country. Knowledge is power. Óãîëü äîáûâàåòñÿ âî ìíîãèõ ðàéîíàõ íàøåé ñòðàíû. Çíàíèå ñèëà. § 4. Íåêîòîðûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå âåùåñòâåííûå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà èëè ïðåäìåòîâ èç äàííîãî âåùåñòâà èëè ìàòåðèàëà; â ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè ïåðåõîäÿò â èñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå: Íå carried a brick (two bricks) in each hand. Ñð.: Our house is built of brick. 8 Îí íåñ êèðïè÷ (äâà êèðïè÷à) â êàæäîé ðóêå. Íàø äîì ïîñòðîåí èç êèðïè÷à. The boy threw a stone (two stones) into the water. Ñð.: The ground was as hard as stone. Ìàëü÷èê áðîñèë êàìåíü (äâà êàìíÿ) â âîäó. Çåìëÿ áûëà òâåðäà, êàê êàìåíü. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå âåùåñòâåííûå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ðàçíûõ ñîðòîâ è âèäîâ âåùåñòâà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè ïåðåõîäÿò â èñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå: It is a good wine. Íå prefers Caucasian wines to Crimean wines. We export lubricating oils. Ýòî õîðîøåå âèíî. Îí ïðåäïî÷èòàåò êàâêàçñêèå âèíà êðûìñêèì. Ìû ýêñïîðòèðóåì ñìàçî÷íûå ìàñëà. § 5. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îòâëå÷åííûå ïåðåõîäÿò â èñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, êîãäà îíè êîíêðåòèçèðóþòñÿ: Íå made a speech yesterday. His speeches are always interesting. Ñð.: Animals do not possess the power of speech. Îí ïðîèçíåñ â÷åðà ðå÷ü. Åãî ðå÷è âñåãäà èíòåðåñíû. Æèâîòíûå íå îáëàäàþò äàðîì ðå÷è. There are very many amusements in the Park of Culture and Rest. Ñð.: Íå does that for amusement.  Ïàðêå Êóëüòóðû è Îòäûõà î÷åíü ìíîãî ðàçâëå÷åíèé. Îí äåëàåò ýòî ðàäè ðàçâëå÷åíèÿ. ×ÈÑËÎ (NUMBER) § 6.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ðóññêîì, äâà ÷èñëà: å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î å è ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î å. Ôîðìà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ñëóæèò äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ îäíîãî ïðåäìåòà: a table ñòîë, a pen ïåðî. Ôîðìà ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ñëóæèò äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äâóõ èëè áîëåå ïðåäìåòîâ: tables ñòîëû, pens ïåðüÿ. Îáðàçîâàíèå ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ § 7. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ê ôîðìå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà îêîí÷àíèÿ -s, êîòîðîå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ êàê [z] ïîñëå ç â î í ê è õ ñîãëàñíûõ è ïîñëå ã ë à ñ í û õ è êàê [s] ïîñëå ã ë ó õ è õ ñîãëàñíûõ: hand machine shoe year map safe ðóêà ìàøèíà áîòèíîê ãîä êàðòà ñåéô hands machines shoes years maps safes [hBndz] [mA'Si:nz] [Su:z] [jA:z] [mBps] [seIfs] 9 § 8. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íà áóêâû s, ss, x, sh, ch, ò. å. îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà ñâèñòÿùèé èëè øèïÿùèé çâóê, îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -es ê ôîðìå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Îêîí÷àíèå -es ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ êàê [Iz]: class box dish inch êëàññ êîðîáêà áëþäî äþéì classes boxes dishAI inches ['klC:sIz] ['bDksIz] ['dISIz] ['IntSIz] ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êàê [Iz] ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ òàêæå îêîí÷àíèå ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îêàí÷èâàþùèõñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íà íåìîå å ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé áóêâîé s, ñ, z, g, ò. å. îêàí÷èâàþùèõñÿ íà øèïÿùèé èëè ñâèñòÿùèé çâóê: horse place prize judge ëîøàäü ìåñòî ïðèç ñóäüÿ horses places prizes judges ['hD:sIz] ['pleIsIz] ['praIzIz] ['dZEdZIz] § 9. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íà -ó ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé ñ î ã ë à ñ í î é , îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -es, ïðè÷åì -ó ìåíÿåòñÿ íà i: city ãîðîä cities army àðìèÿ armies factory ôàáðèêà factories Åñëè æå ïåðåä ó ñòîèò ã ë à ñ í à ÿ, òî ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî îáðàçóåòñÿ ïî îáùåìó ïðàâèëó ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ -s.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ó íå ìåíÿåòñÿ íà i: day äåíü days boy ìàëü÷èê boys toy èãðóøêà toys key êëþ÷ keys § 10. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íà -î, îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ -es: cargo ãðóç cargoes hero ãåðîé heroes tomato ïîìèäîð tomatoes Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå piano ïèàíèíî è photo ôîòîãðàôèÿ îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïî îáùåìó ïðàâèëó, ïðèíèìàÿ îêîí÷àíèå -s: pianos, photos. § 11. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íà -f, îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ f íà v è ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -es: leaf ëèñò leaves; wolf âîëê wolves 10 Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -fe, îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ f íà v è ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -s: knife íîæ knives; wife æåíà wives Îäíàêî íåêîòîðûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -f è -fe, îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî òîëüêî ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -s: chief handkerchief roof safe íà÷àëüíèê ïëàòîê êðûøà ñåéô chiefs handkerchiefs roofs safes Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå wharf ïðèñòàíü èìååò äâå ôîðìû ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: wharfs, wharves. Îñîáûå ñëó÷àÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ § 12. Íåêîòîðûå èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî íå ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -s, à ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ êîðíåâûõ ãëàñíûõ: Åäèíñòâåííîå man [mBn] woman ['wumAn] foot [fut] tooth [tu:F] goose [gu:s] mouse [maus] ÷èñëî ìóæ÷èíà æåíùèíà íîãà çóá ãóñü ìûøü Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî men [men] women ['wImIn] feet [fi:t] teeth [ti:F] geese [gi:s] mice [maIs] § 13. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ox [Dks] áûê ïðèíèìàåò âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå îêîí÷àíèå -en: oxen ['DksAn]. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå child [tSaIld] ðåáåíîê èìååò âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ôîðìó children ['tSIldrAn]. § 14. Íåêîòîðûå èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, çàèìñòâîâàííûå èç ãðå÷åñêîãî è ëàòèíñêîãî ÿçûêîâ, ñîõðàíèëè ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ýòèõ ÿçûêîâ: Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî datum ['deItAm] äàííàÿ âåëè÷èíà addendum [A'dendAm] äîáàâëåíèå erratum [I'reItAm] îøèáêà (îïå÷àòêà) memorandum ìåìîðàíäóì [memA'rBndAm] phenomenon [fI'nDmInAn] ÿâëåíèå basis ['beIsIs] crisis ['kraIsIs] áàçèñ êðèçèñ Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî data ['deIta] addenda [A'dendA] errata [I'reItA] memoranda [memA'rBndA] phenomena [fI'nDmInA] bases ['beIsi:z] crises ['kraIsi:z] 11 § 15. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå penny ïåíñ èìååò ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà pence, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåíåæíîé ñóììå. Êîãäà æå èìåþòñÿ â âèäó îòäåëüíûå ìîíåòû, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìà pennies: It costs eighteen pence. Pennies are made of bronze. Ýòî ñòîèò âîñåìíàäöàòü ïåíñîâ. Ïåíñû (ò. å. ìîíåòû â îäèí ïåíñ) äåëàþòñÿ èç áðîíçû. § 16. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå sheep îâöà è fish ðûáà èìåþò îäíó è òó æå ôîðìó äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: This farm has a great number of sheep. I caught two fish. Ýòà ôåðìà èìååò áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî îâåö. ß ïîéìàë äâå ðûáû. Îäíàêî, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäàõ ðûá, fish èìååò ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà fishes: In this lake there are fishes of many varieties.  ýòîì îçåðå èìåþòñÿ ðûáû ìíîãèõ ðàçíîâèäíîñòåé. § 17. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå dozen äþæèíà è score äâàäöàòü èìåþò îäíó è òó æå ôîðìó äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, åñëè îíè ñòîÿò ïîñëå ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ: two dozen (of) eggs äâå äþæèíû. ÿèö; three score (of) years øåñòüäåñÿò ëåò. Êîãäà ýòè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå íå ñîïðîâîæäàþòñÿ ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè, îíè îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïî îáùåìó ïðàâèëó ïóòåì äîáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -s: Pack the books in dozens, please. Scores of people were present there. Óïàêóéòå êíèãè äþæèíàìè, ïîæàëóéñòà. Ìíîãî ëþäåé ïðèñóòñòâîâàëî òàì. § 18. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå works çàâîä, çàâîäû óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàê åäèíñòâåííîãî, òàê è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: A new glass works has been built near the village. There are two brick works outside the town. Âîçëå äåðåâíè ïîñòðîåí íîâûé ñòåêîëüíûé çàâîä. Çà ãîðîäîì íàõîäÿòñÿ äâà êèðïè÷íûõ çàâîäà. § 19. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå means ñðåäñòâî, ñðåäñòâà òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ñî çíà÷åíèåì åäèíñòâåííîãî, òàê è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Íå found a means of helping them. Are there any other means of helping them? 12 Îí íàøåë ñðåäñòâî ïîìî÷ü èì. Åñòü ëè äðóãèå ñðåäñòâà noìî÷ü èì? ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß: 1. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå gate âîðîòà, sledge ñàíè, watch ÷àñû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â åäèíñòâåííîì, òàê è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: The gate is open. All the gates were closed. My watch is on the table. Íå has two watches. Âîðîòà îòêðûòû. Âñå âîðîòà áûëè çàêðûòû. Ìîè ÷àñû íà ñòîëå. Ó íåãî äâîå ÷àñîâ. 2. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå export è import óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â åäèíñòâåííîì, òàê è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâà ýêñïîðò è èìïîðò óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå. Export è import óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ôîðìå ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ã î ÷èñëà exports, imports, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î êîëè÷åñòâå èëè ñòîèìîñòè âûâåçåííûõ èëè ââåçåííûõ òîâàðîâ: Russian exports to Poland as well as Russian imports from that country have greatly increased. Ðóññêèé ýêñïîðò â Ïîëüøó òàê æå, êàê è ðóññêèé èìïîðò èç ýòîé ñòðàíû, çíà÷èòåëüíî óâåëè÷èëñÿ. Êîãäà èìååòñÿ â âèäó ïðîöåññ âûâîçà èëè ââîçà, òî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ôîðìû å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ã î ÷èñëà export è import: That organization is engaged in the export and import of different machines. Ýòà îðãàíèçàöèÿ çàíèìàåòñÿ ýêñïîðòîì (âûâîçîì) è èìïîðòîì (ââîçîì) ðàçëè÷íûõ ìàøèí. Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ñîñòàâíûõ èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ § 20.  ñîñòàâíûõ èìåíàõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (Compound Nouns), êîòîðûå ïèøóòñÿ ðàçäåëüíî, ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà îáû÷íî ïðèíèìàåò îñíîâíîå â ñìûñëîâîì îòíîøåíèè ñëîâî: custom-house man-of-war hotel-keeper mother-in-law passer-by òàìîæíÿ âîåííûé êîðàáëü õîçÿèí ãîñòèíèöû òåùà, ñâåêðîâü ïðîõîæèé custom-houses men-of-war hotel-keepers mothers-in-law passers-by Åñëè ïåðâûì ñëîâîì ñîñòàâíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñëîâî man èëè woman, òî îáà ñëîâà ïðèíèìàþò ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: man-servant woman-doctor ñëóãà æåíùèíà-âðà÷ men-servants women-doctors Ñîñòàâíûå èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, êîòîðûå ïèøóòñÿ ñëèòíî, îáðàçóþò ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî ïî òîìó ïðàâèëó, êîòîðîìó ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ âòîðîå ñëîâî, âõîäÿùåå â åãî ñîñòàâ: schoolboy housewife postman øêîëüíèê äîìàøíÿÿ õîçÿéêà ïî÷òàëüîí schoolboys housewives postmen 13 Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ òîëüêî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå § 21. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û å, ò. å. ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå âåùåñòâåííûå è îòâëå÷åííûå, îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, òîëüêî â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: sugar ñàõàð, iron æåëåçî, love ëþáîâü, friendship äðóæáà. § 22. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå advice ñîâåò, ñîâåòû, information èíôîðìàöèÿ, ñîîáùåíèÿ, ñâåäåíèÿ, progress óñïåõ, óñïåõè, knowledge çíàíèå, çíàíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå, ìåæäó òåì êàê â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê â åäèíñòâåííîì, òàê è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: Íå gave me some good advice. We have very little information on this subject. I am satisfied with your progress. Îí äàë ìíå íåñêîëüêî õîðîøèõ ñîâåòîâ. Ó íàñ î÷åíü ìàëî ñâåäåíèé ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. ß óäîâëåòâîðåí âàøèìè óñïåõàìè. § 23. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå news íîâîñòü, íîâîñòè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, õîòÿ è èìååò ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: What is the news? Êàêèå íîâîñòè? § 24. Íàçâàíèÿ íàóê, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -ics (mathematics, physics, phonetics è ò. ï.), óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, õîòÿ è èìåþò ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Phonetics is a branch of linguistics. Mathematics forms the basis of many other sciences. Ôîíåòèêà ðàçäåë ëèíãâèñòèêè. Ìàòåìàòèêà ñîñòàâëÿåò îñíîâó ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ íàóê. § 25. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå money äåíüãè è hair âîëîñû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, ìåæäó òåì êàê â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: Her hair is dark. This money belongs to him. Ó íåå òåìíûå âîëîñû. Ýòè äåíüãè ïðèíàäëåæàò åìó. § 26. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå fruit ôðóêòû óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: Fruit is cheap in summer. We eat a great deal of fruit. Ôðóêòû äåøåâû ëåòîì. Ìû åäèì ìíîãî ôðóêòîâ. Îäíàêî äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ðàçëè÷íûõ âèäîâ ôðóêòîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî fruits: 14 On the table there are apples. plums and other fruits. Íà ñòîëå èìåþòñÿ ÿáëîêè, ñëèâû è äðóãèå ôðóêòû (âèäû ôðóêòîâ). Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ òîëüêî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå § 27. Íàçâàíèÿ ìíîãèõ ïàðíûõ ïðåäìåòîâ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, òîëüêî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: scissors íîæíèöû; trousers áðþêè; spectacles î÷êè; scales âåñû; tongs ùèïöû: These scissors are very sharp. Your trousers are too long. Where are my spectacles? Ýòè íîæíèöû î÷åíü îñòðûå. Âàøè áðþêè ñëèøêîì äëèííûå. Ãäå ìîè î÷êè? § 28. Ñëåäóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: goods òîâàð, òîâàðû; contents ñîäåðæàíèå; clothes îäåæäà; proceeds âûðó÷êà; wages çàðàáîòíàÿ ïëàòà; riches áîãàòñòâî, áîãàòñòâà: These goods have arrived from LonÝòîò òîâàð (ýòè òîâàðû) ïðèdon. áûë(è) èç Ëîíäîíà. The contents of the letter have not Ñîäåðæàíèå ïèñüìà íå èçìåíåíî. been changed. His clothes were wet as he had been Åãî îäåæäà áûëà ìîêðàÿ, òàê êàê caught in the rain. îí ïîïàë ïîä äîæäü. The proceeds of the sale of the goods Âûðó÷êà îò ïðîäàæè òîâàðà ïåhave been transferred to Moscow. ðåâåäåíà â Ìîñêâó. § 29. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå people ëþäè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: There were many people there. Òàì áûëî ìíîãî íàðîäó (ìíîãî ëþäåé). Îäíàêî, êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå people îçíà÷àåò íàðîä, íàöèÿ, îíî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â åäèíñòâåííîì, òàê è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, ïðèíèìàÿ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ôîðìó peoples: The Russian people is invincible. Ðóññêèé íàðîä íåïîáåäèì. § 30.  ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìååòñÿ òîëüêî äâà ïàäåæà: «îáùèé» ïàäåæ (the Common Case), íå èìåþùèé ñïåöèàëüíûõ îêîí÷àíèé, è «ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé» ïàäåæ (the Possessive Case), èìåþùèé îêîí÷àíèå -s. ÏÀÄÅÆ (CASE) Îáùèé ïàäåæ (The Common Case) § 31. Ïîñêîëüêó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â îáùåì ïàäåæå íå èìååò ñïåöèàëüíûõ îêîí÷àíèé, åãî îòíîøåíèå ê äðóãèì ñëîâàì, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ïðåäëîãà, îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ì å ñ ò î ì, çàíèìàåìûì èì 15 â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ñòîÿùåå ï å ð å ä ñêàçóåìûì, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â è ì å í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ñòîÿùåå ï î ñ ë å ñêàçóåìîãî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ï ð ÿ ì û ì ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â â è í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà: The student recognized the teacher. The teacher recognized the student. Ñòóäåíò óçíàë ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿ. Ïðåïîäàâàòåëü óçíàë ñòóäåíòà. Ìåæäó ñêàçóåìûì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ÿâëÿþùèìñÿ ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü äðóãîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â îáùåì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ëèöî. Òàêîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ê î ñ â å í í û ì ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà: The teacher showed the students à diagram. Ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ïîêàçàë ñòóäåíòàì äèàãðàììó. § 32. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â îáùåì ïàäåæå ñ ïðåäëîãàìè of, to, by, with âûðàæàþò îòíîøåíèÿ, ïåðåäàâàåìûå ðóññêèìè êîñâåííûìè ïàäåæàìè áåç ïðåäëîãîâ. Ýòè ïðåäëîãè íå èìåþò â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè. 1. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì of ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ðîäèòåëüíîìó ïàäåæó (îòâå÷àþùåìó íà âîïðîñ êîãî? ÷åãî?) è âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ê ïðåäøåñòâóþùåìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó: The leg of the table is broken. He showed me the house of his friend. Íîæêà ñòîëà ñëîìàíà. Îí ïîêàçàë ìíå äîì ñâîåãî äðóãà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ðóññêèé ðîäèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ïåðåäàåòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñ ïðåäëîãîì of òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè îí âûðàæàåò îòíîøåíèå ê äðóãîìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó. Ïðåäëîã of â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âñåãäà ñòîèò, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ìåæäó äâóìÿ ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì è. Íîæêà ñòîëà ñëîìàíà. Äàéòå ìíå ñòàêàí âîäû. The leg of the table is broken. Give me a glass of water. Äðóãèå îòíîøåíèÿ, âûðàæàåìûå ðîäèòåëüíûì ïàäåæîì â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ïåðåäàþòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå äðóãèìè ñïîñîáàìè, êàê, íàïðèìåð: Ìàëü÷èê ñòàðøå äåâî÷êè. ß íå áðàë êàðàíäàøà. The boy is older than the girl. I did not take the pencil. 2. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó (îòâå÷àþùåìó íà âîïðîñ êîìó? ÷åìó?) è âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ: 16 Íå gave a magazine to his friend. I showed the book to the teacher. Îí äàë ñâîåìó ïðèÿòåëþ æóðíàë. ß ïîêàçàë êíèãó ïðåïîäàâàòåëþ. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â äàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ìîæåò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü òàêæå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå áåç ïðåäëîãà; â ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíî çàíèìàåò ìåñòî ìåæäó ãëàãîëîì è ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì (§ 31): Íå gave his friend a magazine. I showed the teacher the book. 3. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì by ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó (îòâå÷àþùåìó íà âîïðîñ êåì? ÷åì?) è âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ ïðåäëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, îáîçíà÷àÿ äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî èëè äåéñòâóþùóþ ñèëó ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ â ôîðìå ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: The cup was broken by Peter. This engine is driven by electricity. ×àøêà áûëà ðàçáèòà Ïåòðîì. Ýòîò ìîòîð ïðèâîäèòñÿ â äâèæåíèå ýëåêòðè÷åñòâîì. 4. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì with òàêæå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó è âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ ïðåäëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, îáîçíà÷àÿ ïðåäìåò, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðîãî ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ êàêîåíèáóäü äåéñòâèå: I opened the tin with a knife. I cannot write with this pen. ß îòêðûë áàíêó íîæîì. ß íå ìîãó ïèñàòü ýòîé ðó÷êîé. § 33. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â îáùåì ïàäåæå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàêæå ñ ëþáûìè ïðåäëîãàìè è âûðàæàþò îòíîøåíèÿ, ïåðåäàâàåìûå ðóññêèìè êîñâåííûìè ïàäåæàìè ñ ïðåäëîãàìè: This letter is for the teacher. I quite agree with the doctor. I have received a letter from the manager. Ýòî ïèñüìî äëÿ ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿ. ß âïîëíå ñîãëàñåí ñ äîêòîðîì. ß ïîëó÷èë ïèñüìî îò çàâåäóþùåãî. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ (The Possessive Case) § 34. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ñëóæèò îïðåäåëåíèåì ê äðóãîìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó è îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ whose? ÷åé?, îáîçíà÷àÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü ïðåäìåòà.  ôîðìå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û å. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå íåîäóøåâëåííûå, çà íåêîòîðûìè èñêëþ÷åíèÿìè, î êîòîðûõ ñêàçàíî íèæå, â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ. 1. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå îáðàçóåòñÿ ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó îêîí÷àíèÿ -s (ò. å. çíàêà àïîñòðîôà è áóêâû s), êîòîðîå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [z], [s] èëè [Iz] 17 ñîãëàñíî òåì æå ïðàâèëàì, êîòîðûì ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ ïðîèçíîøåíèå îêîí÷àíèÿ -s ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (ñòð. 11): the girls hat Jacks friend the horses leg [GA 'gA:lz 'hBt] ['dZBks 'frend] [GA 'hD:sIz 'leg] øëÿïà äåâóøêè äðóã Äæåêà íîãà ëîøàäè 2. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðèáàâëåíèåì îäíîãî òîëüêî àïîñòðîôà: the boys books êíèãè ìàëü÷èêîâ; the workers tools èíñòðóìåíòû ðàáî÷èõ. Åñëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íå èìååò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s, òî ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ îáðàçóåòñÿ, êàê è â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -s: the childrens toys èãðóøêè äåòåé; the workmens tools èíñòðóìåíòû ðàáî÷èõ. 3. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ î ñ ò à â í û õ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -s ê ïîñëåäíåìó ñëîâó, âõîäÿùåìó â ñîñòàâ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: the commander-in-chiefs order my brother-in-laws library ïðèêàç ãëàâíîêîìàíäóþùåãî áèáëèîòåêà ìîåãî çÿòÿ 4. Êîãäà ä â à ë è ö à èëè áîëåå ÿâëÿþòñÿ îáëàäàòåëÿìè îäíîãî è òîãî æå ïðåäìåòà, îêîí÷àíèå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà ïðèáàâëÿåòñÿ ê ïîñëåäíåìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó: Peter and Helens flat is large. Êâàðòèðà Ïåòðà è Åëåíû áîëüøàÿ. § 35. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ñòîèò ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî ñëóæèò îïðåäåëåíèåì. Îíî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â ð î ä è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå èëè ï ð è ò ÿ æ à ò å ë ü í î ì ó ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ì ó: the students dictionary the childrens mother Kates friends ñëîâàðü ñòóäåíòà ìàòü äåòåé Êàòèíû äðóçüÿ § 36. Êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îïðåäåëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå, èìååò ïðè ñåáå äðóãèå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ñòîèò ï å ð å ä íèìè: the students new dictionary Kates best friends íîâûé ñëîâàðü ñòóäåíòà ëó÷øèå Êàòèíû äðóçüÿ § 37. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îïðåäåëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå, ÿâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì, èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ (ñòð. 24).  ïðèâåäåííûõ âûøå ïðèìåðàõ the students dictionary è the childrens mother àðòèêëü îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â ïðèòÿæà18 òåëüíîì ïàäåæå, à íå ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó, ñòîÿùåìó ïîñëå íåãî.  ïðèìåðå Kates friends àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò, òàê êàê Kate ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñîáñòâåííûì, ïåðåä êîòîðûì àðòèêëü íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. § 38. Íàðÿäó ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì of, òàêæå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ðîäèòåëüíîìó ïàäåæó (§ 32): my friends father = the father of my friend the teachers question = the question of the teacher îòåö ìîåãî äðóãà âîïðîñ ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿ § 39. Òàê êàê ôîðìà ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ñ îêîí÷àíèåì -s íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ â ïðîèçíîøåíèè îò ôîðìû åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà (the boys [bDIz] books êíèãè ìàëü÷èêà, the boys [boIz] books êíèãè ìàëü÷èêîâ), òî âìåñòî ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå äëÿ ÿñíîñòè îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì of. Òàê, âìåñòî Where have you put the workers tools? ãîâîðÿò: Where have you put the tools of the workers? § 40. Äâà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ðåäêî ñëåäóþò îäíî çà äðóãèì: âòîðîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå çàìåíÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñ ïðåäëîãîì of. Òàê, âìåñòî Íå is my sisters husbands father. Îí îòåö ìóæà ìîåé ñåñòðû. ñëåäóåò ñêàçàòü: Íå is the father of my sisters husband. § 41.  ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ìîãóò ñòîÿòü òàêæå ãðóïïû ñëîâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèå îäíî ñìûñëîâîå öåëîå. Ïðè ýòîì îêîí÷àíèå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà -s ïðèíèìàåò ïîñëåäíåå ñëîâî ãðóïïû: My elder brother Peters son is very Ñûí ìîåãî ñòàðøåãî áðàòà Ïåòpa ill. î÷åíü áîëåí.  òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, îäíàêî, óïîòðåáëåíèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ñ ïðåäëîãîì of ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäïî÷òèòåëüíûì: The son of my elder brother Peter is very ill. § 42. Ñëîâà house äîì, office êîíòîðà, shop ìàãàçèí ÷àñòî îïóñêàþòñÿ ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå â ïðåäëîæíûõ îáîðîòàõ, âûðàæàþùèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà: I dined at my friends (èìååòñÿ â âèäó: my friends house). She went to the bakers (èìååòñÿ â âèäó: the bakers shop). ß îáåäàë ó ñâîåãî äðóãà. Îíà ïîøëà â áóëî÷íóþ. § 43. Êðîìå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ îäóøåâëåííûõ, ôîðìó ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà ïðèíèìàþò: 19 1. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå â ð å ì ÿ è ð à ñ ñ ò î ÿ í è å: Íå had a months holiday last summer. Íå lives at a kilometers distance from here. Ó íåãî áûë ìåñÿ÷íûé îòïóñê ïðîøëûì ëåòîì. Îí æèâåò íà ðàññòîÿíèè îäíîãî êèëîìåòðà îòñþäà 2. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ñ ò ð à í û, ã î ð î ä à è ñ ó ä à, à òàêæå ñëîâà world, country, city, ship: Moscow is Russias greatest scientific and cultural centre. Moscows theatres are the best in the world. The Nevas cargo consisted of wheat and barley. Russia has the worlds largest deposits of oil. The Bolshoi Theatre is our countrys best opera house. The ships crew stood on deck. Ìîñêâà ñàìûé êðóïíûé íàó÷íûé è êóëüòóðíûé öåíòð Ðîññèè. Ìîñêîâñêèå òåàòðû ëó÷øèå â ìèðå. Ãðóç ï/õ «Íåâà» ñîñòîÿë èç ïøåíèöû è ÿ÷ìåíÿ. Ðîññèÿ èìååò ñàìûå áîëüøèå ìåñòîðîæäåíèÿ íåôòè â ìèðå. Áîëüøîé òåàòð ëó÷øèé îïåðíûé òåàòð íàøåé ñòðàíû. Ýêèïàæ ñóäíà ñòîÿë íà ïàëóáå. 3. Íåêîòîðûå í à ð å ÷ è ÿ â ð å ì å í è: todays newspaper ñåãîäíÿøíÿÿ ãàçåòà; yesterdays conversation â÷åðàøíèì ðàçãîâîð. § 44. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â íåêîòîðûõ çàñòûâøèõ âûðàæåíèÿõ: for orders sake ïîðÿäêà ðàäè; for old acquaintances sake ðàäè ñòàðîãî çíàêîìñòâà; at a stones throw â äâóõ øàãàõ è äð. ÐÎÄ (GENDER) § 45.  îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ðîä èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ óçíàåòñÿ èëè ïî èõ çíà÷åíèþ, èëè ïî èõ îêîí÷àíèÿì, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ðîä èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ óçíàåòñÿ òîëüêî ïî èõ ç í à ÷ å í è þ. 1. Íàçâàíèÿ ëèö ìóæñêîãî ïîëà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ì ó æ ñ ê î ì ó ðîäó; âìåñòî íèõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå he: Where is your brother? Íå is in the library. Ãäå âàø áðàò? Îí â áèáëèîòåêå. 2. Íàçâàíèÿ ëèö æåíñêîãî ïîëà îòíîñÿòñÿ ê æ å í ñ ê î ì ó ðîäó; âìåñòî íèõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå she: My sister said that she would go Ìîÿ ñåñòðà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îíà ïîéthere to-morrow. äåò òóäà çàâòðà. 3. Íàçâàíèÿ æ è â î ò í û õ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ñ ð å ä í å ì ó ðîäó â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà èõ ïîë äëÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî áåçðàçëè÷åí èëè íåèçâåñòåí; âìåñòî íèõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå it: Where is the dog? Ãäå ñîáàêà? It is in the garden. Îíà â ñàäó. The horse broke its leg. Ëîøàäü ñëîìàëà íîãó. 20 Êîãäà õîòÿò óêàçàòü ïîë æèâîòíîãî, òî ñîîòâåòñòâåííî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ he èëè she: This is my dog. He is four years old. Ýòî ìîÿ ñîáàêà. Åé ÷åòûðå ãîäà. 4. Íàçâàíèÿ í å î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û õ ïðåäìåòîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ñ ð å ä í å ì ó ðîäó (â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå íåîäóøåâëåííûå áûâàþò ìóæñêîãî, æåíñêîãî èëè ñðåäíåãî ðîäà). Âìåñòî èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ íåîäóøåâëåííûõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå it: Please go and get my dictionary; it is on the shelf. Ïîæàëóéñòà, ïîéäèòå è ïðèíåñèòå ìîé ñëîâàðü; îí íà ïîëêå. § 46. Ðÿä èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ æèâûå ñóùåñòâà, ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ êàê ê ìóæñêîìó, òàê è ê æåíñêîìó ðîäó: pupil ó÷åíèê, ó÷åíèöà; friend ïðèÿòåëü, ïðèÿòåëüíèöà; teacher ó÷èòåëü, ó÷èòåëüíèöà; cousin äâîþðîäíûé áðàò, äâîþðîäíàÿ ñåñòðà; wolf âîëê, âîë÷èöà è äð. Êîãäà õîòÿò óêàçàòü, ê êàêîìó ïîëó îòíîñèòñÿ äàííîå ëèöî èëè æèâîòíîå, òî ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó ïðèáàâëÿåòñÿ ñëîâî, óêàçûâàþùåå íà ïîë: a boy-friend ïðèÿòåëü, a girl-friend ïðèÿòåëüíèöà: a he-cousin äâîþðîäíûé áðàò; a she-cousin äâîþðîäíàÿ ñåñòðà: a he-wolf âîëê, a she-wolf âîë÷èöà. § 47. Ðÿä èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ æåíñêîãî ðîäà îáðàçóåòñÿ îò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ìóæñêîãî ðîäà ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ñóôôèêñà -ess: actor*) host poet lion tiger*) àêòåð õîçÿèí ïîýò ëåâ òèãð actress hostess poetess lioness tigress àêòðèñà õîçÿéêà ïîýòåññà ëüâèöà òèãðèöà § 48. Íàçâàíèå ñòðàíû, êîãäà îíà ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ åäèíèöà, ÷àñòî îòíîñèòñÿ ê æåíñêîìó ðîäó è çàìåíÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì she: England has an unfavourable balance of trade. The value of her imports is much greater than the value of her exports. Àíãëèÿ èìååò ïàññèâíûé òîðãîâûé áàëàíñ: ñòîèìîñòü åå èìïîðòà çíà÷èòåëüíî áîëüøå ñòîèìîñòè åå ýêñïîðòà. § 49. Ñëîâî ship ñóäíî, êîðàáëü îáû÷íî îòíîñèòñÿ ê æåíñêîìó ðîäó è çàìåíÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì she: The ship left the port in the morning. She has a cargo of coal on board. Ñóäíî âûøëî èç ïîðòà óòðîì. Îíî èìååò íà áîðòó ãðóç óãëÿ. *)  ýòîì ñëîâå ïðè ïðèáàâëåíèè ñóôôèêñà -ess îïóñêàåòñÿ ãëàñíàÿ ïîñëåäíåãî ñëîãà. 21 ÈÌÅÍÀ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ Â ÐÎËÈ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß § 50. Âûøå áûëî óêàçàíî, ÷òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ñëóæèò îïðåäåëåíèåì ê äðóãîìó, ñëåäóþùåìó çà íèì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó: the managers signature ïîäïèñü çàâåäóþùåãî; the captains cabin êàïèòàíñêàÿ êàþòà (êàþòà êàïèòàíà). Îäíàêî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò ñëóæèòü îïðåäåëåíèåì ê äðóãîìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó, êîãäà îíî ñòîèò ïåðåä íèì è â îáùåì ïàäåæå, ò. å. á å ç â ñ ÿ ê î ã î è ç ì å í å í è ÿ ñ â î å é ô î ð ì û. Òàêîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â îäíîì èç êîñâåííûõ ïàäåæåé: an iron bridge ñànå sugar sugar cane life insurance a payment agreement the cotton market tin trade æåëåçíûé ìîñò òðîñòíèêîâûé ñàõàð ñàõàðíûé òðîñòíèê ñòðàõîâàíèå æèçíè ñîãëàøåíèå î ïëàòåæàõ ðûíîê õëîïêà òîðãîâëÿ îëîâîì Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó ïðåäøåñòâóåò íå îäíî, à äâà èëè áîëåå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â ðîëè îïðåäåëåíèÿ. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îäíè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ìîãóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè, à äðóãèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â îäíîì èç êîñâåííûõ ïàäåæåé: home market prices meat price decrease cotton yarn production figures öåíû âíóòðåííåãî ðûíêà óìåíüøåíèå öåíû íà ìÿñî öèôðû ïðîèçâîäñòâà õëîï÷àòîáóìàæíîé ïðÿæè Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì, ñëóæàùåå îïðåäåëåíèåì, îáû÷íî ñòîèò â ôîðìå å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ã î ÷èñëà: the five-year plan a ten-year old girl a ten-pound note ïÿòèëåòíèé ïëàí äåñÿòèëåòíÿÿ äåâî÷êà áàíêíîòà â äåñÿòü ôóíòîâ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÈÒÅËÈ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ (DETERMINATIVES) § 51. Áîëüøèíñòâî èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ îñîáûìè ñëîâàìè, êîòîðûå íàçûâàþòñÿ î ï ð å ä å ë è ò å ë ÿ ì è. Îíè âçàèìíî èñêëþ÷àþò äðóã äðóãà, ò. å. íàëè÷èå îäíîãî îïðåäåëèòåëÿ èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå äðóãîãî. Íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûìè îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ñëóæàò íåîïðåäåëåííûé è îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëè a, an, the, à òàêæå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some è any, êîòîðûå â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ áëèçêè ïî çíà÷åíèþ ê íåîïðåäåëåííîìó àðòèêëþ. Àðòèêëè íå èìåþò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, à òîëüêî óêàçûâàþò, èäåò ëè ðå÷ü î ïðåäìåòå, íå âûäåëåííîì èç êëàññà îäíîðîäíûõ ïðåäìåòîâ, åùå íåèçâåñòíîì ñîáåñåäíèêó èëè ÷èòàòåëþ, èëè î ïðåäìåòå, âûäåëåííîì èç êëàññà îäíîðîäíûõ ïðåäìå22 òîâ, èçâåñòíîì ïðåäìåòå.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò ñïåöèàëüíûõ ñëîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ àðòèêëÿì è some è any, è â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ îíè íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè: There is a lamp on the table. Íà ñòîëå ëàìïà. The director has just come. Äèðåêòîð òîëüêî ÷òî ïðèøåë. Give me some stamps, please. Äàéòå ìíå ìàðîê, ïîæàëóéñòà. Have you got any books on radio? Åñòü ëè ó âàñ êíèãè ïî ðàäèî? § 52. Äðóãèå îïðåäåëèòåëè èìåþò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå çíà÷åíèå è âûïîëíÿþò ôóíêöèþ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ: 1. Óêàçàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ this ýòîò, these ýòè, that òîò, those òå: This house is very old. Ill take those books. Ýòîò äîì î÷åíü ñòàðûé. ß âîçüìó òå êíèãè. 2. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ my ìîé, his åãî, her åå, its åãî, åå, our íàø, your âàø, their èõ: Where is my pencil? Her dictionary is on the table. Ãäå ìîé êàðàíäàø? Åå ñëîâàðü íà ñòîëå. 3. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå: Peters father is a doctor. Îòåö Ïåòðà âðà÷. My brothers wife has gone to LonÆåíà ìîåãî áðàòà óåõàëà â Ëîídon. äîí. 4. Íåîïðåäåëåííûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ much, many ìíîãî, little, few ìàëî, some ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåêîòîðûé *), any ñî çíà÷åíèåì ëþáîé *), each, every êàæäûé, either è òîò è äðóãîé, neither íè òîò íè äðóãîé: There were many students at the meeting. Some people do not like meat. Come at any time. Íå goes there every day. Íà ñîáðàíèè áûëî ìíîãî ñòóäåíòîâ. Íåêîòîðûå ëþäè íå ëþáÿò ìÿñà. Ïðèõîäèòå â ëþáîå âðåìÿ. Îí õîäèò òóäà êàæäûé äåíü. 5. Âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ what? êàêîé? which? êîòîðûé? whose? ÷åé?: Whose pencil is this? On which floor do you live? What books have you read? ×åé ýòî êàðàíäàø? Íà êàêîì (êîòîðîì) ýòàæå âû æèâåòå? Êàêèå êíèãè âû ÷èòàëè? ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñêîëüêó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò èìåòü ïðè ñåáå òîëüêî îäèí îïðåäåëèòåëü, òàêèå ðóññêèå âûðàæåíèÿ, êàê ìíîãèå ìîè äðóçüÿ, êàæäàÿ âàøà îøèáêà, íåêîòîðûå åãî çàìå÷àíèÿ è ò. ï. íåëüçÿ ïåðåâîäèòü *) Some è any â ýòîì çíà÷åíèè ñëåäóåò îòëè÷àòü îò some è any, áëèçêèõ ïî çíà÷åíèþ ê íåîïðåäåëåííîìó àðòèêëþ. 23 many my friends, each your mistake, some his remarks.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïðåäëîã of: many of my friends, each of your mistakes, some of his remarks. § 53. Îïðåäåëèòåëè ñòîÿò ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, êîòîðûå îíè ñîïðîâîæäàþò. Åñëè æå èìåþòñÿ äðóãèå ñëîâà, îïðåäåëÿþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, òî îíè ñòîÿò ì å æ ä ó îïðåäåëèòåëåì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì: Pushkin created the Russian literary language. His first scientific work was à great success. Ïóøêèí ñîçäàë ðóññêèé ëèòåðàòóðíûé ÿçûê. Åãî ïåðâàÿ íàó÷íàÿ ðàáîòà èìåëà áîëüøîé óñïåõ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ó÷àùèåñÿ ÷àñòî äîïóñêàþò îøèáêè, ïîìåùàÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå èëè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ïîñëå äðóãèõ îïðåäåëåíèé, íå ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî îíè, êàê îïðåäåëèòåëè, äîëæíû ñòîÿòü ïåðåä äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, îïðåäåëÿþùèìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, íåçàâèñèìî îò ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè: My first impression was favorable. Repins best pictures are in the Tretiakov Gallery. I didnt hear Peters last words. Ìîå ïåðâîå (ïåðâîå ìîå) âïå÷àòëåíèå áûëî áëàãîïðèÿòíîå. Ëó÷øèå êàðòèíû Ðåïèíà íàõîäÿòñÿ â Òðåòüÿêîâñêîé Ãàëåðåå. ß íå ñëûøàë ïîñëåäíèõ ñëîâ Ïåòðà. ÀÐÒÈÊËÜ (THE ARTICLE) ÔÎÐÌÛ ÀÐÒÈÊËÅÉ È ÈÕ ÏÐÎÈÇÍÎØÅÍÈÅ § 1. Àðòèêëè a, an, the ÿâëÿþòñÿ îñíîâíûìè îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (ñòð. 22).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå àðòèêëè îòñóòñòâóþò. 1. À è an íîñÿò íàçâàíèå í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î àðòèêëÿ (the Indefinite Article). The íîñèò íàçâàíèå î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î àðòèêëÿ (the Definite Article). Àðòèêëè íå íåñóò íà ñåáå óäàðåíèÿ. 2. Ôîðìà íåîïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ à [A]*) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ñ î ã ë à ñ í î ã î çâóêà: a table [A 'teIbl] ñòîë, a book [A 'buk] êíèãà. Âòîðàÿ ôîðìà íåîïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ an [An]*) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ãëàñíîãî çâóêà: an author [An 'D:FA] àâòîð, an arm [An 'C:m] ðóêà, an old man [An 'ould 'mBn] ñòàðèê. 3. Îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü the ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ: 1) [GA] *) ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ñ î ã ë à ñ í î ã î çâóêà: the table [GA 'teIbl], the book *) Àðòèêëè a, an è the èçîëèðîâàííî, ò. å. áåç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ êàê [eI], [Bn] è [Gi:]: The indefinite article à [eI] is used.... The [Gi:] is the definite article. 24 [GA 'buk] è 2) [Gi:] ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ã ë à ñ í î ã î çâóêà: the author [Gi: 'D:FA]; the arm [Gi: 'C:m]; the old man [Gi: 'ould 'mBn]. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß: 1. Ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ áóêâû u, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ àðòèêëü à, êîãäà u ÷èòàåòñÿ êàê [ju:], ïîñêîëüêó ïåðâûé çâóê â òàêèõ ñëîâàõ [j] ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîãëàñíûì, è àðòèêëü an, êîãäà u ÷èòàåòñÿ êàê [E]: a union [A 'ju:njAn] ñîþç, an umbrella [An Em'brelA] çîíòèê. Àðòèêëü the ïåðåä òàêèìè ñëîâàìè ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî [GA] è [Gi:]: the union [GA 'ju:njAn], the umbrella [Gi: Em'brelA]. 2. Ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ áóêâû h, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ àðòèêëü an, êîãäà h íå ÷èòàåòñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ïåðâûé çâóê â òàêèõ ñëîâàõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàñíûì, è àðòèêëü à, êîãäà h ÷èòàåòñÿ: an hour [An'auA] ÷àñ, a hunter [A 'hEntA] îõîòíèê. Àðòèêëü the ïåðåä òàêèìè ñëîâàìè ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî [Gi:] è [Ge]; the hour [Gi:'auA], the hunter [GA'hEntA]. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÀÐÒÈÊËß Ñ ÈÌÅÍÀÌÈ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÌÈ ÍÀÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÛÌÈ*) Óïîòðåáëåíèå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ è ìåñòîèìåíèé some è any ñ èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè § 2. Íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü à (àn) ïðîèçîøåë îò ÷èñëèòåëüíîãî one îäèí è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîýòîìó òîëüêî ñ è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå. Íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü òîëüêî óêàçûâàåò íà òî, ÷òî ïðåäìåò ïðèíàäëåæèò ê êàêîìó-íèáóäü êëàññó ïðåäìåòîâ, íî íå âûäåëÿåò åãî èç îäíîðîäíûõ ïðåäìåòîâ, èìåÿ, òàêèì îáðàçîì, êëàññèôèöèðóþùåå çíà÷åíèå. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íàçâàíèå ïðåäìåòà âîîáùå, à íå íàçâàíèå îïðåäåëåííîãî ïðåäìåòà. Òàê, a house âûçûâàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î äîìå âîîáùå, ò. å. î æèëîì çäàíèè èëè ñòðîåíèè, íî íå ïðåäñòàâëåíèå îá îïðåäåëåííîì äîìå; a book âûçûâàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î êíèãå âîîáùå, ò. å. î ïå÷àòíîì ïðîèçâåäåíèè, íî íå îá îïðåäåëåííîé êíèãå; a student âûçûâàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ñòóäåíòå âîîáùå, ò. å. îá ó÷àùåìñÿ âûñøåãî ó÷åáíîãî çàâåäåíèÿ, íî íå îá îïðåäåëåííîì ëèöå è ò. ä. ×àñòî çíà÷åíèå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ ìîæíî âûðàçèòü â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå òàêèìè ñëîâàìè, êàê îäèí, îäèí èç, êàêîé-òî, êàêîé-íèáóäü, íåêèé, âñÿêèé, ëþáîé, êàæäûé. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, îäíàêî, â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè ïåðåäàâàòü çíà÷åíèå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ îñîáûìè ñëîâàìè. § 3. Í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùèõ ñëó÷àÿõ: *) Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëåé ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ ïî êàòåãîðèÿì òåõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, êîòîðûå îíè ñîïðîâîæäàþò, ïîñêîëüêó îíî ïðåæäå âñåãî çàâèñèò îò òîãî, êàêèì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå íàðèöàòåëüíûì (èñ÷èñëÿåìûì èëè íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûì) èëè ñîáñòâåííûì. Îäíîâðåìåííî ñ óïîòðåáëåíèåì àðòèêëåé ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ òàêæå óïîòðåáëåíèå ìåñòîèìåíèé some è any, â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ áëèçêèõ ïî çíà÷åíèþ ê íåîïðåäåëåííîìó àðòèêëþ. 25 1. Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ëèöå èëè ïðåäìåòå èìåííî ä à í í î ã î ê ë à ñ ñ à â îòëè÷èå îò ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ ä ð ó ã î ã î ê ë à ñ ñ à: I wear a cap in summer and à hat in autumn. Ëåòîì ÿ íîøó êåïêó (èìåííî êåïêó, à íå äðóãîé ãîëîâíîé óáîð), à îñåíüþ øëÿïó (èìåííî øëÿïó, à íå äðóãîé ãîëîâíîé óáîð). Êîãäà ÿ ïèøó, ÿ âñåãäà ïîëüçóþñü When I write, I always use a pen. ðó÷êîé (èìåííî ðó÷êîé, à íå êàðàíäàøîì). Âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò è íå çàìåíÿåòñÿ äðóãèì îïðåäåëèòåëåì: We wear caps in summer and hats in autumn. When we write, we always use pens. 2. Êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îáîçíà÷àåò, êåì èëè ÷åì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, î êîòîðîì ãîâîðèòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Òàêîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñëóæèò â ïðåäëîæåíèè: à) è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: My brother is an engineer. His sister has become a doctor. This is a dictionary. á) ï ð è ë î æ å í è å ì: My friend, a teacher of history, will go to the conference next week. Mr. A., a student of our Institute, took the first place in the chess tournament. Ìîé áðàò èíæåíåð. Åãî ñåñòðà ñòàëà âðà÷îì. Ýòî ñëîâàðü. Ìîé ïðèÿòåëü, ïðåïîäàâàòåëü èñòîðèè, ïîåäåò íà êîíôåðåíöèþ íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå. Ã-í À., ñòóäåíò íàøåãî èíñòèòóòà, çàíÿë ïåðâîå ìåñòî â øàõìàòíîì òóðíèðå. Âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò è íå çàìåíÿåòñÿ äðóãèì îïðåäåëèòåëåì: They are engineers. Mr. A. and Mr. Â., students of our Institute, took the first place in the chess tournament. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñëóæàùèì èìåííîé ÷àñòüþ ñêàçóåìîãî èëè ïðèëîæåíèåì, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü è îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ëèöå èëè ïðåäìåòå (ëèöàõ èëè ïðåäìåòàõ), âûäåëåííîì èç âñåõ ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ äàííîãî êëàññà: These are the books you were looking for. Mr Ivanov, the inventor of this machine, is an old friend of mine. Âîò êíèãè, êîòîðûå âû èñêàëè. Ã-í Èâàíîâ, èçîáðåòàòåëü ýòîé ìàøèíû, ìîé ñòàðûé ïðèÿòåëü. Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñëóæàùèì ïðèëîæåíèåì, îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ïðèëîæåíèå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ëèöó, ïîëüçóþùåìóñÿ øèðîêîé èçâåñòíîñòüþ: 26 Pushkin, the great Russian poet, was born in 1799. Ïóøêèí, âåëèêèé ðóññêèé ïîýò, ðîäèëñÿ â 1799 ãîäó. 3. Êîãäà èìååòñÿ â âèäó â ñ ÿ ê è é, ë þ á î é ïðåäñòàâèòåëü äàííîãî êëàññà ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ: A child ñàï understand it. A square has four sides. Ðåáåíîê (âñÿêèé, êàæäûé ðåáåíîê) ìîæåò ïîíÿòü ýòî. Êâàäðàò (âñÿêèé, ëþáîé êâàäðàò) èìååò ÷åòûðå ñòîðîíû. Âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò è íå çàìåíÿåòñÿ äðóãèìè îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè: Children can understand it. Squares have four sides. 4. Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò îá î ä í î ì ê à ê î ì - í è á ó ä ü ëèöå èëè ïðåäìåòå, åùå í å è ç â å ñ ò í î ì ñîáåñåäíèêó èëè ÷èòàòåëþ, óïîìèíàåìîì âïåðâûå. Àðòèêëü à â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò íåêîòîðûé îòòåíîê êîëè÷åñòâåííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, ïðèáëèæàÿñü ê ÷èñëèòåëüíîìó one îäèí: Íå bought a book yesterday. Îí êóïèë (îäíó, êàêóþ-òî) êíèãó â÷åðà. Show me à øàð of Europe. Ïîêàæèòå ìíå (îäíó, êàêóþ-íèáóäü) êàðòó Åâðîïû. When I entered the room, I saw a Êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó, ÿ óâèman standing at the window. äåë (îäíîãî, êàêîãî-òî) ÷åëîâåêà, ñòîÿùåãî ó îêíà. It happened in a small town in SibeÝòî ñëó÷èëîñü â (îäíîì, êàêîì-òî) ria. íåáîëüøîì ãîðîäå â Ñèáèðè. Íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîýòîìó ïîñëå îáîðîòà there is, êîòîðûé ââîäèò ïðåäìåò, åùå íåèçâåñòíûé ñîáåñåäíèêó: There is a telephone in the room.  êîìíàòå èìååòñÿ òåëåôîí. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîé îøèáêîé ó÷àùèõñÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ óïîòðåáëåíèå ÷èñëèòåëüíîãî one âìåñòî àðòèêëÿ à ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, åùå íåèçâåñòíîãî ñîáåñåäíèêó èëè ÷èòàòåëþ, ïîñêîëüêó â ýòîì ñëó÷àå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îäèí ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàêîé-òî, íåêèé: Îäèí ÷åëîâåê ðàññêàçàë ìíå îá ýòîì. ß ïðî÷åë ýòî â îäíîì æóðíàëå. A man (à íå: one man) told me about it. I read it in a magazine (à íå: one magazine). Âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå çíà÷åíèå êîëè÷åñòâà âûðàæàåòñÿ äðóãèìè îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè: à) Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î êîëè÷åñòâà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ íåîïðåäåëåííûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåñêîëüêî, êàêèå-òî, êàêèå-íèáóäü è any â â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàêèå-íèáóäü, à òàêæå â î ò 27 ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íèêàêèå. Some è any íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè ÷àñòî íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ: Íå has sent me some magazines from London. Has he sent you any magazines from London? Íå hasnt sent me any magazines from London. There are some pencils in the box . Are there any pencils in the box? There arent any pencils in the box. Îí ïðèñëàë ìíå æóðíàëû (íåñêîëüêî æóðíàëîâ) èç Ëîíäîíà. Ïðèñëàë ëè îí âàì æóðíàëû (êàêèå-íèáóäü æóðíàëû) èç Ëîíäîíà? Îí íå ïðèñëàë ìíå æóðíàëîâ (íèêàêèõ æóðíàëîâ) èç Ëîíäîíà.  êîðîáêå åñòü êàðàíäàøè (íåñêîëüêî êàðàíäàøåé). Åñòü ëè êàðàíäàøè (êàêèå-íèáóäü êàðàíäàøè) â êîðîáêå?  êîðîáêå íåò êàðàíäàøåé (íèêàêèõ êàðàíäàøåé). ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Óïîòðåáëåíèå some è any â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò òðóäíîñòü äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåîïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî íå âñåãäà âûðàæàåòñÿ òàêèìè ñëîâàìè, êàê íåñêîëüêî, êàêèå-íèáóäü, êàêèå-òî è ò. ï., ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè some è any â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.  àíãëèéñêîì æå ÿçûêå ñëîâà, âûðàæàþùèå íåîïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî, í å ì î ã ó ò á û ò ü î ï ó ù å í û. Åñëè â ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðàõ There are some pencils in the box è Has he sent you any magazines from London? îïóñòèòü some èëè any, òî ðå÷ü áóäåò èäòè íå î íåîïðåäåëåííîì êîëè÷åñòâå ïðåäìåòîâ, à î ïðåäìåòàõ îäíîãî êëàññà, ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëåííûõ ïðåäìåòàì äðóãîãî êëàññà. Òàê, ïðåäëîæåíèå There are pencils in the box îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî â êîðîáêå èìåþòñÿ èìåííî êàðàíäàøè, à íå ðó÷êè, êîíâåðòû è ò. ï.; âîïðîñ Has he sent you magazines from London? èìååò â âèäó âûÿñíèòü, áûëè ëè ïðèñëàíû èìåííî æóðíàëû, à íå êíèãè, ãàçåòû è ò. ï. á) Êðîìå some è any, äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íåîïðåäåëåííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ìîãóò òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ many ìíîãî, few ìàëî, a few íåìíîãî, íåñêîëüêî: Íå bought a few books yesterday. Did you buy many books yesterday? Îí êóïèë íåñêîëüêî êíèã â÷åðà. Âû êóïèëè ìíîãî êíèã â÷åðà? â) Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î êîëè÷åñòâà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå two, three, four è ò. ä.: Íå bought two (three, four è ò. ä.) books yesterday. § 4.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü ïîëíîñòüþ ñîõðàíèë çíà÷åíèå ÷èñëèòåëüíîãî one îäèí: I shall come in an hour. Íå did not say a word. I have bought a pound of sugar. The price of this commodity is five shillings a kilogram. 28 ß ïðèäó ÷åðåç (îäèí) ÷àñ. Îí íå ñêàçàë íè (îäíîãî) ñëîâà. ß êóïèë (îäèí) ôóíò ñàõàðó. Öåíà ýòîãî òîâàðà ïÿòü øèëëèíãîâ çà (îäèí) êèëîãðàìì. Íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íàðÿäó ñ ÷èñëèòåëüíûì one ïåðåä hundred ñòî, thousand òûñÿ÷à, million ìèëëèîí, score äâàäöàòü, dozen äþæèíà: Íå has won a (one) thousand rubles. The case weighs a (one) hundred pounds. Îí âûèãðàë òûñÿ÷ó ðóáëåé. ßùèê âåñèò ñòî ôóíòîâ. § 5. Íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1.  âîñêëèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, ñòîÿùèì ïîñëå what â çíà÷åíèè ÷òî çà, êàêîé: What a clever man! What a fine building! Êàêîé óìíûé ÷åëîâåê! Êàêîå ïðåêðàñíîå çäàíèå! ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1. Ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è ïåðåä íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò: What beautiful pictures! What luck! Êàêèå ïðåêðàñíûå êàðòèíû! Êàêîå ñ÷àñòüå! 2.  âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïîñëå what â çíà÷åíèè êàêîé àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò: What book did you buy yesterday? Êàêóþ êíèãó âû êóïèëè â÷åðà? 2. Ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñòîÿùèì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ïîñëå such, quite è rather: She is such a clever woman! She is quite a young girl. It is rather a long story. Îíà òàêàÿ óìíàÿ æåíùèíà! Îíà ñîâñåì ìîëîäàÿ äåâóøêà. Ýòî äîâîëüíî äëèííûé ðàññêàç. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è ïåðåä íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò: These are such interesting books! Did you ever see such weather? Ýòî òàêèå èíòåðåñíûå êíèãè! Âû êîãäà-ëèáî âèäàëè òàêóþ ïîãîäó? 3. Ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, îïðåäåëÿåìûì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì so èëè too: It is not so simple a problem as it seems. It is too urgent a matter to postpone. Ýòî íå òàêàÿ ïðîñòàÿ ïðîáëåìà, êàê êàæåòñÿ. Ýòî ñëèøêîì ñðî÷íûé âîïðîñ, ÷òîáû åãî ìîæíî áûëî îòëîæèòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Îáîðîòû òàêîãî òèïà ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ. 29 Óïîòðåáëåíèå îïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ ñ èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè § 6. Îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü the ïðîèçîøåë îò óêàçàòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ that òîò. Îí óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè êàê â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì, òàê è âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå. Îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü óêàçûâàåò íà èíäèâèäóàëüíî-îïðåäåëåííîå ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò (ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòû), ò. å. íà ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, âûäåëåííûé èç âñåõ ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ äàííîãî êëàññà. Îí èìååò, òàêèì îáðàçîì, èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùåå çíà÷åíèå. Òàê, the house âûçûâàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ñîâåðøåííî îïðåäåëåííîì äîìå, êîòîðûé èëè èìååò îñîáûå ïðèçíàêè, îòëè÷àþùèå åãî îò âñåõ äðóãèõ äîìîâ, èëè èçâåñòåí ñîáåñåäíèêó, èëè óïîìèíàëñÿ ðàíüøå; the students âûçûâàåò ïðåäñòàâëåíèå î ñîâåðøåííî îïðåäåëåííûõ ëèöàõ è ò. ä. Çíà÷åíèå îïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ ìîæíî ÷àñòî ïåðåäàòü â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâàìè ýòîò, ýòè, òîò, òå. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, îäíàêî, â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè ïåðåäàâàòü çíà÷åíèå îïðåäåëåííîãî àðòèêëÿ îñîáûìè ñëîâàìè. §7. Î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùèõ ñëó÷àÿõ: 1. Êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èìååò ïðè ñåáå î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å, ñëóæàùåå äëÿ â û ä å ë å í è ÿ ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, îáîçíà÷åííîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, èç âñåõ ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ äàííîãî êëàññà: ßùèê ìîåãî ïèñüìåííîãî ñòîëà çàThe drawer of my writing table is ïåðò. locked. Ïîêàæèòå ìíå òåëåãðàììó, êîòîðàÿ Show me the telegram which was áûëà ïîëó÷åíà â÷åðà. received yesterday. Ðàáî÷èå, êîòîðûå ðàçãðóæàþò ïàðîThe workers who are discharging the steamer will finish their õîä, îêîí÷àò ñâîþ ðàáîòó â âîwork at eight oclock. ñåìü ÷àñîâ. 2. Êîãäà èç ñèòóàöèè èëè êîíòåêñòà ÿñíî, ê à ê î å è ì å í í î ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò èìååòñÿ â âèäó: Please close the window. Ïîæàëóéñòà, çàêðîéòå îêíî. (Ðå÷ü èäåò îá îêíå, îòêðûòîì â äàííûé ìîìåíò.) Where is the key? Ãäå êëþ÷? (Ðå÷ü èäåò î êëþ÷å îò äàííîé äâåðè, îò äàííîãî ñòîëà è ò. ï.) Put your book on the shelf. Ïîëîæèòå âàøó êíèãó íà ïîëêó. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î åäèíñòâåííîé ïîëêå â êîìíàòå èëè î ïîëêå, íà êîòîðîé îáû÷íî ëåæèò äàííàÿ êíèãà.) ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Åñëè â ýòîì ñëó÷àå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîì ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå ñâîé, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå àðòèêëü the, à ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (ñòð. 72): Ïîëîæèòå ýòî â êàðìàí (ñâîé êàðìàí). 30 Put it into your pocket (à íå: the pocket). 3. Êîãäà ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, óæå íàçâàííûé ðàíåå, ñ í î â à ó ï î ì è í à å ò ñ ÿ â áåñåäå èëè òåêñòå: When I entered the room, I saw a man standing at the window. The man was very old. Once there lived an old doctor in a small town. The doctor was known to everybody in the town as a very kind man. Êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó, ÿ óâèäåë êàêîãî-òî ÷åëîâåêà, ñòîÿùåãî ó îêíà. ×åëîâåê áûë î÷åíü ñòàð.  îäíîì ìàëåíüêîì ãîðîäå æèë êîãäà-òî ñòàðûé äîêòîð. Äîêòîð áûë èçâåñòåí âñåì â ãîðîäå êàê î÷åíü äîáðûé ÷åëîâåê. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Ýòî ïðàâèëî, îäíàêî, íåëüçÿ ïðèìåíÿòü ìåõàíè÷åñêè. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ñíîâà óïîìèíàåìîå â áåñåäå èëè òåêñòå, ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ è ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì: At the port we saw a steamer which was being loaded with grain. It was a steamer of 6,000 tons.  ïîðòó ìû óâèäåëè ïàðîõîä, êîòîðûé ãðóçèëè çåðíîì. Ýòî áûë ïàðîõîä â 6000 òîíí.  ýòîì ïðèìåðå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå steamer óïîòðåáëåíî âî âòîðîé ðàç ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì, ïîñêîëüêó îíî îáîçíà÷àåò íå äàííûé ïàðîõîä, à âèä ïàðîõîäà (a steamer of 6,000 tons). 4. Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, ÿâëÿþùèéñÿ å ä è í ñ ò â å í í û ì â ñ â î å ì ð î ä å è ë è å ä è í ñ ò â å í í û ì â ä à í í î é î á ñ ò à í î â ê å: The earth is millions of kilometers from the sun. When goods have been loaded on a ship, the Captain signs à receipt called a bill of lading. Çåìëÿ íàõîäèòñÿ íà ðàññòîÿíèè ìèëëèîíîâ êèëîìåòðîâ îò Ñîëíöà. Êîãäà òîâàðû ïîãðóæåíû íà ñóäíî, êàïèòàí ïîäïèñûâàåò ðàñïèñêó, íàçûâàåìóþ êîíîñàìåíòîì. Îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î â ñ å õ ïðåäìåòàõ äàííîãî êëàññà, ñóùåñòâóþùèõ â ìèðå èëè â äàííîé îáñòàíîâêå: Lake Baikal is the deepest of all the lakes in the world. Give me a list of the students. The students of our Institute learn foreign languages. Íî: Íå teaches English to students of our Institute. Îçåðî Áàéêàë ñàìîå ãëóáîêîå èç âñåõ îçåð â ìèðå. Äàéòå ìíå ñïèñîê ñòóäåíòîâ (ò. å. âñåõ ñòóäåíòîâ äàííîãî ó÷åáíîãî çàâåäåíèÿ, êóðñà, äàííîé ãðóïïû è ò. ï.). Ñòóäåíòû íàøåãî èíñòèòóòà èçó÷àþò èíîñòðàííûå ÿçûêè (ðå÷ü èäåò î âñåõ ñòóäåíòàõ). Îí ïðåïîäàåò àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñòóäåíòàì íàøåãî èíñòèòóòà (ò. å. íå âñåì ñòóäåíòàì, à íåêîòîðûì èç íèõ). 31 § 8. Îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î á î á ù à þ ù è ì çíà÷åíèåì: 1. Ïåðåä èìåíàìè ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì è â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ö å ë î ã î ê ë à ñ ñ à ïðåäìåòîâ: The pine grows in northern countries. Ñîñíà ðàñòåò â ñåâåðíûõ ñòðàíàõ. The African elephant is taller than Àôðèêàíñêèé ñëîí âûøå èíäèéñthe Indian. êîãî. 2. Ïåðåä èìåíàìè ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì è è ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è ÿ ì è, ïðåâðàòèâøèìèñÿ â èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, ñî çíà÷åíèåì ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ã î ÷èñëà (ñòð. 56): The poor in New York live in slums. The wounded were taken to the hospital. Áåäíÿêè â Íüþ-Éîðêå æèâóò â òðóùîáàõ. Ðàíåíûõ îòâåçëè â áîëüíèöó. Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ñ èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, èìåþùèìè ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèå § 9. Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, èìåþùèì ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèå, çàâèñèò îò õàðàêòåðà îïðåäåëåíèÿ. Êîãäà îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, ïðè÷àñòíûì îáîðîòîì èëè ïðåäëîæíûì îáîðîòîì, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ îïðåäåëåííûì èëè íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì, áåç àðòèêëÿ, à òàêæå ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some, any, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò òîãî, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè îïðåäåëåíèå è í ä è â è ä ó à ë è ç è ð ó þ ù è ì, ê ë à ñ ñ è ô è ö è ð ó þ ù è ì èëè î ï è ñ à ò å ë ü í û ì. 1. È í ä è â è ä ó à ë è ç è ð ó þ ù å å îïðåäåëåíèå ñëóæèò èíäèâèäóàëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì, îòëè÷àþùèì äàííîå ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò (ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòû) îò âñåõ äðóãèõ ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ òîãî æå êëàññà. Ïðè íàëè÷èè è í ä è â è ä ó à ë è ç è ð ó þ ù å ã î îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì: I liked the film that I saw yesterday. Ìíå ïîíðàâèëñÿ ôèëüì, êîòîðûé ÿ âèäåë â÷åðà. There is the man who came here Âîò òîò ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðûé ïðèõîyesterday. äèë ñþäà â÷åðà. The cases unloaded from the S. S. ßùèêè, âûãðóæåííûå ñ ï/õ Pskov have been placed in a «Ïñêîâ», ïîìåùåíû íà ñêëàä. warehouse. The telegram brought by the secreÒåëåãðàììà, ïðèíåñåííàÿ ñåêðåòàtary was very important. ðåì, áûëà î÷åíü âàæíîé. The walls of my room are painted Ñòåíû ìîåé êîìíàòû ïîêðàøåíû blue. â ãîëóáîé öâåò. I have lost the key to my room. ß ïîòåðÿë êëþ÷ îò ìîåé êîìíàòû. The apples on that tree are quite ßáëîêè íà ýòîì äåðåâå ñîâñåì ripe. ñïåëûå. 32 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà äîïóñêàþò îøèáêè, óïîòðåáëÿÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, èìåþùèì ïðè ñåáå èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùåå îïðåäåëåíèå, âûðàæåííîå ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, ìåñòîèìåíèå that âìåñòî àðòèêëÿ the, ïîñêîëüêó â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè òàêîìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó ÷àñòî ïðåäøåñòâóåò ìåñòîèìåíèå òîò: Âîò òîò ñòóäåíò, î êîòîðîì ÿ âàì ãîâîðèë. Here is the student (à íå: that student) I told you about. 2. Ê ë à ñ ñ è ô è ö è ð ó þ ù å å îïðåäåëåíèå ñëóæèò ïðèçíàêîì, ïî êîòîðîìó ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò (ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòû) ïðè÷èñëÿåòñÿ ê êàêîìóíèáóäü êëàññó ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ. Ïðè íàëè÷èè ê ë à ñ ñ è ô è ö è ð ó þ ù å ã î îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, à âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ: A letter which is written in pencil is difficult to read. Vessels built for the transportation of oil are called tankers. A rectangle with equal sides is called a square. Ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå íàïèñàíî êàðàíäàøîì, òðóäíî ÷èòàòü. Ñóäà, ïîñòðîåííûå äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè íåôòè, íàçûâàþòñÿ òàíêåðàìè. Ïðÿìîóãîëüíèê ñ ðàâíûìè ñòîðîíàìè íàçûâàåòñÿ êâàäðàòîì. 3. Î ï è ñ à ò å ë ü í î å îïðåäåëåíèå ñëóæèò ëèáî äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, ëèáî äëÿ ñîîáùåíèÿ î íåì äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ñâåäåíèé. Îïðåäåëåíèå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå í å â ë è ÿ å ò í à â û á î ð à ð ò è ê ë ÿ, è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ îïðåäåëåííûì èëè íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì, èëè ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some, any íà îñíîâàíèè î á ù è õ ï ð à â è ë, íåçàâèñèìî îò íàëè÷èÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ: We went to the lake, which was very stormy that day. I spoke to the manager, who promised to ship the goods at once. We have received a letter, which contains interesting information on the state of the rubber market. I have a wonderful clock, which is one hundred years old. In his lecture the professor stated some figures, which clearly illustrate the striking development of our industry. They have sold a cargo of 6,000 tons of ore. They sent us a cheque for 3,000 roubles. Ìû ïîøëè ê îçåðó, êîòîðîå áûëî î÷åíü áóðíûì â ýòîò äåíü. ß ãîâîðèë ñ çàâåäóþùèì, êîòîðûé îáåùàë îòïðàâèòü òîâàð íåìåäëåííî. Ìû ïîëó÷èëè ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå ñîäåðæèò èíòåðåñíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ñîñòîÿíèè ðûíêà êàó÷óêà. Ó ìåíÿ åñòü çàìå÷àòåëüíûå ÷àñû, êîòîðûì ñòî ëåò.  ñâîåé ëåêöèè ïðîôåññîð ïðèâåë öèôðû, êîòîðûå ÿðêî èëëþñòðèðóþò ïîðàçèòåëüíîå ðàçâèòèå íàøåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè. Îíè ïðîäàëè ãðóç â 6000 òîíí ðóäû. Îíè ïîñëàëè íàì ÷åê íà 3000 ðóáëåé. 33 We have ordered some engines of 2,000 H. P. each. Ìû çàêàçàëè íåñêîëüêî ìîòîðîâ ìîùíîñòüþ â 2000 ëîøàäèíûõ ñèë êàæäûé. § 10. Êîãäà îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì â ï î ë î æ è ò å ë ü í î é èëè ñ ð à â í è ò å ë ü í î é ñ ò å ï å í è, åãî ïðèñóòñòâèå í å â ë è ÿ å ò íà âûáîð àðòèêëÿ, è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ îïðåäåëåííûì èëè íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì èëè ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some, any íà îñíîâàíèè î á ù è õ ï ð à â è ë, íåçàâèñèìî îò íàëè÷èÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî: Give me a red pencil. Äàéòå ìíå êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø. I cannot find the red pencil which ß íå ìîãó íàéòè êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø, êîòîðûé âû ìíå äàëè you gave me yesterday. â÷åðà. Ìû îñòàíîâèëèñü ïåðåä áîëüøèì We stopped before a big house. äîìîì. Áîëüøîé äîì â êîíöå óëèöû The big house at the end of the street is the town library. ãîðîäñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà. Ìíå íóæåí áîëüøèé ÷åìîäàí. I want a bigger trunk. Ill carry the bigger trunk (of the ß ïîíåñó áîëüøèé ÷åìîäàí (èç ýòèõ äâóõ). two). § 11. Êîãäà îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì â ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í î é ñ ò å ï å í è, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, ïîñêîëüêó òàêîå îïðåäåëåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèì: Moscow has the best underground in the world. The highest mountains are in Asia. This is the most interesting book I have ever read on this subject. Ìîñêâà èìååò ëó÷øåå ìåòðî â ìèðå. Ñàìûå âûñîêèå ãîðû íàõîäÿòñÿ â Àçèè. Ýòî ñàìàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà, êîòîðóþ ÿ êîãäà-ëèáî ÷èòàë ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. § 12. Êîãäà îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî îäíèì èç ñëîâ: same òîò æå ñàìûé, îäèíàêîâûé, next, following ñëåäóþùèé, last ïîñëåäíèé, very òîò ñàìûé, only åäèíñòâåííûé, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, ïîñêîëüêó òàêîå îïðåäåëåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèì: In many countries women do not get the same wages as men. She said that they were very busy but that they would have more time the following week. 34 Âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ æåíùèíû íå ïîëó÷àþò îäèíàêîâîé çàðïëàòû ñ ìóæ÷èíàìè. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îíè î÷åíü çàíÿòû, íî ÷òî ó íèõ áóäåò áîëüøå âðåìåíè íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå. I found him in the last carriage of the train. You are the very person I need. This is the only book I have on this question. ß íàøåë åãî â ïîñëåäíåì âàãîíå ïîåçäà. Âû òîò ñàìûé ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðûé ìíå íóæåí. Ýòî åäèíñòâåííàÿ êíèãà, êîòîðàÿ ó ìåíÿ åñòü ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Next â çíà÷åíèè áóäóùèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ â ñî÷åòàíèÿõ next week íà áóäóùåé íåäåëå, next month â áóäóùåì ìåñÿöå, next year â áóäóùåì ãîäó è ò. ä. Last â çíà÷åíèè ïðîøëûé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ â ñî÷åòàíèÿõ last week íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå, last month â ïðîøëîì ìåñÿöå, last year â ïðîøëîì ãîäó è ò. ä. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî â òàêèõ ñî÷åòàíèÿõ, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, îòñóòñòâóåò ïðåäëîã. § 13. Êîãäà îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî ï î ð ÿ ä ê î â û ì ÷ è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, ïîñêîëüêó òàêîå îïðåäåëåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèì: The office is on the second floor. I took a seat in the third row. Êîíòîðà íàõîäèòñÿ íà âòîðîì ýòàæå. ß çàíÿë ìåñòî â òðåòüåì ðÿäó. Îäíàêî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, êîãäà ïîðÿäêîâîå ÷èñëèòåëüíîå èìååò çíà÷åíèå äðóãîé, åùå îäèí: We must charter a second vessel. A third man entered the room. Ìû äîëæíû çàôðàõòîâàòü âòîðîå (äðóãîå, åùå îäíî) ñóäíî. Òðåòèé (åùå îäèí) ÷åëîâåê âîøåë â êîìíàòó. § 14. Êîãäà îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî ê î ë è ÷ å ñ ò â å í í û ì ÷ è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ: Two men entered the room. We have chartered three steamers. Äâà ÷åëîâåêà âîøëè â êîìíàòó. Ìû çàôðàõòîâàëè òðè ïàðîõîäà. Êîãäà æå ðå÷ü èäåò î ïðåäìåòàõ, óæå óïîìèíàâøèõñÿ ðàíåå, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå the two ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñëîâàìè ýòè (òå) äâà, îáà, the three ýòè (òå) òðè, the four ýòè (òå) ÷åòûðå è ò. ä.: Trade between Russia and Germany is steadily growing. The exchange of goods between the two countries greatly increased in 2001. Òîðãîâëÿ ìåæäó Ðîññèåé è Ãåðìàíèåé íåóêëîííî ðàñòåò. Òîâàðîîáîðîò ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ ñòðàíàìè çíà÷èòåëüíî óâåëè÷èëñÿ â 2001 ãîäó. 35 Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ñ íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ è ìåñòîèìåíèé some è any ñ èìåíàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âåùåñòâåííûìè § 15. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â å ù å ñ ò â å í í û å ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ, ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some, any è ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì. § 16. Èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â å ù å ñ ò â å í í û å óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ: 1. Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î âåùåñòâå â î á ù å ì ñ ì û ñ ë å, ò. å. î âåùåñòâå, êàê òàêîâîì: Water is necessary for life. Many ships with grain, coal, oil and other cargoes come to Moscow along the Moscow Canal. Salt can be obtained from sea water. I like milk. Âîäà íåîáõîäèìà äëÿ æèçíè. Ìíîãî ñóäîâ ñ çåðíîì, óãëåì, íåôòüþ è äðóãèìè ãðóçàìè ïðèáûâàåò â Ìîñêâó ïî êàíàëó èìåíè Ìîñêâû. Ñîëü ìîæíî äîáûâàòü èç ìîðñêîé âîäû. ß ëþáëþ ìîëîêî. 2. Êîãäà îäíî âåùåñòâî ï ð î ò è â î ï î ñ ò à â ë ÿ å ò ñ ÿ äðóãîìó âåùåñòâó. Äðóãîå âåùåñòâî ìîæåò íå áûòü óïîìÿíóòî, à òîëüêî ïîäðàçóìåâàòüñÿ: Which do you prefer: tea or coffee? ×òî âû ïðåäïî÷èòàåòå: ÷àé èëè êîôå? This steamer burns oil (and not Ýòîò ïàðîõîä óïîòðåáëÿåò íåôòü coal). â êà÷åñòâå ãîðþ÷åãî (à íå óãîëü). § 17. Âåùåñòâåííûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some è any, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î êàêîì-òî í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ì ê î ë è ÷ å ñ ò â å, ê à ê î é - ò î ÷ à ñ ò è âåùåñòâà. Some óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåêîòîðîå êîëè÷åñòâî, ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü, a any â â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñêîëüêîíèáóäü, à òàêæå â î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íèñêîëüêî. Some è any íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè: I have bought some butter. Bring me some water. Isnt there any sugar in the sugar basin? There isnt any ink in the inkpot. ß êóïèë ìàñëà. Ïðèíåñèòå ìíå âîäû. Ðàçâå â ñàõàðíèöå íåò ñàõàðà?  ÷åðíèëüíèöå íåò ÷åðíèë. Êðîìå some è any, äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íåîïðåäåëåííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà âåùåñòâà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëîâà much ìíîãî, little ìàëî, a little íåìíîãî: There is very much water in the well. 36  êîëîäöå î÷åíü ìíîãî âîäû. He poured very little milk into the glass. Îí íàëèë î÷åíü ìàëî ìîëîêà â ñòàêàí. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Óïîòðåáëåíèå some è any ïðåäñòàâëÿåò òðóäíîñòü äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå çíà÷åíèå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïåðåä èìåíàìè âåùåñòâåííûìè íå âûðàæàåòñÿ îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè some è any. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íåîïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå âûðàæàåòñÿ ôîðìîé ðîäèòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà: Êóïèòå õëåáà. Îí íàëèë âîäû â ñòàêàí. Âû êóïèëè ñûðó? Buy some bread. Íå poured some water into the glass. Have you bought any cheese? ×àñòî, îäíàêî, íåîïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà íå âûðàæàåòñÿ ôîðìîé ðîäèòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà: Åñòü ëè âîäà â áóòûëêå? Ó ìåíÿ åñòü õëåá è ñûð. Is there any water in the bottle? I have some bread and (some) cheese.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâà, âûðàæàþùèå íåîïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî, íå ìîãóò áûòü îïóùåíû. Åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè Buy some bread îïóñòèòü some, òî ðå÷ü áóäåò èäòè íå î íåîïðåäåëåííîì êîëè÷åñòâå, à îá îäíîì âåùåñòâå, ïðîòèâîïîñòàâëÿåìîì äðóãîìó âåùåñòâó. Buy bread îçíà÷àåò Êóïèòå õëåá, ò. å. èìåííî õëåá, à íå ÷òî-íèáóäü äðóãîå. Àíàëîãè÷íî, åñëè îïóñòèòü any â âîïðîñå Is there any water in the bottle?, òî èçìåíèòñÿ ñìûñë âîïðîñà. Is there water in the bottle? îçíà÷àåò  áóòûëêå âîäà?, ò. å. âîäà ëè òàì èëè êàêàÿ-íèáóäü äðóãàÿ æèäêîñòü (ñð. óïîòðåáëåíèå some è any ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè ïðèìå÷. íà ñòð. 28). § 18. Âåùåñòâåííûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò îá î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ì êîëè÷åñòâå äàííîãî âåùåñòâà, à èìåííî: 1. Êîãäà èç ñèòóàöèè èëè êîíòåêñòà ÿñíî, î ê à ê î ì è ì å í í î êîëè÷åñòâå âåùåñòâà èäåò ðå÷ü.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ãîâîðÿùèé èìååò â âèäó âñå êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà, èìåþùååñÿ â äàííîé îáñòàíîâêå: Pass me the bread, please. Bring the milk from the kitchen. The meat was quite cold. Ïåðåäàéòå ìíå õëåá, ïîæàëóéñòà. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î õëåáå, íàõîäÿùåìñÿ íà ñòîëå. Ñð.: Pass me some bread, please. Ïåðåäàéòå ìíå õëåáà.) Ïðèíåñèòå ìîëîêî èç êóõíè. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î âñåì ìîëîêå, íàõîäÿùåìñÿ íà êóõíå. Ñð.: Bring me some milk from the kitchen. Ïðèíåñèòå ìíå ìîëîêà èç êóõíè.) Ìÿñî áûëî ñîâñåì õîëîäíîå. (Èìååòñÿ â âèäó ìÿñî, ïîäàííîå ê ñòîëó) 37 We shall ship the ore next week. Ìû îòãðóçèì ðóäó íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå. (Ðå÷ü èäåò îá îïðåäåëåííîì êîëè÷åñòâå ðóäû, ïðåäíàçíà÷åííîì ê îòãðóçêå.) 2. Êîãäà íåêîòîðîå êîëè÷åñòâî âåùåñòâà, óæå íàçâàííîå ðàíåå, ñ í î â à ó ï î ì è í à å ò ñ ÿ â áåñåäå èëè òåêñòå: I bought some cheese and some butter. The cheese was not very good, but the butter was excellent. The waiter brought me some tea and some milk. I drank the tea but did not drink the milk. ß êóïèë ñûðó è ìàñëà. Ñûð áûë íå î÷åíü õîðîøèé, íî ìàñëî áûëî ïðåâîñõîäíîå. Îôèöèàíò ïðèíåñ ìíå ÷àþ è ìîëîêà. ß âûïèë ÷àé, íî íå âûïèë ìîëîêî. 3. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèåì âåùåñòâà, èìåþùèì ïðè ñåáå î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å, ñëóæàùåå äëÿ â û ä å ë å í è ÿ îïðåäåëåííîãî êîëè÷åñòâà âåùåñòâà èç âñåãî âåùåñòâà äàííîãî ðîäà, ñóùåñòâóþùåãî â ïðèðîäå, ò. å. èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùåå îïðåäåëåíèå (ñð. § 9, ï. 1): The ore discovered by the expedition is of a high quality. The steel used in the construction of this bridge was produced at the Magnitogorsk plant. The wafer in this river is very cold. Ðóäà, íàéäåííàÿ ýêñïåäèöèåé, âûñîêîãî êà÷åñòâà. Ñòàëü, èñïîëüçîâàííàÿ â ñòðîèòåëüñòâå ýòîãî ìîñòà, áûëà âûïëàâëåíà íà Ìàãíèòîãîðñêîì çàâîäå. Âîäà â ýòîé ðåêå î÷åíü õîëîäíàÿ. § 19. Åñëè îïðåäåëåíèå ñëóæèò ïðèçíàêîì, ïî êîòîðîìó äàííîå âåùåñòâî âûäåëÿåòñÿ â î ñ î á û é â è ä èëè ñ î ð ò âåùåñòâà, ò. å. åñëè îïðåäåëåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ êëàññèôèöèðóþùèì, òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ (ñð. § 9, ï. 2): Silk which is used for the aviation industry must be of the highest quality. Butter which is made of boiled cream tastes good. Water from a well is always cold. Øåëê, êîòîðûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â àâèàöèîííîé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè, äîëæåí áûòü ñàìîãî âûñîêîãî êà÷åñòâà. Ìàñëî, êîòîðîå äåëàåòñÿ èç êèïÿ÷åíûõ ñëèâîê, ïðèÿòíî íà âêóñ. Âîäà èç êîëîäöà âñåãäà õîëîäíàÿ. § 20. Åñëè îïðåäåëåíèå ñëóæèò äëÿ î ï è ñ à í è ÿ âåùåñòâà èëè ñîîáùåíèÿ î íåì ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û õ ñ â å ä å í è é, ò. å. åñëè îïðåäåëåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïèñàòåëüíûì, òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå âåùåñòâåííîå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ, ñ îïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì èëè ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some è any íà îñíîâàíèè î á ù è õ ï ð à â è ë, íåçàâèñèìî îò íàëè÷èÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ (ñð. § 9, ï. 3): 38 Bulgaria exports tobacco, which is one of the staple agricultural products of the country. She brought the tea, which we drank with great pleasure. I have bought some silk, which I want to give my mother for a dress. Áîëãàðèÿ ýêñïîðòèðóåò òàáàê, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç îñíîâíûõ ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ñòðàíû. Îíà ïðèíåñëà ÷àé, êîòîðûé ìû âûïèëè ñ áîëüøèì óäîâîëüñòâèåì. ß êóïèë øåëê, êîòîðûé ÿ õî÷ó ïîäàðèòü ìàòåðè íà ïëàòüå. § 21. Åñëè îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì â ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í î é ñ ò å ï å í è, òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì: This is the best wine I have ever drunk. Ýòî ëó÷øåå âèíî, êîòîðîå ÿ êîãäà-ëèáî ïèë. § 22. Åñëè îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíî ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì â ï î ë î æ è ò å ë ü í î é èëè ñ ð à â í è ò å ë ü í î é ñ ò å ï å í è, òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ, ñ îïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì èëè ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some è any íà îñíîâàíèè î á ù è õ ï ð à â è ë, íåçàâèñèìî îò íàëè÷èÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî: I like cold milk. I drank the cold milk she brought me. Give me some cold milk. I usually drink sweeter tea. Which is the sweeter wine? I want some warmer water. ß ëþáëþ õîëîäíîå ìîëîêî. ß âûïèë õîëîäíîå ìîëîêî, êîòîðîå îíà ìíå ïðèíåñëà. Äàéòå ìíå õîëîäíîãî ìîëîêà. ß îáû÷íî ïüþ áîëåå ñëàäêèé ÷àé. Êîòîðîå âèíî áîëåå ñëàäêîå? Ìíå íóæíà áîëåå òåïëàÿ âîäà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ñ èìåíàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, êîòîðûå, îáîçíà÷àÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ñîðòà èëè âèäû âåùåñòâà, ïðåâðàòèëèñü â èñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå (ñòð. 9), ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ îáùèì ïðàâèëàì óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àðòèêëÿ ñ èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè: It is a very good wine. I prefer Caucasian wines to Crimean wines. This is an oil which is used for lubricating small bearings. Russia exports lubricating oils. Ýòî î÷åíü õîðîøåå âèíî. ß ïðåäïî÷èòàþ êàâêàçñêèå âèíà êðûìñêèì. Ýòî ìàñëî, êîòîðîå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äëÿ ñìàçêè íåáîëüøèõ ïîäøèïíèêîâ. Ðîññèÿ ýêñïîðòèðóåò ñìàçî÷íûå ìàñëà. Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ è ìåñòîèìåíèé some u any ñ èìåíàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè îòâëå÷åííûìè § 23. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå î ò â ë å ÷ å í í û å íàçâàíèÿ ïðèçíàêîâ, äåéñòâèé, ñîñòîÿíèé, ÷óâñòâ, ÿâëåíèé, íàóê, èñêóññòâ è ò. ï. ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ, ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì, ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some è any, à èíîãäà òàêæå ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì. 39 § 24. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå î ò â ë å ÷ å í í û å óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ, êîãäà îíè âûðàæàþò îòâëå÷åííûå ïîíÿòèÿ â î á ù å ì ñ ì û ñ ë å: Knowledge is power. I like music. I shall do it with pleasure. She teaches geography at school. Çíàíèå ñèëà. ß ëþáëþ ìóçûêó. ß ýòî ñäåëàþ ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì. Îíà ïðåïîäàåò â øêîëå ãåîãðàôèþ. § 25. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îòâëå÷åííûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì, êîãäà îíè èìåþò ïðè ñåáå î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å, ñëóæàùåå äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû îòíåñòè äàííûé ïðèçíàê, ñîñòîÿíèå, ÷óâñòâî è ò. ï. ê êàêîìó-ëèáî ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó: The honour of our country is very dear to us. To the joy of his friends he recovered very quickly. We study the geography of our country. I like the music of this ballet. ×åñòü íàøåé ðîäèíû íàì î÷åíü äîðîãà. Ê ðàäîñòè ñâîèõ äðóçåé, îí î÷åíü áûñòðî âûçäîðîâåë. Ìû èçó÷àåì ãåîãðàôèþ íàøåé ñòðàíû. Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ìóçûêà ýòîãî áàëåòà. § 26. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îòâëå÷åííûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè some è any, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î é ñòåïåíè êà÷åñòâà, ñòåïåíè ïðîÿâëåíèÿ ÷óâñòâà è ò. ï. Some óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåêîòîðûé, a any â â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàêîé-íèáóäü è â î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íèêàêîé: The news caused some excitement. There is some difference between these two samples. He did not show any fear. Is there any hope that he will recover? Ýòà íîâîñòü âûçâàëà íåêîòîðîå âîëíåíèå. Ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ îáðàçöàìè èìååòñÿ íåêîòîðàÿ ðàçíèöà. Îí íå ïðîÿâèë íèêàêîãî ñòðàõà. Åñòü ëè êàêàÿ-íèáóäü íàäåæäà íà òî, ÷òî îí âûçäîðîâååò? § 27. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îòâëå÷åííûå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ è ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ðàçíîâèäíîñòè êà÷åñòâà èëè ÷óâñòâà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îáû÷íî èìååò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèå, à íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü èìååò çíà÷åíèå a kind of, such òàêîãî ðîäà, òàêîé: Íå showed a patience (a kind of patience, such patience) that I had never expected of him. Ñð.: You must learn patience. Íå opened the letter with an excitement (a kind of excitement, such excitement) that he could not conceal. 40 Îí ïðîÿâèë òåðïåíèå (òàêîãî ðîäà, òàêîå òåðïåíèå), êîòîðîãî ÿ îò íåãî íå îæèäàë. Âû äîëæíû ó÷èòüñÿ òåðïåíèþ. Îí îòêðûë ïèñüìî ñ âîëíåíèåì(òàêîãî ðîäà, òàêèì âîëíåíèåì), êîòîðîãî îí íå ìîã ñêðûòü. Ñð.: This telegram caused excitement. The Russian troops displayed à courage (such courage) which amazed the whole world. Ñð.: Courage was his main quality. Íå spoke with an enthusiasm (such enthusiasm) which inspired us all. Ñð.: Íå spoke about his work with enthusiasm. There was an unusual warmth in his words (a warmth that was unusual to him). Ñð.: Íå spoke with warmth about his friend. Ýòà òåëåãðàììà âûçâàëà âîëíåíèå. Ðîññèéñêèå âîéñêà ïðîÿâèëè õðàáðîñòü (òàêóþ õðàáðîñòü), êîòîðàÿ ïîðàçèëà âåñü ìèð. Õðàáðîñòü áûëà åãî îñíîâíûì êà÷åñòâîì. Îí ãîâîðèë ñ ýíòóçèàçìîì (òàêèì ýíòóçèàçìîì), êîòîðûé íàñ âñåõ âîîäóøåâèë. Îí ãîâîðèë î ñâîåé ðàáîòå ñ ýíòóçèàçìîì.  åãî ñëîâàõ áûëà íåîáû÷íàÿ òåïëîòà (òåïëîòà, êîòîðàÿ áûëà äëÿ íåãî íåîáû÷íà). Îí ãîâîðèë ñ òåïëîòîé î ñâîåì äðóãå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè îòâëå÷åííûìè, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëåíû â êîíêðåòíîì çíà÷åíèè â êà÷åñòâå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ èñ÷èñëÿåìûõ (ñòð. 9), ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ îáùèì ïðàâèëàì óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àðòèêëÿ ñ èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè: This is a striking thought. The thought of going to his native town filled him with excitement. The thoughts which he expressed on the subject are very interesting. Ýòî ïîðàçèòåëüíàÿ ìûñëü. Ìûñëü î ïîåçäêå â ðîäíîé ãîðîä ïðèâîäèëà åãî â âîëíåíèå. Ìûñëè, êîòîðûå îí âûñêàçàë ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó, î÷åíü èíòåðåñíû. Îäíàêî íåêîòîðûå îòâëå÷åííûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, êàê permission ðàçðåøåíèå, advice ñîâåò, ñîâåòû, information ñâåäåíèÿ, ñîîáùåíèÿ è äðóãèå, óïîòðåáëåííûå â êîíêðåòíîì çíà÷åíèè, îñòàþòñÿ íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè è íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì: Íå received permission to visit that plant. Íå sent us important information on the state of the market. He readily gives advice to everybody who asks him for it. Îí ïîëó÷èë ðàçðåøåíèå ïîñåòèòü ýòîò çàâîä. Îí ïðèñëàë íàì âàæíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïîëîæåíèè ðûíêà. Îí îõîòíî äàåò ñîâåòû êàæäîìó, êòî ê íåìó îáðàùàåòñÿ. Îòñóòñòâèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä èìåíàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè íàðèöàòåëüíûìè èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè è íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè*) § 28. Àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, èìåþùèì ïðè ñåáå êàêîé-íèáóäü äðóãîé îïðåäåëèòåëü (ñòð. 22): My room is large. Ìîÿ êîìíàòà áîëüøàÿ. This book is interesting. Ýòà êíèãà èíòåðåñíàÿ. I want some matches. Ìíå íóæíû ñïè÷êè. *) Âàæíåéøèå ñëó÷àè îòñóòñòâèÿ àðòèêëÿ áûëè ðàçîáðàíû ïðè ðàññìîòðåíèè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àðòèêëÿ ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè êàòåãîðèÿìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ.  äàííîì ðàçäåëå èçëîæåíû êàê óïîìÿíóòûå, òàê è äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñëó÷àè îòñóòñòâèÿ àðòèêëÿ. 41 Îäíàêî àðòèêëü ìîæåò îòñóòñòâîâàòü òàêæå ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, íå èìåþùèì ïðè ñåáå íèêàêîãî äðóãîãî îïðåäåëèòåëÿ: 1. Àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷ è ñ ë å, êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îáîçíà÷àåò äîëæíîñòü èëè çâàíèå, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ å ä è í ñ ò â å í í û ì è â äàííîé îáñòàíîâêå. Àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò ïåðåä òàêèì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà îíî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ðîëè è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î, ï ð è ë î æ å í è ÿ èëè êîãäà îíî ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to elect èçáèðàòü, to appoint íàçíà÷àòü, to make ñäåëàòü è ò. ï.: My brother is chief of this expedition. Well discuss the matter with Mr.Petrov, dean of our faculty. Íå has been appointed captain of the S. S. Minsk. Ìîé áðàò íà÷àëüíèê ýòîé ýêñïåäèöèè. Ìû îáñóäèì ýòîò âîïðîñ ñ ã-íîì Ïåòðîâûì, äåêàíîì íàøåãî ôàêóëüòåòà. Îí íàçíà÷åí êàïèòàíîì ï/õ «Ìèíñê». ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà òàêèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëåíû â ðîëè ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î èëè ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ, ïåðåä íèìè ñòàâèòñÿ îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü: The dean of our faculty spoke at the meeting yesterday. The letter was signed by the captain of the S. S. Minsk. Äåêàí íàøåãî ôàêóëüòåòà âûñòóïàë â÷åðà íà ñîáðàíèè. Ïèñüìî áûëî ïîäïèñàíî êàïèòàíîì ï/õ «Ìèíñê». 2. Àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â î ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷ è ñ ë å, êîãäà â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü, à èìåííî: à) Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ëèöàõ èëè ïðåäìåòàõ è ì å í í î ä à í í î ã î êëàññà, â îòëè÷èå îò ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ ä ð ó ã è õ êëàññîâ: They packed the goods in bags and Îíè óïàêîâàëè òîâàðû â ìåøêè, not in boxes. à íå â ÿùèêè. This plant is engaged in the manuÝòîò çàâîä çàíèìàåòñÿ ïðîèçâîäfacture of pumps. ñòâîì íàñîñîâ. á) Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì, ê å ì èëè ÷ å ì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòû, óêàçàííûå â ïðåäëîæåíèè, è ñëóæàùèì è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î è ë è ï ð è ë î æ å í è å ì: Both his sons are students of the Moscow University. The test was carried out by Mr. A. and Mr. Â., assistants to Professor Ivanov. Îáà åãî ñûíà ñòóäåíòû Ìîñêîâñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. Èñïûòàíèå áûëî ïðîâåäåíî ã-íîì À. è ã-íîì Â., àññèñòåíòàìè ïðîôåññîðà Èâàíîâà. â) Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì â ñ ÿ ê è õ, ë þ á û õ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé äàííîãî êëàññà ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ: Squares have four sides. Boys like to play football. 42 Êâàäðàòû èìåþò ÷åòûðå ñòîðîíû. Ìàëü÷èêè ëþáÿò èãðàòü â ôóòáîë. ã) Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñòîÿùèì ïîñëå what â âîñêëèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïîñëå such, quite, rather: What fine buildings! These are such interesting books! They are quite young girls. These are rather good cigarettes. Êàêèå ïðåêðàñíûå çäàíèÿ! Ýòî òàêèå èíòåðåñíûå êíèãè! Îíè ñîâñåì ìîëîäûå äåâóøêè. Ýòî äîâîëüíî õîðîøèå ïàïèðîñû. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî íåîïðåäåëåííîìó àðòèêëþ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå íå âñåãäà ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îòñóòñòâèå àðòèêëÿ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå. Åñëè àðòèêëü â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå óïîòðåáëåí ñ îòòåíêîì êîëè÷åñòâåííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ, òî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå äîëæíî óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèåì some èëè any èëè äðóãèì îïðåäåëèòåëåì, âûðàæàþùèì êîëè÷åñòâî (ñòð. 27): I want a match. I want some matches. Ìíå íóæíà ñïè÷êà. Ìíå íóæíû ñïè÷êè. ß ïîëó÷èë âàæíîå ïèñüìî. ß ïîëó÷èë âàæíûå ïèñüìà. is an easy-chair in that There room. There are many easy-chairs in that room.  òîé êîìíàòå èìååòñÿ êðåñëî. I have received an important letter. I have received some important letters.  òîé êîìíàòå èìååòñÿ ìíîãî êðåñåë. 3. Àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò ïåðåä í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ò. å. ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì âåùåñòâî èëè îòâëå÷åííîå ïîíÿòèå â î á ù å ì ñ ì û ñ ë å: Our country is very rich in oil and coal. Knowledge is power. Íàøà ñòðàíà î÷åíü áîãàòà íåôòüþ è óãëåì. Çíàíèå ñèëà. § 29. Àðòèêëü îòñóòñòâóåò ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â ãàçåòíûõ è æóðíàëüíûõ çàãîëîâêàõ, îáúÿâëåíèÿõ, òåëåãðàììàõ è ò. ï. Àðòèêëü â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íàìåðåííî ïðîïóñêàåòñÿ èç ñòèëèñòè÷åñêèõ ñîîáðàæåíèé èëè ñîîáðàæåíèé ýêîíîìèè, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî ïî ñìûñëó åãî ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü: Arrival of Polish Trade Delegation Ïðèáûòèå ïîëüñêîé òîðãîâîé (çàãîëîâîê çàìåòêè, ñòàòüè â äåëåãàöèè. ãàçåòå èëè æóðíàëå). Have sent you cheque 5,000 pounds. Ïîñëàëè âàì ÷åê íà 5000 ôóíòîâ. Please ship goods immediately Ïðîñèì íåìåäëåííî îòãðóçèòü (òåëåãðàììà). òîâàð. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÀÐÒÈÊËß Ñ ÈÌÅÍÀÌÈ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÌÈ ÑÎÁÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÌÈ § 30. Êàê îáùåå ïðàâèëî, èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ñ î á ñ ò â å í í û å óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ. ßâëÿÿñü íàçâàíèÿìè ïðåäìåòîâ, åäèí43 ñòâåííûõ â ñâîåì ðîäå, èëè ëè÷íûìè èìåíàìè, îíè ñàìè ïî ñåáå âûäåëÿþò îïðåäåëåííîå ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, íå íóæäàÿñü â àðòèêëå: Moscow Peter Ìîñêâà Ïåòð Europe John Smith Åâðîïà Äæîí Ñìèò § 31. Êîãäà ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñîáñòâåííûì ñòîèò íàðèöàòåëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå çâàíèå*), èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ñëóæàùåå ïðèíÿòîé ôîðìîé îáðàùåíèÿ*), òî àðòèêëü òàêæå íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: Professor Pavlov General Ivanov Doctor Brown Mr.**) White ïðîôåññîð Ïàâëîâ ãåíåðàë Èâàíîâ äîêòîð Áðàóí ìèñòåð Óàéò § 32. Íàðèöàòåëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ñëóæàùåå îáðàùåíèåì, ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñîáñòâåííîå è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ: Good morning, captain! Äîáðîå óòðî, êàïèòàí! May I ask you a question, profesÐàçðåøèòå çàäàòü âàì âîïðîñ, sor? ïðîôåññîð? Porter, take this trunk to the cusÍîñèëüùèê, ñíåñèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, tom-house, please. ýòîò ÷åìîäàí â òàìîæíþ. § 33. Íàçâàíèÿ ÷ëåíîâ ñåìüè father, mother, uncle è ò. ä., êîãäà îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ÷ëåíàìè òîé æå ñåìüè, ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ êàê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ñîáñòâåííûå è íå ñîïðîâîæäàþòñÿ àðòèêëåì.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè ïèøóòñÿ ñ ïðîïèñíîé áóêâû: Ill ask Father about it. ß ñïðîøó îòöà îá ýòîì. § 34.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè ñîáñòâåííûìè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é àðòèêëü: 1. Ïåðåä ôàìèëèÿìè, óïîòðåáëåííûìè âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ÷ëåíîâ îäíîé è òîé æå ñåìüè: The Petrovs arrived from London yesterday. The Browns have left London. Ïåòðîâû ïðèåõàëè â÷åðà èç Ëîíäîíà. Áðàóíû óåõàëè èç Ëîíäîíà. 2. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ñ ò ð à í, î ê å à í î â, ì î ð å é, ç à ë è â î â è äðóãèìè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèìè íàçâàíèÿìè, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèìè ñîáîé ñî÷åòàíèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî í à ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î ã î ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì îïðåäåëÿþùèì ñëîâîì: *) Òàêèå ñëîâà, ïðåäøåñòâóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñîáñòâåííûì, ïèøóòñÿ ñ ïðîïèñíîé áóêâû. **) Mr. Mister. Ïèøåòñÿ òîëüêî â ñîêðàùåííîé ôîðìå. 44 the the the the the the the the the British Empire United States Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean Mediterranean Sea Baltic Sea Persian Gulf Sahara Desert British Channel Áðèòàíñêàÿ èìïåðèÿ Ñîåäèíåííûå Øòàòû Òèõèé Îêåàí Àòëàíòè÷åñêèé Îêåàí Ñðåäèçåìíîå ìîðå Áàëòèéñêîå ìîðå Ïåðñèäñêèé çàëèâ Ïóñòûíÿ Ñàõàðà Àíãëèéñêèé êàíàë (Ëà-Ìàíø) Îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè îêåàíîâ è ìîðåé è â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ñëîâà Ocean è Sea îïóùåíû, íàïðèìåð: the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, the Baltic. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà æå ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå íàçâàíèå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñî÷åòàíèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ñ î á ñ ò â å í í î ã î ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì îïðåäåëÿþùèì ñëîâîì, òî àðòèêëü íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: Eastern Europe Central Asia North America South America Northern Ireland South Africa Âîñòî÷íàÿ Åâðîïà Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Àçèÿ Ñåâåðíàÿ Àìåðèêà Þæíàÿ Àìåðèêà Ñåâåðíàÿ Èðëàíäèÿ Þæíàÿ Àôðèêà 3. Ïåðåä ñëåäóþùèìè íàçâàíèÿìè ñ ò ð à í, ì å ñ ò í î ñ ò å é è ã î ð î ä î â: the the the the the Ukraine Crimea Caucasus Transvaal Congo Óêðàèíà Êðûì Êàâêàç Òðàíñâààëü Êîíãî the Netherlands Íèäåðëàíäû (Ãîëëàíäèÿ) Àðãåíòèíà the Argentine (íî: Argentina) the Hague Ãààãà the Neva the Thames Íåâà Òåìçà 4. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ð å ê: the Volga the Mississippi Âîëãà Ìèññèñèïè 5. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ã î ð í û õ õ ð å á ò î â: the Alps Àëüïû the Apennines Àïåííèíû Íàçâàíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ ãîðíûõ âåðøèí, îäíàêî, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ: Elbrus Ýëüáðóñ Mont Blanc Ìîíáëàí Everest Ýâåðåñò 6. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ã ð ó ï ï î ñ ò ð î â î â: the West Indies the Azores Âåñò-Èíäèÿ Àçîðñêèå îñòðîâà 45 7. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ñ ó ä î â: the Pskov, the Titanic. 8. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ã î ñ ò è í è ö: the Metropol, the Savoy. 9. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè à í ã ë è é ñ ê è õ è à ì å ð è ê à í ñ ê è õ ã à ç å ò è æ ó ð í à ë î â: The Daily Mirror, The Times. ÌÅÑÒÎ ÀÐÒÈÊËß § 35. À ð ò è ê ë ü, êàê è äðóãèå îïðåäåëèòåëè, ñòàâèòñÿ ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. Êîãäà ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñòîÿò îïðåäåëåíèÿ, òî àðòèêëü ñòàâèòñÿ ï å ð å ä í è ì è: I am writing a letter. ß ïèøó ïèñüìî. I am writing a business letter. ß ïèøó äåëîâîå ïèñüìî. § 36. Àðòèêëü the ñòàâèòñÿ ï î ñ ë å ìåñòîèìåíèé all è both: All the students of our group attended the meeting. I have sent both the letters by air mail. Âñå ñëóøàòåëè íàøåé ãðóïïû áûëè íà ñîáðàíèè. ß îòïðàâèë îáà ïèñüìà âîçäóøíîé ïî÷òîé. § 37. Àðòèêëü a (an) ñòàâèòñÿ: à) Ï î ñ ë å what â âîñêëèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: What an interesting book! Êàêàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà! á) Ï î ñ ë å such, quite, rather: It is such an interesting book! Íå is quite an old man. It is rather a complicated question. Ýòî òàêàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà! Îí ñîâñåì ñòàðûé ÷åëîâåê. Ýòî äîâîëüíî ñëîæíûé âîïðîñ. Àðòèêëü à ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ òàêæå ï å ð å ä rather: It is a rather complicated question. â) Ï î ñ ë å ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì so è too: It is not so simple a problem as it seems. It is too urgent a matter to postpone. Ýòî íå òàêàÿ ïðîñòàÿ ïðîáëåìà, êàê êàæåòñÿ. Ýòî ñëèøêîì ñðî÷íûé âîïðîñ, ÷òîáû åãî ìîæíî áûëî îòëîæèòü. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÀÐÒÈÊËß Â ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÕ ÑÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈßÕ È ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈßÕ §38. Í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ðÿäå ñî÷åòàíèé è âûðàæåíèé: a lot of, a great deal of, a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a great many ìíîãî 46 a few íåñêîëüêî a little íåìíîãî at a speed of ñî ñêîðîñòüþ at a time when â òî âðåìÿ êîãäà at a time îäíîâðåìåííî, çà îäèí ðàç for a short (long) time â òå÷åíèå êîðîòêîãî (äîëãîãî) âðåìåíè, íà êîðîòêèé (äîëãèé) ñðîê in a loud (low) voice ãðîìêèì (òèõèì) ãîëîñîì on a large (small) scale â áîëüøîì (ìàëîì) ìàñøòàáå all of a sudden âíåçàïíî to be in a hurry ñïåøèòü to be in a position áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè to be at a loss áûòü â çàòðóäíåíèè it is a pity æàëü as a result of â ðåçóëüòàòå ÷.-ë. as a matter of fact ôàêòè÷åñêè, íà ñàìîì äåëå to have a good time õîðîøî ïðîâåñòè âðåìÿ to have a mind íàìåðåâàòüñÿ to have a look âçãëÿíóòü to have a headache èñïûòûâàòü ãîëîâíóþ áîëü to take a seat ñåñòü to go for a walk ïîéòè ãóëÿòü to have a cold áûòü ïðîñòóæåííûì § 39. Î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ðÿäå ñî÷åòàíèé è âûðàæåíèé: in the morning óòðîì in the evening âå÷åðîì in the afternoon äíåì, ïîñëå ïîëóäíÿ in the night íî÷üþ what is the time? êîòîðûé ÷àñ? the day before yesterday ïîçàâ÷åðà the day after to-morrow ïîñëåçàâòðà on the right (left) ñïðàâà (ñëåâà) in the country çà ãîðîäîì, â äåðåâíå on the one (other) hand ñ îäíîé (äðóãîé) ñòîðîíû on the whole â öåëîì, â îáùåì the other day íà äíÿõ to go to the theatre (the cinema, the pictures) õîäèòü â òåàòð (êèíî) to play the piano, the violin èãðàòü íà ïèàíèíî, ñêðèïêå to tell the time ñêàçàòü, êîòîðûé ÷àñ to tell the truth ãîâîðèòü ïðàâäó to pass the time ïðîâîäèòü âðåìÿ to run the risk ïîäâåðãàòüñÿ ðèñêó § 40. À ð ò è ê ë ü î ò ñ ó ò ñ ò â ó å ò â ðÿäå ñî÷åòàíèé è âûðàæåíèé: at night íî÷üþ by day äíåì at home äîìà at work çà ðàáîòîé at sunset ïðè çàõîäå ñîëíöà at first sight ñ ïåðâîãî âçãëÿäà at peace â ìèðå at war â ñîñòîÿíèè âîéíû by tram (train, boat, bus è ò. ä.) òðàìâàåì (ïîåçäîì, ïàðîõîäîì, àâòîáóñîì è ò. ä.) by air âîçäóøíûì ïóòåì by water âîäíûì ïóòåì by sea ìîðåì by land ñóõîïóòíûì ïóòåì by post (airmail) ïî ïî÷òå (âîçäóøíîé ïî÷òîé) by heart íàèçóñòü by chance ñëó÷àéíî by mistake no îøèáêå by name ïî èìåíè by order of ïî ïðèêàçó êîãî-ë. by means of ïîñðåäñòâîì at dinner (breakfast, supper) çà îáåäîì (çàâòðàêîì, óæèíîì) at table çà ñòîëîì (ò. å. çà îáåäîì, çàâòðàêîì, óæèíîì) to go to school õîäèòü â øêîëó (ó÷èòüñÿ) at school â øêîëå (íà çàíÿòèÿõ) 47 to be in town áûòü â ãîðîäå (â on demand ïî òðåáîâàíèþ çíà÷åíèè: íå â îòúåçäå, íå çà ãîin sight â ïîëå çðåíèÿ ðîäîì) in fact â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè to go to town ïîåõàòü â ãîðîä (ò. å. in conclusion â çàêëþ÷åíèå ïîåõàòü â áëèæàéøèé ãîðîä èç on board a ship íà áîðòó ñóäíà îêðåñòíîñòåé) on deck íà ïàëóáå to go to bed ëîæèòüñÿ ñïàòü on credit â êðåäèò to be in bed ëåæàòü â ïîñòåëè on sale â ïðîäàæå in time âîâðåìÿ day after day äåíü çà äíåì in debt â äîëãó day and night äíåì è íî÷üþ in demand â ñïðîñå  âûðàæåíèÿõ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè from... to: from morning to (till) night ñ óòðà ìàãàçèí äî âå÷åðà from time to time âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè from day to day ñî äíÿ íà äåíü from head to foot ñ ãîëîâû äî íîã from shop to shop èç ìàãàçèíà â Àðòèêëü íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå âî ìíîãèõ âûðàæåíèÿõ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ÿâëÿþùèìñÿ äîïîëíåíèåì ê ãëàãîëó è òåñíî ñâÿçàííûì ñ íèì ïî ñìûñëó: to have dinner*), breakfast, lunch, supper îáåäàòü, çàâòðàêàòü, óæèíàòü; to take part ó÷àñòâîâàòü; to take place ïðîèñõîäèòü; to take care çàáîòèòüñÿ; to shake hands îáìåíèâàòüñÿ ðóêîïîæàòèåì; to drop (cast) anchor áðîñàòü ÿêîðü; to lose sight òåðÿòü èç âèäó; to declare war îáúÿâëÿòü âîéíó; to pass judgement âûíîñèòü ñóäåáíîå ðåøåíèå è äð. ÈÌß ÏÐÈËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÎÅ (THE ADJECTIVE) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. 1. Èìåíåì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷àñòü ðå÷è, êîòîðàÿ îáîçíà÷àåò ïðèçíàê ïðåäìåòà è îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ what? êàêîé? Íàïðèìåð: red êðàñíûé, good õîðîøèé, interesting èíòåðåñíûé, Russian ðóññêèé. 2. Èìåíà ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íå èçìåíÿþòñÿ íè ïî ðîäàì, íè ïî ÷èñëàì, íè ïî ïàäåæàì: a young man ìîëîäîé ÷åëîâåê, a young woman ìîëîäàÿ æåíùèíà, young people ìîëîäûå ëþäè, with a young man ñ ìîëîäûì ÷åëîâåêîì. Èìåíà ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ìîãóò èçìåíÿòüñÿ òîëüêî ïî ñòåïåíÿì ñðàâíåíèÿ: long, longer, longest äëèííûé, äëèííåå, ñàìûé äëèííûé. 3. Èìåíà ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå áûâàþò ï ð î ñ ò û å è ï ð î è ç â î ä í û å. Ê ï ð î ñ ò û ì èìåíàì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, íå èìåþùèå â ñâîåì ñîñòàâå íè ïðåôèêñîâ, íè ñóôôèêñîâ: big áîëüøîé, short êîðîòêèé, black ÷åðíûé, red êðàñíûé. *) Íî: We had a good (bad) dinner, breakfast è ò. ä. 48 Ê ï ð î è ç â î ä í û ì èìåíàì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì îòíîñÿòñÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, èìåþùèå â ñâîåì ñîñòàâå ñóôôèêñû èëè ïðåôèêñû, èëè îäíîâðåìåííî è òå è äðóãèå: natural åñòåñòâåííûé, incorrect íåïðàâèëüíûé, unnatural íååñòåñòâåííûé. Ê íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì ñóôôèêñàì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ îòíîñÿòñÿ: -ful: useful ïîëåçíûé, doubtful ñîìíèòåëüíûé -less: helpless áåñïîìîùíûé, useless áåñïîëåçíûé -ous: famous çíàìåíèòûé, dangerous îïàñíûé -al: formal ôîðìàëüíûé, central öåíòðàëüíûé -able, -ibie: eatable ñúåäîáíûé, accessible äîñòóïíûé Ê íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì ïðåôèêñàì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ îòíîñÿòñÿ: un-: unhappy íåñ÷àñòíûé, unequal íåðàâíûé in-: incomplete íåïîëíûé, indifferent áåçðàçëè÷íûé Íåêîòîðûå èìåíà ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ î ñ ò à â í û ì è è îáðàçóþòñÿ èç äâóõ ñëîâ, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ îäíî ïîíÿòèå: dark-blue òåìíîñèíèé, snow-white áåëîñíåæíûé. (Ñì. ïðèëîæåíèå 1.) 4.  ïðåäëîæåíèè èìåíà ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ è â ôóíêöèè è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: The large box is on the table (îïðåäåëåíèå). The box is large (èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî). Áîëüøàÿ êîðîáêà íà ñòîëå. Êîðîáêà áîëüøàÿ. ÑÒÅÏÅÍÈ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß (DEGREES OF COMPARISON) § 2. Èìåíà ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îáðàçóþò, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, äâå ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ: ñ ð à â í è ò å ë ü í ó þ (the Comparative Degree) è ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í ó þ (the Superlative Degree). Îñíîâíàÿ ôîðìà ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî íå âûðàæàåò ñðàâíåíèÿ è íàçûâàåòñÿ ï î ë î æ è ò å ë ü í î é ñòåïåíüþ (the Positive Degree): The Dnieper is a long river (long ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü). The Volga is longer than the Dnieper (longer ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü). The Volga is the longest river in Europe (longest ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü). Äíåïð äëèííàÿ ðåêà. Âîëãà äëèííåå Äíåïðà. Âîëãà ñàìàÿ äëèííàÿ ðåêà â Åâðîïå. § 3. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå î ä í î ñ ë î æ í û å îáðàçóþò ñ ð à â í è ò å ë ü í ó þ ñ ò å ï å í ü ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ê ôîðìå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî â ïîëî49 æèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè ñóôôèêñà -åã, êîòîðûé ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [A] èëè [Ar] *). Ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í à ÿ ñ ò å ï å í ü îáðàçóåòñÿ ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ñóôôèêñà -est, êîòîðûé ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [Ist]: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü sharp îñòðûé cold õîëîäíûé deep ãëóáîêèé Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü sharper áîëåå îñòðûé, îñòðåå colder áîëåå õîëîäíûé, õîëîäíåå deeper áîëåå ãëóáîêèé, ãëóáæå sharpest ñàìûé îñòðûé, îñòðåéøèé coldest ñàìûé õîëîäíûé, õîëîäíåéøèé deepest ñàìûé ãëóáîêèé, ãëóáî÷àéøèé Ïî ýòîìó æå ñïîñîáó îáðàçóþòñÿ ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ äâóñëîæíûõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, îêàí÷èâàþùèõñÿ íà -ó, -er, -ow, -ble: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü busy çàíÿòûé dirty ãðÿçíûé clever óìíûé narrow óçêèé able ñïîñîáíûé noble áëàãîðîäíûé Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü busier dirtier áîëåå çàíÿòûé áîëåå ãðÿçíûé, ãðÿçíåå cleverer áîëåå óìíûé, óìíåå narrower áîëåå óçêèé, óæå abler áîëåå ñïîñîáíûé, ñïîñîáíåå nobler áîëåå áëàãîðîäíûé, áëàãîðîäíåå Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü busiest dirtiest ñàìûé çàíÿòûé ñàìûé ãðÿçíûé, ãðÿçíåéøèé cleverest ñàìûé óìíûé, óìíåéøèé narrowest ñàìûé óçêèé ablest ñàìûé ñïîñîáíûé, ñïîñîáíåéøèé noblest ñàìûé áëàãîðîäíûé, áëàãîðîäíåéøèé Ýòèì ïóòåì îáðàçóþò ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ òàêæå ðÿä äðóãèõ äâóñëîæíûõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü polite âåæëèâûé severe ñòðîãèé sincere simple èñêðåííèé ïðîñòîé common îáû÷íûé Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü politer áîëåå âåæëèâûé, âåæëèâåå severer áîëåå ñòðîãèé, ñòðîæå sincerer áîëåå èñêðåííèé, èñêðåííåå simpler áîëåå ïðîñòîé, ïðîùå commoner áîëåå îáû÷íûé, îáû÷íåå Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü politest ñàìûé âåæëèâûé severest ñàìûé ñòðîãèé, ñòðîæàéøèé sincerest ñàìûé èñêðåííèé, èñêðåííåéøèé simplest ñàìûé ïðîñòîé, ïðîñòåéøèé commonest ñàìûé îáû÷íûé *) Ñóôôèêñ -åã ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [A] ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ñîãëàñíîãî çâóêà, è [Ar] ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, íà÷èíàþùèìèñÿ ñ ãëàñíîãî çâóêà: a larger box [A 'lC:dZA 'bDks], à larger apple [A 'lC:dZAr 'Bpl]. 50 § 4. Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè ñòåïåíåé ñðàâíåíèÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì ñóôôèêñîâ -er è -est ñîáëþäàþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ïðàâèëà îðôîãðàôèè: 1. Åñëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà íåìîå å, òî ïðè ïðèáàâëåíèè -åã è -est íåìîå å îïóñêàåòñÿ: large áîëüøîé larg-er larg-est brave õðàáðûé brav-er brav-est ripe çðåëûé rip-er rip-est 2. Åñëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà ñ î ã ë à ñ í ó þ ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì ê ð à ò ê è ì ãëàñíûì çâóêîì, òî â ñðàâíèòåëüíîé è ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè êîíå÷íàÿ ñîãëàñíàÿ áóêâà ó ä â à è â à å ò ñ ÿ: big áîëüøîé bigger biggest hot ãîðÿ÷èé hotter hottest thin òîíêèé thinner thinnest wet ìîêðûé wetter wettest 3. Åñëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà ó ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé ñ î ã ë à ñ í î é, òî â ñðàâíèòåëüíîé è ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè ó ïåðåõîäèò â i: busy çàíÿòûé busier busiest easy ëåãêèé easier easiest dirty ãðÿçíûé dirtier dirtiest Åñëè ïåðåä ó ñòîèò ã ë à ñ í à ÿ, òî ó îñòàåòñÿ áåç èçìåíåíèÿ: gay âåñåëûé gayer gayest § 5. Áîëüøèíñòâî ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ä â ó ñ ë î æ í û õ, à òàêæå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, ñîñòîÿùèå èç ò ð å õ èëè á î ë å å ñëîãîâ, îáðàçóþò ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ ñòåïåíü ïðè ïîìîùè ñëîâà more, à ïðåâîñõîäíóþ most. Ýòè ñëîâà ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì â ôîðìå ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü active àêòèâíûé famous çíàìåíèòûé difficult òðóäíûé comfortable óäîáíûé interesting èíòåðåñíûé Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü more active áîëåå àêòèâíûé, àêòèâíåå more famous áîëåå çíàìåíèòûé more difficult áîëåå òðóäíûé, òðóäíåå more comfortable áîëåå óäîáíûé, óäîáíåå more interesting áîëåå èíòåðåñíûé, èíòåðåñíåå Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü most active ñàìûé àêòèâíûé most famous ñàìûé çíàìåíèòûé most difficult ñàìûé òðóäíûé, òðóäíåéøèé most comfortable ñàìûé óäîáíûé most interesting ñàìûé èíòåðåñíûé, èíòåðåñíåéøèé § 6. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îïðåäåëÿåìîå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì â ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í î é ñòåïåíè, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì. Àðòèêëü ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíüþ è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå íå óïîìÿíóòî: 51 This is the shortest way to the station. This is the most interesting story in this book. The Moscow underground is the best in the world. Ýòî ñàìàÿ êîðîòêàÿ äîðîãà ê âîêçàëó. Ýòî ñàìûé èíòåðåñíûé ðàññêàç â ýòîé êíèãå. Ìîñêîâñêîå ìåòðî ëó÷øåå â ìèðå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß: 1. Most óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè íå òîëüêî äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè, íî è ñî çíà÷åíèåì êðàéíå, âåñüìà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì, à âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå áåç àðòèêëÿ: This is a most interesting book. These are most interesting books. Ýòî êðàéíå èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà. Ýòî êðàéíå èíòåðåñíûå êíèãè. 2. Most óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñî çíà÷åíèåì áîëüøèíñòâî, áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü: Most young people are fond of sport. Áîëüøèíñòâî ìîëîäûõ ëþäåé ëþáèò ñïîðò. Ïîñëå most ñ ýòèì çíà÷åíèåì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of, êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, èìååò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü, óêàçàòåëüíîå èëè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, ò. å. êîãäà îíî îáîçíà÷àåò îïðåäåëåííóþ ãðóïïó ïðåäìåòîâ èëè îïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî ÷åãî-íèáóäü: Most of my friends live in Moscow. Most of these books have been published in Moscow. Where did you spend your summer holidays? I spent most of the time in the Crimea. Áîëüøèíñòâî ìîèõ äðóçåé æèâåò â Ìîñêâå. Áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ýòèõ êíèã èçäàíà â Ìîñêâå. Ãäå âû ïðîâåëè âàø ëåòíèé îòïóñê? ß ïðîâåë áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü âðåìåíè â Êðûìó. § 7. Íåêîòîðûå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îáðàçóþò ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ îò ä ð ó ã î ã î ê î ð í ÿ, êàê è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñëîâà â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü good õîðîøèé better ëó÷øå best bad worse õóæå worst less more ìåíüøå áîëüøå least most ïëîõîé little ìàëî much, many ìíîãî Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü ñàìûé ëó÷øèé, ëó÷øèé ñàìûé ïëîõîé, õóäøèé ìåíüøå âñåãî áîëüøå âñåãî ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Ñëîâó ìåíüøå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå: a) less â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ìåíüøå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíüþ îò ìàëî è á) smaller â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ìåíüøå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíüþ îò ìàëåíüêèé: 52 Ó ìåíÿ ìåíüøå âðåìåíè, ÷åì ó íåãî. Ìîÿ êîìíàòà ìåíüøå âàøåé. I have less time than he. My room is smaller than yours. Ñëîâó áîëüøå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå: a) more â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà áîëüøå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíüþ îò ìíîãî, è á) bigger èëè larger â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà áîëüøå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíüþ îò áîëüøîé: Ó ìåíÿ áîëüøå âðåìåíè, ÷åì ó íåãî. Ìîÿ êîìíàòà áîëüøå âàøåé. I have more time than he. My room is larger than yours. § 8. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå far èìååò äâå ôîðìû ñðàâíèòåëüíîé è ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè: Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü farther áîëåå äàëüíèé, áîëåå äàëåêèé 1. áîëåå äàëüíèé further 2. äàëüíåéøèé, äîáàâî÷íûé Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü farthest furthest Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü far äàëüíèé, äàëåêèé ñàìûé äàëüíèé, ñàìûé äàëåêèé Farther, farthest è further, furthest óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïàðàëëåëüíî äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ðàññòîÿíèÿ: I found him in the farthest (furthest) ß åãî íàøåë â ñàìîì äàëüíåì óãëó corner of the park. ïàðêà. Further òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â çíà÷åíèè äàëüíåéøèé, äîáàâî÷íûé: I have obtained further information on this matter. Please send the books back without further delay. ß ïîëó÷èë äàëüíåéøèå (äîáàâî÷íûå) ñâåäåíèÿ ïî ýòîìó äåëó. Ïîæàëóéñòà, îòîøëèòå êíèãè áåç äàëüíåéøåé çàäåðæêè. § 9. Ïîñëå ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñîþç than, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ðóññêîìó ñîþçó ÷åì: Moscow is larger than Petersburg. This book is more interesting than that one. Ìîñêâà áîëüøå, ÷åì Ïåòåðáóðã (Ìîñêâà áîëüøå Ïåòåðáóðãà). Ýòà êíèãà èíòåðåñíåå, ÷åì òà (ýòà êíèãà èíòåðåñíåå òîé).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïîñëå ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè âìåñòî ñîþçà ÷åì ñî ñëåäóþùèì çà íèì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì) â èìåíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå) â ðîäèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå: Âîëãà äëèííåå, ÷åì Äíåïð = Âîëãà äëèííåå Äíåïðà. Ïðè 53 ïåðåâîäå òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà íà àíãëèéñêèé ñëåäóåò â îáîèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñîþçîì than: The Volga is longer than the Dnieper. § 10. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå â ñðàâíèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè superior âûñøèé, âûøå, ëó÷øèé, ëó÷øå (ïî êà÷åñòâó) è inferior õóäøèé, õóæå (ïî êà÷åñòâó) çàèìñòâîâàíû èç ëàòèíñêîãî ÿçûêà. Îíè îêàí÷èâàþòñÿ íà -or, à íå íà -åã è ïîñëå íèõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ to âìåñòî than. Îíè íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ íè â ïîëîæèòåëüíîé, íè â ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè: These samples are superior (inferior) to those. Ýòè îáðàçöû ïî êà÷åñòâó ëó÷øå (õóæå) òåõ îáðàçöîâ. § 11. Ñ ð à â í è ò å ë ü í à ÿ ñ ò å ï å í ü ìîæåò áûòü óñèëåíà óïîòðåáëåíèåì ïåðåä íåþ much èëè far ñî çíà÷åíèåì ãîðàçäî, çíà÷èòåëüíî: The Dnieper is much longer than the Thames. This book is far better than that one. Äíåïð ãîðàçäî (çíà÷èòåëüíî) äëèííåå Òåìçû. Ýòà êíèãà çíà÷èòåëüíî (ãîðàçäî) ëó÷øå òîé. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðóññêîìó ñî÷åòàíèþ ãîðàçäî áîëüøå â çíà÷åíèè ãîðàçäî áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå much more ïåðåä í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè è many more ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè: Ó íåãî ãîðàçäî áîëüøå ñâîáîäíîãî âðåìåíè, ÷åì ó ìåíÿ. Ó ìåíÿ ãîðàçäî áîëüøå êíèã, ÷åì ó íåãî. Íå has much more free time than I. I have many more books than he. § 12. Ïîñëå ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í î é ñ ò å ï å í è ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of (ñî çíà÷åíèåì èç): Pushkin is the most talented of the Russian poets. He is the best of my friends. Ïóøêèí òàëàíòëèâåéøèé èç ðóññêèõ ïîýòîâ. Îí ëó÷øèé èç ìîèõ äðóçåé. Ïîñëå ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í î é ñ ò å ï å í è ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå îïðåäåëèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, êîòîðîå ââîäèòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì that êîòîðûé. Ìåñòîèìåíèå that ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ: This is the most interesting book (that) I have ever read. Ýòî ñàìàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà, êîòîðóþ ÿ êîãäà-ëèáî ÷èòàë. § 13. Ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í à ÿ ñ ò å ï å í ü ìîæåò áûòü óñèëåíà óïîòðåáëåíèåì ïåðåä íåþ by far èëè far: The deposits of oil in Russia are by far the richest in the world. 54 Çàëåæè íåôòè â Ðîññèè ãîðàçäî áîãà÷å âñåõ äðóãèõ â ìèðå. § 14. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ì å í ü ø å é èëè ñ à ì î é í è ç ê î é ñòåïåíè êà÷åñòâà â ïðåäìåòå ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ äðóãèìè ïðåäìåòàìè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ñëîâà less ìåíåå è least íàèìåíåå, êîòîðûå ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì â ôîðìå ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè: pleasant ïðèÿòíûé, less pleasant ìåíåå ïðèÿòíûé, least pleasant íàèìåíåå ïðèÿòíûé; comfortable óäîáíûé, less comfortable ìåíåå óäîáíûé, least comfortable íàèìåíåå óäîáíûé. § 15. Äëÿ ñðàâíåíèÿ äâóõ ïðåäìåòîâ î ä è í à ê î â î ã î êà÷åñòâà ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå â ï î ë î æ è ò å ë ü í î é ñòåïåíè ñòàâèòñÿ ìåæäó as... as ñî çíà÷åíèåì òàêîé æå... êàê, òàê æå... êàê: Íå is as young as my brother. My dictionary is as good as yours. Îí òàêîé æå ìîëîäîé (òàê æå ìîëîä), êàê ìîé áðàò. Ìîé ñëîâàðü òàêîé æå õîðîøèé, êàê âàø.  îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïåðâîå as îáû÷íî çàìåíÿåòñÿ so: Íå is not so young as my brothåã. My dictionary is not so good as yours. Îí íå òàê ìîëîä, êàê ìîé áðàò. Ìîé ñëîâàðü íå òàêîé õîðîøèé, êàê âàø. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß: 1. Ðóññêàÿ ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü ïîñëå âûðàæåíèé â äâà ðàçà, â òðè ðàçà è ò. ä. ïåðåäàåòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì â ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè, ñòîÿùèì ìåæäó as... as: Âàøà êîìíàòà â äâà ðàçà áîëüøå ìîåé. Ýòîò ÿùèê â òðè ðàçà òÿæåëåå òîãî. Ó íåãî â äâà ðàçà áîëüøå êíèã, ÷åì ó ìåíÿ. Ñåãîäíÿ ìû ïîãðóçèëè â òðè ðàçà áîëüøå ïøåíèöû, ÷åì â÷åðà. Your room is twice as large as mine. This box is three times as heavy as that. He has twice as many books as I. To-day we have loaded three times as much wheat as yesterday. Êîãäà âòîðîé îáúåêò ñðàâíåíèÿ íå óïîìÿíóò, òî as ïîñëå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: Ýòîò ñîðò â äâà ðàçà äîðîæå. Îí â äâà ðàçà ñòàðøå. This grade is twice as expensive. He is twice as old. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ñëåäóþùèõ âûðàæåíèé: ß çàïëàòèë çà êíèãó â äâà ðàçà ìåíüøå, ÷åì çà ñëîâàðü. Ó ìåíÿ â äâà ðàçà ìåíüøå àíãëèéñêèõ êíèã, ÷åì ôðàíöóçñêèõ. Îí â äâà ðàçà ìîëîæå ìåíÿ. Ìîÿ êîìíàòà â äâà ðàçà ìåíüøå âàøåé. Ìîé ÷åìîäàí â äâà ðàçà ëåã÷å âàøåãî. I paid for the book half as much as for the dictionary. I have half as many English books as French. He is half my age. My room is half the size of yours. My trunk is half the weight of yours. 55 2. Âûðàæåíèÿ òèïà as short (simple, interesting è ò. ä.) as possible ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê êàê ìîæíî êîðî÷å (ïðîùå, èíòåðåñíåå è ò. ä.): The letter must be as short as possible. Ïèñüìî äîëæíî áûòü êàê ìîæíî êîðî÷å. ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄ ÏÐÈËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÛÕ Â ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ § 16. Íåêîòîðûå èìåíà ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û å ìîãóò, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â çíà÷åíèè ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û õ. Îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ã î ÷èñëà, îáîçíà÷àÿ â ñ å õ ë è ö èëè ã ð ó ï ï ó ë è ö, îáëàäàþùèõ äàííûì ïðèçíàêîì. Îíè íå ïðèíèìàþò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ îïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì: There are special schools for the blind in our country. Immediate help was rendered to the sick.  íàøåé ñòðàíå ñóùåñòâóþò ñïåöèàëüíûå øêîëû äëÿ ñëåïûõ. Áîëüíûì áûëà îêàçàíà íåìåäëåííàÿ ïîìîùü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ î ä í î ã î ëèöà èëè í å ñ ê î ë ü ê è õ îòäåëüíûõ ëèö óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî ñ îäíèì èç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: man, men; woman, women; person, persons; people è ò. ä.: a blind man ñëåïîé; a blind woman ñëåïàÿ; two blind persons äâîå ñëåïûõ: a poor man áåäíÿê; two poor men äâà áåäíÿêà. § 17. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå í à ö è î í à ë ü í î ñ ò ü, ìîãóò ïðåâðàùàòüñÿ â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ë è ö äàííîé íàöèîíàëüíîñòè: 1. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -an, -ian (Russian*) ðóññêèé, German íåìåöêèé è ò. ä.), ïðåâðàùàÿñü â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â åäèíñòâåííîì, òàê è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå. Âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå îíè ïðèíèìàþò îêîí÷àíèå -s: a Russian a Bulgarian a German a Norwegian an American ðóññêèé áîëãàðèí íåìåö íîðâåæåö àìåðèêàíåö two Russians three Bulgarians two Germans two Norwegians two Americans äâîå ðóññêèõ òðè áîëãàðèíà äâà íåìöà äâà íîðâåæöà äâà àìåðèêàíöà Âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå òàêèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äàííîé í à ö è è â ö å ë î ì.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä íèìè ñòîèò î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü: the Russians ðóññêèå the Norwegians íîðâåæöû the Bulgarians the Germans áîëãàðû íåìöû 2. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -se è -ss (Chinese êèòàéñêèé, Swiss øâåéöàðñêèé è ò. ä.), ïðåâðàùàÿñü â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿ*) Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå íàöèîíàëüíîñòü, ïèøóòñÿ ñ ïðîïèñíîé áóêâû. 56 þòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàê åäèíñòâåííîãî, òàê è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå îíè íå ïðèíèìàþò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s. Îíè ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ òàêæå äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äàííîé í à ö è è â ö å ë î ì.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä íèìè ñòîèò î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü: a Chinese êèòàåö a Japanese ÿïîíåö a Swiss øâåéöàðåö two äâà two äâà two äâà Chinese êèòàéöà Japanese ÿïîíöà Swiss øâåéöàðöà the Chinese êèòàéöû the Japanese ÿïîíöû the Swiss øâåéöàðöû 3. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -sh è -ch (English àíãëèéñêèé, French ôðàíöóçñêèé è ò. ä.), ïðåâðàùàÿñü â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äàííîé í à ö è è â ä å ë î ì. Ïåðåä íèìè â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñòîèò î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü: the French ôðàíöóçû, the English àíãëè÷àíå, the Scotch øîòëàíäöû, the Dutch ãîëëàíäöû, the Spanish èñïàíöû. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà ðå÷ü íå èäåò î íàöèè â öåëîì, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîñòàâíûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáðàçîâàííûå èç äàííîãî ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ man, woman, men, women: an Englishman àíãëè÷àíèí a Frenchman ôðàíöóç a Scotchman øîòëàíäåö a Dutchman ãîëëàíäåö an Englishwoman àíãëè÷àíêà a Frenchwoman ôðàíöóæåíêà a Scotchwoman øîòëàíäêà a Dutchwoman ãîëëàíäêà two Englishmen äâà àíãëè÷àíèíà three Frenchwomen òðè ôðàíöóæåíêè two Scotchmen äâà øîòëàíäöà two Dutchmen äâà ãîëëàíäöà Íî: a Spaniard èñïàíåö, èñïàíêà; two Spaniards äâà èñïàíöà. ÌÅÑÒÎ ÏÐÈËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ Â ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ § 18. Èìÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå â ôóíêöèè î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ ñòîèò ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, à â ôóíêöèè è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î ïîñëå ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè: I have bought a red pencil. The pencil is red. ß êóïèë êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø. Êàðàíäàø êðàñíûé. Êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ äâóìÿ èëè áîëåå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè, òå èç íèõ, êîòîðûå áîëåå òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ïî ñìûñëó ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñòàâÿòñÿ áëèæå ê íåìó: It was a cold autumn day. Íå is a clever young man. She put on a new black woolen dress. Áûë õîëîäíûé îñåííèé äåíü. Îí óìíûé ìîëîäîé ÷åëîâåê. Îíà íàäåëà íîâîå ÷åðíîå øåðñòÿíîå ïëàòüå. 57 Íåêîòîðûå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -able, -ibie, ìîãóò ñòîÿòü êàê ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, òàê è ïîñëå íåãî: The goods were shipped by the first available steamer (= by the first steamer available). Òîâàðû áûëè îòãðóæåíû ïåðâûì èìåâøèìñÿ â ðàñïîðÿæåíèè ïàðîõîäîì. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå enough ìîæåò ñòîÿòü êàê ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, òàê è ï î ñ ë å íåãî: We have enough time. = We have time enough. Ó íàñ äîñòàòî÷íî âðåìåíè. ÈÌß ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ (THE NUMERAL) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. Èìåíåì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷àñòü ðå÷è, êîòîðàÿ îáîçíà÷àåò êîëè÷åñòâî èëè ïîðÿäîê ïðåäìåòîâ. Èìåíà ÷èñëèòåëüíûå äåëÿòñÿ íà ê î ë è ÷ å ñ ò â å í í û å (Cardinal Numerals) è ï î ð ÿ ä ê î â û å (Ordinal Numerals). Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå îáîçíà÷àþò êîëè÷åñòâî ïðåäìåòîâ è îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ how many? ñêîëüêî? Íàïðèìåð: one îäèí, two äâà, three òðè è ò. ä. Ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå îáîçíà÷àþò ïîðÿäîê ïðåäìåòîâ è îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ which? êîòîðûé? Íàïðèìåð: first ïåðâûé, second âòîðîé, third òðåòèé è ò. ä.  ïðåäëîæåíèè ÷èñëèòåëüíîå ìîæåò ñëóæèòü: 1. Ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì: Three were absent from the lecture. Òðîå îòñóòñòâîâàëè íà ëåêöèè. 2. Ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì: How many books did you take from the library? I took three. Ñêîëüêî êíèã âû âçÿëè â áèáëèîòåêå? ß âçÿë òðè. 3. Î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å ì: The second lesson begins at eleven oclock. Âòîðîé óðîê íà÷èíàåòñÿ â îäèííàäöàòü ÷àñîâ. 4. È ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: Five times five is twenty-five. 58 Ïÿòüþ ïÿòü äâàäöàòü ïÿòü. § 2. ÊÎËÈ×ÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ (CARDINAL NUMERALS) 112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 1319 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen 2090 20 21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 twenty twenty-one twenty-two è ò. ä. thirty forty fifty sixty seventy eighty 90 ninety 100 è äàëåå 100 101 102 a (one) hundred a (one) hundred and one a (one) hundred and two è ò ä. 200 two hundred 300 three hundred 400 four hundred è ò. ä. 1,000 a (one) thousand 1,001 a (one) thousand and one 1,250 a (one) thousand two hundred and fifty 2,000 two thousand 2,001 two thousand and one 2,235 two thousand two hundred and thirty-five 3,000 three thousand 4,000 four thousand 100,000 a (one) hundred thousand 1,000,000 a (one) million 1,000,000,000 a (one) milliard (â Àíãëèè); a (one) billion (â ÑØÀ) 1. ×èñëèòåëüíûå îò 13 äî 19 âêëþ÷èòåëüíî îáðàçóþòñÿ îò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ ïåðâîãî äåñÿòêà ïîñðåäñòâîì ñóôôèêñà -teen: four fourteen, six sixteen. Ïðè ýòîì ÷èñëèòåëüíûå three è five âèäîèçìåíÿþòñÿ: three thirteen, five fifteen. ×èñëèòåëüíûå, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -teen, èìåþò óäàðåíèå êàê íà ïåðâîì, òàê è íà âòîðîì ñëîãå: thirteen ['FA:'ti:n], fourteen ['fD:'ti:n], fifteen ['fIf'ti:n]. Êîãäà òàêèå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå îïðåäåëÿþò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îíè èìåþò óäàðåíèå íà ïåðâîì ñëîãå: fifteen ['fIfti:n] books, sixteen ['sIksti:n] chairs. 2. ×èñëèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ä å ñ ÿ ò ê è, îáðàçóþòñÿ îò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ ïåðâîãî äåñÿòêà ïîñðåäñòâîì ñóôôèêñà -ty: six sixty, seven seventy. Ïðè ýòîì ÷èñëèòåëüíûå two, three, four è five âèäîèçìåíÿþòñÿ: two twenty, three thirty, four forty, five fifty. ×èñëèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå äåñÿòêè, èìåþò óäàðåíèå íà ïåðâîì ñëîãå: forty ['fD:tI], fifty ['fIftI], sixty ['sIkstI]. 3. Ìåæäó äåñÿòêàìè è ñëåäóþùèìè çà íèìè åäèíèöàìè ñòàâèòñÿ äåôèñ (÷åðòî÷êà): twenty-one, thirty-five, forty-seven è ò. ä. 4. Ïåðåä ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè hundred, thousand, million ñòàâèòñÿ íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü à èëè ÷èñëèòåëüíîå one: a (one) hundred, a (one) thousand. 5. ×èñëèòåëüíûå hundred, thousand è million íå ïðèíèìàþò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s, êîãäà ïåðåä íèìè ñòîèò ÷èñëèòåëüíîå two, three, four è ò. ä.: two hundred, three thousand, four million. 59 Hundred, thousand è million ìîãóò, îäíàêî, ïðèíèìàòü îêîí÷àíèå -s, êîãäà îíè âûðàæàþò íåîïðåäåëåííîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñîòåí, òûñÿ÷, ìèëëèîíîâ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè ïðåâðàùàþòñÿ â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå è ïîñëå íèõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì of: Hundreds of students were present at the meeting. Thousands of people greeted the Russian representatives. Ñîòíè ñòóäåíòîâ ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè íà ñîáðàíèè. Òûñÿ÷è ëþäåé ïðèâåòñòâîâàëè ðîññèéñêèõ ïðåäñòàâèòåëåé. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. ×èñëèòåëüíîå million ìîæåò ïðåâðàùàòüñÿ â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ïðèíèìàÿ îêîí÷àíèå -s, òàêæå è òîãäà, êîãäà ïåðåä íèì ñòîèò two, three è ò. ä., à ïîñëå íåãî íå ñëåäóþò äðóãèå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïîñëå million óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì of: two millions of books äâà ìèëëèîíà êíèã. 6.  ñîñòàâíûõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ â ïðåäåëàõ êàæäûõ òðåõ ðàçðÿäîâ ïåðåä äåñÿòêàìè (à åñëè èõ íåò, òî ïåðåä åäèíèöàìè) ñòàâèòñÿ ñîþç and: 375 305 2,075 2,005 1,225,375 three hundred and seventy-five three hundred and five two thousand and seventy-five two thousand and five one million two hundred and twenty-five thousand three hundred and seventy-five 7. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ ïðè ïîìîùè öèôð êàæäûå òðè ðàçðÿäà (ñïðàâà íàëåâî) îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé: 3,734; 2,720,000. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß: 1. Ðóññêèé ðîäèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ïîñëå êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ íå ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñ ïðåäëîãîì of (÷àñòàÿ îøèáêà ó÷àùèõñÿ): äâåñòè ñîëäàò two hundred soldiers, òðè òûñÿ÷è ëþäåé three thousand people, äâà ìèëëèîíà êíèã two million books. 2. Ðóññêîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ïîñëå ñîñòàâíûõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ, îêàí÷èâàþùèõñÿ íà îäèí (îäíà, îäíî), ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: äâàäöàòü îäèí äåíü twenty one days, òðèñòà ïÿòüäåñÿò îäíà êíèãà three hundred and fifty-one books. § 3. Ä å í å æ í û å ñ ó ì ì û â Àíãëèè è ÑØÀ îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 1. Àíãëèéñêàÿ äåíåæíàÿ åäèíèöà pound ôóíò èëè pound sterling ôóíò ñòåðëèíãîâ îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåííî çíàêîì £ (îò ëàòèíñêîãî ñëîâà libra ôóíò), ñòîÿùèì ïåðåä ÷èñëîì: £1 (÷èòàåòñÿ: one pound èëè one pound sterling); £25 (÷èòàåòñÿ: twenty-five pounds èëè twenty-five pounds sterling*). *) Ñëîâî sterling ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì, îçíà÷àþùèì ÷èñòûé, óñòàíîâëåííîé ïðîáû, è ñòîèò ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî pound(s). Ïîýòîìó 25 ôóíòîâ ñòåðëèíãîâ ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü 25 pounds sterling, à íå 25 pounds of sterlings (÷àñòàÿ îøèáêà ó÷àùèõñÿ, âûçûâàåìàÿ òåì, ÷òî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâî ñòåðëèíã ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, èìåþùèì ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà). 60 Äåíåæíàÿ åäèíèöà shilling øèëëèíã (1/20 ôóíòà) îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåííî áóêâîé s., ñòîÿùåé ïîñëå ÷èñëà: 1s. (÷èòàåòñÿ: one shilling); 12s. (÷èòàåòñÿ: twelve shillings). Øèëëèíãè (ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ïåíñîâ) ìîãóò îáîçíà÷àòüñÿ òàêæå íàêëîííîé ÷åðòîé è òèðå, ñòîÿùèìè ïîñëå ÷èñëà: 12/ ,18/ . Äåíåæíàÿ åäèíèöà penny ïåíñ (1/12 øèëëèíãà) îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåííî áóêâîé d. (îò ëàòèíñêîãî ñëîâà denarius äèíàðèè), ñòîÿùåé ïîñëå ÷èñëà: 1d. (÷èòàåòñÿ: one penny); 6d. (÷èòàåòñÿ: sixpence). Ïåíñû (ïðè îòñóòñòâèè øèëëèíãîâ) ìîãóò îáîçíà÷àòüñÿ òàêæå òèðå è íàêëîííîé ÷åðòîé, ñòîÿùèìè ïåðåä ÷èñëîì: /1, /8. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè êîëè÷åñòâà ïåíñîâ ñëîâàìè ÷èñëèòåëüíîå ñî ñëîâîì ðåïñå ïèøåòñÿ ñëèòíî: twopence, threepence, sevenpence, elevenpence. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ïðîèçíîøåíèå twopence ['tEpAns], threepence ['FrIpAns] è halfpenny ['heIpnI]. Ñóììû, ñîñòîÿùèå èç øèëëèíãîâ è ïåíñîâ, îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 2s. 6d. èëè 2/6 (÷èòàåòñÿ: two shillings and sixpence èëè two and six). Ñóììû, ñîñòîÿùèå èç ôóíòîâ, øèëëèíãîâ è ïåíñîâ, îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè ñïîñîáàìè: £25 12s. 8d.; £25.12.8; £25/12/8; £25:12:8; £25 128; (÷èòàåòñÿ: twenty-five pounds twelve shillings and eightpence èëè twenty-five pounds twelve and eight). 2. Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ äåíåæíàÿ åäèíèöà dollar äîëëàð îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñîêðàùåííî çíàêîì $, ñòîÿùèì ïåðåä ÷èñëîì: $1 (÷èòàåòñÿ: one dollar); $25 (÷èòàåòñÿ: twenty-five dollars). Èíîãäà çà ÷èñëîì, îáîçíà÷àþùèì êîëè÷åñòâî äîëëàðîâ, ñëåäóþò òî÷êà è äâà íóëÿ (åñëè öåíòû îòñóòñòâóþò): $1.00; $25.00. Äåíåæíàÿ åäèíèöà cent öåíò (1/100 äîëëàðà) ñîêðàùåííî îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ çíàêîì W: 1W (÷èòàåòñÿ: one cent); 65W (÷èòàåòñÿ: sixty-five cents). Âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå ñëåäóþùåå îáîçíà÷åíèå öåíòîâ: $.12, $.50. Ñóììû â äîëëàðàõ è öåíòàõ îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: $25.01 (÷èòàåòñÿ: twenty-five dollars and one cent); $34.10 (÷èòàåòñÿ: thirty-four dollars and ten cents); $3,350.55 (÷èòàåòñÿ: three thousand three hundred and fifty dollars and fifty-five cents). § 4. Ïðè òåëåôîííûõ âûçîâàõ â Àíãëèè êàæäàÿ öèôðà íîìåðà òåëåôîíà íàçûâàåòñÿ îòäåëüíî: 1235 one two three five. Öèôðà Î ÷èòàåòñÿ [ou]. Êîãäà ïåðâûå äâå èëè ïîñëåäíèå äâå öèôðû íîìåðà òåëåôîíà îäèíàêîâû, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñëîâî double äâîéíîé: 6634 double six three four; 3466 three four double six; 6666 double six double six. Êîãäà æå ñðåäíèå äâå öèôðû îäèíàêîâû, ñëîâî double íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 3446 three four four six. Íîìåðà 1000, 2000, 3000 è ò. ä. ÷èòàþòñÿ one thousand, two thousand, three thousand è ò. ä. 61 § 5. ÏÎÐßÄÊÎÂÛÅ ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ (ORDINAL NUMERALS) 1-é12-é 13-é19-é 1st 2nd 3rd 4th first second third fourth 13th 14th 15th 16th thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th fifth 17th seventeenth sixth 18th eighteenth seventh 19th nineteenth eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth 20-é90-é 20th twentieth 21st twenty-first 22nd twenty-second è ò. ä. 30th thirtieth 40th fortieth 50th fiftieth 60th sixtieth 70th seventieth 80th eightieth 90th ninetieth . 100-é è äàëåå 100th 101st hundredth hundred and first 102nd hundred and second è ò. ä. 200th two hundredth 201st two hundred and first è ò. ä. 300th three hundredth 400th four hundredth è ò. ä. 1,000th thousandth 1,001st thousand and first 1,002nd thousand and second è ò. ä. 1,000,000th millionth 1. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îïðåäåëÿåìîå ïîðÿäêîâûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì. Àðòèêëü ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ïîðÿäêîâûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå íå óïîìÿíóòî: February is the second month of the year. Your second composition is better than the first. Ôåâðàëü âòîðîé ìåñÿö ãîäà. Âàøå âòîðîå ñî÷èíåíèå ëó÷øå ïåðâîãî. Ïåðåä ïîðÿäêîâûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì ìîæåò, îäíàêî, ñòîÿòü è í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û é à ð ò è ê ë ü.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ÷èñëèòåëüíîå ïðèîáðåòàåò çíà÷åíèå äðóãîé, åùå îäèí: We have sent them a second telegram. Ìû ïîñëàëè èì âòîðóþ (åùå îäíó) òåëåãðàììó. 2. Ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ïåðâûõ òðåõ (first, second, third), îáðàçóþòñÿ îò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ ïîñðåäñòâîì ñóôôèêñà -th: fourth, sixth, seventh. Ïðè ýòîì â ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ five è twelve áóêâû ve ìåíÿþòñÿ íà f fifth [fIfF], twelfth [twelfF]; ê ÷èñëèòåëüíîìó eight ïðèáàâëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî áóêâà h eighth [eItF]; â ÷èñëèòåëüíîì nine îïóñêàåòñÿ áóêâà å ninth [naInF]; â ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ äåñÿòêè, êîíå÷íàÿ áóêâà ó ìåíÿåòñÿ íà ie: twenty twentieth ['twenti:F] thirty thirtieth ['FA:tIi:F]; forty fortieth ['fD:tIi:F] è ò. ä. 3. Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè ñ î ñ ò à â í û õ ïîðÿäêîâûõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ ïîñëåäíèé ðàçðÿä âûðàæàåòñÿ ïîðÿäêîâûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì, à ïðåäøåñòâóþùèå 62 ðàçðÿäû êîëè÷åñòâåííûìè ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè (êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): twentyfirst äâàäöàòü ïåðâûé, hundred and twenty-first ñòî äâàäöàòü ïåðâûé, two thousand three hundred and forty-eighth äâå òûñÿ÷è òðèñòà ñîðîê âîñüìîé. § 6. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè íîìåðîâ ãëàâ, ñòðàíèö, ïàðàãðàôîâ, ÷àñòåé êíèã, àêòîâ ïüåñ è ò. ï. ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå ÷àñòî çàìåíÿþòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííûìè ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè, ñëåäóþùèìè çà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, ê êîòîðûì îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì â ïîäîáíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ: the the the the first part = part one fifth chapter = chapter five ninth paragraph = paragraph nine twenty-first page = page twenty-one ïåðâàÿ ÷àñòü ïÿòàÿ ãëàâà äåâÿòûé ïàðàãðàô äâàäöàòü ïåðâàÿ ñòðàíèöà Êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàêæå ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè íîìåðîâ äîìîâ, êîìíàò, òðàìâàåâ, ðàçìåðîâ îáóâè è ïðåäìåòîâ îäåæäû.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðè òàêèõ îáîçíà÷åíèÿõ âîçìîæíî óïîòðåáëåíèå êàê ïîðÿäêîâûõ, òàê è êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ: The lecture will take place in classroom No. 15 (÷èòàåòñÿ: number fifteen). Íå lives in apartment 10 (÷èòàåòñÿ: apartment ten). I usually take tram No. 5 (÷èòàåòñÿ: number five). He wears size forty shoes. Ëåêöèÿ ñîñòîèòñÿ â ïÿòíàäöàòîé àóäèòîðèè (â àóäèòîðèè ¹ 15). Îí æèâåò â êâàðòèðå ¹ 10. ß îáû÷íî åçæó íà òðàìâàå íîìåð ïÿòü. Îí íîñèò ñîðîêîâîé íîìåð áîòèíîê. § 7. Õ ð î í î ë î ã è ÷ å ñ ê è å ä à ò û. Ãîäû, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííûìè ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 1900 nineteen hundred 1900 ã. òûñÿ÷à äåâÿòèñîòûé ãîä 1904 nineteen four 1904 ã. òûñÿ÷à äåâÿòüñîò ÷åò(â îôèöèàëüíîì ÿçûêå: nineteen âåðòûé ãîä hundred and four) 1915 nineteen fifteen (nineteen hundred and fifteen) 1949 nineteen forty-nine (nineteen hundred and forty-nine) 1915 ã. òûñÿ÷à äåâÿòüñîò ïÿòíàäöàòûé ãîä 1949 ã. òûñÿ÷à äåâÿòüñîò ñîðîê äåâÿòûé ãîä Ñëîâî year ïîñëå îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ãîäà íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, íî èíîãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä íèì in the year nineteen fifteen. Äàòû îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ïîðÿäêîâûìè ÷èñëèòåëüíûìè: 63 15th May, 1948 May 15th, 1948 May 15, 1948 The fifteenth of May, nineteen forty-eight èëè: May the fifteenth, nineteen forty-eight. § 8. ÄÐÎÁÍÛÅ ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ (FRACTIONAL NUMERALS) Ïðîñòûå äðîáè (Common Fractions) 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 4 3 4 1 5 2 5 1 6 5 6 1 1 2 1 2 3 a (one) half a (one) third two thirds a (one) quarter a (one) fourth three quarters èëè: three fourths Äåñÿòè÷íûå äðîáè (Decimal Fractions) 0.1 ÷èòàåòñÿ: nought*) point one èëè point one 0.01 ÷èòàåòñÿ: nought point nought one èëè point nought one 2.35 ÷èòàåòñÿ: two point three five 32.305 ÷èòàåòñÿ: three two (èëè thirty-two) point three nought five a (one) fifth two fifth one sixth five sixths one and a half two and a (one) third 1.  ï ð î ñ ò û õ äðîáÿõ ÷èñëèòåëü âûðàæàåòñÿ êîëè÷åñòâåííûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì, à çíàìåíàòåëü ïîðÿäêîâûì ÷èñëèòåëüíûì: 1 a (one) third, 3 1 a (one) fifth, 1 an (one) eighth. Îäíàêî 1 ÷èòàåòñÿ: a (one) half (à 5 8 2 íå: one second), 1 a (one) quarter (ðåæå: a fourth). 4 Êîãäà ÷èñëèòåëü áîëüøå åäèíèöû, çíàìåíàòåëü ïðèíèìàåò îêîí÷àíèå -s: 2 two thirds; 3 three fifths, 5 five sixths. 3 5 6 2. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ñëåäóþùåå çà äðîáüþ, ñòîèò â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: 2 ton (÷èòàåòñÿ: two thirds of a ton); 3 kilometre (÷èòàåòñÿ: three 3 4 quarters of a kilometre); 1 ton (÷èòàåòñÿ: half a ton**). 2 *)  Àìåðèêå 0 ÷èòàåòñÿ zero. **) Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà îòñóòñòâèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä half è íà îòñóòñòâèå ïðåäëîãà of ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. 64 3. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ ñìåøàííîå ÷èñëî, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: 21 tons (÷èòàåòñÿ: two and a half tons 2 èëè two tons and a half); 41 tons (÷èòàåòñÿ: four and a third tons èëè four 3 tons and a third). Ïðè ÷òåíèè ñìåøàííîãî ÷èñëà, öåëîå ÷èñëî êîòîðîãî ðàâíî åäèíèöå, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, êîãäà îíî ÷èòàåòñÿ ïîñëå ñìåøàííîãî ÷èñëà. Êîãäà æå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ÷èòàåòñÿ ìåæäó åäèíèöåé è äðîáüþ, îíî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: 11 hours 2 (÷èòàåòñÿ: one and a half hours èëè one (an) hour and a half); 11 pounds 3 (÷èòàåòñÿ: one and a third pounds èëè one (a) pound and a third). 4.  ä å ñ ÿ ò è ÷ í û õ äðîáÿõ öåëîå ÷èñëî îòäåëÿåòñÿ îò äðîáè òî÷êîé*). Ïðè ÷òåíèè äåñÿòè÷íûõ äðîáåé êàæäàÿ öèôðà ÷èòàåòñÿ îòäåëüíî. Òî÷êà, îòäåëÿþùàÿ öåëîå ÷èñëî îò äðîáè, ÷èòàåòñÿ point. Íóëü ÷èòàåòñÿ nought. Åñëè öåëîå ÷èñëî ðàâíî íóëþ, òî îíî ÷àñòî íå ÷èòàåòñÿ: 0.25 nought point two five èëè point two five; 14.105 one four (èëè fourteen) point one nought five. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ñëåäóþùåå çà äåñÿòè÷íîé äðîáüþ, ñòîèò â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, êîãäà öåëîå ÷èñëî ðàâíî íóëþ: 0.25 ton (÷èòàåòñÿ: nought point two five of a ton).  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñòîèò âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: 1.25 tons (÷èòàåòñÿ: one point two five tons); 23.76 tons (÷èòàåòñÿ: two three point seven six tons èëè twenty-three point seven six tons). §9. Ï ð î ö å í ò û îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 2% èëè 2 per cent.**) èëè 2 ð. ñ. (÷èòàåòñÿ: two per cent.). Äðîáíûå äîëè îäíîãî ïðîöåíòà îáîçíà÷àþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: 3 %, èëè 3 per cent., èëè 3 ð. ñ. 8 8 8 (÷èòàåòñÿ: three eighths per cent. èëè three eighths of one per cent.); 1 %, 2 èëè 1 per cent., èëè 1 ð. ñ. (÷èòàåòñÿ: à half per cent. èëè a half of one per 2 2 cent.); 0.2%, èëè 0.2 per cent., èëè 0.2 p. ñ. (÷èòàåòñÿ: nought point two per cent. èëè nought point two of one per cent.). *)  ðóññêîì îáîçíà÷åíèè äåñÿòè÷íûõ äðîáåé öåëîå ÷èñëî îòäåëÿåòñÿ îò äðîáè çàïÿòîé. **) Per cent. (ñîêðàùåííî ð. ñ.), êàê è ðóññêîå ñëîâî ïðîöåíò, ïðîèñõîäèò îò ëàòèíñêîãî pro centum çà ñòî.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòè äâà ñëîâà ñëèëèñü â îäíî, êîòîðîå ñòàëî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â åäèíñòâåííîì, òàê è âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå cent. íå ïðèíèìàåò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s. 65 ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈÅ (THE PRONOUN) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. 1. Ìåñòîèìåíèåì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷àñòü ðå÷è, êîòîðàÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âìåñòî èìåíè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî: Pushkin is the greatest Russian Ïóøêèí âåëè÷àéøèé ðóññêèé poet. He was born in 1799 ïîýò. Îí ðîäèëñÿ â 1799 ãîäó. (ìåñòîèìåíèå he çàìåíÿåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå Pushkin). The day was warm. Such days are Äåíü áûë òåïëûé. Òàêèå äíè ðåärare in October êè â îêòÿáðå. (ìåñòîèìåíèå such çàìåíÿåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå warm). 2. Îäíè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èìåþò îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, íàïð.: this (åä. ÷.) ýòîò, these (ìí. ÷.) ýòè, that (åä. ÷.) òîò, those (ìí. ÷.) òå. Äðóãèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èìåþò îäíó è òó æå ôîðìó äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, íàïð.: all âåñü, âñå, which êîòîðûé, êîòîðûå. Òðåòüè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èìåþò çíà÷åíèå òîëüêî îäíîãî ÷èñëà: åäèíñòâåííîãî each êàæäûé, somebody êòî-òî, èëè ìíîæåñòâåííîãî both îáà, many ìíîãèå. 3. Îäíè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èìåþò, êàê è èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, ôîðìû «îáùåãî ïàäåæà» è «ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà», íàïð.: somebody (îáùèé ïàäåæ), somebodys (ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ); each other (îáùèé ïàäåæ), each others (ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûé ïàäåæ). Äðóãèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èìåþò ôîðìû èìåíèòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà è «îáúåêòíîãî ïàäåæà», íàïð.: I (èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ) ÿ, me (îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ) ìåíÿ, ìíå; who (èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ) êòî, whom (îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ) êîãî. Áîëüøèíñòâî ìåñòîèìåíèé, îäíàêî, íå èìååò ïàäåæíûõ ôîðì, íàïð.: each, every êàæäûé, both îáà, all âñå, âñ¸, what ÷òî, êàêîé. 4. Ëè÷íûå è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èìåþò â 3-ì ëèöå îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû äëÿ ìóæñêîãî, æåíñêîãî è ñðåäíåãî ðîäà. Òàê, ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå he îí è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå his åãî çàìåíÿþò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ñóùåñòâà ìóæñêîãî ïîëà. Ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå she îíà è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå her åå çàìåíÿþò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ñóùåñòâà æåíñêîãî ïîëà. Ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå it îí, îíà, îíî è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå its åãî, åå çàìåíÿþò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå íåîäóøåâëåííûå ïðåäìåòû. Ïîñêîëüêó â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìåíà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå íå èìåþò îñîáûõ ðîäîâûõ îêîí÷àíèé, ìåñòîèìåíèÿ he, she, it, his, her, its ÿâëÿþòñÿ åäèíñòâåííûìè âíåøíèìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè ðîäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, êîòîðûå îíè çàìåíÿþò. Äðóãèå àíãëèéñêèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ íå èìåþò îòäåëüíûõ ôîðì, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ ðîä, è îäíà è òà æå ôîðìà ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ìîæåò çàìåíÿòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, îáîçíà÷àþùèå êàê ñóùåñòâà ìóæñêîãî èëè æåíñêîãî ïîëà, òàê è íåîäóøåâëåííûå ïðåäìåòû: this ýòîò, ýòà, ýòî; which êîòîðûé, êîòîðàÿ, êîòîðîå è äð. 66 5. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè â ôóíêöèè: à) ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î: Íå is a doctor. Îí âðà÷. á) è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: The red pencil is mine. Êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø ìîé. â) ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ (ïðÿìîãî, áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî è ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî): I have not seen him. ß åãî íå âèäåë. Show me the letter. Ïîêàæèòå ìíå ýòî ïèñüìî. I didnt speak to them. ß íå ãîâîðèë ñ íèìè. ã) î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ: I cannot find my pencil. ß íå ìîãó íàéòè ñâîé êàðàíäàø. 6. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ â ôóíêöèè ïîäëåæàùåãî, èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî è äîïîëíåíèÿ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ ì è - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì è, òàê êàê îíè âûïîëíÿþò ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ æå, óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ ì è - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì è, òàê êàê îíè âûïîëíÿþò ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî. 7. Ìíîãèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â îäíèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âûñòóïàþò â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèé-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, à â äðóãèõ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèé-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ: This is an English book (ìåñòîèìåíèå-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå; ñëóæèò ïîäëåæàùèì). Ill take this book (ìåñòîèìåíèåïðèëàãàòåëüíîå; ñëóæèò îïðåäåëåíèåì). Íå has read all there is on this subject (ìåñòîèìåíèå-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå; ñëóæèò äîïîëíåíèåì). It rained all day yesterday (ìåñòîèìåíèå-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå; ñëóæèò îïðåäåëåíèåì). Ýòî àíãëèéñêàÿ êíèãà. ß âîçüìó ýòó êíèãó. Îí ïðî÷èòàë âñå, ÷òî èìååòñÿ ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. Â÷åðà âåñü äåíü øåë äîæäü. 8. Áîëüøèíñòâî ìåñòîèìåíèé-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, ÿâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëåíèÿìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îäíîâðåìåííî ÿâëÿþòñÿ èõ îïðåäåëèòåëÿìè, èñêëþ÷àÿ ïîýòîìó óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, ê êîòîðûì îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ (ñòð. 22): This book is interesting. Ýòà êíèãà èíòåðåñíàÿ. My room is very light. Ìîÿ êîìíàòà î÷åíü ñâåòëàÿ. Each student has a dictionary. Ó êàæäîãî ñòóäåíòà åñòü ñëîâàðü. Which book is yours? Êàêàÿ êíèãà âàøà? 67 9. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ äåëÿòñÿ íà ñëåäóþùèå ãðóïïû: ëè÷íûå, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå. âîçâðàòíûå, âçàèìíûå, óêàçàòåëüíûå, âîïðîñèòåëüíûå, îòíîñèòåëüíûå è íåîïðåäåëåííûå. ËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (PERSONAL PRONOUNS) § 2. Ë è ÷ í û å ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ âñåãäà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè. Îíè èìåþò ôîðìû äâóõ ïàäåæåé: è ì å í è ò å ë ü í î ã î ïàäåæà (the Nominative Case) è «îá ú å ê ò í î ã î» ïàäåæà (the Objective Case). Ëèöî Èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ Îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî 1-å 2-å 3-å I he she it ÿ îí îíà îí, îíà, îíî me him her it ìåíÿ, ìíå åãî, åìó åå, åé åãî, åå, åìó, åé Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî 1-å 2-å 3-å we you they ìû âû îíè us you them íàñ, íàì âàñ, âàì èõ, èì § 3. Ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â è ì å í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå âûïîëíÿþò ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî è èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî: I saw that picture (ïîäëåæàùåå). It is I (he, we è ò. ä.) (èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî). ß âèäåë ýòó êàðòèíó. Ýòî ÿ (îí, ìû è ò. ä.). ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è â ðîëè èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå: Its me (him, as). Îñîáåííî ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Its me. Ìåñòîèìåíèå I âñåãäà ïèøåòñÿ ñ ïðîïèñíîé áóêâû. Êîãäà ìåñòîèìåíèå I óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè ðÿäîì ñ äðóãèìè ëè÷íûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè (èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè), òî I ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå íèõ: You and I (èëè: he and I) must be there at seven oclock. My brother and I will help you. Âû è ÿ (èëè: îí è ÿ) äîëæíû áûòü òàì â ñåìü ÷àñîâ. Ìîé áðàò è ÿ ïîìîæåì âàì. Ìåñòîèìåíèå he îí çàìåíÿåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ñóùåñòâî ìóæñêîãî ïîëà: Peter is an engineer. He works at a Ïåòð èíæåíåð. Îí ðàáîòàåò íà factory. ôàáðèêå. Ìåñòîèìåíèå she îíà çàìåíÿåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ñóùåñòâî æåíñêîãî ïîëà: 68 Where is Helen? She is in the garden. Ãäå Åëåíà? Îíà â ñàäó. Ìåñòîèìåíèå it çàìåíÿåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå í å î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û é ï ð å ä ì å ò, è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêèì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì îí, îíà èëè îíî â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðîäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: The chair is broken. Ñòóë ñëîìàí. Îí ñëîìàí. It is broken. The book is on the shelf. Êíèãà íà ïîëêå. It is on the shelf. Îíà íà ïîëêå. The window is open. Îêíî îòêðûòî. It is open. Îíî îòêðûòî. It óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê æèâîòíûì, êîãäà èõ ïîë äëÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî íåèçâåñòåí èëè áåçðàçëè÷åí: The cat is under the table. Êîøêà ïîä ñòîëîì. It is under the table. Îíà ïîä ñòîëîì. Ìåñòîèìåíèå they îíè çàìåíÿåò êàê î ä ó ø å â ë å í í î å ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, òàê è í å î ä ó ø å â ë å í í î å: The students are in the corridor. Ñòóäåíòû â êîðèäîðå. They are in the corridor. Îíè â êîðèäîðå. The documents are on the table. Äîêóìåíòû íà ñòîëå. They are on the table. Îíè íà ñòîëå. Ìåñòîèìåíèå you âû ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, íî ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ êàê êî ìíîãèì ëèöàì, òàê è ê îäíîìó ëèöó â çíà÷åíèè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ 2-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Children, where are you? Äåòè, ãäå âû? Mary, where are you? Ìàðèÿ, ãäå âû (òû)? Ìåñòîèìåíèå 2-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà thou (thee), ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ðóññêîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ òû (òåáÿ, òåáå), íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íè â ñîâðåìåííîé ëèòåðàòóðíîé ïðîçå, íè â áûòîâîé ðå÷è è âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ëèøü â ïîýçèè è â ïðîçå, íàïèñàííîé â âîçâûøåííîì ñòèëå. § 4. Ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â î á ú å ê ò í î ì ïàäåæå âûïîëíÿþò ôóíêöèþ ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèþ â â è í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå (îòâå÷àþùåìó íà âîïðîñ êîãî? ÷òî?), èëè ôóíêöèþ áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèþ â ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå (îòâå÷àþùåìó íà âîïðîñ êîìó?): Íå saw me in the street (ïðÿìîå Îí âèäåë ìåíÿ íà óëèöå. äîïîëíåíèå). I met them at the station (ïðÿìîå ß âñòðåòèë èõ íà âîêçàëå. äîïîëíåíèå). Íå showed her the picture (áåñïðåäÎí ïîêàçàë åé êàðòèíó. ëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå). 69 Ñî÷åòàíèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîæíûì êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì è òàêæå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ â ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå: Íå showed the picture to her and Îí ïîêàçàë êàðòèíó åé, à íå ìíå. not to me. Ñî÷åòàíèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå ñ ïðåäëîãàìè by è with ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîæíûì êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèþ â ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå (îòâå÷àþùåìó íà âîïðîñ êåì? ÷åì?): The article was translated by her and Ñòàòüÿ áûëà ïåðåâåäåíà åþ, à íå not by them. èìè. This pen is bad. I cannot write with Ýòî ïåðî ïëîõîå. ß íå ìîãó ïèit. ñàòü èì. Ìåñòîèìåíèå â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ë þ á û ì è ïðåäëîãàìè, ÿâëÿÿñü ïðåäëîæíûì êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì è ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèÿì â ê î ñ â å í í û õ ï à ä å æ à õ ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã à ì è: This letter is for you. Ýòî ïèñüìî äëÿ âàñ. I have read about it. ß ÷èòàë îá ýòîì. I quite agree with him. ß ñîâåðøåííî ñîãëàñåí ñ íèì. I have received a letter from her. ß ïîëó÷èë îò íåå ïèñüìî. ÏÐÈÒßÆÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS) § 5. Ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ï ð è ò ÿ æ à ò å ë ü í û å ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, âûðàæàþùèå ïðèíàäëåæíîñòü è îòâå÷àþùèå íà âîïðîñ whose? ÷åé? Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èìåþò äâå ôîðìû: îäíó, ñëóæàùóþ ìåñòîèìåíèåì-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì, è äðóãóþ, ñëóæàùóþ ìåñòîèìåíèåì-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. § 6. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå Ëèöî Ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî 1-å 2-å 3-å I he she it my his her its ìîé, ìîÿ, ìîå, ìîè åãî åå åãî, åå Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî 1-å 2-å 3-å 70 we you they our your their íàø, íàøà, íàøå, íàøè âàø, âàøà, âàøå, âàøè èõ Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â ýòîé ôîðìå â ñ å ã ä à ñòîèò ï å ð å ä ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ. ßâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, îíî èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ýòèì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (ñòð. 22): My pencil is on the table. Ìîé êàðàíäàø íà ñòîëå. Íå gave me his address. Îí äàë ìíå ñâîé àäðåñ. Åñëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó ïðåäøåñòâóþò äðóãèå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, òî ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, êàê âñÿêèé îïðåäåëèòåëü, ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä íèìè: Where is my red pencil? Ãäå ìîé êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø? His elder brother lives in St. PetersÅãî ñòàðøèé áðàò æèâåò â Ñàíêòburg. Ïåòåðáóðãå. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, êàê è àðòèêëü, ñòàâèòñÿ ï î ñ ë å all è both: All my pencils are in that box. Âñå ìîè êàðàíäàøè â ýòîé êîðîáêå. Îáà åãî áðàòà æèâóò òàì. Both his brothers live there. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ åãî è èõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ëè÷íûõ, òàê è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿì åãî è èõ â çíà÷åíèè ëè÷íûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé (íà âîïðîñ êîãî? ÷òî?) ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ him è them, à ìåñòîèìåíèÿì åãî è èõ â çíà÷åíèè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé (íà âîïðîñ ÷åé?) ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ his è their: ß âèäåë åãî (ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå). Ýòî åãî ÷àñû (ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå). ß âèäåë èõ (ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå). Ýòî èõ äîì (ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå). I saw him. This is his watch. I saw them. This is their house. § 7. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå Ëèöî Ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî 1-å 2-å 3-å I he she it mine his hers its ìîé, ìîÿ, ìîå, ìîè åãî åå åãî, åå Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî 1-å 2-å 3-å we you they ours yours theirs âàø, íàøà, íàøå, íàøè âàø, âàøà, âàøå, âàøè èõ 71 Ïîñëå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé â ýòîé ôîðìå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå í è ê î ã ä à íå ñòàâÿòñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ñàìè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âìåñòî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. Ýòè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ âûïîëíÿþò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî, äîïîëíåíèÿ èëè èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî: This is not my pencil, mine is blue (ïîäëåæàùåå). I have broken my pencil. Please give me yours (ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå). This book is mine (èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî). Ýòî íå ìîé êàðàíäàø, ìîé ñèíèé. ß ñëîìàë ñâîé êàðàíäàø. Ïîæàëóéñòà, äàéòå ìíå âàø. Ýòà êíèãà ìîÿ. § 8. Ðóññêîå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ñâîé ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ êî âñåì òðåì ëèöàì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: ÿ äàë åìó ñâîþ êíèãó, îí (îíà) äàë(à) ìíå ñâîþ êíèãó, ìû äàëè èì ñâîè êíèãè è ò. ä.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íåò îñîáîé ôîðìû ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ðóññêîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ ñâîé, è îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ îäíèì èç ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé my, mine, his, her, hers, your, yours è ò. ä. â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ëèöà ïîäëåæàùåãî: ß ñëîìàë ñâîå ïåðî. Îíà ïîòåðÿëà ñâîé êàðàíäàø. Îíè äàëè íàì ñâîè êíèãè. Ó ìåíÿ íåò ñëîâàðÿ. Ìîæåòå âû ìíå äàòü ñâîé? I have broken my pen. She has lost her pencil. They gave us their books. I havent got a dictionary. Can you give me yours? ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå my, his, her è ò. ä. óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ è â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ïåðåä ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèå ñâîé îòñóòñòâóåò, íî ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ. Ó÷àùèåñÿ â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÷àñòî îøèáî÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþò âìåñòî ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ àðòèêëü the: Îí ïðîâåë îòïóñê â Êðûìó. ß ãîâîðèë æåíå îá ýòîì. Ñíèìèòå ïàëüòî! Îí ïîëîæèë ïèñüìî â êàðìàí. Íå spent his leave (à íå: the leave) in the Crimea. I told my wife (à íå: the wife) about it. Take off your coat (à íå: the coat). Íå pat the letter into his pocket (à íå: the pocket). ÂÎÇÂÐÀÒÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS) § 9.  î ç â ð à ò í û å ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ îáðàçóþòñÿ ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ê ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì my, our, your, ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì him, her, it, them è íåîïðåäåëåííîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ one îêîí÷àíèÿ self (ê ìåñòîèìåíèÿì åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà) è selves (ê ìåñòîèìåíèÿì ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà): 72 Åäèíñòâåííîå ÷èñëî 1-å 2-å 3-å Íåîïðåäåëåííîëè÷íàÿ ôîðìà myself yourself himself herself itself oneself Ìíîæåñòâåííîå ÷èñëî Ëèöî ourselves yourselves themselves  îòëè÷èå îò ëè÷íûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé, 2-å ëèöî âîçâðàòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé èìååò îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà (yourself) è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà (yourselves): Dont hurt yourself, Peter! Dont hurt yourselves, gentlemen! He óøèáèòåñü (íå óøèáèñü), Ïåòð! He óøèáèòåñü, ãîñïîäà! § 10. Âîçâðàòíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ôóíêöèè äîïîëíåíèÿ ïîñëå ðÿäà ãëàãîëîâ. Îíè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: 1. ×àñòèöå -ñÿ (-ñü), êîòîðàÿ ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ê ãëàãîëàì äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïðèäàòü èì âîçâðàòíîå çíà÷åíèå, ïîêàçûâàÿ, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ïåðåõîäèò íà ñàìî äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî: Íå defended himself bravely. She hurt herself. Be careful! Dont cut yourself. Go and wash yourself, Mary. Îí õðàáðî çàùèùàëñÿ. Îíà óøèáëàñü. Áóäüòå îñòîðîæíû! Íå ïîðåæüòåñü. Ïîéäèòå è óìîéòåñü, Ìàðèÿ. Ïðè íåêîòîðûõ ãëàãîëàõ, êàê to wash óìûâàòüñÿ, to dress îäåâàòüñÿ, to shave áðèòüñÿ, to bathe êóïàòüñÿ, to hide ïðÿòàòüñÿ âîçâðàòíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ÷àñòî îïóñêàþòñÿ: I washed, dressed and shaved. Hide behind the tree. Íå likes to bathe in the sea. ß ïîìûëñÿ, îäåëñÿ è ïîáðèëñÿ. Ñïðÿ÷üòåñü çà äåðåâîì. Îí ëþáèò êóïàòüñÿ â ìîðå. 2. Âîçâðàòíîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ ñåáÿ (ñåáå, ñîáîé): Íå bought himself a new coat. She spoke very little of herself. I am not pleased with myself. Îí êóïèë ñåáå íîâîå ïàëüòî. Îíà î÷åíü ìàëî ãîâîðèëà î ñåáå. ß íåäîâîëåí ñîáîé. Âîçâðàòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ñåáÿ ïîñëå íåêîòîðûõ ðóññêèõ ãëàãîëîâ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ. Ê òàêèì ãëàãîëàì îòíîñÿòñÿ: ÷óâñòâîâàòü ñåáÿ to feel, âåñòè ñåáÿ to behave è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå: 73 Îí ÷óâñòâóåò ñåáÿ õîðîøî. Îí âåë ñåáÿ, êàê ðåáåíîê. Íå feels well. Íå behaved like a child. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ðóññêîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ñåáÿ (ñîáîé) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îäíîìó èç âîçâðàòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé myself, yourself, himself è ò. ä. òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè ïåðåä íèì ïî ñìûñëó ìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü ìåñòîèìåíèå ñàì: Îí ñåðäèëñÿ íà ñåáÿ (ñàìîãî ñåáÿ). ß íè÷åãî íå ïðîøó äëÿ ñåáÿ (ñàìîãî ñåáÿ). Íå was angry with himself. I ask nothing for myself. Åñëè æå ïåðåä ñåáÿ (ñîáîé) ïî ñìûñëó íåëüçÿ ïîñòàâèòü ìåñòîèìåíèå ñàì, òî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå âîçâðàòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, à ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå. ß âîçüìó âàñ ñ ñîáîé. Îíà óñëûøàëà øàãè çà ñîáîé. Îí ïîëîæèë êàðòó ïåðåä ñîáîé. I shall take you with me (à íå: with myself). She heard steps behind her (à íå: behind herself). Íå put the map before him (à íå: before himself). § 11. Âîçâðàòíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ ðóññêîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ ñàì (ñàìà, ñàìî, ñàìè).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè ìîãóò ñòîÿòü êàê â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òàê è ïîñëå ñëîâà, çíà÷åíèå êîòîðîãî îíè óñèëèâàþò: I saw it myself. I myself saw it. He did it himself. He himself did it. You said it yourself. You yourself said it. They said so themselves. They themselves said so. ß ñàì ýòî âèäåë. Îí ñàì ýòî ñäåëàë. Âû ñàìè ýòî ñêàçàëè. Îíè ñàìè ýòî ñêàçàëè. ÂÇÀÈÌÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS) § 12. Ê â ç à è ì í û ì ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ ì îòíîñÿòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ each other è one another äðóã äðóãà, îäèí äðóãîãî. Each other îáû÷íî îòíîñèòñÿ ê äâóì ëèöàì èëè ïðåäìåòàì, a one another ê á î ë ü ø å ì ó êîëè÷åñòâó. Îäíàêî ýòî ðàçëè÷èå ÷àñòî íå ñîáëþäàåòñÿ: They have known each other for two years. They often see one another. 74 Îíè çíàþò äðóã äðóãà äâà ãîäà. Îíè ÷àñòî âèäÿò äðóã äðóãà. Ïðåäëîã, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê each other èëè one another, ñòàâèòñÿ ï å ð å ä each èëè one: about each other äðóã î äðóãå, for each other äðóã äëÿ äðóãà (ñð. ìåñòî ïðåäëîãà â àíãëèéñêîì è ðóññêîì ÿçûêå). ÓÊÀÇÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS) § 13. Ó ê à ç à ò å ë ü í û å ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ èìåþò îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà this ýòîò, ýòî, ýòà, that òîò, òà, òî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà these ýòè, those òå. Óêàçàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèé-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèé-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. § 14. 1. Ó ê à ç à ò å ë ü í î å ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î å, ÿâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ (ñòð. 22). Êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, ïðåäøåñòâóþò äðóãèå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, òî óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, êàê âñÿêèé îïðåäåëèòåëü, ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä íèìè: Íå lives in that house. Îí æèâåò â òîì äîìå. Íå lives in that white house. Îí æèâåò â òîì áåëîì äîìå. 2. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ this è these óêàçûâàþò íà ïðåäìåòû, íàõîäÿùèåñÿ â í å ï î ñ ð å ä ñ ò â å í í î é á ë è ç î ñ ò è ê ñîáåñåäíèêó, â òî âðåìÿ êàê that è those óêàçûâàþò íà á î ë å å î ò ä à ë å í í û å ïðåäìåòû: This pencil is mine. That pencil is yours. This young man is my brother. Do you know that man? These cigarettes are very good. Ýòîò êàðàíäàø ìîé. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î êàðàíäàøå, êîòîðûé ãîâîðÿùèé äåðæèò â ðóêå èëè êîòîðûé íàõîäèòñÿ ïðÿìî ïåðåä åãî ãëàçàìè.) Òîò êàðàíäàø âàø. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î êàðàíäàøå, íå íàõîäÿùåìñÿ â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè ê ãîâîðÿùåìó.) Ýòîò ìîëîäîé ÷åëîâåê ìîé áðàò. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î ÷åëîâåêå, áëèçêî ñòîÿùåì ê ãîâîðÿùåìó.) Çíàåòå ëè âû ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà? (Ðå÷ü èäåò î ÷åëîâåêå, íàõîäÿùåìñÿ íà íåêîòîðîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ñîáåñåäíèêà.) Ýòè ñèãàðåòû î÷åíü õîðîøèå. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î ñèãàðåòàõ, êîòîðûå ãîâîðÿùèé äåðæèò â ðóêå èëè êîòîðûå íàõîäÿòñÿ â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè ê íåìó.) 75 I like those flowers. Ìíå íðàâÿòñÿ òå (ýòè) öâåòû. (Ðå÷ü èäåò î öâåòàõ, íå íàõîäÿùèõñÿ â íåïîñðåäñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè ê ãîâîðÿùåìó.) 3. Ìåñòîèìåíèå this ñî ñëîâîì country óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñòðàíå, â êîòîðîé íàõîäèòñÿ ãîâîðÿùèé èëè àâòîð. Ïîýòîìó, êîãäà ñî÷åòàíèå this country âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîé ãàçåòå, åãî ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü Àíãëèÿ, â àìåðèêàíñêîé ãàçåòå ÑØÀ, â ñîîáùåíèè êîððåñïîíäåíòà èç Ãîëëàíäèè Ãîëëàíäèÿ è ò. ä.: The exports of coal from this country decreased last year (èç ñòàòüè â àíãëèéñêîé ãàçåòå). The imports of coal into this country decreased last year (èç ñîîáùåíèÿ êîððåñïîíäåíòà èç Ãîëëàíäèè, îïóáëèêîâàííîãî â àíãëèéñêîé ãàçåòå). Ýêñïîðò óãëÿ èç Àíãëèè óìåíüøèëñÿ â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. Èìïîðò óãëÿ â Ãîëëàíäèþ óìåíüøèëñÿ â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. Åñëè æå ðå÷ü èäåò íå î ñòðàíå ïðåáûâàíèÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî èëè àâòîðà, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ that country êàê ñî çíà÷åíèåì òà ñòðàíà, òàê è ýòà ñòðàíà: I was in Bulgaria last year. I liked that country very much. ß áûë â Áîëãàðèè â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. Ìíå î÷åíü ïîíðàâèëàñü ýòà ñòðàíà. 4. This â âûðàæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè îòíîñèòñÿ ê ì î ì å í ò ó ð à ç ã î â î ð à èëè ê ò å ê ó ù å ì ó ï å ð è î ä ó âðåìåíè, a that ê ìîìåíòó èëè ïåðèîäó âðåìåíè â ï ð î ø ë î ì èëè á ó ä ó ù å ì: I am busy at this moment. It is only the beginning of May. You cant bathe at this time of the year. My brother will go to the Caucasus this summer. I spent the summer of 1986 in the south. We had a lot of rain that summer. At that moment the door opened and a man entered the room. I am going to call on him at five oclock. I hope he will come home by that time. 76 ß çàíÿò â äàííûé ìîìåíò. Ñåé÷àñ òîëüêî íà÷àëî ìàÿ. Âàì íåëüçÿ êóïàòüñÿ â ýòî âðåìÿ ãîäà. Ìîé áðàò ïîåäåò íà Êàâêàç ýòèì ëåòîì (ëåòîì òåêóùåãî ãîäà). ß ïðîâåë ëåòî 1986 ãîäà íà þãå. Ýòî (òî) ëåòî áûëî î÷åíü äîæäëèâîå.  ýòîò (òîò) ìîìåíò äâåðü îòêðûëàñü, è êàêîé-òî ÷åëîâåê âîøåë â êîìíàòó. ß ñîáèðàþñü çàéòè ê íåìó â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. ß íàäåþñü, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò äîìîé ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè. § 15.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ýòîò (ýòè) ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà áëèçêèå ïðåäìåòû è äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ìîìåíòà ðàçãîâîðà èëè òåêóùåãî ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè, íî è äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà áîëåå îòäàëåííûå ïðåäìåòû, íà ïðåäìåòû, êîòîðûõ íåò íàëèöî, è äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïðîøåäøèõ è áóäóùèõ ìîìåíòîâ èëè ïåðèîäîâ âðåìåíè. Ïîýòîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ ýòîò (ýòè) â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå â îäíèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò this (these), a â äðóãèõ that (those): ß ïîåäó íà þã ýòèì ëåòîì. ß îáû÷íî ðàáîòàþ â ýòîé êîìíàòå. Âû âèäèòå áåëûé äîì â êîíöå óëèöû? Ìîé áðàò æèâåò â ýòîì äîìå. Îí â÷åðà ïîêàçûâàë ìíå ñâîé íîâûé ñëîâàðü. Îí êóïèë ýòîò ñëîâàðü â Ìîñêâå.  ýòîò ìîìåíò ÿ óñëûøàë øóì â êîðèäîðå. Ïðèõîäèòå â 5 ÷àñîâ. ß áóäó äîìà â ýòî âðåìÿ. I shall go to the south this summer. I usually work in this room. Do you see the white house at the end of the street? My brother lives in that house. Íå showed me his new dictionàãó yesterday. He bought that dictionary in Moscow. At that moment I heard a noise in the corridor. Come at five oclock. I shall be at home at that time. § 16. Ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèé this è that ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå one âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ óïîìÿíóòîãî ðàíåå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: Will you give me another book? I dont like this one. This book is mine, and that one is yours. Äàéòå ìíå äðóãóþ êíèãó. Ìíå íå íðàâèòñÿ ýòà. Ýòà êíèãà ìîÿ, à òà âàøà. § 17. 1. Ó ê à ç à ò å ë ü í û å ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û å óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, à èìåííî: this è these óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ïðåäìåòàõ, á ë è ç ê è õ ê ãîâîðÿùåìó, a that è those êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î á î ë å å î ò ä à ë å í í û õ ïðåäìåòàõ: This is my dictionary and that is yours. These are my magazines and those are yours. Have you read this? I shall take these. Ýòî ìîé ñëîâàðü, à òî âàø. Ýòî ìîè æóðíàëû, à òî âàøè. Âû ÷èòàëè ýòî? ß âîçüìó ýòè. 2. This ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ï î ñ ë å ä ó þ ù å é ïðÿìîé ðå÷è, a that ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å é ïðÿìîé ðå÷è: 77 This is what she said: I dont think he is right. Íî: I dont think he is right. That is what she said. Âîò ÷òî îíà ñêàçàëà: «ß íå äóìàþ, ÷òî îí ïðàâ». § 18. That óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ çàìåíû ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, a those äëÿ çàìåíû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, êîãäà èõ ñëåäîâàëî áû ïîâòîðèòü ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì. That è those â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ îáû÷íî ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê òåìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, êîòîðûå îíè çàìåíÿþò: The price of tin is higher than that of copper (that = the price). At our factory there are a few machines similar to those described in this magazine (those = the machines). Öåíà îëîâà âûøå öåíû ìåäè. Íà íàøåé ôàáðèêå èìååòñÿ íåñêîëüêî ìàøèí, ïîäîáíûõ ìàøèíàì, îïèñàííûì â ýòîì æóðíàëå (ïîäîáíûõ òåì, êîòîðûå îïèñàíû â ýòîì æóðíàëå). § 19.  çíà÷åíèè óêàçàòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ìåñòîèìåíèå it, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ðóññêîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ ýòî: Who is there? It is Helen. What is this? It is a dictionary. Êòî Ýòî ×òî Ýòî òàì? Åëåíà. ýòî? ñëîâàðü. Ê óêàçàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì îòíîñèòñÿ òàêæå ìåñòîèìåíèå such òàêîé, òàêîâîé, êîòîðîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: These are such interesting books! Such was the agreement between the two parties. Ýòî òàêèå èíòåðåñíûå êíèãè! Òàêîâî áûëî ñîãëàøåíèå ìåæäó îáåèìè ñòîðîíàìè. Êîãäà such îïðåäåëÿåò èñ÷èñëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì, êîòîðûé ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå such (ñòð. 29): It is such an interesting book! Ýòî òàêàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà! ÂÎÏÐÎÑÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS) § 20. Ê âîïðîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ who (whom), whose, what è which. 78 § 21. Who óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â äâóõ ïàäåæàõ: èìåíèòåëüíîì who êòî è îáúåêòíîì whom êîãî. Who è whom óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ëèöàì. Who óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è âûïîëíÿåò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî (êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó) èëè èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî (êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî): Who came here yesterday? (ïîäëåæàùåå). Who is that man? (èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî). Êòî ïðèõîäèë ñþäà â÷åðà? Êòî ýòîò ÷åëîâåê? Êîãäà who ÿâëÿåòñÿ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì, ãëàãîë ïîñëå who óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå (êàê è ãëàãîë ïîñëå êòî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): Who is there? Who has taken my pencil? Êòî òàì? Êòî âçÿë ìîé êàðàíäàø? Êîãäà who ÿâëÿåòñÿ è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î, ãëàãîëñâÿçêà ñîãëàñóåòñÿ â ëèöå è ÷èñëå ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì, êîòîðûì âûðàæåíî ïîäëåæàùåå (ñòð. 404): Who is that boy (he)? Who are those boys (they)? Êòî ýòîò ìàëü÷èê (îí)? Êòî ýòè ìàëü÷èêè (îíè)? Whom â ôóíêöèè ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèþ êòî â â è í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå êîãî.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è whom îáû÷íî çàìåíÿåòñÿ ôîðìîé who: Who (whom) did you meet there? Who (whom) did you ask about it? Êîãî âû âñòðåòèëè òàì? Êîãî âû ñïðàøèâàëè îá ýòîì? Whom â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðåäëîãàìè âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. Òî whom ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó ìåñòîèìåíèÿ êòî êîìó, à by whom ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó êåì: Òî whom did you show the letter? By whom is the letter signed? Êîìó âû ïîêàçàëè ïèñüìî? Êåì ïîäïèñàíî ïèñüìî? Whom ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ ë þ á û ì è ïðåäëîãàìè, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèþ êòî â ê î ñ â å í í û õ ï à ä å æ à õ ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã à ì è: From whom did you receive the telegram? Of whom are you speaking? With whom did you come yesterday? Îò êîãî âû ïîëó÷èëè ýòó òåëåãðàììó? Î êîì âû ãîâîðèòå? Ñ êåì âû ïðèõîäèëè â÷åðà? 79 Ïðåäëîã, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê whom, îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ ï î ñ ë å ã ë à ã î ë à, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ï î ñ ë å ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âìåñòî whom îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìà who: Who Who Who Who Who (whom) (whom) (whom) (whom) (whom) did you show the letter to? is the letter signed by? did you receive the telegram from? are you speaking of? did you come with yesterday? ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà âìåñòî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ whom óïîòðåáëåíà ôîðìà who, ïðåäëîã ìîæåò ñòîÿòü òîëüêî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà (èëè äîïîëíåíèÿ). Ïðåäëîã íå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïåðåä ôîðìîé who. § 22. Whose ÷åé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî. ßâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, whose èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (ñòð. 22). Ìåñòîèìåíèå whose âñåãäà ñòîèò í å ï î ñ ð å ä ñ ò â å í í î ï å ð å ä ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ìåñòîèìåíèå ÷åé ìîæåò áûòü îòäåëåíî îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè: Whose dictionary is that? Whose book did you take? ×åé ýòî ñëîâàðü? ×üþ êíèãó âû âçÿëè? ×üþ âû âçÿëè êíèãó? § 23. What óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî. 1.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î what óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ÷òî â ôóíêöèè ïîäëåæàùåãî (êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó) èëè ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ (êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðÿìîìó äîïîëíåíèþ) è ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàêîå, êàêîé â ôóíêöèè èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî (êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî): What has happened? (ïîäëåæàùåå). What have you brought? (äîïîëíåíèå). What is the population of that town? (èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî). ×òî ñëó÷èëîñü? ×òî âû ïðèíåñëè? Êàêîâî íàñåëåíèå ýòîãî ãîðîäà? Êîãäà what ÿâëÿåòñÿ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì, ãëàãîë ïîñëå what óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå (êàê è ãëàãîë ïîñëå ÷òî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): What has happened? What is lying on the table? ×òî ñëó÷èëîñü? ×òî ëåæèò íà ñòîëå? Êîãäà what ÿâëÿåòñÿ è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î, ãëàãîëñâÿçêà ñîãëàñóåòñÿ â ëèöå è ÷èñëå ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì, êîòîðûì âûðàæåíî ïîäëåæàùåå: 80 What is the price for wheat? What are the prices for wheat and barley? What are the results of the examination? Êàêàÿ (êàêîâà) öåíà íà ïøåíèöó? Êàêèå (êàêîâû) öåíû íà ïøåíèöó è ÿ÷ìåíü? Êàêîâû ðåçóëüòàòû ýêçàìåíà? What ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ òàêæå ê ëèöàì, êîãäà âîïðîñ èìååò öåëüþ âûÿñíèòü ïðîôåññèþ èëè äîëæíîñòü ëèöà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå what ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ìåñòîèìåíèåì êòî: What is he? He is an engineer. What is your daughter? She is an English teacher. Êòî îí? Îí èíæåíåð. Êòî âàøà äî÷ü? Îíà ïðåïîäàâàòåëüíèöà àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà âîïðîñ èìååò öåëüþ âûÿñíèòü ôàìèëèþ ëèöà, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ who: Who is he? He is Petrov. What â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðåäëîãàìè âûïîëíÿåò ôóíêöèþ ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. By what è with what ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèþ ÷òî â ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå ÷åì: By what is this engine driven? With what did you cut it? ×åì ïðèâîäèòñÿ â äâèæåíèå ýòîò ìîòîð? ×åì âû ýòî ðàçðåçàëè? What ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ ëþáûìè ïðåäëîãàìè, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòîèìåíèþ ÷òî â ê î ñ â å í í û õ ï à ä å æ à õ ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã à ì è: About what was he speaking to you? At what are you working? Î ÷åì îí ñ âàìè ðàçãîâàðèâàë? Íàä ÷åì âû ðàáîòàåòå? Ïðåäëîã, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê what, îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ ï î ñ ë å ã ë à ã î ë à, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ï î ñ ë å ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ: What was he speaking to you about? What are you working at? 2.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î what óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàêîé. ßâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, what èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (ñòð. 22). Ìåñòîèìåíèå what âñåãäà ñòîèò í å ï î ñ ð å ä ñ ò â å í í î ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, à îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ìåñòîèìåíèå êàêîé ìîæåò áûòü îòäåëåíî îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè: Êàêîé âîïðîñ îí çàäàë? What question did he ask? Êàêîé îí çàäàë âîïðîñ? Êàêèå êíèãè âû êóïèëè? What books did you buy? Êàêèå âû êóïèëè êíèãè? 81 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. What óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â âîñêëèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàêîé, ÷òî çà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ïîñëå what ñòàâèòñÿ íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü à (ñòð. 407). What a fine building! Êàêîå êðàñèâîå çäàíèå! § 24. Ìåñòîèìåíèå which óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êîòîðûé, êàêîé, êòî, ÷òî, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î â û á î ð å è ç î ã ð à í è ÷ å í í î ã î ÷ è ñ ë à ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ. Which óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê îäóøåâëåííûì, òàê è íåîäóøåâëåííûì ïðåäìåòàì. Which óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. Which â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî (ñòð. 22) è èñêëþ÷àåò ïîýòîìó óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ: Which chapter did you like best? Which metal is heavier: copper or iron? Which student in your group works hardest of all? Here are two books. Which would you like? Which of you speaks French? Which do you prefer to learn: French or English? Êàêàÿ (êîòîðàÿ) ãëàâà âàì áîëüøå âñåãî ïîíðàâèëàñü? Êàêîé ìåòàëë òÿæåëåå: ìåäü èëè æåëåçî? Êàêîé ñòóäåíò â âàøåé ãðóïïå ðàáîòàåò óñåðäíåå âñåõ? Âîò äâå êíèãè. Êîòîðóþ (êàêóþ) âû õîòåëè áû? Êòî (êîòîðûé) èç âàñ ãîâîðèò ïîôðàíöóçñêè? ×òî âû ïðåäïî÷èòàåòå èçó÷àòü: ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê èëè àíãëèéñêèé? ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ó÷àùèåñÿ ÷àñòî äîïóñêàþò îøèáêè ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ìåñòîèìåíèé êàêîé, êòî, ÷òî. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î âûáîðå èç îãðàíè÷åííîãî ÷èñëà ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ, êàêîé, êòî è ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ìåñòîèìåíèþ which.  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ êàêîé è ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóþò what, à êòî who: Íà êàêîì ýòàæå âû æèâåòå? On which floor do you live? Êàêèå êíèãè âû êóïèëè? What books did you buy? Êòî èç âàñ ïîéäåò â òåàòð? Which of yon will go to the theatre? Êòî âçÿë ìîé êàðàíäàø? Who has taken my pencil? ×òî âû ïðåäïî÷èòàåòå èçó÷àòü: ôðàí- Which do yon prefer to learn: French öóçñêèé ÿçûê èëè àíãëèéñêèé? or English? ×òî îí âàì ñêàçàë? What has he told you? ÎÒÍÎÑÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (RELATIVE PRONOUNS) § 25. Î ò í î ñ è ò å ë ü í û å ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ ñëóæàò äëÿ ñâÿçè ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ ãëàâíûì. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîþçíûìè ñëîâàìè, êîòîðûå îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ñîþçîâ òåì, ÷òî îíè íå òîëüêî ñâÿçûâàþò ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ãëàâíûì, íî è ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷ëåíàìè ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (ñòð. 355). 82 § 26. Äëÿ ñâÿçè ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ï î ä ë å æ à ù è õ, ñ ê à ç ó å ì û õ è ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û õ ñ ãëàâíûì óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ who êòî (whom êîãî), whose ÷åé, what ÷òî, êàêîé, which êîòîðûé, êàêîé, êòî, ÷òî. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ, òàêèì îáðàçîì, òåìè æå âîïðîñèòåëüíûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè, íî óïîòðåáëåííûìè íå äëÿ âîïðîñà, à äëÿ ñâÿçè ïðåäëîæåíèé*): Who has done it is unknown. Êòî ýòî ñäåëàë, íåèçâåñòíî. I do not know which of them speaks ß íå çíàþ, êòî èç íèõ ãîâîðèò ïîFrench. ôðàíöóçñêè. That is not what I want. Ýòî íå òî, ÷òî ÿ õî÷ó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå what ÷àñòî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì òî ÷òî. § 27. Äëÿ ñâÿçè î ï ð å ä å ë è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ ãëàâíûì óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ who ñî çíà÷åíèåì êîòîðûé (whom êîòîðîãî), whose êîòîðîãî, which è that ñî çíà÷åíèåì êîòîðûé, êîòîðîãî: The man who is sitting next to Mr. ×åëîâåê, êîòîðûé ñèäèò ðÿäîì ñ A. is my English teacher. ã-íîì À., ìîé ïðåïîäàâàòåëü àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. The watch that I lost was a very ×àñû, êîòîðûå ÿ ïîòåðÿë, áûëè good one. î÷åíü õîðîøèå. § 28. Who êîòîðûé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ë è ö à ì è âûïîëíÿåò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî: The man who was here is a bookkeeper. ×åëîâåê, êîòîðûé áûë çäåñü, áóõãàëòåð. Ôîðìà whom êîòîðîãî òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ëèöàì è âûïîëíÿåò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ: There is the man whom we saw in the park yesterday. Âîò òîò ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðîãî ìû â÷åðà âèäåëè â ïàðêå. § 29. Which êîòîðûé, êîòîðîãî îòíîñèòñÿ ê í å î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û ì ï ð å ä ì å ò à ì è ê æ è â î ò í û ì è âûïîëíÿåò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî èëè ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ: The books which are on the table must be returned to the library today (ïîäëåæàùåå). Íå showed me the letter which he had received from his brothåã (ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå). Íå showed me the skin of the wolf which he had killed (ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå). Êíèãè, êîòîðûå ëåæàò íà ñòîëå, äîëæíû áûòü âîçâðàùåíû ñåãîäíÿ â áèáëèîòåêó. Îí ïîêàçàë ìíå ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå îí ïîëó÷èë îò ñâîåãî áðàòà. Îí ïîêàçàë ìíå øêóðó âîëêà, êîòîðîãî îí óáèë. *)  àíãëèéñêèõ ãðàììàòèêàõ òàêèå îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ íîñÿò íàçâàíèå Conjunctive Pronouns. 83 § 30. Which ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ íå ê îòäåëüíîìó ñëîâó, à ê ïðåäøåñòâóþùåìó ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è þ â ö å ë î ì, çàìåíÿÿ åãî ñîäåðæàíèå, è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðóññêîìó îòíîñèòåëüíîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ ÷òî â çíà÷åíèè è ýòî: Íå came to see me off, which was very kind of him. I said nothing, which made him still more angry. Îí ïðèøåë ïðîâîäèòü ìåíÿ, ÷òî (= è ýòî) áûëî î÷åíü ëþáåçíî ñ åãî ñòîðîíû. ß íè÷åãî íå ñêàçàë, ÷òî (= è ýòî) åùå áîëüøå åãî ðàññåðäèëî. § 31. Ìåñòîèìåíèå whose êîòîðîãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û ì ïðåäìåòàì è, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, ñòîèò ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ: That is the girl whose brother came to see us the other day. Do you know the man whose house we saw yesterday? Ýòî äåâóøêà, áðàò êîòîðîé ïðèõîäèë ê íàì íà äíÿõ. Çíàåòå ëè âû ÷åëîâåêà, äîì êîòîðîãî ìû âèäåëè â÷åðà? Whose, îäíàêî, ìîæåò èíîãäà îòíîñèòüñÿ è ê íåîäóøåâëåííûì ïðåäìåòàì, çàìåíÿÿ îáîðîò of which, ñòîÿùèé ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: We saw a mountain whose top (= the top of which) was covered with snow. Ìû óâèäåëè ãîðó, âåðøèíà êîòîðîé áûëà ïîêðûòà ñíåãîì. § 32. Ìåñòîèìåíèå that êîòîðûé îòíîñèòñÿ êàê ê î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û ì, òàê è ê í å î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û ì ïðåäìåòàì. That ÷àñòî çàìåíÿåò which è whom â è í ä è â è ä ó à ë è ç è ð ó þ ù è õ è ê ë à ñ ñ è ô è ö è ð ó þ ù è õ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ (ñòð. 425): Ñòàòüÿ, êîòîðóþ ÿ ïåðåâåë â÷åpa, The article that (which) I translated áûëà î÷åíü ëåãêîé. yesterday was very easy. Ýòî ñëîâà, êîòîðûå âû íåïðàThese are the words that (which) âèëüíî ïðîèçíîñèòå. you mispronounce. Ñóäà, êîòîðûå ñòðîÿòñÿ äëÿ ïåðåVessels that (which) are built for the âîçêè íåôòåïðîäóêòîâ, íàçûâàtransportation of oil products are þòñÿ òàíêåðàìè. called tankers. Äîêòîð, ó êîòîðîãî ÿ áûë â÷åpa, The doctor that (whom) I visited ñïåöèàëèñò ïî ñåðäå÷íûì áîyesterday is a specialist in diseasëåçíÿì. es of the heart. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ìåñòîèìåíèå who, ñëóæàùåå ïîäëåæàùèì, ðåäêî çàìåíÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì that: The man who (that) has written ×åëîâåê, êîòîðûé íàïèñàë ýòó ñòàòüþ, this article is my friend. ìîé ïðèÿòåëü. Ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îïðåäåëÿåìûõ ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì è â ï ð å â î ñ õ î ä í î é ñ ò å ï å í è, ï î ð ÿ ä ê î â û ì è ÷ è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì è, 84 à òàêæå all, any, only óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ò î ë ü ê î ìåñòîèìåíèå that (à íå which è whom): This is the best dictionary that I have Ýòî ëó÷øèé ñëîâàðü, êîòîðûé ÿ ever seen. êîãäà-ëèáî âèäåë. This is the first composition that he Ýòî ïåðâîå ñî÷èíåíèå, êîòîðîå îí has written in English. íàïèñàë íà àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. Come at any time that is convenient Ïðèõîäèòå â ëþáîå âðåìÿ, êîòîto you. ðîå âàì óäîáíî. Ive read all the books that you gave ß ïðî÷åë âñå êíèãè, êîòîðûå âû me. ìíå äàëè.  î ï è ñ à ò å ë ü í û õ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ that íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: Åãî ñòàòüÿ ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó, His article on this subject, which was êîòîðàÿ áûëà íàïå÷àòàíà â 1998 published in 1998, was à great ãîäó, èìåëà áîëüøîé óñïåõ. success. Ìîé áðàò, êîòîðîãî ÿ íå âèäåë My brother, whom I have not seen ãîä, òîëüêî ÷òî âîçâðàòèëñÿ â for a year, has just returned to Ìîñêâó. Moscow. § 33. Whom è which â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðåäëîãàìè âûïîëíÿþò ôóíêöèþ ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. Ïðåäëîã ìîæåò ñòîÿòü êàê ïåðåä whom è which, òàê è ï î ñ ë å ã ë à ã î ë à, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ï î ñ ë å ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ: ×åëîâåê, î êîòîðîì ìû ãîâîðèëè The man about whom we were talkâ÷åðà, ïðèäåò â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. ing yesterday (= whom we were talking about yesterday) will come at five oclock. Ýòî íå òî ïèñüìî, íà êîòîðîå îíè This is not the letter to which they ññûëàþòñÿ. refer (= which they refer to). Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ that (â èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèõ è êëàññèôèöèðóþùèõ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ) ïðåäëîã âñåãäà ñòîèò ï î ñ ë å ãëàãîëà. Ïåðåä ìåñòîèìåíèåì that ïðåäëîã ñòîÿòü í å ì î æ å ò: The man that we were talking about yesterday will come at five oclock. This is not the letter that they refer to. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ãëàãîë ïîñëå îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ñëóæàùåãî ïîäëåæàùèì, ñîãëàñóåòñÿ â ÷èñäå ñ òåì ñëîâîì â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå: The student who is standing at the Ñòóäåíò, êîòîðûé ñòîèò ó îêíà, ìîé window is my brother. áðàò. The students who are standing at Ñòóäåíòû, êîòîðûå ñòîÿò ó îêíà, ìîè the window are my friends. äðóçüÿ. The book that (which) is lying on Êíèãà, êîòîðàÿ ëåæèò íà ñòîëå, ïðèthe table is mine. íàäëåæèò ìíå. The books that (which) are lying Êíèãè, êîòîðûå ëåæàò íà ñòîëå, ïðèon the table are mine. íàäëåæàò ìíå. 85 § 34. Äëÿ ñâÿçè îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ ãëàâíûìè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, íàðå÷èÿ where ãäå è when êîãäà: I am going to spend my vacation in ß ñîáèðàþñü ïðîâåñòè ñâîè êàíèthe village where I was born. êóëû â äåðåâíå, ãäå ÿ ðîäèëñÿ. That happened on the day when he Ýòî ñëó÷èëîñü â òîò äåíü, êîãäà left for London. îí óåõàë â Ëîíäîí. Ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî reason âìåñòî îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íàðå÷èå why: That is the reason why he did it. Âîò ïðè÷èíà, ïî êîòîðîé îí ýòî ñäåëàë. Ïîñëå same òîò æå ñàìûé, òàêîé æå è such òàêîé â êà÷åñòâå îòíîñèòåëüíîãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ as: I had the same difficulty as you had. Ó ìåíÿ áûëî òî æå ñàìîå çàòðóäíåíèå, ÷òî è ó âàñ (êîòîðîå áûëî ó âàñ). It is not such an interesting book as Ýòî íå òàêàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà, I thought. êàê ÿ äóìàë. Ñëó÷àè îòñóòñòâèÿ îòíîñèòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé §35.  è í ä è â è ä ó à ë è ç è ð ó þ ù è õ è ê ë à ñ ñ è ô è ö è ð ó þ ù è õ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ (ñòð. 425) îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáû÷íî îïóñêàþòñÿ, â îñîáåííîñòè â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è: That is the man we met yesterday (= whom we met yesterday). Ýòî òîò ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðîãî ìû âñòðåòèëè â÷åðà. Åñëè ïðè ìåñòîèìåíèè èìååòñÿ ïðåäëîã, òî ïðè ïðîïóñêå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ îí ñòàâèòñÿ ï î ñ ë å ãëàãîëà: This is the book the professor referred to in his lecture (=to which the professor referred in his lecture). Ýòî êíèãà, íà êîòîðóþ ïðîôåñcop ññûëàëñÿ â ñâîåé ëåêöèè. Îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ñëóæàùèå ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, í å ì î ã ó ò î ï ó ñ ê à ò ü ñ ÿ: The man who is sitting next to Mr. A. is my English teacher. ×åëîâåê, êîòîðûé ñèäèò ðÿäîì ñ ã-íîì À., ìîé ïðåïîäàâàòåëü àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Ìåñòîèìåíèå whose íå îïóñêàåòñÿ: There is the student whose father has been awarded the State Prize. 86 Âîò òîò ñòóäåíò, îòöó êîòîðîãî ïðèñóæäåíà Ãîñóäàðñòâåííàÿ ïðåìèÿ.  î ï è ñ à ò å ë ü í û õ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ (ñòð. 426) îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ íå îïóñêàþòñÿ: Mr. Ivanovs article, which I read yesterday, is very interesting. Ñòàòüÿ ãîñïîäèíà Èâàíîâà, êîòîðóþ ÿ ïðî÷åë â÷åðà, î÷åíü èíòåðåñíàÿ. ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß (INDEFINITE PRONOUNS) § 36. Ê í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ ì îòíîñÿòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some, any, no (è èõ ïðîèçâîäíûå), none, much, many, little, few, all, both, either, neither, each, every (è åãî ïðîèçâîäíûå), other, one. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some è any § 37. Some óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, a any â î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, î á ù è õ â î ï ð î ñ à õ *) (ïðÿìûõ è êîñâåííûõ) è ó ñ ë î â í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ õ. Îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèé-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèé-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. 1. Some è any óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåñêîëüêî, êàêîå-òî, êàêèå-íèáóäü: à)  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û õ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå some è any íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ÷àñòî íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè: Íå asked me some questions. Îí çàäàë ìíå íåñêîëüêî âîïðîñîâ. Have you got any interesting books? Åñòü ëè ó âàñ (êàêèå-íèáóäü) èíòåðåñíûå êíèãè? Íå asked whether I had any books Îí ñïðîñèë, åñòü ëè ó ìåíÿ (êàon radio. êèå-íèáóäü) êíèãè ïî ðàäèî. Íå did not make any mistakes is his Îí íå ñäåëàë (íèêàêèõ) îøèáîê â dictation. äèêòàíòå. If there are any new magazines in Åñëè â áèáëèîòåêå åñòü (êàêèåthe library, take some for me. íèáóäü) íîâûå æóðíàëû, âîçüìèòå íåñêîëüêî æóðíàëîâ äëÿ ìåíÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Some óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíîãäà è ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàêîé-òî íàðÿäó ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì: Ive read it in some book (= in a book). ß ýòî ÷èòàë â êàêîé-òî êíèãå. á)  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û õ âìåñòî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: The buyers wanted to get some samÏîêóïàòåëè õîòåëè ïîëó÷èòü îáples of our manufactures, and we ðàçöû íàøèõ èçäåëèé, è ìû sent them some. ïîñëàëè èì íåñêîëüêî îáðàçöîâ. *) Ñòð. 395. 87 He asked me for some stamps, but I hadnt any. I want some matches. Have you got any? Îí ïîïðîñèë ó ìåíÿ ìàðîê, íî ó ìåíÿ íå áûëî ìàðîê. Ìíå íóæíû ñïè÷êè. Åñòü ó âàñ ñïè÷êè? 2. Some è any óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåêîòîðîå êîëè÷åñòâî, íåìíîãî, ñêîëüêî-íèáóäü: à)  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û õ ïåðåä í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå some è any íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îáû÷íî íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè: Give me some water, please. Have you bought any sugar? Äàéòå ìíå âîäû, ïîæàëóéñòà. Êóïèëè ëè âû ñàõàðó? á)  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü ÿ û õ âìåñòî í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û õ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: I want some paper. Please give me some. There is no ink in my inkpot. Have you got any? Give me some hot water, please. Im sorry, there isnt any in the kettle. Ìíå íóæíà áóìàãà. Äàéòå ìíå, ïîæàëóéñòà, áóìàãè.  ìîåé ÷åðíèëüíèöå íåò ÷åðíèë. Ó âàñ åñòü ÷åðíèëà? Äàéòå ìíå ãîðÿ÷åé âîäû, ïîæàëóéñòà. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, â ÷àéíèêå íåò ãîðÿ÷åé âîäû. § 38. Some (à íå any) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñ ï å ö è à ë ü í û õ âîïðîñàõ (ñòð. 395), à òàêæå â î á ù è õ âîïðîñàõ, â êîòîðûõ ÷òî-íèáóäü ï ð å ä ë à ã à å ò ñ ÿ èëè â û ð à æ à å ò ñ ÿ ê à ê à ÿ - í è á ó ä ü ï ð î ñ ü á à: Why didnt you buy some cheese? Wont you have some tea? Can I have some cold water? Ïî÷åìó âû íå êóïèëè ñûðó? He õîòèòå ëè âû ÷àþ? He ìîãó ëè ÿ ïîëó÷èòü õîëîäíîé âîäû? § 39. Some óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåêîòîðûå â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå è â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî âìåñòî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: Some trees remain green all the year round. Some people like strong tea, and some dont. 88 Íåêîòîðûå äåðåâüÿ îñòàþòñÿ çåëåíûìè êðóãëûé ãîä. Íåêîòîðûå ëþäè ëþáÿò êðåïêèé ÷àé, à íåêîòîðûå íå ëþáÿò (à äðóãèå íå ëþáÿò). Êîãäà some íåêîòîðûå îòíîñèòñÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîé ãðóïïå ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ, ò. å. êîãäà ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñòîèò àðòèêëü the èëè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå èëè óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, ïîñëå some óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of: Some of the first-year students are taking the examination tomorrow. Some of my friends speak two foreign languages. Íåêîòîðûå ñòóäåíòû ïåðâîãî êóðñà ñäàþò ýêçàìåí çàâòðà. Íåêîòîðûå èç ìîèõ ïðèÿòåëåé (íåêîòîðûå ìîè ïðèÿòåëè) ãîâîðÿò íà äâóõ èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêàõ. § 40. Some ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ïåðåä í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè ñî çíà÷åíèåì ÷àñòü: Some of the wheat was damaged by sea-water. Some of the sugar was packed in bags. ×àñòü ïøåíèöû áûëà ïîâðåæäåíà ìîðñêîé âîäîé. ×àñòü ñàõàðà áûëà óïàêîâàíà â ìåøêè. § 41. Some óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ÷ è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì è ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî, îêîëî: There were some fifty people there. We waited some twenty minutes. Òàì áûëî îêîëî ïÿòèäåñÿòè ÷åëîâåê. Ìû æäàëè îêîëî äâàäöàòè ìèíóò. § 42. Any óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ è â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âñÿêèé, ëþáîé ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå è í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè: You may come at any time that is convenient to you. Âû ìîæåòå ïðèäòè â ëþáîå âðåìÿ, êîòîðîå âàì óäîáíî. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ïðîèçâîäíûå îò some è any § 43. Some è any â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ one, body è thing îáðàçóþò íåîïðåäåëåííûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ someone, somebody êòî-òî, êòî-íèáóäü, anyone, anybody êòî-íèáóäü, something ÷òî-òî, ÷òî-íèáóäü, anything ÷òî-íèáóäü. Ýòè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â ñ å ã ä à óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û õ è ñëóæàò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîäëåæàùèì èëè äîïîëíåíèåì. 1. Ïîäîáíî some è any, ìåñòîèìåíèÿ someone, somebody è something óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, a anyone, anybody 89 è anything â î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, î á ù è õ â î ï ð î ñ à õ (ïðÿìûõ è êîñâåííûõ) è ó ñ ë î â í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ õ: Somebody (someone) is knocking at the door. Give me something to read. There isnt anybody (anyone) there. There isnt anything in the box. Did you see anybody (anyone) there? Íå asked the secretary whether there was anybody (anyone) waiting for him. If anything happens, ring me up immediately. Êòî-òî ñòó÷èò â äâåðü. Äàéòå ìíå ÷òî-íèáóäü ïî÷èòàòü. Òàì íèêîãî íåò.  êîðîáêå íè÷åãî íåò. Âèäåëè ëè âû òàì êîãî-íèáóäü? Îí ñïðîñèë ñåêðåòàðÿ, íå æäåò ëè åãî êòî-íèáóäü. Åñëè ÷òî-íèáóäü ñëó÷èòñÿ, ïîçâîíèòå ìíå íåìåäëåííî ïî òåëåôîíó. 2. Êîãäà ýòè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ñëóæàò ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì, òî ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå (êàê è ãëàãîë ïîñëå êòî-òî, êòî-íèáóäü, ÷òî-òî, ÷òî-íèáóäü â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): Somebody has taken my book. Is there anybody there? Êòî-òî âçÿë ìîþ êíèãó. Òàì åñòü êòî-íèáóäü? 3. Someone, somebody è something (à íå anyone, anybody è anything) óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, àíàëîãè÷íî ìåñòîèìåíèþ some, â ñ ï å ö è à ë ü í û õ âîïðîñàõ, à òàêæå â î á ù è õ âîïðîñàõ, â êîòîðûõ ÷òî-íèáóäü ï ð å ä ë à ã à å ò ñ ÿ èëè â û ð à æ à å ò ñ ÿ ê à ê à ÿ - í è á ó ä ü ï ð î ñ ü á à: Why didnt you ask somebody to help you? Will you have something to eat? Will someone help me? Ïî÷åìó âû íå ïîïðîñèëè êîãîíèáóäü ïîìî÷ü âàì? He õîòèòå ëè ÷åãî-íèáóäü ïîåñòü? Êòî-íèáóäü ïîìîæåò ìíå? 4. Ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèé somebody è anybody íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of. Âûðàæåíèå êòî-òî èç íàñ (âàñ, íèõ, ñòóäåíòîâ è ò. ä.) ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê one of us (you, them, the students è ò. ä.). 5. Anyone, anybody, anything ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ, àíàëîãè÷íî ìåñòîèìåíèþ any, ñî çíà÷åíèåì âñÿêèé, ëþáîé, êàê â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ, òàê è â â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: Anybody can do that. You may play anything you like. May I play anything I like? 90 Âñÿêèé ìîæåò ýòî ñäåëàòü. Âû ìîæåòå ñûãðàòü âñå, ÷òî âû õîòèòå (ëþáóþ âåùü, êîòîðóþ âû õîòèòå). Ìîãó ÿ ñûãðàòü âñå, ÷òî ÿ õî÷ó (ëþáóþ âåùü, êîòîðóþ ÿ õî÷ó)? 6. Ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ anybody ïðåäëîã of íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. Âûðàæåíèå ëþáîé èç íàñ (âàñ, íèõ, ñòóäåíòîâ è ò. ä.) ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê any of us (you, them, the students è ò. ä.). Ï ÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Some è any â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ where îáðàçóþò íàðå÷èÿ somewhere, anywhere ãäå-òî, ãäå-íèáóäü, êóäà-òî, êóäà-íèáóäü (ñòð 299): Did you go anywhere yester Õîäèëè ëè âû êóäà-íèáóäü â÷åðà? day? No, I didnt, but I shall go Íåò, ÿ íå õîäèë, íî ÿ ïîéäó êóäàsomewhere to-morrow. íèáóäü çàâòðà. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ïî è none § 44. Ìåñòîèìåíèå no óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì è ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå. No èìååò òî æå çíà÷åíèå, ÷òî not... à (ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå) è not... any (ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è ïåðåä íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè). Ïðè íàëè÷èè no ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå, ïîñêîëüêó â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü ò î ë ü ê î î ä í î îòðèöàíèå (ñòð. 393): I have no ticket. = I havent a ticket. Ó ìåíÿ íåò áèëåòà. I found no mistakes in your transß íå íàøåë îøèáîê â âàøåì ïålation. = I did not find any misðåâîäå. takes in your translation. I have no time to help you today. = Ó ìåíÿ íåò âðåìåíè ïîìî÷ü âàì I havent any time to help you ñåãîäíÿ. today. Ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ð î ë è ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå no (à íå not... à èëè not...any), êîòîðîå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íè îäèí, íèêàêîé: No steamer has left the port yet. Íè îäèí ïàðîõîä åùå íå âûøåë èç ïîðòà. No information has been received Îò íåãî íå ïîëó÷åíî íèêàêèõ ñâåfrom him. äåíèé. § 45. No íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî; âìåñòî íåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå none, êîòîðîå çàìåíÿåò êàê èñ÷èñëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì è ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå, òàê è í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì î å ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå: Is there a telephone in the room? Åñòü ëè òåëåôîí â êîìíàòå? No, there is none. Íåò. Are there any French magazines Åñòü ëè ôðàíöóçñêèå æóðíàëû in the library? â áèáëèîòåêå? No, there are none. Íåò. Is there any ink in the bottle? Åñòü ëè ÷åðíèëà â áóòûëêå? No, there is none. Íåò. 91 § 46. 1. No â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ body, one è thing îáðàçóåò îòðèöàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ nobody, no one íèêòî è nothing íè÷òî, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ò î ë ü ê î â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û õ. Ýòè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå, ïîñêîëüêó â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü ò î ë ü ê î î ä í î îòðèöàíèå (ñòð. 393). Nobody ðàâíî ïî çíà÷åíèþ not... anybody, no one not... anyone è nothing not... anything: saw nobody there. = didnt see anybody there. read nothing about it. = didnt read anything about it. Ìû íè÷åãî íå âèäåëè òàì. We We We We Ìû íè÷åãî íå ÷èòàëè îá ýòîì. 2. Not... anybody, not... anyone è not... anything óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ÷àùå, ÷åì nobody, no one è nothing.  ðîëè ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î, îäíàêî, ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ò î ë ü ê î nobody, no one è nothing (ñòð. 394): Nobody (no one) knew about it. Nothing special happened yesterday. Íèêòî íå çíàë îá ýòîì. Íè÷åãî îñîáåííîãî íå ñëó÷èëîñü â÷åðà. 3. Êîãäà nobody è nothing ñëóæàò ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì, òî ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå (êàê è ãëàãîë ïîñëå íèêòî, íè÷òî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): Nobody has told me about it. There is nothing in the box. Íèêòî íå ãîâîðèë ìíå îá ýòîì.  êîðîáêå íè÷åãî íåò. 4. Ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèé nobody è no one íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of. Âûðàæåíèå íèêòî èç íàñ (âàñ, íèõ, ñòóäåíòîâ è ò. ä.) ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê none of us (you, them, the students è ò. ä.). Ïðèìå÷àíèå. No â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íàðå÷èåì where îáðàçóåò íàðå÷èå nowhere íèãäå, íèêóäà (ñòð. 299): Where did you go? Nowhere. Êóäà âû õîäèëè? Íèêóäà. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ much è many § 47. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ much è many óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèé-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèé-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. 1. Much è many â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û õ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìíîãî. Much óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, a many ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è: I havent much work to do today. Do you spend much time on your homework? 92 Ó ìåíÿ íå ìíîãî ðàáîòû ñåãîäíÿ. Ìíîãî ëè âû òðàòèòå âðåìåíè íà äîìàøíèå çàäàíèÿ? Has he many friends in Moscow? Many people attended the meeting. Ìíîãî ëè ó íåãî äðóçåé â Ìîñêâå? Ìíîãî íàðîäó ïðèñóòñòâîâàëî íà ñîáðàíèè. 2. Much è many â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û õ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì: much ìíîãîå, çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü, many ìíîãèå. Ïîñëå much è many â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of: Much of what you say is true. Much of the work was done before dinner. Many of the students of the third year will take part in this work. Ìíîãîå èç òîãî, ÷òî âû ãîâîðèòå, âåðíî. Çíà÷èòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòü ðàáîòû áûëà ñäåëàíà äî îáåäà. Ìíîãèå ñëóøàòåëè òðåòüåãî êóðñà ïðèìóò ó÷àñòèå â ýòîé ðàáîòå. § 48. Much è many óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì â â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ è î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: Have you much work to do today? I havent many French books. Ìíîãî ëè ó âàñ ñåãîäíÿ ðàáîòû? Ó ìåíÿ ìàëî ôðàíöóçñêèõ êíèã.  ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ much è many óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îíè îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ñëîâàìè very, rather, too, so, as, how èëè êîãäà îíè ñëóæàò ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì èëè î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å ì ê ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ì ó: There are very many illustrations in this magazine. He has so many friends in Moscow! You spent too much time on this translation. Many people attended the meeting yesterday. Much water has flowed under the bridge since that time.  ýòîì æóðíàëå î÷åíü ìíîãî èëëþñòðàöèé. Ó íåãî òàê ìíîãî äðóçåé â Ìîñêâå! Âû ïîòðàòèëè ñëèøêîì ìíîãî âðåìåíè íà ýòîò ïåðåâîä. Ìíîãî íàðîäó ïðèñóòñòâîâàëî íà ñîáðàíèè â÷åðà. Ìíîãî âîäû óòåêëî ñ òîãî âðåìåíè.  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âìåñòî much óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of), a good deal (of), a great deal (of). Âìåñòî many óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of), a great many, a good many: Russia exports a great deal of timber. We have plenty of time. There are plenty of English books in the library. Ðîññèÿ ýêñïîðòèðóåò ìíîãî ëåñà. Ó íàñ ìíîãî âðåìåíè.  áèáëèîòåêå ìíîãî àíãëèéñêèõ êíèã. 93 We saw a lot of people there. Ìû âèäåëè òàì ìíîãî íàðîäó. Ï ÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Much ìîæåò òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ðîëè íàðå÷èÿ (ñòð. 300): Íå does not read very much. Îí ÷èòàåò íå î÷åíü ìíîãî. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ little è few § 49. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ little è few óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèé-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèé-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. 1. Little è few â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è é - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û õ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìàëî. Little, ïîäîáíî much, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, à ìåñòîèìåíèå few, ïîäîáíî many, ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè: I have very little time. There is very little ink in the inkpot. Íå has few friends. There were very few people there. Ó ìåíÿ î÷åíü ìàëî âðåìåíè.  ÷åðíèëüíèöå î÷åíü ìàëî ÷åðíèë. Ó íåãî ìàëî äðóçåé. Òàì áûëî î÷åíü ìàëî íàðîäó.  óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ little è few ÷àñòî çàìåíÿþòñÿ not much è not many â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îíè íå îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ îäíèì èç ñëîâ very, rather, too, so, as, how: I havent got much time (âìåñòî: Ive got little time). There arent many French books in our library (âìåñòî: There are few French books in our library). Ó ìåíÿ ìàëî âðåìåíè.  íàøåé áèáëèîòåêå ìàëî ôðàíöóçñêèõ êíèã. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Little óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìàëåíüêèé, íåáîëüøîé è íàðå÷èÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìàëî (ñòð. 301): I want the little box, not the big one (ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå). You rest too little (íàðå÷èå). Ìíå íóæíà ìàëåíüêàÿ êîðîáêà, à íå áîëüøàÿ. Âû îòäûõàåòå ñëèøêîì ìàëî. 2. Little â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìàëî, íåìíîãîå, à ìåñòîèìåíèå few ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåìíîãèå: Little has been said about it. Many people were invited but few came. Îá ýòîì ñêàçàíî ìàëî. Ìíîãî íàðîäó áûëî ïðèãëàøåíî, íî íåìíîãèå ïðèøëè. § 50. 1. Little è few ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì a little íåìíîãî è a few íåìíîãî, íåñêîëüêî: Please give me a little water. 94 Äàéòå ìíå, ïîæàëóéñòà, íåìíîãî âîäû. I have a few books on this subject. Ó ìåíÿ åñòü íåñêîëüêî (íåìíîãî) êíèã ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. A little íåìíîãî è a few íåìíîãî, íåñêîëüêî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñìûñëå íåêîòîðîå, õîòÿ è íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî, â òî âðåìÿ êàê little è few ìàëî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñìûñëå íåäîñòàòî÷íî, ïî÷òè íåò: Ive got little time. Ó ìåíÿ ìàëî (íåäîñòàòî÷íî) âðåìåíè. Ó ìåíÿ åñòü íåìíîãî âðåìåíè. Ó íåãî ìàëî (ïî÷òè íåò) äðóçåé. Ó íåãî åñòü íåñêîëüêî äðóçåé. Ive got a little time. Íå has few friends. Íå has a few friends. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü ïåðåä little è few îòíîñèòñÿ íå ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó, îïðåäåëÿåìîìó ýòèìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè, à ê ñàìèì ìåñòîèìåíèÿì, ñ êîòîðûìè îí ñîñòàâëÿåò ñìûñëîâîå öåëîå: a little íåìíîãî, a few íåìíîãî, íåñêîëüêî. 2. Little è few ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì the little ñî çíà÷åíèåì òî íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî, à the few ñî çíà÷åíèåì òå íåñêîëüêî, òå íåìíîãèå: Nearly the whole cargo of wheat has been unloaded to-day. The little that remains will be unloaded tomorrow morning. Íå has read the few English books he has. Gold is one of the few metals which are found in a virgin state. Ïî÷òè âåñü ãðóç ïøåíèöû áûë ðàçãðóæåí ñåãîäíÿ. Òî íåáîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî, êîòîðîå îñòàåòñÿ, áóäåò âûãðóæåíî çàâòðà óòðîì. Îí ïðî÷åë òå íåñêîëüêî àíãëèéñêèõ êíèã, êîòîðûå ó íåãî èìåþòñÿ. Çîëîòî îäèí èç òåõ íåìíîãèõ ìåòàëëîâ, êîòîðûå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â ñàìîðîäíîì âèäå. Ìåñòîèìåíèå all § 51. Ìåñòîèìåíèå all óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. 1.  êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî all óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âñå ñ è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå è ñî çíà÷åíèåì âåñü, âñÿ, âñå ñ í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè. Àðòèêëü the, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå è óêàçàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ñòàâÿòñÿ ï î ñ ë å all: All the students have passed the examination. Íå spends all his free time in the reading-room. Âñå ñòóäåíòû âûäåðæàëè ýêçàìåí. Îí ïðîâîäèò âñå ñâîå ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ â ÷èòàëüíîì çàëå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå âìåñòî all îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ the whole: The whole house was destroyed by fire. Âåñü äîì áûë ðàçðóøåí îãíåì. 95 Ñî ñëîâàìè morning, day, night è äðóãèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê all, òàê è the whole. All (the) morning, the whole morning; all (the) day, the whole day è ò. ä. All ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì è á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ. Âîïðîñ îá óïîòðåáëåíèè àðòèêëÿ ðåøàåòñÿ íà îñíîâàíèè î á ù è õ ï ð à â è ë óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àðòèêëÿ, íåçàâèñèìî îò íàëè÷èÿ all: I have read all the books you gave me. I have got all the information I want. All plants require water. All financial documents must be signed by the Chief Accountant. ß ïðî÷åë âñå êíèãè, êîòîðûå âû ìíå äàëè. ß ïîëó÷èë âñå ñâåäåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ìíå íóæíû. Âñå ðàñòåíèÿ íóæäàþòñÿ â âîäå. Âñå ôèíàíñîâûå äîêóìåíòû äîëæíû áûòü ïîäïèñàíû ãëàâíûì áóõãàëòåðîì. 2.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î all óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âñå, âñ¸: All said the same thing. I know all. Âñå ñêàçàëè îäíî è òî æå. ß çíàþ âñ¸. All âñå ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè we, you, they: we all ìû âñå, you all âû âñå, they all îíè âñå: We all know it. They all went there. Ìû âñå çíàåì ýòî. Îíè âñå ïîøëè òóäà. Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ñëîæíîé ãëàãîëüíîé ôîðìîé èëè ñî÷åòàíèåì ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, òî all ñòîèò ï î ñ ë å â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î èëè ì î ä à ë ü í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë à, à íå ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèé we, you, they: We have all read this article. Yon must all go there. Ìû âñå ÷èòàëè ýòó ñòàòüþ. Âû âñå äîëæíû ïîéòè òóäà. Åñëè èìååòñÿ äâà âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëà, all ñòîèò ïîñëå ïåðâîãî èç íèõ: We have all been informed about it. Íàñ âñåõ èçâåñòèëè îá ýòîì. All ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to be, êîãäà ýòîò ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëåí è â ïðîñòîé ôîðìå: They are all here. We are all glad to see you. Îíè âñå çäåñü. Ìû âñå ðàäû âèäåòü âàñ. (Ñð. ìåñòî íàðå÷èé íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè.) Ñî÷åòàíèÿ we all, you all, they all ðàâíû ïî çíà÷åíèþ ñî÷åòàíèÿì all of us, all of you, all of them: 96 We all know it = All of us know it. They all went there. = All of them went there. Âìåñòî all â çíà÷åíèè âñå ÷àùå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ everybody èëè everyone, à âìåñòî all âñ¸ everything. Êîãäà all â çíà÷åíèè âñå óïîòðåáëåíî â ðîëè ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î, ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïîñëå everybody âñå ãëàãîë ñòîèò â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: All were of the same opinion on this question. Everybody was of the same opinion on this question. Âñå áûëè îäíîãî ìíåíèÿ ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. Ïîñëå all â çíà÷åíèè âñ¸ è everything âñ¸ ãëàãîë ñòîèò â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: All is ready. Everything is ready. Âñ¸ ãîòîâî. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðóññêîìó âñ¸ ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå all that èëè everything that, à íå all (everything) what (ðàñïðîñòðàíåííàÿ îøèáêà ó÷àùèõñÿ): Ýòî âñå, ÷òî ìíå íóæíî. Thats all that I want. ß ðàññêàçàë åìó âñå, ÷òî ÿ çíàë. I told him everything that I knew. That, îäíàêî, îáû÷íî îïóñêàåòñÿ: Thats all I want. I told him everything I knew. Ìåñòîèìåíèå both § 52. Ìåñòîèìåíèå both îáà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î. Îïðåäåëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ, òàê è ñ à ð ò è ê ë å ì the, êîòîðûé ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå both. Ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå èëè óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå òàêæå ñòàâèòñÿ ï î ñ ë å both: Both (the) brothers live in Moscow. Both my daughters are married. Both these steamers were built in Manchester. Îáà áðàòà æèâóò â Ìîñêâå. Ìîè îáå äî÷åðè çàìóæåì. Îáà ýòè ïàðîõîäà áûëè ïîñòðîåíû â Ìàí÷åñòåðå. 2.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î: Íå gave me two magazines yesterday; I have read both. Îí ìíå äàë â÷åðà äâà æóðíàëà; ÿ ïðî÷åë îáà. Both ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè we, you, they: we both ìû îáà, you both âû îáà, they both îíè îáà: 97 We both participated in this work. They both graduated from the University last year. Ìû îáà ó÷àñòâîâàëè â ýòîé paáîòå. Îíè îáà îêîí÷èëè óíèâåðñèòåò â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ñëîæíîé ãëàãîëüíîé ôîðìîé èëè ñî÷åòàíèåì ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, òî both ñòîèò ï î ñ ë å â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î èëè ì î ä à ë ü í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë à, à íå ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèé we, you, they: They have both gone to the Caucasus. We must both go there. Îíè îáà óåõàëè íà Êàâêàç. Ìû îáà äîëæíû ïîéòè òóäà. Åñëè èìååòñÿ äâà âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëà, both ñòîèò ïîñëå ïåðâîãî èç íèõ: We have both been informed about it. Íàñ îáîèõ èçâåñòèëè îá ýòîì. Both ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to be, êîãäà ýòîò ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëåí è â ïðîñòîé ôîðìå: You are both right. They were both there. Âû îáà ïðàâû. Îíè îáà áûëè òàì. (Ñð. ìåñòî íàðå÷èé íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè.) Ñî÷åòàíèÿ we both, you both, they both ðàâíû ïî çíà÷åíèþ ñî÷åòàíèÿì both of us, both of you, both of them: We both participated in this work. = Both of us participated in this work. They both graduated from the University last year. = Both of them graduated from the University last year. Ìû îáà ó÷àñòâîâàëè â ýòîé ðàáîòå. Îíè îáà îêîí÷èëè óíèâåðñèòåò â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. Êîãäà both ÿâëÿåòñÿ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: You have given me two examples; Âû äàëè ìíå äâà ïðèìåðà; îáà both are correct. ïðàâèëüíû.  î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âìåñòî both óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå neither: Neither of them recognized me. Îíè îáà ìåíÿ íå óçíàëè. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ñîþçà both... and êàê... òàê è, è... è: Both Peter and Mary were there. Êàê Ïåòð, òàê è Ìàðèÿ áûëè òàì. The coat is both good and cheap. Ïàëüòî è õîðîøåå, è äåøåâîå. 98 Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ either è neither § 53. Ìåñòîèìåíèå either îòíîñèòñÿ ê ä â ó ì ëèöàì èëè ïðåäìåòàì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì òîò èëè äðóãîé, îäèí èç äâóõ, ëþáîé èç äâóõ. Either óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. 1.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î either óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå. ßâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, either èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ (ñòð. 22): You may go by either road. Ìîæåòå èäòè ïî òîé èëè äðóãîé äîðîãå (ïî ëþáîé èç äâóõ). Take either book. I dont mind which. Âîçüìèòå îäíó èç ýòèõ (äâóõ) êíèã. Ìíå áåçðàçëè÷íî êàêóþ. 2. Êîãäà either óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î, çà íèì ÷àñòî ñëåäóåò ïðåäëîã of: Here are two dictionaries; you may take either (of them). Âîò äâà ñëîâàðÿ; âû ìîæåòå âçÿòü ëþáîé (èç íèõ). 3. Either óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ñî çíà÷åíèåì è òîò è äðóãîé, îáà, êàæäûé (èç äâóõ): There were chairs on either side of the table. There were many fine houses on either bank of the river. Ñ òîé è äðóãîé (ñ êàæäîé) ñòîðîíû ñòîëà ñòîÿëè ñòóëüÿ. Íà òîì è äðóãîì áåðåãó ðåêè áûëî ìíîãî êðàñèâûõ äîìîâ. 4. Êîãäà either ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: Either of the examples is correct. È òîò è äðóãîé ïðèìåð âåðåí (îáà ïðèìåðà âåðíû). § 54. Ìåñòîèìåíèå neither íè òîò, íè äðóãîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìîé ìåñòîèìåíèÿ either: We accepted neither offer. Ìû íå ïðèíÿëè íè òîãî, íè äðóãîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Neither of the statements is true. Íè òî, íè äðóãîå çàÿâëåíèå íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàâèëüíûì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1. Either óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ â êà÷åñòâå íàðå÷èÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì òàêæå (ñòð. 302): I havent seen him either. ß åãî òàêæå íå âèäåë. 2. Neither óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå íàðå÷èÿ, â îáîðîòå òèïà: Neither do I ß òîæå (ñòð. 236): Íå hasnt seen this film yet. Îí åùå íå âèäåë ýòîò ôèëüì. Neither have I. ß òîæå. 99 3. Either ... or èëè ... èëè è neither ... nor íè ... íè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîþçàìè (ñòð. 352): Íå is either in Kiev or in Odessa now. Neither my wife nor I liked this story. Îí íàõîäèòñÿ òåïåðü èëè â Êèåâå, èëè â Îäåññå. Ýòîò ðàññêàç íå ïîíðàâèëñÿ íè ìíå, íè ìîåé æåíå. Ìåñòîèìåíèÿ each è every § 55. Ìåñòîèìåíèå each êàæäûé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê î ã ð à í è ÷ å í í î ì ó ÷ è ñ ë ó ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ. Each óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. 1. Each óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå. ßâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, each èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ (ñòð. 22): There are new houses on each side of the street. Each student in our group has a Russian-English dictionary. Íà êàæäîé ñòîðîíå óëèöû èìåþòñÿ íîâûå äîìà. Êàæäûé ñòóäåíò íàøåé ãðóïïû èìååò ðóññêî-àíãëèéñêèé ñëîâàðü. 2. Êîãäà each óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î, çà íèì ÷àñòî ñëåäóåò ïðåäëîã of: There were four students in the room and I gave a ticket to each (of them). Each of us received a ticket to the concert.  êîìíàòå áûëî ÷åòûðå ñòóäåíòà, è ÿ äàë áèëåò êàæäîìó (èç íèõ). Êàæäûé èç íàñ ïîëó÷èë áèëåò íà êîíöåðò. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Each â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìåñòîèìåíèåì other îáðàçóåò âçàèìíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå each other äðóã äðóãà: They see each other very often. Îíè ÷àñòî âèäÿòñÿ (âèäÿò äðóã äðóãà). § 56. Ìåñòîèìåíèå every êàæäûé, âñÿêèé, â îòëè÷èå îò each, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà íå èìååòñÿ â âèäó îãðàíè÷åííîå êîëè÷åñòâî ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ. Every óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî ïåðåä è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå. ßâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, every èñêëþ÷àåò óïîòðåáëåíèå àðòèêëÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ (ñòð. 22): Every big plant in Russia has its polyclinic. I see him every day. Êàæäûé áîëüøîé çàâîä â Ðîññèè èìååò ñâîþ ïîëèêëèíèêó. ß âèæó åãî êàæäûé äåíü. Ðóññêîå âûðàæåíèå êàæäûé èç íàñ (âàñ, íèõ) íå ìîæåò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíî íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì every.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿ100 åòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå each èëè everyone: each of us (you, them), everyone of us (you, them). § 57. Every â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ body, one è thing îáðàçóåò ìåñòîèìåíèÿ everybody, everyone êàæäûé, âñÿêèé, âñå è everything âñ¸. Everybody, everyone è everything óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è ñëóæàò ïîäëåæàùèì èëè äîïîëíåíèåì. Êîãäà everybody, everyone è everything ñëóæàò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîäëåæàùèì, ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: Everybody (everyone) is here. Everything is ready. I saw everybody (everyone) there. Íå told me everything about it. Âñå çäåñü. Âñ¸ ãîòîâî. ß âèäåë âñåõ òàì. Îí ðàññêàçàë ìíå âñ¸ îá ýòîì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Every â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ where îáðàçóåò íàðå÷èå everywhere âåçäå: You can get this book everywhere. Âû ìîæåòå äîñòàòü ýòó êíèãó âåçäå. Ìåñòîèìåíèå other § 58. Ìåñòîèìåíèå other äðóãîé, äðóãèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî, òàê è ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. 1.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î other óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè êàê â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì, òàê è âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå. Ïåðåä other, êàê ïåðåä âñÿêèì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì, îïðåäåëÿþùèì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü íåîïðåäåëåííûé èëè îïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü èëè îòñóòñòâîâàòü àðòèêëü, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðàâèëàìè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ àðòèêëåé. Íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü an ïèøåòñÿ ñëèòíî ñ other, îáðàçóÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå another: Give me another example. The house is on the other side of the street. Where are the other books that I gave you? Íå has other intentions. Äàéòå ìíå äðóãîé ïðèìåð. Äîì íàõîäèòñÿ íà äðóãîé ñòîðîíå óëèöû. Ãäå äðóãèå êíèãè, êîòîðûå ÿ äàë âàì? Ó íåãî äðóãèå íàìåðåíèÿ. Ïîñëå other ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ íåîïðåäåëåííîå ìåñòîèìåíèå one âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ ðàíåå óïîìÿíóòîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî (§ 59, ï. 5): This is not a very good example; I want another one. Ýòî íå î÷åíü õîðîøèé ïðèìåð; ìíå íóæåí äðóãîé. 2.  êà÷åñòâå ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ - ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î âìåñòî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ another, à âìåñòî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ñ îïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì the other. Ïðè çàìåíå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷ è ñ ë å other ïðèíèìàåò îêîí÷àíèå -s others è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ îïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì èëè áåç àðòèêëÿ: 101 I have given you one example; now I shall give you another. There is only one glove on the table. Where is the other? I took this book because there were no others on this subject. ß âàì äàë îäèí ïðèìåð, òåïåðü ÿ äàì âàì äðóãîé. Íà ñòîëå òîëüêî îäíà ïåð÷àòêà. Ãäå äðóãàÿ? ß âçÿë ýòó êíèãó, òàê êàê íå áûëî äðóãèõ ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Other âõîäèò â ñîñòàâ âçàèìíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé each other è one another äðóã äðóãà. Ìåñòîèìåíèå one § 59. Ìåñòîèìåíèå one óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. 1. One óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î ë è ö à â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. One â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñëóæèò ïîäëåæàùèì: One never knows what his answer may be. One should be careful when crossing the street. Íèêîãäà íå çíàåøü, ÷òî îí îòâåòèò. Ñëåäóåò áûòü îñòîðîæíûì ïðè ïåðåõîäå ÷åðåç óëèöó. One â ðîëè ïîäëåæàùåãî ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ãëàãîëàìè must, should, ought, can, may.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå òàêèì ñî÷åòàíèÿì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ñëîâà íàäî, íóæíî, ñëåäóåò, ìîæíî: One must observe... One should take into consideration... One can find... Íóæíî ñîáëþäàòü... Ñëåäóåò ïðèíÿòü âî âíèìàíèå... Ìîæíî íàéòè... One ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ òàêæå â ôîðìå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà ones: One must always keep ones word. Íóæíî âñåãäà äåðæàòü ñâîå ñëîâî. 2. One óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ ðàíåå óïîìÿíóòîãî è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì î ã î ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå*), êîãäà åãî ñëåäîâàëî áû ïîâòîðèòü ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì: I havent got a dictionary. I must buy one (= a dictionary). Ó ìåíÿ íåò ñëîâàðÿ. ß äîëæåí êóïèòü ñëîâàðü. 3. One óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, êîãäà åãî ñëåäîâàëî áû ïîâòîðèòü ñ î ï ð å ä å ë å í *) Äëÿ çàìåíû ðàíåå óïîìÿíóòîãî è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì î ã î ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå èëè í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì î ã î ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ some â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è any â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ (§ 37): Take my stamps, Thank you, Ive got Âîçüìèòå ìîè ìàðêè. Áëàãîäàðþ some. âàñ, ó ìåíÿ åñòü ìàðêè. 102 í û ì à ð ò è ê ë å ì, ïðè íàëè÷èè èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùåãî îïðåäåëåíèÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä one ñòîèò àðòèêëü the. The one èìååò çíà÷åíèå òîò, òà, òî: This book is more interesting than the one we read last week. Ýòà êíèãà èíòåðåñíåå òîé, êîòîðóþ ìû ÷èòàëè íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå. 4. One óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û õ äëÿ çàìåíû ðàíåå óïîìÿíóòîãî è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì î ã î ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ åãî. Ïðè ýòîì äëÿ çàìåíû èñ÷èñëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ one, à äëÿ çàìåíû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ones: This is a black pencil and that is a red one. These cases are too small; we need some bigger ones. Ýòî ÷åðíûé êàðàíäàø, à òî êðàñíûé. Ýòè ÿùèêè ñëèøêîì ìàëû; íàì íóæíû ááëüøèå ÿùèêè. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. One íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ çàìåíû ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî íåèñ÷èñëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. Íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ïîñëå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ íè÷åì íå çàìåíÿþòñÿ: I prefer cold milk to hot. ß ïðåäïî÷èòàþ õîëîäíîå ìîëîêî ãîðÿ÷åìó. 5. One óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ìåñòîèìåíèé this, that, which, another, the other äëÿ çàìåíû ðàíåå óïîìÿíóòîãî èñ÷èñëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: This radio set is better than that one. I dont like this pen. Give me another one. Here are two books. Which one would you like? Ýòîò ðàäèîïðèåìíèê ëó÷øå òîãî. Ìíå íå íðàâèòñÿ ýòà ðó÷êà. Äàéòå ìíå äðóãóþ. Âîò äâå êíèãè. Êîòîðóþ âû áû õîòåëè? Ïîñëå ýòèõ ìåñòîèìåíèé one, îäíàêî, ìîæåò è íå óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ: This radio set is better than that. I dont like this pen. Give me another. Here are two books. Which would you like? Äëÿ çàìåíû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ones ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ïîñëå which: Here are some books. Which ones would you like? Âîò íåñêîëüêî êíèã. Êàêèå âû õîòèòå? Ïîñëå these è those ìåñòîèìåíèå ones íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: These radio sets are better than those. Ýòè ðàäèîïðèåìíèêè ëó÷øå òåõ. 103 Ones íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ïîñëå other; äëÿ çàìåíû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìà others: I like this pen, but I dont like the Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ýòà ðó÷êà, íî ìíå others. íå íðàâÿòñÿ äðóãèå. 6. One èíîãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå the first, the next, the last: January is the first month of the ßíâàðü ïåðâûé ìåñÿö ãîäà, à year, and December is the last one. äåêàáðü ïîñëåäíèé. 7. One íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé my, his, her, our, your, their, çà êîòîðûìè âñåãäà äîëæíî ñëåäîâàòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå. Åñëè æå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå íå óïîìèíàåòñÿ, òî ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs (ñòð. 71): This isnt my pencil, mine is blue. Ýòî íå ìîé êàðàíäàø, ìîé ñèíèé. 8. One íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå: My fountain pen isnt very good. Ìîÿ àâòîðó÷êà íå î÷åíü õîðîøàÿ. Kates is much better. Êàòèíà ãîðàçäî ëó÷øå. ÃËÀÃÎË (THE VERB) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. Ãëàãîëîì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷àñòü ðå÷è, êîòîðàÿ îáîçíà÷àåò äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà: My brother works at a factory. Ìîé áðàò ðàáîòàåò íà ôàáðèêå. Íå slept for six hours. Îí ñïàë øåñòü ÷àñîâ. Ãëàãîë îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû: what does the person (thing) do? ÷òî äåëàåò ëèöî (ïðåäìåò)?, what is done to the person (thing)? ÷òî äåëàåòñÿ ñ ëèöîì (ïðåäìåòîì)? Ãëàãîëû áûâàþò ï ð î ñ ò û å è ï ð î è ç â î ä í û å. Ê ï ð î ñ ò û ì ãëàãîëàì îòíîñÿòñÿ ãëàãîëû, íå èìåþùèå â ñâîåì ñîñòàâå íè ïðåôèêñîâ, íè ñóôôèêñîâ: to do äåëàòü, to run áåæàòü, to take áðàòü. Ê ï ð î è ç â î ä í û ì ãëàãîëàì îòíîñÿòñÿ ãëàãîëû, èìåþùèå â ñâîåì ñîñòàâå ñóôôèêñû èëè ïðåôèêñû: to discharge ðàçãðóæàòü, to shorten óêîðà÷èâàòü. Ê íàèáîëåå õàðàêòåðíûì ñóôôèêñàì ãëàãîëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ: -en: to widen ðàñøèðÿòü, to strengthen óñèëèâàòü 104 -fy: to simplify óïðîùàòü, to signify îçíà÷àòü -ize: to mobilize ìîáèëèçîâàòü, to organize îðãàíèçîâàòü -ate: to demonstrate äåìîíñòðèðîâàòü, to separate îòäåëÿòü Ê íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì ïðåôèêñàì ãëàãîëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ: re-: to resell ïåðåïðîäàâàòü, to reconstruct ïåðåñòðàèâàòü dis-: to disarm ðàçîðóæàòü(-ñÿ), to disappear èñ÷åçàòü un-: to unload ðàçãðóæàòü, to untie ðàçâÿçûâàòü Íåêîòîðûå ãëàãîëû â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ î ñ ò à â í û ì è è ñîñòîÿò èç äâóõ ñëîâ, ñîñòàâëÿþùèõ îäíî ïîíÿòèå: to whitewash áåëèòü, to broadcast ïåðåäàâàòü ïî ðàäèî. Íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì òèïîì ñîñòàâíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëîâ ñ íàðå÷èÿìè: to come in âõîäèòü, to take off ñíèìàòü, to go on ïðîäîëæàòü (ñòð. 305) (Ñì. ïðèëîæåíèå 1.) ËÈ×ÍÛÅ È ÍÅËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ § 2. Ôîðìû àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà äåëÿòñÿ íà ë è ÷ í û å (Finite Forms) è í å ë è ÷ í û å (Non-Finite Forms èëè Verbals). 1. Ë è ÷ í û å ôîðìû ãëàãîëà âûðàæàþò ëèöî, ÷èñëî, íàêëîíåíèå, âðåìÿ, çàëîã. Ê ëè÷íûì ôîðìàì îòíîñÿòñÿ ôîðìû ãëàãîëà â òðåõ ëèöàõ åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà âî â ñ å õ â ð å ì å í à õ ä å é ñòâèòåëüíîãî è ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà â èçúÿâèòåëüí î ì è ñ î ñ ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ì í à ê ë î í å í è è. Îíè ñëóæàò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ ê à ç ó å ì û ì è âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïðè íàëè÷èè ïîäëåæàùåãî (êàê ïðàâèëî, ìåñòîèìåíèÿ èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî), ñ êîòîðûì ãëàãîëñêàçóåìîå ñîãëàñóåòñÿ â ëèöå è ÷èñëå: She lives in Moscow. He is working in the library. They were invited to the concert. My sister was here in the morning. Îíà æèâåò â Ìîñêâå. Îí ðàáîòàåò â áèáëèîòåêå. Îíè áûëè ïðèãëàøåíû íà êîíöåðò. Ìîÿ ñåñòðà áûëà çäåñü óòðîì. Ê ëè÷íûì ôîðìàì ãëàãîëà îòíîñèòñÿ òàêæå ôîðìà ï î â å ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î í à ê ë î í å í è ÿ, ïîñêîëüêó îíà ñëóæèò ñêàçóåìûì, ïðè êîòîðîì ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ ïîäëåæàùåå you: Close the window, please. Çàêðîéòå îêíî, ïîæàëóéñòà. 2. Í å ë è ÷ í û å ôîðìû ãëàãîëà èíôèíèòèâ (the Infinitive), ãåðóíäèé (the Gerund) è ïðè÷àñòèå (the Participle) âûðàæàþò, â îòëè÷èå îò ëè÷íûõ ôîðì, äåéñòâèå áåç óêàçàíèÿ ëèöà, ÷èñëà è íàêëîíåíèÿ. Îíè íå ìîãóò âûñòóïàòü â ïðåäëîæåíèè â ðîëè ñêàçóåìîãî, à âûïîëíÿþò ðàçëè÷íûå äðóãèå ôóíêöèè: I have come here to speak to you (èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà öåëè). ß ïðèøåë ñþäà ïîãîâîðèòü ñ âàìè. 105 We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages (ãåðóíäèé â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ). The book lying on the table belongs to Mr. À. (ïðè÷àñòèå â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ). Ìû îáñóæäàëè ðàçëè÷íûå ìåòîäû ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ. Êíèãà, ëåæàùàÿ íà ñòîëå, ïðèíàäëåæèò ã-íó À. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ § 3. Àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë èìååò òðè îñíîâíûå ôîðìû: ïåðâàÿ ôîðìà è í ô è í è ò è â (the Infinitive), âòîðàÿ ôîðìà ï ð î ø å ä ø å å í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î å â ð å ì ÿ (Past Indefinite) è òðåòüÿ ôîðìà ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î â ð å ì å í è (Past Participle). Îíè ñëóæàò äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ âñåõ îñòàëüíûõ ãëàãîëüíûõ ôîðì, êàê ïðîñòûõ, òàê è ñëîæíûõ (â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè). ÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÅ È ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ (REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS) § 4. Ïî ñïîñîáó îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè (Past Indefinite) è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Past Participle) ãëàãîëû äåëÿòñÿ íà äâå ãðóïïû: ï ð à â è ë ü í û å è í å ï ð à â è ë ü í û å. Ïðàâèëüíûå ãëàãîëû îáðàçóþò Past Indefinite è Past Participle ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ê ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà îêîí÷àíèÿ -ed: Infinitive Past Indefinite Past Participle to open opened opened to work worked worked to expect expected expected Îêîí÷àíèå -ed ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ: à) ïîñëå ç â î í ê è õ ñîãëàñíûõ (êðîìå d) è ã ë à ñ í û õ [d]: lived [lIvd], informed [In'fD:md], answered ['C:nsAd], followed ['fDloud] á) ïîñëå ã ë ó õ è õ ñîãëàñíûõ (êðîìå t) [t]: helped [helpt], asked [C:skt], finished ['fInISt] â) ïîñëå d è t [Id]: waited ['weItId], intended [In'tendId], wanted ['wDntId] Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè Past Indefinite è Past Participle ïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñîáëþäàþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ïðàâèëà îðôîãðàôèè: à) Ãëàãîëû, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ â èíôèíèòèâå íà íåìîå -å, òåðÿþò ýòó ãëàñíóþ ïðè ïðèáàâëåíèè îêîí÷àíèÿ -ed: to live lived, to hope hoped 106 á) Ãëàãîëû, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ â èíôèíèòèâå íà -ó ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé ñ î ã ë à ñ í î é, ìåíÿþò ó íà i: to crycried, to trytried Åñëè æå ïåðåä ó ñòîèò ã ë à ñ í à ÿ, òî ó ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ: to playplayed, to staystayed â) Åñëè î ä í î ñ ë î æ í û é ãëàãîë â èíôèíèòèâå îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà îäíó ñîãëàñíóþ ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì ê ð à ò ê è ì ãëàñíûì çâóêîì, òî êîíå÷íàÿ ñîãëàñíàÿ óäâàèâàåòñÿ: to stop stopped, to wrap wrapped; to nod nodded ã) Ä â ó ñ ë î æ í û å èëè ì í î ã î ñ ë î æ í û å ãëàãîëû, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà îäíó ñîãëàñíóþ ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì êðàòêèì ãëàñíûì çâóêîì, óäâàèâàþò êîíå÷íóþ ñîãëàñíóþ òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè óäàðåíèå ïàäàåò íà ïîñëåäíèé ñëîã: to permit [pA'mIt] permitted, to refer [rI'fA:] referred Ho: to order ['D:dA] ordered, to develop [dI'velAp] developed Åñëè ãëàãîë îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà l, òî l óäâàèâàåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, ïàäàåò ëè óäàðåíèå íà ïîñëåäíèé ñëîã èëè íåò: to travel ['trBvl] travelled to cancel ['kBnsAl] cancelled to compel [kem'pel] compelled Ïî ïðàâèëàì îðôîãðàôèè, ïðèíÿòîé â ÑØÀ, l óäâàèâàåòñÿ òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà óäàðåíèå ïàäàåò íà ïîñëåäíèé ñëîã: compelled [kAm'peld] Íî: traveled ['trBvld], canceled ['kBnsAld] Ê í å ï ð à â è ë ü í û ì ãëàãîëàì ïðèíàäëåæàò ãëàãîëû, îáðàçóþùèå Past Indefinite è Past Participle íå ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -ed ê èíôèíèòèâó, à ðàçëè÷íûìè äðóãèìè ñïîñîáàìè: 1. Ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ êîðíåâîãî ãëàñíîãî ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà: Infinitive to begin to meet Past Indefinite began met Past Participle begun met 2. Ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ êîðíåâîãî ãëàñíîãî è ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ ê ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà: to speak to give spoke gave spoken given 3. Ïóòåì èçìåíåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà: to send to build sent built sent built 107 Ó íåêîòîðûõ íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ âñå òðè ôîðìû îäèíàêîâû: to cut, cut, cut; to put, put, put. Êîëè÷åñòâî íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ íåâåëèêî, íî ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ ìíîãèå ñàìûå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûå ãëàãîëû. Íåïðàâèëüíûå ãëàãîëû ðåêîìåíäóåòñÿ çàó÷èâàòü â òðåõ îñíîâíûõ ôîðìàõ (ñì. òàáëèöó íà ñòð. 477). ÑÌÛÑËÎÂÛÅ, ÂÑÏÎÌÎÃÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ, ÃËÀÃÎËÛ-ÑÂßÇÊÈ È ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ § 5. Ïî ñâîåìó çíà÷åíèþ è âûïîëíÿåìîé â ïðåäëîæåíèè ðîëè ãëàãîëû äåëÿòñÿ íà ñ ì û ñ ë î â û å, â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í û å, ã ë à ã î ë û ñ â ÿ ç ê è è ì î ä à ë ü í û å ãëàãîëû. 1. Ñ ì û ñ ë î â û å ãëàãîëû (Notional Verbs) èìåþò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå çíà÷åíèå è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè â ðîëè ïðîñòîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî: Íå speaks French. They returned yesterday. Îí ãîâîðèò ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè. Îíè âîçâðàòèëèñü â÷åðà. 2.  ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í û å ãëàãîëû (Auxiliary Verbs) íå èìåþò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è ñëóæàò äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñëîæíûõ ãëàãîëüíûõ ôîðì. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ ãëàãîëû to be, to have, to do, shall (should), will (would): She is reading a book. I have read the newspaper. I do not know it. Íå will go there. Îíà ÷èòàåò êíèãó. ß ïðî÷åë ãàçåòó. ß íå çíàþ ýòîãî. Îí ïîéäåò òóäà. 3. à ë à ã î ë û - ñ â ÿ ç ê è (Link Verbs) ñëóæàò äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñîñòàâíîãî èìåííîãî ñêàçóåìîãî (ñòð. 363). Îñíîâíûì ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàãîë to be: Íå is an engineer. The box was heavy. Îí èíæåíåð. ßùèê áûë òÿæåëûé.  êà÷åñòâå ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàêæå ãëàãîëû to become, to grow, to get, to turn â çíà÷åíèè ñòàíîâèòüñÿ, to look âûãëÿäåòü è äð.: Íå became a doctor. She looks ill. Îí ñòàë âðà÷îì. Îíà âûãëÿäèò áîëüíîé. 4. Ì î ä à ë ü í û å ãëàãîëû (Modal Verbs) óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. Îíè âûðàæàþò âîçìîæíîñòü, âåðîÿòíîñòü, íåîáõîäèìîñòü, æåëàòåëüíîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì. Ê íèì îòíîñÿòñÿ ãëàãîëû can, may, must, ought, need. Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà ñëóæàò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñîñòàâíûì ãëàãîëüíûì ñêàçóåìûì: 108 Íå can read German. I must do it at once. Îí óìååò ÷èòàòü ïî-íåìåöêè. ß äîëæåí ñäåëàòü ýòî íåìåäëåííî. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü, ïðèäåò ñêîðî. Âàì ñëåäóåò ïîìî÷ü åìó. Âàì íå íóæíî èäòè òóäà. Íå may come soon. You ought to help him. You neednt go there. Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû ÿâëÿþòñÿ í å ä î ñ ò à ò î ÷ í û ì è ãëàãîëàìè (Defective Verbs), òàê êàê ó íèõ íåò âñåõ ôîðì, êîòîðûå èìåþò äðóãèå ãëàãîëû (ñòð. 218). ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ (MOOD) § 6. Ôîðìû íàêëîíåíèÿ ïîêàçûâàþò, êàê ãîâîðÿùèé ðàññìàòðèâàåò äåéñòâèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìåþòñÿ òðè íàêëîíåíèÿ. 1. È ç ú ÿ â è ò å ë ü í î å íàêëîíåíèå (the Indicative Mood) ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ãîâîðÿùèé ðàññìàòðèâàåò äåéñòâèå êàê ð å à ë ü í û é ôàêò â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì: Íå reads the newspaper in the evening. I saw an interesting film yesterday. She will come in the evening. Îí ÷èòàåò ãàçåòó âå÷åðîì. ß â÷åðà âèäåë èíòåðåñíûé ôèëüì. Îíà ïðèäåò âå÷åðîì. 2. Ñ î ñ ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î å íàêëîíåíèå (the Subjunctive Mood) ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ãîâîðÿùèé ðàññìàòðèâàåò äåéñòâèå íå êàê ðåàëüíûé ôàêò, à êàê ï ð å ä ï î ë à ã à å ì î å èëè æ å ë à ò å ë ü í î å.  ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå îñòàëîñü î÷åíü ìàëî îñîáûõ ôîðì ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ (ñòð. 190): Íå suggested that the discussion of the question be postponed. If he were here, he would help us. Îí ïðåäëîæèë, ÷òîáû îáñóæäåíèå âîïðîñà áûëî îòëîæåíî. Åñëè áû îí áûë çäåñü, îí ïîìîã áû íàì. 3. Ï î â å ë è ò å ë ü í î å íàêëîíåíèå (the Imperative Mood) âûðàæàåò ïîáóæäåíèå ê äåéñòâèþ, ò. å. ï ð è ê à ç à í è å, ï ð î ñ ü á ó, ñ î â å ò è ò. ä. Ïîâåëèòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå èìååò îäíó ôîðìó âòîðîãî ëèöà: Open the window. Show me the letter, please. Îòêðîéòå îêíî. Ïîêàæèòå ìíå ïèñüìî, ïîæàëóéñòà. ÇÀËÎà (VOICE) § 7. Ôîðìû çàëîãà ïîêàçûâàþò, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè ïîäëåæàùåå ëèöîì (èëè ïðåäìåòîì), ñîâåðøàþùèì äåéñòâèå, èëè ëèöîì (èëè ïðåäìåòîì), ïîäâåðãàþùèìñÿ äåéñòâèþ. 109  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìåþòñÿ äâà çàëîãà: ä å é ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û é çàëîã (the Active Voice) è ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í û é çàëîã (the Passive Voice). Êîãäà ïîäëåæàùåå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèöîì (èëè ïðåäìåòîì), ñîâåðøàþùèì äåéñòâèå, ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå ä å é ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î çàëîãà: Popov invented the radio in 1895. They will discuss the matter at the next meeting. Ïîïîâ èçîáðåë ðàäèî â 1895ãîäó. Îíè îáñóäÿò ýòîò âîïðîñ íà áëèæàéøåì ñîáðàíèè. Êîãäà ïîäëåæàùåå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëèöîì (èëè ïðåäìåòîì), ïîäâåðãàþùèìñÿ äåéñòâèþ ñî ñòîðîíû äðóãîãî ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ã î çàëîãà: The radio was invented by Popov in 1895. The matter will be discussed at the next meeting. Ðàäèî áûëî èçîáðåòåíî Ïîïîâûì â 1895 ãîäó. Ýòîò âîïðîñ áóäåò îáñóæäàòüñÿ íà ñëåäóþùåì ñîáðàíèè. ËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ (FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB) ËÈÖÎ È ×ÈÑËÎ (PERSON AND NUMBER) § 8. Ëè÷íûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â äâóõ ÷èñëàõ åäèíñòâåííîì è ìíîæåñòâåííîì è â òðåõ ëèöàõ ïåðâîì, âòîðîì è òðåòüåì. Ôîðìà 2-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà âûøëà èç óïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîé ëèòåðàòóðíîé ïðîçå è áûòîâîé ðå÷è; âìåñòî íåå ïîëüçóþòñÿ ôîðìîé 2-ãî ëèöà ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà.  îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ãëàãîë èçìåíÿåòñÿ ïî ëèöàì è ÷èñëàì, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ôîðìû ëèöà è ÷èñëà ñîõðàíèëèñü ëèøü â íåìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ. Òàê, ãëàãîë to be â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè èìååò îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû äëÿ 1-ãî è 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, îòëè÷íûå îò ôîðìû ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: I am, he is, we (you, they) are.  ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè ãëàãîë to be èìååò îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: I (he) was, we (you, they) were.  íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè ãëàãîë to have èìååò îòäåëüíóþ ôîðìó äëÿ 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Íå (she, it) has.  íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè âñåõ ãëàãîëîâ, êðîìå ìîäàëüíûõ, ñîõðàíèëîñü îêîí÷àíèå -s, ÿâëÿþùååñÿ ïðèçíàêîì 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Íå (she, it) writes. Ââèäó íåçíà÷èòåëüíîãî êîëè÷åñòâà ëè÷íûõ îêîí÷àíèé â àíãëèéñêîì ãëàãîëå, ëèöî è ÷èñëî âûðàæàþòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì: â 1-ì è 2-ì ëèöå ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, à â 3-ì ëèöå êàê ìåñòîèìåíèåì, òàê è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. Ïîýòîìó â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, âûïîëíÿþùåå ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî, íèêîãäà íå îïóñêàåòñÿ, òàê êàê åãî îò110 ñóòñòâèå íå äàëî áû âîçìîæíîñòè îïðåäåëèòü ëèöî è ÷èñëî ãëàãîëà.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â ðîëè ïîäëåæàùåãî ìîæåò îïóñêàòüñÿ, òàê êàê, ïîìèìî ëè÷íûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé, ëèöî è ÷èñëî âûðàæàþòñÿ îêîí÷àíèÿìè ñàìîãî ãëàãîëà: What do you do after supper? I read the newspaper. They say that they want to visit her. ×òî âû äåëàåòå ïîñëå óæèíà? (ß) ÷èòàþ ãàçåòó. Îíè ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî õîòÿò íàâåñòèòü åå. Îäíàêî îäíî ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå (èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå), êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ìîæåò ñëóæèòü îáùèì ïîäëåæàùèì ïðè äâóõ èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ãëàãîëàõ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îäíîðîäíûìè ñêàçóåìûìè. Òàêèå ñêàçóåìûå ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñî÷èíèòåëüíûì ñîþçîì èëè ðàçäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòûìè: Íå left the house, took a taxi and drove to the station. Îí âûøåë èç äîìó, âçÿë òàêñè è ïîåõàë íà âîêçàë. ИЗЪЯВИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ (THE INDICA TIVE MOOD) INDICATIVE ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎà (THE ACTIVE VOICE) ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ § 9. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ âðåìåíè ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî, ïðîøåäøåãî è áóäóùåãî àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë èìååò ñâîåîáðàçíóþ ñèñòåìó ãëàãîëüíûõ âðåìåí (Tenses). Ãëàãîëüíûå âðåìåíà äåëÿòñÿ íà ÷åòûðå ãðóïïû: 1. Ãðóïïà «íåîïðåäåëåííûõ» âðåìåí (Indefinite Tenses). Ýòà ãðóïïà ñîñòîèò èç íàñòîÿùåãî íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè (Present Indefinite Tense), ïðîøåäøåãî íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè (Past Indefinite Tense) è áóäóùåãî íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè (Future Indefinite Tense): Present Indefinite Past Indefinite I write letters every day. I wrote a letter yesterday. ß ïèøó ïèñüìà êàæ- ß ïèñàë (íàïèñàë) ïèñüäûé äåíü. ìî â÷åðà. Future Indefinite I shall write a letter to-morrow. ß áóäó ïèñàòü (íàïèøó) ïèñüìî çàâòðà. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò âðåìåí äðóãèõ ãðóïï, òîëüêî äëÿ ê î í ñ ò à ò à ö è è ô à ê ò à ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì, áåç óêàçàíèÿ íà åãî äëèòåëüíîñòü, çàêîí÷åííîñòü è áåçîòíîñèòåëüíî ê êàêîìó-ëèáî äðóãîìó äåéñòâèþ èëè ìîìåíòó.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòèì âðåìåíàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò âðåìåíà ãëàãîëà êàê í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î, òàê è ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 111 2. Ãðóïïà «äëèòåëüíûõ» âðåìåí (Continuous Tenses). Ýòà ãðóïïà ñîñòîèò èç íàñòîÿùåãî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè (Present Continuous Tense), ïðîøåäøåãî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè (Past Continuous Tense) è áóäóùåãî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè (Future Continuous Tense): Present Continuous Past Continuous Future Continuous I am writing a letter (at the present moment). ß ïèøó ïèñüìî (â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò). I was writing a letter at five oclock. I shall be writing a letter at five oclock. ß ïèñàë ïèñüìî â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. ß áóäó ïèñàòü ïèñüìî â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Continuous óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äëèòåëüíîãî äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì è êîòîðîå âñå åùå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ, ñîâåðøàëîñü èëè áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ â ýòîò ìîìåíò. Îíè îïèñûâàþò äåéñòâèå â ï ð î ö å ñ ñ å å ã î ñ î â å ð ø å í è ÿ, âûðàæàÿ, òàêèì îáðàçîì, íåçàêîí÷åííîå äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòèì âðåìåíàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò âðåìåíà ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà. 3. Ãðóïïà «ñîâåðøåííûõ» âðåìåí (Perfect Tenses). Ýòà ãðóïïà ñîñòîèò èç íàñòîÿùåãî ñîâåðøåííîãî âðåìåíè (Present Perfect Tense), ïðîøåäøåãî ñîâåðøåííîãî âðåìåíè (Past Perfect Tense) è áóäóùåãî ñîâåðøåííîãî âðåìåíè (Future Perfect Tense): Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect I have written the letter. I had written the letter by five oclock. ß (óæå) íàïèñàë ïèñüìî ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. I shall have written the letter by five oclock. ß (óæå) íàïèøó ïèñüìî ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. ß (óæå) íàïèñàë ïèñüìî (ê íàñòîÿùåìó ìîìåíòó). Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect âûðàæàþò äåéñòâèå, ñ î â å ð ø å í í î å ê î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ì ó ì î ì å í ò ó â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòèì âðåìåíàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò âðåìåíà ãëàãîëà ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î èëè í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 4. Ãðóïïà «ñîâåðøåííûõ äëèòåëüíûõ» âðåìåí (Perfect Continuous Tenses). Ýòà ãðóïïà ñîñòîèò èç íàñòîÿùåãî ñîâåðøåííîãî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè (Present Perfect Continuous Tense), ïðîøåäøåãî ñîâåðøåííîãî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè (Past Perfect Continuous Tense) è áóäóùåãî ñîâåðøåííîãî äëèòåëüíîãî âðåìåíè (Future Perfect Continuous Tense): 112 Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous I have been writing the letter for an hour. I had been writing the let- I shall have been writing the ter for an hour when letter for an hour when he came. he comes. ß ïèñàë ïèñüìî (óæå) ß áóäó ïèñàòü ïèñüìî ÷àñ, êîãäà îí ïðè(óæå) ÷àñ, êîãäà îí ïðèøåë. äåò. ß ïèøó ïèñüìî (óæå) ÷àñ. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, íà÷àâøåãîñÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì è äëèâøåãîñÿ è ç â å ñ ò í û é ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è, âêëþ÷àÿ ýòîò ìîìåíò. Âðåìåíà ýòîé ãðóïïû ìîãóò âûðàæàòü äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, ïðîäîëæàâøååñÿ èçâåñòíûé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè è çàêîí÷èâøååñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïåðåä îïðåäåëåííûì ìîìåíòîì â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòèì âðåìåíàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò âðåìåíà ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, àíãëèéñêèé ãëàãîë èìååò äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî, ïðîøåäøåãî è áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà 12 ãëàãîëüíûõ âðåìåí. Êðîìå ýòèõ ôîðì èìåþòñÿ ÷åòûðå ôîðìû «áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè â ïðîøåäøåì» (Future in the Past), à èìåííî, áóäóùåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå â ïðîøåäøåì (Future Indefinite in the Past), áóäóùåå äëèòåëüíîå â ïðîøåäøåì (Future Continuous in the Past), áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå â ïðîøåäøåì (Future Perfect in the Past) è áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå äëèòåëüíîå â ïðîøåäøåì (Future Perfect Continuous in the Past). Ýòè ôîðìû, â îòëè÷èå îò îáû÷íûõ ôîðì áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè, ñëóæàò äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî íå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîìåíòó ðå÷è, à ê ïðîøåäøåìó ìîìåíòó, ò. å. äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ, î êîòîðîì ðå÷ü øëà â ïðîøåäøåì. Ôîðìû Future in the Past Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous I said that I should write a letter to him. I said that I should be writing a letter at 5 oclock. I said that I should have written the letter by 5 oclock. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ íàïèøó åìó ïèñüìî. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ áóäó ïèñàòü ïèñüìî â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ (óæå) íàïèøó ïèñüìî ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. I said that I should have been writing the letter for an hour when he came. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ (óæå) áóäó ïèñàòü ýòî ïèñüìî ÷àñ, êîãäà îí ïðèäåò. § 10. Èç âñåõ ãëàãîëüíûõ âðåìåí òîëüêî äâà, à èìåííî Present Indefinite è Past Indefinite ÿâëÿþòñÿ ï ð î ñ ò û ì è ôîðìàìè, ò. å. îáðà113 çóþòñÿ áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ (è òî òîëüêî â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå). Âñå îñòàëüíûå âðåìåíà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñ ë î æ í û ì è ôîðìàìè, ò. å. îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ: 1. Future Indefinite (åäèíñòâåííàÿ ñëîæíàÿ ôîðìà èç ãðóïïû Indefinite) îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ shall è will è ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. 2. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Continuous îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. 3. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. 4. Âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous îáðàçóþòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âðåìåí ãðóïïû Perfect âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. 5. Âñå ôîðìû Future in the Past îáðàçóþòñÿ àíàëîãè÷íî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ôîðìàì Future ñ çàìåíîé shall è will ôîðìàìè should è would. Òàáëèöà âðåìåí ãëàãîëà to write â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà Indefinite Continuous Perfect Continuous Perfect Present I write ß ïèøó I am writing ß ïèøó I have written ß íàïèñàë (ïèñàë) I have been writing ß ïèøó Past I wrote ß ïèñàë (íàïèñàë) I was writing ß ïèñàë I had written ß íàïèñàë (ïèñàë) I Future I shall write ß áóäó ïèñàòü (íàïèøó) I shall be writing ß áóäó ïèñàòü I shall have written ß íàïèøó I shall have been writing ß áóäó ïèñàòü Future in the Past I should write ß áóäó ïèñàòü (íàïèøó) I I should have written ß íàïèøó I should have been writing ß áóäó ïèñàòü should be writing ß áóäó ïèñàòü had been writing ß ïèñàë ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀ ÃÐÓÏÏÛ INDEFINITE The Present Indefinite Tense (Íàñòîÿùåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Present Indefinite Tense § 11. 1. Present Indefinite ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîðìîé èíôèíèòèâà (áåç ÷àñòèöû to) âî âñåõ ëèöàõ, êðîìå 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, ïðèíèìàþùåãî îêîí÷àíèå -s: to work I (we, you, they) work, he works. 114 Îêîí÷àíèå -s 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ïîñëå ç â î í ê è õ ñîãëàñíûõ è ã ë à ñ í û õ [z], à ïîñëå ã ë ó õ è õ ñîãëàñíûõ [s]: Íå reads [ri:dz]. He sees [si:z]. He works [wA:ks]. Ãëàãîëû, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà ss, ch, sh, õ (ò. å. íà øèïÿùèå èëè ñâèñòÿùèå ñîãëàñíûå çâóêè), ïðèíèìàþò â 3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà îêîí÷àíèå -es, êîòîðîå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [Iz]: I pass he passes ['pC:sIz], I dress he dresses ['dresIz]; I teach he teaches ['ti:tSIz]; I wish he wishes ['wISIz]. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êàê [Iz] ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ òàêæå îêîí÷àíèå 3-ãî ëèãöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ãëàãîëîâ, îêàí÷èâàþùèõñÿ íà íåìîå å ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé áóêâîé s, ñ èëè g: I rise he rises ['raIzIz]; I place he places [pleIsIz]; I change he changes ['tSeIndZIz]. Ãëàãîëû, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -ó ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé ñ î ã ë à ñ í î é, ìåíÿþò â 3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ó íà i è ïðèíèìàþò îêîí÷àíèå -es: I cry he cries [kraIz]; I carry he carries ['kBrIz]. Ãëàãîëû, îêàí÷èâàþùèåñÿ íà -ó ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé ã ë à ñ í î é, îáðàçóþò 3-å ëèöî åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ïî îáùåìó ïðàâèëó, ò. å. ïðèáàâëåíèåì -s: I play he plays [pleIz]. Ãëàãîëû to go, to do ïðèíèìàþò â 3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà îêîí÷àíèå -es: He goes [gouz], he does [dEz]. 2.  î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè (do ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè, êðîìå 3-ãî ëèöà åä. ÷., ñ êîòîðûì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ does) è ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà (áåç to) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà, ïðè÷åì âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Do I work? Does he (she) work? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè (do è does), ÷àñòèöû not è ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà (áåç to): I do not work, he does not work. 4.  âîïðîñèòåëüíî-îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Do I not work? Does he not work? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I work He (she, it) works We work You work They work Do I work? Does he (she, it) work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work? I do not work He (she, it) does not work We do not work You do not work They do not work Do I not work? Does he (she, it) not work? Do we not work? Do you not work? Do they not work? 115 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: I dont [dount] Íå (she, it) doesnt [dEznt] We dont You dont They dont  âîïðîñèòåëüíî-îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå work Dont I Doesnt he (she, it) Dont we Dont you Dont they  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå work? Óïîòðåáëåíèå Present Indefinite Tense § 12. Present Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ î á û ÷ í î ã î, ï î ñ ò î ÿ í í î ã î, ñ â î é ñ ò â å í í î ã î ïîäëåæàùåìó, ò. å. äåéñòâèÿ, ïðîèñõîäÿùåãî â î î á ù å, à íå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è: The postman brings us the newspaper in the morning (îáû÷íîå äåéñòâèå). He lives in Moscow (ïîñòîÿííîå äåéñòâèå). Íå speaks French well (äåéñòâèå, ñâîéñòâåííîå ïîäëåæàùåìó). Ïî÷òàëüîí ïðèíîñèò íàì ãàçåòó óòðîì. Îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå. Îí õîðîøî ãîâîðèò ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùåãîñÿ â ì î ì å í ò ð å ÷ è (âìåñòî Present Continuous), ñ ãëàãîëàìè, íå óïîòðåáëÿþùèìèñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous (to see, to hear, to recognize, to want, to understand è äð. ñòð. 125): I see a ship in the distance. Dont talk so loudly, I hear you well. I dont understand this sentence. ß âèæó ñóäíî âäàëè. He ãîâîðèòå òàê ãðîìêî, ÿ ñëûøó âàñ õîðîøî. ß íå ïîíèìàþ ýòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ á ó ä ó ù å ã î äåéñòâèÿ (âìåñòî Future Indefinite) â îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óñëîâèÿ è âðåìåíè, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçàìè if åñëè, unless åñëè...íå, provided that ïðè óñëîâèè åñëè, when*) êîãäà, until, till äî òåõ ïîð ïîêà... íå, as soon as êàê òîëüêî, as long as ïîêà, before ïðåæäå ÷åì è ò. ä. (ñòð. 429, 436).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áóäóùåå âðåìÿ: *) Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ (à òàêæå ïîäëåæàùèõ è ñêàçóåìûõ), êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçîì when, áóäóùåå âðåìÿ íå çàìåíÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì (ñòð. 414): I dont know when I shall see him. ß íå çíàþ, êîãäà ÿ åãî óâèæó. 116 If he comes, I shall ask him about it. I shall go there unless it rains. I shall stay here until he returns. We shall send you the documents as soon as we receive them from Moscow. Åñëè îí ïðèäåò, ÿ ñïðîøó åãî îá ýòîì. ß ïîéäó òóäà, åñëè íå áóäåò äîæäÿ. ß îñòàíóñü çäåñü, ïîêà îí íå âåðíåòñÿ. Ìû ïîøëåì âàì äîêóìåíòû, êàê òîëüêî ìû ïîëó÷èì èõ èç Ìîñêâû. 4. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ á ó ä ó ù å ã î äåéñòâèÿ (êàê è íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå) ñ ãëàãîëàìè, îáîçíà÷àþùèìè äâèæåíèå: to leave óåçæàòü, to start îòïðàâëÿòüñÿ, to sail îòïëûâàòü, to return âîçâðàùàòüñÿ, to arrive ïðèåçæàòü, ïðèáûâàòü, to go óõîäèòü, óåçæàòü, to come ïðèõîäèòü, ïðèåçæàòü.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (êàê è â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì) îáû÷íî èìååòñÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè, óêàçûâàþùåå íà áóäóùåå âðåìÿ: Does your wife arrive on Monday? The steamer sails tomorrow. Âàøà æåíà ïðèåçæàåò â ïîíåäåëüíèê? Ïàðîõîä óõîäèò çàâòðà. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Present Indefinite 1. Äåéñòâèå îáû÷íîå, ïîñòîÿííîå, ñâîéñòâåííîå ïîäëåæàùåìó I get up at eight oclock. ß âñòàþ â âîñåìü ÷àñîâ. 2. Äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è (âìåñòî Present Continuous) I dont understand this sentence. ß íå ïîíèìàþ ýòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 3. Áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óñëîâèÿ è âðåìåíè If he comes, I shall ask him about it. Åñëè îí ïðèäåò, ÿ ñïðîøó åãî îá ýòîì. 4. Áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå ñ ãëàãîëàìè to leave, to start, to sail, to arrive, to return, to go, to come The steamer sails tomorrow. Ïàðîõîä óõîäèò çàâòðà. 117 The Past Indefinite Tense (Ïðîøåäøåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Past Indefinite Tense § 13. 1. Past Indefinite ï ð à â è ë ü í û õ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ âî âñåõ ëèöàõ îêîí÷àíèÿ -ed ê ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà: to live I lived; to work I worked; to expect I expected. Îêîí÷àíèå -ed ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ [d], [t] èëè [Id] (ñòð. 106): lived [lIvd], worked [wA:kt], expected [Iks'pektId]. Past Indefinite í å ï ð à â è ë ü í û õ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóåòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè äðóãèìè ñïîñîáàìè (ñòð. 107): to speak I spoke; to begin I began; to sell I sold; to lose I lost. 2.  î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà êàê ï ð à â è ë ü í û õ, òàê è í å ï ð à â è ë ü í û õ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (did) è ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà (áåç to), ïðè÷åì âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Did I work? Did he work? Did I speak? Did he speak? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà êàê ï ð à â è ë ü í û õ, òàê è í å ï ð à â è ë ü í û õ ãëàãîëîâ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (did), ÷àñòèöû not è ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà, ïðè÷åì not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I did not work. He did not work. I did not speak. He did not speak. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî. Did I not work? Did you not work? Did he not work? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I worked He (she, it) worked We worked You worked They worked Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Did I work? Did he (she, it) work? Did we work? Did you work? Did they work? Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âoïpocèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I did not work He (she, it) did not work We did not work You did not work They did not work Did I not work? Did he (she, it) not work? Did we not work? Did you not work? Did they not work? 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è â îòðèöàòåëüíîé è âîïðîñèòåëüíî-îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèå didnt [dIdnt]: I didnt work. Didnt I work? He didnt work. Didnt he work? è ò. ä. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Past Indefinite Tense § 14. Past Indefinite ñëóæèò äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøèâøåãîñÿ èëè ñîâåðøàâøåãîñÿ â ïðîøëîì. Ýòî âðåìÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ï î â å ñ ò â î â à í è è, ò. å. ïðè èçëîæåíèè ñîáûòèé, èìåâøèõ ìåñòî â ïðîøëîì, à òàêæå â ð à ç ã î â î ð å î ï ð î ø å ä ø è õ ñ î á û ò è ÿ õ. Past Indefinite ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà êàê ñ î â å ð 118 ø å í í î ã î, òàê è í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Past Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ ñ òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê yesterday â÷åðà, last week íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå, an hour ago ÷àñ òîìó íàçàä, the other day íà äíÿõ, on Monday â ïîíåäåëüíèê, in 1917 â 1917 ãîäó, during the war âî âðåìÿ âîéíû è ò. ï.: The goods arrived yesterday. The negotiations ended last week. Íå came at five oclock. I spoke to him the other day. Òîâàðû ïðèáûëè â÷åðà. Ïåðåãîâîðû çàêîí÷èëèñü íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå. Îí ïðèøåë â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. ß ãîâîðèë ñ íèì íà äíÿõ. Âðåìÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî òàêæå ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û ì ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è å ì: Íå called when I was at the Institute. Îí çàõîäèë, êîãäà ÿ áûë â èíñòèòóòå. Âðåìÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ìîæåò, îäíàêî, è íå áûòü óêàçàíî â ïðåäëîæåíèè, à ïîäðàçóìåâàòüñÿ: I bought this book in Moscow. I recognized him with difficulty. ß êóïèë ýòó êíèãó â Ìîñêâå (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: êîãäà ÿ áûë â Ìîñêâå). ß óçíàë åãî ñ òðóäîì (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: êîãäà ìû âñòðåòèëèñü). 2, Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ðÿäà ïðîøåäøèõ äåéñòâèé, ïåðåäàâàåìûõ â ò î é ï î ñ ë å ä î â à ò å ë ü í î ñ ò è, â ê î ò î ð î é î í è ï ð î è ñ õ î ä è ë è: Íå left the hotel, took a taxi and drove to the theatre. The manager entered the office, sat down at his desk, and began to look through the morning mail. When I arrived at the railway station, I went to the booking-office and bought a ticket. Îí âûøåë èç ãîñòèíèöû, âçÿë òàêñè è ïîåõàë â òåàòð. Çàâåäóþùèé âîøåë â êîíòîðó, ñåë çà ïèñüìåííûé ñòîë è íà÷àë ïðîñìàòðèâàòü óòðåííþþ ïî÷òó. Êîãäà ÿ ïðèåõàë íà âîêçàë, ÿ ïîøåë â êàññó è êóïèë áèëåò. 3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ î á û ÷ í î ã î, ï î â ò î ð ÿ þ ù å ã î ñ ÿ ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ: Last winter I spent a lot of time in the library. Last year I often went to the theatre. While she was in Moscow, she called on us every evening. Ïðîøëîé çèìîé ÿ ïðîâîäèë ìíîãî âðåìåíè â áèáëèîòåêå.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó ÿ ÷àñòî õîäèë â òåàòð. Êîãäà îíà áûëà â Ìîñêâå, îíà íàâåùàëà íàñ êàæäûé âå÷åð. 119  ýòîì ñëó÷àå âìåñòî Past Indefinite î÷åíü ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå used [ju:st] â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to: Last winter I used to spend a lot of time in the library. Last year I often used to go to the theatre. While she was in Moscow, she used to call on us every evening. Used â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î â è ä à, ÷àñòî ñ íàðå÷èåì îáû÷íî: I used to read they used to buy we used to receive ÿ ÷èòàë, îáû÷íî ÷èòàë îíè ïîêóïàëè, îáû÷íî ïîêóïàëè ìû ïîëó÷àëè, îáû÷íî ïîëó÷àëè Used óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïîâòîðÿâøèõñÿ äåéñòâèé, íî è äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèé èëè ñîñòîÿíèé, êîòîðûå ïðîäîëæàëèñü ä ë è ò å ë ü í û é ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è â ïðîøëîì (÷àñòî ñ ãëàãîëàìè to be, to know, to live è äð.): He used to be very strong in his youth. I used to know that man. Íå used to live in Kiev. Îí áûë î÷åíü ñèëüíûì â ìîëîäîñòè. ß çíàë ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà. Îí æèë â Êèåâå. Used óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè.  î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ êàê ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì did, òàê è áåç íåãî. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ áåç did: Used you (Did you use) to take Âû áðàëè óðîêè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûEnglish lessons every day? êà êàæäûé äåíü? He used not (usent, usednt) to have Îí (îáû÷íî) íå îáåäàë äîìà. dinner at home. Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìû, îäíàêî, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ðåäêî. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Past Indefinite 1. Äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ â è ñ òåêøåì îòð å ç ê å âðåìåíè 2. Ï î ñ ë å ä î â à ò å ë ü í û å ïðîøåäøèå äåéñòâèÿ 3. Î á û ÷ í î å, ï î âòîðÿâøååñÿ äåéñòâèå 120 I met him yesterday. ß âñòðåòèë åãî â÷åðà. Íå left the hotel, took a taxi and drove to the station. In summer I went for long walks after breakfast. Îí âûøåë èç ãîñòèíèöû, âçÿë òàêñè è ïîåõàë íà âîêçàë. Ëåòîì ÿ õîäèë íà äëèííûå ïðîãóëêè ïîñëå çàâòðàêà. The Future lndefinite Tease (Áóäóùåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Indefinite Tense § 15. 1. Future Indefinite îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ shall è will è ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà (áåç to). Shall óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, a will ñ îñòàëüíûìè ëèöàìè*): I (we) shall work, he (you, they) will work. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Shall I (we) work? Will he (you, they) work? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I (we) shall not work, he (you, they) will not work. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Shall I (we) not work? Will he (you, they) not work? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I shall work He (she, it) will work We shall work You will work They will work Shall I work? Will he (she, it) work? Shall we work? Will you work? Will they work? I shall not work He (she, it) will not work We shall not work You will not work They will not work Shall I not work? Will he (she, it) not work? Shall we not work? Will you not work? Will they not work? 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: work I shant [SC:nt] Ill not He wont [wount] Hell not She wont Shell not It wont Itll not We shant Well not You wont Youll not They wont Theyll not Ill [aIl] Hell [hIl] Shell [Si:l] Well [wi:l] Youll [ju:l] Theyll [GeIl]  âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå Shant Wont Shant Wont Wont I he (she, it) we you they  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå  óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå work? work *) Îá îñîáåííîñòÿõ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ shall è will ñì. ñòð. 204, 215. 121 Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Indefinite Tense § 16. Future Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå ñîâåðøèòñÿ èëè áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ â áóäóùåì. Ýòî âðåìÿ ìîæåò îáîçíà÷àòü êàê î ä í î ê ð à ò í î å, òàê è ï î â ò î ð ÿ þ ù å å ñ ÿ äåéñòâèå. Future Indefinite ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà êàê ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î, òàê è í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáùåãî ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Íå will*) return to Moscow in a few Îí âåðíåòñÿ â Ìîñêâó ÷åðåç íådays. ñêîëüêî äíåé. We shall*) not see him till Monday. Ìû íå óâèäèì åãî äî ïîíåäåëüíèêà. Íå will be tired after his work. Îí óñòàíåò ïîñëå ðàáîòû. They will take English lessons twice Îíè áóäóò**) áðàòü àíãëèéñêèå a week. óðîêè äâà ðàçà â íåäåëþ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Future Indefinite íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âìåñòî Future Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Indefinite (ñòð. 116): Íå will send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrives. If I receive a letter from him, Ill let you know. Îí ïîøëåò íàì òåëåãðàììó, êàê òîëüêî ïðèáóäåò ïàðîõîä. Åñëè ÿ ïîëó÷ó ïèñüìî îò íåãî, ÿ äàì âàì çíàòü. § 17. Íàðÿäó ñ Future Indefinite áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå âûðàæàåòñÿ òàêæå ïîñðåäñòâîì: à) Present Continuous ãëàãîëà to go â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì äðóãîãî ãëàãîëà (ñòð. 126): I am going to send him à telegram. ß ïîøëþ (ñîáèðàþñü ïîñëàòü) åìó òåëåãðàììó. Íå is going to spend his summer Îí ñîáèðàåòñÿ ïðîâåñòè ñâîè ëåòvacation in the Crimea. íèå êàíèêóëû â Êðûìó. á) Present Continuous (ñòð. 126): They are leaving for London tonight. Íå is taking his examination on Friday. â) Present Indefinite (ñòð. 117): The steamer sails tomorrow. ã) Future Continuous (ñòð. 134): Îíè óåçæàþò â Ëîíäîí ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. Îí ñäàåò ýêçàìåí â ïÿòíèöó. Ïàðîõîä óõîäèò çàâòðà. He will be meeting us at the station. Îí íàñ áóäåò âñòðå÷àòü (âñòðåòèò) íà âîêçàëå. I shall be writing to him tomorrow. ß áóäó ïèñàòü (íàïèøó) åìó çàâòðà. Ýòè ñïîñîáû âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ î÷åíü ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è âìåñòî Future Indefinite (â îñîáåííîñòè ñî÷åòàíèå Present Continuous ãëàãîëà to go ñ èíôèíèòèâîì) äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íà*) Îá óïîòðåáëåíèè shall è will ñì. ñòð. 204, 215. **) Î ïåðåâîäå áóäó, áóäåøü è ò. ä. íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñì. ïðèìå÷. íà ñòð. 192. 122 ìåðåíèÿ êàêîãî-íèáóäü ëèöà ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå èëè óâåðåííîñòè â åãî ñîâåðøåíèè. Îíè íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, êîãäà ñîâåðøåíèå äåéñòâèÿ â áóäóùåì ñòàâèòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòü îò âíåøíèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, ò. å. êîãäà áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå îáóñëîâëèâàåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì âðåìåíè, óñëîâèÿ, ïðè÷èíû è ò. ä.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Future Indefinite: I shall send him a telegram if I do not receive an answer to my letter. ß ïîøëþ åìó òåëåãðàììó, åñëè íå ïîëó÷ó îòâåòà íà ñâîå ïèñüìî. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Future Indefinite Äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ñîâåðøèòñÿ èëè áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ â áóäóùåì I shall return to Mos- ß âåðíóñü â Ìîñêâó ÷åcow in a few days. ðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé. Íå will take English Îí áóäåò áðàòü àíãëèélessons twice a week. ñêèå óðîêè äâà ðàçà â íåäåëþ. The Future Indefinite in the Past Tense (Áóäóùåå íåîïðåäåëåííîå âðåìÿ â ïðîøåäøåì) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Indefinite in the Past Tense § 18. Future Indefinite in the Past îáðàçóåòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è Future Indefinite (ñòð. 121), ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî âìåñòî shall è will óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî should è would: Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I should work He (she, it) would work We should work You would work They would work I should not work He (she, it) would not work We should not work You would not work They would not work  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: Id [aId] Hed [hi:d] Shed [Si:d] Wed [wi:d] Youd [ju:d] Theyd [GeId] work  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå I shouldnt [Sudnt] Id not He wouldnt [wudnt] Hed not She wouldnt Shed not It wouldnt We shouldnt Wed not You wouldnt Youd not They wouldnt Theyd not  óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå work 123 Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Indefinite in the Past Tense § 19. Future Indefinite in the Past âûðàæàåò áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó ìîìåíòó, â îòëè÷èå îò ôîðìû Future Indefinite, âûðàæàþùåé áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîìåíòó ðå÷è. Future Indefinite in the Past óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîýòîìó â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè (ñîãëàñíî ïðàâèëó ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí, ñòð. 183). Future Indefinite in the Past, êàê è Future Indefinite, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î èëè í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà: I said that I should go there the next day. Íå knew that she would return next week. Íå asked them whether they would take part in that work. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïîéäó òóäà íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü. Îí çíàë, ÷òî îíà âåðíåòñÿ íà áóäóùåé íåäåëå. Îí ñïðîñèë èõ, ïðèìóò ëè îíè ó÷àñòèå â ýòîé ðàáîòå. ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀ ÃÐÓÏÏÛ CONTINUOUS The Present Continuous Tense (Íàñòîÿùåå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Present Continuous Tense § 20. 1. Present Continuous îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè (am, is, are) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I am working, he is working, we are working. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Am I working? Is he working? Are you working? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I am not working, he is not working, we are not working. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Am I not working? Is he not working? Are we not working? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I am working He (she, it) is working We are working You are working They are working Am I working? Is he (she, it) working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working? I am not working He (she, it) is not working We are not working You are not working They are not working Am I not working? Is he (she, it) not working? Are we not working? Are you not working? Are they not working? 124 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: working Im not He isnt [Iznt] Hes not She isnt Shes not It isnt Its not We arent [C:nt] Were not You arent Youre not They arent Theyre not Im [aIm] Hes [hi:z] Shes [Si:z] Its [Its] Were [wIA] Youre [juA] Theyre [GeIA]  âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå Isnt he Arent we Arent you Arent they  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå  óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå working? working Óïîòðåáëåíèå Present Continuous Tense § 21. Present Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùåãîñÿ â ì î ì å í ò ð å ÷ è: Íå is reading a book. She is typing a letter. Dont make any noise, he is sleeping. Îí ÷èòàåò êíèãó (ñåé÷àñ). Îíà ïå÷àòàåò ïèñüìî íà ìàøèíêå (ñåé÷àñ). He øóìèòå, îí ñïèò (ñåé÷àñ). Íàëè÷èå ñëîâ, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ ìîìåíò ðå÷è, êàê now ñåé÷àñ, òåïåðü, at this moment â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò, íå îáÿçàòåëüíî, ïîñêîëüêó ñàìà ôîðìà âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîâïàäåíèå äåéñòâèÿ ñ ìîìåíòîì ðå÷è ÿñíî ëèáî èç êîíòåêñòà, ëèáî èç óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ñëîâ ñåé÷àñ, òåïåðü, â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò è ò. ï. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ãëàãîëû, âûðàæàþùèå ÷ ó â ñ ò â à, â î ñ ï ð è ÿ ò è ÿ è ó ì ñ ò â å í í û å ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è ÿ, à òàêæå íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå ãëàãîëû íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous. Ýòè ãëàãîëû, â îòëè÷èå îò ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ Continuous, íå ìîãóò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå êàê ïðîöåññ, ñîâåðøàþùèéñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò. Ê ÷èñëó ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ: to love ëþáèòü, to like íðàâèòüñÿ, to hate íåíàâèäåòü, to want õîòåòü, to wish, to desire æåëàòü, to see âèäåòü, to hear ñëûøàòü, to feel ÷óâñòâîâàòü, to notice çàìå÷àòü, to know çíàòü, to understand ïîíèìàòü, to remember ïîìíèòü, to forget çàáûâàòü, to believe âåðèòü, to recognize óçíàâàòü, to seem, to appear êàçàòüñÿ, to possess îáëàäàòü, to contain ñîäåðæàòü, to consist ñîñòîÿòü è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå. Ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå Continuous òîëüêî äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ Present Continuous Passive è Past Continuous Passive: The house is being built. Äîì ñòðîèòñÿ. The house was being built. Äîì ñòðîèëñÿ. Ãëàãîë to have 125 óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ Continuous òîëüêî â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íåêîòîðûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, ñ êîòîðûìè îí îáðàçóåò ñìûñëîâîå öåëîå: Íå was having dinner when I came. Îí îáåäàë, êîãäà ÿ ïðèøåë. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùåãîñÿ â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è é ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è, õîòÿ è íå îáÿçàòåëüíî â ìîìåíò ðå÷è: Íå is writing a new play. That firm is carrying on negotiations for the purchase of ore. Îí ïèøåò íîâóþ ïüåñó. Ýòà ôèðìà âåäåò ïåðåãîâîðû î ïîêóïêå ðóäû. 3. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ á ó ä ó ù å ã î ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ (âìåñòî Future Continuous) â îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ó ñ ë î â è ÿ è â ð å ì å í è, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçàìè if, when, while è ò. ä. (ñòð. 429, 436): If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up, please. I shall be reading the newspaper while you are writing your grammar exercises. Åñëè ÿ áóäó ñïàòü, êîãäà îí ïðèäåò, ðàçáóäèòå ìåíÿ, ïîæàëóéñòà. ß áóäó ÷èòàòü ãàçåòó, â òî âðåìÿ êàê âû áóäåòå ïèñàòü ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå óïðàæíåíèÿ. 4. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ á ó ä ó ù å ã î äåéñòâèÿ (êàê è íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå), êîãäà âûðàæàåòñÿ í à ì å ð å í è å ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå èëè ó â å ð å í í î ñ ò ü â åãî ñîâåðøåíèè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, êàê è â ðóññêîì, îáû÷íî èìååòñÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè, óêàçûâàþùåå íà áóäóùåå âðåìÿ: They are going to the theatre tonight. Íå is taking his examination on Friday. We are buying a new radio set soon. She is leaving by the five oclock train. Îíè èäóò ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì â òåàòð. Îí ñäàåò ýêçàìåí â ïÿòíèöó. Ìû ñêîðî ïîêóïàåì íîâûé ðàäèîïðèåìíèê. Îíà óåçæàåò ïÿòè÷àñîâûì noåçäîì. Ñî÷åòàíèå Present Continuous ãëàãîëà to go ñ èíôèíèòèâîì § 22. 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íàìåðåíèÿ ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå èëè óâåðåííîñòè â åãî ñîâåðøåíèè â áóäóùåì íàðÿäó ñ Present Continuous î÷åíü ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Continuous îò ãëàãîëà to go I am (he is è ò. ä.) going â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì. I am going èìååò â ýòîì ñëó÷àå çíà÷åíèå ñîáèðàþñü, íàìåðåí: I am going to learn French next year. 126 ß ñîáèðàþñü (íàìåðåí) èçó÷àòü ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê â áóäóùåì ãîäó. Íå is going to spend his summer vacation in the Crimea. We are going to ship these goods by the next steamer. Îí ñîáèðàåòñÿ ïðîâåñòè ëåòíèå êàíèêóëû â Êðûìó. Ìû ñîáèðàåìñÿ îòãðóçèòü ýòîò òîâàð áëèæàéøèì ïàðîõîäîì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Present Continuous îò ãëàãîëà to go îáû÷íî íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ to go è to come. Âìåñòî Íå is going to go there, He is going to come here ãîâîðÿò: Íå is going there, He is coming here èëè: Íå intends to go there, He intends to come here. 2. Ñî÷åòàíèå Present Continuous ãëàãîëà to go ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ìîæåò òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ á î ë ü ø î é â å ð î ÿ ò í î ñ ò è èëè í å è ç á å æ í î ñ ò è ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â áóäóùåì. Ïîäëåæàùåå â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ í å î ä ó ø å â ë å í í û ì ïðåäìåòîì. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì: The sea air is going to do you good. The sky is clearing up; the rain is going to stop in a minute. Ìîðñêîé âîçäóõ ïðèíåñåò âàì ïîëüçó. Íåáî ïðîÿñíÿåòñÿ; äîæäü ïðåêðàòèòñÿ ÷åðåç ìèíóòó. 3. Èíôèíèòèâ ïîñëå Present Continuous ãëàãîëà to go ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå: Íå is going to be appointed manager of that department. The goods are going to be shipped by the next steamer. Two huge hydroelectric stations are going to be built on the Volga. Îí áóäåò íàçíà÷åí (åãî ñîáèðàþòñÿ íàçíà÷èòü) çàâåäóþùèì ýòèì îòäåëîì. Òîâàð áóäåò îòãðóæåí (ñîáèðàþòñÿ îòãðóçèòü) áëèæàéøèì ïàðîõîäîì. Äâå ãèãàíòñêèå ãèäðîýëåêòðè÷åñêèå ñòàíöèè áóäóò ïîñòðîåíû íà Âîëãå. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Present Continuous 1. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàþùååñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è 2. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàþùååñÿ â íàñòîÿùèé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè 3. Á ó ä ó ù å å ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óñëîâèÿ è âðåìåíè Íå is reading a newspaper in the library. Íå is writing a new play. Îí ÷èòàåò ãàçåòó â áèáëèîòåêå (ñåé÷àñ). Îí ïèøåò íîâóþ ïüåñó. If I am sleeping when you come, wake me up. Åñëè ÿ áóäó ñïàòü, êîãäà âû ïðèäåòå, ðàçáóäèòå ìåíÿ. 127 Ïðîäîëæåíèå ñâîäêè 4. Á ó ä ó ù å å äåéñòâèå, êîãäà âûñêàçûâàåòñÿ íàìåðåíèå ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå èëè óâåðåííîñòü â åãî ñîâåðøåíèè Íå is leaving Moscow tomorrow. Îí óåçæàåò èç Ìîñêâû çàâòðà. The Past Continuous Tense (Ïðîøåäøåå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Past Continuous Tense § 23. 1. Past Continuous îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ôîðìå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (was, were) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I was working, we were working. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Was I working? Were you working? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I was not working, we were not working. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Was I not working? Were we not working? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I was working He (she, it) was working We were working You were working They were working Was I working? Was he (she, it) working? Were we working? Were you working? Were they working? Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I was not working He (she, it) was not working We were not working You were not working They were not working Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Was I not working? Was he (she, it) not working? Were we not working? Were you not working? Were they not working? Óïîòðåáëåíèå Past Continuous Tense § 24. Past Continuous âûðàæàåò ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå â ï ð î ö å ñ ñ å å ã î ñ î â å ð ø å í è ÿ, ò. å. í å ç à ê î í ÷ å í í î å ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå. Îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà. Past Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, íà÷àâøåãîñÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì è â ñ å å ù å ñ î â å ð ø à â ø å ã î ñ ÿ â ýòîò ìîìåíò. Ýòîò ìîìåíò ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåí: 128 à) òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê at five oclock â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ, at noon â ïîëäåíü, at midnight â ïîëíî÷ü, at that moment â òîò (ýòîò) ìîìåíò è ò. ï.: Íå was writing his exercises at five oclock. It was raining at noon. What was he doing at that moment? Îí ïèñàë óïðàæíåíèÿ â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ (ò. å. îí íà÷àë ïèñàòü óïðàæíåíèÿ äî ïÿòè ÷àñîâ è â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ âñå åùå èõ ïèñàë).  ïîëäåíü øåë äîæäü. ×òî îí äåëàë â ýòîò ìîìåíò? á) ä ð ó ã è ì ï ð î ø å ä ø è ì ä å é ñ ò â è å ì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â Past Indefinite: Íå was writing his exercises when I entered the room. It was raining when I left the house. What was he doing when you called on him? Íå hurt his leg while he was playing football. As I was coming here I met your brother. Îí ïèñàë óïðàæíåíèÿ, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó (ò. å. íà÷àë ïèñàòü ñâîè óïðàæíåíèÿ äî òîãî, êàê ÿ âîøåë, è âñå åùå ïèñàë â òîò ìîìåíò, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë). Øåë äîæäü, êîãäà ÿ âûøåë èç äîìó. ×òî îí äåëàë, êîãäà âû çàøëè ê íåìó? Îí óøèá íîãó, â òî âðåìÿ êàê èãðàë â ôóòáîë. Êîãäà ÿ øåë ñþäà, ÿ âñòðåòèë âàøåãî áðàòà. Êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ, Past Continuous ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê â ãëàâíîì, òàê è â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Âðåìÿ èëè äåéñòâèå, îïðåäåëÿþùåå ìîìåíò ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî ïîñðåäñòâîì Past Continuous, ìîæåò íå áûòü óêàçàíî â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ Past Continuous, à óïîìÿíóòî â äðóãèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ. Ýòî ÷àñòî èìååò ìåñòî ïðè îïèñàíèè îáñòàíîâêè, íà ôîíå êîòîðîé ñîâåðøèëèñü êàêèå-òî äåéñòâèÿ: It was evening. My wife was reading a book, and I was writing a letter. Suddenly the door opened, and my brother came in. It was ten oclock in the morning when I entered the office. Some visitors were waiting for the manager. The secretary was speaking to somebody on the telephone, and the bookkeeper was dictating a letter to the stenographer. Áûë âå÷åð. Ìîÿ æåíà ÷èòàëà êíèãó, à ÿ ïèñàë ïèñüìî. Âäðóã äâåðü îòêðûëàñü è âîøåë ìîé áðàò. Áûëî 10 ÷àñîâ óòðà, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîíòîðó. Íåñêîëüêî ïîñåòèòåëåé æäàëè çàâåäóþùåãî. Ñåêðåòàðü ãîâîðèë ñ êåì-òî ïî òåëåôîíó, à áóõãàëòåð äèêòîâàë ïèñüìî ñòåíîãðàôèñòêå. 129 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Past Continuous âñåãäà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîëîì í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà. Îäíàêî ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ ãëàãîëîâ íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà ìîæåò âûðàæàòü êàê ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â ïðîøëîì, òàê è î á û ÷ í î å ï î â ò î ð ÿ â ø å å ñ ÿ äåéñòâèå.  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå îíî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò Past Continuous, à âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå Past Indefinite èëè used to ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: Îí ÷èòàë ãàçåòó, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë. Îí ÷èòàë ãàçåòó ïî âå÷åðàì. Íå was reading the newspaper when I came in. Íå read (= used to read) the newspaper in the evening. Íå was writing a letter when I entered the room. Íå wrote (= used to write) letters to his mother every week. Îí ïèñàë ïèñüìî, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó. Îí ïèñàë ïèñüìà ñâîåé ìàòåðè êàæäóþ íåäåëþ. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äëèòåëüíîãî äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå ñîâåðøàëîñü â èñòåêøåì î ò ð å ç ê å âðåìåíè, õîòÿ è íå ïðîèñõîäèëî íåïðåðûâíî â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ýòîãî îòðåçêà: Íå was writing a play during the summer. In June that firm was carrying on negotiations for the purchase of wheat. Îí ïèñàë ïüåñó ëåòîì.  èþíå ýòà ôèðìà âåëà ïåðåãîâîðû î ïîêóïêå ïøåíèöû. 3. Past Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíîãäà íàðÿäó ñ Past Indefinite ñ òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê all day long âåñü äåíü, all day yesterday â÷åðà âåñü äåíü, all the time âñå âðåìÿ, the whole evening âåñü âå÷åð, from five till eight ñ ïÿòè äî âîñüìè è ò. ï. Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè Past Continuous ãîâîðÿùèé èçîáðàæàåò äåéñòâèå êàê ï ð î ö å ñ ñ, à ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè Past Indefinite îí ëèøü êîíñòàòèðóåò ô à ê ò ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ: I was reading all day yesterday. I read all day yesterday. It was raining the whole evening. It rained the whole evening. I was working in the library from three till five. I worked in the library from three till five. ß ÷èòàë â÷åðà âåñü äåíü. Äîæäü øåë âåñü âå÷åð. ß ðàáîòàë â áèáëèîòåêå ñ òðåõ äî ïÿòè. Êîãäà äåéñòâèå ñ òàêèì îáîçíà÷åíèåì âðåìåíè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç äâóõ èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ï î ñ ë å ä î â à ò å ë ü í û õ äåéñòâèé, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî Past Indefinite: I came home early, rested from five till six, and then worked the whole evening. 130 ß ïðèøåë äîìîé ðàíî, îòäûõàë îò ïÿòè äî øåñòè, à çàòåì ðàáîòàë âåñü âå÷åð. § 25. Êîãäà äâà äëèòåëüíûõ äåéñòâèÿ ñîâåðøàþòñÿ î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î, îíè îáà âûðàæàþòñÿ èëè ïîñðåäñòâîì Past Continuous èëè ïîñðåäñòâîì Past Indefinite. Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè Past Continuous ãîâîðÿùèé èçîáðàæàåò äåéñòâèå êàê ï ð î ö å ñ ñ, à ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè Past Indefinite îí ëèøü êîíñòàòèðóåò ô à ê ò ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ:  òî âðåìÿ êàê îí çàâòðàêàë, ÿ ÷èòàë ãàçåòó. While he was having his breakfast, I was reading the newspaper. While he had his breakfast, I read the newspaper. While I was doing my homework, he was resting. While I did my homework, he rested.  òî âðåìÿ êàê ÿ ãîòîâèë óðîêè, îí îòäûõàë. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Past Continuous îò ãëàãîëà to go I was (he was è ò. ä.) going â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ èìåâøåãîñÿ â ïðîøëîì íàìåðåíèÿ ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå. I was going â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò çíà÷åíèå ñîáèðàëñÿ, íàìåðåâàëñÿ (ñð. óïîòðåáëåíèå Present Continuous îò ãëàãîëà to go, ñòð. 126). I was going to tell him about it, but he interrupted me. That is what I was going to say. ß ñîáèðàëñÿ ðàññêàçàòü åìó îá ýòîì, íî îí ïðåðâàë ìåíÿ. Ýòî òî, ÷òî ÿ ñîáèðàëñÿ ñêàçàòü. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Past Continuous 1. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ì î ì å í ò â ïðîøëîì 2. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â îïðåäåëåííîì î ò ð å ç ê å âðåìåíè, íî íå ïðîèñõîäèâøåå íåïðåðûâíî It was raining at five oclock. It was raining when I left the house. In June that firm was carrying on negotiations for the purchase of wheat.  ïÿòü ÷àñîâ øåë äîæäü. Øåë äîæäü, êîãäà ÿ âûøåë èç äîìó.  èþíå ýòà ôèðìà âåëà ïåðåãîâîðû î ïîêóïêå ïøåíèöû. The Future Continuous Tense (Áóäóùåå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Continuous Tense § 26. 1. Future Continuous îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìåùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ôîðìå áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè (shall be, will be) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I shall be working, he will be working. 131 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Shall I be working? Will be he working? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I shall not be working, he will not be working. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Shall I not be working? Will he not be working? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I shall be working He (she, it) will be working We shall be working You will be working They will be working Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Shall I be working? Will he (she, it) be working? Shall we be working? Will you be working? Will they be working? Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I shall not be working He (she, it) will not be working We shall not be working You will not be working They will not be working Shall I not be working? Will he (she, it) not be working? Shall we not be working? Will you not be working? Will they not be working? 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òå æå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷òî è â Future Indefinite (ñòð. 121): Ill be working, hell be working; I shant be working, Ill not be working, he wont be working, hell not be working; shant I be working? wont he be working? è ò. ä. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Continuous Tense § 27. Future Continuous âûðàæàåò áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå â ï ð î ö å ñ ñ å åãî ñîâåðøåíèÿ, ò. å. í å ç à ê î í ÷ å í í î å ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå. Îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà. Future Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå íà÷íåòñÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â áóäóùåì è â ñ å å ù å á ó ä å ò ñ î â å ð ø à ò ü ñ ÿ â ýòîò ìîìåíò. Ýòîò ìîìåíò ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåí: à) òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê at five oclock â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ, at noon â ïîëäåíü, at midnight â ïîëíî÷ü, at that moment â ýòîò ìîìåíò è ò. ï.: I shall still be working at six oclock. Íå cant come at two oclock tomorrow because hell be giving a lesson at that time. 132 ß åùå áóäó ðàáîòàòü â øåñòü ÷àñîâ. Îí íå ìîæåò ïðèäòè çàâòðà â äâà ÷àñà, ïîòîìó ÷òî îí áóäåò äàâàòü óðîê â ýòî âðåìÿ. á) ä ð ó ã è ì á ó ä ó ù è ì ä å é ñ ò â è å ì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â Present Indefinite â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âðåìåíè èëè óñëîâèÿ (ñòð. 116): When I come back, they will be having supper. I shall be working when he returns. Êîãäà ÿ âåðíóñü, îíè áóäóò óæèíàòü. ß áóäó ðàáîòàòü, êîãäà îí âåðíåòñÿ. Åñëè âû ïðèäåòå ïîñëå îäèííàäöàòè ÷àñîâ, ÿ áóäó ñïàòü. If you come after eleven oclock, I shall be sleeping. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Future Continuous íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Future Continuous çàìåíÿåòñÿ Present Continuous: If he is sleeping when you come, wake him up. Åñëè îí áóäåò ñïàòü, êîãäà âû ïðèäåòå, ðàçáóäèòå åãî. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ â îïðåäåëåííîì î ò ð å ç ê å âðåìåíè â áóäóùåì, õîòÿ è íå áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü íåïðåðûâíî â òå÷åíèå âñåãî ýòîãî îòðåçêà: I shall be preparing for my examination in May. Íå will be writing a play during the summer. In June that firm will be carrying on negotiations for the purchase of wheat. ß áóäó ãîòîâèòüñÿ ê ýêçàìåíó â ìàå. Îí áóäåò ïèñàòü ïüåñó ëåòîì.  èþíå ýòà ôèðìà áóäåò âåñòè ïåðåãîâîðû î ïîêóïêå ïøåíèöû. 3. Future Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíîãäà íàðÿäó ñ Future Indefinite ñ òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê all day long âåñü äåíü, all day tomorrow çàâòðà âåñü äåíü, all the time âñå âðåìÿ, the whole evening âåñü âå÷åð, from five till six ñ ïÿòè äî øåñòà è ò. ï. Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè Future Continuous ãîâîðÿùèé èçîáðàæàåò äåéñòâèå êàê ï ð î ö å ñ ñ, à ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè Future Indefinite îí ëèøü êîíñòàòèðóåò ô à ê ò ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ: Îí áóäåò ÷èòàòü âåñü âå÷åð. ß áóäó ãîòîâèòüñÿ ê ýêçàìåíó âåñü äåíü çàâòðà. Íå will be reading the whole evening. Íå will read the whole evening. I shall be preparing for my examination all day tomorrow. I shall prepare for my examination all day tomorrow. They will be working in the library from three till five. They will work in the library from three till five. Îíè áóäóò ðàáîòàòü â áèáëèîòåêå ñ òðåõ äî ïÿòè. 133 Êîãäà äåéñòâèå ñ òàêèì îáîçíà÷åíèåì âðåìåíè ÿâëÿåòñÿ îäíèì èç äâóõ èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ï î ñ ë å ä î â à ò å ë ü í û õ äåéñòâèé, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî Future Indefinite: Ill come home early, Ill rest from five till six, and then Ill work the whole evening. ß ïðèäó äîìîé ðàíî, áóäó îòäûõàòü îò ïÿòè äî øåñòè, à çàòåì áóäó ðàáîòàòü âåñü âå÷åð. § 28. Êîãäà äâà äëèòåëüíûõ äåéñòâèÿ ñîâåðøàþòñÿ î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î, îáà äåéñòâèÿ ìîãóò âûðàæàòüñÿ ëèáî âðåìåíàìè ãðóïïû Continuous (Future Continuous â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè è Present Continuous â ïðèäàòî÷íîì), ëèáî âðåìåíàìè ãðóïïû Indefinite (Future Indefinite â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè è Present Indefinite â ïðèäàòî÷íîì). Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè âðåìåí Continuous ãîâîðÿùèé èçîáðàæàåò äåéñòâèå êàê ï ð î ö å ñ ñ, à ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè âðåìåí Indefinite îí ëèøü êîíñòàòèðóåò ô à ê ò ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ: While he is having his breakfast, I shall be reading the newspaper. While he has his breakfast I shall read the newspaper. While I am doing my homework he will be resting. While I do my homework he will rest. B òî âðåìÿ êàê îí áóäåò çàâòðàêàòü, ÿ áóäó ÷èòàòü ãàçåòó. B òî âðåìÿ êàê ÿ áóäó ãîòîâèòü óðîêè, îí áóäåò îòäûõàòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå Future Continuous ñ Past Continuous ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ýòè âðåìåíà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñ òîé ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî Future Continuous îòíîñèò äåéñòâèå ê áóäóùåìó, a Past Continuous ê ïðîøåäøåìó: I I I I I I shall be working at six oclock. was working at six oclock. shall be working when you come. was working when you came. shall be preparing for my examination in May. was preparing for my examination in May. § 29. Future Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ í å ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î õàðàêòåðà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Future Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âìåñòî Future Indefinite è âûðàæàåò í à ì å ð å í è å ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå èëè ó â å ð å í í î ñ ò ü â åãî ñîâåðøåíèè.  ýòîì óïîòðåáëåíèè Future Continuous ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà êàê í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î, òàê è ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà: Íå will be meeting us at the station. I shall be writing to him to-morrow. 134 Îí áóäåò âñòðå÷àòü (âñòðåòèò) íàñ íà âîêçàëå. ß áóäó ïèñàòü (íàïèøó) åìó çàâòðà. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Future Continuous 1. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ì î ì å í ò â áóäóùåì 2. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ â îïðåäåëåííîì îòðåçêå âðåìåíè, íî íå áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü íåïðåðûâíî 3. Í å ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå (âìåñòî Future Indefinite), êîãäà âûðàæàåòñÿ í à ì å ð å íèå ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå èëè ó â å ð å í í î ñ ò ü â åãî ñîâåðøåíèè I shall still be working at five oclock. I shall be working when he returns. I shall be preparing for my examination in May. Íå will be meeting us at the station. ß åùå áóäó ðàáîòàòü â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. ß áóäó ðàáîòàòü, êîãäà îí âåðíåòñÿ. ß áóäó ãîòîâèòüñÿ ê ýêçàìåíó â ìàå. Îí áóäåò âñòðå÷àòü (âñòðåòèò) íàñ íà âîêçàëå. The Future Continuous in the Past Tense (Áóäóùåå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ â ïðîøåäøåì) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Continuous in the Past Tense § 30. Future Continuous in the Past îáðàçóåòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è Future Continuous, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî âìåñòî shall è will ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî should è would: Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I should be working He (she, it) would be working We should be working You would be working They would be working Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I should not be working He (she, it) would not be working We should not be working You would not be working They would not be working  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òå æå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷òî è â Future Indefinite in the Past (ñòð. 123): Id be working, hed be working; I shouldnt be working, Id not be working, he wouldnt be working, hed not be working è ò. ä. 135 Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Continuous in the Past Tense § 31. Future Continuous in the Past çàìåíÿåò Future Continuous â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè (ñòð. 185). Future Continuous in the Past, êàê è Future Continuous, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà: She said that she would be giving an English lesson at five oclock. Íå thought that I should be working all day. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îíà áóäåò äàâàòü àíãëèéñêèé óðîê â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. Îí äóìàë, ÷òî ÿ áóäó ðàáîòàòü âåñü äåíü. ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀ ÃÐÓÏÏÛ PERFECT The Present Perfect Tense (Íàñòîÿùåå ñîâåðøåííîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Present Perfect Tense § 32. 1. Present Perfect îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have â ôîðìå íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (have, has) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Past Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I have worked, he has worked, we have worked. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Have I worked? Has he worked? Have we worked? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I have not worked, he has not worked, we have not worked. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Have I not worked? Has he not worked? Have we not worked? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I have worked Have I worked? He (she, it) has worked We have worked Has he (she, it) worked? Have we worked? You have worked They have worked Have you worked? Have they worked? 136 Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I have not worked He (she, it) has not worked We have not worked You have not worked They have not worked Have I not worked? Has he (she, it) not worked? Have we not worked? Have you not worked? Have they not worked? 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ:  óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå I havent [hBvnt] Ive not He hasnt [hBznt] Hes not She hasnt Shes not It hasnt Its not We havent Weve not You havent Youve not They havent Theyve not  âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå Ive [aIv] Hes [hi:z] Shes [Si:z] Its [Its] worked Weve [wi:v] Youve [ju:v] Theyve [GeIv]  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå Havent I Hasnt he (she, it) Havent we worked? Havent you Havent they worked Óïîòðåáëåíèå Present Perfect Tense § 33. 1. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøèâøåãîñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó ìîìåíòó, ð å ç ó ë ü ò à ò ê î ò î ð î ã î è ì å å ò ñ ÿ í à ë è ö î â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì â ð å ì å í è. Îíî ìîæåò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ êàê íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïåðåä ìîìåíòîì ðå÷è, òàê è â áîëåå îòäàëåííîå âðåìÿ â ïðîøëîì. Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè Present Perfect ãîâîðÿùèé îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå ñîáåñåäíèêà í à ð å ç ó ë ü ò à ò, âûòåêàþùèé èç ñîâåðøåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ, à í å í à â ð å ì ÿ åãî ñîâåðøåíèÿ. Íàëè÷èå ðåçóëüòàòà ñâÿçûâàåò ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå â Present Perfect, ñ íàñòîÿùèì. Present Perfect ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà, à èíîãäà è í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î â è ä à, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: à) I have broken my pencil. ß ñëîìàë ñâîé êàðàíäàø. (Ãîâîðÿùèé èìååò â âèäó ñîîáùèòü î êîíêðåòíîì ðåçóëüòàòå äåéñòâèÿ have broken, à èìåííî, ÷òî êàðàíäàø ñëîìàí. Îí ìîã áû ýòî âûðàçèòü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: My pencil is broken. Ìîé êàðàíäàø ñëîìàí.) á) Has the secretary come? Ïðèøåë ëè ñåêðåòàðü? (Ãîâîðÿùåãî èíòåðåñóåò ðåçóëüòàò äåéñòâèÿ has come, ò. å. îí õî÷åò âûÿñíèòü, çäåñü ëè ñåêðåòàðü. Îí ìîã áû ïîýòîìó âûðàçèòü ñâîé âîïðîñ òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: Is the secretary here? Çäåñü ëè ñåêðåòàðü?) 137 â) I have opened the window. ß îòêðûë îêíî. (Ãîâîðÿùèé îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå ñîáåñåäíèêà íà ðåçóëüòàò äåéñòâèÿ have opened, ò. å. íà òî, ÷òî îêíî îòêðûòî. Îí ìîã áû ýòî âûðàçèòü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: The window is open. Îêíî îòêðûòî.) ã) I have not written my exercise. ß íå íàïèñàë ñâîå óïðàæíåíèå. (Ãîâîðÿùèé îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå íà ðåçóëüòàò äåéñòâèÿ have not written, ò. å. íà òî, ÷òî óïðàæíåíèå íå íàïèñàíî, íå ãîòîâî. Îí ìîã áû ýòî âûðàçèòü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: My exercise is not written [is not ready]. Ìîå óïðàæíåíèå íå íàïèñàíî [íå ãîòîâî].) ä) My father has gone to London. Ìîé îòåö óåõàë â Ëîíäîí. (Ãîâîðÿùèé óêàçûâàåò íà ðåçóëüòàò äåéñòâèÿ has gone, ò. å. íà òî, ÷òî îòåö ñåé÷àñ íàõîäèòñÿ â Ëîíäîíå. Îí ìîã áû ýòî âûðàçèòü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: My father is in London. Ìîé îòåö â Ëîíäîíå. å) We have built hundreds of new schools in Moscow. Ìû ïîñòðîèëè ñîòíè íîâûõ øêîë â Ìîñêâå. (Ãîâîðÿùèé îáðàùàåò âíèìàíèå íà ðåçóëüòàò ñîâåðøåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ, ò. å. íà òî, ÷òî â Ìîñêâå èìåþòñÿ ñîòíè íîâûõ øêîë. Îí ìîã áû ýòî âûðàçèòü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: There are hundreds of new schools in Moscow.  Ìîñêâå èìåþòñÿ ñîòíè íîâûõ øêîë.) 2.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò çíà÷åíèÿ ãëàãîëà ðåçóëüòàò äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî â Present Perfect, ìîæåò è íå áûòü êîíêðåòíûì, êàê â ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðàõ, à âûðàæàòüñÿ èíûì îáðàçîì: à) I have not read that book. ß íå ÷èòàë ýòó êíèãó. (Ãîâîðÿùèé õî÷åò ñîîáùèòü, ÷òî êíèãà èì íå ïðî÷èòàíà, ò. å. ÷òî îí íå çíàåò åå ñîäåðæàíèÿ. Îí ìîã áû ýòî âûðàçèòü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: I dont know the contents of that book. ß íå çíàþ ñîäåðæàíèÿ ýòîé êíèãè.) á) They have informed me of the time of shipment of the goods. Îíè èçâåñòèëè ìåíÿ î âðåìåíè îòãðóçêè òîâàðà. (Ãîâîðÿùèé õî÷åò ñîîáùèòü, ÷òî îí èçâåùåí î âðåìåíè îòãðóçêè òîâàðà, ò. å. ÷òî îíî åìó èçâåñòíî. Îí ìîã áû ýòî âûðàçèòü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì: I know the time of shipment of the goods. ß çíàþ âðåìÿ îòãðóçêè òîâàðà). Êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ, ãîâîðÿùèé, âìåñòî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â Present Perfect, ìîæåò âûðàçèòü ñâîþ ìûñëü òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ãëàãîëîì â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì â ð å ì å í è, ïîñêîëüêó åãî öåëüþ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîîáùèòü î ðåçóëüòàòå ñîâåðøèâøåãîñÿ äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå èìååòñÿ íàëèöî â íàñòîÿùåì. 3. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ êàê îäíîêðàòíîãî äåéñòâèÿ, òàê è äåéñòâèÿ, ïîâòîðÿâøåãîñÿ íåñêîëüêî ðàç: 138 I have read that book twice. I have seen the film Matrix three times. ß ïðî÷èòàë ýòó êíèãó äâàæäû. ß âèäåë ôèëüì «Ìàòðèöà» òðè ðàçà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ó÷àùèåñÿ ÷àñòî äîïóñêàþò îøèáêè, óïîòðåáëÿÿ Present Perfect âìåñòî Past Indefinite è íàîáîðîò, ïîñêîëüêó îáà âðåìåíè âûðàæàþò ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå, çàêîí÷èâøååñÿ äî íàñòîÿùåãî ìîìåíòà, è ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè ãëàãîëà ñîâåðøåííîãî è íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà. Îäíàêî Past Indefinite è Present Perfect êîðåííûì îáðàçîì îòëè÷àþòñÿ äðóã îò äðóãà. Past Indefinite âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ â èñòåêøåì îòðåçêå âðåìåíè, êîíñòàòèðóåò ôàêò ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì. Ïîýòîìó Past Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïîâåñòâîâàíèè, ò. å. ïðè èçëîæåíèè ñîáûòèé, èìåâøèõ ìåñòî â ïðîøëîì, èëè â ðàçãîâîðå î ïðîøåäøèõ ñîáûòèÿõ. Present Perfect âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, õîòÿ è ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ â ïðîøëîì, íî ñ â ÿ ç à í í î å ñ í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è ì áëàãîäàðÿ íàëè÷èþ åãî ðåçóëüòàòà â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè. Ïîýòîìó Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå â ïîâåñòâîâàíèè, à â ðàçãîâîðå èëè ñîîáùåíèè, êàñàþùåìñÿ ïîëîæåíèÿ âåùåé â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ: Present Perfect Past Indefinite I have finished my work and am going home now. ß îêîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó è èäó òåïåðü äîìîé. The manager has signed the letter. Can you post it at once? Çàâåäóþùèé ïîäïèñàë ïèñüìî. Íå ìîæåòå ëè âû îòïðàâèòü åãî íåìåäëåííî? Has the steamer arrived? No, it hasnt. Ïàðîõîä ïðèáûë? Íåò. I finished my work and went home. ß îêîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó è óøåë äîìîé. The manager signed the letter, and I posted it at once. Çàâåäóþùèé ïîäïèñàë ïèñüìî, è ÿ îòïðàâèë åãî íåìåäëåííî. Did the steamer arrive yesterday? No, it didnt. Ïàðîõîä ïðèáûë â÷åðà? Íåò. § 34. 1. Present Perfect ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ïîñêîëüêó âíèìàíèå ãîâîðÿùåãî îáðàùåíî íå íà âðåìÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, à íà åãî ðåçóëüòàò â íàñòîÿùåì: I have broken my pen. ß ñëîìàë ñâîþ ðó÷êó. Íå has left Moscow. Îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû. She has finished her work. Îíà îêîí÷èëà ñâîþ ðàáîòó. 2. Present Perfect ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿìè íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè ever êîãäà-ëèáî, never íèêîãäà, often ÷àñòî, already óæå, yet åùå, ïîñêîëüêó îíè íå ìåøàþò ñîñðåäîòî÷èòü âíèìàíèå íà ðåçóëüòàòå äåéñòâèÿ â íàñòîÿùåì: I have never read that book. ß íèêîãäà íå ÷èòàë ýòó êíèãó. Íå hasnt finished his work yet. Îí åùå íå îêîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó. I have often been there. ß ÷àñòî áûâàë òàì. 139 Have you ever been to the Caucasus? I have already read this book. Áûëè ëè âû êîãäà-íèáóäü íà Êàâêàçå? ß óæå ïðî÷åë ýòó êíèãó. 3. Present Perfect ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ òàêæå ñ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûìè ñëîâàìè, îáîçíà÷àþùèìè åùå íå èñòåêøèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè today ñåãîäíÿ, this week íà ýòîé íåäåëå, this month â ýòîì ìåñÿöå, this year â ýòîì ãîäó è ò. ï, ïîñêîëüêó îíè òàêæå íå ìåøàþò ñîñðåäîòî÷èòü âíèìàíèå íà ðåçóëüòàòå äåéñòâèÿ â íàñòîÿùåì: Have you read the newspaper today? Íå has not received any letters from her this week. ×èòàëè ëè âû ñåãîäíÿ ãàçåòó? Îí íå ïîëó÷àë îò íåå ïèñåì íà ýòîé íåäåëå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî îòñóòñòâèå óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ è íàëè÷èå íàðå÷èé íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè èëè îáîçíà÷åíèé íåèñòåêøèõ ïåðèîäîâ âðåìåíè íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ áåçóñëîâíûìè ïîêàçàòåëÿìè íåîáõîäèìîñòè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Present Perfect. Òàê, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè äåéñòâèå ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ïîäðàçóìåâàåìîìó èñòåêøåìó ïåðèîäó âðåìåíè, è â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â Past Indefinite: She went to the theatre with her brother. They left in a hurry. Îíà áûëà â òåàòðå ñî ñâîèì áðàòîì. Îíè ïîñïåøíî óåõàëè. Past Indefinite ìîæåò òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ïðè íàëè÷èè íàðå÷èé íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè: Suvorov never lost a single battle. Did you ever speak to him on this subject while you were in Petersburg? We often went for long walks during the summer. Ñóâîðîâ íèêîãäà íå ïðîèãðûâàë íè îäíîãî ñðàæåíèÿ. Âû êîãäà-íèáóäü ãîâîðèëè ñ íèì íà ýòó òåìó, êîãäà áûëè â Ïåòåðáóðãå? Ëåòîì ìû ÷àñòî ñîâåðøàëè äëèííûå ïðîãóëêè. Past Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå è ïðè íàëè÷èè ñëîâ, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ åùå íå èñòåêøèå ïåðèîäû âðåìåíè, êàê today, this week, this month è ò. ï., êîãäà èìååòñÿ â âèäó îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò èëè îïðåäåëåííàÿ ÷àñòü äíÿ, íåäåëè, ìåñÿöà: I got uð early today. ß âñòàë ðàíî ñåãîäíÿ (èìååòñÿ â âèäó èñòåêøàÿ ÷àñòü äíÿ óòðî). Íå was late for the lecture today. Îí îïîçäàë íà ëåêöèþ ñåãîäíÿ (èìååòñÿ â âèäó èñòåêøèé ìîìåíò íà÷àëî ëåêöèè). I met him this morning. ß âñòðåòèë åãî ñåãîäíÿ óòðîì (óòðî óæå ïðîøëî). I called on him this week, but he ß çàõîäèë ê íåìó íà ýòîé íåäåëå, íî was not at home. åãî íå áûëî äîìà (èìååòñÿ â âèäó êàêîé-òî äåíü íåäåëè). Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, Present Perfect íèêîãäà íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè ïðîøåäøèõ ìîìåíòîâ èëè ïåðèîäîâ âðåìåíè êàê yesterday, 140 last week, an hour ago, at five oclock è ò. ï., ñ êîòîðûìè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite: He left Moscow yesterday. Îí óåõàë â÷åðà èç Ìîñêâû.  âîïðîñàõ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿ when êîãäà, âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite, à íå Present Perfect, ïîñêîëüêó âîïðîñ çàäàåòñÿ î ïðîøåäøåì ìîìåíòå èëè ïåðèîäå âðåìåíè: When did he leave Moscow? Êîãäà îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû? § 35. Ñ íàðå÷èåì lately çà ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ, íåäàâíî è just òîëüêî ÷òî âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect: I havent received any letters from him lately. I have just seen him. Çà ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ÿ íå ïîëó÷àë îò íåãî ïèñåì. ß òîëüêî ÷òî âèäåë åãî. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Ñ íàðå÷èåì just now òîëüêî ÷òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite: I saw him just now. ß òîëüêî ÷òî âèäåë åãî. § 36. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì since ñ (ñ êàêîãî-òî ïðîøëîãî ìîìåíòà äî íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ñòð. 340): I havent heard from him since June. Science in Russia has made enormous progress since 1913. ß íå èìåë îò íåãî èçâåñòèé ñ èþíÿ. Íàóêà â Ðîññèè ñäåëàëà îãðîìíûå óñïåõè ñ 1913 ãîäà. Present Perfect òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ñîþçîì since ñ òåõ ïîð êàê.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ã ë à â í î ì ïðåäëîæåíèè, à â ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í î ì ïðåäëîæåíèè, íà÷èíàþùåìñÿ ñ since, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite: I have only received two letters from him since I came back from London. I havent heard from him since he left Moscow. ß ïîëó÷èë îò íåãî òîëüêî äâà ïèñüìà ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê âîçâðàòèëñÿ èç Ëîíäîíà. ß íå ïîëó÷àë îò íåãî èçâåñòèé ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû. Present Perfect òàêæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ íàðå÷èåì since ñ òåõ ïîð: Íå left Moscow in 1986, and I havent seen him since. Îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû â 1986 ãîäó, è ÿ íå âèäåë åãî ñ òåõ ïîð. § 37. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ì å ñ ò î Present Perfect Continuous ñ ãëàãîëàìè, íå óïîòðåáëÿþùèìèñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous (ñòð. 125).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Present Perfect ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è ì âðåìåíåì: Íå has been here since two oclock. I have known him for three years. Îí (íàõîäèòñÿ) çäåñü ñ äâóõ ÷àñîâ. ß çíàþ åãî òðè ãîäà. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ñ íåêîòîðûìè ãëàãîëàìè íàðÿäó ñ Present Perfect Continuous (ñòð. 153): 141 I have lived in Moscow for five years (èëè: I have been living in Moscow for five years). ß æèâó â Ìîñêâå ïÿòü ëåò. § 38. Present Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î á ó ä ó ù å ã î äåéñòâèÿ âìåñòî Future Perfect â îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ â ð å ì å í è è ó ñ ë î â è ÿ, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçàìè after, when, as soon as, until (till), if è äð. (ñòð. 429, 436).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Present Perfect ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê á ó ä ó ù è ì â ð å ì å í å ì ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î â è ä à: I shall go to the country as soon as I have passed my examinations. Ill give you the book after I have read it. We shall start at five oclock if it has stopped raining by that time. ß ïîåäó â äåðåâíþ, êàê òîëüêî ñäàì ýêçàìåíû. ß äàì âàì ýòó êíèãó, ïîñëå òîãî êàê ÿ ïðî÷òó åå. Ìû îòïðàâèìñÿ â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ, åñëè äîæäü ïðåêðàòèòñÿ ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Present Perfect 1. Äåéñòâèå, ðåçóëüòàò êîòîðîãî èìååòñÿ íàëèöî â íàñòîÿùåì â ð å ì å í è (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè) 2.  ì å ñ ò î Present Perfect Continuous (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó âðåìåíè) 3. Á ó ä ó ù å å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î å äåéñòâèå â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ â ð å ì å í è è ó ñ ë î â è ÿ (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò á ó ä ó ù å ì ó âðåìåíè) I have written my ß íàïèñàë ñâîè exercises; here óïðàæíåíèÿ. they are. Âîò îíè. I have known him ß çíàþ åãî òðè for three years. ãîäà. After I have read Ïîñëå òîãî êàê the book, Ill ÿ ïðî÷òó ýòó give it to you. êíèãó, ÿ äàì åå âàì. The Past Perfect Tense (Ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðøåííîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Past Perfect Tense § 39. 1. Past Perfect îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have â ôîðìå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (had) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Past Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I had worked, he had worked. 142 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Had I worked? Had he worked? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I had not worked, he had not worked. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå îòðèöàíèå not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Had I not worked? Had he not worked? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I had worked He (she, it) had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked Had I worked? Had he (she, it) worked? Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked? I had not worked He (she, it) had not worked We had not worked You had not worked They had not worked Had I not worked? Had he (she, it) not worked? Had we not worked? Had you not worked? Had they not worked?  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: worked I hadnt [hBdnt] Id not He hadnt Hed not She hadnt Shed not It hadnt We hadnt Wed not You hadnt Youd not They hadnt Theyd not Id [aId] Hed [hi:d] Shed [Si:d] Wed [wi:d] Youd [ju:d] Theyd [GeId]  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå  âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå Hadnt Hadnt Hadnt Hadnt Hadnt  óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå I he (she, it) worked? we you they worked Óïîòðåáëåíèå Past Perfect Tense § 40. Past Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå ó æ å ñ î â å ð ø è ë î ñ ü ä î î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î ì î ì å í ò à â ï ð î ø ë î ì. Past Perfect ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î, à èíîãäà è í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Past Perfect ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé «ïðåäïðîøåäøåå» âðåìÿ, ïîñêîëüêó îíî 143 âûðàæàåò ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîìåíòó, òàêæå ÿâëÿþùåìóñÿ ïðîøåäøèì. Ýòîò ìîìåíò ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåí: à) òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê by five oclock ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì, by Saturday ê ñóááîòå, by the 15th of December ê 15 äåêàáðÿ, by the end of the year ê êîíöó ãîäà, by that time ê òîìó âðåìåíà è ò. ï.: We had translated the article by five oclock. We had shipped the goods by that time. By the end of the year he had learnt to speak French. That plant had fulfilled its yearly plan of production by the 5th of December. Ìû (óæå) ïåðåâåëè ñòàòüþ ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. Ìû (óæå) îòãðóçèëè òîâàð ê òîìó âðåìåíè. Ê êîíöó ãîäà îí (óæå) íàó÷èëñÿ ãîâîðèòü ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè. Ýòîò çàâîä (óæå) âûïîëíèë ãîäîâîé ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûé ïëàí ê 5 äåêàáðÿ. á) ä ð ó ã è ì (áîëåå ïîçäíèì) ï ð î ø å ä ø è ì ä å é ñ ò â è å ì, âûðàæåííûì â Past Indefinite: They had shipped the goods when your telegram arrived. We carefully examined the samples which they had sent us. We sent him a telegram yesterday as we had not received any letters from him for a long time. They informed us that they had chartered the S. S. Minsk for the transportation of the goods. Îíè (óæå) îòãðóçèëè òîâàðû, êîãäà ïðèáûëà âàøà òåëåãðàììà. Ìû òùàòåëüíî îñìîòðåëè îáðàçöû, êîòîðûå îíè íàì ïðèñëàëè. Ìû ïîñëàëè åìó â÷åðà òåëåãðàììó, òàê êàê ìû äîëãî íå ïîëó÷àëè îò íåãî ïèñåì. Îíè ñîîáùèëè íàì, ÷òî îíè çàôðàõòîâàëè ïàðîõîä «Ìèíñê» äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè òîâàðîâ. Past Perfect, êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ, ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê â ãëàâíîì, òàê è â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà óïîòðåáëåíèå Past Perfect â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå, êîãäà îíî âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå åùå í å ó ñ ï å ë î ñ î â å ð ø è ò ü ñ ÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì: We had not reached the station when it began to rain. They had not yet loaded the goods when they received our telegram. Ìû åùå íå äîøëè (íå óñïåëè äîéòè) äî âîêçàëà, êàê íà÷àëñÿ äîæäü. Îíè åùå íå ïîãðóçèëè (íå óñïåëè ïîãðóçèòü) òîâàðû, êîãäà îíè ïîëó÷èëè íàøó òåëåãðàììó. Âðåìÿ èëè äåéñòâèå, äî êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøèëîñü äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå â Past Perfect, ìîæåò íå áûòü óêàçàíî â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ Past Perfect, à óïîìÿíóòî â äðóãîì ïðåäëîæåíèè: 144 As I was going to the station, it began to rain. Fortunately, I had taken an umbrella and (had) put on a coat. I received a letter from my brother yesterday. I had not heard from him for a long time. Êîãäà ÿ øåë âà ñòàíöèþ, íà÷àëñÿ äîæäü. Ê ñ÷àñòüþ, ÿ âçÿë ñ ñîáîé çîíòèê è íàäåë ïàëüòî. ß ïîëó÷èë â÷åðà ïèñüìî îò áðàòà. ß äîëãîå âðåìÿ íå ïîëó÷àë îò íåãî èçâåñòèé. § 41. Äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî ïðîøåäøèõ äåéñòâèé, ïåðåäàâàåìûõ â òîé æå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè, â êàêîé îíè ïðîèñõîäèëè, âûðàæàþòñÿ ãëàãîëàìè â Past Indefinite íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îäíè äåéñòâèÿ ïðåäøåñòâîâàëè äðóãèì: 1. Íå arrived at the Leningrad staÎí ïðèåõàë íà Ëåíèíãðàäñêèé tion, took a taxi and drove to the âîêçàë, âçÿë òàêñè è ïîåõàë â hotel. Then he went to the teleãîñòèíèöó. Çàòåì îí ïîøåë íà graph office and sent his wife a òåëåãðàô è ïîñëàë òåëåãðàììó telegram. æåíå. 2. Íå came home late in the evening. Îí ïðèøåë äîìîé ïîçäíî âå÷åHe had supper, read the newspaðîì. Îí ïîóæèíàë, ïðî÷èòàë per and went to bed. ãàçåòó è ëåã ñïàòü. Êîãäà æå ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèé ï ð å ð û â à å ò ñ ÿ óïîìèíàíèåì î ðàíåå ñîâåðøèâøèõñÿ äåéñòâèÿõ, òî òàêèå ðàíåå ñîâåðøèâøèåñÿ äåéñòâèÿ âûðàæàþòñÿ ãëàãîëîì â Past Perfect: 1. Íå arrived at the Leningrad station, took a taxi and drove to the hotel where he had reserved a room. He unpacked his things and wanted to go to the restaurant, but he remembered that he had promised his wife to wire to her on his arrival in Moscow. So he went to the telegraph office and sent her a telegram. 2. Íå came home late in the evening. He had visited the Museum of Fine Arts and had been to a concert. He had supper, read the newspaper and, feeling tired, went to bed. Îí ïðèáûë íà Ëåíèíãðàäñêèé âîêçàë, âçÿë òàêñè è ïîåõàë â ãîñòèíèöó, â êîòîðîé îí çàáðîíèðîâàë êîìíàòó. Îí ðàñïàêîâàë ñâîè âåùè è õîòåë ïîéòè â ðåñòîðàí, íî âñïîìíèë, ÷òî îí îáåùàë æåíå òåëåãðàôèðîâàòü åé ïî ïðèáûòèè â Ìîñêâó. Ïîýòîìó îí ïîøåë íà òåëåãðàô è ïîñëàë åé òåëåãðàììó. Îí ïðèøåë äîìîé ïîçäíî. Îí ïîñåòèë Ìóçåé Èçÿùíûõ Èñêóññòâ è áûë íà êîíöåðòå. Îí ïîóæèíàë, ïðî÷åë ãàçåòó è, ÷óâñòâóÿ ñåáÿ óñòàëûì, ëåã ñïàòü.  ïåðâîì ïðèìåðå ãëàãîëû arrived, took è drove ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé öåïü äåéñòâèé, ñëåäîâàâøèõ îäíî çà äðóãèì è âûðàæåííûõ ïîýòîìó â Past Indefinite. Ýòà öåïü ïðåðûâàåòñÿ óïîìèíàíèåì î äåéñòâèè, ñîâåðøèâøåìñÿ ðàíåå è âûðàæåííîì ïîýòîìó â Past Perfect (had reserved). Äàëåå öåïü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ äåéñòâèé, âûðàæåííûõ â Past Indefinite, âîññòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ (wanted, remembered). Öåïü, îäíàêî, ñíîâà ïðåðûâà145 åòñÿ óïîìèíàíèåì î äåéñòâèè, ñîâåðøèâøåìñÿ ðàíåå è âûðàæåííîì â Past Perfect (had promised), ïîñëå ÷åãî ñíîâà ñëåäóþò ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûå äåéñòâèÿ (went, sent). Âî âòîðîì ïðèìåðå öåïü ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíûõ äåéñòâèé came, had supper, read, went to bed ïðåðûâàåòñÿ äåéñòâèÿìè, èì ïðåäøåñòâîâàâøèìè è âûðàæåííûìè â Past Perfect â îòäåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè: Íå had visited the Museum of Fine Arts and had been to a concert. § 42. Past Perfect ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîñëå ñîþçà after ïîñëå òîãî êàê, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñàìîãî ñîþçà. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Past Perfect ïîä÷åðêèâàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óæå ñîâåðøèëîñü äî íàñòóïëåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ëîãè÷åñêè âîçìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü íàðå÷èå óæå: After the sun had set, we decided to return home. After the cases had been counted, I left the warehouse, Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ñîëíöå (óæå) ñåëî, ìû ðåøèëè âåðíóòüñÿ äîìîé. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ÿùèêè (óæå) áûëè ïåðåñ÷èòàíû, ÿ óøåë èç ñêëàäà. Êîãäà íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè ïîä÷åðêíóòü ïðåäøåñòâîâàíèå îäíîãî äåéñòâèÿ äðóãîìó, òî ïîñëå after óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëåíèå íàðå÷èÿ óæå ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ëîãè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî: After the After the he turned off the light, he left room. he signed the letter, he asked secretary to send it off. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê îí âûêëþ÷èë ñâåò, îí âûøåë èç êîìíàòû. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê îí ïîäïèñàë ïèñüìî, îí ïîïðîñèë ñåêðåòàðÿ îòîñëàòü åãî. § 43. Ïîñëå when êîãäà îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite. Îäíàêî ïîñëå when ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ òàêæå Past Perfect, êîãäà âìåñòî when ìîæíî ïî ñìûñëó óïîòðåáèòü ñîþç after ïîñëå òîãî êàê, ò. å. êîãäà ïîä÷åðêèâàåòñÿ, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óæå ñîâåðøèëîñü äî íàñòóïëåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: When the secretary received the telegram, he immediately showed it to the manager. Íî: When (= after) they had gone, he began to work. Êîãäà ñåêðåòàðü ïîëó÷èë òåëåãðàììó, îí íåìåäëåííî ïîêàçàë åå çàâåäóþùåìó. Êîãäà (= ïîñëå òîãî êàê) îíè (óæå) óøëè, îí íà÷àë ðàáîòàòü. § 44.  ñëîæíî-ïîä÷èíåííîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, â êîòîðîì ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ ñîþçà before ïðåæäå ÷åì, äî òîãî êàê. Past Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ã ë à â í î ì ïðåäëîæåíèè, à Past Indefinite â 146 ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í î ì, ïîñêîëüêó äåéñòâèå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Past Perfect ïîä÷åðêèâàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðåäøåñòâîâàëî äåéñòâèþ ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ëîãè÷åñêè âîçìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü íàðå÷èå óæå: I had finished my work before he returned. We had come to an agreement on the terms of payment before you arrived. ß (óæå) îêîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó, ïðåæäå ÷åì îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ. Ìû (óæå) ïðèøëè ê ñîãëàøåíèþ îòíîñèòåëüíî óñëîâèé ïëàòåæà äî òîãî, êàê âû ïðèåõàëè. Êîãäà íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî îäíî äåéñòâèå ïðåäøåñòâîâàëî äðóãîìó, òî êàê â ãëàâíîì, òàê è â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëåíèå íàðå÷èÿ óæå â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ëîãè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíî: I turned off the light before I left the room. Íå read the contract again before he signed it. ß ïîòóøèë ñâåò, ïðåæäå ÷åì âûøåë èç êîìíàòû. Îí ñíîâà ïðî÷åë êîíòðàêò, ïðåæäå ÷åì ïîäïèñàë åãî. Èíîãäà Past Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ñîþçà before â ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í î ì ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è è; ïðè ýòîì â ã ë à â í î ì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå before ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì åùå ïðåæäå ÷åì, åùå äî òîãî êàê (îí óñïåë...): The manager returned before the typist had typed all the letters. We reached the station before it had become dark. Çàâåäóþùèé âîçâðàòèëñÿ åùå ïðåæäå, ÷åì ìàøèíèñòêà íàïå÷àòàëà âñå ïèñüìà (åùå äî òîãî, êàê ìàøèíèñòêà óñïåëà íàïå÷àòàòü âñå ïèñüìà). Ìû ïðèøëè íà ñòàíöèþ åùå äî òîãî, êàê ñòåìíåëî (åùå äî òîãî, êàê óñïåëî ñòåìíåòü). § 45. Past Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïðè íàëè÷èè íàðå÷èé hardly, scarcely, no sooner (ñòð. 390).  ïîñëåäóþùåì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite: Íå had hardly (scarcely) entered the house, when it started to rain. No sooner had he arrived, than he fell ill. Åäâà îí âîøåë â äîì, êàê íà÷àëñÿ äîæäü. He óñïåë îí ïðèåõàòü, êàê çàáîëåë. 147 Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Past Perfect Äåéñòâèå, ñ î â å ð ø è â ø å å ñ ÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ì î ì å í ò à â ïðîøëîì I had translated the article by five oclock. They had shipped the goods when your telegram arrived. ß (óæå) ïåðåâåë ñòàòüþ ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. Îíè (óæå) îòãðóçèëè òîâàðû, êîãäà ïðèáûëà âàøà òåëåãðàììà. The Future Perfect Tense (Áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Perfect Tense § 46. 1. Future Perfect îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have â ôîðìå áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè (shall have, will have) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Past Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I shall have worked, he will have worked, we shall have worked. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Shall I have worked? Will he have worked? Shall we have worked? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I shall not have worked, he will not have worked, we shall not have worked. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Shall I not have worked? Will he not have worked? Shall we not have worked? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I shall have worked He (she, it) will have worked We shall have worked You will have worked They will have worked Shall I have worked? Will he (she, it) have worked? Shall we have worked? Will you have worked? Will they have worked? I shall not have worked He (she, it) will not have worked We shall not have worked You will not have worked They will not have worked Shall I not have worked? Will he (she, it) not have worked? Shall we not have worked? Will you not have worked? Will they not have worked? 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òå æå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷òî è â Future Indefinite (ñòð. 121): Ill have worked, hell have worked; I shant 148 have worked, Ill not have worked, he wont have worked, hell not have worked; shant I have worked? wont he have worked? è ò. ä. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Perfect Tense § 47. Future Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå ñ î â å ð ø è ò ñ ÿ ä î î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î ì î ì å í ò à â á ó ä ó ù å ì. Future Perfect ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà. Ìîìåíò, äî êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøèòñÿ äåéñòâèå, ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåí: à) òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê by five oclock ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì, by Saturday ê ñóááîòå, by the 15th of December ê 15 äåêàáðÿ, by the end of the year ê êîíöó ãîäà, by that time ê òîìó âðåìåíè è ò. ï.: We shall have translated the article by five oclock. We shall have shipped the goods by that time. That plant will have fulfilled its yearly plan of production by the 5th December. Ìû (óæå) ïåðåâåäåì ñòàòüþ ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. Ìû (óæå) îòãðóçèì òîâàðû ê òîìó âðåìåíè. Ýòîò çàâîä (óæå) âûïîëíèò ãîäîâîé ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûé ïëàí ê 5 äåêàáðÿ. á) ä ð ó ã è ì á ó ä ó ù è ì ä å é ñ ò â è å ì, âûðàæåííûì â Present Indefinite, â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ (ñòð. 116): They will have shipped the goods when your telegram arrives. I shall have finished this work before you return. The train will have left by the time we get to the station. Îíè óæå îòãðóçÿò òîâàð, êîãäà ïðèáóäåò âàøà òåëåãðàììà. ß óæå îêîí÷ó ýòó ðàáîòó äî òîãî, êàê âû âîçâðàòèòåñü. Ïîåçä óæå óéäåò ê òîìó âðåìåíè, êàê ìû ïðèåäåì íà âîêçàë.  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ â ð å ì å í è è ó ñ ë î â è ÿ Future Perfect íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âìåñòî Future Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect (ñòð. 142): We shall send them the documents after we have shipped the goods. Ìû ïîøëåì èì äîêóìåíòû, ïîñëå òîãî êàê ìû îòãðóçèì òîâàðû. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå Future Perfect ñ Past Perfect ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî ýòè âðåìåíà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â àíàëîãè÷íûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñ òîé ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî Future Perfect îòíîñèò äåéñòâèå ê áóäóùåìó, a Past Perfect ê ïðîøåäøåìó: We shall have translated the article by five oclock. We had translated the article by five oclock. They will have shipped the goods when your telegram arrives. They had shipped the goods when your telegram arrived. § 48. Future Perfect èíîãäà âûðàæàåò íå áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå, à ï ð å ä ï î ë à ã à å ì î å äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó.  ýòîì ñëó149 ÷àå Future Perfect ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ïî çíà÷åíèþ ê ñî÷åòàíèþ must ñ Perfect Infinitive (ñòð. 229) è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì â ñî÷åòàíèè ñî ñëîâàìè âåðîÿòíî, äîëæíî áûòü.  òàêîì óïîòðåáëåíèè Future Perfect ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â äåëîâûõ ïèñüìàõ, ãàçåòíûõ è æóðíàëüíûõ ñòàòüÿõ: You will have read in the newspapers about the conclusion of this agreement. The reader will have observed an upward tendency in wool prices on the London market. Âû, äîëæíî áûòü, ÷èòàëè â ãàçåòàõ î çàêëþ÷åíèè ýòîãî ñîãëàøåíèÿ. ×èòàòåëü, âåðîÿòíî, çàìåòèë òåíäåíöèþ ê ïîâûøåíèþ öåí íà øåðñòü íà ëîíäîíñêîì ðûíêå. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Future Perfect 1. Á ó ä ó ù å å äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ñîâåðøèòñÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîì å í ò à â áóäóùåì 2. Ï ð å ä ï î ë à ã à å ìîå ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå They will have shipped the goods when your telegram arrives. Îíè óæå îòãðóçÿò òîâàð, êîãäà ïðèáóäåò âàøà òåëåãðàììà. You will have read in the newspapers about the conclusion of this agreement. Âû, äîëæíî áûòü, ÷èòàëè â ãàçåòàõ î çàêëþ÷åíèè ýòîãî ñîãëàøåíèÿ. The Future Perfect in the Past Tense (Áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå âðåìÿ â ïðîøåäøåì) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Perfect in the Past Tense § 49. Future Perfect in the Past îáðàçóåòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è Future Perfect, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî âìåñòî shall è will óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî should è would: Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I should have worked He (she, it) would have worked We should have worked You would have worked They would have worked Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I should not have worked He (she, it) would not have worked We should not have worked You would not have worked They would not have worked  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òå æå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷òî è â Future Indefinite in the Past (ñòð. 123): Id have worked, hed have worked; I shouldnt have worked, Id not have worked, he wouldnt have worked, hed not have worked è ò. ä. 150 Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Perfect in the Past Tense § 50. Future Perfect in the Past çàìåíÿåò Future Perfect â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë â ã ë à â í î ì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè (ñòð. 184). Future Perfect in the Past, êàê è Future Perfect, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà: I said that I should have copied the text by five oclock. Íå said that he would have taken his examinations by the first of July. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ (óæå) ïåðåïèøó òåêñò ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí (óæå) ñäàñò ýêçàìåíû ê ïåðâîìó èþëÿ. ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀ ÃÐÓÏÏÛ PERFECT CONTINUOUS The Present Perfect Continuous Tense (Íàñòîÿùåå ñîâåðøåííîå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Present Perfect Continuous Tense § 51. 1. Present Perfect Continuous îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ôîðìå Present Perfect (have been, has been) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I have been working, he has been working, we have been working. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Have I been working? Has he been working? Have we been working? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I have not been working, he has not been working, we have not been working. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Have I not been working? Has he not been working? Have we not been working? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I have been working He (she, it) has been working Have I been working? Has he (she, it) been working? Have I not been working? Has he (she, it) not been working? We have been working You have been working They have been working Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working? I have not been working He (she, it) has not been working We have not been working You have not been working They have not been working Have we not been working? Have you not been working? Have they not been working? 151 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òå æå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷òî è â Present Perfect (ñòð. 137): Ive been working, hes been working, I havent been working, Ive not been working, he hasnt been working, hes not been working; havent I been working? hasnt he been working? è ò. ä. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Present Perfect Continuous Tense § 52. Present Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü â ïðîøëîì è å ù å ñ î â å ð ø à å ò ñ ÿ â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å å â ð å ì ÿ. Ïðè óïîòðåáëåíèè ýòîãî âðåìåíè âñåãäà ó ê à ç à í ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, Present Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê for an hour â òå÷åíèå ÷àñà, for a month â òå÷åíèå ìåñÿöà, for a long time*) â òå÷åíèå äîëãîãî âðåìåíè, äîëãî, äàâíî, since yesterday ñî â÷åðàøíåãî äíÿ, since five oclock ñ ïÿòè ÷àñîâ è ò. ï., à òàêæå â âîïðîñàõ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ how long? êàê äîëãî? è since when? ñ êàêèõ ïîð? Present Perfect Continuous ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è ì âðåìåíåì: 1. I have been waiting for my brother for a long time. 2. I have been reading the newspaper since five oclock. 3. What have you been doing here since early morning? I have been preparing for my examination**). 4. He has been living in Moscow for five years. 5. He has been teaching English since 1990. 6. How long has he been living in Moscow? 7. Since when have you been working at this factory? ß æäó ñâîåãî áðàòà óæå äàâíî. ß ÷èòàþ ãàçåòó ñ ïÿòè ÷àñîâ. ×òî âû çäåñü äåëàåòå ñ ðàííåãî óòðà? ß ãîòîâëþñü ê ýêçàìåíó. Îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå ïÿòü ëåò. Îí ïðåïîäàåò àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñ 1990 ãîäà. Ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå? Ñ êàêèõ ïîð âû ðàáîòàåòå íà ýòîì çàâîäå? § 53. Èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ âèäíî, ÷òî Present Perfect Continuous ìîæåò âûðàæàòü êàê äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è (ïðèìåðû 1, 2, 3), òàê è äåéñòâèå î á û ÷ í î å, ï î ñ ò î ÿ í í î å, ñ â î é ñ ò â å í í î å ïîäëåæàùåìó, ò. å. ïðîèñõîäÿùåå âîîáùå (ïðèìåðû 4, 5, 6, 7). Åñëè áû â ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðàõ í å á û ë î ó ê à ç à í î, êàê äîëãî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå, òî âìåñòî Present Perfect Continuous ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü Present Continuous (êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåéñòâèè, ñîâåðøàþùåìñÿ â ìî*) For ñî çíà÷åíèåì â òå÷åíèå ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ (ñòð 326). **) Õîòÿ â îòâåòå è íå óêàçàí ïåðèîä âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî ïðîäîëæàëîñü äåéñòâèå, â íåì óïîòðåáëåíî Present Perfect Continuous, ïîñêîëüêó ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ ïåðèîä, óïîìÿíóòûé â âîïðîñå (since early morning). 152 ìåíò ðå÷è ñòð. 125) èëè Present Indefinite (êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåéñòâèè îáû÷íîì, ïîñòîÿííîì, ñâîéñòâåííîì ïîäëåæàùåìó ñòð. 116): Äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàþùååñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñ óêàçàíèåì, êàê äîëãî îíî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ áåç óêàçàíèÿ, êàê äîëãî îíî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ 1. I have been waiting for my broI am waiting for my brother. ther for a long time. (äåéñòâèå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è) 2. I have been reading the newspaI am reading the newspaper. per since five oclock. (äåéñòâèå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è) 3. It has been raining since morning. It is raining. (äåéñòâèå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è) 4. Íå has been living in Moscow He lives in Moscow. for five years. (ïîñòîÿííîå äåéñòâèå) 5. He has been teaching English He teaches English. since 1990. (äåéñòâèå, ñâîéñòâåííîå ïîäëåæàùåìó) Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåéñòâèè îáû÷íîì, ïîñòîÿííîì, ñâîéñòâåííîì ïîäëåæàùåìó, ò. å. ïðîèñõîäÿùåì âîîáùå, òî ïðè óêàçàíèè ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòè äåéñòâèÿ íàðÿäó ñ Present Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Present Perfect Continuous ïîä÷åðêèâàåò äëèòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê Present Perfect ïîä÷åðêèâàåò ôàêò ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ: Íå has been living in Moscow for = He has lived in Moscow for five five years. years. Îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå (óæå) ïÿòü ëåò. Íå has been teaching English since = He has taught English since 1990. 1990. Îí ïðåïîäàåò àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñ 1990 ãîäà. Íå has been working at that facto- = He has worked at that factory since ry since he came to Moscow. he came to Moscow. Îí ðàáîòàåò íà ýòîì çàâîäå ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê îí ïðèåõàë â Ìîñêâó. § 54. Ñ ãëàãîëàìè, íå óïîòðåáëÿþùèìèñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous (to be, to have, to know, to love è äð. ñòð. 125), âìåñòî Present Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Perfect.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Present Perfect ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê, êàê è Present Perfect Continuous, íàñòîÿùèì âðåìåíåì: 153 She has been in Moscow for two years. How long have you known him? I have known him since my childhood. Îíà íàõîäèòñÿ â Ìîñêâå óæå äâà ãîäà. Êàê äîëãî âû åãî çíàåòå? ß åãî çíàþ ñ äåòñòâà. Ï ÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ . Ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà îøèáî÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþò Present Continuous è Present Indefinite âìåñòî Present Perfect Continuous è Present Perfect, ïîñêîëüêó â ðàçîáðàííûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ýòè ôîðìû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå î ä í î é ôîðìå, à èìåííî íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî êîãäà â ïðåäëîæåíèè ó ê à ç à í î, ê à ê ä î ë ã î ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå, ðóññêîå íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò Present Perfect Continuous èëè Present Perfect, à ï ð è î ò ñ ó ò ñ ò â è è òàêîãî óêàçàíèÿ Present Continuous èëè Present Indefinite: Îí Îí ß ß æäåò âàñ óæå äàâíî. æäåò âàñ. Íå has been waiting a long time for you. Íå is waiting for you. çíàþ åãî äâà ãîäà. çíàþ åãî. I have known him for two years. I know him. § 55. Present Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü â ïðîøëîì è ç à ê î í ÷ è ë î ñ ü í å ï î ñ ð å ä ñ ò â å í í î ï å ð å ä ì î ì å í ò î ì ðå÷è. Ïåðèîä âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàëîñü äåéñòâèå, ìîæåò áûòü êàê óêàçàí, òàê è íå óêàçàí.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Present Perfect Continuous ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ï ð î ø å ä ø è ì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà: I feel tired as I have been working in the garden fer several hours. Although the sun is shining, it is still cold as it has been raining hard. ß ÷óâñòâóþ ñåáÿ óñòàëûì, òàê êàê ÿ ðàáîòàë â ñàäó íåñêîëüêî ÷àñîâ. Õîòÿ ñâåòèò ñîëíöå, âñå åùå õîëîäíî, òàê êàê øåë ñèëüíûé äîæäü. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Present Perfect Continuous 1. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü â ïðîøëîì è åùå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå â ð å ì ÿ (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè) 154 I have been reading the newspaper since five oclock. ß ÷èòàþ ãàçåòó ñ ïÿòè ÷àñîâ. Ïðîäîëæåíèå ñâîäêè 2. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå íà÷àëîñü â ïðîøëîì è çàêîí÷èëîñü í å ïîñðåäñòâåííî ïåð å ä ì î ì å í ò î ì ðå÷è (â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè) Although the sun Õîòÿ ñâåòèò ñîëis shining, it is íöå, âñå åùå still cold as it õîëîäíî, òàê has been rainêàê øåë ñèëüing hard. íûé äîæäü. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Ïðîøåäøåå ñîâåðøåííîå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Past Perfect Continuous Tense § 56. 1. Past Perfect Continuous îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ôîðìå Past Perfect (had been) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I had been working, he had been working. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Had I been working? Had he been working? 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I had not been working, he had not been working. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Had I not been working? Had he not been working? Óòâåðäèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I had been working He (she, it) had been working Had I been working? Had he (she, it) been working? We had been working You had been working They had been working Had we been working? Had you been working? Had they been working? Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Âîïðîñèòåëüíîîòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà I had not been working He (she, it) had not been working We had not been working You had not been working They had not been working Had I not been working? Had he (she, it) not been working? Had we not been working? Had you not been working? Had they not been working? 5.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òå æå ñîêðàùåíèÿ, ÷òî è â Past Perfect (ñòð. 143): Id been working, hed been working; I hadnt been working, Id not been working; hadnt I been working? è ò. ä. 155 Óïîòðåáëåíèå Past Perfect Continuous Tense § 57. Past Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ, íà÷àâøåãîñÿ ðàíåå äðóãîãî ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî â Past Indefinite è å ø å ï ð î è ñ õ î ä è â ø å ã î â ì î ì å í ò å ã î ñîâåðøåíèÿ. Past Perfect Continuous (êàê è Present Perfect Continuous) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ó ê à ç à í ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî äåéñòâèå óæå ñîâåðøàëîñü, ò. å. ñ òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê for two hours â òå÷åíèå äâóõ ÷àñîâ, for three months â òå÷åíèå òðåõ ìåñÿöåâ, for a long time â òå÷åíèå äîëãîãî âðåìåíè, äîëãî, äàâíî è ò. ï. Past Perfect Continuous ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðîøåäøèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà: I had been working for a long time when my brother came. His sister had been living in Moscow for three years when the war broke out. It had been raining for two hours when I left home. She had been sleeping for three hours when we returned. ß (óæå) äîëãî ðàáîòàë, êîãäà ïðèøåë ìîé áðàò. Åãî ñåñòðà æèëà â Ìîñêâå óæå òðè ãîäà, êîãäà íà÷àëàñü âîéíà. Äîæäü øåë (óæå) äâà ÷àñà, êîãäà ÿ âûøåë èç äîìó. Îíà ñïàëà (óæå) òðè ÷àñà, êîãäà ìû âîçâðàòèëèñü. Åñëè áû â ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðåõ í å á û ë î ó ê à ç à í î, êàê äîëãî ñîâåðøàëîñü äåéñòâèå, òî âìåñòî Past Perfect Continuous ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü Past Continuous: Äëèòåëüíîå ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå, íà÷àâøååñÿ ðàíåå äðóãîãî ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ è åùå ïðîèñõîäèâøåå â ìîìåíò åãî ñîâåðøåíèÿ ñ óêàçàíèåì, êàê äîëãî îíî ñîâåðøàëîñü áåç óêàçàíèÿ, êàê äîëãî îíî ñîâåðøàëîñü 1. I had been working for a long time when my brother came. 2. His sister had been living in Moscow for three years when the war broke out. 3. It had been raining for two hours when I left home. 4. She had been sleeping for three hours when we returned. I was working when my brother came. His sister was living in Moscow when the war broke out. It was raining when I left home. She was sleeping when we returned. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà îøèáî÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþò Past Continuous âìåñòî Past Perfect Continuous, ïîñêîëüêó â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ôîðìà ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëîâ íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ñ óêàçàíèåì ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàëîñü äåéñòâèå, òàê è áåç òàêîãî óêàçàíèÿ: 156 ß ðàáîòàë äâà ÷àñà, êîãäà ïðèøåë ìîé áðàò. ß ðàáîòàë, êîãäà ïðèøåë ìîé áðàò. I had been working for two hours when my brother came. I was working when my brother came. § 58. Past Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå ç à ê î í ÷ è ë î ñ ü í å ïîñðåäñòâåííî ïåðåä ìîìåíòîì íàñòóïëåíèÿ äðóãîã î ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ. Ïåðèîä âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàëîñü äåéñòâèå, ìîæåò áûòü êàê óêàçàí, òàê è íå óêàçàí: Although the sun was shining, it was still cold as it had been raining hard for two hours. Íå felt very tired when he came home as he had been playing football. Õîòÿ ñîëíöå ñâåòèëî, áûëî åùå õîëîäíî, òàê êàê â òå÷åíèå äâóõ ÷àñîâ øåë ñèëüíûé äîæäü. Îí ÷óâñòâîâàë ñåáÿ î÷åíü óñòàëûì, êîãäà ïðèøåë äîìîé, òàê êàê èãðàë â ôóòáîë. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ Past Perfect Continuous 1. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå, ñ î â å ð ø à â ø å å ñ ÿ â ì î ì å í ò íàñòóïëåíèÿ äðóãîãî ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ, ñ ó ê à ç à í è å ì, ê à ê ä î ë ã î îíî ñîâåðøàëîñü 2. Ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå, ç à ê î í ÷ è â ø å å ñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ï å ð å ä ìîìåíòîì íàñòóïëåíèÿ äðóãîãî ïðîøåäøåãî äåéñòâèÿ I had been work- ß óæå ðàáîòàë ing for two äâà ÷àñà, êîãäà hours when ïðèøåë ìîé my brother áðàò. came. Íå felt tired as Îí ÷óâñòâîâàë he had been ñåáÿ óñòàëûì, playing footòàê êàê èãðàë â ball for seveôóòáîë â òå÷åral hours. íèå íåñêîëüêèõ ÷àñîâ. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense (Áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Perfect Continuous Tense § 59. 1. Future Perfect Continuous îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ôîðìå Future Perfect (shall have been, will have been) è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: I shall have been working, he will have been working, we shall have been working. 2.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Shall I have been working? Will he have been working? Shall we have been working? 157 3. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I shall not have been working, he will not have been working, we shall not have been working. 4.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î - î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Shall I not have been working? Will he not have been working? Shall we not have been working? Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Perfect Continuous Tense § 60. Future Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå íà÷íåòñÿ ðàíåå äðóãîãî áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ (èëè ìîìåíòà) è á ó ä å ò å ù å ñ î â å ð ø à ò ü ñ ÿ â ì î ì å í ò å ã î í à ñ ò ó ï ë å í è ÿ. Êàê è äðóãèå âðåìåíà ýòîé ãðóïïû, Future Perfect Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà óêàçàí ïåðèîä âðåìåíè, â òå÷åíèå êîòîðîãî äåéñòâèå áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ. Future Perfect Continuous ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì ãëàãîëà í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà. Ýòà ôîðìà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü ðåäêî: I shall begin to work at ten oclock in the morning. When you return home at five oclock, I shall have been working for seven hours. By the 1st of June, 1994, he will have been working at the factory for twenty years. ß íà÷íó ðàáîòàòü â äåñÿòü ÷àñîâ óòðà. Êîãäà âû âåðíåòåñü äîìîé â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ, ÿ áóäó óæå ðàáîòàòü ñåìü ÷àñîâ. Ê 1 èþíÿ 1994 ã. îí áóäåò ðàáîòàòü íà ôàáðèêå óæå 20 ëåò. The Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense (Áóäóùåå ñîâåðøåííîå äëèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ â ïðîøåäøåì) Îáðàçîâàíèå Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense § 61. Future Perfect Continuous in the Past îáðàçóåòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è Future Perfect Continuous, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî âìåñòî shall è will óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî should è would: I should have been working, he would have been working, we should have been working, I should not have been working, he would not have been working è ò. ä. Óïîòðåáëåíèå Future Perfect Continuous in the Past Tense § 62. Future Perfect Continuous in the Past çàìåíÿåò Future Perfect Continuous â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè. Êàê è Future Perfect Continuous, ýòà ôîðìà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü ðåäêî: Íå said that by the first of June he would have been working at that plant for twenty years. 158 Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ê ïåðâîìó èþíÿ îí áóäåò ðàáîòàòü íà ýòîì çàâîäå óæå äâàäöàòü ëåò. ÑÎÏÎÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÕ È ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÕ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ ÈÇÚßÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈß § 63.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëû íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà èìåþò òðè âðåìåíè: íàñòîÿùåå, ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ñëîæíîå (ÿ ÷èòàþ, ÿ ÷èòàë, ÿ áóäó ÷èòàòü); ãëàãîëû ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà èìåþò äâà âðåìåíè: ïðîøåäøåå è áóäóùåå ïðîñòîå (ÿ ïðî÷èòàë, ÿ ïðî÷èòàþ). Êàæäîå èç ýòèõ âðåìåí, óïîòðåáëÿÿñü ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè îòòåíêàìè çíà÷åíèÿ, ïåðåäàåòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íå îäíèì, à íåñêîëüêèìè ãëàãîëüíûìè âðåìåíàìè. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ðóññêèõ âðåìåí íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñëåäóåò îïðåäåëèòü, â êàêîì çíà÷åíèè äàííîå âðåìÿ óïîòðåáëåíî â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè: I. Í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å å âðåìÿ ÿ ÷èòàþ. 1. ß ÷èòàþ ãàçåòû êàæäûé äåíü (îáû÷íîå äåéñòâèå). 2. ß ÷èòàþ ãàçåòó ñåé÷àñ (äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàþùååñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è). 3. ß ÷èòàþ ãàçåòó óæå ÷àñ (äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàþùååñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è, ñ óêàçàíèåì, êàê äîëãî îíî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ). I read newspapers every day (Present Indefinite). I am reading a newspaper (Present Continuous). I have been reading the newspaper for an hour (Present Perfect Continuous). II. Ï ð î ø å ä ø å å âðåìÿ ÿ ÷èòàë, ÿ ïðî÷èòàë. 1. ß ÷èòàë (ïðî÷èòàë) ýòó êíèãó. ß ìîãó ðàññêàçàòü âàì åå ñîäåðæàíèå (ïðîøåäøåå äåéñòâèå, ðåçóëüòàò êîòîðîãî íàëèöî â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè). 2. ß ÷èòàë (ïðî÷èòàë) ýòó ñòàòüþ â÷åðà (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ â èñòåêøåì îòðåçêå âðåìåíè). 3. ß ÷èòàë (ïðî÷èòàë) ýòó ñòàòüþ, äî òîãî êàê îí ïðèøåë (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì). 4. ß ÷èòàë ãàçåòó, êîãäà îí ïðèøåë (äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â ïðîøëîì). I have read the book. I can tell you its contents (Present Perfect). I read the article yesterday (Past Indefinite). I had read the article before he came (Past Perfect). I was reading the newspaper when he came (Past Continuous). 159 5. ß ÷èòàë ãàçåòó óæå ÷àñ, êîãäà îí ïðèøåë (äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â ïðîøëîì, ñ óêàçàíèåì, êàê äîëãî îíî ñîâåðøàëîñü). I had been reading the newspaper for an hour when he came (Past Perfect Continuous). III. Á ó ä ó ù å å âðåìÿ ÿ áóäó ÷èòàòü, ÿ ïðî÷èòàþ. 1. ß áóäó ÷èòàòü (ïðî÷èòàþ) ýòó ñòàòüþ çàâòðà (äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ñîâåðøèòñÿ â áóäóùåì). 2. ß áóäó ÷èòàòü ýòó ñòàòüþ, êîãäà îí ïðèäåò (äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå áóäåò ñîâåðøàòüñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â áóäóùåì). 3. ß óæå ïðî÷èòàþ ýòó ñòàòüþ, êîãäà îí ïðèäåò (äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ñîâåðøèòñÿ äî îïðåäåëåííîãî ìîìåíòà â áóäóùåì). I shall read the article tomorrow (Future Indefinite). I shall be reading the article when he comes (Future Continuous). I shall have read the article when he comes (Future Perfect). Ðóññêîå áóäóùåå âðåìÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ âûðàæàåòñÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ôîðìàìè íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè: Êîãäà (åñëè) ÿ ïðî÷èòàþ ýòó ñòàòüþ, ÿ äàì åå âàì. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ÿ ïðî÷èòàþ ýòó ñòàòüþ, ÿ äàì åå âàì. When (if) I read the article, I shall give it to you (Present Indefinite). After I have read the article, I shall give it to you (Present Perfect). ÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÍÛÅ È ÍÅÏÅÐÅÕÎÄÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ (TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS) § 64.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ðóññêîì, îäíè ãëàãîëû ìîãóò èìåòü ïðè ñåáå ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå, ò. å. âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïåðåõîäèò íà êàêîå-íèáóäü ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, à äðóãèå ãëàãîëû íå ìîãóò èìåòü ïðè ñåáå ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. Ãëàãîëû, êîòîðûå ìîãóò èìåòü ïðè ñåáå ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå, íàçûâàþòñÿ ï å ð å õ î ä í û ì è: Íå invited me to the concert. I read newspapers in the evening. 160 Îí ïðèãëàñèë ìåíÿ íà êîíöåðò. ß ÷èòàþ ãàçåòû âå÷åðîì. Ãëàãîëû, êîòîðûå íå ìîãóò èìåòü ïðè ñåáå ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, íàçûâàþòñÿ í å ï å ð å õ î ä í û ì è: I live in Moscow. My father arrived yesterday. ß æèâó â Ìîñêâå. Ìîé îòåö ïðèåõàë â÷åðà.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå î÷åíü ÷àñòî îäèí è òîò æå ãëàãîë ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê â êà÷åñòâå ïåðåõîäíîãî, òàê è íåïåðåõîäíîãî ãëàãîëà.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå òàêîìó ãëàãîëó ñîîòâåòñòâóþò äâà ðàçíûõ ãëàãîëà, êîòîðûå ëèáî îòëè÷àþòñÿ ìåæäó ñîáîé íàëè÷èåì îêîí÷àíèÿ -ñÿ ïðè íåïåðåõîäíîì ãëàãîëå, ëèáî ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîâåðøåííî ðàçëè÷íûìè: to open to begin 1. îòêðûâàòü (ïåðåõîäíûé) 2. îòêðûâàòüñÿ (íåïåðåõîäíûé) 1. íà÷èíàòü (ïåðåõîäíûé) 2. íà÷èíàòüñÿ (íåïåðåõîäíûé) to drop 1. ðîíÿòü (ïåðåõîäíûé) 2. ïàäàòü (íåïåðåõîäíûé) to grow 1. âûðàùèâàòü (ïåðåõîäíûé) 2. ðàñòè (íåïåðåõîäíûé) Íå opened the door. Îí îòêðûë äâåðü. The library opened at 10 oclock. Áèáëèîòåêà îòêðûëàñü â 10 ÷àñîâ. I begin work at nine oclock. ß íà÷èíàþ ñâîþ ðàáîòó â 9 ÷àñîâ. Our English lessons begin at nine oclock. Íàøè óðîêè àíãëèéñêîãî íà÷èíàþòñÿ â 9 ÷àñîâ. Íå dropped his pencil. Îí óðîíèë ñâîé êàðàíäàø. The apple dropped to the ground. ßáëîêî óïàëî íà çåìëþ. That farm grows wheat. Ýòà ôåðìà âûðàùèâàåò ïøåíèöó. Beautiful flowers grow in the garden.  ñàäó ðàñòóò êðàñèâûå öâåòû. Íåêîòîðûì àíãëèéñêèì ïåðåõîäíûì ãëàãîëàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû: to follow (somebody, something) ñëåäîâàòü (çà êåì-íèáóäü, ÷åì-íèáóäü), to approach (somebody, something) ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ (ê êîìó-íèáóäü, ÷åìó-íèáóäü), to watch (somebody, something) ñëåäèòü (çà êåì-íèáóäü, ÷åì-íèáóäü) è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå: 161 Please follow me. Íå approached the house. Ñëåäóéòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, çà ìíîé. Îí ïðèáëèçèëñÿ ê äîìó. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, íåêîòîðûì àíãëèéñêèì íåïåðåõîäíûì ãëàãîëàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû: to listen (to somebody, something) ñëóøàòü (êîãî-íèáóäü, ÷òî-íèáóäü), to wait (for somebody, something) æäàòü (êîãî-íèäóäü, ÷òî-íèáóäü, ÷åãî-íèáóäü) è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå: Listen to me, please. She is waiting for her brother. Ñëóøàéòå ìåíÿ, ïîæàëóéñòà. Îíà æäåò áðàòà. ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎà (THE PASSIVE VOICE) § 65. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå îáîçíà÷àåò ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, ñ î â å ð ø à þ ù è é äåéñòâèå, òî ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå ä å é ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î çàëîãà: The sun attracts the planets. Pushkin wrote Poltava in 1828. Ñîëíöå ïðèòÿãèâàåò ïëàíåòû. Ïóøêèí íàïèñàë «Ïîëòàâó» â 1828 ãîäó. Åñëè æå ïîäëåæàùåå îáîçíà÷àåò ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, ï î ä â å ð ã à þ ù è é ñ ÿ äåéñòâèþ ñî ñòîðîíû äðóãîãî ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, òî ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ã î çàëîãà: The planets are attracted by the sun. Poltava was written by Pushkin in 1828. Ïëàíåòû ïðèòÿãèâàþòñÿ ñîëíöåì. «Ïîëòàâà» áûëà íàïèñàíà Ïóøêèíûì â 1828 ãîäó. Ïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì, òàê è â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå. Íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå. ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ § 66. Âðåìåíà ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì âðåìåíè è ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Past Participle) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè ñïðÿæåíèè ãëàãîëà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå èçìåíÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ãëàãîë to be, ñìûñëîâîé æå ãëàãîë èìååò âî âñåõ âðåìåíàõ îäíó è òó æå ôîðìó Past Participle. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, âðåìÿ, â êîòîðîì ñòîèò ãëàãîë â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ôîðìîé, â êîòîðîé ñòîèò âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë to be: 162 Indefinite Continuous Perfect Present I am invited I am being invited I have been invited Past I was invited I was being invited I had been invited \ shall be invited I shall have been invited I should be invited I should have been invited Future Future in the Past  ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå èìåþòñÿ òîëüêî äâà âðåìåíè ãðóïïû Continuous: Present Continuous è Past Continuous; ôîðìà Future Continuous îòñóòñòâóåò.  ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå îòñóòñòâóþò òàêæå âðåìåíà ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous (ñì. òàáëèöó íà ñòð. 470). Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìû âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Am I invited? Åñëè âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñëîæíîé ôîðìå (have been, shall have been è ò. ä.), òî òîëüêî ïåðâûé âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Have I been invited? Shall I have been invited? Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìû ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I am not invited. Åñëè âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëåí â ñëîæíîé ôîðìå (have been, shall have been è ò. ä.), òî ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I have not been invited, I shall not have been invited. ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ È ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÎÁÎÐÎÒÛ § 67. Ïðåäëîæåíèå ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå, íîñèò íàçâàíèå ä å é ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ã î î á î ð î ò à, à ïðåäëîæåíèå ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, íîñèò íàçâàíèå ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ã î î á î ð î ò à: Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò Popov invented the radio in 1895. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò The radio was invented by Popov in 1895. Ðàäèî áûëî èçîáðåòåíî Ïîïîâûì Ïîïîâ èçîáðåë ðàäèî â 1895 ãîäó. â 1895 ãîäó. 1. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà ñ ïàðàëëåëüíûì åìó ñòðàäàòåëüíûì îáîðîòîì ïîêàçûâàåò ñëåäóþùåå: 163 à) äîïîëíåíèå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà (the radio) ñëóæèò ïîäëåæàùèì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì îáîðîòå; á) ãëàãîëó â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå (invented) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ãëàãîë â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå â òîì æå âðåìåíè (was invented); â) ïîäëåæàùåå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà (Popov) ñëóæèò â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì îáîðîòå äîïîëíåíèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì by, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå äîïîëíåíèþ â òâîðèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå (îòâå÷àþùåìó íà âîïðîñ êåì? ÷åì?). Äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì by ÷àñòî îòñóòñòâóåò â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì îáîðîòå: This bridge was built in 1946. Ýòîò ìîñò áûë ïîñòðîåí â 1946 ã. 2. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì with äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îðóäèÿ, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå (ñòð. 348): The paper was cut with a knife. Áóìàãà áûëà ðàçðåçàíà íîæîì. 3. Ñêàçóåìîìó äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà, âûðàæåííîìó ñî÷åòàíèåì îäíîãî èç ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ can (could), may (might), should, ought, to have, to be ñ èíôèíèòèâîì äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì îáîðîòå ñî÷åòàíèå òîãî æå ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà.*): Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò We must finish our work as soon as possible. Ìû äîëæíû çàêîí÷èòü íàøó ðàáîòó êàê ìîæíî ñêîðåå. You can buy this book in any bookshop. Âû ìîæåòå êóïèòü ýòó êíèãó â ëþáîì ìàãàçèíå. You ought to translate this article at once. Âàì ñëåäóåò ïåðåâåñòè ýòó ñòàòüþ íåìåäëåííî. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò Our work must be finished as soon as possible. Íàøà ðàáîòà äîëæíà áûòü çàêîí÷åíà êàê ìîæíî ñêîðåå. This book can be bought in any bookshop. Ýòó êíèãó ìîæíî êóïèòü â ëþáîì ìàãàçèíå. This article ought to be translated at once. Ýòó ñòàòüþ ñëåäóåò ïåðåâåñòè íåìåäëåííî. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÎÁÎÐÎÒΠ§ 68. 1. Êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò, à íå äåéñòâèòåëüíûé, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà â ö å í ò ð å â í è ì à í è ÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî íàõîäèòñÿ ë è ö î è ë è ï ð å ä ì å ò, ê î ò î ð û é ï î ä â å ð ã à å ò ñ ÿ ä å é ñ ò â è þ, à íå ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, êîòîðûé ñîâåðøàåò äåéñòâèå.  ñòðàäàòåëüíîì îáîðîòå íàçâàíèå ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, êîòîðûé ïîäâåð*) Î ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñî÷åòàíèé ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà ñìîòðèòå ñòð. 219, 228. 164 ãàåòñÿ äåéñòâèþ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì è ñòîèò íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå, ïðèâëåêàÿ ïîýòîìó áîëüøå âíèìàíèÿ, ÷åì äîïîëíåíèå â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì îáîðîòå: Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò Pushkin wrote Poltava in 1828. Ïóøêèí íàïèñàë «Ïîëòàâó» â 1828 ã. The sun attracts the planets. Ñîëíöå ïðèòÿãèâàåò ïëàíåòû. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò Poltava was written by Pushkin in 1828. «Ïîëòàâà» áûëà íàïèñàíà Ïóøêèíûì â 1828 ã. (Ïîýìà «Ïîëòàâà» íàõîäèòñÿ â öåíòðå âíèìàíèÿ, ò. å. ÿâëÿåòñÿ òåìîé ðàçãîâîðà, ïðåäìåòîì îáñóæäåíèÿ.) The planets are attracted by the sun. Ïëàíåòû ïðèòÿãèâàþòñÿ ñîëíöåì. ( öåíòðå âíèìàíèÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî íàõîäÿòñÿ ïëàíåòû, à íå ñîëíöå, ò. å. ïëàíåòû ÿâëÿþòñÿ òåìîé ðàçãîâîðà.) ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñêîëüêó äëÿ êàæäîãî äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì ïåðåõîäíûì ãëàãîëîì, ìîæíî ïîñòðîèòü ïàðàëëåëüíûé ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò, ó÷àùèåñÿ ÷àñòî áåç íóæäû óïîòðåáëÿþò ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû âìåñòî äåéñòâèòåëüíûõ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû, ìåõàíè÷åñêè óïîòðåáëåííûå âìåñòî äåéñòâèòåëüíûõ, çâó÷àò, êàê è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èì ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, íååñòåñòâåííî. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, íååñòåñòâåííî óïîòðåáèòü ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû: An interesting book was bought by my wife yesterday. Èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà áûëà êóïëåíà â÷åðà ìîåé æåíîé. French books are taken by my son from the library. Ôðàíöóçñêèå êíèãè áåðóòñÿ ìîèì ñûíîì â áèáëèîòåêå âìåñòî äåéñòâèòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ: My wife bought an interesting book yesterday. Ìîÿ æåíà êóïèëà â÷åðà èíòåðåñíóþ êíèãó. My son takes French books from the library. Ìîé ñûí áåðåò ôðàíöóçñêèå êíèãè â áèáëèîòåêå. 2. Êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ëèöî, ñîâåðøàþùåå äåéñòâèå, í å è ç â å ñ ò í î èëè êîãäà ñ ÷ è ò à þ ò í å í ó æ í û ì å ã î ó ï î ì ÿ í ó ò ü. Ìûñëü, âûðàæåííàÿ òàêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì îáîðîòîì, åñòåñòâåííî, íå ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíà äåéñòâèòåëüíûì îáîðîòîì ââèäó îòñóòñòâèÿ ëèöà, ñîâåðøàþùåãî äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ìîãëî áû ñëóæèòü ïîäëåæàùèì äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà: About 500 million books are published in Moscow annually. Business letters are usually written on special forms. The matter will be discussed at the next meeting. Îêîëî 500 ìèëëèîíîâ êíèã èçäàåòñÿ åæåãîäíî â Ìîñêâå. Äåëîâûå ïèñüìà îáû÷íî ïèøóòñÿ íà ñïåöèàëüíûõ áëàíêàõ. Âîïðîñ áóäåò îáñóæäàòüñÿ íà ñëåäóþùåì ñîáðàíèè. 165 ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ § 69. Âðåìåíà ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîãëàñíî òåì æå ïðàâèëàì, ÷òî è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èì ôîðìû äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà (ñì. óïîòðåáëåíèå âðåìåí äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà): Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé çàëîã Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã Present Indefinite We use cranes for lifting heavy weights. Ìû ïðèìåíÿåì êðàíû äëÿ ïîäúåìà òÿæåëûõ ãðóçîâ. Cranes are used for lifting heavy weights. Êðàíû ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ äëÿ ïîäúåìà òÿæåëûõ ãðóçîâ. Past Indefinite The customs officers examined our luggage yesterday. Òàìîæåííèêè îñìîòðåëè íàø áàãàæ â÷åðà. Our luggage was examined by the customs officers yesterday. Íàø áàãàæ áûë îñìîòðåí òàìîæåííèêàìè â÷åðà. Future Indefinite They will build the bridge next year. Îíè ïîñòðîÿò ìîñò â áóäóùåì ãîäó. The bridge will be built next year. Ìîñò áóäåò ïîñòðîåí â áóäóùåì ãîäó. Future Indefinite in the Past He said that they would build the bridge next year. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíè ïîñòðîÿò ìîñò â áóäóùåì ãîäó. He said that the bridge would be built next year. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ìîñò áóäåò ïîñòðîåí â áóäóùåì ãîäó. Present Continuous They are discussing this question at the meeting. Îíè îáñóæäàþò ýòîò âîïðîñ íà ñîáðàíèè (ñåé÷àñ). This question is being discussed at the meeting. Ýòîò âîïðîñ îáñóæäàåòñÿ íà ñîáðàíèè (ñåé÷àñ). Past Continuous They were discussing this question when I entered the room. Îíè îáñóæäàëè ýòîò âîïðîñ, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó. This question was being discussed when I entered the room. Ýòîò âîïðîñ îáñóæäàëñÿ, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó. Present Perfect The typist has just typed the letter. Ìàøèíèñòêà òîëüêî ÷òî íàïå÷àòàëà ïèñüìî. 166 The letter has just been typed. Ïèñüìî òîëüêî ÷òî íàïå÷àòàíî. Past Perfect She showed me the article which her brother had translated. Îíà ïîêàçàëà ìíå ñòàòüþ, êîòîðóþ ïåðåâåë åå áðàò. She showed me the article which had been translated by her brother. Îíà ïîêàçàëà ìíå ñòàòüþ, êîòîðàÿ áûëà ïåðåâåäåíà åå áðàòîì. Future Perfect I shall have translated the article by six oclock. ß (óæå) ïåðåâåäó ñòàòüþ ê øåñòè ÷àñàì. The article will have been translated by 6 oclock. Ñòàòüÿ áóäåò (óæå) ïåðåâåäåíà ê øåñòè ÷àñàì. Future Perfect in the Past I said that I should have translated the article by six oclock. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ (óæå) ïåðåâåäó ñòàòüþ ê øåñòè ÷àñàì. I said that the article would have been translated by six oclock. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ñòàòüÿ (óæå) áóäåò ïåðåâåäåíà ê øåñòè ÷àñàì. § 70. Âìåñòî ôîðìû Future Continuous, êîòîðàÿ îòñóòñòâóåò; â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Future Indefinite: Come at 5 oclock. The plan will be discussed at that time. Ïðèõîäèòå â 5 ÷àñîâ. Ïëàí áóäåò îáñóæäàòüñÿ â ýòî âðåìÿ. Âìåñòî Present Perfect Continuous è Past Perfect Continuous, êîòîðûå òàêæå îòñóòñòâóþò â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî Present Perfect è Past Perfect: The plan has been discussed for two hours. The plan had been discussed for two hours when he came. Ïëàí îáñóæäàåòñÿ óæå äâà ÷àñà. Ïëàí îáñóæäàëñÿ óæå óæå äâà ÷àñà, êîãäà îí ïðèøåë.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âìåñòî ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ ñ ãëàãîëîì â Future Indefinite, Present Perfect è Past Perfect ãîðàçäî ÷àùå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ äåéñòâèòåëüíûå îáîðîòû ñ ãëàãîëîì â Future Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous è Past Perfect Continuous. Òàê, âìåñòî The plan will be discussed at that time ãîâîðÿò: They will be discussing the plan at that time. Àíàëîãè÷íî, âìåñòî The plan has been discussed for two hours ãîâîðÿò: They have been discussing the plan for two hours è âìåñòî The plan had been discussed for two hours when he came They had been discussing the plan for two hours when he came. 167 ÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß ÑÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈß ÃËÀÃÎËÀ ÒÎ BE Ñ PAST PARTICIPLE § 71. Ñî÷åòàíèå Present, Past è Future ãëàãîëà to be ñ Past Participle ìîæåò âûðàæàòü: 1. Ä å é ñ ò â è å.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëà to be ñ Past Participle ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îäíî èç âðåìåí ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite è âûïîëíÿåò ðîëü ïðîñòîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî. 2. Ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëà to be ñ Past Participle ñëóæèò ñîñòàâíûì ñêàçóåìûì, â êîòîðîì ãëàãîë to be ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîìñâÿçêîé, a Past Participle èìåííîé ÷àñòüþ ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî. Be + Past Participle, Be + Past Participle, âûðàæàþùåå äåéñòâèå âûðàæàþùåå ñîñòîÿíèå Financial documents are signed by the director and the accountant. Ôèíàíñîâûå äîêóìåíòû ïîäïèñûâàþòñÿ äèðåêòîðîì è áóõãàëòåðîì. The steamer was unloaded by means of shore cranes. Ïàðîõîä áûë ðàçãðóæåí (ïàðîõîä ðàçãðóçèëè) ïðè ïîìîùè áåðåãîâûõ êðàíîâ. The accounts will be checked every month. Ñ÷åòà áóäóò ïðîâåðÿòüñÿ (áóäóò ïðîâåðÿòü) êàæäûé ìåñÿö. The documents are signed. You may send them off. Äîêóìåíòû ïîäïèñàíû (ò. å. íà íèõ èìåþòñÿ íóæíûå ïîäïèñè). Âû ìîæåòå èõ îòïðàâèòü. The steamer was unloaded when we arrived at the port. Ïàðîõîä áûë ðàçãðóæåí (ò. å. áûë áåç ãðóçà), êîãäà ìû ïðèåõàëè â ïîðò. You may come at five oclock; the accounts will already be checked. Âû ìîæåòå ïðèäòè â 5 ÷àñîâ; ñ÷åòà áóäóò óæå ïðîâåðåíû (ò. å. ãîòîâû). ÑÎÏÎÑÒÀÂËÅÍÈÅ ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÎÃÎ ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÃÎ, ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÍÎÃÎ ÑÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈÅÌ TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE, Ñ ÂÐÅÌÅÍÀÌÈ ÃÐÓÏÏÛ PERFECT ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ § 72. Ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå am (is, are) + Past Participle è Present Perfect Passive ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê êðàòêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì á å ç ñ â ÿ ç ê è: The steamer is unloaded. Ïàðîõîä ðàçãðóæåí. The steamer has been unloaded. Ðàçíèöà ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì:  ïåðâîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå (is unloaded) âûðàæàåò òîëüêî ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å, â êîòîðîì íàõîäèòñÿ ïàðîõîä â äàííûé ìîìåíò, ò. å. ÷òî îí íàõîäèòñÿ áåç ãðóçà. Âî âòîðîì ïðåäëîæåíèè Present Perfect Passive (has been unloaded) âûðàæàåò ä å é ñ ò â è å, ïðîèçâåäåííîå íàä ïàðîõîäîì, à âìåñòå ñ òåì è ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å, â êîòîðîì íàõîäèòñÿ ïàðîõîä â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîãî äåéñòâèÿ. 168 Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì êðàòêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì áåç ñâÿçêè, ìîãóò áûòü áåç óùåðáà äëÿ ñìûñëà ïåðåâåäåíû íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äâóìÿ ñïîñîáàìè: Ïàðîõîä ðàçãðóæåí. The steamer is unloaded. The steamer has been unloaded. Ðàçãðóæåí ëè ïàðîõîä? Is the steamer unloaded? Has the steamer been unloaded? Òîâàðû óïàêîâàíû. The goods are packed. The goods have been packed. Òîâàðû íå óïàêîâàíû. The goods are not packed. The goods have not been packed. Ïèñüìî îòîñëàíî. The letter is sent off. The letter has been sent off. Ïðåäëîæåíèÿ æå òèïà Ïàðîõîä ðàçãðóæåí ìàòðîñàìè. Ïàðîõîä ðàçãðóæåí ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ. Êåì óïàêîâàíû òîâàðû? Ïèñüìî òîëüêî ÷òî îòîñëàíî, â êîòîðûõ ñëîâà ìàòðîñàìè, ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ, êåì, òîëüêî ÷òî ïîä÷åðêèâàþò, ÷òî ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü òîëüêî ïîñðåäñòâîì Present Perfect Passive: The steamer has been unloaded by the sailors. The steamer has been unloaded by means of cranes. By whom have the goods been packed? The letter has just been sent off. § 73. Ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå was (were) + Past Participle è Past Perfect Passive ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê êðàòêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì ñî ñâÿçêîé áûë: The steamer was unloaded when the agent arrived at the port. The steamer had been unloaded when the agent arrived at the port. Ïàðîõîä áûë ðàçãðóæåí, êîãäà àãåíò ïðèåõàë â ïîðò. Ðàçíèöà ìåæäó ýòèìè äâóìÿ ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè òàêàÿ æå, êàê ìåæäó ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ñîñòàâíûì ñêàçóåìûì am (is, are) + Past Participle è ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ãëàãîëîì â Present Perfect Passive, à èìåííî:  ïåðâîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå was (were) + Past Participle (was unloaded) âûðàæàåò òîëüêî ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å, â êîòîðîì íàõîäèëñÿ ïàðîõîä â óêàçàííûé ìîìåíò â ïðîøëîì, ò. å. ÷òî â òîò ìîìåíò, êîãäà àãåíò ïðèåõàë â ïîðò, ïàðîõîä íàõîäèëñÿ áåç ãðóçà. Âî âòîðîì ïðåäëîæåíèè Past Perfect Passive (had been unloaded) âûðàæàåò ä å é ñ ò â è å, ïðîèçâåäåííîå íàä ïàðîõîäîì äî óêàçàííîãî ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì, à âìåñòå ñ òåì è ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å, â êîòîðîì íàõîäèëñÿ ïàðîõîä â óêàçàííûé ìîìåíò â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîãî äåéñòâèÿ. 169 Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì êðàòêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì ñî ñâÿçêîé áûë, ìîãóò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíû íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äâóìÿ ñïîñîáàìè (ïðè íàëè÷èè óêàçàíèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî ìîìåíòà, âûðàæåííîãî äðóãèì äåéñòâèåì): Ïàðîõîä áûë ðàçãðóæåí, êîãäà àãåíò ïðèåõàë â ïîðò. Òîâàðû áûëè óïàêîâàíû, êîãäà ìû âåðíóëèñü. The steamer was unloaded when the agent arrived at the port. The steamer had been unloaded when the agent arrived at the port. The goods were packed when we returned. The goods had been packed when we returned. Ïðåäëîæåíèÿ æå òèïà Ïàðîõîä áûë óæå ðàçãðóæåí ìàòðîñàìè, êîãäà àãåíò ïðèåõàë â ïîðò. Òîâàðû áûëè òîëüêî ÷òî óïàêîâàíû, êîãäà ìû âåðíóëèñü, â êîòîðûõ ñëîâà óæå, ìàòðîñàìè, òîëüêî ÷òî ïîä÷åðêèâàþò, ÷òî ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü òîëüêî ïîñðåäñòâîì Past Perfect Passive: The steamer had already been unloaded by the sailors when the agent arrived at the port. The goods had just been packed when we returned. § 74. Ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå shall (will) be + Past Participle è Future Perfect Passive ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê êðàòêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì ñî ñâÿçêîé áóäó (áóäåøü, áóäåò è ò. ä.): The steamer will be unloaded when the agent arrives at the port. The steamer will have been unloaded when the agent arrives at the port. Ïàðîõîä áóäåò ðàçãðóæåí, êîãäà àãåíò ïðèåäåò â ïîðò. Àíàëîãè÷íî ðàçîáðàííûì ñëó÷àÿì, ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå (will be unloaded) âûðàæàåò òîëüêî ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å, â êîòîðîì áóäåò íàõîäèòüñÿ ïàðîõîä â ìîìåíò ïðèåçäà àãåíòà â ïîðò, a Future Perfect Passive (will have been unloaded) âûðàæàåò ä å é ñ ò â è å, êîòîðîå áóäåò ïðîèçâåäåíî íàä ïàðîõîäîì äî ïðèåçäà àãåíòà â ïîðò, à âìåñòå ñ òåì è ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å, â êîòîðîì ïàðîõîä áóäåò íàõîäèòüñÿ â ýòîò ìîìåíò â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîãî äåéñòâèÿ. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì êðàòêèì ïðè÷àñòèåì ñî ñâÿçêîé áóäó (áóäåøü, áóäåò è ò. ä.), ìîãóò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíû íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äâóìÿ ñïîñîáàìè (ïðè íàëè÷èè óêàçàíèÿ áóäóùåãî ìîìåíòà, âûðàæåííîãî äðóãèì äåéñòâèåì): Ïàðîõîä áóäåò ðàçãðóæåí, êîãäà àãåíò ïðèåäåò â ïîðò. 170 The steamer will be unloaded when the àgent arrives at the port. The steamer will have been unloaded when the agent arrives at the port. Òîâàðû áóäóò óïàêîâàíû, êîãäà ìû âåðíåìñÿ. The goods will be packed when we return. The goods will have been packed when we return. Ïðåäëîæåíèå æå òèïà Ïàðîõîä óæå áóäåò ðàçãðóæåí ìàòðîñàìè, êîãäà àãåíò ïðèåäåò â ïîðò, â êîòîðîì ñëîâà óæå, ìàòðîñàìè ïîä÷åðêèâàþò, ÷òî ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü òîëüêî ïîñðåäñòâîì Future Perfect Passive: The steamer will have been unloaded by the sailors when the agent arrives at the port. ÑÏÎÑÎÁÛ ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄÀ ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÎÁÎÐÎÒΠÍÀ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ § 75. Ïåðåâîä àíãëèéñêèõ ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ÷àñòî ïðåäñòàâëÿåò òðóäíîñòè äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ.  òî âðåìÿ êàê â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìååòñÿ òîëüêî îäèí ñïîñîá âûðàæåíèÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà, ñóùåñòâóåò òðè ñïîñîáà åãî âûðàæåíèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: à) ïðè ïîìîùè ãëàãîëà áûòü è êðàòêîé ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà. (Ýòîò ñïîñîá àíàëîãè÷åí ñïîñîáó âûðàæåíèÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå.) Ãëàãîë áûòü â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: äîì ïîñòðîåí, äîì áûë ïîñòðîåí, äîì áóäåò ïîñòðîåí; á) ãëàãîëàìè, îêàí÷èâàþùèìèñÿ íà -ñÿ: äîì ñòðîèòñÿ, äîì ñòðîèëñÿ, äîì áóäåò ñòðîèòüñÿ; â) íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì îáîðîòîì ñ ãëàãîëîì â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì.çàëîãå â 3-ì ëèöå ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: äîì ñòðîÿò, äîì ñòðîèëè, äîì áóäóò ñòðîèòü. Èíîãäà àíãëèéñêèé ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò ìîæíî ïåðåâåñòè äâóìÿ èëè äàæå âñåìè òðåìÿ ñïîñîáàìè, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ðóññêîãî ãëàãîëà è êîíòåêñòà: I was invited to the concert. The goods were examined yesterday. 1. 2. 1. 2. 3. ß áûë ïðèãëàøåí íà êîíöåðò. Ìåíÿ ïðèãëàñèëè íà êîíöåðò. Òîâàðû áûëè îñìîòðåíû â÷åðà. Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàëèñü â÷åðà. Òîâàðû îñìîòðåëè (îñìàòðèâàëè) â÷åðà. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëåäóåò ðàçëè÷àòü, èñõîäÿ èç êîíòåêñòà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè äàííîå ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëà to be ñ Past Participle îäíèì èç âðåìåí ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà èëè ñîñòàâíûì ñêàçóåìûì (§ 71).  òî âðåìÿ êàê âðåìåíà ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà ìîãóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ëþáûì èç òðåõ ñïîñîáîâ, ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå ìîæåò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíî òîëüêî ïðè ïîìîùè ãëàãîëà áûòü â êðàòêîé ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: 171 Âðåìåíà ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà Ships were unloaded by means of cranes. Ships are unloaded by means of cranes. 1. Ïàðîõîäû ðàçãðóæàþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ 2. Ïàðîõîäû ðàçãðóæàþò ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ 1. Ïàðîõîäû áûëè ðàçãðóæåíû ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ. 2. Ïàðîõîäû ðàçãðóæàëèñü ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ 3. Ïàðîõîäû ðàçãðóæàëè (ðàçãðóçèëè) ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ Ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå The ships are unloaded and can leave the port tonight Ïàðîõîäû paçãðóæåíû è ìîãóò âûéòè èç ïîðòà ceãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. The ships were unloaded when he arrived at the port. Ïàðîõîäû áûëè ðàçãðóæåíû, êîãäà îí ïðèåõàë â ïîðò. § 76. Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ âî âñåõ âðåìåíàõ: Present Indefinite Houses are built very 1. Äîìà ñòðîÿòñÿ î÷åíü áûñòðî â quickly in our city. 2. Äîìà ñòðîÿò íàøåì ãîðîäå. Ñðàâíèòå ïåðåâîä ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî: This house is built of brick. Ýòîò äîì ïîñòðîåí èç êèðïè÷à. Past Indefinite 1. Äîì áûë ïîñòðîåí 2. Äîì ïîñòðîèëè â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. The house was built last year. Ñðàâíèòå ïåðåâîä ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî: The house was built, but there was no Äîì áûë ïîñòðîåí, íî âîêðóã íåãî åùå fence around it yet. íå áûëî çàáîðà. The house will be built next year. Future Indefinite 1. Äîì áóäåò ïîñòðîåí 2. Äîì ïîñòðîÿò 3. Äîì áóäåò ñòðîèòüñÿ (áóäóò ñòðîèòü) â áóäóùåì ãîäó. Ñðàâíèòå ïåðåâîä ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî: The house will be built when we return, Äîì áóäåò ïîñòðîåí, êîãäà ìû âîçâðàbut the fence wont be ready. òèìñÿ, íî çàáîð íå áóäåò ãîòîâ. 172 Future Indefinite in the Past The house was being built when I arrived. â áóäóùåì ãîäó. Present Continuous 1. Äîì ñòðîèòñÿ. 2. Äîì ñòðîÿò. Past Continuous 1. Äîì ñòðîèëñÿ, 2. Äîì ñòðîèëè, The house is being built. 1. áóäåò ïîñòðîåí 2. ïîñòðîÿò Ç. áóäåò ñòðîèòüñÿ (áóäóò ñòðîèòü) He said that the house would Îí ñêàçàë, be built next ÷òî äîì year. êîãäà ÿ ïðèåõàë. Present Perfect The house has (already) been built. 1. Äîì (óæå) ïîñòðîåí. 2. Äîì (óæå) ïîñòðîèëè. The house will have been built by Januàãó. Future Perfect 1. Äîì (óæå) áóäåò ïîñòðîåí 2. Äîì (óæå) ïîñòðîÿò ïðåæäå, ÷åì ÿ ïðèåõàë. Past Perfect 1. Äîì (óæå) áûë ïîñòðîåí 2. Äîì (óæå) ïîñòðîèëè The house had been built before I arrived. ê ÿíâàðþ. Future Perfect in the Past He said that the house would have Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî äîì (óæå) áóäåò been built by January. ïîñòðîåí (ïîñòðîÿò) ê ÿíâàðþ. ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÕ ÎÁÎÐÎÒÎÂ, ÂÛÐÀÆÀÞÙÈÕ ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ, ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ §77. ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÅ ÂÐÅÌß 1. Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàþòñÿ (îñìàòðèâàþò). à) Òîâàðû îáû÷íî îñìàòðèâàþòñÿ (îñìàòðèâàþò) íà òàìîæíÿõ (äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå âîîáùå, à íå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è) Goods are usually examined at custom-houses (Present Indefinite Passive). 173 á) â) 2. à) á) Òîâàðû ñåé÷àñ îñìàòðèâàþòñÿ (îñìàòðèâàþò). Âàì ïðèäåòñÿ ïîäîæäàòü ïîë÷àñà (äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå â ìîìåíò ðå÷è). Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàþòñÿ (îñìàòðèâàþò) óæå 2 ÷àñà (äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, ñ óêàçàíèåì, êàê äîëãî îíî ïðîèñõîäèò). Òîâàðû îñìîòðåíû. Òîâàðû îñìîòðåíû. Îíè ìîãóò áûòü ïîãðóæåíû (ñîñòîÿíèå). Òîâàðû òîëüêî ÷òî îñìîòðåíû òàìîæåííèêàìè (äåéñòâèå, ðåçóëüòàò êîòîðîãî èìååòñÿ íàëèöî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ). The goods are being examined. You will have to wait half an hour (Present Continuous Passive). The goods have been examined for two hours *) (Present Perfect Passive). The goods are examined. They can be loaded (ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå). The goods have just been examined by the customs officers (Present Perfect Passive). ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êðàòêîå ñòðàäàòåëüíîå ïðè÷àñòèå áåç ñâÿçêè ìîæåò âûðàæàòü òàêæå äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê èñòåêøåìó ïåðèîäó âðåìåíè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíî ðàâíî ïî çíà÷åíèþ êðàòêîìó ñòðàäàòåëüíîìó ïðè÷àñòèþ ñî ñâÿçêîé áûë. Òàêîå ïðè÷àñòèå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì Past Indefinite Passive: Òîâàðû îñìîòðåíû (áûëè îñìîòðåíû) â÷åðà. Ìîñêîâñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò îñíîâàí (áûë îñíîâàí) â 1755 ã. Ýòîò äîì ïîñòðîåí (áûë ïîñòðîåí) B äåâÿòíàäöàòîì âåêå. The goods were examined yesterday. The Moscow University was founded in 1755. This house was built in the nineteenth century. ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÅ ÂÐÅÌß 1. à) á) Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàëèñü (îñìàòðèâàëè). Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàëèñü (îñThe goods were examined yesterday ìàòðèâàëè) â÷åðà (Past Indefinite Passive). (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â èñòåêøåì îòðåçêå âðåìåíè). Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàëèñü (îñThe goods were being examined ìàòðèâàëè), êîãäà ìû ïðèwhen we came øëè (Past Continuous Passive). (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â ïðîøëîì). *)  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ãîðàçäî ÷àùå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò: They have been examining the goods for two hours (ñòð. 167). 174 â) ã) 2. à) á) â) 3. à) á) â) Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàëèñü (îñìàòðèâàëè) äî òîãî, êàê ìû ïðèøëè (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ äî êàêîãî-òî äðóãîãî äåéñòâèÿ èëè ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì). Òîâàðû îñìàòðèâàëèñü (îñìàòðèâàëè) óæå äâà ÷àñà, êîãäà ìû ïðèøëè (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò â ïðîøëîì, ñ óêàçàíèåì, êàê äîëãî îíî ñîâåðøàëîñü). Òîâàðû îñìîòðåëè. Òîâàðû îñìîòðåëè; îíè ìîãóò áûòü ïîãðóæåíû (ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ äåéñòâèå, ðåçóëüòàò êîòîðîãî èìååòñÿ íàëèöî â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ). Òîâàðû îñìîòðåëè â÷åðà (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ â èñòåêøåì îòðåçêå âðåìåíè). Òîâàðû îñìîòðåëè äî òîãî, êàê ìû ïðèøëè (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ äî äðóãîãî äåéñòâèÿ èëè ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì). Òîâàðû áûëè îñìîòðåíû. Òàê êàê òîâàðû áûëè îñìîòðåíû, òàìîæåííèêè ðàçðåøèëè íàì óâåçòè èõ (ñîñòîÿíèå). Òîâàðû áûëè îñìîòðåíû òàìîæåííèêàìè â÷åðà (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ â èñòåêøåì îòðåçêå âðåìåíè). Òîâàðû áûëè îñìîòðåíû òàìîæåííèêàìè äî òîãî, êàê ìû ïðèøëè (äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøèâøååñÿ äî äðóãîãî äåéñòâèÿ èëè ìîìåíòà â ïðîøëîì). The goods had been examined before we came (Past Perfect Passive). The goods had been examined for two hours when we came*) (Past Perfect Passive). The goods have been examined; they can be loaded (Present Perfect Passive). The goods were examined yesterday (Past Indefinite Passive). The goods had been examined before we came (Past Perfect Passive). As the goods were examined, the customs officers allowed us to take them away (ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå). The goods were examined by the customs officers yesterday (Past Indefinite Passive). The goods had been examined by the customs officers before we came (Past Perfect Passive). *)  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ãîðàçäî ÷àùå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò: They had been examining the goods for two hours when we came (ñòð. 167). 175 ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ ÂÐÅÌß 1. Òîâàðû áóäóò îñìàòðèâàòüñÿ (áóäóò îñìàòðèâàòü). The goods will be examined to-morÒîâàðû áóäóò îñìàòðèâàòüñÿ row (áóäóò îñìàòðèâàòü) çàâòpa (äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå áóäåò ñî(Future Indefinite Passive). âåðøàòüñÿ â áóäóùåì) 2. Òîâàðû áóäóò îñìîòðåíû (îñìîòðÿò). The goods will be examined to-morà) Òîâàðû áóäóò îñìîòðåíû (îñìîòðÿò) çàâòðà row (Future Indefinite Passive). (äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ñîâåðøèòñÿ â áóäóùåì). á) Òîâàðû áóäóò îñìîòðåíû (îñThe goods will have been examined ìîòðÿò) ê 5 ÷àñàì by five oclock (Future Perfect Passive). (äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå óæå ñîâåðøèòñÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ìîìåíòó â áóäóùåì). ÎÑÎÁÅÍÍÎÑÒÈ ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈß ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÎÁÎÐÎÒΠ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÎÌ ßÇÛÊÅ § 78.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðè ïðåâðàùåíèè äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà â ñòðàäàòåëüíûé òîëüêî ï ð ÿ ì î å äîïîëíåíèå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà ìîæåò ñòàòü ïîäëåæàùèì ïàðàëëåëüíîãî åìó ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà: Ìîé äðóã íàïèñàë ýòó ñòàòüþ. Ýòà ñòàòüÿ íàïèñàíà ìîèì äðóãîì.  àíãëèéñêîì æå ÿçûêå ïðè íàëè÷èè äâóõ äîïîëíåíèé ïðÿìîãî è áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî íå òîëüêî ïðÿìîå, íî è á å ñ ï ð å ä ë î æ í î å ê î ñ â å í í î å äîïîëíåíèå (îòâå÷àþùåå íà âîïðîñ to whom? êîìó?) ìîæåò ñòàòü ïîäëåæàùèì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà: Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò My brother showed me a new dictionary. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò I was shown a new dictionary (by my brother).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå òàêèå ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû íåâîçìîæíû. Åñëè äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì by îòñóòñòâóåò, ÷òî ÷àñòî áûâàåò â îáîðîòàõ ýòîãî òèïà, òî îíè ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè îáîðîòàìè: I was shown a new dictionary. Ìíå ïîêàçàëè íîâûé ñëîâàðü. Ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì by ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû ýòîãî òèïà ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ðóññêèìè äåéñòâèòåëüíûìè îáîðîòàìè: I was shown a new dictionary by my brother. Ìîé áðàò ïîêàçàë ìíå íîâûé ñëîâàðü. 176 Òàêèì îáðàçîì, åñëè â àíãëèéñêîì äåéñòâèòåëüíîì îáîðîòå ñêàçóåìîå èìååò äâà äîïîëíåíèÿ ïðÿìîå è áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå, òî äåéñòâèòåëüíîìó îáîðîòó ìîãóò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü äâà ïàðàëëåëüíûõ ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòà: îäèí ñ ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì â ðîëè ïîäëåæàùåãî, à äðóãîé ñ êîñâåííûì. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò ñ êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì â ðîëè ïîäëåæàùåãî ÿâëÿåòñÿ áîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûì: Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò 1. We were shown a new film. They showed us a new film. Íàì ïîêàçàëè íîâûé ôèëüì. Îíè ïîêàçàëè íàì íîâûé ôèëüì. 2. A new film was shown (to) us. Íàì áûë ïîêàçàí íîâûé ôèëüì. 1. Íå was given an English maga zine. I gave him an English magazine. Åìó äàëè àíãëèéñêèé æóðíàë. ß äàë åìó àíãëèéñêèé æóðíàë. 2. An English magazine was given (to) him. Åìó áûë äàí àíãëèéñêèé æóð íàë. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå, òàê â äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to: The documents were sent (to) the Äîêóìåíòû áûëè ïîñëàíû çàâåäóþùåmanager yesterday. ìó â÷åðà. Êîãäà íà äîïîëíåíèå äåëàåòñÿ óäàðåíèå, îíî âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì to: The letter was given to me (and Ïèñüìî áûëî äàíî ìíå (à íå åìó). not to him). § 79. Áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå ìîæåò ñòàòü ïîäëåæàùèì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà íå ïðè âñåõ ãëàãîëàõ. Ê ÷èñëó íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, ñ êîòîðûìè âîçìîæíû òàêèå ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû, îòíîñÿòñÿ: to give He was given a ticket to the concert. äàâàòü Åìó äàëè áèëåò íà êîíöåðò. to grant They were granted a loan. äàâàòü, ïðåäîñòàâëÿòü Èì áûë äàí (ïðåäîñòàâëåí) çàåì. (çàåì, ñóáñèäèþ) to offer He was offered some interesting work. ïðåäëàãàòü Åìó ïðåäëîæèëè èíòåðåñíóþ ðàáîòó. to pay They are paid twice a month. ïëàòèòü Èì ïëàòÿò äâà ðàçà â ìåñÿö. to promise I was promised this book. îáåùàòü Ìíå îáåùàëè ýòó êíèãó. to show We were shown some interesting ïîêàçûâàòü diagrams. Íàì ïîêàçàëè èíòåðåñíûå äèàãðàììû. 177 to tell ðàññêàçûâàòü, ãîâîðèòü to teach ïðåïîäàâàòü We were told the news yesterday. Íàì ðàññêàçàëè ýòó íîâîñòü â÷åðà. They are taught French at school. Èì ïðåïîäàþò ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê â øêîëå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Åñëè ñêàçóåìûì äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà ñëóæèò îäèí èç ãëàãîëîâ to explain, to dictate, to suggest, to announce è ò. ä., ïîñëå êîòîðûõ êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå (îòâå÷àþùåå íà âîïðîñ to whom? êîìó?) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ñ ïðåäëîãîì to (ñòð. 386), òî êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå íå ìîæåò ñëóæèòü ïîäëåæàùèì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà. Òàê, äåéñòâèòåëüíîìó îáîðîòó The teacher explained the rule to us. Ïðåïîäàâàòåëü îáúÿñíèë íàì ýòî ïðàâèëî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òîëüêî îäèí ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò, ïîäëåæàùèì êîòîðîãî ñëóæèò ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà. The rule was explained to us. Îáîðîò æå We were explained the rule íåâîçìîæåí. § 80. Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ ýòîãî òèïà âî âñåõ âðåìåíàõ: We are often shown new films. Future Indefinite: We shall be shown a new film. She said that we should be shown à new film. Future Indefinite in the Past: Present Continuous: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Future Perfect: Future Perfect in the Past: We were shown a new film yesterday. We are being shown a new film. We were being shown a new film when he came. We have just been shown a new film. We had been shown a new film before he came. We shall have been shown a new film before he leaves. She said that we should have been shown a new film before he left. Íàì ÷àñòî ïîêàçûâàþò íîâûå ôèëüìû. 1. Íàì ïîêàíîâûé çàëè ôèëüì 2. Íàì ïîêàâ÷åðà. çûâàëè Íàì ïîêàæóò íîâûé ôèëüì. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî íàì ïîêàæóò íîâûé ôèëüì. Íàì ïîêàçûâàþò íîâûé ôèëüì (ñåé÷àñ). Íàì ïîêàçûâàëè íîâûé ôèëüì, êîãäà îí ïðèøåë. Íàì òîëüêî ÷òî ïîêàçàëè íîâûé ôèëüì. Íàì ïîêàçàëè íîâûé ôèëüì, äî òîãî êàê îí ïðèøåë. Íàì ïîêàæóò íîâûé ôèëüì, äî òîãî êàê îí óéäåò. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî íàì ïîêàæóò íîâûé ôèëüì, äî òîãî êàê îí óéäåò. Present Indefinite: Past Indefinite: § 81. Êðîìå ïðÿìîãî è áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà, ïîäëåæàùèì ïàðàëëåëüíîãî ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî îáî178 ðîòà ìîæåò ñòàòü è ï ð å ä ë î æ í î å ê î ñ â å í í î å ä î ï î ë í å í è å. Ïðè ýòîì ïðåäëîã ñîõðàíÿåò ñâîå ìåñòî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà è ïîëó÷àåò óäàðåíèå: Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò They laughed at him. Îíè ñìåÿëèñü íàä íèì. We sent for the doctor. Ìû ïîñëàëè çà äîêòîðîì. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò He was laughed at. Íàä íèì ñìåÿëèñü. The doctor was sent for. Çà äîêòîðîì ïîñëàëè.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå òàêèå ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû íåâîçìîæíû. Åñëè äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì by îòñóòñòâóåò, ÷òî ÷àñòî èìååò ìåñòî â ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòàõ ýòîãî òèïà, îíè ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè îáîðîòàìè: Íå was laughed at. Íàä íèì ñìåÿëèñü. Åñëè æå äîïîëíåíèå èìååòñÿ, òî ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû ýòîãî òèïà ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ðóññêèìè äåéñòâèòåëüíûìè îáîðîòàìè: Íå was laughed at by the boys. Ìàëü÷èêè ñìåÿëèñü íàä íèì. § 82. Ïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå ìîæåò ñòàòü ïîäëåæàùèì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà íå ïðè âñåõ ãëàãîëàõ. Ê ÷èñëó íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, ñ êîòîðûìè âîçìîæíû òàêèå ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû, îòíîñÿòñÿ: to account for The late arrival of the steamer is îáúÿñíÿòü ÷òî-íèáóäü accounted for by a storm on the sea. Ïîçäíèé ïðèõîä ïàðîõîäà îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ áóðåé íà ìîðå. to agree upon The terms were agreed upon. äîãîâîðèòüñÿ î Îá óñëîâèÿõ äîãîâîðèëèñü. to allude to The question is alluded to in this íàìåêàòü íà, êàñàòüñÿ ÷åãî-íèarticle. áóäü Ýòîãî âîïðîñà êàñàþòñÿ â ýòîé ñòàòüå. to arrive at We hope that an agreement will be äîñòèãàòü ÷åãî-íèáóäü arrived at. Ìû íàäååìñÿ, ÷òî áóäåò äîñòèãíóòî ñîãëàøåíèå. to comment upon This event is commented upon in toêîììåíòèðîâàòü ÷òî-íèáóäü days newspapers. Ýòî ñîáûòèå êîììåíòèðóåòñÿ â ñåãîäíÿøíèõ ãàçåòàõ. to depend on This man can be depended on. ïîëàãàòüñÿ íà Íà ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà ìîæíî ïîëîæèòüñÿ. to dispose of The goods could not be disposed of ðåàëèçîâàòü, ëèêâèäèðîâàòü ÷òîin a short time. íèáóäü Òîâàðû íå ìîãëè áûòü ðåàëèçîâàíû â êîðîòêèé ñðîê. 179 to insist on (upon) íàñòàèâàòü íà to interfere with ìåøàòü ÷åìó-íèáóäü, êîìó-íèáóäü to laugh at ñìåÿòüñÿ íàä to listen to ñëóøàòü êîãî-íèáóäü, ÷òî-íèáóäü to look at ñìîòðåòü íà to provide for ïðåäóñìàòðèâàòü ÷òî-íèáóäü to refer to ññûëàòüñÿ íà to rely on ïîëàãàòüñÿ íà to speak of (about) ãîâîðèòü î to send for ïîñûëàòü çà to take care of çàáîòèòüñÿ î to lose sight of òåðÿòü èç âèäó êîãî-íèáóäü, ÷òîíèáóäü These terms were insisted upon. Íà ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ íàñòàèâàëè. He should not be interfered with. Åìó íå ñëåäóåò ìåøàòü. He was laughed at. Íàä íèì ñìåÿëèñü. He was listened to attentively. Åãî ñëóøàëè âíèìàòåëüíî. She was looked at with surprise. Íà íåå ïîñìîòðåëè ñ óäèâëåíèåì. Payment in cash is provided for by the contract. Ïëàòåæ íàëè÷íûìè ïðåäóñìîòðåí äîãîâîðîì. This book is often referred to. Íà ýòó êíèãó ÷àñòî ññûëàþòñÿ. This man can be relied on. Íà ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà ìîæíî ïîëîæèòüñÿ. The book is very much spoken of. Îá ýòîé êíèãå î÷åíü ìíîãî ãîâîðÿò. The doctor will be sent for at once. Çà äîêòîðîì ïîøëþò íåìåäëåííî. His child is well taken care of. Î åãî ðåáåíêå õîðîøî çàáîòÿòñÿ. At last the ship was lost sight of. Íàêîíåö ïàðîõîä ñêðûëñÿ èç âèäó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  âûðàæåíèÿõ òèïà to take care (of), to lose sight (of) ïðÿìûå äîïîëíåíèÿ care, sight òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ñ ãëàãîëàìè è ñîñòàâëÿþò ñ íèìè îäíî ñìûñëîâîå öåëîå. Ïîýòîìó ýòè äîïîëíåíèÿ íå ìîãóò áûòü ïîäëåæàùèìè ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, íåëüçÿ ñêàçàòü care is taken of, sight was lost of. § 83. Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ ýòîãî òèïà âî âñåõ âðåìåíàõ: Present Indefinite: He is often sent for. Past Indefinite: He was sent for yesterday. He will be sent for tomorrow. She said that he would be sent for. Future Indefinite: Future Indefinite in the Past 180 Çà íèì ÷àñòî ïîñûëàþò. Çà íèì ïîñëàëè â÷åðà. Çà íèì ïîøëþò çàâòðà. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî çà íèì ïîøëþò. Present Continuous: He is being sent for. Past Continuous: He was being sent for when I came. He has just been sent for. He had been sent for before I came. He will have been sent for before you come. She said that he would have been sent for before you came. Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Future Perfect: Future Perfect in the Past: Çà íèì ïîñûëàþò (ñåé÷àñ). Çà íèì ïîñûëàëè, êîãäà ÿ ïðèøåë. Çà íèì òîëüêî ÷òî ïîñëàëè. Çà íèì ïîñëàëè äî òîãî, êàê ÿ ïðèøåë. Çà íèì (óæå) ïîøëþò äî òîãî, êàê âû ïðèäåòå. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî çà íèì (óæå) ïîøëþò äî òîãî, êàê âû ïðèäåòå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ïîäîáíûõ ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòîâ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðóññêèé ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä îòíîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì: The figures which have just been referred to were published in The Times last week. The terms which were insisted upon could not be accepted. Öèôðû, íà êîòîðûå òîëüêî ÷òî ññûëàëèñü, áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû â «Òàéìñ» íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå. Óñëîâèÿ, íà êîòîðûõ íàñòàèâàëè, íå ìîãëè áûòü ïðèíÿòû. Îñîáóþ òðóäíîñòü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ïåðåâîä ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòîâ, çàìåíÿþùèõ òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè: The figures just referred to were published in The Times last week. The terms insisted upon could not be accepted. Öèôðû, íà êîòîðûå òîëüêî ÷òî ññûëàëèñü, áûëè îïóáëèêîâàíû â «Òàéìñ» íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå. Óñëîâèÿ, íà êîòîðûõ íàñòàèâàëè, íå ìîãëè áûòü ïðèíÿòû. § 84. Êàê áûëî óêàçàíî âûøå, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìååòñÿ ðÿä ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïåðåõîäíûìè, ò. å. òðåáóþò ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ðóññêèå ãëàãîëû ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåïåðåõîäíûìè. Ê òàêèì ãëàãîëàì îòíîñÿòñÿ: to to to to affect (somebody, something) answer (something) attend (something) enjoy (something) to follow (somebody, something) to join (somebody, something) to need (somebody, something) to watch (somebody, something) âëèÿòü (íà êîãî-ë., ÷òî-ë.) îòâå÷àòü (íà ÷òî-ë.) ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü (íà ÷åì-ë.) ïîëó÷àòü óäîâîëüñòâèå (îò ÷åãî-ë.) ñëåäîâàòü (çà êåì-ë., ÷åì-ë.) ïðèñîåäèíÿòüñÿ (ê êîìó-ë., ÷åìó-ë.) íóæäàòüñÿ (â êîì-ë., ÷åì-ë.) ñëåäèòü (çà êåì-ë., ÷åì-ë.) 181 Óïîòðåáëåíèå ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ â ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòàõ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò òðóäíîñòü äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ðóññêèå ãëàãîëû, ÿâëÿÿñü íåïåðåõîäíûìè, íå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ îáîðîòàõ. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû ñ òàêèìè ãëàãîëàìè ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè äåéñòâèòåëüíûìè îáîðîòàìè: Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé îáîðîò A letter followed the telegram. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé îáîðîò The telegram was followed by a letter. Çà òåëåãðàììîé ïîñëåäîâàëî ïèñüìî. A great number of students attendThe lecture was attended by a great ed the lecture. number of students. Íà ëåêöèè ïðèñóòñòâîâàëî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñòóäåíòîâ. Heavy storms affected shipping. Shipping was affected by heavy storms. Ñèëüíûå áóðè ïîâëèÿëè íà ñóäîõîäñòâî. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè äîïîëíåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì by òàêèå ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûìè îáîðîòàìè, êîòîðûå íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ ïðåäëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ: Your help is needed. The football match was watched with interest.  âàøåé ïîìîùè íóæäàþòñÿ. Çà ôóòáîëüíûì ñîñòÿçàíèåì ñëåäèëè ñ èíòåðåñîì. ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÎÁÎÐÎÒÛ Ñ ÔÎÐÌÀËÜÍÛÌ ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÈÌ IT § 85. Îáîðîòû, ñîñòîÿùèå èç ìåñòîèìåíèÿ it ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå it is said, it was said, it is reported, it was reported è ò. ï. ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðóññêèì íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì îáîðîòàì òèïà ãîâîðÿò, ãîâîðèëà, ñîîáùàþò, ñîîáùàëè è ò. ï.  òàêèõ îáîðîòàõ it èãðàåò ðîëü ôîðìàëüíîãî ïîäëåæàùåãî è íå èìååò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ: It is reported that the delegation has left Moscow. It was expected that he would return soon. It is known that there are rich deposits of coal in that district. Ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî äåëåãàöèÿ âûåõàëà èç Ìîñêâû. Îæèäàëè, ÷òî îí ñêîðî âåðíåòñÿ. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî â ýòîì ðàéîíå èìåþòñÿ áîãàòûå çàëåæè óãëÿ. Ïðè íàëè÷èè as ñî çíà÷åíèåì êàê ïåðåä îáîðîòàìè òàêîãî òèïà it îïóñêàåòñÿ: as was expected êàê îæèäàëè, as was to be expected êàê ñëåäîâàëî îæèäàòü, as is believed êàê ïîëàãàþò. 182 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëîæíî-ïîä÷èíåííûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå âûðàæåíî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì îáîðîòîì ñ it, ÷àñòî çàìåíÿþòñÿ ïðîñòûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñ îáîðîòîì «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» (ñòð. 255): It is reported that the delegation has left Moscow. The delegation is reported to have left Moscow. Ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî äåëåãàöèÿ óåõàëà èç Ìîñêâû. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ (SEQUENCE OF TENSES) § 86.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âðåìÿ ãëàãîëà â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè çàâèñèò îò âðåìåíè, â êîòîðîì óïîòðåáëåí ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Óïîòðåáëåíèå âðåìåí â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ, ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ ñëåäóþùèì ïðàâèëàì, íàçûâàåìûì ïðàâèëàìè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí: 1. Åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â îäíîé èç ôîðì í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ã î âðåìåíè (îáû÷íî Present Indefinite èëè Present Perfect) èëè á ó ä ó ù å ã î âðåìåíè (îáû÷íî Future Indefinite), òî ãëàãîë â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ë þ á î ì âðåìåíè, êîòîðîå òðåáóåòñÿ ïî ñìûñëó: He knows that He has that He will think said that you are busy. you were busy. you will be busy. Îí çíàåò, ÷òî âû çàíÿòû. âû áûëè çàíÿòû. âû áóäåòå çàíÿòû. he receives letters from her. he has received à letter. he received a letter yesterday. he will receive à letter tomorrow. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî Îí ïîäóìà- åò, ÷òî îí ïîëó÷àåò îò íåå ïèñüìà. îí ïîëó÷èë ïèñüìî. îí ïîëó÷èë ïèñüìî â÷åðà. îí ïîëó÷èò ïèñüìî çàâòðà. you do it. you have done it. you did it yesterday. you will do it. âû ýòî äåëàåòå. âû ýòî ñäåëàëè. âû ýòî ñäåëàëè â÷åðà. âû ýòî ñäåëàåòå. 2. Åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â îäíîé èç ôîðì ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î âðåìåíè (îáû÷íî Past Indefinite), òî ôîðìû íàñòîÿùåãî è áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè íå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ãëàãîë ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îäíîé èç ôîðì ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î âðåìåíè èëè á ó ä ó ù å ã î â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì (Future in the Past): 183 à) Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î ã î ñ äåéñòâèåì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ãëàãîë ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â Past Indefinite èëè Past Continuous: I was sure that you knew her adß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî âû çíàåòå åå dress. àäðåñ. I thought that he was waiting for me ß äóìàë, ÷òî îí æäåò ìåíÿ â âåñin the entrance hall. òèáþëå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Èíîãäà äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îäíîâðåìåííîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Perfect èëè Past Perfect Continuous: 1. I knew that he had been ill for ß çíàë, ÷òî îí äàâíî áîëåí. a long time. (Åñëè áû â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèå ñòîÿëî íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, òî â ïðèäàòî÷íîì áûëà áû óïîòðåáëåíà ôîðìà Present Perfect: I know that he has been ill for a long time.) 2. I knew that he had been ß çíàë, ÷òî îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå ïÿòü living in Moscow for five years. ëåò. (Åñëè áû â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîÿëî íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ, òî â ïðèäàòî÷íîì áûëà áû óïîòðåáëåíà ôîðìà Present Perfect Continuous: I know that he has been living in Moscow for five years.) á) Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å ã î äåéñòâèþ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ãëàãîë ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â Past Perfect: I was sure that he had left Moscow. ß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû. Íå said that he had lost his watch. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïîòåðÿë ñâîè ÷àñû. They informed us that they had sent Îíè ñîîáùèëè íàì, ÷òî îíè ïoñëàthe books by parcel post. ëè êíèãè ïî÷òîâîé ïîñûëêîé. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå äåéñòâèå ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî òàêæå â Past Indefinite èëè Past Continuous, êîãäà âðåìÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ îïðåäåëåíî èëè òàêèìè îáîçíà÷åíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê in 1925, two years ago, yesterday, èëè äðóãèì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè: I thought that he graduated from ß äóìàë, ÷òî îí îêîí÷èë óíèâåðñèòåò the University in 1990. â 1990 ã. She said that he left Moscow two Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû years ago. äâà ãîäà òîìó íàçàä. Íå said that he went to the theaÎí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí áûë â÷åðà â òåàòðå. tre yesterday. I knew that she saw him when she ß çíàë, ÷òî îíà âèäåëà åãî, êîãäà, was in London. áûëà â Ëîíäîíå. She said that she was working Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îíà ðàáîòàëà, êîãäà when I rang her up. ÿ åé ïîçâîíèë ïî òåëåôîíó. Îäíàêî ñ òàêèìè óêàçàíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê the day before, three days before, two years before è ò. ï., âûðàæàþùèìè ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äðóãîìó ïðîøåäøåìó ìîìåíòó, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Perfect: Íå said that he had gone to the Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí áûë â òåàòðå íàêàtheatre the day before. íóíå. 184 â) Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ á ó ä ó ù å ã î äåéñòâèÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê äåéñòâèþ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ãëàãîë â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îäíîé èç ôîðì á ó ä ó ù å ã î â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì (Future in the Past), âûðàæàþùèõ áóäóùåå äåéñòâèå ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ïðîøåäøåìó ìîìåíòó (ñòð. 113): I hoped that I should find him at home. ß íàäåÿëñÿ, ÷òî çàñòàíó åãî äîìà. Íå said that he would try to come Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïîñòàðàåòñÿ ïðèäin time. òè âîâðåìÿ. I was sure that they would arrive in ß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî îíè ïðèåäóò the evening. âå÷åðîì. Êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, Future in the Past óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà âðåìÿ äåéñòâèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ áóäóùèì òàêæå è ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ìîìåíòó ðå÷è: Íå said that he would return tomorrow. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî âîçâðàòèòñÿ çàâòðà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Future in the Past óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, ôîðìàëüíî íå ïîä÷èíåííûõ äðóãèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì, íî ëîãè÷åñêè ñ íèìè ñâÿçàííûõ: Íå looked at the sky. Soon it would rain and he would have to look for shelter. Îí ïîñìîòðåë íà íåáî. Ñêîðî ïîéäåò äîæäü, è åìó ïðèäåòñÿ èñêàòü óáåæèùå. § 87. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ðàñõîæäåíèå â óïîòðåáëåíèè âðåìåí â ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè â ðóññêîì è àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêàõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â òàêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î ã î ñ äåéñòâèåì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å å âðåìÿ.  àíãëèéñêîì æå ÿçûêå ãëàãîë â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü â îäíîé èç ôîðì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè, à óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â Past Indefinite èëè Past Continuous: Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, ãäå ÿ æèâó. Íå asked me where I lived. ß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî îí æäåò ìåíÿ â I was sure that he was waiting for áèáëèîòåêå. me in the library. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å ã î äåéñòâèþ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, â ðóññêèõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ï ð î ø å ä ø å å âðåìÿ.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Perfect: I thought that you had read that book. ß äóìàë, ÷òî âû ÷èòàëè ýòó êíèãó. I was sure that he had gone to Lonß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî îí óåõàë â don. Ëîíäîí. Îäíàêî ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â ðóññêèõ äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ìîæåò â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü òàêæå Past Perfect èëè Past Perfect Continuous: 185 Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí çíàåò åå óæå íåñêîëüêî ëåò. ß äóìàë, ÷òî îí óæå äàâíî ðàáîòàåò íà ýòîì çàâîäå. Íå said that he had known her for several years. I thought that he had been working at that factory for a long time. Ýòî ðàñõîæäåíèå â óïîòðåáëåíèè âðåìåí â ðóññêîì è àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñëåäóåò ó÷èòûâàòü òàêæå ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà íà ðóññêèé. Past Indefinite è Past Continuous â äîïîëíèòåëüíîì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (ïðè íàëè÷èè ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè) ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è ì âðåìåíåì, a Past Perfect ï ð î ø å ä ø è ì âðåìåíåì: I was sure that he spoke French very ß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî îí î÷åíü õîðîwell. øî ãîâîðèò ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè. I was told that he was waiting for Ìíå ñêàçàëè, ÷òî îí æäåò ìåíÿ me downstairs. âíèçó. Íå wired to us that the steamer had Îí òåëåãðàôèðîâàë íàì, ÷òî ïàarrived. ðîõîä ïðèáûë. Âìåñòå, ñ òåì ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî Past Perfect è Past Perfect Continuous èíîãäà ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ è íàñòîÿùèì âðåìåíåì: I learnt that he had been directîã of that institute for about ten years. I was told that he had been working at a new invention for a long time. ß óçíàë, ÷òî îí óæå îêîëî äåñÿòè ëåò ÿâëÿåòñÿ äèðåêòîðîì ýòîãî èíñòèòóòà. Ìíå ñêàçàëè, ÷òî îí óæå äàâíî ðàáîòàåò íàä íîâûì èçîáðåòåíèåì. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ Â ÑËÎÆÍÛÕ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈßÕ Ñ ÍÅÑÊÎËÜÊÈÌÈ ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÌÈ § 88. Èçëîæåííûå ïðàâèëà ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí ñîáëþäàþòñÿ è â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ íå ãëàâíîìó, à äðóãîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ. Âðåìÿ ãëàãîëà ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïîä÷èíåííîãî äðóãîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ, çàâèñèò îò âðåìåíè ãëàãîëà ýòîãî äðóãîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à íå îò ãëàãîëà ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. Íå says that he read in yesterdays newspaper that in England prices of foodstuffs were rising again. Îí ãîâîðèò, ÷òî ÷èòàë âî â÷åðàøíåé ãàçåòå, ÷òî â Àíãëèè öåíû íà ïðîäóêòû ïèòàíèÿ ñíîâà ïîâûøàþòñÿ. Âî âòîðîì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë were rising óïîòðåáëåí â Past Continuous, òàê êàê îí âûðàæàåò äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, îäíîâðåìåííîå ñ äåéñòâèåì read ïåðâîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 186 2. She said that Andrew had told her that he was writing a new play. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî Àíäðåé ãîâîðèë åé, ÷òî îí ïèøåò íîâóþ ïüåñó. Âî âòîðîì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë was writing óïîòðåáëåí â Past Continuous, òàê êàê îí âûðàæàåò äëèòåëüíîå äåéñòâèå, îäíîâðåìåííîå ñ äåéñòâèåì had told ïåðâîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 3. I thought that he would tell her that he intended to go to the Crimea. ß äóìàë, ÷òî îí ñêàæåò åé, ÷òî îí íàìåðåâàåòñÿ ïîåõàòü â Êðûì. Âî âòîðîì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë intended óïîòðåáëåí â Past Indefinite, òàê êàê îí âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îäíîâðåìåííîå ñ äåéñòâèåì would tell ïåðâîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (Future in the Past would tell ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ôîðìà ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè). ß äóìàë, ÷òî îíà çíàåò, ÷òî îí 4. I thought that she knew that he çàíÿë ïåðâîå ìåñòî â øàõìàòhad taken the first place in the íîì òóðíèðå. chess tournament. Âî âòîðîì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëåí â Past Perfect had taken, òàê êàê îí âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå äåéñòâèþ knew ïåðâîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. § 89. Óïîòðåáëåíèå âðåìåí â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, ïîä÷èíåííîì ïðè÷àñòíîìó îáîðîòó, çàâèñèò îò òîãî, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ëè ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ ñ ãëàãîëîì â íàñòîÿùåì èëè ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè: Knowing (= As she knows) that he is very busy, she does not want to ring him up. Knowing (= As I knew) that he worked at that office, I rang him up. Çíàÿ (= òàê êàê îíà çíàåò), ÷òî îí î÷åíü çàíÿò, îíà íå õî÷åò çâîíèòü åìó ïî òåëåôîíó. Çíàÿ (= òàê êàê ÿ çíàë), ÷òî îí ðàáîòàåò â ýòîì ó÷ðåæäåíèè, ÿ ïîçâîíèë åìó ïî òåëåôîíó. (Î ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí â ñëîæíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, âêëþ÷àþùèõ óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñì. ñòð. 445.) ÑËÓ×ÀÈ ÎÒÊËÎÍÅÍÈß ÎÒ ÏÐÀÂÈË ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÈ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ § 90. Êîãäà ãëàãîë â ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âûðàæàåò î á ù å è ç â å ñ ò í û é ôàêò, îí ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåí â Present Indefinite è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè: The teacher told the children that water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. Ó÷èòåëü ñêàçàë äåòÿì, ÷òî âîäà êèïèò ïðè 100 ãðàäóñàõ ïî Öåëüñèþ. 187 Galileo proved that the earth moves round the sun. Ãàëèëåé äîêàçàë, ÷òî çåìëÿ äâèæåòñÿ âîêðóã ñîëíöà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå, îäíàêî, â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò ñòîÿòü è Past Tense, ñîãëàñíî ïðàâèëó ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí: The teacher told the children that water boiled at 100 degrees centigrade. § 91. Ãëàãîë â î ï ð å ä å ë è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, à òàêæå ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ï ð è ÷ è í í û õ è ñ ð à â í è ò å ë ü í û õ, ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ Present è Future è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè: My brother told me about the book which you are reading. The goods were loaded on the S. S. Pskov, which will arrive at Odessa in a few days. Íå was not able to translate the article because he does not know English well enough. Íå refused to go to the theatre as he will have an examination in English in a few days. Íå was once stronger than he is now. It was not so cold yesterday as it is today. Ìîé áðàò ãîâîðèë ìíå î êíèãå, êîòîðóþ âû ÷èòàåòå. Òîâàðû áûëè ïîãðóæåíû íà ï/õ «Ïñêîâ», êîòîðûé ïðèáóäåò â Îäåññó ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé. Îí íå ñìîã ïåðåâåñòè ýòó ñòàòüþ, ïîòîìó ÷òî îí íå çíàåò äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Îí îòêàçàëñÿ ïîéòè â òåàòð, òàê êàê ó íåãî áóäåò ýêçàìåí ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé. Îí êîãäà-òî áûë ñèëüíåå, ÷åì ñåé÷àñ. Â÷åðà íå áûëî òàê õîëîäíî, êàê ñåãîäíÿ. § 92. Ãëàãîëû must, should è ought óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, â êàêîì âðåìåíè ñòîèò ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: He tells (told) us that we mustnt cross the road against the red light. Íå says (said) that I ought to send her a telegram at once. I tell (told) him that he should consult a doctor. Îí ãîâîðèò (ñêàçàë) íàì, ÷òî ìû íå äîëæíû ïåðåõîäèòü óëèöó íà êðàñíûé ñâåò. Îí ãîâîðèò (ñêàçàë), ÷òî ìíå ñëåäóåò ïîñëàòü åé íåìåäëåííî òåëåãðàììó. ß ãîâîðþ (ñêàçàë) åìó, ÷òî åìó ñëåäóåò ïîñîâåòîâàòüñÿ ñ âðà÷îì. Ãëàãîë must, îäíàêî, â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ çàìåíÿåòñÿ had to (ñòð. 418): She said that she had to answer the letter at once. 188 Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îíà äîëæíà íåìåäëåííî îòâåòèòü íà ïèñüìî. § 93. Ôîðìà Present ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, â êàêîì âðåìåíè ñòîèò ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: It is (was) necessary that he send us the documents. Íåîáõîäèìî (áûëî íåîáõîäèìî), ÷òîáû îí ïðèñëàë íàì äîêóìåíòû. ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ (THE IMPERA TIVE MOOD) IMPERATIVE § 94. Ãëàãîë â ïîâåëèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè âûðàæàåò ï î á ó æ ä å í è å ê ä å é ñ ò â è þ, ò. å. ïðèêàçàíèå, ïðîñüáó, ñîâåò è ò. ï. 1. Ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ ñîâïàäàåò ïî ôîðìå ñ èíôèíèòèâîì (áåç ÷àñòèöû to): to read ÷èòàòü Read! ×èòàéòå! to go èäòè Go! Èäèòå! Ãëàãîë â ïîâåëèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â ôîðìå âòîðîãî ëèöà. 2. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà do è îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòèöû not. Âìåñòî do not îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèå dont: Dont (do not) wait. He æäèòå. Dont (do not) open the window. He îòêðûâàéòå îêíà. Dont (do not) go. He óõîäèòå. 3. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë do óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ ïðîñüáû: Do come to see us tonight. Íåïðåìåííî ïðèõîäèòå ê íàì ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. Do take care of yourself. Áåðåãèòå ñåáÿ, ïîæàëóéñòà. 4. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïîáóæäåíèÿ ê äåéñòâèþ, îáðàùåííîãî ê ïåðâîìó è òðåòüåìó ëèöó, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãëàãîë let, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ëè÷íîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå (èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â îáùåì ïàäåæå) è èíôèíèòèâ áåç ÷àñòèöû to: Let us (lets) do it. Ñäåëàåì ýòî. Let him do it. Ïóñòü îí ñäåëàåò ýòî. Let them go there. Ïóñòü îíè ïîéäóò òóäà. Let Mary fetch the dictionary. Ïóñòü Ìàðèÿ ñõîäèò çà ñëîâàðåì. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè do not (dont): Dont (do not) let him do it. Ïóñòü îí íå äåëàåò ýòîãî. Dont (do not) let them go there. Ïóñòü îíè íå èäóò òóäà. 189 СОСЛАГ А ТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ СОСЛАГА (THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD) § 95. Ñîñëàãàòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå âûðàæàåò ï ð å ä ï î ë à ã à å ì î å èëè æ å ë à ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå.  ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñîõðàíèëîñü ëèøü íåáîëüøîå ÷èñëî îñîáûõ ôîðì ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, îòëè÷íûõ îò ôîðì èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ: 1. Ãëàãîë to be èìååò â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè ôîðìó be äëÿ âñåõ ëèö åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà.  ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè ãëàãîë to be èìååò ôîðìó were äëÿ âñåõ ëèö åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Subjunctive Mood Present Tense Past Tense I be he (she, it) be we be you be they be I were he (she, it) were we were you were they were 2. Ôîðìû be è were óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ Present è Past ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå: Subjunctive Mood (Passive Voice) Present Tense Past Tense I be sent he (she, it) be sent we be sent you be sent they be sent I were sent he (she, it) were sent we were sent you were sent they were sent 3. Âñå îñòàëüíûå ãëàãîëû îòëè÷àþòñÿ â ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè îò èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ òîëüêî ôîðìîé 3-ãî ëèöà íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè, íå èìåþùåé îêîí÷àíèÿ -s: 190 Subjunctive Mood Present Tense I work he (she, it) work we work you work they work ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÔÎÐÌ ÑÎÑËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈß § 96. Ôîðìà Present Subjunctive êàê ãëàãîëà to be, òàê è âñåõ äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: à) â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è õ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ ñîþçà that ïîñëå áåçëè÷íûõ îáîðîòîâ òèïà it is necessary íåîáõîäèìî, it is important âàæíî, it is desirable æåëàòåëüíî è ò. ï. It is desirable that he be there at five Æåëàòåëüíî, ÷òîáû îí áûë çäåñü oclock. â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. It was necessary that they take*) Áûëî íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû îíè measures immediately. ïðèíÿëè ìåðû íåìåäëåííî. á) â ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, çàâèñÿùèõ îò ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ ï ð è ê à ç à í è å, ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è å, ð å ø è ì î ñ ò ü, ä î ã î â î ð å í í î ñ ò ü to order, to command ïðèêàçûâàòü, to suggest, to propose ïðåäëàãàòü, to decide ðåøàòü, to agree ñîãëàøàòüñÿ, äîãîâàðèâàòüñÿ è äð.: Íå ordered that the goods be sent Îí ïðèêàçàë, ÷òîáû òîâàðû áûëè immediately. îòïðàâëåíû íåìåäëåííî. Íå suggested that the question be Îí ïðåäëîæèë, ÷òîáû âîïðîñ áûë discussed*) at the next meeting. îáñóæäåí íà ñëåäóþùåì ñîáðàíèè. â) â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ö å ë è ïîñëå ñîþçà lest: They covered the goods with canvas lest they be damaged by rain. Îíè ïîêðûëè òîâàðû áðåçåíòîì, ÷òîáû îíè íå áûëè ïîâðåæäåíû äîæäåì. Present Subjunctive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â Àìåðèêå.  Àíãëèè ýòà ôîðìà ñîõðàíèëàñü ëèøü â îôèöèàëüíîì ÿçûêå (þðèäè÷åñêèõ àêòàõ, äîêóìåíòàõ); â ñîâðåìåííîì æå ëèòåðàòóðíîì è ðàçãîâîðíîì ÿçûêå âìåñòî Present Subjunctive îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì (ñòð. 207211). *) Ôîðìà Present ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, â êàêîì âðåìåíè ñòîèò ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. 191 § 97. Ôîðìà Past Subjunctive ãëàãîëà to be were óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: à) â ïðèäàòî÷íîé ÷àñòè ó ñ ë î â í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèé âòîðîãî òèïà: If he were here, he would help us. If I were you, I would accept their offer. Åñëè áû Åñëè áû áû îí áûë çäåñü, îí ïîìîã íàì. áû ÿ áûë íà âàøåì ìåñòå, ÿ ïðèíÿë èõ ïðåäëîæåíèå. á) â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ ñîþçà as if: Íå spoke as if he were a specialist on the subject. Îí ãîâîðèë, êàê åñëè áû îí áûë ñïåöèàëèñòîì ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. â) â ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, çàâèñÿùèõ îò ãëàãîëà to wish: I wish he were with us! Êàê ÿ õîòåë áû, ÷òîáû îí áûë ñ íàìè! Èç âñåõ ôîðì ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ ôîðìà were ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîé, íî è îíà ÷àñòî çàìåíÿåòñÿ â 1-ì è 3-ì ëèöå åä. ÷èñëà, îñîáåííî â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, ôîðìîé was: If he was here, he would help us. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, äàæå òå íåìíîãèå îñîáûå ôîðìû ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå ñîõðàíèëèñü â ñîâðåìåííîì ÿçûêå, ïîñòåïåííî èç íåãî âûòåñíÿþòñÿ. Æåëàòåëüíûå èëè ïðåäïîëàãàåìûå äåéñòâèÿ âûðàæàþòñÿ òàêæå ñî÷åòàíèÿìè ãëàãîëîâ should, would, may, might ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, êîòîðûå âûïîëíÿþò, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ôóíêöèþ ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ â ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. ÂÑÏÎÌÎÃÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ È ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ ВСПОМОГ А ТЕЛЬНЫЕ ГГЛАГ ЛАГ ОЛЫ (AUXILIARY VERBS) ВСПОМОГА ЛАГОЛЫ ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 98. Ãëàãîëû to be, to have, to do, shall (should), will (would) íàçûâàþòñÿ â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í û ì è (Auxiliary Verbs), òàê êàê ïðè èõ ïîìîùè îáðàçóþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ñëîæíûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà. Îíè èãðàþò âàæíåéøóþ ðîëü â ñïðÿæåíèè àíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëà, ïîñêîëüêó îíè ó÷àñòâóþò â îáðàçîâàíèè âñåõ ãëàãîëüíûõ âðåìåí, çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìû Present è Past Indefinite. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ãëàãîëû íå èìåþò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è âûðàæàþò ëèøü ðàçëè÷íûå ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå çíà÷åíèÿ, ÿâëÿÿñü ïîêàçàòåëÿìè âðåìåíè, ëèöà, ÷èñëà, çàëîãà è ò. ä. Ñàìî æå äåéñòâèå âûðàæàåòñÿ ñìûñëîâûìè ãëàãîëàìè, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ êîòîðûìè îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ãëàãîëû íå íåñóò íà ñåáå óäàðåíèÿ: 192 I am reading. They have come. Do you speak English? Íå will return soon. ß ÷èòàþ. Îíè ïðèøëè. Ãîâîðèòå ëè âû ïî-àíãëèéñêè? Îí âåðíåòñÿ ñêîðî. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûå ãëàãîëû, îäíàêî, ïðèíèìàþò óäàðåíèå: à) êîãäà îíè óïîòðåáëåíû äëÿ çàìåíû ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ãëàãîëà âî èçáåæàíèå åãî ïîâòîðåíèÿ (ñòð. 235): Do you speak English? Ãîâîðèòå ëè âû ïî-àíãëèéñêè? Yes, I do. Äà, ãîâîðþ. á) êîãäà ãîâîðÿùèé õî÷åò ïîä÷åðêíóòü çíà÷åíèå äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì: But I have done it. Íî ÿ âåäü ýòî ñäåëàë. Ãëàãîëû to be, to have, shall (should), will (would) èìåþò â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, âûðàæàÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü, æåëàòåëüíîñòü, íàìåðåíèå ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå. Ãëàãîëû to be, to have, to do óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàêæå êàê ñìûñëîâûå ãëàãîëû: to be áûòü, to have èìåòü, to do äåëàòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå èìååòñÿ òîëüêî îäèí âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë áûòü, êîòîðûé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðìû áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëîâ íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà (áóäó ïèñàòü, áóäó ðàáîòàòü). ÃËÀÃÎË to be § 99.  Present Indefinite ãëàãîë to be, â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ, èìååò îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû êàê äëÿ 1-ãî è 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, òàê è äëÿ ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: I am, he (she, it) is, we (you, they) are.  Past Indefinite to be, â îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ, èìååò ðàçíûå ôîðìû äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: I (he, she, it) was, we (you, they) were.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå Present è Past Indefinite ãëàãîë ñòîèò ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Am I? Was I? Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà Present è Past Indefinite îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëà: I am not, I was not. Âñå äðóãèå ãëàãîëüíûå âðåìåíà îáðàçóþòñÿ ïî îáùåìó ïðàâèëó (ñì. òàáëèöó ñòð. 473). Ãëàãîë to be èìååò òîëüêî äâà âðåìåíè ãðóïïû Continuous Present è Past, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ âðåìåí ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: I am being invited, I was being invited. Ãëàãîë to be íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Perfect Continuous. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè do not (dont), ò. å. ïî îáùåìó ïðàâèëó: Dont be angry. Íå ñåðäèòåñü. Dont be late. He îïàçäûâàéòå.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå Present Indefinite îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: 193 I am he is she is it is = = = = Im [aIm] hes [hi:z] shes [Si:z] its [Its] we are you are they are = were [wIA] = youre [juA] = theyre [GeIA]  îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå Present è Past Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: I am not = Im not he is not = hes not èëè he isnt [Iznt] she is not = shes not èëè she isnt it is not = its not èëè it isnt we are not = were not èëè we arent [C:nt] you are not = youre not èëè you arent they are not = theyre not èëè they arent I (he, she, it) was not = I (he, she, it) wasnt |wDznt] we (you, they) were not = we (you, they) werent [wA:nt] § 100. Ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î ãëàãîëà: 1.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé Present Participle ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ âñåõ âðåìåí ãðóïïû Continuous è Perfect Continuous äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: I am waiting for Peter. ß æäó Ïåòðà. She was writing a letter at five oclock. Îíà ïèñàëà ïèñüìî â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. I shall be working at three oclock. ß áóäó ðàáîòàòü â òðè ÷àñà. It has been raining since morning. Äîæäü èäåò ñ óòðà. 2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé Past Participle ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ âñåõ âðåìåí ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: Íå is often invited there. Åãî ÷àñòî ïðèãëàøàþò òóäà. Íå was asked a difficult question. Åìó çàäàëè òðóäíûé âîïðîñ. The translation will be finished toÏåðåâîä áóäåò çàêîí÷åí çàâòðà. morrow. § 101. Ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ã ë à ã î ë à - ñ â ÿ ç ê è â ñîñòàâíîì ñêàçóåìîì, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëàì áûòü, ÿâëÿòüñÿ, ñîñòîÿòü, çàêëþ÷àòüñÿ.  íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè ñâÿçêà to be íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ÷àñòî íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ*): *)  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îò ãëàãîëà áûòü åñòü â êà÷åñòâå ñâÿçêè îáû÷íî îòñóòñòâóåò. Åñòü, îäíàêî, ñ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: à) ñî çíà÷åíèåì èìåòü â îáîðîòå: ó ìåíÿ (ó íåãî, ó íåå â ò. ä.) åñòü.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå åñòü ñîîòâåòñòâóåò àíãëèéñêîìó ãëàãîëó to have: Ó ìåíÿ åñòü ñëîâàðü. I have a dictionary. á) ñî çíà÷åíèåì èìåòüñÿ, íàõîäèòüñÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå åñòü ñîîòâåòñòâóåò îáîðîòó there is (are):  ìîåé êîìíàòå åñòü òåëåôîí. There is a telephone in my room. 194 He is an engineer. He is the best student in the first year. The story was interesting. She will be a teacher next year. The task of our representative was to ship the goods immediately. Îí èíæåíåð. Îí ëó÷øèé ñòóäåíò (ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëó÷øèì ñòóäåíòîì) ïåðâîãî êóðñà. Ðàññêàç áûë èíòåðåñíûé. Îíà áóäåò ïðåïîäàâàòåëåì â áóäóùåì ãîäó. Çàäà÷à íàøåãî ïðåäñòàâèòåëÿ çàêëþ÷àëàñü â òîì, ÷òîáû îòãðóçèòü òîâàð íåìåäëåííî. § 102. Ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ñ ì û ñ ë î â î ã î ãëàãîëà, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëàì áûòü, íàõîäèòüñÿ.  íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè to be è â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ÷àñòî íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: Íå is at the Institute now. She was in Leningrad during the war. I shall be at home to-night. Îí (íàõîäèòñÿ) â èíñòèòóòå ñåé÷àñ. Îíà áûëà â Ëåíèíãðàäå âî âðåìÿ âîéíû. ß áóäó äîìà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè îò ãëàãîëà to be â ýòîì çíà÷åíèè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâó íåò â ôóíêöèè ñêàçóåìîãî (íåò çàìåíÿåò îòñóòñòâóþùåå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îò ãëàãîëà áûòü ñ îòðèöàíèåì): Íå isnt at home. Åãî íåò äîìà. They are not in Moscow. Èõ íåò â Ìîñêâå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Áóäóùåå âðåìÿ îò ãëàãîëà áûòü áóäó, áóäåøü, áóäåì è ò. ä. â êà÷åñòâå ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà è ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè ãëàãîëà to be shall be, will be: ß áóäó çäåñü âîâðåìÿ. I shall be here in time. Îíà áóäåò ïðåïîäàâàòåëåì. She will be a teacher. Îí áóäåò ïîñëàí òóäà. Íå will be sent there. Áóäó, áóäåøü, áóäåò è ò. ä. â êà÷åñòâå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà, óïîòðåáëåííîãî äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëîâ íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëàì shall, will: ß áóäó ÷èòàòü. I shall read. Îí áóäåò ðàáîòàòü. Íå will work. § 103. Ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ í å î á õ î ä è ì î ñ ò è ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå ñîãëàñíî ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîé ä î ã î â î ð å í í î ñ ò è èëè ç à ð à í å å í à ì å ÷ å í í î ì ó ï ë à í ó. Òî be â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. Ãëàãîë to be â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè am, is, are ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê äîëæåí, äîëæíû è âûðàæàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì èëè á ó ä ó ù å ì (êàê è äîëæåí, äîëæíû â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): 195 They are to begin this work at once. Íå is to come here tomorrow. Îíè äîëæíû íà÷àòü ýòó ðàáîòó íåìåäëåííî. Îí äîëæåí ïðèäòè ñþäà çàâòðà. Ãëàãîë to be â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè was, were ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê äîëæåí áûë, äîëæíû áûëè. Was, were â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå Indefinite âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî ñîâåðøèòüñÿ â ïðîøëîì. Ýòî ñî÷åòàíèå íå óêàçûâàåò, ñîâåðøèëîñü ëè äåéñòâèå èëè íå ñîâåðøèëîñü, è ýòî ñòàíîâèòñÿ ÿñíûì ëèøü èç âñåãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ ðå÷è: I was to send him a telegram, but I forgot. The goods were to be delivered at the end of the month. ß äîëæåí áûë ïîñëàòü åìó òåëåãðàììó, íî ÿ çàáûë. Òîâàðû äîëæíû áûëè áûòü äîñòàâëåíû â êîíöå ìåñÿöà. Was, were â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå Perfect âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî ñîâåðøèòüñÿ â ïðîøëîì, íî íå ñîâåðøèëîñü: I was to have finished my work yesterday. ß äîëæåí áûë îêîí÷èòü ñâîþ ðàáîòó â÷åðà (íî íå îêîí÷èë).  áóäóùåì âðåìåíè ãëàãîë to be äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to be ñëåäóåò èíôèíèòèâ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, ãëàãîë to be êðîìå äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ èíîãäà âûðàæàåò òàêæå âîçìîæíîñòü: Such books are to be found in all Òàêèå êíèãè ìîæíî íàéòè âî âñåõ libraries. áèáëèîòåêàõ. Many new beautiful buildings are  Ìîñêâå ìîæíî âèäåòü ìíîãî íîâûõ to be seen in the streets of êðàñèâûõ çäàíèé. Moscow. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà to be 1. Êàê â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í û é ãëàãîë 2. Êàê ãëàãîëñâÿçêà 3. Êàê ñ ì û ñ ë î â î é ãëàãîë ñî çíà÷åíèåì áûòü, íàõîäèòüñÿ 4. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ 196 Íå is reading à book. Íå was invited to the concert. Íå is an engineer. Îí ÷èòàåò êíèãó. Íå is at home. Îí äîìà. We are to meet at noon. Ìû äîëæíû âñòðåòèòüñÿ â ïîëäåíü. Åãî ïðèãëàñèëè íà êîíöåðò. Îí èíæåíåð. ÃËÀÃÎË to have § 104. Present Indefinite ãëàãîëà to have èìååò îòäåëüíûå ôîðìû äëÿ 1-ãî è 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: I have, he (she, it) has. Âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå èìååòñÿ îäíà ôîðìà äëÿ âñåõ ëèö have: we (you, they) have. Îñòàëüíûå âðåìåíà îáðàçóþòñÿ ïî îáùåìó ïðàâèëó (ñì. òàáëèöó íà ñòð. 475). Ãëàãîë to have óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî âðåìåíàõ ãðóïïû Continuous òîëüêî â âûðàæåíèÿõ òèïà to have dinner, to have a talk è ò. ï., â êîòîðûõ to have óòðà÷èâàåò ñâîå îñíîâíîå çíà÷åíèå èìåòü, îáðàçóÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñìûñëîâîå öåëîå: Íå was having dinner when I came. He is having a talk with his father in the garden. Îí îáåäàë, êîãäà ÿ ïðèøåë. Îí ðàçãîâàðèâàåò ñî ñâîèì îòöîì â ñàäó.  î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í à ÿ è î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìû Present Indefinite è Past Indefinite îáðàçóþòñÿ áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do èëè ñ to do â çàâèñèìîñòè îò çíà÷åíèÿ, â êîòîðîì óïîòðåáëåí ãëàãîë to have (ñì. íèæå). § 105. Ãëàãîë to have óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î ãëàãîëà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ âñåõ âðåìåí ãðóïïû Perfect â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé Past Participle: I have seen the new film. I had finished my work by five oclock. I shall have translated the article by ten oclock. ß âèäåë íîâûé ôèëüì. ß îêîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. ß óæå ïåðåâåäó ñòàòüþ ê äåñÿòè ÷àñàì.  Present Perfect è Past Perfect óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: I have written = Ive [aIv] written; I have not written = Ive not written èëè I havent [hBvnt] written; he has written = hes [hi:z] written; he has not written = hes not written èëè he hasnt [hBznt] written; I had written = Id [aId] written; I had not written = Id not written èëè I hadnt [hBdnt] written è ò. ä. § 106. Ãëàãîë to have óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ñ ì û ñ ë î â î ã î ãëàãîëà ñî çíà÷åíèåì èìåòü, îáëàäàòü: I have a good watch. Íå had a large library. We shall soon have a new radio set. Ó ìåíÿ åñòü õîðîøèå ÷àñû. Ó íåãî áûëà áîëüøàÿ áèáëèîòåêà. Ó íàñ ñêîðî áóäåò íîâûé ðàäèîïðèåìíèê. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Âìåñòî ÿ èìåþ, ÿ èìåë, ÿ áóäó èìåòü; ÿ íå èìåþ, ÿ íå èìåë, ÿ íå áóäó èìåòü â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ îáîðîòû ó ìåíÿ åñòü, ó ìåíÿ áûë, ó ìåíÿ áóäåò; ó ìåíÿ íåò, ó ìåíÿ íå áûëî, ó ìåíÿ íå áóäåò. 197  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìå Present è Past Indefinite ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Have you a good watch? Had he a large library? Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Past Indefinite, îäíàêî, ÷àñòî îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do: Did he have a large library? Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà to have îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not.  Present è Past Indefinite not îáðàçóåò ñ ãëàãîëîì have ñîêðàùåíèÿ havent, hasnt, hadnt. Ïåðåä ïîñëåäóþùèì èñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ñòîèò íåîïðåäåëåííûé àðòèêëü, à ïåðåä èñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèå any: I havent a watch. Íå hasnt any books on this subject. I hadnt any time to go there. Ó ìåíÿ íåò ÷àñîâ. Ó íåãî íåò êíèã ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. Ó ìåíÿ íå áûëî âðåìåíè ïîéòè òóäà. Âî âñåõ ñëîæíûõ ôîðìàõ âðåìåí îòðèöàíèå not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: I shall not (shant) have any time to go there to-morrow. I have not (havent) had any time to go there to-day. Îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ìîæåò áûòü òàêæå ïîñòðîåíî ïðè ïîìîùè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ no, ñòîÿùåãî ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç àðòèêëÿ è áåç ìåñòîèìåíèÿ any: I have no watch. Íå has no books on this subject. I had no time to go there. Ill have no time to go there to-morrow. Ive had no time to go there to-day. Îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïîñòðîåííûå ïðè ïîìîùè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ no ñ ãëàãîëîì to have â Present è Past Indefinite, ÿâëÿþòñÿ áîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûìè. Îòðèöàòåëüíûå æå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, êîãäà õîòÿò óñèëèòü îòðèöàòåëüíûé ñìûñë ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Êðàòêèå îòðèöàòåëüíûå îòâåòû îáðàçóþòñÿ òîëüêî ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not: Have you a dictionary? No, I havent (have not). Âìåñòî ãëàãîëà to have â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè I have, he has è ò. ä. â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Ive got (I have got), hes got (he has got): 198 Ive got*) a large library. = I have a large library. Has he got a good dictionary? = Has he a good dictionary? I havent got an English dictionary. = I have no English dictionary. Ó ìåíÿ áîëüøàÿ áèáëèîòåêà. Åñòü ëè ó íåãî õîðîøèé ñëîâàðü? Ó ìåíÿ íåò àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâàðÿ. Êîãäà äîïîëíåíèå âûðàæåíî ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, òî â îòðèöàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ havent got, hasnt got, à íå havent, hasnt: I havent got it. Íå hasnt got them. Ó ìåíÿ åãî (åå, ýòîãî) íåò. Ó íåãî èõ íåò.  ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè I (he, we è ò. ä.) had got âìåñòî I (he, we è ò. ä.) had óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü ðåäêî. § 107. Ãëàãîë to have óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íåêîòîðûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, óòðà÷èâàÿ ñâîå îñíîâíîå çíà÷åíèå èìåòü, îáëàäàòü è îáðàçóÿ ñ íèìè ñìûñëîâîå öåëîå. Ê òàêèì ñî÷åòàíèÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ: to have dinner îáåäàòü; to have breakfast çàâòðàêàòü; to have supper óæèíàòü; to have a rest îòäûõàòü; to have a talk ïîãîâîðèòü; to have a quarrel ïîññîðèòüñÿ; to have a walk ïîãóëÿòü; to have a smoke ïîêóðèòü; to have a good time õîðîøî ïðîâåñòè âðåìÿ è äð.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìû ãëàãîëà to have â Present è Past Indefinite îáðàçóþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do: When do you have dinner? Did you have a good rest last summer? We didnt have supper at home yesterday. Êîãäà âû îáåäàåòå? Õîðîøî ëè âû îòäîõíóëè ïðîøëûì ëåòîì? Ìû â÷åðà íå óæèíàëè äîìà. § 108. Ãëàãîë to have óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ í å î á õ î ä è ì î ñ ò è ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå â ñ è ë ó î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â. To have â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. Ãëàãîë to have â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè have, has ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê êàê äîëæåí, íóæíî, íàäî, ïðèõîäèòñÿ, â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè had äîëæåí áûë, íóæíî áûëî, íàäî áûëî, ïðèøëîñü, à â áóäóùåì shall have, will have äîëæåí áóäó, íóæíî áóäåò, íàäî áóäåò, ïðèäåòñÿ: *) Óïîòðåáëåíèå have got, has got â ýòîì çíà÷åíèè íå ñëåäóåò ñìåøèâàòü ñ Present Perfect ãëàãîëà to get ïîëó÷àòü. Ive just got a letter from my brother. ß òîëüêî ÷òî ïîëó÷èë ïèñüìî îò áðàòà. 199 I have to get up early on Mondays. They had to go there. Íå will have to do it. ß äîëæåí (ìíå íóæíî, íàäî, ïðèõîäèòñÿ) âñòàâàòü ðàíî ïî ïîíåäåëüíèêàì. Îíè äîëæíû áûëè (èì íóæíî áûëî, íàäî áûëî, èì ïðèøëîñü) ïîéòè òóäà. Îí äîëæåí áóäåò (åìó íóæíî áóäåò, íàäî áóäåò, åìó ïðèäåòñÿ) ýòî ñäåëàòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî had to óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî ñîâåðøèòüñÿ è â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè ñîâåðøèëîñü (ñòð. 233). Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìû Present è Past Indefinite ãëàãîëà to have ñî çíà÷åíèåì äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ îáû÷íî îáðàçóþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do: Do you have to write this exercise? You dont have to write this exercise. Did they have to go there? They didnt have to go there. Âû äîëæíû íàïèñàòü ýòî óïðàæíåíèå? Âàì íå íóæíî ïèñàòü ýòî óïðàæíåíèå. Íóæíî ëè èì áûëî èäòè òóäà? Èì íå íóæíî áûëî èäòè òóäà.  ðàçãîâîðíîì ÿçûêå íàðÿäó ñ have, has äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ have got, has got: Ive got (I have got) to do it. = I have to do it. ß äîëæåí ñäåëàòü ýòî. Hes got (he has got) to write it. = He has to write it. Îí äîëæåí íàïèñàòü ýòî. § 109. Ãëàãîë to have óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îáîðîòå to have + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå) + Past Participle. Ýòîò îáîðîò âûðàæàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ íå ñàìèì ïîäëåæàùèì, à êåì-òî äðóãèì äëÿ íåãî, çà íåãî (ñòð. 294): I have my hair cut at this hairdressers. I had my watch repaired yesterday. I shall have the letters posted immediately. ß ñòðèãóñü (íå ñàì, à ìíå ñòðèãóò âîëîñû) â ýòîé ïàðèêìàõåðñêîé. ß ïî÷èíèë (íå ñàì, à ìíå ïî÷èíèëè) ÷àñû â÷åðà. ß îòïðàâëþ (âåëþ îòïðàâèòü, ðàñïîðÿæóñü, ÷òîáû îòïðàâèëè) ïèñüìà íåìåäëåííî.  ýòîì îáîðîòå âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìû ãëàãîëà to have â Present è Past Indefinite îáðàçóþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do: 200 Do you have your hair cut at this hairdressers? I dont have my hair cut at this hairdressers. Did you have the letters posted yesterday? I didnt have the letters posted yesterday. § 110. Ãëàãîë to have óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îáîðîòå to have + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå) + èíôèíèòèâ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íàìåðåíèÿ, æåëàíèÿ ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå: I have something to tell you. I have a new book to show you. ß õî÷ó ðàññêàçàòü âàì ÷òî-òî (ó ìåíÿ åñòü êîå-÷òî ðàññêàçàòü âàì). ß õî÷ó ïîêàçàòü âàì íîâóþ êíèãó. Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìû îáðàçóþòñÿ áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do: Have you anything to tell me? I havent anything to tell you. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ÑØÀ âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ è îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìû ãëàãîëà to have â Present è Past Indefinite ìîãóò áûòü âî âñåõ ñëó÷àÿõ îáðàçîâàíû ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do (êðîìå òîãî ñëó÷àÿ, ðàçóìååòñÿ, êîãäà ãëàãîë to have ñàì ÿâëÿåòñÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì): Does he have a good library? (íàðÿäó ñ Has he a good library?) I dont have anything to show you (íàðÿäó ñ I havent anything to show you). Õîðîøàÿ ëè ó íåãî áèáëèîòåêà? Ìíå íå÷åãî âàì ïîêàçàòü. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà to have 1. Êàê â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í û é ãëàãîë 2. Êàê ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë ñî çíà÷åíèåì èìåòü Ç.  ñ î ÷ å ò à í è è ñ ñ ó ùåñòâèòåëüíûìè 4. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ 5.  îáîðîòå to have + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå) + Past Participle 6.  îáîðîòå to have + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå) + èíôèíèòèâ Íå has returned to Moscow. Íå has a good radio set. I usually have dinner at home. I have to go to the library. I had the letters posted yesterday. I have something to tell you. Îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ â Ìîñêâó. Ó íåãî åñòü õîðîøèé ðàäèîïðèåìíèê. ß îáû÷íî îáåäàþ äîìà. ß äîëæåí ïîéòè â áèáëèîòåêó. ß îòïðàâèë ïèñüìà â÷åðà. ß õî÷ó ðàññêàçàòü âàì êîå÷òî. 201 ÃËÀÃÎË to do § 111. Ãëàãîë to do ñïðÿãàåòñÿ âî âñåõ âðåìåíàõ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî è ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà ñîãëàñíî îáùèì ïðàâèëàì ñïðÿæåíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ. § 112. Ãëàãîë to do óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î ãëàãîëà: 1. Äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î é è î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìû Present è Past Indefinite îò âñåõ ãëàãîëîâ (êðîìå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ è ìîäàëüíûõ): Do you speak English? Íå doesnt work here. Did you see him yesterday? They didnt speak to me about it. Ãîâîðèòå ëè âû ïî-àíãëèéñêè? Îí íå ðàáîòàåò çäåñü. Âû åãî âèäåëè â÷åðà? Îíè íå ãîâîðèëè ñî ìíîé îá ýòîì. 2. Äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í î é ôîðìû ï î â å ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î íàêëîíåíèÿ: Dont go there. Dont open the window. He õîäèòå òóäà. He îòêðûâàéòå îêíî. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ to be è to have òàêæå îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè do: Dont be angry. Dont have anything to do with him. He ñåðäèòåñü. He èìåéòå ñ íèì íè÷åãî îáùåãî. 3. Äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì, ñòîÿùèì â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå Present èëè Past Indefinite.  òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ â Present Indefinite ïåðåä ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìà do èëè does (ñ 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà), à â Past Indefinite did; ñìûñëîâîé æå ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íà do, does è did ïàäàåò óäàðåíèå.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óñèëåíèå çíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ïåðåäàåòñÿ óñèëèòåëüíûìè ÷àñòèöàìè æå, è, âåäü èëè èíòîíàöèåé (óäàðåíèåì íà ãëàãîëå): I am sorry you dont know my brother. But I do know him. Æàëü, ÷òî âû íå çíàåòå ìîåãî áðàòà. Íî ÿ æå åãî çíàþ. Why doesnt he go to the reading-room? But he does go there very often. Ïî÷åìó îí íå õîäèò â ÷èòàëüíûé çàë? Íî îí âåäü õîäèò òóäà î÷åíü ÷àñòî. Why didnt you speak to him? But I did speak to him. Ïî÷åìó âû íå ãîâîðèëè ñ íèì? Íî ÿ ãîâîðèë ñ íèì. 202 4. Äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ ïðîñüáû ïåðåä ôîðìîé ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ. Do â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ïåðåä have è be. Íà do ïàäàåò óäàðåíèå: Do come to-night. Ïðèõîäèòå (íåïðåìåííî) ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. Íàïèøèòå ìíå (î÷åíü ïðîøó íàïèñàòü ìíå) íåñêîëüêî ñòðîê. Ïîæàëóéñòà, âûïåéòå åùå ÷àøêó ÷àÿ. Áóäüòå æå áëàãîðàçóìíû. Do write me a few lines. Do have another cup of tea. Do be reasonable. § 113. Ãëàãîë to do óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ñ ì û ñ ë î â î ã î ãëàãîëà ñî çíà÷åíèåì äåëàòü: Íå has done his exercises. They will do their work to night. Îí ñäåëàë ñâîè óïðàæíåíèÿ. Îíè ñäåëàþò ñâîþ ðàáîòó ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì.  âîïðîñèòåëüíîé è îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìàõ Present è Past Indefinite ãëàãîë to do ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ â ýòîì ñëó÷àå äâàæäû êàê âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë è êàê ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë: Does he do it? Did you do it? I do not do it. I did not do it. Äåëàåò ëè îí ýòî? Äåëàëè (ñäåëàëè) ëè âû ýòî? ß íå äåëàþ ýòîãî. ß íå äåëàë (íå ñäåëàë) ýòîãî. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà to do 1. Êàê â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í û é ãëàãîë: à) äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñëîæíûõ ãëàãîëüíûõ ôîðì Do you speak English? Íå doesnt learn French. Dont go there. Ãîâîðèòå ëè âû noàíãëèéñêè? Îí íå èçó÷àåò ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê. He õîäèòå òóäà. á) äëÿ óñèëåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ But I do know him. Do come to-night. Íî ÿ æå åãî çíàþ. Ïðèõîäèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. 2. Êàê ñ ì û ñ ë î â î é ãëàãîë ñî çíà÷åíèåì äåëàòü Íå will do his work in the evening. Îí ñäåëàåò ñâîþ ðàáîòó âå÷åðîì. 203 ÃËÀÃÎËÛ SHALL (SHOULD) È WILL (WOULD) § 114. Ãëàãîëû shall è will ÿâëÿþòñÿ íåäîñòàòî÷íûìè ãëàãîëàìè, òàê êàê îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â äâóõ ôîðìàõ: â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè shall, will è â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè should, would. Ôîðìà èíôèíèòèâà, ñòîÿùàÿ çà ýòèìè ãëàãîëàìè, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç ÷àñòèöû to: I shall be busy on Monday. Íå will come soon. I said that I should be busy on Monday. Íå said that he would come soon. ß áóäó çàíÿò â ïîíåäåëüíèê. Îí ïðèäåò ñêîðî. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ áóäó çàíÿò â ïîíåäåëüíèê. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò ñêîðî.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: I will he will she will we will you will they will = = = = = = Ill [aIl] hell [hi:l] shell [Si:l] well [wi:l] youll [ju:l] theyll [GeIl] shall not = will not = would not = should not = I would he would she would we would you would they would = = = = = = Id [aId] hed [hi:d] shed [Si:d] wed [wi:d] youd [ju:d] theyd [GeId] shant [SC:nt] wont [wount] wouldnt [wudnt] shouldnt [Sudnt] Shall § 115. Ãëàãîë shall óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé èíôèíèòèâà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðì áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè, à â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. § 116. Shall óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: I shall be free tonight. Shall I see you tomorrow? We shall not have an English lesson tomorrow. ß áóäó ñâîáîäåí ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. ß âàñ óâèæó çàâòðà? Çàâòðà ó íàñ íå áóäåò àíãëèéñêîãî óðîêà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ÑØÀ âìåñòî shall ñ ïåðâûì ëèöîì îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ will.  Àíãëèè òàêæå èìååòñÿ ñèëüíàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ê óïîòðåáëåíèþ will âìåñòî shall: I will be free tonight. We will not have an English lesson tomorrow.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, êàê â Àíãëèè, òàê è â ÑØÀ, îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîêðàùåíèÿ Ill, well: Ill be free tonight. Well have an English lesson tomorrow. 204 § 117. Shall óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ 1-ì ëèöîì â âîïðîñèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïðè îáðàùåíèè ê ñîáåñåäíèêó ñ öåëüþ ïîëó÷èòü îò íåãî ð à ñ ï î ð ÿ æ å í è å, ó ê à ç à í è å. Shall â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, ïðèäàâàÿ äåéñòâèþ îòòåíîê äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà: Shall I close the window? Where shall we wait for you? Çàêðûòü îêíî? Ãäå íàì îæèäàòü âàñ? § 118. Shall óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì è îòðèöàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå shall èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, ïðèäàâàÿ äåéñòâèþ â áóäóùåì âðåìåíè îòòåíîê î á å ù à í è ÿ, ï ð è ê à ç à í è ÿ, ó ã ð î ç û, ï ð å ä î ñ ò å ð å æ å í è ÿ ñî ñòîðîíû ãîâîðÿùåãî. Íà shall â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïàäàåò óäàðåíèå. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå shall ïåðåäàåòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé èíòîíàöèåé: Tell her that she shall have the books tomorrow (îáåùàíèå). You shant have any cause for complaint (îáåùàíèå). You shall write your exercises at once (ïðèêàçàíèå). They shall regret it if they do it (óãðîçà, ïðåäîñòåðåæåíèå). Ñêàæèòå åé, ÷òî îíà ïîëó÷èò êíèãà çàâòðà. Ó âàñ íå áóäåò îñíîâàíèé æàëîâàòüñÿ. Âû íàïèøåòå âàøè óïðàæíåíèÿ íåìåäëåííî. Îíè ïîæàëåþò, åñëè îíè ýòî ñäåëàþò. § 119. Shall óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî 2-ì ëèöîì â âîïðîñå, åñëè â îòâåòå ñëåäóåò óïîòðåáèòü shall. Îäíàêî â ñîâðåìåííîì ÿçûêå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå shall âûòåñíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì will: Shall (will) you be eighteen or nineteen tomorrow? Âàì èñïîëíèòñÿ âîñåìíàäöàòü èëè äåâÿòíàäöàòü ëåò çàâòðà? Shall (will) you have an English or a French lesson on Friday? Ó âàñ â ïÿòíèöó áóäåò óðîê àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà èëè ôðàíöóçñêîãî? I shall be nineteen. Ìíå èñïîëíèòñÿ äåâÿòíàäöàòü ëåò. We shall have an English lesson. Ó íàñ áóäåò óðîê àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. § 120. Shall óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â âîïðîñèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ïðè îáðàùåíèè ê ñîáåñåäíèêó ñ öåëüþ ïîëó÷èòü ð à ñ ï î ð ÿ æ å í è å â îòíîøåíèè ýòîãî 3-ãî ëèöà. Shall â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, ïðèäàâàÿ äåéñòâèþ îòòåíîê 205 äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà (ñðàâíèòå § 117): When shall they come? Shall he wait for you at the hotel? Êîãäà èì ïðèäòè? Æäàòü åìó âàñ â ãîñòèíèöå? Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà shall 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ á ó ä ó ù å ã î äåéñòâèÿ: à) ñ 1-ì ëèöîì I shall have no English lesson tomorrow. á) ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì ñ You shall have the îòòåíêîì î á å ù à books tomorí è ÿ, ï ð è ê à ç à í è ÿ, row. ó ã ð î ç û, ï ð å ä î ñ òåðåæåíèÿ â) ñî 2-ì ëèöîì â âîïðî- Shall you be eightñàõ een or nineteen tomorrow? 2. Ñ 1-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì â âîï- Shall I read? ðîñàõ ñ öåëüþ ïîëó÷èòü Where shall he wait for you? ðàñïîðÿæåíèå Ó ìåíÿ íå áóäåò çàâòðà àíãëèéñêîãî óðîêà. Âû ïîëó÷èòå êíèãè çàâòðà. Âàì èñïîëíèòñÿ âîñåìíàäöàòü èëè äåâÿòíàäöàòü ëåò çàâòðà? ×èòàòü? Ãäå åìó æäàòü âàñ? Should § 121. Should (ôîðìà ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè îò shall) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé èíôèíèòèâà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðì áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè â ïðîøåäøåì (Future in the Past), à âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. § 122. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (ñîãëàñíî ïðàâèëó ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí ñòð. 183): 1. Ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, ÿâëÿÿñü òîëüêî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì: I said that I should be glad to see him. I said that we should have à meeting on Monday. 206 ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî áóäó ðàä åãî âèäåòü. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ó íàñ áóäåò coáðàíèå â ïîíåäåëüíèê. 2. Ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Should â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, ïðèäàâàÿ äåéñòâèþ îòòåíîê îáåùàíèÿ, óãðîçû, ïðèêàçàíèÿ è ò. ï. (§ 118): Íå said that she should have the books in a few days (îáåùàíèå). Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíà ïîëó÷èò êíèãè ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé. § 123. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ 1-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ïðè îáðàùåíèè â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü âîïðîñà, çàäàâàåìîãî ñ öåëüþ ïîëó÷èòü ðàñïîðÿæåíèå îò ñîáåñåäíèêà, åñëè êîñâåííûé âîïðîñ çàâèñèò îò ãëàãîëà â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè. Should â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, ïðèäàâàÿ äåéñòâèþ îòòåíîê äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ: I asked him where I should wait for him. I asked her whether he should come in the morning. ß ñïðîñèë åãî, ãäå ìíå åãî æäàòü. ß ñïðîñèë åå, ïðèõîäèòü ëè åìó óòðîì. § 124. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà â ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ó ñ ë î â í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é â ò î ð î ã î è ò ð å ò ü å ã î ò è ï à (ñòð. 439, 440).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå should â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé èíôèíèòèâà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñîñëàãàòåëüíûì íàêëîíåíèåì: I should go there if I had time. ß ïîøåë áû òóäà, åñëè áû ó ìåíÿ áûëî âðåìÿ. We should have caught the train if Ìû ïîñïåëè áû íà ïîåçä, åñëè áû we had walked faster. ìû øëè áûñòðåå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ÑØÀ âìåñòî should ñ 1-é ëèöîì îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ would.  Àíãëèè òàêæå èìååòñÿ ñèëüíàÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ê óïîòðåáëåíèþ would âìåñòî should: I would go there If I had time. § 125. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ó ñ ë î â í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é ï å ð â î ã î è â ò î ð î ã î ò è ï à äëÿ ïîä÷åðêèâàíèÿ ìàëîé âåðîÿòíîñòè äåëàåìîãî ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïåðâîãî òèïà ñî÷åòàíèå should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, à â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà ñîñëàãàòåëüíûì íàêëîíåíèåì: If they should come, I shall speak to them about it. If he should refuse, they would be greatly disappointed. Åñëè îíè ïðèäóò, ÿ ïîãîâîðþ ñ íèìè îá ýòîì. Åñëè áû îí îòêàçàëñÿ, îíè áûëè áû î÷åíü ðàçî÷àðîâàíû. § 126. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ õ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è õ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ ñîþçà that, êîãäà ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå âûðàæåíî áåçëè÷íûì îáîðîòîì òèïà it is important âàæíî, it is necessary íåîáõîäèìî, it is desirable æåëàòåëüíî, it is impossible íåâîç207 ìîæíî, it is improbable íåâåðîÿòíî, it is better ëó÷øå è ò. ï.*) Should â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè, â êîòîðîì ñòîèò ãëàãîë to be â áåçëè÷íîì îáîðîòå. Òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû, ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè**): It is important that he should return Âàæíî, ÷òîáû îí âåðíóëñÿ çàâòðà. tomorrow. It is desirable that the agreement Æåëàòåëüíî, ÷òîáû ñîãëàøåíèå should be signed before May. áûëî ïîäïèñàíî äî ìàÿ. It was necessary that the question Áûëî íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû âîïðîñ should be settled without delay. áûë ðàçðåøåí áåç ïðîìåäëåíèÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âìåñòî should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ôîðìà Present Subjunctive (îñîáåííî ÷àñòî â ÑØÀ ñòð. 191): It is important that he return (= should return) tomorrow. It is desirable that the agreement be signed (= should be signed) before May. 2. Âìåñòî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå for + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå) + èíôèíèòèâ (ñòð. 248): It is important for him to return = It is important that he should return tomorrow. tomorrow. It is desirable for the agreement = It is desirable that the agreement should to be signed before May. be signed before May. Ïîñëå áåçëè÷íûõ îáîðîòîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ ÷ ó â ñ ò â î ó ä è â ë å í è ÿ, ä î ñ à ä û, ð à ä î ñ ò è, ñ î æ à ë å í è ÿ è ò. ï., êàê, íàïðèìåð, it is surprising óäèâèòåëüíî, it is annoying äîñàäíî, it is strange ñòðàííî, it is a pity æàëü, â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê ñî÷åòàíèå should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, òàê è âðåìåíà èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ: It is surprising Óäèâèòåëüíî, that he should think so. that he thinks so. ÷òî îí òàê äóìàåò. Îáà ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî÷òè ðàâíîçíà÷íû; îäíàêî ñî÷åòàíèå should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì óñèëèâàåò ÷óâñòâî óäèâëåíèÿ, äîñàäû, ñîæàëåíèÿ è ò. ï., âûðàæåííîå áåçëè÷íûì îáîðîòîì. Îáà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, êîòîðîå ââîäèòñÿ *) Ïîñëå îáîðîòîâ it is possible âîçìîæíî è it is probable âåðîÿòíî â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãëàãîë may (might): It is possible that the steamer may arrive Âîçìîæíî, ÷òî ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò tomorrow. çàâòðà. Îäíàêî â âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ôîðìå ïîñëå ýòèõ îáîðîòîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ should: Is it possible that the steamer should arrive Âîçìîæíî ëè, ÷òî ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò tomorrow? çàâòðà? **) ×àñòèöà áû ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ ñëèòà ñ ñîþçîì ÷òî, îáðàçóÿ ñîþç ÷òîáû. 208 ñîþçîì ÷òî, ñ ãëàãîëîì â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè. Îòòåíîê æå çíà÷åíèÿ, âûðàæàåìûé ñî÷åòàíèåì should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, ïåðåäàåòñÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé èíòîíàöèåé. Should ïîñëå áåçëè÷íûõ îáîðîòîâ ýòîãî òèïà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå ñ Indefinite, òàê è â ôîðìå Perfect. Åñëè â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íàäî âûðàçèòü äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê ò î ì ó æ å â ð å ì å í è, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ áåçëè÷íûé îáîðîò (èëè ê áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè), òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå Indefinite. Åñëè æå â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íàäî âûðàçèòü ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèå, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Perfect: It is strange that he should behave Ñòðàííî, ÷òî îí òàê ñåáÿ âåäåò. so. It is strange that he should have Ñòðàííî, ÷òî îí òàê ñåáÿ âåë. behaved so. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííûõ âûøå ïðèìåðîâ, àíãëèéñêèì áåçëè÷íûì îáîðîòàì òèïà it is important, it is necessary, it is desirable, it is surprising, it is annoying, it is strange è ò. ï. ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå áåçëè÷íûå îáîðîòû, âûðàæåííûå ïðåäèêàòèâíûìè íàðå÷èÿìè âàæíî, íåîáõîäèìî, æåëàòåëüíî, óäèâèòåëüíî, äîñàäíî, ñòðàííî è ò. ï. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ñêàçóåìîå ðóññêèõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, çàâèñÿùèõ îò òàêèõ áåçëè÷íûõ îáîðîòîâ, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñî÷åòàíèåì should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, êîãäà ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ââîäèòñÿ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû. Êîãäà æå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ââîäèòñÿ ñîþçîì ÷òî, òî ñêàçóåìîå ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ êàê ñî÷åòàíèåì should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, òàê è ãëàãîëîì â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè: Íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû ïèñüìî áûëî îòîñëàíî ñåãîäíÿ. Æåëàòåëüíî, ÷òîáû îí ó÷àñòâîâàë â ýòîé ýêñïåäèöèè. Óäèâèòåëüíî, ÷òî îí ýòîãî íå çíàåò. Ñòðàííî, ÷òî îí íå ïðèøåë ñþäà. It is necessary that the letter should be sent off today. It is desirable that he should take part in the expedition. 1. It is surprising that he should not know it. 2. It is surprising that he does not know it. 1. It is strange that he should not have come here. 2. It is strange that he has not come here. § 127. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò ð å ø è ì î ñ ò ü, ò ð å á î â à í è å, ñ î â å ò, ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è å, ä î ã î â î ð å í í î ñ ò ü, ï ð è ê à ç à í è å. Ê òàêèì ãëàãîëàì îòíîñÿòñÿ: to decide ðåøàòü; to demand, to require òðåáîâàòü; to insist íàñòàèâàòü; to advise ñîâåòîâàòü; to recommend ðåêîìåíäîâàòü; to suggest, to propose ïðåäëàãàòü; to agree ñîãëàøàòüñÿ, äîãîâàðèâàòüñÿ; to arrange äîãîâàðèâàòüñÿ; to order, to command ïðèêàçûâàòü è äð. 209 Should ïîñëå ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ Indefinite Infinitive ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè, â êîòîðîì ñòîèò ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû, ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè*): Íå suggested**) that the case should be postponed. Íå recommended that the goods should be shipped at once. The doctor insists***) that he should go to the south. The sellers demanded that payment should be made within five days. Íå ordered****) that the steamer should be discharged at once. Îí ïðåäëîæèë, ÷òîáû äåëî áûëî îòëîæåíî. Îí ðåêîìåíäîâàë, ÷òîáû òîâàðû áûëè îòïðàâëåíû íåìåäëåííî. Äîêòîð íàñòàèâàåò, ÷òîáû îí ïîåõàë íà þã. Ïðîäàâöû òðåáîâàëè, ÷òîáû ïëàòåæ áûë ïðîèçâåäåí â òå÷åíèå ïÿòè äíåé. Îí ïðèêàçàë, ÷òîáû ïàðîõîä áûë ðàçãðóæåí íåìåäëåííî. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ âìåñòî should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ôîðìà Present Subjunctive (îñîáåííî ÷àñòî â ÑØÀ ñòð. 191): The sellers demanded that payment be made (= should be made) within five days. He ordered that the steamer be discharged (= should be discharged) at once. § 128. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò ÷óâñòâî ñ î æ à ë å í è ÿ, ó ä è â ë å í è ÿ, í å ã î ä î â à í è ÿ, ð à ä î ñ ò è è ò. ï. Should â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè, â êîòîðîì ñòîèò ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I am sorry that you should think so. I regret that you should not know it. Æàëü, ÷òî âû òàê äóìàåòå. ß ñîæàëåþ, ÷òî âû ýòîãî íå çíàåòå. *) ×àñòèöà áû ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ ñëèòà ñ ñîþçîì ÷òî, îáðàçóÿ ñîþç ÷òîáû. **) Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òàêæå è òîãäà, êîãäà â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âìåñòî ãëàãîëà óïîòðåáëåíî ðàâíîçíà÷àùåå âûðàæåíèå: Íå suggested (made a suggestion) that the case should be postponed. He ordered (gave orders, issued orders) that the steamer should be discharged at once. ***) Ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to insist âìåñòî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèàëüíûé îáîðîò (ñòð. 263): The doctor insists on his going to the south. ****) Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ ïðèêàçàíèå, âìåñòî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáîðîò îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì (ñòð. 252): Íå ordered the steamer to be discharged at once. 210 Åñëè â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íàäî âûðàçèòü äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê ò î ì ó æ å â ð å ì å í è, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå Indefinite. Åñëè æå â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íàäî âûðàçèòü ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèå, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Perfect: I am disappointed that he should work so little at his English. I am disappointed that he should have worked so little at his English. I was surprised that he should behave so. I was surprised that he should have behaved so. ß ðàçî÷àðîâàí, ÷òî îí òàê ìàëî ðàáîòàåò íàä àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì. ß ðàçî÷àðîâàí, ÷òî îí òàê ìàëî ðàáîòàë íàä àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì. ß áûë óäèâëåí, ÷òî îí òàê ñåáÿ âåäåò. ß áûë óäèâëåí, ÷òî îí òàê ñåáÿ âåë. Íàðÿäó ñ should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â òàêèõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âðåìåíà èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ: I am surprised that ß óäèâëåí, ÷òî he should not realize his mistake. he does not realize his mistake. îí íå ïîíèìàåò ñâîåé îøèáêè. Îáà ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïî÷òè ðàâíîçíà÷íû; îäíàêî ñî÷åòàíèå should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì óñèëèâàåò ÷óâñòâî ñîæàëåíèÿ, óäèâëåíèÿ è ò. ï., âûðàæåííîå ñêàçóåìûì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Îáà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, êîòîðîå ââîäèòñÿ ñîþçîì ÷òî, ñ ãëàãîëîì â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè. Îòòåíîê æå çíà÷åíèÿ, âûðàæàåìûé ñî÷åòàíèåì should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, ïåðåäàåòñÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé èíòîíàöèåé (ñðàâíèòå § 126). § 129. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ õ ö å ë è â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè, â êîòîðîì ñòîèò ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû, ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè: Ill ring him up at once so that he shouldnt wait for me. Ill open the window so that it should be cooler in the room. ß åìó ïîçâîíþ íåìåäëåííî, ÷òîáû îí íå æäàë ìåíÿ. ß îòêðîþ îêíî, ÷òîáû â êîìíàòå áûëî ïðîõëàäíåå. § 130. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè â ï ð ÿ ì û õ è ê î ñ â å í í û õ â î ï ð î ñ à õ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ why, è âûðàæàþùèõ ñ è ë ü í î å ó ä è â ë å í è å, í å ä î ó ì å í è å: 211 Why should you dislike him so much? Why should you think that he is not capable of doing this work? I dont understand why you should be angry with him. Ïî÷åìó âû åãî òàê íå ëþáèòå? Ïî÷åìó âû äóìàåòå, ÷òî îí íå ñïîñîáåí ñäåëàòü ýòó ðàáîòó? ß íå ïîíèìàþ, ïî÷åìó âû ñåðäèòåñü íà íåãî. § 131. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ì î ð à ë ü í î ã î ä î ë ã à èëè ñ î â å ò à. Should â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò çíà÷åíèå äîëæåí, ñëåäóåò, ñëåäîâàëî áû è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ î â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Should â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì èëè á ó ä ó ù å ì: Íå should help them. You should call on him tomorrow. You shouldnt go there. Îí äîëæåí (åìó ñëåäóåò, ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïîìî÷ü èì. Âû äîëæíû (âàì ñëåäóåò, ñëåäîâàëî áû) çàéòè ê íåìó çàâòðà. Âû íå äîëæíû (âàì íå ñëåäóåò, íå ñëåäîâàëî áû) èäòè òóäà. Should â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó è âûðàæàåò, ÷òî ëèöî, î êîòîðîì èäåò ðå÷ü, íå âûïîëíèëî ñâîåãî äîëãà èëè ïîñòóïèëî, ïî ìíåíèþ ãîâîðÿùåãî, íåïðàâèëüíî, ò. å. âûðàæàåò ïîðèöàíèå èëè óïðåê: Íå should have helped them. You shouldnt have gone there yesterday. Îí äîëæåí áûë (åìó ñëåäîâàëî, ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïîìî÷ü èì. Âû íå äîëæíû áûëè (âàì íå ñëåäîâàëî, íå ñëåäîâàëî áû) õîäèòü òóäà â÷åðà.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñëåäîâàëî áû ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè áóäóùåìó, òàê è ê ïðîøåäøåìó. Êîãäà ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáëåíî ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè áóäóùåìó, åìó ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñî÷åòàíèå should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå Indefinite. Êîãäà æå ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáëåíî ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ïðîøåäøåìó, åìó ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñî÷åòàíèå should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå Perfect: Âàì ñëåäîâàëî áû ñäåëàòü ýòî ñåé÷àñ (çàâòðà). Âàì ñëåäîâàëî áû ñäåëàòü ýòî â÷åðà. 212 You should do it now (tomorrow). You should have done it yesterday. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ should 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè: à) ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà l said that I should return on Monday. Íå said that she should have the books in a few days. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ âåðíóñü â ïîíåäåëüíèê. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíà ïîëó÷èò êíèãè ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî äíåé. 2. Ñ 1-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì ïðè îáðàùåíèè â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü âîïðîñà, çàäàâàåìîãî ñ öåëüþ ïîëó÷èòü ðàñïîðÿæåíèå l asked her whether he should come in the morning. ß ñïðîñèë åå, ïðèõîäèòü ëè åìó óòðîì. 3.  ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ ò è óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé âòîðîãî è òðåòüåãî òèïà (ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) I should go there if I had time. We should have caught the train if we had walked faster. If he should come, I shall speak to him about it. ß ïîøåë áû òóäà, åñëè áû ó ìåíÿ áûëî âðåìÿ. Ìû óñïåëè áû íà ïîåçä, åñëè áû ìû øëè áûñòðåå. Åñëè îí ïðèäåò, ÿ ïîãîâîðþ ñ íèì îá ýòîì. It is important that he should return to-morrow. Âàæíî, ÷òîáû îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ çàâòðà. á) ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà ñ îòòåíêîì î á å ù à í è ÿ, ó ã ð î ç û, ïðèêàçàíèÿ 4.  ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í î é ÷àñòè óñëîâíûõ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é ïåðâîãî è âòîðîã î ò è ï à (ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) 5.  ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è õ ïîñëå áåçëè÷íûõ îáîðîòîâ òèïà it is important (ñ î â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) 213 Ïðîäîëæåíèå ñâîäêè 6.  ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü íûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåí è ÿ õ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to demand, to suggest, to order è ò. ä. (ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) Íå demanded that it should be done at once. Îí ïîòðåáîâàë, ÷òîáû ýòî áûëî ñäåëàíî íåìåäëåííî. 7.  ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü íûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåí è ÿ õ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò ÷óâñòâî ó ä è â ë å í è ÿ, ñ î æ à ë å í è ÿ è ò. ï. (ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) I am surprised that he should have done it. ß óäèâëåí, ÷òî îí ýòî ñäåëàë. 8.  ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ö å ë è (ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) Ill ring him up at once so that he shouldnt wait for me. ß ïîçâîíþ åìó íåìåäëåííî, ÷òîáû îí íå æäàë ìåíÿ. 9.  â î ï ð î ñ à õ, íà÷èíàþùèõñÿ ñ why, äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ñèëüíîãî óäèâë å í è ÿ, í å ä î ó ì å í è ÿ (ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) Why should he be angry with me? Ïî÷åìó îí ñåðäèòñÿ íà ìåíÿ? 10. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ì î ðàëüíîãî äîëã à èëè ñ î â å ò à (ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) You should help her. You should have helped her. Âàì ñëåäóåò (ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïîìî÷ü åé. Âàì ñëåäîâàëî (ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïîìî÷ü åé. 214 Will § 132. Ãëàãîë will, êàê è shall, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé èíôèíèòèâà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðì áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè, à â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. § 133. Will óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Íå will come to Moscow soon. You will see him tonight. Will you have a meeting tonight? Îí ñêîðî ïðèåäåò â Ìîñêâó. Âû óâèäèòå åãî ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. Áóäåò ëè ó âàñ ñîáðàíèå ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì? § 134. Will óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ñ ìîäàëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì, ïðèäàâàÿ äåéñòâèþ â áóäóùåì âðåìåíè îòòåíîê æ å ë à í è ÿ, í à ì å ð å í è ÿ, ñ î ã ë à ñ è ÿ èëè î á å ù à í è ÿ: I will call on you tomorrow. We will help him. ß çàéäó ê âàì çàâòðà. Ìû ïîìîæåì åìó. Îäíàêî will ñ 1-ì ëèöîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ, íå èìåþùåãî òàêèõ îòòåíêîâ (ñì. ïðèìå÷. ê § 116). § 135. Will óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð î ñ ü á û: Will you close the door? Will you pass me the salt? Wont you have a glass of water? Çàêðîéòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, äâåðü. Ïåðåäàéòå ìíå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ñîëü. He õîòèòå ëè ñòàêàí âîäû? Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà will 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ á ó ä ó ù å ã î äåéñòâèÿ: à) ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà Íå will be free tomorrow. Îí áóäåò ñâîáîäåí çàâòðà. á) ñ 1-ì ëèöîì, ñ îòòåíêîì æ å ë à í è ÿ, í à ì å ð å íèÿ I will go there with pleasure. ß ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì ïîéäó òóäà. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîñüáû Will you open the window? Îòêðîéòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, îêíî. 215 Would § 136. Would (ôîðìà ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè îò will) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ôîðìîé èíôèíèòèâà äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ôîðì áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè â ïðîøåäøåì (Future in the Past), à â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. § 137. Would óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (ñîãëàñíî ïðàâèëó ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí ñòð. 185): 1. Ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà, ÿâëÿÿñü â ýòîì ñëó÷àå òîëüêî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì: Íå said that he would come soon. I told him that you would leave Moscow on Monday. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ñêîðî ïðèäåò. ß ñêàçàë åìó, ÷òî âû óåäåòå èç Ìîñêâû â ïîíåäåëüíèê. 2. Ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Would â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èìååò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, ïðèäàâàÿ äåéñòâèþ â áóäóùåì âðåìåíè îòòåíîê í à ì å ð å í è ÿ, æ å ë à í è ÿ èëè ñ î ã ë à ñ è ÿ (§ 134): I said that I would help him. We said that we would come to see him. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ ïîìîãó åìó. Ìû ñêàçàëè, ÷òî ìû ïðèäåì íàâåñòèòü åãî. § 138. Would óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ó ñ ë î â í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é â ò î ð î ã î è ò ð å ò ü å ã î ò è ï à ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Íå would go there if he had time. You would have caught the train if you had walked faster. Îí ïîøåë áû òóäà, åñëè áû ó íåãî áûëî âðåìÿ. Âû óñïåëè áû íà ïîåçä, åñëè áû âû øëè áûñòðåå. Would ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è ñ 1-ì ëèöîì âìåñòî should (ñì. ïðèìå÷. ê § 124). § 139. Would óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà â î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ó ï î ð í î ã î í å æ å ë à í è ÿ ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì: Íå tried to persuade me, but I wouldnt listen to him. I asked him several times to give up smoking, but he wouldnt. Îí ñòàðàëñÿ óáåäèòü ìåíÿ, íî ÿ íå õîòåë åãî ñëóøàòü. ß íåñêîëüêî ðàç ïðîñèë åãî áðîñèòü êóðèòü, íî îí íå õîòåë. § 140. Would óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï î â ò î ð í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì â çíà÷åíèè áûâàëî: 216 Íå would sit for hours on the shore and (would) look at the sea. I would call on him on my way home. Îí áûâàëî ñèäåë ÷àñàìè íà áåðåãó è ñìîòðåë íà ìîðå. ß áûâàëî çàõîäèë ê íåìó ïî äîðîãå äîìîé. Ãëàãîë would â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ïî çíà÷åíèþ ê used to (ñòð. 120). Ñëåäóåò, îäíàêî, èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è used to óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãîðàçäî ÷àùå, ÷åì would. § 141. Would óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð î ñ ü á û: Would you mind passing me the salt? Would you tell me the time, please? Áóäüòå äîáðû ïåðåäàòü ìíå ñîëü. Áóäüòå äîáðû ñêàçàòü ìíå, êîòîðûé ÷àñ. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ would 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ áóäóùåãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè: à) ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà á) ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà, ñ îòòåíêîì íàìåðåíèÿ, æåëàíèÿ, ñîãëàñèÿ Íå said he would return soon. I said that I would help him. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí âîçâðàòèòñÿ ñêîðî. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÿ ïîìîãó åìó. 2.  ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ ò è óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé âòîðîãî è òðåòüåãî òèïà (ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà Íå would go there if he had time. Îí ïîøåë áû òóäà, åñëè áû ó íåãî áûëî âðåìÿ. 3.  îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ õ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ óïîðíîãî íåæåëàíèÿ ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì (ñî â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) Íå tried to persuade me but I would not listen to him. Îí ñòàðàëñÿ óáåäèòü ìåíÿ, íî ÿ íå õîòåë åãî ñëóøàòü. 217 Ïðîäîëæåíèå ñâîäêè 4. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï î âòîðíîãî äåéñòâèÿ â ïðîøëîì (ñ î â ñ å ì è ëèöàìè åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) 5. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîñüáû I would call on him on my way home. ß áûâàëî çàõîäèë ê íåìó ïî äîðîãå äîìîé. Would you mind opening the window? Áóäüòå äîáðû îòêðûòü îêíî. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГГЛАГ ЛАГ ОЛЫ (MODAL VERBS) ЛАГОЛЫ ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 142. Ãëàãîëû can (could), may (might), must, ought, need îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãðóïïå òàê íàçûâàåìûõ ì î ä à ë ü í û õ ãëàãîëîâ (Modal Verbs). Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, à òîëüêî â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà. Îíè îáîçíà÷àþò âîçìîæíîñòü, ñïîñîáíîñòü, âåðîÿòíîñòü, íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì. Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè â ðîëè ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî: Íå can do it himself. They may come tonight. I must speak to him. This work ought to be done at once. You neednt do it. Îí ìîæåò ýòî ñäåëàòü ñàì. Îíè, ìîæåò áûòü, ïðèäóò ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. ß äîëæåí ïîãîâîðèòü ñ íèì. Ýòó ðàáîòó ñëåäóåò ñäåëàòü íåìåäëåííî. Âàì íå íàäî ýòîãî äåëàòü. 1. Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû ÿâëÿþòñÿ í å ä î ñ ò à ò î ÷ í û ì è ãëàãîëàìè (Defective Verbs), òàê êàê îíè íå èìåþò âñåõ ôîðì, êîòîðûå èìåþò äðóãèå ãëàãîëû. Ãëàãîëû can è may èìåþò ôîðìó íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè è ôîðìó ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè: ñàï could, may might. Ãëàãîëû must, ought è need èìåþò òîëüêî ôîðìó íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè. Ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû íå èìåþò íåëè÷íûõ ôîðì èíôèíèòèâà, ïðè÷àñòèÿ è ãåðóíäèÿ. 2. Èíôèíèòèâ, ñëåäóþùèé çà ýòèìè ãëàãîëàìè, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç ÷àñòèöû to. Èñêëþ÷åíèå ñîñòàâëÿåò ãëàãîë ought, çà êîòîðûì ñëåäóåò èíôèíèòèâ ñ to: I can do it. ß ìîãó ñäåëàòü ýòî. You may take it. Âû ìîæåòå âçÿòü ýòî. I must go there. ß äîëæåí ïîéòè òóäà. You neednt do it. Âàì íå íóæíî äåëàòü ýòîãî. Íî: You ought to help him. Âàì ñëåäîâàëî áû ïîìî÷ü åìó. 218 3.  3-ì ëèöå åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû íå èìåþò îêîí÷àíèÿ -s: He can do it. He may take it. He must go there. He ought to help him. Need he do it? 4. Âîïðîñèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to do, ïðè÷åì ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Can you do it? May I take it? Must he go there? Ought he to help him? Need he do it? 5. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà.  íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè can ïèøåòñÿ ñëèòíî ñ not: He cannot do it. You may not take it. He must not go there. He ought not to help him. He need not do it. 6.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ñîêðàùåíèÿ: cannot could not may not might not must not ought not need not = = = = = = = cant [kC:nt] couldnt [kudnt] maynt [meInt] mightnt [maItnt] mustnt [mEsnt] oughtnt [D:tnt] neednt [ni:dnt] ÃËÀÃÎË can (could) § 143. Ãëàãîë can â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ âîçìîæíîñòè èëè ñïîñîáíîñòè ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì ìîãó, óìåþ. Can, êàê è ìîãó (ìîæåøü, ìîæåò è ò. ä.) â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó è á ó ä ó ù å ì ó âðåìåíè: I can do it now. ß ìîãó ñäåëàòü ýòî òåïåðü. I can speak English. ß óìåþ ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè. Íå can finish his work next week. Îí ìîæåò çàêîí÷èòü ñâîþ paáîòó íà áóäóùåé íåäåëå. Can â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive Passive ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì ìîæåò, ìîãóò ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà èëè ìîæíî ñ èíôèíèòèâîì äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: Ýòà ðàáîòà ìîæåò áûòü ñäåëàíà íåìåäëåííî. This work can be done at once. Ýòó ðàáîòó ìîæíî ñäåëàòü íåìåä ëåííî. Ïàðîõîä ìîæåò áûòü ðàçãðóæåí The steamer can be discharged toçàâòðà. morrow. Ïàðîõîä ìîæíî ðàçãðóçèòü çàâòðà. Íàðÿäó ñ can èíîãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå to be able áûòü â ñîñòîÿíèè. Îíî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê âìåñòî can è could (I am able, I was able), 219 òàê è âìåñòî íåäîñòàþùèõ ôîðì ãëàãîëà can (I have been able, I shall be able è ò. ä.): I can do it. = I am able to do it. I could do it. = I was able to do it. I shall be able to do it. ß ìîãó (â ñîñòîÿíèè) ýòî ñäåëàòü. ß ìîã (áûë â ñîñòîÿíèè) ýòî ñäåëàòü. ß ñìîãó (áóäó â ñîñòîÿíèè) ýòî ñäåëàòü. § 144. Can â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ è â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà ãîâîðÿùèé í å ä î ï ó ñ ê à å ò â î ç ì î æ í î ñ ò è, ÷òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè ñîâåðøèëîñü.  îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ can + Perfect Infinitive ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì íå ìîã â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ïîëüçóþòñÿ òàêæå âûðàæåíèåì íå ìîæåò áûòü ÷òîáû. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ïîëüçóþòñÿ ñëîâîì íåóæåëè: Íå cannot have done it. Íå cannot have said it. Can he have said it? Îí íå ìîã ýòîãî ñäåëàòü (= Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí ýòî ñäåëàë). Îí íå ìîã ñêàçàòü ýòîãî (= Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí ýòî ñêàçàë). Íåóæåëè îí ñêàçàë ýòî? § 145. Could â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ âîçìîæíîñòè èëè ñïîñîáíîñòè ñîâåðøàòü äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: ìîã, óìåë, áûë â ñîñòîÿíèè. Íàðÿäó ñ could óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ was (were) able: Íå could (was able to) swim very well when he was young. Íå could (was able to) read French books after he had studied French for a year. Íå could (was able to) speak English when he was a boy. Îí óìåë õîðîøî ïëàâàòü, êîãäà îí áûë ìîëîäûì. Îí ìîã ÷èòàòü ôðàíöóçñêèå êíèãè, ïîñëå òîãî êàê îí çàíèìàëñÿ ôðàíöóçñêèì ÿçûêîì â òå÷åíèå ãîäà. Îí ãîâîðèë (óìåë ãîâîðèòü) ïîàíãëèéñêè, êîãäà áûë ìàëü÷èêîì. Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ô à ê ò è ÷ å ñ ê è ñ î â å ð ø è â ø å ì ñ ÿ äåéñòâèè, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ò î ë ü ê î was able ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñìîã, ñóìåë, áûë â ñîñòîÿíèè: 220 We were able to discharge the steamer in twenty-four hours. He was able to translate the article without a dictionary. She was able to do it without my help. Ìû ñìîãëè ðàçãðóçèòü ïàðîõîä â 24 ÷àñà. Îí ñìîã ïåðåâåñòè ñòàòüþ áåç ñëîâàðÿ. Îíà ñóìåëà (ñìîãëà) ýòî ñäåëàòü áåç ìîåé ïîìîùè. § 146. Could óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ê î ñ â å í í î é ð å ÷ è, çàâèñÿùåé îò ãëàãîëà â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè: 1.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive, êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïðÿìîé ðå÷è ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü can ñ Indefinite Infinitive: Íå said that he could speak German. Íå said that he could finish his work in time. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïîíåìåöêè. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ìîæåò çàêîí÷èòü ðàáîòó âîâðåìÿ. 2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive, êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïðÿìîé ðå÷è ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü can ñ Perfect Infinitive: I said that he couldnt have done it. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí íå ìîã ýòîãî ñäåëàòü. § 147. Could óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ó ñ ë î â í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìîã áû, ñìîã áû: 1.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive: If he tried, he could do it. If I had a good dictionary, I could translate the article. Åñëè áû îí ïîñòàðàëñÿ, îí ìîã áû ýòî ñäåëàòü. Åñëè áû ó ìåíÿ áûë õîðîøèé, ñëîâàðü, ÿ ìîã áû ïåðåâåñòè ýòó ñòàòüþ. 2.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òðåòüåãî òèïà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive: If he had tried, he could have done it. If he had worked harder, he could have finished his work in time. Åñëè áû îí ïîñòàðàëñÿ, îí ìîã áû ýòî ñäåëàòü. Åñëè áû îí ðàáîòàë óñåðäíåå, îí ìîã áû çàêîí÷èòü ñâîþ ðàáîòó âîâðåìÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî could, çà êîòîðûì ñëåäóåò Perfect Infinitive, ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íàðÿäó ñ ìîã (ìîãëè) áû òàêæå ïîñðåäñòâîì ìîã (ìîãëè), êîãäà óñëîâèå íå âûðàæåíî. You could have asked him about it. Why didnt you do it? Âû ìîãëè (ìîãëè áû) ñïðîñèòü åãî îá ýòîì. Ïî÷åìó âû ýòîãî íå ñäåëàëè? 221 Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà can (could) 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ â î ç ì î æ í î ñ ò è èëè ñ ï î ñ î á í î ñ ò è ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) 2. Êîãäà í å ä î ï ó ñ ê à å ò ñ ÿ â î ç ì î æ í î ñ ò ü, ÷òî äåéñòâèå â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè ñîâåðøèëîñü (ñ Perfect Infinitive) 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ â î ç ì î æ í î ñ ò è èëè ñ ï î ñ î á í î ñ ò è ñîâåðøàòü äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) 2.  ê î ñ â å í í î é ð å ÷ è, çàâèñÿùåé îò ãëàãîëà â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (ñ Indefinite Infinitive è Perfect Infinitive) 3.  ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ ò è óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæ å í è é: à) â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) á) â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òðåòüåãî òèïà (ñ Perfect Infinitive) can I can do it now. Íå cannot have done it. could Íå could swim very well when he was young. ß ìîãó ñäåëàòü ýòî òåïåðü. He ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí ýòî ñäåëàë. Îí óìåë õîðîøî ïëàâàòü, êîãäà îí áûë ìîëîäûì. I said that he could speak English. I said that he couldnt have done it. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí íå ìîã ýòîãî ñäåëàòü. If he tried, he could do it. Åñëè áû îí ïîñòàðàëñÿ, îí ìîã áû ýòî ñäåëàòü. Åñëè áû îí ïîñòàðàëñÿ, îí ìîã áû ýòî ñäåëàòü. If he had tried, he could have done it. ÃËÀÃÎË may (might) § 148. Ãëàãîë may â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ð à ç ð å ø å í è ÿ è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì ìîãó (ìîæåøü, ìîæåò è ò. ä.): You may take my dictionary. May I come in? 222 Âû ìîæåòå (âàì ðàçðåøàåòñÿ) âçÿòü ìîé ñëîâàðü. Ìîæíî âîéòè? Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ may óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè.  ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ â ïðÿìîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå ãëàãîë might, à ãëàãîë to allow ðàçðåøàòü â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå: Íå was allowed to go there. Åìó ðàçðåøàëè ïîéòè òóäà. Òî be allowed óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå âìåñòî íåäîñòàþùèõ ôîðì ãëàãîëà may: He has been allowed to go there. Åìó ðàçðåøàëè ïîéòè òóäà. Íå will be allowed to go there. Åìó ðàçðåøàò ïîéòè òóäà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ, ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî ãëàãîëó may, ò. å. äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çàïðåùåíèÿ, íàðÿäó ñ may not (maynt) íåëüçÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ must not (mustnt) You maynt smoke here. You mustnt smoke here. Âàì íåëüçÿ êóðèòü çäåñü. § 149. May óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð å ä ï î ë î æ å í è ÿ, â ïðàâäîïîäîáèè êîòîðîãî ãîâîðÿùèé íå óâåðåí: 1.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó èëè ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå may ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì ìîæåò áûòü, âîçìîæíî, à èíôèíèòèâ ãëàãîëîì â íàñòîÿùåì èëè áóäóùåì âðåìåíè. Ñî÷åòàíèå may ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ìîæåò òàêæå ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñî÷åòàíèåì ìîæåò (ìîãóò) ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: Íå may know her address. Íå may come to Moscow in the summer. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), çíà åò åå àäðåñ. Îí ìîæåò çíàòü åå àäðåñ. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), ïðè åäåò â Ìîñêâó ëåòîì. Îí ìîæåò ïðèåõàòü â Ìîñêâó ëå òîì. Ïîñëå may óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Continuous Infinitive, êîãäà âûñêàçûâàåòñÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è: Where is he? He may be walking in the garden. Ãäå îí? Îí, ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), ãóëÿåò â ñàäó. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ may óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå: Íå may not know her address. You may not find him there. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), íå çíàåò åå àäðåñà. Îí ìîæåò íå çíàòü åå àäðåñà. Ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), âû íå çàñòàíåòå åãî òàì. Âû ìîæåòå íå çàñòàòü åãî òàì. 2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó. 223 May ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ìîæåò áûòü, âîçìîæíî, à èíôèíèòèâ ãëàãîëîì â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè. Ñî÷åòàíèå may ñ Perfect Infinitive ìîæåò òàêæå ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñî÷åòàíèåì ìîã (ìîãëè) ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: Íå may have left Moscow. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû. Îí ìîã óåõàòü èç Ìîñêâû. Íå may have lost your address. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), ïîòåðÿë âàø àäðåñ. Îí ìîã ïîòåðÿòü âàø àäðåñ. Íå may not have come yet. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü (âîçìîæíî), åùå íå ïðèåõàë. Îí ìîã åùå íå ïðèåõàòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1. Ìîãó (ìîæåøü, ìîæåò è ò. ä.) ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: à) ïîñðåäñòâîì can ñ Indefinite Infinitive, êîãäà ìîãó óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñïîñîáåí, â ñîñòîÿíèè, óìåþ: ß ìîãó (ñïîñîáåí, â ñîñòîÿíèè) çàêîí÷èòü ýòó ðàáîòó çàâòðà. I can finish this work to-morrow. á) ïîñðåäñòâîì may ñ Indefinite Infinitive, êîãäà ìîãó óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ðàçðåøàåòñÿ èëè ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìîæåò áûòü, âîçìîæíî: Âû ìîæåòå (Âàì ðàçðåøàåòñÿ) ïîéòè òóäà. Îí ìîæåò ïðèåõàòü (Îí, ìîæåò áûòü, ïðèåäåò) â Ìîñêâó ëåòîì. You may go there. Íå may come to Moscow in the summer. 2. Ìîã (ìîãëà, ìîãëà) ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: à) ïîñðåäñòâîì could èëè was (were) able ñ Indefinite Infinitive äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ âîçìîæíîñòè èëè ñïîñîáíîñòè ñîâåðøàòü äåéñòâèå â ïðîøëîì: Îí ìîã ÷èòàòü ôðàíöóçñêèå êíèãè, ïîñëå òîãî êàê îí çàíèìàëñÿ ôðàíöóçñêèì ÿçûêîì â òå÷åíèå ãîäà. Íå could (was able to) read French books after he had studied French for a year. á) ïîñðåäñòâîì could ñ Perfect Infinitive â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ìîã ïî ñìûñëó ìîæåò áûòü çàìåíåí ìîã áû, ò. å. êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î íåñîâåðøèâøåìñÿ äåéñòâèè. Âû ìîãëè (ìîãëè áû) ñïðîñèòü åãî îá ýòîì. Ïî÷åìó âû ýòîãî íå ñäåëàëè? ß áûë äîìà â÷åðà. Âû ìîãëè (ìîãëè áû) çàéòè êî ìíå è âçÿòü ñëîâàðü. You could have asked him about it. Why didnt you do it? I was at home yesterday. You could have called and taken the dictionary. â) ïîñðåäñòâîì may ñ Perfect Infinitive â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ìîã îçíà÷àåò ìîæåò áûòü, âîçìîæíî: Îí ìîã ïîòåðÿòü (ìîæåò áûòü, ïîòåðÿë; âîçìîæíî, ïîòåðÿë) âàø àäðåñ è ïîýòîìó íå ïèøåò âàì. 224 Íå may have lost your address and thats why he doesnt write to you. Îí ìîã çàáûòü (ìîæåò áûòü, çàáûë; âîçìîæíî, çàáûë) îá ýòîì. Íå may have forgotten about it. § 150. May â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ õ ö å ë è. Ñî÷åòàíèå may ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñîñëàãàòåëüíûì íàêëîíåíèåì. May â ýòîì ñëó÷àå â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè òåðÿåò ñâîå ëåêñè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå, ñîõðàíÿÿ ëèøü íåêîòîðûé îòòåíîê âîçìîæíîñòè: I shall give him my exercises so that he may correct them. Ill give you the book today so that you may have time to read it before the examination. ß äàì åìó ñâîè óïðàæíåíèÿ, ÷òîáû îí èõ èñïðàâèë. ß âàì äàì êíèãó ñåãîäíÿ, ÷òîáû âû óñïåëè ïðî÷èòàòü åå ïåðåä ýêçàìåíîì. § 151. Might â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ð à ç ð å ø å í è ÿ â ê î ñ â å í í î é ð å ÷ è, çàâèñÿùåé îò ãëàãîëà â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè.  ïðÿìîé ðå÷è â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü may ñ Indefinite Infinitive: She said that he might take her dicÎíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îí ìîæåò âçÿòü tionary. åå ñëîâàðü. § 152. Might óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð å ä ï î ë î æ å í è ÿ â ê î ñ â å í í î é ð å ÷ è, çàâèñÿùåé îò ãëàãîëà â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè: 1.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive, êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïðÿìîé ðå÷è ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü may ñ Indefinite Infinitive: Íå said that she might know their address. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíà, âîçìîæíî, çíàåò èõ àäðåñ. 2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive, êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ïðÿìîé ðå÷è ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü may ñ Perfect Infinitive: Íå said that she might have lost their address. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíà, âîçìîæíî, ïîòåðÿëà èõ àäðåñ. § 153. Might â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ õ ö å ë è, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè: I gave him my exercises so that he ß äàë åìó ñâîè óïðàæíåíèÿ, ÷òîmight correct them. áû îí èõ ïðîâåðèë. § 154. Might óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ó ñ ë î â í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é: 1.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive: If you tried, you might get the book. Åñëè áû âû ïîñòàðàëèñü, âû ìîãëè áû äîñòàòü ýòó êíèãó (âû, ìîæåò áûòü, äîñòàëè áû ýòó êíèãó). 225 If she called at his office at five oclock, she might find him there. Åñëè áû îíà çàøëà ê íåìó â ó÷ðåæäåíèå â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ, îíà ìîãëà áû çàñòàòü åãî òàì (ìîæåò áûòü, çàñòàëà áû åãî òàì). 2.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òðåòüåãî òèïà â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive: If he had been here, he might have helped us. Åñëè áû îí áûë çäåñü, îí ìîã áû ïîìî÷ü íàì (ìîæåò áûòü, ïîìîã áû íàì). If she had called at his office at five oclock yesterday, she might have found him there. Åñëè áû îíà çàøëà ê íåìó â ó÷ðåæäåíèå â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ â÷åðà, îíà ìîãëà áû çàñòàòü åãî òàì (ìîæåò áûòü, çàñòàëà áû åãî òàì). Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà may (might) 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ð à ç ð å ø å í è ÿ (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð å ä ï î ë î æ å í è ÿ: à) îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè áóäóùåìó (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) á) îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó (ñ Perfect Infinitive) 3.  ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ö å ë è (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) 1.  êîñâåííîé ð å ÷ è, çàâèñÿùåé îò ãëàãîëà â ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì âðåìåíè: à) äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ðàçðåøåíèÿ (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) 226 may You may go home now. Âû ìîæåòå òåïåðü ïîéòè äîìîé. It may rain today. Ñåãîäíÿ, âîçìîæíî, áóäåò äîæäü. Íå may have returned to Moscow. I shall give him my exercises so that he may correct them. might Îí, âîçìîæíî, âîçâðàòèëñÿ â Ìîñêâó. ß äàì åìó ñâîè óïðàæíåíèÿ, ÷òîáû îí èõ ïðîâåðèë. She said that he might take her dictionary. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îí ìîæåò âçÿòü åå ñëîâàðü. Ïðîäîëæåíèå ñâîäêè á) äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ (ñ Indefinite Infinitive è Perfect Infinitive) Íå said that she might know their address. He said that she might have lost their address. 2.  ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ö å ë è, êîãäà ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) Ç.  ã ë à â í î é ÷ à ñ òè óñëîâíûõ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é: à) â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) á) â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òðåòüåãî òèïà (ñ Perfect Infinitive) I gave him my exercises so that he might correct them. If you tried, you might get the book. If he had been here, he might have helped us. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíà, âîçìîæíî, çíàåò èõ àäðåñ. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíà, âîçìîæíî, ïîòåðÿëà èõ àäðåñ. ß äàë åìó ñâîè óïðàæíåíèÿ, ÷òîáû îí èõ ïðîâåðèë. Åñëè áû âû ïîñòàðàëèñü, âû ìîãëè áû äîñòàòü ýòó êíèãó. Åñëè áû îí áûë çäåñü, îí ìîã áû ïîìî÷ü íàì. ÃËÀÃÎË must § 155. Ãëàãîë must â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ í å î á õ î ä è ì î ñ ò è ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ñ è ë ó î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â, à òàêæå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð è ê à ç à í è ÿ èëè ñ î â å ò à. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê must ïåðåâîäèòñÿ äîëæåí, íóæíî, íàäî. Must, êàê è äîëæåí, íóæíî, íàäî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó è ê áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè: I must do it now (íåîáõîäèìîñòü â ß äîëæåí (ìíå íóæíî, íàäî) ñäåëàòü ýòî òåïåðü. ñèëó îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ). Íå must go there tomorrow (íåîáÎí äîëæåí (åìó íóæíî, íàäî) õîäèìîñòü â ñèëó îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ). ïîéòè òóäà çàâòðà. You must post the letter at once Âû äîëæíû (âàì íóæíî, íàäî) îòïðàâèòü ïèñüìî íåìåäëåííî. (ïðèêàçàíèå). You must consult a doctor (ñîâåò). Âû äîëæíû (âàì íóæíî, íàäî) ïîñîâåòîâàòüñÿ ñ âðà÷îì. 227 Must â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive Passive ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì äîëæåí, äîëæíû ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà èëè íóæíî, íàäî ñ èíôèíèòèâîì äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: This work must be done at once. Ýòà ðàáîòà äîëæíà áûòü ñäåëàíà íåìåäëåííî. Ýòó ðàáîòó íóæíî (íàäî) ñäåëàòü íåìåäëåííî. The steamer must be discharged tomorrow. Ïàðîõîä äîëæåí áûòü ðàçãðóæåí çàâòðà. Ïàðîõîä íóæíî (íàäî) ðàçãðóçèòü çàâòðà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà must must not (mustnt) îçíà÷àåò çàïðåùåíèå, ò. å. ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîé ïî çíà÷åíèþ ãëàãîëó may (ñòð. 223): May I do it? No, you mustnt. Ìîæíî ìíå ñäåëàòü ýòî? Íåò, íåëüçÿ. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ, ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî ãëàãîëó must, ò. å. äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îòñóòñòâèÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòè, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ neednt íå äîëæåí, íå íóæíî, íå íàäî: You neednt do it now. Âû íå äîëæíû (âàì íå íóæíî, íå íàäî) äåëàòü ýòî òåïåðü. Íå neednt go there tomorrow. Îí íå äîëæåí (åìó íå íóæíî, íå íàäî) èäòè òóäà çàâòðà. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà âîïðîñ Must I go there? Íàäî ëè ìíå (äîëæåí ëè ÿ) èäòè òóäà? âîçìîæíû îòâåòû: Yes, you must. Äà, íàäî èëè: No, you neednt. Íåò, íå íàäî. § 156. Íàðÿäó ñ must óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ãëàãîëà to have â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ñ è ë ó î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â. Ãëàãîë to have, îäíàêî, íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âìåñòî must äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðèêàçàíèÿ èëè ñîâåòà: I must do it now. = I have to do it now. He must go there tomorrow. = Íå has to go there tomorrow. ß äîëæåí ñäåëàòü ýòî ñåé÷àñ. Îí äîëæåí ïîéòè òóäà çàâòðà. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ â ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âìåñòî must óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãëàãîë to have â ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âðåìåíè â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to: I had to go there. ß äîëæåí áûë (ìíå íàäî áûëî, ìíå ïðèøëîñü) ïîéòè òóäà. I shall have to do it. ß äîëæåí áóäó (ìíå íàäî áóäåò, ìíå ïðèäåòñÿ) ýòî ñäåëàòü. 228 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  êîñâåííîé ðå÷è, çàâèñÿùåé îò ãëàãîëà â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, must â îäíèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íå çàìåíÿåòñÿ, à â äðóãèõ çàìåíÿåòñÿ had to (ñòð. 418419). § 157. Must óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð å ä ï î ë î æ å í è ÿ, êîòîðîå ãîâîðÿùèé ñ÷èòàåò âïîëíå ïðàâäîïîäîáíûì: 1.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó. Must â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì äîëæíî áûòü, âåðîÿòíî, à èíôèíèòèâ ãëàãîëîì â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè. Ñî÷åòàíèå must ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê òàêæå ñî÷åòàíèåì äîëæåí ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: Íå must know her address. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), çíà åò åå àäðåñ. Îí äîëæåí çíàòü åå àäðåñ. He must be in the library now. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), ñåé ÷àñ â áèáëèîòåêå. Îí äîëæåí áûòü ñåé÷àñ â áèáëèî òåêå. Ïîñëå must óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Continuous Infinitive, êîãäà âûñêàçûâàåòñÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ â ìîìåíò ðå÷è: Where is he? Íå must be walking in the garden. Ãäå îí? Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, ãóëÿåò â ñàäó. 2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðîå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó. Must â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì äîëæíî áûòü, âåðîÿòíî, à èíôèíèòèâ ãëàãîëîì â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè: They must have forgotten to send us a copy of the telegram with their letter. The cases must have been damaged during the unloading of the vessel. Îíè, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), çàáûëè ïðèëîæèòü êîïèþ òåëåãðàììû ê ñâîåìó ïèñüìó. ßùèêè, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), áûëè ïîâðåæäåíû âî âðåìÿ ðàçãðóçêè ñóäíà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê áóäóùåìó, must íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. Òàêèå ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êàê Ïîãîäà, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), èçìåíèòñÿ çàâòðà. Ëåêöèÿ, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), áóäåò èíòåðåñíîé ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: The weather will probably change (is likely to change) tomorrow, The lecture will probably be interesting (is likely to be interesting). 2. Ãëàãîë must, âûðàæàþùèé ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ. Òàêèå ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êàê Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, íå çíàåò îá ýòîì. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü. íå âèäåë åå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: Íå probably doesnt know about it, He probably didnt see her. 229 Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà must 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâ à í è ÿ ( ñ Indefinite Infinitive) 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðåäïîëîæåí è ÿ: à) îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó (ñ Indefinite Infinitive) á) îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó (ñ Perfect Infinitive) You must do it. Âû äîëæíû ýòî ñäåëàòü. Íå must be at home now. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), ñåé÷àñ äîìà. You must have left the book at the Institute. Âû, äîëæíî áûòü (âåðîÿòíî), îñòàâèëè êíèãó â èíñòèòóòå. ÃËÀÃÎË ought § 158. Ãëàãîë ought äîëæåí, ñëåäóåò, ñëåäîâàëî áû â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ì î ð à ë ü í î ã î ä î ë ã à èëè ñ î â å ò à, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó èëè á ó ä ó ù å ì ó: Íå ought to help his friend. You ought to be more careful. Îí äîëæåí (åìó ñëåäóåò, ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïîìî÷ü ñâîåìó äðóãó. Âû äîëæíû (âàì ñëåäóåò, ñëåäîâàëî áû) áûòü áîëåå îñòîðîæíûì. Ought â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó è âûðàæàåò, ÷òî ëèöî, î êîòîðîì èäåò ðå÷ü, íå âûïîëíèëî ñâîåãî äîëãà èëè ïîñòóïèëî, ïî ìíåíèþ ãîâîðÿùåãî, íåïðàâèëüíî, ò. å. âûðàæàåò ïîðèöàíèå èëè óïðåê: You ought to have done it yesterday. Âû äîëæíû áûëè (âàì ñëåäîâàëî, ñëåäîâàëî áû) ñäåëàòü ýòî â÷åðà. Íå ought not to have sent that cable. Îí íå äîëæåí áûë (åìó íå ñëåäîâàëî, íå ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïîñûëàòü ýòó òåëåãðàììó. Íàðÿäó ñ ought ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ãëàãîë should (ñòð. 212). ÃËÀÃÎË need § 159. 1. Ãëàãîë need â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ í å î á õ î ä è ì î ñ ò è ñîâåðøèòü äåéñòâèå ñî çíà÷åíèåì íóæíî, íàäî. Need óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â ôîðìå Present Indefinite â â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ è î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: 230 Need he come here? You neednt come so early. Íóæíî ëè åìó ïðèõîäèòü ñþäà? Âàì íå íóæíî ïðèõîäèòü òàê ðàíî. Åìó íå íàäî ñïåøèòü. Íå neednt hurry. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì îòâåòå íà âîïðîñ ñ ãëàãîëîì need óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ must: Need I go there at once? Íàäî ëè ìíå ïîéòè òóäà ñåé÷àñ æå? Yes, you must. Äà, íàäî. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, â îòðèöàòåëüíîì îòâåòå íà âîïðîñ ñ ãëàãîëîì must óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ neednt: Must I go there at once? Íàäî ëè ìíå (äîëæåí ëè ÿ) ïîéòè òóäà ñåé÷àñ æå? No, you neednt. Íåò, íå íàäî. 2. Need not (neednt) â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó âðåìåíè è âûðàæàåò, ÷òî ëèöó, î êîòîðîì èäåò ðå÷ü, í å á û ë î í å î á õ î ä è ì î ñ ò è (íàäîáíîñòè) ñîâåðøàòü äåéñòâèå: You neednt have come so early. Âû íå äîëæíû áûëè (âàì íå áûëî íåîáõîäèìîñòè) ïðèõîäèòü òàê ðàíî. § 160. Ãëàãîë need óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå êàê ñ ì û ñ ë î â î é ãëàãîë ñî çíà÷åíèåì íóæäàòüñÿ (â ÷åì-íèáóäü).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå need èìååò îáû÷íûå ôîðìû ñïðÿæåíèÿ è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âðåìåíè: You need a long rest. I dont need your book any longer. Does he need my help? We needed the dictionary badly. Ill need your advice. Âû íóæäàåòåñü â äëèòåëüíîì îòäûõå (âàì íóæåí äëèòåëüíûé îòäûõ). Ìíå áîëüøå íå íóæíà âàøà êíèãà. Åìó íóæíà ìîÿ ïîìîùü? Íàì î÷åíü íóæåí áûë ñëîâàðü. Ìíå íóæåí áóäåò âàø ñîâåò. Ñâîäêà ñëó÷àåâ óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ãëàãîëà need 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ 2. Êàê ñ ì û ñ ë î â î é ãëàãîë ñî çíà÷åíèåì íóæäàòüñÿ Need he come here? Íóæíî ëè åìó ïðèõîäèòü ñþäà? You need a long rest. Âû íóæäàåòåñü â äëèòåëüíîì îòäûõå. 231 ÑÂÎÄÊÀ ÑÏÎÑÎÁΠÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÈß ÄÎËÆÅÍÑÒÂÎÂÀÍÈß ÏÐÈ ÏÎÌÎÙÈ ÑÎ×ÅÒÀÍÈß ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËÎÂ Ñ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÎÌ § 161.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî ïîñðåäñòâîì ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ: must, should, ought, to have, to be, need. § 162. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó è á ó ä ó ù å ì ó, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ãëàãîëû: 1. Ãëàãîëû must, have (to), have got (to), êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ñ è ë ó î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â: I must go there now (tomorrow). ß äîëæåí (ìíå íóæíî, íàäî) ïîéI have (have got) to go there now (toòè òóäà ñåé÷àñ (çàâòðà). morrow).  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ must, have (to), have got (to) è need: Must you go there? Do you have to go there? Have you got to go there? Need you go there? Äîëæíû ëè âû (íàäî, íóæíî ëè âàì) èäòè òóäà?  î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ dont have (to), havent got (to), neednt: You dont have (havent got) to go there. You neednt go there. Âû íå äîëæíû (âàì íå íóæíî, íå íàäî) èäòè òóäà. 2. Ãëàãîë to be â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè am, is, are (to) êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, âûòåêàþùåé èç ï ð å ä â à ð è ò å ë ü í î é ä î ã î â î ð å í í î ñ ò è èëè ç à ð à í å å í à ì å ÷ å í í î ã î ï ë à í à: We are to meet at seven oclock. Ìû äîëæíû âñòðåòèòüñÿ â ñåìü ÷àñîâ. My friends are to arrive tomorrow. Ìîè äðóçüÿ äîëæíû ïðèåõàòü çàâòðà. 3. Ãëàãîëû should, ought (to), êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ì î ð à ë ü í î ì ä î ë ã å èëè ñ î â å ò å. Íå should help them. Íå ought to help them. Îí äîëæåí (åìó ñëåäóåò, ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïîìî÷ü èì. Èç âñåõ ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå, òîëüêî to have èìååò îòäåëüíóþ ôîðìó äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ â áóäóùåì: Íå will have to go there. 232 Îí äîëæåí áóäåò (åìó íàäî áóäåò, íóæíî áóäåò, åìó ïðèäåòñÿ) ïîéòè òóäà. § 163. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ, îòíîñÿùåãîñÿ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ãëàãîëû: 1. Ãëàãîë to have â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè had (to) êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåéñòâèè, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî ñîâåðøèòüñÿ â ñèëó î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â è ôàêòè÷åñêè ñ î â å ð ø è ë î ñ ü: I had to go there yesterday. ß äîëæåí áûë (ìíå íóæíî áûëî, íàäî áûëî, ïðèøëîñü) ïîéòè òóäà. 2. Òî be â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè was (to), were (to) â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Indefinite Infinitive, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåéñòâèè, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî ñîâåðøèòüñÿ ï î ï ð å ä â à ð è ò å ë ü í î é ä î ã î â î ð å í í î ñ ò è èëè ï ë à í ó. Ýòî ñî÷åòàíèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñîâåðøèâøåìóñÿ, òàê è íå ñîâåðøèâøåìóñÿ äåéñòâèþ: I was to send him a letter but I forgot. I was to call on him at 9 oclock in the morning, so I got up very early. ß äîëæåí áûë ïîñëàòü åìó ïèñüìî, íî ÿ çàáûë. ß äîëæåí áûë çàéòè ê íåìó â 9 ÷àñîâ óòðà, òàê ÷òî ÿ âñòàë î÷åíü ðàíî. 3. Ãëàãîë to be â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè was (to), were (to) â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î äåéñòâèè, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî ñîâåðøèòüñÿ â ïðîøëîì ïî ä î ã î â î ð å í í î ñ ò è èëè ï ë à í ó, íî í å ñ î â å ð ø è ë î ñ ü: I was to have finished my work yesterday. ß äîëæåí áûë îêîí÷èòü ñâîþ ðàáîòó â÷åðà (íî íå îêîí÷èë). 4. Ãëàãîëû should, ought (to) â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû âûðàçèòü, ÷òî ëèöî, î êîòîðîì èäåò ðå÷ü, ïîñòóïèëî, ïî ìíåíèþ ãîâîðÿùåãî, íåïðàâèëüíî, ò. å. äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû âûðàçèòü ï î ð è ö à í è å èëè ó ï ð å ê: You should have helped him. You ought to have helped him. You shouldnt have told him about it. You oughtnt to have told him about it. Âû äîëæíû áûëè (âàì íóæíî áûëî, íàäî áûëî, ñëåäîâàëî, ñëåäîâàëî áû) åìó ïîìî÷ü. Âû íå äîëæíû áûëè (âàì íå íóæíî áûëî, íå íàäî áûëî, íå ñëåäîâàëî, íå ñëåäîâàëî áû) ãîâîðèòü åìó îá ýòîì. 5. Neednt â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ Perfect Infinitive, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû âûðàçèòü, ÷òî ëèöó, î êîòîðîì èäåò ðå÷ü, í å á û ë î í å î á õ î ä è ì î ñ ò è (íàäîáíîñòè) ñîâåðøàòü äåéñòâèå: You neednt have come so early. Âû íå äîëæíû áûëè (âàì íå áûëî íåîáõîäèìîñòè) ïðèõîäèòü òàê ðàíî. 233 Íå neednt have sent the telegram. Îí íå äîëæåí áûë (åìó íå áûëî íåîáõîäèìîñòè) ïîñûëàòü òåëåãðàììó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå ÷àñòî ïåðåäàåòñÿ òàêæå ñî÷åòàíèÿìè to be obliged áûòü îáÿçàííûì, to be compelled, to be forced áûòü âûíóæäåííûì, à òàêæå è äðóãèìè ëåêñè÷åñêèìè ñðåäñòâàìè: I was obliged (compelled, forced) ß áûë âûíóæäåí ïîéòè òóäà. to go there. § 164. Ïîñêîëüêó âñå ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû, ñëóæàùèå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèÿ, ìîãóò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíû íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëîâîì äîëæåí, ó÷àùèåñÿ èñïûòûâàþò çàòðóäíåíèÿ â ïåðåâîäå äîëæåí íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîíòåêñòà èëè èíòîíàöèè ñëîâî äîëæåí èìååò ðàçëè÷íûå ñìûñëîâûå îòòåíêè, êîòîðûå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïåðåäàþòñÿ ð à ç í û ì è ãëàãîëàìè. Ïîýòîìó ïðè ïåðåâîäå äîëæåí íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñëåäóåò îïðåäåëèòü, â êàêîì çíà÷åíèè ýòî ñëîâî óïîòðåáëåíî â ïðåäëîæåíèè: 1. ß äîëæåí âñòàòü î÷åíü ðàíî I must (have to, have got to) get up çàâòðà very early to-morrow. (â ñèëó îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ). 2. Ñîãëàñíî êîíòðàêòó, òîâàðû According to the contract, the äîëæíû ïðèáûòü â ïîðò â êîígoods are to arrive at the port at öå íåäåëè the end of the week. (äîãîâîðåííîñòü). 3. Âû äîëæíû áîëüøå çàáîòèòüñÿ You should (ought to) take better î ñâîåì çäîðîâüå care of your health. (ñîâåò).  ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïîñðåäñòâîì äîëæåí áûë ìîæíî âûðàæàòü êàê ôàêòè÷åñêè ñ î â å ð ø è â ø è å ñ ÿ, òàê è í å ñ î â å ð ø è â ø è å ñ ÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ìåæäó òåì êàê â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå äëÿ ýòîãî òðåáóþòñÿ ð à ç ë è ÷ í û å ñïîñîáû: ß äîëæåí áûë (ìíå ïðèøëîñü) îñòàòüñÿ äîìà â÷åðà (â ñèëó îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ; äåéñòâèå ôàêòè÷åñêè ñîâåðøèëîñü). ß âñòàë ðàíî, òàê êàê ëåêöèÿ äîëæíà áûëà íà÷àòüñÿ â 9 ÷àñîâ (ïî ïëàíó; äåéñòâèå, ïî-âèäèìîìó, ñîâåðøèëîñü). Îí äîëæåí áûë áûòü çäåñü â 9 ÷àñîâ, íî îí íå ïðèøåë (ïî äîãîâîðåííîñòè; äåéñòâèå íå ñîâåðøèëîñü). Âû äîëæíû áûëè ñêàçàòü ìíå îá ýòîì â÷åðà (ïîðèöàíèå; äåéñòâèå íå ñîâåðøèëîñü). 234 I had to stay at home yesterday. I got up early, as the lecture was to begin at 9 oclock. 1. Íå was to be here at 9 oclock, but he didnt come. 2. He was to have been here at 9 oclock, but he didnt come. You should have told (ought to have told) me about it yesterday. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÂÑÏÎÌÎÃÀÒÅËÜÍÛÕ È ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËΠÂÎ ÈÇÁÅÆÀÍÈÅ ÏÎÂÒÎÐÅÍÈß ÏÐÅÄØÅÑÒÂÓÞÙÅÃÎ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ-ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÃÎ § 165. Åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñëåäîâàëî áû âûðàçèòü òåì æå ãëàãîëîì, êîòîðûì âûðàæåíî ñêàçóåìîå ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è ïðè ýòîì â òîé æå ôîðìå âðåìåíè, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ëèøü âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë, êîòîðûé âõîäèò â ñîñòàâ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî. Âûñòóïàÿ â ðîëè ñêàçóåìîãî, âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë íåñåò íà ñåáå óäàðåíèå. § 166. Òàêîå óïîòðåáëåíèå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ è íåäîñòàòî÷íûõ ãëàãîëîâ èìååò ìåñòî: 1.  ê ð à ò ê è õ î ò â å ò à õ íà î á ù è å âîïðîñû (ñòð. 397): Yes, I do. Äà, ãîâîðþ. Do you speak English? No, I dont. Âû ãîâîðèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè? Íåò, íå ãîâîðþ. Yes, I have. Äà, âèäåë. Have you seen Helen? Âèäåëè âû Åëåíó? No, I havent. Íåò, íå âèäåë. Did you call on your friend Yes, I did. yesterday? Äà, çàõîäèë. No, I didnt. Âû çàõîäèëè â÷åðà ê âàøåìó ïðèÿòåëþ? Íåò, íå çàõîäèë. Yes, he will. Will he ask her about it? Äà, ñïðîñèò. No, he wont. Îí ñïðîñèò åå îá ýòîì? Íåò, íå ñïðîñèò. Yes, I can. Can you lend me your dictionary? Äà, ìîãó. No, I cant. Ìîæåòå ëè âû îäîëæèòü ìíå âàø ñëîâàðü? Íåò, íå ìîãó. 2.  ê ð à ò ê è õ î ò â å ò à õ íà ñ ï å ö è à ë ü í û å âîïðîñû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó (ñòð. 403): I do.*) ß çíàþ. Who knows that man? Helen does. Êòî çíàåò ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà? Åëåíà çíàåò. Who invented the radio? Popov did.*) Êòî èçîáðåë ðàäèî? Ïîïîâ èçîáðåë. *) Åñëè ïðåäøåñòâóþùèé ãëàãîë ñòîèò â Present èëè Past Indefinite óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìû (ò. å. áåç âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà), òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë do (does) èëè did. 235 Which of you will help me? Êòî èç âàñ ïîìîæåò ìíå? How many students in your group have read this book? Ñêîëüêî ñòóäåíòîâ â âàøåé ãðóïïå ïðî÷ëè ýòó êíèãó? Peter will. Ïåòð ïîìîæåò. All of them have. Îíè âñå ïðî÷ëè. 3.  ð à ñ ÷ ë å í å í í û õ âîïðîñàõ (ñòð. 309): Íå speaks French well, doesnt he? Íå doesnt speak French well, does he? Íå went there, didnt he? Íå didnt go there, did he? You cant do that, can you? You can do that, cant you? Îí õîðîøî ãîâîðèò ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Îí íå ãîâîðèò õîðîøî ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Îí õîäèë òóäà, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Îí íå õîäèë òóäà, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Âû íå ìîæåòå ñäåëàòü ýòî, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Âû ìîæåòå ñäåëàòü ýòî, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 4.  ê ð à ò ê è õ â î ï ð î ñ à õ ò è ï à Do I? Dont I?, óïîòðåáëÿþùèõñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ óäèâëåíèÿ ïî ïîâîäó âûñêàçûâàíèÿ ñîáåñåäíèêà. Òàêèå âîïðîñû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå êðàòêèì âîïðîñàì: Íåóæåëè? Ðàçâå? Äà? Ïðàâäà? You look very tired. Âû âûãëÿäèòå î÷åíü óñòàëûì. Do I? Íåóæåëè? (Ðàçâå? Äà? Ïðàâäà?) Íå didnt pass the examination. Îí íå âûäåðæàë ýêçàìåíà. Didnt he? Íåóæåëè? Íå can swim across this river. Îí ìîæåò ïåðåïëûòü ýòó ðåêó. Can he? Íåóæåëè? Íå has written a play. Îí íàïèñàë ïüåñó. Has he? Íåóæåëè? 5.  î á î ð î ò à õ ò è ï à So do I è Neither (nor) do I, âûðàæàþùèõ, ÷òî ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå âûñêàçûâàíèå îòíîñèòåëüíî êàêîãî-íèáóäü ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà â ðàâíîé ìåðå îòíîñèòñÿ ê äðóãîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó.  óòâåðäèòåëüíîì îáîðîòå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íàðå÷èå so, à â îòðèöàòåëüíîì neither èëè nor. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè íåäîñòàòî÷íûé ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì (ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå òàêèì îáîðîòàì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò îáîðîòû òèïà: ß òîæå, îí òîæå è ò. ä.: I get up very early. ß âñòàþ î÷åíü ðàíî. So do I. ß òîæå. She saw him yesterday. Îíà âèäåëà åãî â÷åðà. So did Peter. Ïåòð òîæå. She didnt see him yesterday. Îíà íå âèäåëà åãî â÷åðà. Neither (nor) did Peter. Ïåòð òîæå. 236 I can do it. So can I. I cant do it. Neither (nor) can I. ß ß ß ß ìîãó ýòî ñäåëàòü. òîæå. íå ìîãó ýòî ñäåëàòü. òîæå. § 167. Óïîòðåáëåíèå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ è ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ãëàãîëà øèðîêî ðàñïðîñòðàíåíî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå è íå îãðàíè÷èâàåòñÿ ðàçîáðàííûìè âûøå ñëó÷àÿìè, êàê ýòî âèäíî èç ñëåäóþùèõ ïðèìåðîâ: Íå doesnt speak English, but his wife does. Íå thinks that Ive already bought the tickets, but I havent. Íå says he wont go to the concert, but if we ask him, Im sure he will. You dont work as much as I do. Îí íå ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè, íî åãî æåíà ãîâîðèò. Îí äóìàåò, ÷òî ÿ óæå êóïèë áèëåòû, íî ÿ íå êóïèë. Îí ãîâîðèò, ÷òî îí íå ïîéäåò íà êîíöåðò, íî, åñëè ìû åãî ïîïðîñèì, ÿ óâåðåí, ÷òî îí ïîéäåò. Âû íå òàê ìíîãî ðàáîòàåòå, êàê ÿ. Âî âñåõ ðàçîáðàííûõ ñëó÷àÿõ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëåí â òîé æå ôîðìå, â êàêîé îí âõîäèò â ñîñòàâ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî, êîòîðûé îí çàìåíÿåò. Åñëè æå ïî ñìûñëó òðåáóåòñÿ ïîâòîðèòü ãëàãîë â äðóãîé ôîðìå, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîò âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè íåäîñòàòî÷íûé ãëàãîë, êîòîðûé íóæåí äëÿ òðåáóåìîé ôîðìû: I didnt understand this rule when you explained it to me yesterday, but now I do (âìåñòî: understand). I shall go to the theatre, if you do (âìåñòî: go). I never go to the cinema on weekdays, but yesterday I did (âìåñòî: went). Íå hasnt written his composition as well as I expected he would (âìåñòî: would write). ß íå ïîíÿë ýòîãî ïðàâèëà, êîãäà âû îáúÿñíÿëè ìíå åãî â÷åðà, à òåïåðü ÿ ïîíèìàþ. ß ïîéäó â òåàòð, åñëè âû ïîéäåòå. ß íèêîãäà íå õîæó â êèíî â áóäíè, íî â÷åðà ÿ ïîøåë. Îí íå íàïèñàë ñâîå ñî÷èíåíèå òàê õîðîøî, êàê ÿ îæèäàë, ÷òî îí íàïèøåò. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì, óïîòðåáëåííûì âìåñòî ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü íàðå÷èå: Do you have dinner at home? Yes, I always do. Âû îáåäàåòå äîìà? Äà, âñåãäà. I always come early, but he never does. ß âñåãäà ïðèõîæó ðàíî, à îí íèêîãäà. 237 ÍÅËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ (NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB) ИНФИНИТИВ (THE INFINITIVE) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 168. Èíôèíèòèâ (íåîïðåäåëåííàÿ ôîðìà ãëàãîëà) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íåëè÷íóþ ãëàãîëüíóþ ôîðìó, êîòîðàÿ òîëüêî íàçûâàåò äåéñòâèå, íå óêàçûâàÿ íè ëèöà, íè ÷èñëà. Èíôèíèòèâ îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû ÷òî äåëàòü? ÷òî ñäåëàòü?: to read ÷èòàòü, ïðî÷åñòü, to write ïèñàòü, íàïèñàòü, to buy ïîêóïàòü, êóïèòü; to sell ïðîäàâàòü, ïðîäàòü. Ôîðìàëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì èíôèíèòèâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà to, êîòîðàÿ íå èìååò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è íå ïðèíèìàåò óäàðåíèÿ. Îäíàêî ÷àñòèöà to ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ (ñòð. 243). Èíôèíèòèâ ïðîèçîøåë îò îòãëàãîëüíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è ñîõðàíèë ñâîéñòâà ýòîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è, âûïîëíÿÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè, êàê è èíôèíèòèâ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.  ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ôóíêöèè èíôèíèòèâà âî ìíîãîì ñõîäíû ñ ôóíêöèÿìè ãåðóíäèÿ (ñòð. 259). Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò ñëóæèòü â ïðåäëîæåíèè: 1. Ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì: Òî skate is pleasant. Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî. 2. È ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: Your duty was to inform me about Âàøåé îáÿçàííîñòüþ áûëî ñîîáit immediately. ùèòü ìíå îá ýòîì íåìåäëåííî. 3. × à ñ ò ü þ ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë ü í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: She began to translate the article. Îíà íà÷àëà ïåðåâîäèòü ñòàòüþ. 4. Ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì: I asked him to help me. ß ïîïðîñèë åãî ïîìî÷ü ìíå. 5. Î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å ì: Íå expressed a desire to help me. Îí âûðàçèë æåëàíèå ïîìî÷ü ìíå. 6. Î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â î ì: I went to the station to see off à ß ïîåõàë íà âîêçàë, ÷òîáû ïðîfriend. âîäèòü ïðèÿòåëÿ. Ãëàãîëüíûå ñâîéñòâà èíôèíèòèâà âûðàæàþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì: 1. Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò èìåòü ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå: I told him to post the letter. ß âåëåë åìó îòïðàâèòü ïèñüìî. 238 2. Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ íàðå÷èåì: I asked him to speak slowly. ß ïîïðîñèë åãî ãîâîðèòü ìåäëåííî. 3. Èíôèíèòèâ èìååò ôîðìû âðåìåíè è çàëîãà.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû èìåþò ÷åòûðå ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå è äâå ôîðìû â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå*): Active Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous to to to to ask be asking have asked have been asking Passive to be asked to have been asked Òîëüêî äëÿ äâóõ ôîðì èíôèíèòèâà, à èìåííî Indefinite Infinitive Active è Indefinite Infinitive Passive, èìåþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ôîðìû â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: to ask ñïðàøèâàòü, to be asked áûòü ñïðîøåííûì (ñïðàøèâàåìûì). Äëÿ îñòàëüíûõ ôîðì èíôèíèòèâà â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ôîðì, è îíè íå ìîãóò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê èçîëèðîâàííî, ò. å. âíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Continuous Infinitive to be asking óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñïðàøèâàòü â êàêîé-íèáóäü îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò. Perfect Infinitive to have asked ñïðàøèâàòü, ñïðîñèòü äî êàêîãî-íèáóäü ìîìåíòà. Perfect Continuous Infinitive to have been asking ñïðàøèâàòü â òå÷åíèå îòðåçêà âðåìåíè, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî êàêîìó-íèáóäü ìîìåíòó, è Perfect Infinitive Passive to have been asked áûòü ñïðîøåííûì (ñïðàøèâàåìûì) äî êàêîãî-íèáóäü ìîìåíòà. ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÔÎÐÌ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÀ § 169. 1. Indefinite Infinitive Active to ask ÿâëÿåòñÿ åäèíñòâåííîé ïðîñòîé ôîðìîé èíôèíèòèâà.  ýòîé ôîðìå ãëàãîëû äàþòñÿ â ñëîâàðÿõ (áåç ÷àñòèöû to). Âñå îñòàëüíûå ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëîæíûìè. 2. Continuous Infinitive Active îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è ôîðìû Present Participle ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: to be asking. 3. Perfect Infinitive Active îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have è ôîðìû Past Participle ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: to have asked. *) Íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû, êàê íå èìåþùèå ôîðì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà, èìåþò òîëüêî ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå. 239 4. Perfect Continuous Infinitive Active îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè Perfect Infinitive âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be to have been è ôîðìû Present Participle ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: to have been asking. 5. Indefinite Infinitive Passive îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è ôîðìû Past Participle ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: to be asked. 6. Perfect Infinitive Passive îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè Perfect Infinitive âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be to have been è ôîðìû Past Participle ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà: to have been asked. 7. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì: not to ask, not to be asked è ò. ä. ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈ  ÔÎÐÌÅ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ (ACTIVE INFINITIVE) È ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ (PASSIVE INFINITIVE) § 170. Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, íå îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó: Òî drive a car in a big city is very Óïðàâëÿòü àâòîìàøèíîé â áîëüdifficult. øîì ãîðîäå î÷åíü òðóäíî.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, îäíàêî, äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, îòíîñèòñÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó: I intended to go there. ß íàìåðåâàëñÿ ïîéòè òóäà. (Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì to go, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó I.) Ask him to come early. Ïîïðîñèòå åãî ïðèäòè ðàíî. (Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì to come, îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîïîëíåíèþ him.) Êîãäà äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, ñ î â å ð ø à å ò ñ ÿ ë è ö î ì è ë è ï ð å ä ì å ò î ì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Active: Îí î÷åíü õî÷åò ïðèãëàñèòü âàñ íà Íå has a great desire to invite you âå÷åð. to the party. ß õî÷ó èíôîðìèðîâàòü åãî î åå I want to inform him of her arrival. ïðèåçäå. Êîãäà æå äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, ñ î â å ð ø à å ò ñ ÿ í à ä ë è ö î ì è ë è ï ð å ä ì å ò î ì, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Passive: Íå has a great desire to be invited to the party. 240 Îí î÷åíü õî÷åò, ÷òîáû åãî ïðèãëàñèëè íà âå÷åð (áûòü ïðèãëàøåííûì íà âå÷åð). I want to be informed of her arrival. ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû ìåíÿ èíôîðìèðîâàëè î åå ïðèåçäå (áûòü èíôîðìèðîâàííûì î åå ïðèåçäå). ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå èíôèíèòèâ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå áûòü ïðèãëàøåííûì, áûòü èíôîðìèðîâàííûì è ò. ä. îáû÷íî çàìåíÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû. ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈ  ÔÎÐÌÅ INDEFINITE È PERFECT § 171. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Indefinite (êàê Active, òàê è Passive) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå îí âûðàæàåò: 1. Î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: I am glad to see you. ß ðàä âàñ âèäåòü. I saw him enter the house. ß âèäåë, êàê îí âîøåë â äîì. 2. Îòíîñèòñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó â ð å ì å í è. Èíôèíèòèâ â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ may, must, should, ought è ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to expect îæèäàòü, to intend íàìåðåâàòüñÿ, to hope íàäåÿòüñÿ, to want õîòåòü è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ: Îí, ìîæåò áûòü, ïðèäåò çàâòðà. Íå may come tomorrow. ß íàäåþñü óâèäåòü åãî íà êîíöåðòå. I hope to see him at the concert. ß íàìåðåí ïîéòè òóäà â âîñêðåI intend to go there on Sunday. ñåíüå. 3. Á å ç î ò í î ñ è ò å ë ü í î êî âðåìåíè åãî ñîâåðøåíèÿ: Òî skate is pleasant. Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ôîðìà Indefinite Infinitive Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñëîæíûõ ôîðì âðåìåí, à èìåííî: 1. Îòðèöàòåëüíîé è âîïðîñèòåëüíîé ôîðìû Present è Past Indefinite He does not take English lessons. Does he take English lessons? 2. Future Indefinite è Future Indefinite in the Past: I shall do it. I said that I should do it. § 172. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Perfect (êàê Active, òàê è Passive) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å ã î äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: Íå seems to have finished his work. This writer is said to have written à new novel. Îí, êàæåòñÿ, çàêîí÷èë ñâîþ paáîòó. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî ýòîò ïèñàòåëü íàïèñàë íîâûé ðîìàí. 2. Ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ must è may äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð å ä ï î ë î æ å í è ÿ î òîì, ÷òî äåéñòâèå óæå ñîâåðøèëîñü: Íå must have forgotten about it. I dont know where he is. He may have gone to London. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, çàáûë îá ýòîì. ß íå çíàþ, ãäå îí. Îí, âîçìîæíî, óåõàë â Ëîíäîí. 241 3. Ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ should, would, could, might, ought è was (were) äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ê î ò î ð î å ä î ë æ í î á û ë î èëè ì î ã ë î ñ î â å ð ø è ò ü ñ ÿ, íî â äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè íå ñîâåðøèëîñü: Íå should (ought to) have gone there. You could have helped him. Íå was to have come yesterday. Åìó ñëåäîâàëî ïîéòè òóäà (íî îí íå ïîøåë). Âû ìîãëè áû ïîìî÷ü åìó (íî íå ïîìîãëè). Îí äîëæåí áûë ïðèäòè â÷åðà (íî íå ïðèøåë). 4. Ïîñëå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëîâ to intend, to hope, to expect, to mean äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, êîòîðîå, âîïðåêè íàìåðåíèþ, íàäåæäå, îæèäàíèþ, í å ñ î â å ð ø è ë î ñ ü: I intended to have finished my work last night. I hoped to have met him there. ß íàìåðåâàëñÿ çàêîí÷èòü ñâîþ ðàáîòó â÷åðà âå÷åðîì (íî íå çàêîí÷èë). ß íàäåÿëñÿ, ÷òî âñòðå÷ó åãî òàì (íî íå âñòðåòèë). ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈ  ÔÎÐÌÅ CONTINUOUS È PERFECT CONTINUOUS § 173. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Continuous óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î ã î ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: That firm is reported to be conductÃîâîðÿò, ÷òî ýòà ôèðìà âåäåò ing negotiations for the purchase ïåðåãîâîðû î ïîêóïêå ñàõàðà. of sugar. The weather seems to be improving. Ïîãîäà, êàæåòñÿ, óëó÷øàåòñÿ. § 174. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Perfect Continuous Infinitive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ä ë è ò å ë ü í î ã î äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàâøåãîñÿ â òå÷åíèå îòðåçêà âðåìåíè, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â î â à â ø å ã î äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: They are said to have been conducting negotiations for a long time. Íå is known to have been working on this problem for many years. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îíè âåäóò ïåðåãîâîðû â òå÷åíèå äîëãîãî âðåìåíè. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî îí ðàáîòàåò íàä ýòîé ïðîáëåìîé â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ëåò. ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂ Ñ ×ÀÑÒÈÖÅÉ to § 175. Êàê áûëî óêàçàíî âûøå, èíôèíèòèâó îáû÷íî ïðåäøåñòâóåò ÷àñòèöà to: to speak ðàçãîâàðèâàòü, to buy ïîêóïàòü, to read ÷èòàòü. Åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîÿò ðÿäîì äâà èíôèíèòèâà, ñîåäèíåííûå ñîþçîì and èëè or, òî ÷àñòèöà to ïåðåä âòîðûì èç íèõ îáû÷íî îïóñêàåòñÿ: 242 I intend to call on him and discuss this question. I asked him to telephone to me on Monday or wire. ß íàìåðåí çàéòè ê íåìó è îáñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ. ß ïîïðîñèë åãî ïîçâîíèòü ìíå â ïîíåäåëüíèê ïî òåëåôîíó èëè òåëåãðàôèðîâàòü. ×àñòèöà to èíîãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ áåç ãëàãîëà, êîãäà ýòîò ãëàãîë ðàíåå óïîìÿíóò â ïðåäëîæåíèè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íà ÷àñòèöó to ïàäàåò óäàðåíèå. Òàêîå óïîòðåáëåíèå ÷àñòèöû to ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to want õîòåòü, to wish æåëàòü, to mean èìåòü â âèäó, to try ïûòàòüñÿ, ñòàðàòüñÿ, to allow ðàçðåøàòü, to be going ñîáèðàòüñÿ, ought ñëåäóåò, to have â çíà÷åíèè äîëæåíñòâîâàòü, should (would) like õîòåë áû. è äð.: Íå wants me to go there to-night, but I dont want to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: go). I was asked to take part in the trip, but I am not going to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: take part). The boy wanted to go for a swim, but was not allowed to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: go). I didnt want to stay there, but I had to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: stay). Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ÿ ïîøåë òóäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì, íî ÿ íå õî÷ó. Ìåíÿ ïðîñèëè ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â ïîåçäêå, íî ÿ íå ñîáèðàþñü. Ìàëü÷èê õîòåë ïîéòè êóïàòüñÿ, íî åìó íå ïîçâîëèëè. ß íå õîòåë îñòàâàòüñÿ òàì, íî ìíå ïðèøëîñü. ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈ ÁÅÇ ×ÀÑÒÈÖÛ to § 176. Èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áåç ÷àñòèöû to: 1. Ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ must, can (could), may (might) è need: You must do it at once. Âû äîëæíû ýòî ñäåëàòü íåìåäëåííî. Íå can speak German. Îí óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïî-íåìåöêè. May I come in? Ìîæíî ìíå âîéòè? Need he come here? Íóæíî ëè åìó ïðèõîäèòü ñþäà? 2. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to make çàñòàâëÿòü, to let ðàçðåøàòü, a èíîãäà òàêæå ïîñëå to help ïîìîãàòü (îñîáåííî ÷àñòî â ÑØÀ): Íå made me read this book. I let him go there. Help me (to) do it. Îí çàñòàâèë ìåíÿ ïðî÷èòàòü ýòó êíèãó. ß ðàçðåøèë åìó ïîéòè òóäà. Ïîìîãèòå ìíå ñäåëàòü ýòî. 3.  îáîðîòå «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to see âèäåòü, to watch íàáëþäàòü, to hear ñëûøàòü, to feel ÷óâñòâîâàòü è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ: 243 I saw her leave the room. I heard her sing. I felt him put his hand on my shoulder. ß âèäåë, êàê îíà âûøëà èç êîìíàòû. ß ñëûøàë, êàê îíà ïîåò. ß ïî÷óâñòâîâàë, êàê îí ïîëîæèë ðóêó íà ìîå ïëå÷î. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà ãëàãîëû, ïåðå÷èñëåííûå â ïï. 2 è 3, óïîòðåáëåíû â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, ñëåäóþùèé çà íèì èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to. Íå was made to do it. Åãî çàñòàâèëè ýòî ñäåëàòü. Íå was seen to leave the house. Âèäåëè, êàê îí âûøåë èç äîìà. 4. Ïîñëå âûðàæåíèé had better ëó÷øå áû, would rather, would sooner ïðåäïî÷åë áû: You had better go there at once. Âàì áû ëó÷øå ïîéòè òóäà íåìåäëåííî. ß ïðåäïî÷åë áû íå ãîâîðèòü èì I would rather not tell them about îá ýòîì. it. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïðåäïî÷åë áû Íå said he would sooner stay at îñòàòüñÿ äîìà. home. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÀ  ÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÛÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈßÕ § 177. Èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î: Òî skate is pleasant. Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî. Òî walk in the garden was à pleasure. Ãóëÿòü â ñàäó áûëî ïðèÿòíî. Êîãäà èíôèíèòèâ èìååò ïðè ñåáå ïîÿñíèòåëüíûå ñëîâà, îí îáû÷íî ñòîèò ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì ñòîèò ìåñòîèìåíèå it: It was a pleasure to walk in the garden. Áûëî ïðèÿòíî ãóëÿòü â ñàäó. It was difficult to refuse his request. Áûëî òðóäíî îòêàçàòü â åãî ïðîñüáå. § 178. Èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î è ì å í í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: Our intention is to charter à steamÍàøå íàìåðåíèå çàôðàõòîâàòü ïàðîõîä íåìåäëåííî. er immediately. Our plan is to go to the Crimea for Íàø ïëàí ïîåõàòü íà ëåòî â the summer. Êðûì. § 179. Èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ÷ à ñ ò ü ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë ü í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: 1.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè: Íå can speak English. Îí óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè. It may rain to-night. Âîçìîæíî, ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì áóäåò äîæäü. Íå must know her address. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, çíàåò åå àäðåñ. 244 2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñî ìíîãèìè äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè, êîòîðûå áåç èíôèíèòèâà íå äàþò ïîëíîãî ñìûñëà (êàê è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ãëàãîëû â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå). Ê ÷èñëó òàêèõ ãëàãîëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ: to begin íà÷èíàòü, to continue ïðîäîëæàòü, to like ëþáèòü, to want õîòåòü, to intend íàìåðåâàòüñÿ, to try ñòàðàòüñÿ, to hope íàäåÿòüñÿ, to promise îáåùàòü, to decide ðåøàòü è äð.: The buyers want to know our terms of payment. We decided to spend the summer in the Crimea. I hope to see him soon. Ïîêóïàòåëè õîòÿò çíàòü íàøè óñëîâèÿ ïëàòåæà. Ìû ðåøèëè ïðîâåñòè ëåòî â Êðûìó. ß íàäåþñü åãî ñêîðî óâèäåòü. 3.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè ñ ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé (ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå òàêæå ñî÷åòàþòñÿ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì): I am happy to hear it. ß ñ÷àñòëèâ ñëûøàòü ýòî. Íå is ready to go there. Îí ãîòîâ ïîéòè òóäà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  òîðãîâûõ äîêóìåíòàõ (êîíòðàêòàõ, ÷àðòåð-ïàðòèÿõ è ò. ï.) èíôèíèòèâ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî â ôóíêöèè ñêàçóåìîãî, âûðàæàþùåãî äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå: Buyers to pay (= are to pay) for the freight on receipt of the shipping documents. The bill of lading to be considered (= is to be considered) proof of the date of shipment. Ïîêóïàòåëè äîëæíû çàïëàòèòü çà ôðàõò ïî ïîëó÷åíèè ãðóçîâûõ äîêóìåíòîâ. Êîíîñàìåíò äîëæåí ñ÷èòàòüñÿ äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì äàòû îòãðóçêè. § 180. Èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè ï ð ÿ ì î ã î ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ: I told him to go there. Íå asked me to wait a little. ß âåëåë åìó ïîéòè òóäà. Îí ïîïðîñèë ìåíÿ ïîäîæäàòü íåìíîãî. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Èíôèíèòèâ ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà îí âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàåìîå íå ïîäëåæàùèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à äðóãèì ëèöîì (äîïîëíåíèåì). Åñëè æå èíôèíèòèâ âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàåìîå ïîäëåæàùèì, òî îí ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî (ñì. § 179). § 181. 1. Èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ: I have no desire to go there. We have no intention to order these goods. There is every reason to suppose that the cargo will arrive in time. Ó ìåíÿ íåò æåëàíèÿ ïîéòè òóäà. Ìû íå íàìåðåíû çàêàçûâàòü ýòè òîâàðû. Åñòü âñå îñíîâàíèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî ãðóç ïðèáóäåò âîâðåìÿ. 2. Èíôèíèòèâ, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ÷àñòî ðàâåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ îïðåäåëèòåëüíîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ. Ñêàçóåìîå òàêî245 ãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ä î ë æ í î ï ð î è ç î é ò è â á ó ä ó ù å ì. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê òàêîé èíôèíèòèâ âñåãäà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ãëàãîëîì, âûðàæàþùèì äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå, à èíîãäà òàêæå ñ ãëàãîëîì â ôîðìå áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè: The question will be discussed at the conference shortly to open in Moscow (= which is shortly to open in Moscow). The amount to be paid (= which is to be paid) includes the cost of packing. Âîïðîñ áóäåò îáñóæäàòüñÿ íà êîíôåðåíöèè, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà âñêîðå îòêðûòüñÿ (âñêîðå îòêðîåòñÿ) â Ìîñêâå. Ñóììà, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà áûòü óïëà÷åíà, âêëþ÷àåò ñòîèìîñòü óïàêîâêè. 3. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå ïîñëå ñëîâ the first, the second, the third, the last è ò. ä. è ðàâåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ îïðåäåëèòåëüíîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ ñî ñêàçóåìûì â òîì æå âðåìåíè, â êîòîðîì ñòîèò ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îäíàêî, ðåäêî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ âìåñòî èíôèíèòèâà. Èíôèíèòèâ â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: Íå is always the first to come to the Institute (to come = who comes). Last year he was always the first to come to the Institute (to come = who came). I am sure he will be the first to come to the meeting (to come = who will come). Îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèò â èíñòèòóò ïåðâûì.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèë â èíñòèòóò ïåðâûì. ß óâåðåí, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò ïåðâûì íà ñîáðàíèå. 4. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ íàçíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà, âûðàæåííîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì: Íå brought me a book to read. Îí ïðèíåñ ìíå ïî÷èòàòü êíèãó. She gave him some water to drink. Îíà äàëà åìó ïîïèòü âîäû. Give me something to eat. Äàéòå ìíå ÷åãî-íèáóäü ïîåñòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, êàê Îí ïðèíåñ ìíå ïî÷èòàòü êíèãó. Äàéòå ìíå ïîïèòü âîäû è ò. ï., ó÷àùèåñÿ, ïðèäåðæèâàÿñü ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, èíîãäà äîïóñêàþò îøèáêè: Íå brought me to read a book (âìåñòî: a book to read), Give me to drink some water (âìåñòî: some water to drink). Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî a book è some water, ÿâëÿÿñü ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì ê brought è give, äîëæíû ñòîÿòü ïîñëå ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ çà êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì, à to read è to drink, ÿâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëåíèåì ê a book è some water, äîëæíû, ïîäîáíî âñÿêîìó îïðåäåëåíèþ, âûðàæåííîìó èíôèíèòèâîì, ñòîÿòü ïîñëå ýòèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ. Ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì, âûðàæàþùèì íàçíà÷åíèå ïðåäìåòà, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå which èëè whom ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþ246 ùèì ïðåäëîãîì. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê èíôèíèòèâîì èëè ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæàþùèì âîçìîæíîñòü: The children have a good garden in which to play. Give me a knife with which to cut the bread. Ó äåòåé åñòü õîðîøèé ñàä, â êîòîðîì îíè ìîãóò èãðàòü. Äàéòå ìíå íîæ, ÷òîáû íàðåçàòü õëåá (êîòîðûì ÿ ìîã áû íàðåçàòü õëåá). Òàêèå îáîðîòû, îäíàêî, ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíû. Îáû÷íî îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå îïóñêàåòñÿ, ïðè÷åì ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå èíôèíèòèâà, à ïðè íàëè÷èè ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ ïîñëå íåãî: The children have a good garden to play in. Give me a knife to cut the bread with. § 182. Èíôèíèòèâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ö å ë è: I remained there to see what would happen. Òî understand the importance of this event you should know all the facts. He worked hard not to lag behind the other students. ß îñòàëñÿ òàì, ÷òîáû ïîñìîòðåòü, ÷òî ïðîèçîéäåò. ×òîáû ïîíÿòü âàæíîñòü ýòîãî ñîáûòèÿ, âû äîëæíû çíàòü âñå ôàêòû. Îí óñåðäíî ðàáîòàë, ÷òîáû íå îòñòàâàòü îò äðóãèõ ñòóäåíòîâ. Ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì, âûðàæàþùèì öåëü, ìîãóò ñòîÿòü ñîþçû in order, so as ÷òîáû, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû. Ýòè ñîþçû, îäíàêî, ðåäêî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, â îñîáåííîñòè â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì, âûðàæàþùèì öåëü, îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ ñîþç ÷òîáû èëè äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû: Íå worked hard so as (in order) not to lag behind the other students. Îí óñåðäíî ðàáîòàë, ÷òîáû íå îòñòàâàòü îò äðóãèõ ñòóäåíòîâ. 2. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ë å ä ñ ò â è ÿ (ñî ñëîâàìè too, enough): I dont know him well enough to ask him for help. It is too cold to bathe today. ß çíàþ åãî íåäîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî, ÷òîáû ïðîñèòü åãî î ïîìîùè. Ñåãîäíÿ ñëèøêîì õîëîäíî, ÷òîáû êóïàòüñÿ. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì âñåãäà ñòàâèòñÿ ñîþç ÷òîáû.  àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì, âûðàæàþùèì ñëåäñòâèå, ñîþçû in order è so as íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ. In order è so as ìîãóò ñòîÿòü òîëüêî ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì, âûðàæàþùèì ö å ë ü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì, âûïîëíÿþùèì ôóíêöèè ðàçëè÷íûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ìîãóò ñòîÿòü ìåñòîèìåíèÿ è íàðå÷èÿ whom, whose, 247 which, what, when, how, where èëè ñîþç whether. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñëîâà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: How to do it is the question. Âîïðîñ â òîì, êàê ýòî ñäåëàòü. The difficulty was how (when, Òðóäíîñòü çàêëþ÷àëàñü â òîì, êàê where) to cross the river. (êîãäà, ãäå) ïåðåïðàâèòüñÿ ÷åðåç ðåêó. I dont know what to answer him. ß íå çíàþ, ÷òî îòâåòèòü åìó. Íå did not know whether to go Îí íå çíàë, èäòè ëè åìó òóäà èëè íåò. there or not. I can tell you how to do it. ß ìîãó âàì ñêàçàòü, êàê ýòî ñäåëàòü. I have a good idea (of) how to get Ó ìåíÿ åñòü õîðîøàÿ èäåÿ, êàê äîñthis book. òàòü ýòó êíèãó. ÎÁÎÐÎÒ FOR + ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ (ÈËÈ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈÅ) + ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈ § 183. Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, îáû÷íî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó èëè äîïîëíåíèþ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I want to go there to-morrow (to go ß õî÷ó ïîéòè òóäà çàâòðà. îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó I). I asked him to come here (to come ß ïðîñèë åãî ïðèäòè ñþäà. îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîïîëíåíèþ him). Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ òàêæå ê ëèöó (èëè ïðåäìåòó), êîòîðîå íå ñëóæèò ïîäëåæàùèì èëè äîïîëíåíèåì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ëèöî (èëè ïðåäìåò), ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ äåéñòâèå èíôèíèòèâà, âûðàæàåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â îáùåì ïàäåæå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì ïðåäëîãîì for. Îáîðîò, ñîñòîÿùèé èç for + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå) + èíôèíèòèâ, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îäèí ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à èìåííî: ñëîæíîå ïîäëåæàùåå, ñëîæíóþ èìåííóþ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî, ñëîæíîå îïðåäåëåíèå èëè ñëîæíîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî. Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò ïðè ýòîì óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì, òàê è â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðè ïîìîùè èíôèíèòèâà èëè ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: It is easy for you to say that (ñëîæíîå ïîäëåæàùåå). It is necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases (ñëîæíîå ïîäëåæàùåå). This is for you to decide (ñëîæíàÿ èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî). The first thing for me to do is to find out when the steamer arrives (ñëîæíîå îïðåäåëåíèå). 248 Âàì ëåãêî ýòî ãîâîðèòü. Íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû òîâàðû áûëè óïàêîâàíû (óïàêîâàòü òîâàðû) â êðåïêèå ÿùèêè. Ýòî âû äîëæíû ðåøèòü. Ïåðâîå, ÷òî ÿ äîëæåí ñäåëàòü, ýòî âûÿñíèòü, êîãäà ïðèáûâàåò ïàðîõîä. The water was too cold for the children to bathe (ñëîæíîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, âûðàæàþùåå ñëåäñòâèå). Âîäà áûëà ñëèøêîì õîëîäíîé, ÷òîáû äåòè ìîãëè êóïàòüñÿ. ÎÁÎÐÎÒ «ÎÁÚÅÊÒÍÛÉ ÏÀÄÅÆ Ñ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÎÌ» (OBJECTIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE) § 184. Ïîñëå ìíîãèõ ãëàãîëîâ â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì», ïðåäñòàâëÿþùèé ñîáîé ñî÷åòàíèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â îáùåì ïàäåæå ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: I want him to help me. They expect the steamer to leave tonight. ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû îí ïîìîã ìíå. Îíè îæèäàþò, ÷òî ïàðîõîä îòîéäåò ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» èãðàåò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ðîëü îäíîãî ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à èìåííî ñ ë î æ í î ã î ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ. Òàê, â ïðåäëîæåíèè They expect the steamer to leave to-night äîïîëíåíèåì ê ãëàãîëó expect ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå the steamer, a the steamer to leave, ïîòîìó ÷òî íà âîïðîñ What do they expect? ×åãî îíè îæèäàþò? îòâåò áóäåò íå They expect the steamer. Îíà îæèäàþò ïàðîõîäà, a They expect the steamer to leave. Îíè îæèäàþò, ÷òî ïàðîõîä îòîéäåò.  îáîðîòå «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå âûðàæàåò ëèöî (èëè ïðåäìåò), ñîâåðøàþùåå äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, èëè ïîäâåðãàþùååñÿ ýòîìó äåéñòâèþ. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ðàâåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ äîïîëíèòåëüíîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ, õîòÿ îí ðåäêî ìîæåò áûòü çàìåíåí òàêèì ïðåäëîæåíèåì: I expect him to come here. = I expect that he will come here. ß îæèäàþ, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò ñþäà. Èç ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ îáîðîòà «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ñ ðàâíîçíà÷íûì åìó ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì âèäíî, ÷òî ìåñòîèìåíèå â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå him ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïîäëåæàùåìó ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ he, à èíôèíèòèâ to come ñêàçóåìîìó will come. Èíôèíèòèâ â îáîðîòå «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ è â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ ñêàçóåìîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå: I expect the goods to be loaded = I expect that the goods will be at once. loaded at once. ß îæèäàþ, ÷òî òîâàðû áóäóò ïîãðóæåíû íåìåäëåííî. 249  îáîðîòå «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ìîãóò áûòü äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî èíôèíèòèâîâ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ äâóì èëè íåñêîëüêèì ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I expect him to come here and = I expect that he will come here (to) help me. and (will) help me. ß îæèäàþ, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò ñþäà è ïîìîæåò ìíå. I expect the goods to be packed = I expect that the goods will be and (to be) loaded at once. packed and (will be) loaded at once. ß îæèäàþ, ÷òî òîâàðû áóäóò óïàêîâàíû è ïîãðóæåíû íåìåäëåííî.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò îáîðîòà, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî îáîðîòó «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì», è îí ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê äîïîëíèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. ÑËÓ×ÀÈ ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈß ÎÁÎÐÎÒÀ «ÎÁÚÅÊÒÍÛÉ ÏÀÄÅÆ Ñ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÎÌ» § 185. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ æ å ë à í è å to want õîòåòü, to wish, to desire æåëàòü, should (would) like õîòåë áû, à òàêæå ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to like ëþáèòü, íðàâèòüñÿ, to hate íåíàâèäåòü: Íå wanted me to come on Sunday. Îí õîòåë, ÷òîáû ÿ ïðèøåë â âîñêðåñåíüå. Íå wishes the work to be done at Îí æåëàåò, ÷òîáû ðàáîòà áûëà once. ñäåëàíà íåìåäëåííî. I should like him to be invited to the ß õîòåë áû, ÷òîáû åãî ïðèãëàñèconcert. ëè íà êîíöåðò. I like people to tell the truth. ß ëþáëþ, êîãäà ëþäè ãîâîðÿò ïðàâäó. Åñëè äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òî ìåñòîèìåíèå ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ*): I should like to be invited to the concert. They dont like to be asked about it. ß õîòåë áû, ÷òîáû ìåíÿ ïðèãëàñèëè íà êîíöåðò. Îíè íå ëþáÿò, êîãäà èõ ñïðàøèâàþò îá ýòîì. § 186. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ â î ñ ï ð è ÿ ò è å ï î ñ ð å ä ñ ò â î ì î ð ã à í î â ÷ ó â ñ ò â to see âèäåòü, to watch, to observe íàáëþäàòü, to notice çàìå÷àòü, to hear ñëûøàòü, to feel ÷óâñòâîâàòü è äð. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ãðóïïû ÷àñòèöà to ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì îïóñêàåòñÿ: *)  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìû íå èìååì îáîðîòà «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì». Èíôèíèòèâ çäåñü ñîñòàâëÿåò ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî. 250 I saw her enter the house. We noticed the captain appear on the bridge. Have you heard him play the piano? They saw the German plane fly over the houses; they heard the bombs drop and felt the earth shake. ß âèäåë, êàê îíà âîøëà â äîì. Ìû çàìåòèëè, ÷òî êàïèòàí ïîÿâèëñÿ íà êàïèòàíñêîì ìîñòèêå. Ñëûõàëè ëè âû, êàê îí èãðàåò íà ðîÿëå? Îíè âèäåëè, êàê íåìåöêèé ñàìîëåò ëåòåë íàä äîìàìè; îíè ñëûøàëè, êàê óïàëè áîìáû è ïî÷óâñòâîâàëè, êàê ñîòðÿñëàñü çåìëÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ãðóïïû íàðÿäó ñ îáîðîòîì «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè» (ñòð. 292). Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ãðóïïû èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ; â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (ñòð. 293): I saw the luggage put into the car. I heard his name mentioned during the conversation. ß âèäåë, êàê áàãàæ ïîëîæèëè â ìàøèíó. ß ñëûøàë, êàê åãî èìÿ óïîìèíàëè âî âðåìÿ ðàçãîâîðà. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to see, to notice âìåñòî îáîðîòà «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì», â êîòîðîì èíôèíèòèâ âûðàæåí ãëàãîëîì be, îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå*): I saw that all the teachers were in the hall. I noticed that the parcel was torn. I saw that the room was in disorder. I saw that he was very excited. ß óâèäåë, ÷òî âñå ïðåïîäàâàòåëè áûëè â çàëå. ß çàìåòèë, ÷òî ïàêåò áûë ïîðâàí. ß óâèäåë, ÷òî êîìíàòà áûëà â áåñïîðÿäêå. ß óâèäåë, ÷òî îí î÷åíü âçâîëíîâàí. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to hear è to see «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ýòè ãëàãîëû íå âûðàæàþò ÷óâñòâåííîå âîñïðèÿòèå, à óïîòðåáëåíû â ïåðåíîñíîì çíà÷åíèè to hear ñëûøàòü â çíà÷åíèè óçíàâàòü, to see âèäåòü â çíà÷åíèè ïîíèìàòü, çàìå÷àòü.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: I heard that he had returned to Moscow. I see that you have made some progress in English. ß ñëûøàë (óçíàë), ÷òî îí âåðíóëñÿ â Ìîñêâó. ß âèæó (çàìå÷àþ), ÷òî âû ñäåëàëè óñïåõè â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. *) Êîãäà â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëåí «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì», òî ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì be ñòîèò ÷àñòèöà to: I saw the room to be in disorder. 251 § 187. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ ï ð å ä ï î ë î æ å í è å, to expect îæèäàòü, to think äóìàòü, to believe ïîëàãàòü, ñ÷èòàòü, to suppose ïîëàãàòü, to consider ñ÷èòàòü, to find íàõîäèòü, ïðèçíàâàòü, à òàêæå ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to know çíàòü, to declare çàÿâëÿòü è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ãðóïïû ÷àùå âñåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì», â êîòîðîì èíôèíèòèâ âûðàæåí ãëàãîëîì to be.  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: I consider him to be*) a clever man. I suppose him to be about fifty. I believe them to be honest people. I know them to be right. The director found the terms of delivery to be acceptable. ß ñ÷èòàþ, ÷òî îí óìíûé ÷åëîâåê. ß ïîëàãàþ, ÷òî åìó îêîëî ïÿòèäåñÿòè ëåò ß äóìàþ, ÷òî îíè ÷åñòíûå ëþäè. ß çíàþ, ÷òî îíè ïðàâû. Äèðåêòîð íàøåë, ÷òî óñëîâèÿ ïîñòàâêè ïðèåìëåìû. Èñêëþ÷åíèåì èç ýòîé ãðóïïû ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëàãîë to expect îæèäàòü, ïîñëå êîòîðîãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ë þ á î ã î ãëàãîëà, êàê â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì, òàê è â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå. Èíôèíèòèâ â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âñåãäà âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó: We expect them to arrive soon. We expect the contract to be signed tomorrow. Ìû îæèäàåì, ÷òî îíè ñêîðî ïðèáóäóò. Ìû îæèäàåì, ÷òî êîíòðàêò áóäåò ïîäïèñàí çàâòðà. Åñëè äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ì ó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òî ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îäíî èç âîçâðàòíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé myself, himself, herself è ò. ä. â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ëèöà ïîäëåæàùåãî: They considered themselves to be right. Íå knew himself to be strong enough to take part in the expedition. Îíè ñ÷èòàëè, ÷òî îíè ïðàâû (îíè ñ÷èòàëè ñåáÿ ïðàâûìè). Îí çíàë, ÷òî îí äîñòàòî÷íî âûíîñëèâ, ÷òîáû ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â ýòîé ýêñïåäèöèè. Âîçâðàòíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, îäíàêî, íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to expect: Íå expects to be invited. Îí îæèäàåò, ÷òî åãî ïðèãëàñÿò. § 188. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ ï ð è ê à ç à í è å, ï ð î ñ ü á ó, ð à ç ð å ø å í è å: to order, to command ïðèêàçûâàòü, to ask ïðîñèòü, to allow ðàçðåøàòü, ïîçâîëÿòü. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ãðóïïû óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáúåêò*) Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to consider è to declare èíôèíèòèâ, âûðàæåííûé ãëàãîëîìñâÿçêîé to be, èíîãäà îïóñêàåòñÿ: I consider him (to be) a clever man. 252 íûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ç à ë î ã å. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to ask âñåãäà ñëåäóåò ïðåäëîã for: The manager ordered the cargo to Çàâåäóþùèé ïðèêàçàë, ÷òîáû ãðóç be insured*). áûë çàñòðàõîâàí (çàñòðàõîâàòü ãðóç). The customs officer allowed the Òàìîæåííèê ðàçðåøèë, ÷òîáû goods to be discharged. òîâàð áûë ðàçãðóæåí (ðàçãðóçèòü òîâàð). Íå asked for the cases to be loaded Îí ïðîñèë, ÷òîáû ÿùèêè áûëè at once. ïîãðóæåíû íåìåäëåííî (ïîãðóçèòü ÿùèêè íåìåäëåííî). Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ãðóïïû ìîæåò ñòîÿòü òàêæå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â îáùåì ïàäåæå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå è èíôèíèòèâ â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå: The captain ordered the sailors to Êàïèòàí ïðèêàçàë ìàòðîñàì load the cases. noãðóçèòü ÿùèêè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå, îäíàêî, ìû èìååì íå îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì», à äâà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ äîïîëíåíèÿ, èç êîòîðûõ êàæäîå â îòäåëüíîñòè çàâèñèò îò ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî: Whom did the captain order to load the cases? The sailors. Êîìó êàïèòàí ïðèêàçàë ïîãðóçèòü ÿùèêè? Ìàòðîñàì. What did the captain order the sailors to do? To load the cases. ×òî êàïèòàí ïðèêàçàë ìàòðîñàì ñäåëàòü? Ïîãðóçèòü ÿùèêè. Ýòè äîïîëíåíèÿ ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì (â äàòåëüíîì èëè âèíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå) è èíôèíèòèâîì, à íå ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî, ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ ýòîé ãðóïïû èíôèíèòèâ â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ó ê à ç à í î ë è ö î, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå. Òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êàê The captain ordered to load the cases. Êàïèòàí ïðèêàçàë ïîãðóçèòü ÿùèêè. The captain allowed to put the goods on deck. Êàïèòàí ðàçðåøèë ïîñòàâèòü òîâàðû íà ïàëóáó â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íåâîçìîæíû. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, â êîòîðûõ íå óêàçàíî ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ î á ú å ê ò í û é ï à ä å æ ñ è í ô è í è ò è â î ì â ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ç à ë î ã å: Êàïèòàí ïðèêàçàë ïîãðóçèòü ÿùèêè. Êàïèòàí ðàçðåøèë ïîñòàâèòü òîâàðû íà ïàëóáó Îí ïðîñèë îòïðàâèòü ïèñüìî âîçäóøíîé ïî÷òîé. The captain ordered the cases to be loaded. The captain allowed the goods to be put on deck. Íå asked for the letter to be sent off by air mail. *) Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to order, to command óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì ñî÷åòàíèåì should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì (ñòð. 209): The manager ordered that the cargo should be insured. 253 2. Ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ß ïîïðîñèë èíôîðìèðîâàòü ìåíÿ î ïðèáûòèè ïàðîõîäà. Îíà ïîïðîñèëà ïîêàçàòü åé ïèñüìî, â êîòîðûõ èíôèíèòèâ âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, í à ï ð à â ë å í í î å í à ï î ä ë å æ à ù å å, ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì è í ô è í è ò è â à â ôîðìå Passive: I asked to be informed of the arrival of the steamer. She asked to be shown the letter (à íå: I asked to inform me of the arrival of the steamer. She asked to show her the letter ÷àñòàÿ îøèáêà ó÷àùèõñÿ). § 189. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ðÿäà ãëàãîëîâ, òðåáóþùèõ ïîñëå ñåáÿ äîïîëíåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì: to rely (on) ïîëàãàòüñÿ (íà), to count (upon) ðàññ÷èòûâàòü (íà), to wait (for) æäàòü (÷åãî-ëèáî) è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïåðåä îáîðîòîì «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ñòîèò ïðåäëîã: I count upon him to help me. ß ðàññ÷èòûâàþ íà òî, ÷òî îí ìíå ïîìîæåò. I rely upon you to do it in time. ß ðàññ÷èòûâàþ íà òî, ÷òî âû ñäåëàåòå ýòî âîâðåìÿ. We waited for them to begin the Ìû æäàëè, ÷òîáû îíè íà÷àëè conversation. ðàçãîâîð. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå òîëüêî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå, íî è ïîñëå ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà, ãåðóíäèÿ èëè ïðè÷àñòèÿ: It was a great pleasure to hear him sing. Knowing him to be my friend, I asked him to help me. I was surprised at hearing him say it. Áûëî î÷åíü ïðèÿòíî ñëûøàòü, êàê îí ïîåò. Çíàÿ, ÷òî îí ìîé äðóã, ÿ ïîïðîñèë åãî ïîìî÷ü ìíå. ß áûë óäèâëåí, óñëûøàâ, ÷òî îí ýòî ãîâîðèò. ÎÁÎÐÎÒ «ÈÌÅÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÏÀÄÅÆ Ñ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÎÌ» (NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE) § 190. Ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, âûðàæåííûì áåçëè÷íûì îáîðîòîì òèïà it is said ãîâîðÿò, it is reported ñîîáùàþò, it seems êàæåòñÿ, it is likely âåðîÿòíî, ìîæíî çàìåíèòü ïðîñòûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì: Ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå Ïðîñòîå ïðåäëîæåíèå It is said that they know Chinese They are said to know Chinese very very well. well. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îíè õîðîøî çíàþò êèòàéñêèé ÿçûê. Ïðè çàìåíå òàêîãî ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðîñòûì ìåñòîèìåíèå it îïóñêàåòñÿ, ïîäëåæàùåå ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (they) ñòàâèòñÿ âìåñòî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ it ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðîå ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ ýòèì íîâûì ïîäëåæàùèì â ëèöå è ÷èñëå, ñîþç that òàêæå îïóñêàåòñÿ, à ñêàçóåìîå ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (know) ïðèíèìàåò ôîðìó èíôèíèòèâà (to know). 254  ïðîñòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè They are said to know Chinese very well ïîäëåæàùèì ÿâëÿåòñÿ íå îäíî ìåñòîèìåíèå they, à ñî÷åòàíèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ they ñ èíôèíèòèâîì to know. Òàêîå ñëîæíîå ïîäëåæàùåå (they... to know) ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îáîðîò «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» (Nominative with the Infinitive). § 191. Èíôèíèòèâ â îáîðîòå «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ôîðìàõ: 1. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Indefinite âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ñ äåéñòâèåì ãëàãîëà â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: Íå is said to live in London. Íå was said to know several oriental languages. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îí æèâåò â Ëîíäîíå. Ãîâîðèëè, ÷òî îí çíàåò íåñêîëüêî âîñòî÷íûõ ÿçûêîâ. 2. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Continuous âûðàæàåò ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ñ äåéñòâèåì ãëàãîëà â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: Íå is said to be writing a new play. The water seems to be boiling. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îí ïèøåò íîâóþ ïüåñó. Âîäà, êàæåòñÿ, êèïèò. 3. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Perfect âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèþ ãëàãîëà â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: He is said to have lived in London. Íå is said to have been àðpointed director of a big plant. The steamer was known to have left port on the 15th May. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îí æèë â Ëîíäîíå. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îí íàçíà÷åí äèðåêòîðîì áîëüøîãî çàâîäà. Áûëî èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ïàðîõîä âûøåë èç ïîðòà 15 ìàÿ. 4. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôîðìå Perfect Continuous âûðàæàåò ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàâøååñÿ â òå÷åíèå îòðåçêà âðåìåíè, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â î â à â ø å ã î äåéñòâèþ ãëàãîëà â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: The goods are reported to have been awaiting shipment for several days. Íå was said to have been travelling about the country à good deal. Ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî òîâàðû îæèäàþò îòãðóçêè â òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ äíåé. Ãîâîðèëè, ÷òî îí ìíîãî ïóòåøåñòâîâàë ïî ñòðàíå. ÑËÓ×ÀÈ ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈß ÎÁÎÐÎÒÀ «ÈÌÅÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÏÀÄÅÆ Ñ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÎÌ» § 192. Îáîðîò «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ñëåäóþùèìè ãëàãîëàìè â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå: to say ãîâîðèòü, to state çàÿâëÿòü, ñîîáùàòü, to report ñîîáùàòü, to announce îáúÿâëÿòü, to believe ïîëàãàòü, ñ÷èòàòü, to suppose ïðåäïîëàãàòü, to think äóìàòü, ñ÷èòàòü, to expect îæèäàòü, to know çíàòü, to understand â çíà÷åíèè óçíàâàòü, èìåòü ñâåäåíèÿ, to consider ñ÷èòàòü, to see âèäåòü, to hear ñëûøàòü è íåêîòîðûìè äðóãèìè: 255 He is said to live in Kiev. (= It is said that he lives in Kiev.) This plant is known to produce tractors. (= It is known that this plant produces tractors.) They are believed to be on their way to Moscow. (= It is believed that they are on their way to Moscow.) The delegation is reported to have left London. (= It is reported that the delegation has left London.) Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îí æèâåò â Êèåâå. Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî ýòîò çàâîä ïðîèçâîäèò òðàêòîðû. Ïîëàãàþò, ÷òî îíè íàõîäÿòñÿ íà ïóòè â Ìîñêâó. Ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî äåëåãàöèÿ óåõàëà èç Ëîíäîíà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß . 1. Indefinite Infinitive ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to expect îáû÷íî âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê áóäóùåìó. Íå was expected to arrive in the evening. Îæèäàëè, ÷òî îí ïðèáóäåò âå÷åðîì. 2. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to consider èíôèíèòèâ, âûðàæåííûé ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé to be, èíîãäà îïóñêàåòñÿ: Íå is considered (to be) an experienced engineer. Ñ÷èòàþò, ÷òî îí îïûòíûé èíæåíåð (Îí ñ÷èòàåòñÿ îïûòíûì èíæåíåðîì.) Ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ îáîðîòîì «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. Ãëàãîë â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì îáîðîòîì (ãîâîðÿò, ñîîáùàþò è ò. ä.), èãðàþùèì ðîëü ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, çà êîòîðûì ñëåäóåò ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ñîþçîì ÷òî. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå, ñòîÿùåå ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, ñòàíîâèòñÿ â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîäëåæàùèì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Èíôèíèòèâ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå, êîòîðûé ñëóæèò ñêàçóåìûì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: The motor-vessel Garsy is reported to have arrived in Odessa. Ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî òåïëîõîä «Ãàðñèé» ïðèáûë â Îäåññó. Ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ îáîðîòîì «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» ìîæíî ïåðåâåñòè íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê è ïðîñòûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì îáîðîòîì â ðîëè ââîäíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Òåïëîõîä «Ãàðñèé», êàê ñîîáùàþò, ïðèáûë â Îäåññó. Êîãäà îáîðîò «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â îïðåäåëèòåëüíîì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, òî â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûé îáîðîò âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ðîëè ââîäíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: The motor-vessel Garsy, which is reported to have arrived in Odessa on Monday, brought a great number of passengers. 256 Òåïëîõîä «Ãàðñèé», êîòîðûé, êàê ñîîáùàþò, ïðèáûë â Îäåññó â ïîíåäåëüíèê, ïðèâåç áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïàññàæèðîâ. Êîãäà òàêîå îïðåäåëèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå çàìåíåíî ïðè÷àñòíûì îáîðîòîì, òî ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò òàêæå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì îáîðîòîì â ðîëè ââîäíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: The motor-vessel Garsy, reported to have arrived in Odessa on Monday, brought à great number of passengers. Òåïëîõîä «Ãàðñèé», êîòîðûé, êàê ñîîáùàþò, ïðèáûë â Îäåññó â ïîíåäåëüíèê, ïðè âåç áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ïàññàæèðîâ. § 193. Îáîðîò «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëàìè to seem, to appear êàçàòüñÿ, to prove îêàçûâàòüñÿ, to happen, to chance ñëó÷àòüñÿ, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå: Íå seems to know English well. (= It seems that he knows English well.) The weather appears to be improving. (= It appears that the weather is improving.) I happened to be there at that time. (= It happened that I was there at that time.) He proved to be a good worker. (= It proved that he was a good worker.) Êàæåòñÿ, îí õîðîøî çíàåò àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ïîãîäà, ïî-âèäèìîìó, óëó÷øàåòñÿ. Ñëó÷èëîñü òàê, ÷òî ÿ áûë òàì â ýòî âðåìÿ. Îí îêàçàëñÿ õîðîøèì ðàáîòíèêîì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to seem, to appear, to prove èíôèíèòèâ, âûðàæåííûé ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé to be, ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ: He seemed (to be) angry. Íå proved (to be) a good engineer. Êàçàëîñü, ÷òî îí ñåðäèòñÿ. (Îí, êàçàëîñü, ñåðäèëñÿ.) Îí îêàçàëñÿ õîðîøèì èíæåíåðîì. § 194. Îáîðîò «èìåíèòåëüíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè likely âåðîÿòíûé, unlikely ìàëîâåðîÿòíûé, certain íåñîìíåííûé, sure âåðíûé, ñëåäóþùèìè çà ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé. Indefinite Infinitive ïîñëå ýòèõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ îáû÷íî âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó: They are likely to come soon. (= It Âåðîÿòíî, îíè ïðèäóò ñêîðî. is likely that they will come soon.) The goods are unlikely to arrive at Ìàëîâåðîÿòíî, ÷òî (Âðÿä ëè) òîthe end of the week. (= It is unâàðû ïðèáóäóò â êîíöå íåäåëè. likely that the goods will arrive at the end of the week.) They are certain to come to MosÎíè íàâåðíî (íåñîìíåííî) ïðècow. (= It is certain that they will åäóò â Ìîñêâó. come to Moscow.) 257 He is sure to return soon. Îí íàâåðíî (íåñîìíåííî) âåðíåòñÿ ñêîðî. Èíôèíèòèâíûå îáîðîòû ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì likely âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: The delegates, who are likely to arÄåëåãàòû, êîòîðûå, âåðîÿòíî, rive tomorrow, will be lodged at ïðèáóäóò çàâòðà, áóäóò ðàçìåthis hotel. ùåíû â ýòîé ãîñòèíèöå. Íàðÿäó ñ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì who are likely to come âñòðå÷àåòñÿ îáîðîò likely to come, êîòîðûé ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì: The delegates likely to come tomorrow will be lodged at this hotel. Äåëåãàòû, êîòîðûå, âåðîÿòíî, ïðèáóäóò çàâòðà, áóäóò ðàçìåùåíû â ýòîé ãîñòèíèöå. ÑÀÌÎÑÒÎßÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂÍÛÉ ÎÁÎÐÎÒ § 195.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âñòðå÷àåòñÿ îáîðîò, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â îáùåì ïàäåæå è èíôèíèòèâà. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â òàêîì îáîðîòå îáîçíà÷àåò ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, ñîâåðøàþùèé äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì, èëè ïîäâåðãàþùèéñÿ ýòîìó äåéñòâèþ. Ýòîò îáîðîò íîñèò íàçâàíèå «ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî èíôèíèòèâíîãî îáîðîòà»*). Òàêîé îáîðîò ñòîèò â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è îòäåëåí çàïÿòîé. Îí ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ñîþçîì ïðè÷åì, â êîòîðîì ãëàãîë âûðàæàåò äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå. Ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé èíôèíèòèâíûé îáîðîò âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â þðèäè÷åñêèõ òåêñòàõ è â êîììåð÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòàõ: Ïðîäàâöû ïðåäëîæèëè ïîêóïàòåThe sellers offered the buyers 5,000 ëÿì 5000 òîíí ãàçîéëÿ, ïðè÷åì tons of gas oil, delivery to be made ñäà÷à äîëæíà áûëà áûòü ïðîèçin October. âåäåíà â îêòÿáðå. Ïîêóïàòåëè ïðîñèëè ïðîäàâöîâ The buyers requested the sellers to äåðæàòü èõ â êóðñå ìåñòîíàõîækeep them informed of the posiäåíèÿ ñóäíà, ïðè÷åì ñîîáùåíèÿ tion of the vessel, the communicaäîëæíû áûëè íàïðàâëÿòüñÿ èõ tions to be addressed to their àãåíòàì. agents. ГЕРУНДИЙ (GERUND) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 196. Ãåðóíäèé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íåëè÷íóþ ãëàãîëüíóþ ôîðìó, âûðàæàþùóþ íàçâàíèå äåéñòâèÿ è îáëàäàþùóþ êàê ñâîéñòâàìè ñóùå*)  àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêå ýòîò îáîðîò íîñèò íàçâàíèå Absolute Infinitive Construction. 258 ñòâèòåëüíîãî, òàê è ñâîéñòâàìè ãëàãîëà.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ ôîðìà îòñóòñòâóåò. Ôóíêöèè ãåðóíäèÿ âî ìíîãîì ñõîäíû ñ ôóíêöèÿìè èíôèíèòèâà, òàêæå ñî÷åòàþùåãî ñâîéñòâà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ñî ñâîéñòâàìè ãëàãîëà (ñòð. 238). Ãåðóíäèé, îäíàêî, èìååò áîëüøå ñâîéñòâ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, ÷åì èíôèíèòèâ. Îáëàäàÿ ñâîéñòâàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, ãåðóíäèé ìîæåò ñëóæèòü â ïðåäëîæåíèè: 1. Ï î ä ë å æ à ù è ì: Reading is her favorite occupation. ×òåíèå åå ëþáèìîå çàíÿòèå. 2. È ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: Her greatest pleasure is reading. Åå ñàìîå áîëüøîå óäîâîëüñòâèå ýòî ÷òåíèå. 3. × à ñ ò ü þ ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë ü í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: Íå finished reading the book. Îí çàêîí÷èë ÷èòàòü êíèãó. 4. Ï ð ÿ ì û ì ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì: I remember reading it. ß ïîìíþ, ÷òî ÷èòàë ýòî. 5. Ï ð å ä ë î æ í û ì ê î ñ â å í í û ì ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì: I am fond of reading. ß ëþáëþ ÷òåíèå (÷èòàòü). 6. Î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å ì: I had the pleasure of reading in the newspaper of your success. 7. Î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â î ì: After reading the letter I put it into the drawer. ß èìåë óäîâîëüñòâèå ïðî÷åñòü â ãàçåòå î âàøåì óñïåõå. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ÿ ïðî÷åë ïèñüìî (ïðî÷èòàâ ïèñüìî), ÿ ïîëîæèë åãî â ÿùèê ñòîëà. Êàê è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ãåðóíäèé ìîæåò ñî÷åòàòüñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè è îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå: I think of going to the south in the ß äóìàþ ïîåõàòü íà þã îñåíüþ. autumn. We insisted on their chartering a Ìû íàñòàèâàëè íà òîì, ÷òîáû vessel at once. îíè íåìåäëåííî çàôðàõòîâàëè ñóäíî. We objected to the buyers paying Ìû âîçðàæàëè ïðîòèâ òîãî, ÷òîonly part of the invoice amount. áû ïîêóïàòåëü çàïëàòèë òîëüêî ÷àñòü ñóììû ôàêòóðû. Ãëàãîëüíûå ñâîéñòâà ãåðóíäèÿ âûðàæàþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì: 1. Ãåðóíäèé ìîæåò èìåòü ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå: I remember reading this book. ß ïîìíþ, ÷òî ÷èòàë ýòó êíèãó. 2. Ãåðóíäèé ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ íàðå÷èåì: Íå likes reading aloud. Îí ëþáèò ÷èòàòü âñëóõ. 259 3. Ãåðóíäèé èìååò ôîðìû âðåìåíè è çàëîãà: Active Indefinite Perfect Passive reading having read being read having been read Ôîðìû ãåðóíäèÿ ñîâïàäàþò ñ ôîðìàìè ïðè÷àñòèé, è èõ îáðàçîâàíèå ïðîèñõîäèò ïî òåì æå ïðàâèëàì, ïî êîòîðûì îáðàçóþòñÿ ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèé (ñòð. 275).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò ôîðì, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ôîðìàì ãåðóíäèÿ, ââèäó ÷åãî èçîëèðîâàííî, âíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îíè íå ìîãóò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíû íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Indefinite Gerund Active, îäíàêî, ïî ñâîåìó çíà÷åíèþ ïðèáëèæàåòñÿ ê ðóññêîìó îòãëàãîëüíîìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó: reading ÷òåíèå, smoking êóðåíèå, waiting îæèäàíèå. ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈÉ Â ÔÎÐÌÅ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ (ACTIVE GERUND) È ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÎÃÎ ÇÀËÎÃÀ (PASSIVE GERUND) § 197. Ãåðóíäèé ìîæåò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, íå îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó: Swimming is a good exercise. Ïëàâàíèå õîðîøåå ôèçè÷åñêîå óïðàæíåíèå.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, îäíàêî, äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, îòíîñèòñÿ ê îïðåäåëåííîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó: I think of going to the south in the summer (going îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó I). Thank you for coming (coming îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîïîëíåíèþ you). ß äóìàþ ïîåõàòü íà þã ëåòîì. Áëàãîäàðþ âàñ çà òî, ÷òî âû ïðèøëè. Êîãäà äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ñ î â å ð ø à å ò ñ ÿ ë è ö î ì (èëè ï ð å ä ì å ò î ì), ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèé â ôîðìå Active: Íå likes inviting his friends to his house. I remember having shown her the letter. Íå entered the room without noticing her. 260 Îí ëþáèò ïðèãëàøàòü ê ñåáå ñâîèõ äðóçåé. ß ïîìíþ, ÷òî ÿ ïîêàçûâàë åé ýòî ïèñüìî. Îí âîøåë â êîìíàòó, íå çàìåòèâ åå. Êîãäà æå äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ñ î â å ð ø à å ò ñ ÿ í à ä ë è ö î ì (èëè ï ð å ä ì å ò î ì), ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèé â ôîðìå Passive: Íå likes being invited by his friends. Îí ëþáèò, êîãäà åãî ïðèãëàøàþò åãî äðóçüÿ. ß ïîìíþ, ÷òî ìíå ïîêàçûâàë ýòî I remember having been shown the ïèñüìî. letter. Îí âîøåë â êîìíàòó íåçàìå÷åíÍå entered the room without being íûì. noticed. § 198.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ãåðóíäèé â ôîðìå Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ãåðóíäèÿ â ôîðìå Passive. Òàêîå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãåðóíäèÿ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to need, to want, to require íóæäàòüñÿ, òðåáîâàòüñÿ è ïîñëå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî worth ñòîÿùèé: My shoes need repairing (à íå: beÌîè áîòèíêè íóæíî ïî÷èíèòü. ing repaired). This dress wants washing (à íå: Ýòî ïëàòüå íàäî âûñòèðàòü. being washed). These bags require drying (à íå: Ýòè ìåøêè íàäî ïðîñóøèòü. being dried). The book is worth reading (à íå: Ýòó êíèãó ñòîèò ïðî÷åñòü. being read). ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈÉ Â ÔÎÐÌÅ INDEFINITE È PERFECT § 199. Ãåðóíäèé â ôîðìå Indefinite óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå îí âûðàæàåò: 1. Î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: ß óäèâëåí òåì, ÷òî ñëûøó ýòî. I am surprised at hearing this. ß áûë î÷åíü ðàçî÷àðîâàí, íå çàI was quite disappointed at not findñòàâ åãî òàì. ing him there. 2. Îòíîñèòñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó âðåìåíè: We intend shipping the goods in Ìû íàìåðåíû îòãðóçèòü òîâàðû May. â ìàå. We think of going there in the sumÌû äóìàåì ïîåõàòü òóäà ëåòîì. mer. 3. Á å ç î ò í î ñ è ò å ë ü í î êî âðåìåíè åãî ñîâåðøåíèÿ: Swimming is a good exercise. Loading heavy weights requires great skill. Ïëàâàíèå õîðîøåå ôèçè÷åñêîå óïðàæíåíèå. Ïîãðóçêà òÿæåëûõ ãðóçîâ òðåáóåò áîëüøîãî ìàñòåðñòâà. § 200. Ãåðóíäèé â ôîðìå Perfect óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå îí âûðàæàåò, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó å ò äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: 261 I dont remember having seen him before. Íå mentioned having read it in the paper. ß íå ïîìíþ, ÷òîáû ÿ åãî ðàíüøå âèäåë. Îí óïîìÿíóë î òîì, ÷òî ÷èòàë ýòî â ãàçåòå. § 201. Ïîñëå ïðåäëîãîâ on (upon) è after îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Indefinite Gerund, õîòÿ â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå: On receiving the answer of the firm we handed all the documents to our legal adviser. After concluding the contract, the representative of the firm left Moscow. Ïîëó÷èâ îòâåò ôèðìû, ìû ïåðåäàëè âñå äîêóìåíòû íàøåìó þðèñêîíñóëüòó. Çàêëþ÷èâ êîíòðàêò, ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ôèðìû óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû. Indefinite Gerund, à íå Perfect Gerund, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ è â äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ïðåäøåñòâîâàëî äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ãîâîðÿò: I thank you for coming (à íå: for having come). Íå apologized for leaving the door open (à íå: for having left). Áëàãîäàðþ âàñ, ÷òî âû ïðèøëè. Îí èçâèíèëñÿ, ÷òî îñòàâèë äâåðü îòêðûòîé. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈß Â ÐÀÇËÈ×ÍÛÕ ÔÓÍÊÖÈßÕ § 202. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ïðåäëîãîâ. Ïîñêîëüêó ïðåäëîãè ìîãóò óïðàâëÿòü òîëüêî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè), âñÿêèé ãëàãîë ïîñëå ïðåäëîãà ïðèíèìàåò ôîðìó ãåðóíäèÿ, ò. å. ôîðìó ãëàãîëà, íàèáîëåå áëèçêóþ ïî ñâîèì ñâîéñòâàì ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó. Ïîñëå ïðåäëîãîâ ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, îïðåäåëåíèÿ, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà è èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî. Áåç ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ïðåäëîãà ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî, à òàêæå â ôóíêöèè èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî, ïîäëåæàùåãî è ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈß ÏÎÑËÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃΠ§ 203.  ôóíêöèè ï ð å ä ë î æ í î ã î ê î ñ â å í í î ã î ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ìíîãèõ ãëàãîëîâ, ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è ïðè÷àñòèé, òðåáóþùèõ îïðåäåëåííûõ ïðåäëîãîâ: I am fond of reading. When do you think of going there? 262 ß ëþáëþ ÷èòàòü. Êîãäà âû äóìàåòå ïîåõàòü òóäà? The exporters succeeded in chartering a steamer of the required size. We insisted on being informed by cable of the arrival of the ship. Ýêñïîðòåðàì óäàëîñü çàôðàõòîâàòü ïàðîõîä òðåáóåìîãî ðàçìåðà. Ìû íàñòàèâàëè íà òîì, ÷òîáû íàì ñîîáùèëè ïî òåëåãðàôó î ïðèáûòèè ñóäíà. Ê íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûì èç ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ, ïðè÷àñòèé è ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ îòíîñÿòñÿ: to be disappointed at áûòü paçî÷àðîâàííûì â to be surprised at óäèâëÿòüñÿ ÷åìó-ë. to be responsible for áûòü îòâåòñòâåííûì çà to prevent from ïðåïÿòñòâîâàòü, ìåøàòü (ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ë.) to consist in çàêëþ÷àòüñÿ â to persist in óïîðíî ïðîäîëæàòü ÷òî-ë. to result in èìåòü ðåçóëüòàòîì ÷òî-ë., ïðèâîäèòü ê ÷åìó-ë. to spend in òðàòèòü (âðåìÿ) íà ÷òî-ë. to succeed in óäàâàòüñÿ to be engaged in çàíèìàòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to be interested in èíòåðåñîâàòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to accuse of îáâèíÿòü â to approve (disapprove) of îäîáðÿòü (íå îäîáðÿòü) ÷òî-ë. to suspect of ïîäîçðåâàòü â to hear of ñëûøàòü î to think of äóìàòü î to be afraid of áîÿòüñÿ ÷åãî-ë. to be capable (incapable) of áûòü ñïîñîáíûì (íåñïîñîáíûì) íà to be fond of ëþáèòü ÷òî-ë. to be proud of ãîðäèòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to count on (upon) = to depend on (upon) ðàññ÷èòûâàòü íà to insist on íàñòàèâàòü íà to object to âîçðàæàòü ïðîòèâ to get used to ïðèâûêàòü ê Ïîñëå íåêîòîðûõ èç ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ïðè÷àñòèé è ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ íàðÿäó ñ ãåðóíäèåì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ: I am proud of being a citizen of = I am proud to be a citizen of Russia. Russia. ß ãîðæóñü òåì, ÷òî ÿâëÿþñü ãðàæäàíèíîì Ðîññèè.  ôóíêöèè ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì in â ïîñëå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ (íà âîïðîñ in what? â ÷åì?): Íå felt satisfaction in helping them. There is no harm in doing that. Did you find any difficulty in solving this problem? There is no sense in going there today. Îí ÷óâñòâîâàë óäîâëåòâîðåíèå â òîì, ÷òî ïîìîã èì. Íåò íè÷åãî ïëîõîãî â òîì, ÷òîáû ñäåëàòü ýòî. Âñòðåòèëè ëè âû êàêèå-íèáóäü çàòðóäíåíèÿ â ðàçðåøåíèè ýòîé ïðîáëåìû? Íåò ñìûñëà èäòè òóäà ñåãîäíÿ (â òîì, ÷òîáû èäòè òóäà ñåãîäíÿ). 263 Ïðèìå÷àíèå. Óïîòðåáëåíèå ïðåäëîãà in ñ ãåðóíäèåì àíàëîãè÷íî â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëåíèþ in â òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êàê He felt satisfaction in his work, There is no sense in his words, He was quite right in it. § 204.  ôóíêöèè î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîãàìè, ÷àùå âñåãî ñ ïðåäëîãîì of: There are different ways of solving this problem. We discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages. Have you any reason for saying such a thing? The chatterers have the right of loading the steamer at night time. We have no intention of ordering such machines. Èìåþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå ñïîñîáû ðàçðåøåíèÿ ýòîé ïðîáëåìû. Ìû îáñóæäàëè ðàçëè÷íûå ìåòîäû ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ. Åñòü ëè ó âàñ îñíîâàíèå ãîâîðèòü òàêîå? Ôðàõòîâàòåëè èìåþò ïðàâî ãðóçèòü ïàðîõîä â íî÷íîå âðåìÿ. Ìû íå íàìåðåíû çàêàçûâàòü òàêèå ìàøèíû. Ê ÷èñëó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, ïîñëå êîòîðûõ ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèé â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ, îòíîñÿòñÿ: astonishment (at) óäèâëåíèå disappointment (at) ðàçî÷àðîâàíèå surprise (at) óäèâëåíèå apology (for) èçâèíåíèå plan (for) ïëàí preparation (for) ïðèãîòîâëåíèå reason (for) ïðè÷èíà, îñíîâàíèå experience (in) îïûò interest (in) èíòåðåñ skill (in) ìàñòåðñòâî art (of) èñêóññòâî chance (of), opportunity (of) óäîáíûé ñëó÷àé fear (of) ñòðàõ habit (of) ïðèâû÷êà hope (of) íàäåæäà idea (of) ìûñëü, èäåÿ importance (of) âàæíîñòü intention (of) íàìåðåíèå means (of) ñðåäñòâî method (of) ìåòîä necessity (of) íåîáõîäèìîñòü objection (to) âîçðàæåíèå pleasure (of) óäîâîëüñòâèå possibility (of) âîçìîæíîñòü problem (of) ïðîáëåìà process (of) ïðîöåññ right (of) ïðàâî way (of) ñïîñîá ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà ãåðóíäèé îïðåäåëÿåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, èìåþùåå îáùèé êîðåíü ñ ãëàãîëîì èëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì, ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ñòîèò îáû÷íî òîò ïðåäëîã, êîòîðûé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ãëàãîëà èëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî. Åñëè æå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèé ãëàãîë òðåáóåò ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of: Have you any objection to signing this document? Èìåþòñÿ ëè ó âàñ âîçðàæåíèÿ ïðîòèâ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïîäïèñàòü ýòîò äîêóìåíò? (Ïîñëå objection ñòîèò ïðåäëîã to, ïîñêîëüêó ãëàãîë to object òðåáóåò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà to.) 264 Íå expressed his surprise at meeting her there. Îí âûðàçèë óäèâëåíèå, âñòðåòèâ åå òàì. (Ïîñëå surprise ñòîèò ïðåäëîã at, ïîñêîëüêó ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå surprised òðåáóåò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà at.) There is no fear of damaging the goods if they are packed in this manner. Íåò îïàñåíèÿ ïîâðåäèòü òîâàð, åñëè îí áóäåò óïàêîâàí òàêèì îáðàçîì. (Ïîñëå fear ñòîèò ïðåäëîã of, òàê êàê ãëàãîë to fear òðåáóåò ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ.) Ãåðóíäèé â ðîëè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ðàçëè÷íûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ñ ïðåäëîãîì for äëÿ, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ íàçíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà: A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. This is an airplane for transporting goods. Òåðìîìåòð ïðèáîð äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû. Ýòî ñàìîëåò äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè òîâàðîâ.  ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ íàðÿäó ñ ãåðóíäèåì ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ: The charterers have the right of loading (= the right to load) the steamer at night time. I have no intention of doing it (= no intention to do it). Ôðàõòîâàòåëè èìåþò ïðàâî ãðóçèòü ïàðîõîä â íî÷íîå âðåìÿ. ß íå íàìåðåí äåëàòü ýòî. § 205.  ôóíêöèè î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Ñ ïðåäëîãàìè on (upon) no, ïîñëå, after ïîñëå, before ïåðåä, in â òî âðåìÿ êàê, ïðè äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ âðåìåíè: On finding that the engine was working badly, the pilot was obliged to land. After saying this he left the room. Before leaving for London I called on my brother. In retreating German troops burned down towns and villages. Îáíàðóæèâ, ÷òî ìîòîð ðàáîòàåò ïëîõî, ëåò÷èê áûë âûíóæäåí ïðèçåìëèòüñÿ. Ñêàçàâ ýòî, îí âûøåë èç êîìíàòû. Ïåðåä îòúåçäîì â Ëîíäîí ÿ çàøåë ê áðàòó. Ïðè îòñòóïëåíèè íåìåöêèå âîéñêà ñæèãàëè ãîðîäà è äåðåâíè. Ïîñëå ïðåäëîãîâ on (upon) è after óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáû÷íî Indefinite Gerund (§ 201). Ïðåäëîã after óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà õîòÿò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå. Êîãäà æå íóæíî âûðà265 çèòü òîëüêî ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü äåéñòâèé, òî ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì on (upon). (Ñðàâíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå Perfect Participle è Present Participle ñòð. 280, 281). Ãåðóíäèàëüíûå îáîðîòû, âûðàæàþùèå âðåìÿ (êðîìå îáîðîòà ñ ïðåäëîãîì before), ýêâèâàëåíòíû ïðè÷àñòíûì îáîðîòàì: on coming home... = coming home... after saying this... = having said this... in retreating... = while retreating... 2. Ñ ïðåäëîãàìè for çà, through èç-çà, owing to áëàãîäàðÿ, èç-çà äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð è ÷ è í û: Excuse me for being so late. We are obliged to you for sending us the latest market reports. Èçâèíèòå, ÷òî ÿ òàê îïîçäàë. Ìû áëàãîäàðèì âàñ çà òî, ÷òî âû ïðèñëàëè íàì ïîñëåäíèå îáçîðû ðûíêà. Íå caught cold through getting his Îí ïðîñòóäèëñÿ èç-çà òîãî, ÷òî feet wet. ïðîìî÷èë íîãè. 3. Ñ ïðåäëîãîì by ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïóòåì, ïðè ïîìîùè (íà âîïðîñ êàêèì îáðàçîì? ÷åì?) äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ: Íå improved his article by changing the end. We were able to discharge the boat in 24 hours by using à powerful crane. Îí óëó÷øèë ñòàòüþ, èçìåíèâ êîíåö. Ìû ñìîãëè ðàçãðóçèòü ñóäíî â 24 ÷àñà, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîùíûé êðàí. 4. Ñ ïðåäëîãàìè besides êðîìå, instead of âìåñòî, without áåç, apart from ïîìèìî äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ñ î ï ó ò ñ ò â ó þ ù è õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â: Besides being clever, he is very industrious. Instead of writing the letter himself, he asked his friend to do it. Íå left the room without waiting for a reply. Êðîìå òîãî, ÷òî îí óìåí, îí î÷åíü òðóäîëþáèâ. Âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû íàïèñàòü ïèñüìî ñàìîìó, îí ïîïðîñèë ñâîåãî äðóãà ñäåëàòü ýòî. Îí âûøåë èç êîìíàòû, íå îæèäàÿ îòâåòà. 5. Ñ ãðóïïîâûìè ïðåäëîãàìè for the purpose of, with the object of, with a view to ñ öåëüþ, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ö å ë è: The Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission in Moscow has been established for the purpose of settling disputes between Russian trading organizations and foreign firms. A Polish delegation arrived in Moscow with the object of conducting trade negotiations. 266 Âíåøíåòîðãîâàÿ àðáèòðàæíàÿ êîìèññèÿ ñîçäàíà â Ìîñêâå ñ öåëüþ ðàçðåøåíèÿ ñïîðîâ ìåæäó ðóññêèìè òîðãîâûìè îðãàíèçàöèÿìè è èíîñòðàííûìè ôèðìàìè.  Ìîñêâó ïðèáûëà ïîëüñêàÿ äåëåãàöèÿ äëÿ âåäåíèÿ òîðãîâûõ ïåðåãîâîðîâ. He gave these instructions with à view to speeding up the shipment of the goods. Îí äàë ýòè èíñòðóêöèè äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû óñêîðèòü îòãðóçêó òîâàðîâ. Ãåðóíäèé ñ ãðóïïîâûìè ïðåäëîãàìè äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ öåëè ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ â îôèöèàëüíîì ÿçûêå, îáû÷íî æå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ öåëè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ: I have come here to discuss the matter with the manager. I went to the station to meet my father. ß ïðèøåë ñþäà, ÷òîáû îáñóäèòü âîïðîñ ñ çàâåäóþùèì. ß ïîøåë íà âîêçàë âñòðåòèòü îòöà. 6. Ñ ïðåäëîãàìè without áåç, in case of, in the event of â ñëó÷àå åñëè, subject to ïðè óñëîâèè äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ó ñ ë î â è ÿ: You will never speak good English without learning grammar. In the event of being ordered to two ports of loading the steamer will not arrive at the port of discharge before September 15th. This offer is made subject to receiving your confirmation within 10 days. Âû íèêîãäà íå áóäåòå ãîâîðèòü õîðîøî ïî-àíãëèéñêè, åñëè íå èçó÷èòå ãðàììàòèêó.  ñëó÷àå, åñëè ïàðîõîä áóäåò íàïðàâëåí â äâà ïîðòà ïîãðóçêè, îí íå ïðèáóäåò â ïîðò ðàçãðóçêè äî 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ýòî ïðåäëîæåíèå ñäåëàíî ïðè óñëîâèè ïîëó÷åíèÿ âàøåãî ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ â òå÷åíèå 10 äíåé. Ãåðóíäèé ñ ýòèìè ïðåäëîãàìè (êðîìå without) âñòðå÷àåòñÿ, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, â êîììåð÷åñêèõ è þðèäè÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòàõ. § 206. Ãåðóíäèé ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ôóíêöèè è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î ñ ïðåäëîãàìè against ïðîòèâ, for çà, à òàêæå ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, çàâèñÿùèìè îò âûðàæåíèé to be on the point (of), to be far (from) è äð.: The director is for extending the time of shipment. The captain is against loading the goods on deck. When I came to the office, the manager was on the point of leaving. The negotiations are still far from being ended. Äèðåêòîð ñòîèò çà ïðîäëåíèå ñðîêà îòãðóçêè. Êàïèòàí ïðîòèâ ïîãðóçêè òîâàðîâ íà ïàëóáó. Êîãäà ÿ ïðèøåë â êîíòîðó, çàâåäóþùèé êàê ðàç ñîáèðàëñÿ óõîäèòü. Ïåðåãîâîðû åùå îòíþäü íå çàêîí÷åíû. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈß ÁÅÇ ÏÐÅÄØÅÑÒÂÓÞÙÅÃÎ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÀ § 207. Áåç ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ïðåäëîãà ãåðóíäèé ÷àùå âñåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ÷ à ñ ò ü ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë ü í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: 267 The manager has finished dictating a letter to the secretary. We have put off chartering à boat until the director returns from London. I cant help telling you about it. I enjoy listening to music. Çàâåäóþùèé îêîí÷èë äèêòîâàòü ïèñüìî ñåêðåòàðþ. Ìû îòëîæèëè ôðàõòîâàíèå ïàðîõîäà äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà äèðåêòîð íå âîçâðàòèòñÿ èç Ëîíäîíà. ß íå ìîãó íå ñêàçàòü âàì îá ýòîì. ß ïîëó÷àþ óäîâîëüñòâèå, ñëóøàÿ ìóçûêó. Ê íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûì ãëàãîëàì, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ êîòîðûìè ãåðóíäèé îáðàçóåò ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå, îòíîñÿòñÿ: to finish êîí÷àòü to stop*), to give up, to leave off ïðåêðàùàòü, ïåðåñòàâàòü to keep, to keep on, to go on ïðîäîëæàòü to put off, to postpone, to delay îòêëàäûâàòü to need, to require, to want òðåáîâàòüñÿ, íóæäàòüñÿ to avoid èçáåãàòü to enjoy íàñëàæäàòüñÿ, ïîëó÷àòü óäîâîëüñòâèå I cant help ÿ íå ìîãó íå Ãåðóíäèé îáðàçóåò ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå òàêæå ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè worth ñòîÿùèé è busy çàíÿòûé (ñ ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé): These goods are worth buying. When I entered the room, he was busy translating an article. Ýòè òîâàðû ñòîèò êóïèòü. Êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó, îí áûë çàíÿò ïåðåâîäîì ñòàòüè. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to need, to want, to require è ïîñëå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî worth âìåñòî ãåðóíäèÿ â ôîðìå Passive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèé â ôîðìå Active (§ 198). § 208. Êàê ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî, ïîñëå íåêîòîðûõ ãëàãîëîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê ãåðóíäèé, òàê è èíôèíèòèâ: I like bathing (= to bathe) in à river better than in the sea. We began talking (= to talk) about the position of the rubber market. It continued raining (= to rain). We do not intend placing (= to place) orders for such machines. ß áîëüøå ëþáëþ êóïàòüñÿ â ðåêå, ÷åì â ìîðå. Ìû íà÷àëè ðàçãîâàðèâàòü î ïîëîæåíèè ðûíêà êàó÷óêà. Äîæäü ïðîäîëæàë èäòè. Ìû íå íàìåðåíû ðàçìåùàòü çàêàçû íà òàêèå ìàøèíû. *) Ãëàãîë to stop óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ñî çíà÷åíèåì îñòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïîñëå íåãî ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ èíôèíèòèâ â ðîëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà öåëè: Ñðàâíèòå: Íå stopped to smoke. Îí îñòàíîâèëñÿ, ÷òîáû ïîêóðèòü. Íå stopped smoking. Îí ïåðåñòàë êóðèòü. 268 Ê íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûì èç ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ: to to to to to begin, to start íà÷èíàòü continue ïðîäîëæàòü like ëþáèòü, íðàâèòüñÿ dislike íå ëþáèòü, íå íðàâèòüñÿ prefer ïðåäïî÷èòàòü to hate íåíàâèäåòü to intend íàìåðåâàòüñÿ I can (cant) afford ÿ ìîãó (íå ìîãó) ïîçâîëèòü ñåáå § 209. Ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè ï ð ÿ ì î ã î ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to mention óïîìèíàòü, to remember ïîìíèòü, to mind âîçðàæàòü: He mentioned having read it in the paper. I remember having seen him before. I dont mind walking. Îí óïîìÿíóë, ÷òî ÷èòàë ýòî â ãàçåòå. ß ïîìíþ, ÷òî âèäåë åãî ðàíüøå. ß íå âîçðàæàþ ïîéòè ïåøêîì. § 210. Ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î: Skating is pleasant. Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî. Ãåðóíäèé, âûïîëíÿþùèé ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì ñòîèò ìåñòîèìåíèå it. Òàêîå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãåðóíäèÿ ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ïîñëå âûðàæåíèé: is is is is (of) no use useless no good worth while it it it it Its no use talking about it. It isnt worth while going there. Is it any good doing it?  ôóíêöèè ïîäëåæàùåãî íàðÿäó íèòèâ: Skating is pleasant. = Its no use talking about it. = It isnt worth while going there. = áåñïîëåçíî ñòîèò (ïîòðà÷åííîãî âðåìåíè) Áåñïîëåçíî ãîâîðèòü îá ýòîì. He ñòîèò õîäèòü òóäà. Ñòîèò ëè äåëàòü ýòî? ñ ãåðóíäèåì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèÒî skate is pleasant. It is no use to talk about it. It isnt worth while to go there. § 211. Ãåðóíäèé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î: Her greatest pleasure was travelling. Åå ñàìûì áîëüøèì óäîâîëüñòâèåì áûëî ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü. Íàðÿäó ñ ãåðóíäèåì â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâ: Her greatest pleasure was to travel. 269 ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈÉ Ñ ÏÐÅÄØÅÑÒÂÓÞÙÈÌ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÌ ÈËÈ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈÅÌ § 212. Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó, à èíîãäà ê äîïîëíåíèþ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: They began speaking (äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì speaking, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó they). I am obliged to you for helping me (äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì helping, îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîïîëíåíèþ you). Îíè íà÷àëè ðàçãîâàðèâàòü. ß îáÿçàí âàì çà òî, ÷òî âû ïîìîãëè ìíå. Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ òàêæå ê ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó, êîòîðûé íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì èëè äîïîëíåíèåì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ äåéñòâèå ãåðóíäèÿ, âûðàæàåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå èëè ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, êîòîðûå ñòîÿò ïåðåä ãåðóíäèåì: The agent informed the firm of the buyers having insured the cargo. We insisted on their delivering the goods immediately. Àãåíò ñîîáùèë ôèðìå, ÷òî ïîêóïàòåëü çàñòðàõîâàë òîâàð. Ìû íàñòàèâàëè íà òîì, ÷òîáû îíè ñäàëè òîâàð íåìåäëåííî. Åñëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ãåðóíäèåì, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåîäóøåâëåííûì, òî îíî ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ãåðóíäèåì â îáùåì ïàäåæå, ïîñêîëüêó òàêîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå íå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì ïàäåæå: We insisted on the contract being signed immediately. Íå objected to the ships leaving the port in such stormy weather. Ìû íàñòàèâàëè íà òîì, ÷òîáû êîíòðàêò áûë ïîäïèñàí íåìåäëåííî. Îí âîçðàæàë ïðîòèâ òîãî, ÷òîáû ñóäà âûøëè èç ïîðòà â òàêóþ áóðíóþ ïîãîäó. Âìåñòî íåîäóøåâëåííûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ â îáùåì ïàäåæå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ its (äëÿ åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà) è their (äëÿ ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà): We insisted on its (the contract) being signed immediately. He objected to their (the ships) leaving the port in such stormy weather.  ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îäóøåâëåííûå ÷àñòî ñòîÿò ïåðåä ãåðóíäèåì íå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì, à â îáùåì ïàäåæå, à âìåñòî ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé (my, his, your è ò. ä.) èíîãäà óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ëè÷íûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå (me, him, you è ò. ä.): 270 We objected to the buyer (âìåñòî: the buyers) paying only part of the invoice amount. Excuse me (âìåñòî: my) interrupting you. Ìû âîçðàæàëè ïðîòèâ òîãî, ÷òîáû ïîêóïàòåëü çàïëàòèë òîëüêî ÷àñòü ñóììû ôàêòóðû. Èçâèíèòå, ÷òî ÿ âàñ ïðåðûâàþ. § 213. Ãåðóíäèé è ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå åìó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå òåñíî ñâÿçàíû ïî ñìûñëó è ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ñ ë î æ í û é ÷ ë å í ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ ñëîæíîå ïîäëåæàùåå, äîïîëíåíèå, îïðåäåëåíèå èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî. Òàêèå ãåðóíäèàëüíûå îáîðîòû ðàâíû ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì*): 1. The students knowing French = That the student knew French well helped him considerably well helped him considerably in learning English (ñëîæíîå in learning English. ïîäëåæàùåå). To, ÷òî ñòóäåíò çíàåò õîðîøî ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê, î÷åíü ïîìîæåò åìó ïðè èçó÷åíèè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. 2. There was no hope of our = There was no hope that we getting the tickets (ñëîæíîå should get the tickets. îïðåäåëåíèå). He áûëî íàäåæäû, ÷òî ìû ïîëó÷èì áèëåòû. 3. Íå insisted on my returning = He insisted that I should return soon (ñëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå). soon. Îí íàñòàèâàë íà òîì, ÷òîáû ÿ âåðíóëñÿ ñêîðî. 4. On the lecturers appearing When the lecturer appeared in the hall, there was loud in the hall, there was loud applause (ñëîæíîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî). applause. Êîãäà ëåêòîð ïîÿâèëñÿ â çàëå, ðàçäàëèñü ãðîìêèå àïëîäèñìåíòû. Èç ñîïîñòàâëåíèÿ ãåðóíäèàëüíîãî îáîðîòà ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì âèäíî, ÷òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîì (èëè â îáùåì) ïàäåæå è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ãåðóíäèàëüíîãî îáîðîòà ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïîäëåæàùåìó ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à ãåðóíäèé ñêàçóåìîìó. Ãåðóíäèþ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë â òîì æå çàëîãå, â êîòîðîì óïîòðåáëåí ãåðóíäèé: Is there any possibility of their = Is there any possibility that they finding a suitable steamer so will find a suitable steamer soon? so soon? Åñòü ëè ó íèõ âîçìîæíîñòü íàéòè ïîäõîäÿùèé ïàðîõîä òàê ñêîðî? *)  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò òàêæå ãåðóíäèàëüíûå îáîðîòû, â êîòîðûõ ãåðóíäèþ íå ïðåäøåñòâóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå: Íå mentioned having read it in the paÎí óïîìÿíóë, ÷òî ÷èòàë ýòî â ãàçåòå. per. = He mentioned that he had read it in the paper. 271 We insisted on the cases being = We insisted that the cases taken to the warehouse immeshould be taken to the warediately. house immediately. Ìû íàñòàèâàëè íà òîì, ÷òîáû ÿùèêè áûëè íåìåäëåííî óâåçåíû íà ñêëàä. Ãåðóíäèþ â ôîðìå Indefinite ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë, âûðàæàþùèé äåéñòâèå, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ñ äåéñòâèåì ãëàãîëà ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èëè îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó: Íå complained of my walking = He complained that I walked too slowly. too slowly. Îí âûðàæàë íåäîâîëüñòâî òåì, ÷òî ÿ øåë ñëèøêîì ìåäëåííî. There is no hope of our getting = There is no hope that we shall a letter from him soon. get a letter from him soon. Íåò íàäåæäû, ÷òî ìû ñêîðî ïîëó÷èì îò íåãî ïèñüìî. Ãåðóíäèþ â ôîðìå Perfect ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë, âûðàæàþùèé äåéñòâèå, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèþ ãëàãîëà ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: The agent informed the seller of = The agent informed the seller the buyers having insured that the buyers had insured the cargo. the cargo. Àãåíò ñîîáùèë ïðîäàâöó, ÷òî ïîêóïàòåëè çàñòðàõîâàëè ãðóç. ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄ ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈß ÍÀ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ § 214. Ãåðóíäèé ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ðàçëè÷íûìè ñïîñîáàìè, à èìåííî: 1. È ì å í å ì ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì: The buyers examined the goods Ïîêóïàòåëè òùàòåëüíî îñìîòðåcarefully before concluding the ëè òîâàð ïåðåä çàêëþ÷åíèåì contract. êîíòðàêòà. We were counting on your being Ìû ðàññ÷èòûâàëè íà âàøå ïðèpresent. ñóòñòâèå. 2. È í ô è í è ò è â î ì: She is afraid of bathing there. The storm prevented the steamer from leaving the port. She enjoyed sitting in the sun. 3. Ä å å ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ì: Íå went away without leaving his address. After sleeping for about an hour, he was awakened by a loud noise in the street. 272 Îíà áîèòñÿ êóïàòüñÿ òàì. Áóðÿ ïîìåøàëà ïàðîõîäó âûéòè èç ïîðòà. Åé äîñòàâëÿëî óäîâîëüñòâèå ñèäåòü íà ñîëíöå. Îí óåõàë, íå îñòàâèâ ñâîåãî àäðåñà. Ïðîñïàâ îêîëî ÷àñà, îí áûë ðàçáóæåí ãðîìêèì øóìîì íà óëèöå. We were able to discharge the boat in 24 hours by using a powerful crane. Ìû ñìîãëè ðàçãðóçèòü ñóäíî â 24 ÷àñà, èñïîëüçóÿ ìîùíûé êðàí. 4. à ë à ã î ë î ì â ë è ÷ í î é ô î ð ì å.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ãåðóíäèé ñ îòíîñÿùèìèñÿ ê íåìó ñëîâàìè ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. Òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÷àñòî íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñëîâàìè òî*) ÷òî (÷òîáû): She reproached herself for having said it. They insisted on the goods being shipped at once. In the event of the vessel being ordered to three ports of discharge, the rate of freight will be increased. Îíà óïðåêàëà ñåáÿ çà òî, ÷òî ñêàçàëà ýòî. Îíè íàñòàèâàëè íà òîì, ÷òîáû òîâàðû áûëè îòãðóæåíû íåìåäëåííî. Åñëè ïàðîõîä áóäåò íàïðàâëåí â òðè ïîðòà ðàçãðóçêè, ñòàâêà ôðàõòà áóäåò óâåëè÷åíà. ОТГ ЛАГ ОЛЬНОЕ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ ОТГЛАГ ЛАГОЛЬНОЕ (VERBAL NOUN) § 215. Îò ãåðóíäèÿ â ôîðìå Indefinite ñëåäóåò îòëè÷àòü îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (Verbal Noun), êîòîðîå òàêæå îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà -ing. Îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îáëàäàåò òîëüêî ñâîéñòâàìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è, â îòëè÷èå îò ãåðóíäèÿ, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ àðòèêëåì, ìîæåò èìåòü ôîðìó ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà è ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì: Íå took part in the sittings of the committee. I was awakened by their loud talking. Îí ïðèíÿë ó÷àñòèå â çàñåäàíèÿõ êîìèòåòà. ß áûë ðàçáóæåí èõ ãðîìêèì ðàçãîâîðîì. Íå îáëàäàÿ ãëàãîëüíûìè ñâîéñòâàìè, îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, â îòëè÷èå îò ãåðóíäèÿ, íå èìååò ôîðì âðåìåíè è íå âûðàæàåò çàëîãà.  îòëè÷èå îò ãåðóíäèÿ, ïîñëå îòãëàãîëüíûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ íå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå: They started the loading of the ship. (Ñðàâíèòå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ãåðóíäèåì: They started loading the ship.) Îíè ïðèñòóïèëè ê ïîãðóçêå ñóäíà. *) Óêàçàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå òî, âõîäÿùåå â ñîñòàâ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü â ðàçëè÷íûõ ïàäåæàõ. 273 Êðîìå îòãëàãîëüíûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îêàí÷èâàþùèõñÿ íà -ing, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìååòñÿ ìíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ, îáðàçîâàâøèõñÿ îò ãëàãîëîâ ðàçëè÷íûìè äðóãèìè ñïîñîáàìè: to manufacture ïðîèçâîäèòü manufacture ïðîèçâîäñòâî to produce ïðîèçâîäèòü production ïðîèçâîäñòâî to ship îòãðóæàòü shipment îòãðóçêà to deliver ïîñòàâëÿòü delivery ïîñòàâêà to arrive ïðèáûâàòü arrival ïðèáûòèå to sell ïðîäàâàòü sale ïðîäàæà Ïðè íàëè÷èè òàêèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ îòãëàãîëüíîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îêàí÷èâàþùååñÿ íà -ing, îáû÷íî íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: We were informed of the arrival (à íå: the arriving) of the ship. The production (à íå: the producing) of cotton in India has greatly increased. This firm is engaged in the manufacture (à íå: the manufacturing) of turbines. We sent the firm our contract for the sale (à íå: the selling) of a cargo of sugar. Íàì ñîîáùèëè î ïðèáûòèè ñóäíà. Ïðîèçâîäñòâî õëîïêà â Èíäèè î÷åíü óâåëè÷èëîñü. Ýòà ôèðìà çàíèìàåòñÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâîì òóðáèí. Ìû ïîñëàëè ôèðìå íàø êîíòðàêò íà ïðîäàæó ãðóçà ñàõàðà. ПРИЧАСТИЕ (THE PPARTICIPLE) ARTICIPLE) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 216. Ïðè÷àñòèå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé íåëè÷íóþ ãëàãîëüíóþ ôîðìó, êîòîðàÿ íàðÿäó ñî ñâîéñòâàìè ãëàãîëà èìååò ñâîéñòâà ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî èëè íàðå÷èÿ. Îáëàäàÿ ñâîéñòâàìè ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î, ïðè÷àñòèå ñëóæèò î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å ì ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó.  ýòîé ôóíêöèè îíî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è þ: We visited one of the largest plants producing tractors in our country. A broken cup lay on the table. Ìû ïîñåòèëè îäèí èç êðóïíåéøèõ çàâîäîâ, ïðîèçâîäÿùèõ òðàêòîðû â íàøåé ñòðàíå. Ðàçáèòàÿ ÷àøêà ëåæàëà íà ñòîëå. Îáëàäàÿ ñâîéñòâàìè í à ð å ÷ è ÿ, ïðè÷àñòèå ñëóæèò î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â î ì, îïðåäåëÿþùèì äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ñêàçóåìûì.  ýòîé ôóíêöèè îíî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ä å å ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è þ: Íå sat at the table thinking. Standing on the bank of the river, he watched the dockers at work. 274 Îí ñèäåë ó ñòîëà çàäóìàâøèñü. Ñòîÿ íà áåðåãó ðåêè, îí íàáëþäàë, êàê ðàáîòàþò äîêåðû. Îáëàäàÿ ñâîéñòâàìè ã ë à ã î ë à, ïðè÷àñòèå à) ìîæåò èìåòü äîïîëíåíèå: Signing the letter the manager asked the secretary to send it off at once. Ïîäïèñàâ ïèñüìî, çàâåäóþùèé ïîïðîñèë ñåêðåòàðÿ îòïðàâèòü åãî íåìåäëåííî. á) ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ íàðå÷èåì: Packing his things quickly, he hurÁûñòðî óïàêîâàâ ñâîè âåùè, îí ried to the station. ïîñïåøèë íà âîêçàë. â) èìååò ôîðìû âðåìåíè è çàëîãà. Ïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû èìåþò äâå ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà è òðè ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: Present Past Perfect Active Passive asking having asked being asked asked having been asked Íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû èìåþò òðè ôîðìû ïðè÷àñòèÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: Active Present Past Perfect coming come having come ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÔÎÐÌ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈß § 217. 1. Present Participle Active (ïðè÷àñòèå íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà) îáðàçóåòñÿ ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -ing ê ãëàãîëó â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà (áåç ÷àñòèöû to): to read ÷èòàòü reading ÷èòàþùèé, ÷èòàÿ to stand ñòîÿòü standing ñòîÿùèé, ñòîÿ to study èçó÷àòü studying èçó÷àþùèé, èçó÷àÿ Ïðè îáðàçîâàíèè Present Participle ñîáëþäàþòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå ïðàâèëà îðôîãðàôèè: à) Åñëè ãëàãîë â èíôèíèòèâå îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà íåìîå å, òî ïðè ïðèáàâëåíèè îêîí÷àíèÿ -ing íåìîå å îïóñêàåòñÿ: to make äåëàòü making to give äàâàòü giving 275 á) Åñëè î ä í î ñ ë î æ í û é ãëàãîë â èíôèíèòèâå îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà îäíó ñîãëàñíóþ ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì ê ð à ò ê è ì ãëàñíûì çâóêîì, òî ïðè ïðèáàâëåíèè îêîí÷àíèÿ -ing êîíå÷íàÿ ñîãëàñíàÿ óäâàèâàåòñÿ: to sit ñèäåòü sitting to get ïîëó÷àòü getting Åñëè äâóñëîæíûé èëè ìíîãîñëîæíûé ãëàãîë îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà îäíó ñîãëàñíóþ ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì êðàòêèì ãëàñíûì çâóêîì, òî êîíå÷íàÿ ñîãëàñíàÿ óäâàèâàåòñÿ òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè óäàðåíèå ïàäàåò íà ïîñëåäíèé ñëîã: to permit [pA'mIt] ðàçðåøàòü permitting to refer [rI'fA:] ññûëàòüñÿ referring íî: to open [oupn] îòêðûâàòü opening to order |'D:dA] çàêàçûâàòü ordering â) Åñëè ãëàãîë îêàí÷èâàåòñÿ íà áóêâó l, òî l óäâàèâàåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, ïàäàåò ëè óäàðåíèå íà ïîñëåäíèé ñëîã èëè íåò: to travel ['trBvl] ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü travelling to cancel ['kBnsAl] îòìåíÿòü cancelling to compel [kAm'pel] ïðèíóæäàòü compelling Ïî ïðàâèëàì îðôîãðàôèè, ïðèíÿòîé â ÑØÀ, áóêâà l óäâàèâàåòñÿ òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà óäàðåíèå ïàäàåò íà ïîñëåäíèé ñëîã: to compel [kAm'pel] compelling íî: to cancel ['kBnsAl] canceling to travel ['trBvl] traveling ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ôîðìó Present Participle îò ãëàãîëîâ to die óìèðàòü, to lie ëåæàòü, ëãàòü, to tie ñâÿçûâàòü: dying, lying, tying. 2. Past Participle (ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè) ïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ êàê Active (íåïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ), òàê è Passive (ïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ) îáðàçóåòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è Past Indefinite ïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, ò. å. ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ îêîí÷àíèÿ -ed ê ãëàãîëó â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà (ñòð. 106107): to ask ñïðîñèòü, ñïðàøèâàòü asked ñïðîøåííûé, ñïðàøèâàåìûé tî order çàêàçàòü, çàêàçûâàòü ordered çàêàçàííûé, çàêàçûâàåìûé Past Participle íåïðàâèëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, êàê è Past Indefinite, îáðàçóåòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè äðóãèìè ñïîñîáàìè (ñòð. 107109): to give äàòü, äàâàòü given äàííûé, äàâàåìûé to buy êóïèòü, ïîêóïàòü bought êóïëåííûé, ïîêóïàåìûé 3. Perfect Participle Active (ñîâåðøåííîå ïðè÷àñòèå äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà) îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have â ôîðìå Present Participle having è ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå 276 Past Participle: having written íàïèñàâ, having asked ñïðîñèâ, having done ñäåëàâ. 4. Present Participle Passive (ïðè÷àñòèå íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà) îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ôîðìå Present Participle being è ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå Past Participle: being written áóäó÷è íàïèñàí, being asked áóäó÷è ñïðîøåí. 5. Perfect Participle Passive (ñîâåðøåííîå ïðè÷àñòèå ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà) îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be â ôîðìå Perfect Participle having been è ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ôîðìå Past Participle: having been written áûâ íàïèñàí, having been asked áûâ ñïðîøåí. 6. Î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í à ÿ ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïðè÷àñòèåì: not asking íå ñïðàøèâàÿ, not having asked íå ñïðîñèâ è ò. ä. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÉ PRESENT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE § 218. Present Participle Active âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãîëîì-ñêàçóåìûì. Åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ñòîèò â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè, òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå Present Participle, îòíîñèòñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó; åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå Present Participle, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó; åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ñòîèò â áóäóùåì âðåìåíè, òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå Present Participle, îòíîñèòñÿ ê áóäóùåìó: 1. She is looking at the woman sitting at the window. When I entered the room, I gave the letter to the woman sitting at the window. When you enter the room, you will give the letter to the woman sitting at the window. 2. Knowing the English language well, he can translate newspaper articles without a dictionary. Knowing the English language well, he was able to translate newspaper articles without a dictionary. Knowing the English language well, he will be able to translate newspaper articles without a dictionary. Îíà ñìîòðèò íà æåíùèíó, ñèäÿùóþ ó îêíà. Êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìíàòó, ÿ îòäàë ïèñüìî æåíùèíå, ñèäåâøåé ó îêíà. Êîãäà âû âîéäåòå â êîìíàòó, âû îòäàäèòå ïèñüìî æåíùèíå, ñèäÿùåé ó îêíà. Çíàÿ õîðîøî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, îí ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòü ãàçåòíûå ñòàòüè áåç ñëîâàðÿ. Çíàÿ õîðîøî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, îí ìîã ïåðåâîäèòü ãàçåòíûå ñòàòüè áåç ñëîâàðÿ. Çíàÿ õîðîøî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, îí ñìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòü ãàçåòíûå ñòàòüè áåç ñëîâàðÿ. Âî âñåõ âûøåïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðàõ Present Participle (sitting, knowing) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè, êîòîðîì ñòîèò ñêàçóåìîå, âûðàæàÿ ëèøü îäíîâðåìåííîñòü ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ãëàãî277 ëîì-ñêàçóåìûì. Íàçâàíèå Present Participle ïðè÷àñòèå í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ã î âðåìåíè ÿâëÿåòñÿ, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷èñòî óñëîâíîì. Present Participle ìîæåò òàêæå âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, ñ î â ï à ä à þ ù å å ñ ì î ì å í ò î ì ð å ÷ è, íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, â êàêîì âðåìåíè ñòîèò ãëàãîëñêàçóåìîå: The man sitting at the window came from London yesterday. ×åëîâåê, ñèäÿùèé ó îêíà, ïðèåõàë â÷åðà èç Ëîíäîíà. § 219. Present Participle Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó.  ýòîé ôóíêöèè Present Participle ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó äåéñòâèòåëüíîìó ïðè÷àñòèþ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè, îêàí÷èâàþùåìóñÿ íà -ùèé, à èíîãäà è äåéñòâèòåëüíîìó ïðè÷àñòèþ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè, îêàí÷èâàþùåìóñÿ íà -âøèé (§ 237).  ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ Present Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (êàê îòãëàãîëüíîå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå): The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. They looked at the flying plane. Âîñõîäÿùåå ñîëíöå áûëî çàêðûòî òó÷àìè. Îíè ñìîòðåëè íà ëåòåâøèé ñàìîëåò. 2. Ï î ñ ë å ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì: The man smoking a cigarette (= who is smoking a cigarette) is my brother. I picked up the letter lying on the floor (= which was lying on the floor). ×åëîâåê, êóðÿùèé ïàïèðîñó (= êîòîðûé êóðèò ïàïèðîñó), ìîé áðàò. ß ïîäíÿë ïèñüìî, ëåæàâøåå íà ïîëó (= êîòîðîå ëåæàëî íà ïîëó). § 220. Present Participle Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à.  ýòîé ôóíêöèè Present Participle ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó äååïðè÷àñòèþ íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà, îêàí÷èâàþùåìóñÿ íà -ÿ è -à (ïîêóïàÿ, äåðæà).  ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà Present Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1.  ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì âðåìåíè.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä ïðè÷àñòèåì îáû÷íî ñòîèò ñîþç while èëè (ðåæå) when, êîòîðûé íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: While discharging the ship (= While we were discharging the ship) we found a few broken cases. When going home (= When I was going home) I met my brother. 278 Ðàçãðóæàÿ ñóäíî (=  òî âðåìÿ êàê ìû ðàçãðóæàëè ñóäíî), ìû îáíàðóæèëè íåñêîëüêî ïîëîìàííûõ ÿùèêîâ. Èäÿ äîìîé (= Êîãäà ÿ øåë äîìîé), ÿ âñòðåòèë áðàòà. Ñîþç when óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ïðè÷àñòèåì è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà äåéñòâèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáû÷íûì, ïîâòîðíûì: When drawing up a contract for the sale of goods it is necessary to give a detailed description of the goods. Ñîñòàâëÿÿ êîíòðàêò íà ïðîäàæó òîâàðà, íåîáõîäèìî äàâàòü ïîäðîáíîå îïèñàíèå òîâàðà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Present Participle îò ãëàãîëà to be being íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îáîðîòàõ, âûðàæàþùèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè. Òàê, ðóññêîå ïðåäëîæåíèå Áóäó÷è â Ïåòåðáóðãå, ÿ ïîñåòèë íåñêîëüêî ðàç Ýðìèòàæ íàäî ïåðåâåñòè: While in Petersburg (èëè: While I was in Petersburg) I visited the Hermitage several times (à íå: While being in Petersburg). Àíàëîãè÷íî, ïðåäëîæåíèå Áóäó÷è ìàëü÷èêîì, ÿ ëþáèë èãðàòü â ôóòáîë ñëåäóåò ïåðåâåñòè When a boy (èëè When I was a boy) I liked to play football. Being, îäíàêî, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îáîðîòàõ, âûðàæàþùèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ïðè÷èíû: Being tired (= As he was tired) he went home. Áóäó÷è óñòàëûì (= Òàê êàê îí óñòàë), îí ïîøåë äîìîé.  ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ, âûðàæàþùèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè, Present Participle ìîæåò âûðàæàòü òàêæå äåéñòâèå, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå äåéñòâèþ ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî (§ 224).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Present Participle ñîîòâåòñòâóåò äååïðè÷àñòèþ ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà, îêàí÷èâàþùåìóñÿ íà -â è -ÿ (êóïèâ, ïðèäÿ): Arriving at the station (= When I arrived at the station) I called a porter. Ïðèåõàâ íà âîêçàë (= Êîãäà ÿ ïðèåõàë íà âîêçàë), ÿ ïîçâàë íîñèëüùèêà. 2.  ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ï ð è ÷ è í û. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ïðè÷èíû: Knowing English well (= As he knew English well) he translated the article without a dictionary. Having plenty of time (= As we had plenty of time) we decided to walk to the station. Çíàÿ õîðîøî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê (= Òàê êàê îí çíàë õîðîøî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê), îí ïåðåâåë ñòàòüþ áåç ñëîâàðÿ. Èìåÿ ìíîãî âðåìåíè (= Òàê êàê ó íàñ áûëî ìíîãî âðåìåíè), ìû ðåøèëè ïîéòè íà âîêçàë ïåøêîì. 3.  ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ èëè ñ î ï ó ò ñ ò â ó þ ù è õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â: Íå sat in the armchair reading a newspaper. The customs officer stood on deck counting the cases. Îí ñèäåë â êðåñëå, ÷èòàÿ ãàçåòó. Òàìîæåííèê ñòîÿë íà ïàëóáå, ñ÷èòàÿ ÿùèêè. Òàêèå ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû íå ìîãóò áûòü çàìåíåíû ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè; ïðè÷àñòèå â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîæåò áûòü çàìåíåíî, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, âòîðûì ñêàçóåìûì: 279 Íå sat in the armchair and read à Îí ñèäåë â êðåñëå è ÷èòàë ãàçåòó. newspaper. The customs officer stood on deck Òàìîæåííèê ñòîÿë íà ïàëóáå è and counted the cases. ñ÷èòàë ÿùèêè.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïðè÷àñòèå â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ áîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíî, ÷åì âòîðîå ñêàçóåìîå. § 221. Ôîðìà Present Participle Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì to be, âðåìåí ãðóïïû Continuous è Perfect Continuous.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Present Participle, ñîñòàâëÿÿ îäíî öåëîå ñ ãëàãîëîì to be, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì, ïðîøåäøèì èëè áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì: I am reading ÿ ÷èòàþ, I was reading ÿ ÷èòàë, I shall be reading ÿ áóäó ÷èòàòü, I have been reading ÿ ÷èòàþ, I had been reading ÿ ÷èòàë. PERFECT PARTICIPLE ACTIVE § 222. Perfect Participle Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà è âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì-ñêàçóåìûì. Perfect Participle Active ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó äååïðè÷àñòèþ ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà, îêàí÷èâàþùåìóñÿ íà -â è -ÿ: having given äàâ, having received ïîëó÷èâ, having come ïðèäÿ. § 223. Perfect Participle Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ï ð è ÷ è í û. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ïðè÷èíû ñ ãëàãîëîì â ôîðìå Perfect: Having lived in London for many years (= As he had lived in London for many years) he knew that city very well. Having fulfilled the terms of the contract (= As we had fulfilled the terms of the contract) we refused to admit the claim of the firm. Ïðîæèâ â Ëîíäîíå ìíîãî ëåò (= Òàê êàê îí ïðîæèë â Ëîíäîíå ìíîãî ëåò), îí çíàë ýòîò ãîðîä î÷åíü õîðîøî. Âûïîëíèâ óñëîâèÿ äîãîâîðà (= Òàê êàê ìû âûïîëíèëè óñëîâèÿ äîãîâîðà), ìû îòêàçàëèñü ïðèçíàòü ïðåòåíçèþ ôèðìû. § 224. Perfect Participle Active óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà â ð å ì å í è, êîãäà õîòÿò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ïðè÷àñòèåì, ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå Perfect: Having collected all the material (= After he had collected all the material), he was able to write a full report on the work of the commission. Ñîáðàâ âåñü ìàòåðèàë (= Ïîñëå òîãî êàê îí ñîáðàë âåñü ìàòåðèàë), îí ñìîã íàïèñàòü ïîäðîáíûé îò÷åò î ðàáîòå êîìèññèè. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íàðÿäó ñ Perfect Participle ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Indefinite Gerund ñ ïðåäëîãîì after (ñòð. 265): Having collected all the material... = After collecting all the material... 280 Êîãäà æå ðå÷ü èäåò î äâóõ äåéñòâèÿõ, íåïðåðûâíî ñëåäóþùèõ îäíî çà äðóãèì, è íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå ïðè÷àñòèåì, ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íå Perfect Participle, a Present Participle.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå Indefinite: Arriving at the station (= When we arrived at the station) we went straight to the booking office. (Ñð.: We arrived at the station and went straight to the booking office). Receiving the telegram (= When he received the telegram), he rang up the director. (Ñð.: Íå received the telegram and rang up the director.) Ïðèåõàâ íà âîêçàë (= Êîãäà ìû ïðèåõàëè íà âîêçàë), ìû ïîøëè ïðÿìî â êàññó. Ïîëó÷èâ òåëåãðàììó (= Êîãäà îí ïîëó÷èë òåëåãðàììó), îí ïîçâîíèë äèðåêòîðó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íàðÿäó ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Indefinite Gerund ñ ïðåäëîãîì on (ñòð. 265). Arriving at the station... = On arriving at the station... Receiving the telegram... = On receiving the telegram... PRESENT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE § 225. Present Participle Passive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ â ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå.  ýòîé ôóíêöèè Present Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùåãîñÿ â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è é ì î ì å í ò (ìîìåíò ðå÷è) èëè â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è é ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è, ò. å. êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü Present Continuous Passive.  ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ Present Participle Passive ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ñòðàäàòåëüíîìó ïðè÷àñòèþ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè, îêàí÷èâàþùåìóñÿ íà -ìûé, è äåéñòâèòåëüíîìó ïðè÷àñòèþ ñî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì íà -ùèéñÿ: The large building being built in our street (= which is being built in our street) is a new school-house. Yesterday the professor told us about the experiments now being carried on in his laboratory (= which are now being carried on in his laboratory). Áîëüøîå çäàíèå, ñòðîÿùååñÿ íà íàøåé óëèöå (= êîòîðîå ñòðîèòñÿ íà íàøåé óëèöå), íîâàÿ øêîëà. Â÷åðà ïðîôåññîð ðàññêàçûâàë íàì îá îïûòàõ, ïðîèçâîäèìûõ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â åãî ëàáîðàòîðèè (= êîòîðûå ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ â åãî ëàáîðàòîðèè). ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðóññêîìó ïðè÷àñòèþ íà -ìûé, -ùèéñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò òàêæå Past Participle (§ 229). 281 § 226. Present Participle Passive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà â ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ï ð è ÷ è í û è â ð å ì å í è. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ïðè÷èíû è âðåìåíè ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå.  ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà Present Participle Passive being broken, being asked ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ôîðìå äååïðè÷àñòèÿ áóäó÷è ñëîìàí, áóäó÷è ñïðîøåí. Ýòà ôîðìà, îäíàêî, ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíà, è â ñîâðåìåííîì ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: Being packed in strong cases (= As the goods were packed in strong cases), the goods arrived in good condition. Being asked (= When he was asked) whether he intended to return soon, he answered that he would be away for about three months. Áóäó÷è óïàêîâàííûìè â êðåïêèå ÿùèêè (= Òàê êàê òîâàðû áûëè óïàêîâàíû â êðåïêèå ÿùèêè), òîâàðû ïðèáûëè â õîðîøåì ñîñòîÿíèè. Áóäó÷è ñïðîøåí (= Êîãäà åãî ñïðîñèëè), íàìåðåí ëè îí ñêîðî âîçâðàòèòüñÿ, îí îòâåòèë, ÷òî áóäåò îòñóòñòâîâàòü îêîëî òðåõ ìåñÿöåâ.  ýòîé ôóíêöèè íàðÿäó ñ Present Participle Passive ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Participle: Being packed in strong cases... = Packed in strong cases... Being asked whether... = Asked whether... PAST PARTICIPLE PASSIVE § 227. Past Participle Passive îò ïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ*) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêèì ïðè÷àñòèÿì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè íà -ìûé, -ùèéñÿ è ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè, îêàí÷èâàþùèìñÿ íà -ííûé, -òûé, -âøèéñÿ: bought ïîêóïàåìûé, êóïëåííûé; reached äîñòèãàåìûé, äîñòèãíóòûé, discussed îáñóæäàþùèéñÿ, îáñóæäàåìûé, îáñóæäåííûé, îáñóæäàâøèéñÿ. § 228. Past Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå î ï ð å ä å ë å í è ÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó: 1. Ï å ð å ä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (êàê îòãëàãîëüíîå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå ñî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì): A broken cup was lying on the table. She mended the torn sleeve of her dress. Ðàçáèòàÿ ÷àøêà ëåæàëà íà ñòîëå. Îíà çàøèëà ïîðâàííûé ðóêàâ ñâîåãî ïëàòüÿ. 2. Ï î ñ ë å ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå: *) Ôîðìà Past Participle íåïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ (Past Participle Active) ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, à ñëóæèò òîëüêî äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ âðåìåí ãðóïïû Perfect: I have come, he has walked, she had run è ò. ä. 282 This firm is interested in the purchase of automobiles produced by our plants (= which are produced by our plants). The answer received from the sellers (= which had been received from the sellers) greatly surprised us. The ship chartered by the buyers (= which has been chartered by the buyers) will arrive at Odessa next week. All books taken from the library (= which were taken from the library) must be returned next week. The questions discussed at à number of meetings last month (= which were discussed at à number of meetings last month) have now been solved. Ýòà ôèðìà èíòåðåñóåòñÿ ïîêóïêîé àâòîìîáèëåé, âûïóñêàåìûõ íàøèìè çàâîäàìè (= êîòîðûå âûïóñêàþòñÿ íàøèìè çàâîäàìè). Îòâåò, ïîëó÷åííûé îò ïðîäàâöîâ (= êîòîðûé áûë ïîëó÷åí îò ïðîäàâöîâ), î÷åíü óäèâèë íàñ. Ñóäíî, çàôðàõòîâàííîå ïîêóïàòåëÿìè (= êîòîðîå çàôðàõòîâàíî ïîêóïàòåëÿìè), ïðèáóäåò â Îäåññó íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå. Âñå êíèãè, âçÿòûå â áèáëèîòåêå (= êîòîðûå áûëè âçÿòû â áèáëèîòåêå), äîëæíû áûòü âîçâðàùåíû íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå. Âîïðîñû, îáñóæäàâøèåñÿ íà ðÿäå ñîáðàíèé â ïðîøëîì ìåñÿöå (= êîòîðûå îáñóæäàëèñü íà ðÿäå ñîáðàíèé â ïðîøëîì ìåñÿöå), òåïåðü ðåøåíû. § 229. Ðóññêèì ïðè÷àñòèÿì íà -ìûé è -ùèéñÿ ìîæåò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü, êðîìå Past Participle, òàêæå Present Participle Passive. Past Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùåãîñÿ î á û ÷ í î, â î î á ù å, ò. å. êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü Present Indefinite Passive: They sent us a list of goods imported by that firm (= which are imported by that firm). A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature (= which is used for measuring temperature). Îíè ïðèñëàëè íàì ñïèñîê òîâàðîâ, èìïîðòèðóåìûõ ýòîé ôèðìîé (= êîòîðûå èìïîðòèðóþòñÿ ýòîé ôèðìîé). Òåðìîìåòð ïðèáîð, óïîòðåáëÿþùèéñÿ äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû (= êîòîðûé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû). Present Participle Passive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ, ñîâåðøàþùåãîñÿ â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è é ì î ì å í ò (ìîìåíò ðå÷è) èëè â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è é ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è, ò. å. êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü Present Continuous Passive: 283 The large building being built in our street (= which is being built in our street) is a new school-house. Áîëüøîå çäàíèå, ñòðîÿùååñÿ íà íàøåé óëèöå (= êîòîðîå ñòðîèòñÿ íà íàøåé óëèöå), íîâàÿ øêîëà. § 230. Past Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò è ñ î ñ ò à â í î ã î ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Past Participle ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê êðàòêèì ñòðàäàòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì: My pencil is broken. The letters were typed. Ìîé êàðàíäàø ñëîìàí. Ïèñüìà áûëè íàïå÷àòàíû. § 231. Past Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à â ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ â ð å ì å í è èëè ï ð è ÷ è í û. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå è îáû÷íî ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûìè ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè: Asked (= When he was asked) whether he intended to return soon, he replied that he would be away for about three months. Squeezed by ice (= As the steamer was squeezed by ice), the steamer could not continue her way. Êîãäà åãî ñïðîñèëè, íàìåðåí ëè îí ñêîðî âîçâðàòèòüñÿ, îí îòâåòèë, ÷òî áóäåò îòñóòñòâîâàòü îêîëî òðåõ ìåñÿöåâ. Òàê êàê ïàðîõîä áûë ñæàò ëüäîì, îí íå ìîã ïðîäîëæàòü ñâîé ïóòü.  ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ, âûðàæàþùèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè, ïåðåä Past Participle ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñîþç when: When asked whether he intended to return soon...  îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ íàðÿäó ñ Past Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Present Participle Passive: Asked whether he intended to = Being asked whether he intended return soon... to return soon... Squeezed by ice... = Being squeezed by ice... ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Past Participle îò íåêîòîðûõ ãëàãîëîâ ìîæåò ïåðåõîäèòü â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñî çíà÷åíèåì ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ã î ÷èñëà, îáîçíà÷àÿ âñåõ ëèö èëè ãðóïïó ëèö, îáëàäàþùèõ äàííûì ïðèçíàêîì (ïîäîáíî ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì ñòð. 56): the rewarded íàãðàæäåííûå, the wounded ðàíåíûå è ò. ä. § 232. Ôîðìà Past Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì to have, âðåìåí ãðóïïû Perfect*).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå Past Participle, ñîñòàâëÿÿ îäíî öåëîå ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì *)  ýòîé ôóíêöèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ôîðìà Past Participle îò íåïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ: I have come ÿ ïðèøåë, I had come ÿ ïðèøåë, I shall have come ÿ ïðèäó. 284 ãëàãîëîì to have, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïðîøåäøèì èëè áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì: I have read ÿ ïðî÷åë, ÿ ÷èòàë, I had read ÿ ïðî÷åë, ÿ ÷èòàë, I shall have read ÿ ïðî÷òó. § 233. Ôîðìà Past Participle óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì to be, ôîðì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà: I am given ìíå äàþò, I was given ìíå äàëè, I shall be given ìíå äàäóò. PERFECT PARTICIPLE PASSIVE § 234. Perfect Participle Passive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôóíêöèè î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à ï ð è ÷ è í û è â ð å ì å í è è âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì-ñêàçóåìûì. Perfect Participle Passive having been bought, having been sent è ò. ä. ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå âûøåäøåé èç óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ôîðìå äååïðè÷àñòèÿ áûâ êóïëåí, áûâ ïîñëàí.  ñîâðåìåííîì ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: Having been sent to the wrong address (= As the letter had been sent to the wrong address) the letter didnt reach him. Having been dried and sorted (= After the goods had been dried and sorted) the goods were placed in a warehouse. Òàê êàê ïèñüìî áûëî ïîñëàíî ïî íåâåðíîìó àäðåñó, îíî íå äîøëî äî íåãî. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê òîâàðû áûëè ïðîñóøåíû è ðàññîðòèðîâàíû, îíè áûëè ïîìåùåíû íà ñêëàä. Perfect Participle Passive ÷àñòî çàìåíÿåòñÿ Present Participle Passive è Past Participle: Having been sent to the wrong address... = Being sent to the wrong address... = Sent to the wrong address... ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Íàðÿäó ñ Perfect Participle Passive, âûðàæàþùèì îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè, ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ãåðóíäèé â ôîðìå ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà ñ ïðåäëîãîì after: Having been dried and sorted the goods were placed in a warehouse. = After being dried and sorted the goods were placed in a warehouse. ÌÅÑÒÎ PRESENT È PAST PARTICIPLE  ÔÓÍÊÖÈÈ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈß § 235. 1. Present è Past Participle â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ñòîÿò ï å ð å ä î ï ð å ä å ë ÿ å ì û ì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, êîãäà îíè, óòðà÷èâàÿ â çíà÷èòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè ñâîå ãëàãîëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, âûðàæàþò êà÷åñòâî è ïðèáëèæàþòñÿ ïî çíà÷åíèþ ê îáû÷íîìó ïðèëàãàòåëüíîìó: 285 He sent me some illustrated catalogues. A broken cup lay on the table. Îí ïîñëàë ìíå íåñêîëüêî èëëþñòðèðîâàííûõ êàòàëîãîâ. Ðàçáèòàÿ ÷àøêà ëåæàëà íà ñòîëå. 2. Present è Past Participle îáû÷íî ñòîÿò ï î ñ ë å îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, êîãäà îíè íå âûðàæàþò êà÷åñòâà, à èìåþò ëèøü ãëàãîëüíîå çíà÷åíèå. Òàêèå ïðè÷àñòèÿ ìîãóò áûòü çàìåíåíû îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïðè÷àñòèå ñòîèò ïåðåä îïðåäåëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ïîñêîëüêó â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðè÷àñòèå, íå èìåþùåå ïðè ñåáå ïîÿñíèòåëüíûõ ñëîâ, âñåãäà ñòîèò ïåðåä îïðåäåëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì: They showed us a list of the goods Îíè ïîêàçàëè íàì ñïèñîê ïðîäàísold (= which had been sold). íûõ òîâàðîâ. The captain informed us of the Êàïèòàí ñîîáùèë íàì î êîëè÷åquantity of wheat loaded (= which ñòâå ïîãðóæåííîé ïøåíèöû. had been loaded). We have sent invitations to the parÌû ïîñëàëè ïðèãëàøåíèÿ ó÷àties participating (= which are ñòâóþùèì ñòîðîíàì. participating). 3. Êîãäà ïðè÷àñòèå èìååò ïðè ñåáå ïîÿñíèòåëüíûå ñëîâà, îíî ìîæåò ñòîÿòü òîëüêî ï î ñ ë å îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.  ðóññêîì æå ÿçûêå ïðè÷àñòèå ñ ïîÿñíèòåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè ìîæåò ñòîÿòü êàê ïîñëå îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, òàê è ïåðåä íèì: Îíè ïîêàçàëè íàì ñïèñîê òîâàThey showed us a list of the goods ðîâ, ïðîäàííûõ íà àóêöèîíå èëè: sold at the auction. Îíè ïîêàçàëè íàì ñïèñîê ïðîäàííûõ íà àóêöèîíå òîâàðîâ. Êàïèòàí ñîîáùèë íàì î êîëè÷åThe captain informed us of the quanñòâå ïøåíèöû, ïîãðóæåííîé â tity of wheat loaded in Odessa. Îäåññå èëè: Êàïèòàí ñîîáùèë íàì î êîëè÷åñòâå ïîãðóæåííîé â Îäåññå ïøåíèöû. Ìû ïîñëàëè ïðèãëàøåíèÿ ñòîðîWe have sent invitations to the paríàì, ó÷àñòâóþùèì â ñîãëàøåties participating in the agreement. íèè èëè: Ìû ïîñëàëè ïðèãëàøåíèÿ ó÷àñòâóþùèì â ñîãëàøåíèè ñòîðîíàì. ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÕ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÉ È ÄÅÅÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÉ ÍÀ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ § 236. Êàê áûëî óæå óêàçàíî, àíãëèéñêèå ïðè÷àñòèÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþò êàê ðóññêèì ïðè÷àñòèÿì, òàê è äååïðè÷àñòèÿì. Îòäåëüíûõ ôîðì, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðóññêèì äååïðè÷àñòèÿì, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íåò. Ïðè÷àñòèÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â îñíîâíîì â òåõ æå ñëó÷àÿõ, â 286 êàêèõ ïðè÷àñòèÿ è äååïðè÷àñòèÿ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå. Ïîýòîìó âàæíî õîðîøî óñâîèòü, ñ îäíîé ñòîðîíû, êàêèå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ñóùåñòâóþò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå äëÿ ïåðåâîäà ðóññêèõ ïðè÷àñòèé è äååïðè÷àñòèé è, ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, êàêèå ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ñóùåñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå äëÿ ïåðåâîäà àíãëèéñêèõ ïðè÷àñòèé. § 237. Ïåðåâîä íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïðè÷àñòèé îò ãëàãîëîâ áðîñàòü (íåñîâåðøåííûé âèä) è áðîñèòü (ñîâåðøåííûé âèä), ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãëàãîëó to throw: Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé çàëîã Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ã î â ð å ì å í è: áðîñàþùèé 4 throwing (Present Participle Active) Ìàëü÷èê, áðîñàþùèé êàìíè The boy throwing stones into â ïðóä, ìîé áðàò. the pond is my brother. Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î â ð å ì å í è: áðîñàâøèé (íåñîâåðøåííûé âèä) áðîñèâøèé (ñîâåðøåííûé âèä) throwing (Present Participle Active) who threw (has thrown, had thrown) (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) who threw (has thrown, had thrown) 4 (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) 1. Åñëè ðóññêîå ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ñêàçóåìûì, òî îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì Present Participle: Ìàëü÷èêè, áðîñàâøèå êàìíè â ïðóä, ãðîìêî ñìåÿëèñü. The boys throwing stones into the pond laughed loudly. Çäåñü áðîñàâøèå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îäíîâðåìåííîå ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ñêàçóåìûì ñìåÿëèñü, ò. å. ìàëü÷èêè ñìåÿëèñü â òî âðåìÿ, êîãäà îíè áðîñàëè êàìíè. Åñëè æå ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ñêàçóåìûì, òî â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëèòåëüíîå ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í î å ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è å ñî ñêàçóåìûì â òðåáóåìîì âðåìåíè: Ìàëü÷èêè, áðîñàâøèå êàìíè â ïðóä, óøëè äîìîé. The boys who had been throwing stones into the pond went home. Çäåñü áðîñàâøèå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ñêàçóåìûì óøëè, ò. å. ïîñëå òîãî êàê ìàëü÷èêè áðîñàëè êàìíè, îíè óøëè äîìîé. 2. Ðóññêîå ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ò î ë ü ê î îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì 287 ïðåäëîæåíèåì, òàê êàê îíî â ñ å ã ä à âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ñêàçóåìûì: Ìàëü÷èê, áðîñèâøèé êàìåíü â ñîáàêó, áûë íàêàçàí îòöîì. The boy who had thrown a stone at the dog was punished by his father. Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ã î â ð å ì å í è: being thrown (Present Participle Pasáðîñàåìûé sive) thrown (Past Participle Passive) 1. Åñëè ðóññêîå ñòðàäàòåëüíîå ïðè÷àñòèå íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàþùååñÿ â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è é ì î ì å í ò (ìîìåíò ðå÷è) èëè â í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è é ï å ð è î ä â ð å ì å í è, òî îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì Present Participle Passive: Êàìíè, áðîñàåìûå ìàëü÷èêàìè, ïàäàþò â âîäó. The stones being thrown by the boys are falling into the water. Çäåñü áðîñàåìûå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàåìîå â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò, ò. å. â âîäó ïàäàþò êàìíè, êîòîðûå áðîñàþòñÿ ìàëü÷èêàìè â íàñòîÿùèé ìîìåíò. 2. Åñëè æå ñòðàäàòåëüíîå ïðè÷àñòèå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå î á û ÷ í î, â î î á ù å, òî îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì Past Participle: Êàìíè, áðîñàåìûå â âîäó, èäóò êî äíó. Stones thrown into the water go to the bottom. Çäåñü áðîñàåìûå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå íå â äàííûé ìîìåíò, à âîîáùå, áåçîòíîñèòåëüíî êî âðåìåíè. Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î â ð å ì å í è: áðîøåííûé 4 thrown (Past Participle Passive) Êàìåíü, áðîøåííûé ìàëü÷èêîì, The stone thrown by the boy äîëåòåë äî (äîñòèã) ïðîòèâîïîreached the opposite bank. ëîæíîãî áåðåãà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ðóññêèõ ñòðàäàòåëüíûõ ïðè÷àñòèé íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ó÷àùèåñÿ äîïóñêàþò îøèáêè, ñìåøèâàÿ ôóíêöèè ïîëíûõ è êðàòêèõ ïðè÷àñòèé: 1. Êàìåíü, áðîøåííûé ìàëü÷èêîì, äîëåòåë äî ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî áåðåãà. Êàìåíü áðîøåí.  ïåðâîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîëíîå ïðè÷àñòèå áðîøåííûé ñëóæèò îïðåäåëåíèåì ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó êàìåíü (êàêîé êàìåíü? áðîøåííûé ìàëü÷èêîì) è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå Past Participle thrown: The stone thrown by the boy reached the opposite bank. Âî âòîðîì ïðåäëîæåíèè 288 êðàòêîå ïðè÷àñòèå áðîøåí ñëóæèò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñêàçóåìûì (÷òî ñäåëàíî c êàìíåì? - îí áðîøåí) è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïîýòîìó ñîñòàâíîìó ñêàçóåìîìó: The stone is thrown èëè Present Perfect Passive: The stone has been thrown (ñòð. 169). 2. Òîâàðû, ðàçãðóæåííûå â÷åðà, óæå îòïðàâëåíû íà òàìîæíþ. Òîâàðû ðàçãðóæåíû. Ïîëíîå ïðè÷àñòèå ðàçãðóæåííûå â ïåðâîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñëóæèò îïðåäåëåíèåì è ïîýòîìó ñîîòâåòñòâóåò Past Participle discharged: The goods discharged yesterday have been sent to the custom-house. Êðàòêîå ïðè÷àñòèå ðàçãðóæåíû âî âòîðîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñêàçóåìûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïîýòîìó ñîñòàâíîìó ñêàçóåìîìó: The goods are discharged èëè Present Perfect Passive: The goods have been discharged. § 238. Ïåðåâîä íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äååïðè÷àñòèé îò ãëàãîëîâ áðîñàòü, áðîñèòü: Äååïðè÷àñòèå íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà îò ãëàãîëà áðîñàòü: áðîñàÿ 4 throwing (Present Participle Active) Ìàëü÷èêè ñòîÿëè íà áåðåãó, The boys stood on the bank áðîñàÿ êàìíè â âîäó. throwing stones into the water. Ä å å ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î â è ä à î ò ã ë à ã î ë à áðîñèòü: having thrown (Perfect Participle áðîñèâ Active) throwing (Present Participle Active) 1. Äååïðè÷àñòèå ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ï ð è ÷ è í û ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì Perfect Participle Active: Áðîñèâ ìÿ÷ â âîäó (= Òàê êàê ìàëü÷èê áðîñèë ìÿ÷ â âîäó), ìàëü÷èê íå ìîã äîñòàòü åãî. Having thrown the ball into the water, the boy could not get it back. 2. Äååïðè÷àñòèå ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà â ðîëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà â ð å ì å í è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì Present Participle Active: Áðîñèâ ïèñüìî â îãîíü, îí âûøåë Throwing the letter into the fire, he èç êîìíàòû (= Îí áðîñèë ïèñüleft the room. ìî â îãîíü è âûøåë èç êîìíàòû). ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå äååïðè÷àñòèå ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ òàêæå ãåðóíäèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì on: Áðîñèâ ïèñüìî â îãîíü, îí On throwing the letter into the fire, he âûøåë èç êîìíàòû. left the room. Äååïðè÷àñòèå ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà â ðîëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà â ð å ì å í è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ïîñðåäñòâîì Perfect Participle Active, êîãäà õîòÿò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå äååïðè÷àñòèåì, ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ñêàçóåìûì: 289 Îáúÿñíèâ ïðàâèëî ñòóäåíòàì (= Ïîñëå òîãî êàê îí îáúÿñíèë ïðàâèëî ñòóäåíòàì), ïðåïîäàâàòåëü äàë èì íà íåãî óïðàæíåíèÿ. Having explained the rule to the students, the teacher gave them some exercises on it. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå äååïðè÷àñòèå ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ òàêæå ãåðóíäèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì after: Îáúÿñíèâ ïðàâèëî ñòóäåíòàì... After explaining the rule to the students... 3. Äååïðè÷àñòèå ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà â ôóíêöèè î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì Present Participle èëè (÷àùå) ãåðóíäèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì: Íàïèøèòå íàì íåìåäëåííî, óêàçàâ öåíó òîâàðà. Âû óëó÷øèòå âàøó ñòàòüþ, èçìåíèâ åå íà÷àëî. Write to us at once, stating the price of the goods. You will improve your article by changing the beginning. § 239. Îòðèöàíèå íå ïðè ïðè÷àñòèè ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ÷àñòèöåé not: íå áðîñàþùèé not throwing, íå áðîøåííûé not thrown. Îòðèöàíèå íå ïðè äååïðè÷àñòèè â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ï ð è ÷ è í û ïåðåâîäèòñÿ òàêèì æå îáðàçîì: Íå ïîíèìàÿ ýòîãî ïðàâèëà (= Òàê êàê îí íå ïîíèìàë ýòîãî ïðàâèëà), îí ïîïðîñèë ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿ îáúÿñíèòü åãî åìó åùå ðàç. Not understanding the rule (= As he did not understand the rule) he asked the teacher to explain it to him once more. Êîãäà äååïðè÷àñòèå óïîòðåáëåíî â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ, òî äååïðè÷àñòèå ñ îòðèöàíèåì íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ãåðóíäèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì without: Îí âûøåë èç êîìíàòû, íå ñêàçàâ íè ñëîâà. Îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû, íå ñîîáùèâ èì îá ýòîì. Íå left the room without saying a word. Íå left Moscow without informing them about it. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò ëè ïåðåâîäèòü îòðèöàíèå íå ñ äååïðè÷àñòèåì ÷àñòèöåé not ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì èëè ãåðóíäèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì without, ìîæíî ïðàêòè÷åñêè îïðåäåëèòü ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: Åñëè îòðèöàíèå íå ñ äååïðè÷àñòèåì íå ñîîáùèâ, íå ñêàçàâ è ò. ä. èìååò òîò æå ñìûñë, ÷òî è âûðàæåíèÿ áåç òîãî ÷òîáû ñîîáùèòü, áåç òîãî ÷òîáû ñêàçàòü è ò. ä., òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñëåäóåò ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ãåðóíäèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì without: Îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû, íå ñîîáÍå left Moscow without informing them ùèâ (= áåç òîãî, ÷òîáû ñîîáabout it. ùèòü) èì îá ýòîì. Êîãäà îòðèöàíèå íå ñ äååïðè÷àñòèåì íå èìååò ýòîãî ñìûñëà, òî ïðè ïåðåâîäå ñëåäóåò ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ÷àñòèöåé not ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì: Íå âèäåâ åãî ìíîãî ëåò, îí íå Not having seen him for many years, he óçíàë åãî ñíà÷àëà. did not recognize him at first. (He âèäåâ íå îçíà÷àåò áåç òîãî, ÷òîáû âèäåòü.) 290 ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄ ÀÍÃËÈÉÑÊÈÕ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÉ ÍÀ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ § 240. Ïåðåâîä íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðè÷àñòèé îò ãëàãîëà to throw áðîñàòü, áðîñèòü: ACTIVE VOICE Present Participle throwing The boy throwing stones into the pond is my brother. The boys throwing stones into the pond laughed loudly. The boys stood on the bank throwing stones into the pond. Throwing the letter into the fire he left the room. Perfect áðîñàþùèé áðîñàâøèé áðîñàÿ áðîñèâ Ìàëü÷èê, áðîñàþùèé êàìíè â ïðóä, ìîé áðàò. Ìàëü÷èêè, áðîñàâøèå êàìíè â ïðóä, ãðîìêî ñìåÿëèñü. Ìàëü÷èêè ñòîÿëè íà áåðåãó, áðîñàÿ êàìíè â ïðóä. Áðîñèâ ïèñüìî â îãîíü, îí âûøåë èç êîìíàòû. Participle having thrown áðîñèâ Having thrown the ball into the waÁðîñèâ ìÿ÷ â âîäó, ìàëü÷èê íå ter, the boy could not get it back. ìîã äîñòàòü åãî. PASSIVE VOICE Present Participle áðîñàåìûé áóäó÷è áðîøåí Ôîðìà áóäó÷è áðîøåí â ñîâðåìåííîì ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíà, è ïðè ïåðåâîäå Present Participle Passive âìåñòî íåå îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: The stones being thrown by the boys Êàìíè, áðîñàåìûå ìàëü÷èêàìè, are falling into the water. ïàäàþò â âîäó. Being thrown with great force the Òàê êàê êàìåíü áûë áðîøåí (áóstone reached the opposite bank. äó÷è áðîøåí) ñ áîëüøîé ñèëîé, îí äîëåòåë äî ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî áåðåãà. Past Participle being thrown thrown Stones thrown into the water go to the bottom. The stone thrown by the boy reached the opposite bank. áðîñàåìûé áðîøåííûé Êàìíè, áðîñàåìûå â âîäó, èäóò êî äíó. Êàìåíü, áðîøåííûé ìàëü÷èêîì, äîëåòåë äî ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîãî áåðåãà. 291 Perfect Participle having been thrown 4 áûâ áðîøåí Ôîðìà áûâ áðîøåí â ñîâðåìåííîì ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåóïîòðåáèòåëüíà, è ïðè ïåðåâîäå Perfect Participle Passive óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: Having once been thrown into the water by the children, the dog always ran away when it saw them. Òàê êàê ñîáàêà áûëà îäíàæäû áðîøåíà äåòüìè â âîäó, îíà âñåãäà óáåãàëà ïðè âèäå èõ. ÎÁÎÐÎÒ «ÎÁÚÅÊÒÍÛÉ ÏÀÄÅÆ Ñ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÅÌ» «ÎÁÚÅÊÒÍÛÉ ÏÀÄÅÆ Ñ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÅÌ ÍÀÑÒÎßÙÅÃÎ ÂÐÅÌÅÍÈ» § 241. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ âîñïðèÿòèå ïîñðåäñòâîì îðãàíîâ ÷óâñòâ to see âèäåòü, to watch, to observe íàáëþäàòü, to notice çàìå÷àòü, to hear ñëûøàòü, to feel ÷óâñòâîâàòü è äð. óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè», êîòîðûé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñî÷åòàíèå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â îáùåì ïàäåæå è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Present Participle). Ýòîò îáîðîò àíàëîãè÷åí îáîðîòó «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì» è ïîäîáíî åìó èãðàåò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ðîëü îäíîãî ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à èìåííî ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ (ñòð. 249): saw him running. saw him run. heard her shouting. heard her shout. I I I I ß âèäåë, êàê îí áåæàë. ß ñëûøàë, êàê îíà êðè÷àëà. Him running, her shouting, êàê è him run, her shout, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëîæíûì äîïîëíåíèåì ê ãëàãîëàì saw è heard. Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè» ïåðåâîäèòñÿ, êàê è îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì», äîïîëíèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ñîþçîì êàê èëè ÷òî. Îäíàêî ìåæäó îáîðîòàìè ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì è èíôèíèòèâîì èìååòñÿ ñìûñëîâàÿ ðàçíèöà. Ïðè÷àñòèå âûðàæàåò ä ë è ò å ë ü í û é õàðàêòåð äåéñòâèÿ, ò. å. äåéñòâèå â ï ð î ö å ñ ñ å åãî ñîâåðøåíèÿ, à èíôèíèòèâ âûðàæàåò â áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ ç à ê î í ÷ å í í î å äåéñòâèå. Ïîýòîìó îáîðîò ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ãëàãîëîì í å ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà, à îáîðîò ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ãëàãîëîì ñ î â å ð ø å í í î ã î âèäà: We watched him slowly approaching the gate. 292 Ìû íàáëþäàëè, êàê îí ìåäëåííî ïîäõîäèë ê êàëèòêå. Ìû âèäåëè, êàê îí ïîäîøåë ê êàëèòêå è âîøåë â ñàä. ß ñëûøàë, êàê îí ïîäíÿëñÿ ïî ëåñòíèöå íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò òîìó íàçàä. ß ñëûøàë, êàê îí ìåäëåííî ïîäíèìàëñÿ ïî ëåñòíèöå, êàê áóäòî îí íåñ ÷òî-òî òÿæåëîå. Ìû âèäåëè, êàê îí âûíóë ïîðòñèãàð èç êàðìàíà è çàêóðèë ïàïèðîñó. Ìû âèäåëè, êàê îí èñêàë ÷òî-òî íà çåìëå, à çàòåì ïîäíÿë ðóêó è áðîñèë ÷òî-òî â âîäó. We saw him approach the gate and enter the garden. I heard him come up the stairs a few minutes ago. I heard him coming up the stairs slowly, as if he were carrying something heavy. We saw him take a cigarette-case from his pocket and light a cigarette. We saw him looking for something on the ground and then raise his arm and throw something into the water. Èíîãäà, îäíàêî, îáîðîò ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ïî÷òè íå îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïî ñìûñëó îò ïàðàëëåëüíîãî åìó îáîðîòà ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì. Ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò òîãäà, êîãäà ãëàãîë âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå äëèòåëüíîãî õàðàêòåðà (to walk õîäèòü, to run áåæàòü, to stand ñòîÿòü, to sit ñèäåòü è äð.).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå êàê îáîðîò ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, òàê è îáîðîò ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ãëàãîëîì íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà: I saw him run. ß âèäåë, êàê îí áåæàë. I saw him running. I saw them walk along the bank of the river. ß âèäåë, êàê îíè øëè ïî áåðåãó I saw them walking along the bank ðåêè. of the river.  îáîðîòå «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå Present Participle Passive: The captain watched the goods being discharged. We saw the engines being carefully packed in cases. Êàïèòàí íàáëþäàë, êàê ðàçãðóæàëè òîâàðû. Ìû âèäåëè, êàê ìîòîðû òùàòåëüíî óïàêîâûâàëè â ÿùèêè. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïàðàëëåëüíîãî îáîðîòà ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà íå èìååòñÿ, òàê êàê ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ ÷óâñòâåííîå âîñïðèÿòèå, îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ (ñòð. 251). «ÎÁÚÅÊÒÍÛÉ ÏÀÄÅÆ Ñ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÅÌ ÏÐÎØÅÄØÅÃÎ ÂÐÅÌÅÍÈ» § 242. Îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè» ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñî÷åòàíèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî â îáùåì ïàäåæå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè. Ýòî ñî÷åòàíèå èãðàåò â ïðåäëîæåíèè ðîëü îäíîãî ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à èìåííî ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. Ýòîò îáîðîò óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 293 1. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ ÷ ó â ñ ò â å í í î å â î ñ ï ð è ÿ ò è å: to see âèäåòü, to watch íàáëþäàòü, to hear ñëûøàòü (ñòð. 251): I saw the bales opened and samples drawn. I heard his name mentioned several times during the conversation. ß âèäåë, êàê âñêðûëè êèïû è âçÿëè îáðàçöû. ß ñëûøàë, êàê åãî èìÿ íåñêîëüêî ðàç óïîìèíàëè â ðàçãîâîðå. 2. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ æ å ë à í è å.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå íàðÿäó ñ îáîðîòîì «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè» óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì â ôîðìå ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà (ñòð. 250): Íå wants the work done immediately. = He wants the work to be done immediately. The manager wishes the cases counted and weighed. = The manager wishes the cases to be counted and weighed. Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ðàáîòà áûëà ñäåëàíà íåìåäëåííî. Çàâåäóþùèé æåëàåò, ÷òîáû ÿùèêè áûëè ñîñ÷èòàíû è âçâåøåíû. 3. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to have. Ãëàãîë to have ñ îáîðîòîì «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ ïðè÷àñòèåì ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè» îçíà÷àåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ íå ñàìèì ïîäëåæàùèì, à êåì-òî äðóãèì äëÿ íåãî, çà íåãî: I had my hair cut yesterday. I shall have the letters posted immediately. I must have my luggage sent to the station. ß ïîñòðèã âîëîñû â÷åðà (â çíà÷åíèè: ÿ ïîñòðèã âîëîñû íå ñàì, à êòî-òî äðóãîé ïîñòðèã ìíå âîëîñû). ß îòïðàâëþ (â çíà÷åíèè: âåëþ îòïðàâèòü, ðàñïîðÿæóñü, ÷òîáû îòïðàâèëè) ïèñüìà íåìåäëåííî. ß äîëæåí îòïðàâèòü (â çíà÷åíèè: äîëæåí ïîðó÷èòü êîìó-íèáóäü îòïðàâèòü, ðàñïîðÿäèòüñÿ, ÷òîáû îòïðàâèëè) ìîé áàãàæ íà âîêçàë. Ãëàãîë to have ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ðàçëè÷íûõ ôîðìàõ è ñî÷åòàíèÿõ: I have my shoes mended in that shop. I am going to have my hair cut. I want to have the walls of my room painted. ß ÷èíþ (ìíå ÷èíÿò) áîòèíêè â ýòîé ìàñòåðñêîé. ß ñîáèðàþñü ïîñòðè÷üñÿ. ß õî÷ó ïîêðàñèòü (÷òîáû ìíå ïîêðàñèëè) ñòåíû ìîåé êîìíàòû. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ òèïà Îí ïî÷èíèë ñâîè áîòèíêà. Îí ïîêðàñèë ñòåíû ñâîåé êîìíàòû è ò. ï. ìîãóò èìåòü äâà çíà÷åíèÿ. Îíè ìîãóò 294 îçíà÷àòü: 1) ÷òî äåéñòâèå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ ñàìèì ïîäëåæàùèì èëè 2) ÷òî êòîòî ïðîèçâîäèò äåéñòâèå äëÿ íåãî, çà íåãî.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ýòèì äâóì çíà÷åíèÿì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðàçëè÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Îí ïî÷èíèë (ñàì) ñâîè áîòèíêè. Îí ïî÷èíèë (îòäàë â ïî÷èíêó) ñâîè áîòèíêè. Îí ïîêðàñèë (ñàì) ñòåíû ñâîåé êîìíàòû. Îí ïîêðàñèë ñòåíû ñâîåé êîìíàòû (åìó ïîêðàñèëè). Íå mended his shoes. Íå had his shoes mended. Íå painted the walls of his room. He had the walls of his room painted. ÑÀÌÎÑÒÎßÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÍÛÉ ÎÁÎÐÎÒ § 243.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà áûâàþò äâóõ òèïîâ, à èìåííî: 1. Îáîðîòû, â êîòîðûõ ïðè÷àñòèå âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ì ó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàêèå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðóññêèì äååïðè÷àñòíûì îáîðîòàì: Knowing English well, my brother was able to translate the article without any difficulty (knowing âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó my brother). Having lost the key he could not enter the house (having lost âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó he). Çíàÿ õîðîøî àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ìîé áðàò ñìîã ïåðåâåñòè ñòàòüþ áåç âñÿêîãî çàòðóäíåíèÿ. Ïîòåðÿâ êëþ÷, îí íå ìîã âîéòè â äîì. 2. Îáîðîòû, â êîòîðûõ ïðè÷àñòèå èìååò ñâîå ñ î á ñ ò â å í í î å ïîäëåæàùåå, âûðàæåííîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â îáùåì ïàäåæå (ðåæå ìåñòîèìåíèåì â èìåíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå): The student knowing English well, Òàê êàê ñòóäåíò õîðîøî çíàë àíthe examination did not last long ãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, ýêçàìåí ïðîäîë(knowing èìååò ñâîå ïîäëåæàæàëñÿ íåäîëãî. ùåå the student). My sister having lost the key, we Òàê êàê ìîÿ ñåñòðà ïîòåðÿëà could not enter the house (havêëþ÷, ìû íå ìîãëè âîéòè â äîì. ing lost èìååò ñâîå ïîäëåæàùåå my sister). Ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû ýòîãî òèïà íàçûâàþòñÿ ñ à ì î ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü í û ì è ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò í û ì è î á î ð î ò à ì è*), òàê êàê, èìåÿ ñîáñòâåííîå ïîäëåæàùåå, îíè íå ñâÿçàíû ñ ïîäëåæàùèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàêèå îáîðîòû íå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðóññêèì äååïðè÷àñòíûì îáîðîòàì, òàê êàê ðóññêîå äååïðè÷àñòèå âñåãäà âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó *)  àíãëèéñêîé ãðàììàòèêå òàêèå îáîðîòû íîñÿò íàçâàíèå The Nominative Absolute Participle Construction. 295 ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ëèáî ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì, ëèáî ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì. § 244. Çíà÷åíèå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ïðè÷àñòíîãî îáîðîòà îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ êîíòåêñòîì. ×àùå âñåãî òàêîé îáîðîò âûðàæàåò: à) â ð å ì ÿ, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ âðåìåíè: The sun having risen (= After the sun had risen), they continued their way. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ñîëíöå âçîøëî, îíè ïðîäîëæàëè ñâîé ïóòü. 6) ï ð è ÷ è í ó, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ ïðè÷èíû: The professor being ill ( = As the professor was ill), the lecture was put off. Òàê êàê ïðîôåññîð áûë áîëåí, ëåêöèÿ áûëà îòëîæåíà. â) ñ î ï ó ò ñ ò â ó þ ù è å î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ. Òàêèå îáîðîòû âñåãäà ñòîÿò â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Ïèëîìàòåðèàëû áûëè îòãðóæåíû The sawn-goods were shipped by íà ï/õ «Ìèíñê», ïðè÷åì ÷àñòü the S. S. Minsk, part of the ãðóçà áûëà ïîìåùåíà íà ïàëóáå. cargo being placed on deck (= part of the cargo was placed on deck). The wool was placed in the wareØåðñòü áûëà ïîìåùåíà íà ñêëàä, house, the cotton being forwarded â òî âðåìÿ êàê õëîïîê áûë îòïðàâëåí íà ôàáðèêó. to the factory (= while the cotton was forwarded to the factory). Ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû ìîãóò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ îáîðîòîì there is è ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ôîðìàëüíûì ïîäëåæàùèì it.  òàêèõ ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ ïåðåä ïðè÷àñòèåì ñòîèò ñîîòâåòñòâåííî there èëè it: There being a severe storm at sea (= As there was a severe storm at sea), the steamer could not leave the port. It being Sunday (= As it was Sunday), the library was closed. Òàê êàê íà ìîðå áûë ñèëüíûé øòîðì, ïàðîõîä íå ìîã âûéòè èç ïîðòà. Òàê êàê áûëî âîñêðåñåíüå, áèáëèîòåêà áûëà çàêðûòà. § 245. Íàðÿäó ñ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûìè ïðè÷àñòíûìè îáîðîòàìè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ òàêæå ðàâíîçíà÷íûå èì ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû, íà÷èíàþùèåñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãà with. Îíè ðàâíîçíà÷íû àáñîëþòíûì ïðè÷àñòíûì îáîðîòàì, âûðàæàþùèì ñ î ï ó ò ñ ò â ó þ ù è å î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à èëè ï ð è ÷ è í ó: 296 The total value of Japans export increased in 1993 as compared with 1992, with foodstuffs and manufactured goods occupying an important place in the exports of the country. With agricultural surpluses in the USA rapidly increasing and exports declining, the agricultural situation in that country is becoming extremely tense. Îáùàÿ ñòîèìîñòü ýêñïîðòà ßïîíèè óâåëè÷èëàñü â 1993 ã. ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 1992 ã., ïðè÷åì ïðîäîâîëüñòâåííûå òîâàðû è ïðîìûøëåííûå èçäåëèÿ çàíèìàëè áîëüøîå ìåñòî â ýêñïîðòå ñòðàíû. Òàê êàê èçëèøêè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïðîäóêòîâ â ÑØÀ áûñòðî óâåëè÷èâàþòñÿ, à ýêñïîðò ïàäàåò, ïîëîæåíèå ñåëüñêîãî õîçÿéñòâà â ýòîé ñòðàíå ñòàíîâèòñÿ ÷ðåçâû÷àéíî íàïðÿæåííûì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Past Participle â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ ïðè÷àñòíûõ îáîðîòàõ âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ðåäêî: The work finished, we went home. The signal given, the train started. Êîãäà ðàáîòà áûëà îêîí÷åíà, ìû ïîøëè äîìîé. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ñèãíàë áûë äàí, ïîåçä îòîøåë. Ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå ïðè÷àñòíûå îáîðîòû î÷åíü ðàñïðîñòðàíåíû â íàó÷íî-òåõíè÷åñêîé è ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Îíè ðåæå âñòðå÷àþòñÿ â õóäîæåñòâåííîé ëèòåðàòóðå è ïî÷òè íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è. ÏÅÐÅÂÎÄ ÑÀÌÎÑÒÎßÒÅËÜÍÛÕ ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÍÛÕ ÎÁÎÐÎÒΠÍÀ ÐÓÑÑÊÈÉ ßÇÛÊ § 246.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò êîíòåêñòà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ îäíèì èç ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûõ ñîþçîâ òàê êàê (ïîñêîëüêó, ââèäó òîãî ÷òî), ïîñëå òîãî êàê (êîãäà): The weather being fine, they went for a walk. The goods having been unloaded, the workers left the port. Òàê êàê ïîãîäà áûëà õîðîøàÿ, îíè ïîøëè ãóëÿòü. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê òîâàðû áûëè ðàçãðóæåíû, ðàáî÷èå óøëè èç ïîðòà. 2. Ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ îäíèì èç ñî÷èíèòåëüíûõ ñîþçîâ ïðè÷åì, â òî âðåìÿ êàê, à: The treaty between Russia and the Chinese Peoples Republic is done in the Russian and Chinese languages, both texts being equally valid. Äîãîâîð ìåæäó Ðîññèåé è Êèòàéñêîé Íàðîäíîé Ðåñïóáëèêîé ñîñòàâëåí íà ðóññêîì è êèòàéñêîì ÿçûêàõ, ïðè÷åì îáà òåêñòà èìåþò îäèíàêîâóþ ñèëó. 297 Russia is supplying China with equipment and materials for the rehabilitation and development of Chinas national economy, China delivering to Russia raw materials and other goods. Ðîññèÿ ñíàáæàåò Êèòàé îáîðóäîâàíèåì è ìàòåðèàëàìè äëÿ âîññòàíîâëåíèÿ è ðàçâèòèÿ íàðîäíîãî õîçÿéñòâà Êèòàÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê Êèòàé ïîñòàâëÿåò Ðîññèè ñûðüå è äðóãèå òîâàðû. § 247. Present Participle ñëåäóåò ïåðåâîäèòü í à ñ ò î ÿ ù è ì âðåìåíåì, åñëè ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè, è ï ð î ø å ä ø è ì âðåìåíåì, åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, ïîñêîëüêó Present Participle âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ñ äåéñòâèåì ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî: That plant produces large quantities Ýòîò çàâîä ïðîèçâîäèò áîëüøèå of pig-iron, most of the pig-iron êîëè÷åñòâà ÷óãóíà, ïðè÷åì being turned into steel. áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ÷óãóíà ïåðåðàáàòûâàåòñÿ â ñòàëü. That plant produced large quantities Ýòîò çàâîä ïðîèçâîäèë áîëüøèå of pig-iron, most of the pig-iron êîëè÷åñòâà ÷óãóíà, ïðè÷åì being turned into steel. áîëüøàÿ ÷àñòü ÷óãóíà ïåðåðàáàòûâàëàñü â ñòàëü. Present Participle èíîãäà ìîæíî ïåðåâîäèòü íàñòîÿùèì âðåìåíåì è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, ïîñêîëüêó Present Participle ìîæåò âûðàæàòü òàêæå äåéñòâèå, ñîâïàäàþùåå ñ ìîìåíòîì ðå÷è, íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè ãëàãîëà-ñêàçóåìîãî: The steamer could not enter the dock, its length exceeding 120 metres. Ïàðîõîä íå ìîã âîéòè â äîê, òàê êàê åãî äëèíà ïðåâûøàåò 120 ìåòðîâ. § 248. Perfect Participle âñåãäà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ï ð î ø å ä ø è ì âðåìåíåì, ïîñêîëüêó Perfect Participle âñåãäà âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ãëàãîëîì-ñêàçóåìûì: The goods having been unloaded, the workers left the port. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê òîâàðû áûëè ðàçãðóæåíû, ðàáî÷èå óøëè èç ïîðòà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. ×àñòî ó÷àùèìñÿ áûâàåò òðóäíî ðàñïîçíàòü ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò â òåêñòå. Ïîýòîìó ñëåäóåò ïîìíèòü åãî ôîðìàëüíûå ïðèçíàêè: 1) ïåðåä ïðè÷àñòèåì ñòîèò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â îáùåì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå â èìåíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå) è 2) ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé ïðè÷àñòíûé îáîðîò âñåãäà îòäåëåí çàïÿòîé. ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÅ (THE ADVERB) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. Íàðå÷èåì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷àñòü ðå÷è, óêàçûâàþùàÿ íà ïðèçíàê äåéñòâèÿ èëè íà ðàçëè÷íûå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà, ïðè êîòîðûõ ïðîòåêàåò äåéñòâèå. Íàðå÷èå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ãëàãîëó è ïîêàçûâàåò êàê, ãäå, êîãäà è ò. ï. ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå. 298 He works hard. He lives here. I have not met him lately. Îí ðàáîòàåò óñåðäíî. Îí æèâåò çäåñü. ß åãî íå âñòðå÷àë ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ. Íàðå÷èå ìîæåò òàêæå îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ïðèëàãàòåëüíîìó èëè äðóãîìó íàðå÷èþ, óêàçûâàÿ íà èõ ïðèçíàêè: Íå is a very good student. Îí î÷åíü õîðîøèé ñòóäåíò. She translated the article quite Îíà ïåðåâåëà ñòàòüþ âïîëíå well. õîðîøî.  ïðåäëîæåíèè íàðå÷èå ñëóæèò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâîì. ÊËÀÑÑÈÔÈÊÀÖÈß ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÉ ÏÎ ÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈÞ È ÈÕ ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ § 2. Ïî ñâîåìó çíà÷åíèþ íàðå÷èÿ äåëÿòñÿ íà ñëåäóþùèå îñíîâíûå ãðóïïû: 1. Íàðå÷èÿ ì å ñ ò à: here çäåñü, ñþäà, there òàì, òóäà, where ãäå, êóäà, inside âíóòðü, âíóòðè, outside íàðóæó, ñíàðóæè, above âûøå, íàâåðõó, below âíèçó, íèæå, somewhere, anywhere ãäå-íèáóäü, êóäà-íèáóäü, nowhere íèãäå, íèêóäà, elsewhere ãäå-íèáóäü â äðóãîì ìåñòå è äð.: Íå will stay there until June. I opened the box and saw that there was nothing inside. Îí îñòàíåòñÿ òàì äî èþíÿ. ß îòêðûë êîðîáêó è óâèäåë ÷òî âíóòðè íè÷åãî íåò. 1) Íàðå÷èå somewhere óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: I left my umbrella somewhere. ß îñòàâèë ñâîé çîíòèê ãäå-òî. 2) Íàðå÷èå anywhere óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ è îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: Are you going anywhere tomorrow? Èäåòå ëè âû êóäà-íèáóäü çàâòðà? I cant find my dictionary anywhere. ß íèãäå íå ìîãó íàéòè ñâîé ñëîâàðü. 3) Íàðå÷èå nowhere óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ëàêîíè÷íûõ îòâåòàõ: Where did you go after supper? Nowhere. Êóäà âû õîäèëè ïîñëå óæèíà? Íèêóäà.  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ íàðå÷èå nowhere óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ î÷åíü ðåäêî; âìåñòî íåãî îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ not... anywhere: They went nowhere after supper. = They did not go anywhere after supper. Îíè íèêóäà íå õîäèëè ïîñëå óæèíà. Nowhere óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå, ïîñêîëüêó â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âîçìîæíî òîëüêî îäíî îòðèöàíèå (ñòð. 393). 299 2. Íàðå÷èÿ â ð å ì å í è: now ñåé÷àñ, òåïåðü, when êîãäà, then òîãäà, today ñåãîäíÿ, yesterday â÷åðà, tomorrow çàâòðà, before ïðåæäå, ðàíüøå, lately íåäàâíî, (çà) ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ, recently íåäàâíî, íà äíÿõ, once îäíàæäû*), êîãäà-òî, ever êîãäà-ëèáî, never íèêîãäà, always âñåãäà, often ÷àñòî, seldom ðåäêî, usually îáû÷íî, sometimes èíîãäà, already, yet óæå, (not)... yet åùå (íå), still âñå åùå, since ñ òåõ ïîð è äð.: I was very busy yesterday. Íå usually goes to bed at eleven oclock. Íå left Moscow in 1993, and I havent seen him since. ß áûë î÷åíü çàíÿò â÷åðà. Îí îáû÷íî ëîæèòñÿ ñïàòü â îäèííàäöàòü ÷àñîâ. Îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû â 1993 ã., è ÿ íå âèäåë åãî ñ òåõ ïîð. 1) Íàðå÷èå never óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå, ïîñêîëüêó â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âîçìîæíî òîëüêî îäíî îòðèöàíèå (ñòð. 393): I have never been there. ß íèêîãäà òàì íå áûë. 2) Íàðå÷èå yet â çíà÷åíèè óæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ. Íàðå÷èå already óæå â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðè âûðàæåíèè óäèâëåíèÿ ïî ïîâîäó òîãî, ÷òî äåéñòâèå òàê ñêîðî ñîâåðøèëîñü: Have you finished your work yet? Âû óæå çàêîí÷èëè âàøó ðàáîòó? Have you finished already? Âû óæå çàêîí÷èëè? (Êàê, óæå çàêîí÷èëè?) 3. Íàðå÷èÿ ì å ð û è ñ ò å ï å í è: much ìíîãî, little ìàëî, very î÷åíü, too ñëèøêîì, so òàê, enough äîñòàòî÷íî, hardly, scarcely åäâà, nearly, almost ïî÷òè è äð. 1) Íàðå÷èå much ìíîãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì, â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ è îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ.  óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âìåñòî much îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ a lot, a great (good) deal (ñðàâíèòå ñòð. 93): Has he read much? Îí ìíîãî ÷èòàë? Íå hasnt read much. Îí íå ìíîãî ÷èòàë. íî: Íå has read a lot (a great deal). Îí ìíîãî ÷èòàë. Íàðå÷èå much, îäíàêî, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà îíî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íàðå÷èÿìè very, rather, too, so, as, how: He reads very much. Îí î÷åíü ìíîãî ÷èòàåò. Íå plays football too much. Îí ñëèøêîì ìíîãî èãðàåò â ôóòáîë. *) Ðóññêèì âûðàæåíèÿì îäíàæäû óòðîì, îäíàæäû âå÷åðîì è ò. ä. ñîîòâåòñòâóþò âûðàæåíèÿ one morning, one evening è ò. ä. 300 2) Íàðå÷èå little ìàëî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êàê è much, â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êîãäà îíî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ íàðå÷èÿìè very, rather, too, so, as, how. Êîãäà little íå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ýòèìè íàðå÷èÿìè, îíî îáû÷íî çàìåíÿåòñÿ not... much: Íå doesnt read much (âìåñòî: Íå reads little). She doesnt speak much about it (âìåñòî: She speaks little about it). Îí ìàëî ÷èòàåò. Îíà ìàëî ãîâîðèò îá ýòîì. 3) Íàðå÷èÿ very î÷åíü, too ñëèøêîì, so òàê è how êàê îïðåäåëÿþò ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î å èëè í à ð å ÷ è å: Íå is very clever. Îí î÷åíü óìåí. You are walking too fast. Âû èäåòå ñëèøêîì áûñòðî. He was so glad to see me. Îí áûë òàê ðàä âèäåòü ìåíÿ. How late it is! Êàê ïîçäíî! Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ã ë à ã î ë à èëè ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è ÿ ï ð î ø å ä ø å ã î â ð å ì å í è ýòè íàðå÷èÿ íå ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî, à óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íàðå÷èåì much, êîòîðîå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå îòäåëüíî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: Íå was very much interested in what Îí î÷åíü çàèíòåðåñîâàëñÿ òåì, I said. ÷òî ÿ ñêàçàë. I was too much surprised to say ß áûë ñëèøêîì óäèâëåí, ÷òîáû anything. ñêàçàòü ÷òî-íèáóäü. I want to see him so much. ß òàê õî÷ó åãî âèäåòü. You know how much I like my Âû çíàåòå, êàê ÿ ëþáëþ ñâîþ work. ðàáîòó. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðóññêèå íàðå÷èÿ î÷åíü, ñëèøêîì, òàê, êàê ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì very, too, so, how, êîãäà îíè îïðåäåëÿþò ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå èëè íàðå÷èå, è ïîñðåäñòâîì very much, too much, so much, how much, êîãäà îíè îïðåäåëÿþò ãëàãîë èëè ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè: Îí î÷åíü óìíûé ÷åëîâåê. Íå is a very clever man. ß î÷åíü ëþáëþ ñâîþ ðàáîòó. I like my work very much. 4) Íàðå÷èÿ hardly è scarcely óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì åäâà: I could hardly (scarcely) understand ß åäâà ìîã ïîíÿòü åãî. him. Hardly è scarcely ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ any, anybody, anything, anywhere, ever.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ðóññêîìó íàðå÷èþ ïî÷òè â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: There were hardly (scarcely) any people in the street. There was hardly (scarcely) any water in the well. I hardly (scarcely) ever see him. Íà óëèöå ïî÷òè íå áûëî ëþäåé.  êîëîäöå ïî÷òè íå áûëî âîäû. ß ïî÷òè íèêîãäà åãî íå âèæó. 301 5) Íàðå÷èÿ nearly è almost ïî÷òè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ. Êîãäà nearly è almost îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãëàãîëó, îíè ìîãóò òàêæå èìåòü çíà÷åíèå ÷óòü íå: Ive nearly (almost) finished my work. ß ïî÷òè çàêîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó. I nearly (almost) made a mistake. ß ÷óòü íå ñäåëàë îøèáêó. I nearly (almost) fell. ß ÷óòü íå óïàë. Nearly è almost ïî÷òè íå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ (ñì. âûøå). 4. Íàðå÷èÿ î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ: well õîðîøî, fast, quickly áûñòðî, slowly ìåäëåííî, quietly ñïîêîéíî, òèõî, easily ëåãêî è äð. Áîëüøèíñòâî íàðå÷èé ýòîé ãðóïïû îáðàçóåòñÿ îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ïðè ïîìîùè ñóôôèêñà -ly, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì íàðå÷èÿ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå: Have you rested well? Õîðîøî ëè âû îòäîõíóëè? He came into the room very quickly. Îí âîøåë â êîìíàòó î÷åíü áûñòðî. § 3. Ê íàðå÷èÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêæå ñëîâà too, also, either, else, only, even. Too è also òàêæå, òîæå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ â ó ò â å ð ä è ò å ë ü í û õ è â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, ïðè÷åì too áîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíî â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, ÷åì also. Either òàêæå, òîæå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â î ò ð è ö à ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: I shall be there too. ß òîæå áóäó òàì. Have you been there too? Âû òîæå áûëè òàì? They also agreed with me. Îíè òîæå ñîãëàñèëèñü ñî ìíîé. I have not seen him either. ß òîæå íå âèäåë åãî. Else ñî çíà÷åíèåì åùå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè è íàðå÷èÿìè, à òàêæå ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè è íàðå÷èÿìè, ïðîèçâîäíûìè îò some, any, no: What else must I do? Where else did you go? Ask somebody else about it. Are you going anywhere else after that? ×òî åùå ÿ äîëæåí ñäåëàòü? Êóäà åùå âû õîäèëè? Ñïðîñèòå åùå êîãî-íèáóäü îá ýòîì. Âû ïîéäåòå êóäà-íèáóäü åùå ïîñëå ýòîãî? Else óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ñî çíà÷åíèåì èíà÷å, â ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå, à òî.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå åìó ÷àñòî ïðåäøåñòâóåò or (ñì. íèæå). § 4. Íàðå÷èå íå òîëüêî îïðåäåëÿåò ãëàãîë, ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå èëè äðóãîå íàðå÷èå, íî òàêæå ìîæåò ñëóæèòü: 1. Âîïðîñèòåëüíûì ñëîâîì, ñ êîòîðîãî íà÷èíàåòñÿ âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå. Ê òàêèì íàðå÷èÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ: when? êîãäà?, where? ãäå?, why? ïî÷åìó?, how? êàê?: 302 When did you arrive? Êîãäà âû ïðèåõàëè? Where are you going? Êóäà âû èäåòå? Why do you think so? Ïî÷åìó âû òàê äóìàåòå? How will he do it? Êàê îí ýòî ñäåëàåò? 2. Äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðåäëîæåíèé, à èìåííî: à) äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ íåçàâèñèìûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé. Ê òàêèì íàðå÷èÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ: so ïîýòîìó, òàêèì îáðàçîì, èòàê, therefore ïîýòîìó, then çàòåì, òîãäà, however îäíàêî, nevertheless òåì íå ìåíåå, still, yet òåì íå ìåíåå, âñå æå, besides êðîìå òîãî, moreover ñâåðõ òîãî êðîìå òîãî, otherwise, else, or else èíà÷å, â ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå, à òî: It was late, so I went home. Áûëî ïîçäíî, ïîýòîìó ÿ ïîøåë äîìîé. Its very fine weather for a walk, but Ïðåêðàñíàÿ ïîãîäà äëÿ ïðîãóëêè, yet I dont think Ill go out. íî âñå æå ÿ íå ïðåäïîëàãàþ âûõîäèòü. Go at once, otherwise (or else) you Èäèòå íåìåäëåííî, èíà÷å âû will miss your train. îïîçäàåòå íà ïîåçä. á) äëÿ ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ê ãëàâíîìó. Ê òàêèì íàðå÷èÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ: when êîãäà, where ãäå, why ïî÷åìó, how êàê: Íå called when I was busy. I do not know where he lives. I cant understand why he is late. Îí çàøåë, êîãäà ÿ áûë çàíÿò. ß íå çíàþ, ãäå îí æèâåò. ß íå ìîãó ïîíÿòü, ïî÷åìó îí îïàçäûâàåò. I want to know how you do it. ß õî÷ó çíàòü, êàê âû ýòî äåëàåòå. Íàðå÷èå once óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðåäëîæåíèé, ñîîòâåòñòâóÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ðàç óæ èëè ñòîèò òîëüêî... êàê (è): Once you have promised you must do it. Once you show any fear, the dog will attack you. Ðàç óæ âû îáåùàëè, âû äîëæíû ýòî ñäåëàòü. Ñòîèò òîëüêî âàì ïðîÿâèòü ñòðàõ, è ñîáàêà íàïàäåò íà âàñ. ÔÎÐÌÛ ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÉ § 5. Íàðå÷èÿ äåëÿòñÿ ïî ôîðìå íà äâå ãðóïïû: ï ð î ñ ò û å è ï ð î è ç â î ä í û å. Ï ð î ñ ò û å íàðå÷èÿ: here çäåñü, ñþäà, there òàì, òóäà, now òåïåðü, almost ïî÷òè, soon ñêîðî è äð. Ï ð î è ç â î ä í û å íàðå÷èÿ. Ê ýòîé ãðóïïå îòíîñÿòñÿ íàðå÷èÿ, îáðàçóåìûå îò èìåí ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ïðè ïîìîùè ñóôôèêñà -ly: easily ëåãêî, quietly ñïîêîéíî, slowly ìåäëåííî è ò. ä. Ðÿä íàðå÷èé îáðàçîâàí îò äðóãèõ ÷àñòåé ðå÷è: daily åæåäíåâíî, weekly åæåíåäåëüíî, monthly åæåìåñÿ÷íî è äð. § 6. Ðÿä íàðå÷èé fast, long, far, little, much, early, daily è äð. íå îòëè÷àþòñÿ ïî ôîðìå îò ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ èì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ. 303 Òàêèå íàðå÷èÿ ìîæíî îòëè÷èòü îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ïî âûïîëíÿåìîé èìè ðîëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè, èìåÿ â âèäó, ÷òî ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îïðåäåëÿþò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, à íàðå÷èÿ ãëàãîë, ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå èëè äðóãîå íàðå÷èå: Èìÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå Íå took a fast train to Sochi. Îí ïîåõàë ñêîðûì ïîåçäîì â Ñî÷è. Íå returned from a long journey. Îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ èç äîëãîãî ïóòåøåñòâèÿ. Vladivostok is in the Far East. Âëàäèâîñòîê íàõîäèòñÿ íà Äàëüíåì Âîñòîêå. We have very little time. Ó íàñ î÷åíü ìàëî âðåìåíè. We have not had much snow this winter. Ýòîé çèìîé íå áûëî ìíîãî ñíåãà. Íå drew a straight line. Îí ïðîâåë ïðÿìóþ ëèíèþ. They left Moscow in the early autumn. Îíè óåõàëè èç Ìîñêâû ðàííåé îñåíüþ. The Times is a daily newspaper. «Òàéìñ» åæåäíåâíàÿ ãàçåòà. Íàðå÷èå He speaks very fast. Îí ãîâîðèò î÷åíü áûñòðî. Have you been waiting long? Âû æäåòå äàâíî? We have not walked far to-day. Ìû íå õîäèëè äàëåêî ñåãîäíÿ. Íå reads very little. Îí î÷åíü ìàëî ÷èòàåò. Íå reads very much. Îí î÷åíü ìíîãî ÷èòàåò. Go straight down the street, then turn to the left. Èäèòå ïðÿìî ïî óëèöå, çàòåì ïîâåðíèòå íàëåâî. I always get up early. ß âñåãäà âñòàþ ðàíî. I see him daily. ß âèæó åãî åæåäíåâíî. § 7. Íåêîòîðûå íàðå÷èÿ èìåþò äâå ôîðìû: îäíó, ñîâïàäàþùóþ ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì, è äðóãóþ, îêàí÷èâàþùóþñÿ íà -ly. Ïðè ýòîì íàðå÷èå, îêàí÷èâàþùååñÿ íà -ly, îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïî çíà÷åíèþ îò íàðå÷èÿ, ñîâïàäàþùåãî ïî ôîðìå ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì: Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå Íàðå÷èå, ñîâïàäàþùåå ïî ôîðìå ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì Íàðå÷èå, îêàí÷èâàþùååñÿ íà -ly Íå is a hard worker. Íå works hard. Îí óñåðäíûé ðàáîòíèê. Íå returned in the late autumn. Îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ ïîçäíåé îñåíüþ. He is studying the history of the Near East. Îí èçó÷àåò èñòîðèþ Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà. Îí ðàáîòàåò óñåðäíî. I went to bed late last night. ß ëåã ñïàòü ïîçäíî â÷åðà âå÷åðîì. Íå lives quite near. I could hardly understand him. ß åäâà ìîã ïîíÿòü åãî. I have not seen him lately. ß åãî íå âèäåë ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ. It is nearly five oclock. Îí æèâåò ñîâñåì áëèçêî. Ïî÷òè ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. 304 § 8. Ðÿä íàðå÷èé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íåêîòîðûìè ãëàãîëàìè, îáðàçóÿ ñ ýòèìè ãëàãîëàìè îäíî ïîíÿòèå. Çíà÷åíèå ãëàãîëà ïðè ýòîì èçìåíÿåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò íàðå÷èÿ, â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ êîòîðûì îí óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. Ê ÷èñëó òàêèõ íàðå÷èé îòíîñÿòñÿ: about, across, along, around, away, back, by, down, in, on, off, out, over, through, under, up è äð.  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ çíà÷åíèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ ãëàãîëà ñ íàðå÷èåì âûòåêàåò èç çíà÷åíèé ñëîâ, âõîäÿùèõ â ñîñòàâ ñî÷åòàíèÿ: to come back âîçâðàùàòüñÿ (to come ïðèõîäèòü, back íàçàä, îáðàòíî) to go away óõîäèòü (to go èäòè, away ïðî÷ü) to go down ñïóñêàòüñÿ (to go èäòè, down âíèç)  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ çíà÷åíèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ íå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò çíà÷åíèÿì åãî ñîñòàâíûõ ýëåìåíòîâ: to make out ïîíèìàòü (to make äåëàòü, out âíå) to put out òóøèòü (to put êëàñòü, out âíå) to give in óñòóïàòü, ñäàâàòüñÿ (to give äàâàòü, in âíóòðè) Ïîñêîëüêó áîëüøèíñòâî ýòèõ íàðå÷èé ñîâïàäàåò ïî ôîðìå ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, çíà÷åíèå è óïîòðåáëåíèå ýòèõ íàðå÷èé è èõ ñî÷åòàíèå ñ ãëàãîëàìè äàíû äëÿ óäîáñòâà ó÷àùèõñÿ ïðè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðåäëîãàõ. ÑÒÅÏÅÍÈ ÑÐÀÂÍÅÍÈß ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÉ § 9. Ìíîãèå íàðå÷èÿ (ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì íàðå÷èÿ îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ) ìîãóò èìåòü ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ, êîòîðûå îáðàçóþòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ. § 10. Îäíîñëîæíûå íàðå÷èÿ îáðàçóþò ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ ñòåïåíü ïóòåì ïðèáàâëåíèÿ ñóôôèêñà -er, à ïðåâîñõîäíóþ ñòåïåíü ñóôôèêñà -est ê ôîðìå ïîëîæèòåëüíîé ñòåïåíè. Òàê æå îáðàçóåò ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ äâóñëîæíîå íàðå÷èå early: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü fast áûñòðî faster áûñòðåå hard óñåðäíî late ïîçäíî harder óñåðäíåå, áîëåå óñåðäíî later ïîçäíåå soon ñêîðî sooner ñêîðåå early ðàíî earlier ðàíüøå fastest áûñòðåå âñåãî (âñåõ) hardest óñåðäíåå âñåãî (âñåõ) latest ïîçäíåå âñåãî (âñåõ) soonest ñêîðåå âñåãî (âñåõ) earliest ðàíüøå âñåãî (âñåõ) § 11. Íàðå÷èÿ, îáðàçîâàííûå îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ïðè ïîìîùè ñóôôèêñà -ly, îáðàçóþò ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ ñòåïåíü ïðè ïîìîùè more, à ïðåâîñõîäíóþ ïðè ïîìîùè most: 305 Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü clearly ÿñíî more clearly ÿñíåå, áîëåå ÿñíî more bravely õðàáðåå, áîëåå õðàáðî more correctly ïðàâèëüíåå, áîëåå ïðàâèëüíî more cautiously îñòîðîæíåå, áîëåå îñòîðîæíî most clearly ÿñíåå âñåãî (âñåõ) most bravely õðàáðåå âñåãî (âñåõ) most correctly ïðàâèëüíåå âñåãî (âñåõ) most cautiously îñòîðîæíåå âñåãî (âñåõ) bravely õðàáðî correctly ïðàâèëüíî cautiously îñòîðîæíî § 12. Ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ íàðå÷èé often ÷àñòî, quickly áûñòðî, slowly ìåäëåííî îáðàçóþòñÿ îáîèìè ñïîñîáàìè: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü often quickly slowly Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü oftener more often quicker more quickly slower more slowly Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü oftenest most often quickest most quickly slowest most slowly § 13. Ñëåäóþùèå íàðå÷èÿ, êàê è ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, îáðàçóþò ñòåïåíè ñðàâíåíèÿ íå ïî ïðàâèëó: Ïîëîæèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ñðàâíèòåëüíàÿ ñòåïåíü Ïðåâîñõîäíàÿ ñòåïåíü well õîðîøî badly ïëîõî much ìíîãî little ìàëî far äàëåêî better ëó÷øå worse õóæå more áîëüøå less ìåíüøå farther äàëüøå further best ëó÷øå âñåãî (âñåõ) worst õóæå âñåãî (âñåõ) most áîëüøå âñåãî (âñåõ) least ìåíüøå âñåãî (âñåõ) farther äàëüøå âñåãî further (âñåõ) § 14. Êîãäà çà íàðå÷èåì â ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè ñëåäóåò (èëè ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ) ïðåäëîæíûé îáîðîò ñ of, ò. å. êîãäà îíî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè íàðå÷èÿ, îáðàçîâàííîé ñ ïîìîùüþ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ âñåõ (ëó÷øå âñåõ, õóæå âñåõ, ïðàâèëüíåå âñåõ è ò. ä.), íàðå÷èå ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ êàê áåç àðòèêëÿ, òàê è ñ àðòèêëåì the. Êîãäà ïðåäëîæíûé îáîðîò ñ of îòñóòñòâóåò (è íå ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ), ò. å. êîãäà íàðå÷èå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðåâîñõîäíîé ñòåïåíè íàðå÷èÿ, îáðàçîâàííîé ñ ïîìîùüþ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ âñåãî (ëó÷øå âñåãî, õóæå âñåãî, ïðàâèëüíåå âñåãî è ò. ä.), àðòèêëü íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 306 Which of the boys works (the) best (of all the boys)? I work best in the morning. Peter came late, Gleb came later and Oleg came (the) latest (of all). I come home latest on Mondays. Êòî èç ýòèõ ìàëü÷èêîâ ðàáîòàåò ëó÷øå âñåõ? ß ëó÷øå âñåãî ðàáîòàþ óòðîì. Ïåòð ïðèøåë ïîçäíî, Ãëåá ïðèøåë ïîçæå, à Îëåã ïðèøåë ïîçæå âñåõ. ß ïîçæå âñåãî ïðèõîæó äîìîé ïî ïîíåäåëüíèêàì. ÌÅÑÒÎ ÍÀÐÅ×Èß Â ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ § 15. Íàðå÷èÿ î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ ñòàâÿòñÿ íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ï î ñ ë å ã ë à ã î ë à, åñëè ãëàãîë ÿâëÿåòñÿ í å ï å ð å õ î ä í û ì: Íå walked slowly. Îí øåë ìåäëåííî. The sun shines brightly. Ñîëíöå ñâåòèò ÿðêî. Êîãäà ãëàãîë ÿâëÿåòñÿ ï å ð å õ î ä í û ì, íàðå÷èå ñòàâèòñÿ èëè ï î ñ ë å ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ èëè ï å ð å ä ã ë à ã î ë î ì. Íàðå÷èå íå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ìåæäó ãëàãîëîì è äîïîëíåíèåì: Íå answered the question calmly. He calmly answered the question. Îí ñïîêîéíî îòâåòèë íà âîïðîñ. Íå translated the article easily. He easily translated the article. Îí ëåãêî ïåðåâåë ñòàòüþ. Êîãäà çà ãëàãîëîì ñëåäóåò èíôèíèòèâ, íàðå÷èå ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì: Íå flatly refused to answer the question. Îí ðåøèòåëüíî îòêàçàëñÿ îòâå÷àòü íà âîïðîñ. § 16. Íàðå÷èÿ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ã î â ð å ì å í è always, often, seldom, ever, never, just, already, yet, usually, generally, sometimes, still, soon, once è äð. ñòàâÿòñÿ ï å ð å ä ã ë à ã î ë î ì: Íå always comes early. Íå often goes there. I usually get up at seven oclock. Îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèò ðàíî. Îí ÷àñòî õîäèò òóäà. ß îáû÷íî âñòàþ â ñåìü ÷àñîâ óòðà. I once went there with my brother. ß îäíàæäû (êîãäà-òî) áûë òàì ñî ñâîèì áðàòîì. Îäíàêî ýòè íàðå÷èÿ ñòàâÿòñÿ ï î ñ ë å ãëàãîëà to be: Íå is always here at five oclock. Íå is never late for the lectures. Îí âñåãäà çäåñü â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. Îí íèêîãäà íå îïàçäûâàåò íà ëåêöèè. 307 Êîãäà ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëåí â ñ ë î æ í î é ôîðìå, íàðå÷èÿ íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè ñòàâÿòñÿ ì å æ ä ó âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì è ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì: I shall never forget it. Íå has just left. ß ýòîãî íèêîãäà íå çàáóäó. Îí òîëüêî ÷òî óøåë. Åñëè èìåþòñÿ äâà âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëà, òî íàðå÷èÿ ñòàâÿòñÿ ïîñëå ï å ð â î ã î: Íå has just been asked to take part in that work. Åãî òîëüêî ÷òî ïðèãëàñèëè ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â ýòîé ðàáîòå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Òî æå îòíîñèòñÿ è ê îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòèöå not: Íå has not been asked to take part in that work. Íàðå÷èÿ íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè ñòàâÿòñÿ ì å æ ä ó ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì è èíôèíèòèâîì: Âû íèêîãäà íå äîëæíû ñõîäèòü ñ You must never get off the tram òðàìâàÿ, êîãäà îí äâèæåòñÿ. when it is moving. ß âñåãäà ìîãó äîêàçàòü, ÷òî ýòî I can always prove it to be true. âåðíî. Êîãäà äåéñòâèå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì have ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, íàðå÷èå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì have: I often have to go there. Ìíå ÷àñòî ïðèõîäèòñÿ õîäèòü òóäà. Êîãäà äåéñòâèå âûðàæåíî ñî÷åòàíèåì used ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, íàðå÷èå íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè ñòàâèòñÿ ï å ð å ä used: You always used to agree with me. Âû âñåãäà ñîãëàøàëèñü ñî ìíîé. Íàðå÷èå yet â çíà÷åíèè åùå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü èëè ïîñëå ÷àñòèöû not, èëè ïîñëå ãëàãîëà, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèÿ: I have not yet read the letter. I have not read the letter yet. ß åùå íå ÷èòàë ïèñüìà. Íàðå÷èå yet â çíà÷åíèè óæå ñòîèò â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Have you read the newspaper yet? Âû óæå ÷èòàëè ãàçåòó? Íàðå÷èå sometimes ìîæåò ñòîÿòü êàê ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì, òàê è â íà÷àëå èëè â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I sometimes go there (Sometimes I go there, I go there sometimes). ß èíîãäà õîæó òóäà. § 17. Íàðå÷èÿ â ð å ì å í è tomorrow, today, yesterday ìîãóò ñòîÿòü èëè â íà÷àëå èëè â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 308 Tomorrow I shall go there. Çàâòðà ÿ ïîéäó òóäà. I have seen him today. ß âèäåë åãî ñåãîäíÿ. Íàðå÷èÿ before ðàíüøå, ïðåæäå, lately íåäàâíî, (çà) ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ è recently íåäàâíî, íà äíÿõ îáû÷íî ñòîÿò â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I have seen this film before. ß âèäåë ýòîò ôèëüì ðàíüøå. I have not been there lately. ß òàì íå áûë ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ. Åñëè íàðå÷èÿ ìåñòà è âðåìåíè ñòîÿò â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, òî íàðå÷èå ìåñòà ïðåäøåñòâóåò íàðå÷èþ âðåìåíè: I met him there yesterday. ß âñòðåòèë åãî òàì â÷åðà. § 18. Íàðå÷èÿ, î ï ð å ä å ë ÿ þ ù è å ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û å èëè ä ð ó ã è å í à ð å ÷ è ÿ, ñòàâÿòñÿ ï å ð å ä ñëîâàìè, êîòîðûå îíè îïðåäåëÿþò: I am very glad to see you. ß î÷åíü ðàä âàñ âèäåòü. Íå speaks English quite well. Îí ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè âïîëíå õîðîøî. Èñêëþ÷åíèå ñîñòàâëÿåò íàðå÷èå enough äîñòàòî÷íî, êîòîðîå ñòàâèòñÿ ï î ñ ë å ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî èëè íàðå÷èÿ, à òàêæå ï î ñ ë å ãëàãîëà: My coat is warm enough. You know English well enough to read this book. Íå does not work enough. Ìîå ïàëüòî äîñòàòî÷íî òåïëîå. Âû çíàåòå àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê äîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî, ÷òîáû ïðî÷åñòü ýòó êíèãó. Îí íåäîñòàòî÷íî ðàáîòàåò. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Enough ìîæåò òàêæå îïðåäåëÿòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ÿâëÿÿñü â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå enough îáû÷íî ñòîèò ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, íî ìîæåò èíîãäà ñòîÿòü è ïîñëå íåãî: Dont hurry, we have enough time He ñïåøèòå, ó íàñ äîñòàòî÷íî âðå(= time enough). ìåíè. § 19. Íàðå÷èÿ too, either òàêæå, òîæå ñòàâÿòñÿ â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I shall be there too. ß òîæå áóäó òàì. I have not seen him either. ß òîæå íå âèäåë åãî. Too ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñëèøêîì ñòàâèòñÿ ï å ð å ä ñëîâîì, êîòîðîå îíî îïðåäåëÿåò: There are too many mistakes in  âàøåì äèêòàíòå ñëèøêîì ìíîyour dictation. ãî îøèáîê. ÏÐÅÄËÎà (THE PREPOSITION) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. Ïðåäëîãàìè íàçûâàþòñÿ ñëóæåáíûå ñëîâà, êîòîðûå ïîêàçûâàþò îòíîøåíèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ) ê äðóãèì ñëîâàì â ïðåäëîæåíèè. 309  ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïàäåæíûå îêîí÷àíèÿ ïî÷òè ïîëíîñòüþ îòñóòñòâóþò. Ïîýòîìó ïðåäëîãè èãðàþò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî âàæíóþ ðîëü, ÿâëÿÿñü îäíèì èç ãëàâíûõ ñðåäñòâ âûðàæåíèÿ îòíîøåíèé ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ) ê äðóãèì ñëîâàì â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ïðåäëîãè âûðàæàþò ðàçíîîáðàçíûå îòíîøåíèÿ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííûå, âðåìåííûå, ïðè÷èííûå è äð.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòè îòíîøåíèÿ âûðàæàþòñÿ íå îäíèìè ïðåäëîãàìè, à ïðåäëîãàìè è ïàäåæíûìè îêîí÷àíèÿìè, â àíãëèéñêîì æå ÿçûêå ýòè îòíîøåíèÿ âûðàæàþòñÿ òîëüêî ïðåäëîãàìè, ïîñêîëüêó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â îáùåì ïàäåæå, ñ êîòîðûìè îíè ñî÷åòàþòñÿ, íå èìåþò ñïåöèàëüíûõ îêîí÷àíèé: Íå lives in Moscow. Îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå. Íå is sitting under a tree. Îí ñèäèò ïîä äåðåâîì. After dinner he went to the library. Ïîñëå îáåäà îí ïîøåë â áèáëèîòåêó. He came with his brother. Îí ïðèøåë ñ áðàòîì. § 2. Íåêîòîðûå àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîãè âûïîëíÿþò ÷èñòî ãðàììàòè÷åñêóþ ôóíêöèþ, ïåðåäàâàÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè) òå æå îòíîøåíèÿ, êîòîðûå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïåðåäàþòñÿ êîñâåííûìè ïàäåæàìè áåç ïðåäëîãîâ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè òåðÿþò ñâîå ëåêñè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå è íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îòäåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ. Ê òàêèì ïðåäëîãàì îòíîñÿòñÿ: 1. Ïðåäëîã of, êîòîðûé â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ð î ä è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó: The roof of the house is painted green. The theatre is at the end of the street. Êðûøà äîìà âûêðàøåíà â çåëåíûé öâåò. Òåàòð íàõîäèòñÿ â êîíöå óëèöû. 2. Ïðåäëîã to, êîòîðûé â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó, îáîçíà÷àÿ ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå: I showed the letter to the director. ß ïîêàçàë ïèñüìî äèðåêòîðó. Íå explained the rule to the student. Îí îáúÿñíèë ïðàâèëî ñòóäåíòó. 3. Ïðåäëîã by, êîòîðûé â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó, îáîçíà÷àÿ äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî èëè äåéñòâóþùóþ ñèëó ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå: The letter was signed by the director. Ïèñüìî áûëî ïîäïèñàíî äèðåêòîðîì. 4. Ïðåäëîã with, êîòîðûé â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì) òàêæå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó, îáîçíà÷àÿ ïðåäìåò, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðîãî ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ äåéñòâèå: 310 Íå cut the paper with a knife. Îí ðàçðåçàë áóìàãó íîæîì. § 3. Êàæäûé ïðåäëîã óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ëåêñè÷åñêèì çíà÷åíèåì (âêëþ÷àÿ ïðåäëîãè of, to, by, with, êîãäà îíè íå óïîòðåáëåíû â ÷èñòî ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé ôóíêöèè). Ìíîãèå ïðåäëîãè èìåþò íå îäíî, à íåñêîëüêî çíà÷åíèé. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ïðåäëîã in óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à ñî çíà÷åíèåì â (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?): Íå lives in Moscow. Îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå. 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ â ð å ì å í è: à) ñî çíà÷åíèåì â (ïåðåä îáîçíà÷åíèåì ìåñÿöà èëè ãîäà): They will arrive in May. Îíè ïðèåäóò â ìàå. á) ñî çíà÷åíèåì ÷åðåç: Íå will return in an hour. Îí âåðíåòñÿ ÷åðåç ÷àñ. â) ñî çíà÷åíèåì â, çà, â òå÷åíèå: The house was built in three months. Äîì áûë ïîñòðîåí â òðè ìåñÿöà (çà òðè ìåñÿöà). § 4. Âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ óïîòðåáëåíèå òîãî èëè äðóãîãî ïðåäëîãà çàâèñèò èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî îò ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ñëîâà ãëàãîëà, ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî èëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ãëàãîë to depend çàâèñåòü òðåáóåò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà on: It doesnt depend on me. Ýòî íå çàâèñèò îò ìåíÿ. Ãëàãîë to laugh ñìåÿòüñÿ òðåáóåò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà at: Íå laughed at her. Îí ñìåÿëñÿ íàä íåé. Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå sure óâåðåííûé òðåáóåò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà of: Íå was sure of it. Îí áûë óâåðåí â ýòîì. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå objection âîçðàæåíèå (êàê è ãëàãîë to object âîçðàæàòü) òðåáóåò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà to*): I have no objections to that. Ó ìåíÿ íåò âîçðàæåíèé (ß íå âîçðàæàþ) ïðîòèâ ýòîãî. *) Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îáû÷íî òðåáóåò òîãî æå ïðåäëîãà, êîòîðûé óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëà èëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî, èìåþùåãî îáùèé êîðåíü ñ äàííûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. Åñëè æå ãëàãîë òðåáóåò ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of: I do not object to that. ß íå âîçðàæàþ ïðîòèâ ýòîãî. Íå was surprised at it. Îí áûë óäèâëåí ýòèì. I dont fear that. ß ýòîãî íå áîþñü. I have no objection to that. ß íå âîçðàæàþ (íå èìåþ âîçðàæåíèé) ïðîòèâ ýòîãî. He showed much surprise at hearing it. Îí âûðàçèë áîëüøîå óäèâëåíèå, óñëûøàâ ýòî. There is no fear of his being late. Íåò íèêàêèõ îïàñåíèé, ÷òî îí îïîçäàåò. 311 § 5. Íåêîòîðûå ãëàãîëû ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñ ðàçëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîãàìè, ìåíÿÿ ñâîå çíà÷åíèå â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ïðåäëîãà: Íå is looking at the child. Îí ñìîòðèò íà ðåáåíêà. He is looking for the child. Îí èùåò ðåáåíêà. He is looking after the child. Îí çàáîòèòñÿ î ðåáåíêå. § 6. Ïðåäëîãè òàêæå âõîäÿò â ñîñòàâ áîëüøîãî ÷èñëà ñî÷åòàíèé è âûðàæåíèé in vain íàïðàñíî, at last íàêîíåö, for ever íàâñåãäà, on the one (other) hand ñ îäíîé (äðóãîé) ñòîðîíû è äð. § 7. Ìåæäó àíãëèéñêèìè è ðóññêèìè ïðåäëîãàìè íåò ïîñòîÿííîãî ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ. Îäèí è òîò æå àíãëèéñêèé ïðåäëîã ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè ðóññêèìè ïðåäëîãàìè: I am standing at the window. ß ñòîþ ó îêíà. I get up at eight oclock. ß âñòàþ â âîñåìü ÷àñîâ. He works at a factory. Îí ðàáîòàåò íà ôàáðèêå. I laughed at him. ß ñìåÿëñÿ íàä íèì. Îäíîìó è òîìó æå ðóññêîìó ïðåäëîãó ìîãóò ñîîòâåòñòâîâàòü ðàçëè÷íûå àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîãè: Êíèãà íà ñòîëå. The book is on the table. Îí ïîñìîòðåë íà ìåíÿ. He looked at me. ß ñåðæóñü íà íåãî. I am angry with him. ß ïîåäó íà þã. I shall go to the south. Îí æèë íà þãå. He lived in the south. ß ïîåäó òóäà íà òðè äíÿ. I shall go there for three days. § 8. Íåêîòîðûå ãëàãîëû â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå òðåáóþò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïîñëå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ èì ðóññêèõ ãëàãîëîâ ïðåäëîã íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: Wait for me. Ïîäîæäèòå ìåíÿ. I asked for cigarettes. ß ïîïðîñèë ñèãàðåòû. Listen to me. Ïîñëóøàéòå ìåíÿ. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå åñòü ðÿä ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå íå òðåáóþò ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà, òîãäà êàê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èì ðóññêèå ãëàãîëû òðåáóþò ïðåäëîãà*): Íå entered the hall. Îí âîøåë â çàë. Íå followed us. Îí ïîñëåäîâàë çà íàìè. Answer my question. Îòâåòüòå íà ìîé âîïðîñ. *) Ê ÷èñëó òàêèõ ãëàãîëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ: to address îáðàùàòüñÿ ê, to affect âëèÿòü íà, to answer îòâå÷àòü íà, to approach ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ ê, to attend ïðèñóòñòâîâàòü íà, to enjoy ïîëó÷àòü óäîâîëüñòâèå îò, to enter âõîäèòü â, to follow ñëåäîâàòü çà, to hit ïîïàäàòü â, to join ïðèñîåäèíèòüñÿ ê, to learn óçíàòü î, to marry æåíèòüñÿ íà, âûéòè çàìóæ çà, to meet âñòðå÷àòüñÿ ñ, to mention óïîìèíàòü î, to need íóæäàòüñÿ â, to pass ïðîõîäèòü ìèìî, to treat îáðàùàòüñÿ â, to watch íàáëþäàòü çà. 312 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðàçëè÷íûå çíà÷åíèÿ, â êîòîðûõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ àíãëèéñêèå ïðåäëîãè, è ðàñõîæäåíèå â óïîòðåáëåíèè ïðåäëîãîâ â àíãëèéñêîì è ðóññêîì ÿçûêàõ äåëàþò èõ óñâîåíèå òðóäíûì äëÿ ó÷àùèõñÿ. Êðîìå óñâîåíèÿ çíà÷åíèÿ îòäåëüíûõ ïðåäëîãîâ, ó÷àùèìñÿ íåîáõîäèìî çàó÷èâàòü ãëàãîëû, ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, êîòîðûõ îíè òðåáóþò, à òàêæå ñî÷åòàíèÿ è âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãàìè. ÏÐÎÑÒÛÅ, ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ È ÃÐÓÏÏÎÂÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÈ § 9. Ïî ñâîåé ôîðìå ïðåäëîãè â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå äåëÿòñÿ íà ñëåäóþùèå ãðóïïû: à) ï ð î ñ ò û å (in, to, at è ò. ä.), á) ñ î ñ ò à â í û å (into, upon, throughout è ò. ä.) è â) ã ð ó ï ï î â û å, ò. å. ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, èãðàþùèå ðîëü ïðåäëîãîâ (according to ñîãëàñíî, by means of ïîñðåäñòâîì, instead of âìåñòî, in front of ïåðåä è ò. ä.). Íåêîòîðûå ïðåäëîãè èìåþò ôîðìó ïðè÷àñòèé, îò êîòîðûõ îíè ïðîèçîøëè: concerning, regarding, respecting îòíîñèòåëüíî, êàñàòåëüíî; pending äî, â ïðîäîëæåíèå. ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÈ, ÑÎÂÏÀÄÀÞÙÈÅ ÏÎ ÔÎÐÌÅ Ñ ÍÀÐÅ×ÈßÌÈ § 10. Íåêîòîðûå ïðåäëîãè ñîâïàäàþò ïî ôîðìå ñ íàðå÷èÿìè. Îòëè÷èòü òàêèå ïðåäëîãè îò íàðå÷èé ìîæíî òîëüêî ïî òîé ðîëè, êîòîðóþ îíè èãðàþò â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ñëåäóåò ïîìíèòü, ÷òî ïðåäëîãè âûðàæàþò îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè) è äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëóæåáíûìè, à íå ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè è íå íåñóò íà ñåáå óäàðåíèÿ. Íàðå÷èÿ æå îïðåäåëÿþò ãëàãîë. Îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè è íåñóò íà ñåáå óäàðåíèå: Ïðåäëîã Íå went up the stairs. Îí ïîøåë ââåðõ ïî ëåñòíèöå. Before the war he lived in Leningrad. Äî âîéíû îí æèë â Ëåíèíãðàäå. We shall go there after dinner. Ìû ïîéäåì òóäà ïîñëå îáåäà. Íàðå÷èå I looked up and saw an aeroplane flying very low. ß ïîñìîòðåë ââåðõ è óâèäåë ñàìîëåò, ëåòåâøèé î÷åíü íèçêî. I have read this book before. ß ÷èòàë ýòó êíèãó ðàíüøå. I never saw him after. Âïîñëåäñòâèè ÿ åãî íèêîãäà íå âèäåë. § 11. Ðÿä íàðå÷èé, ñîâïàäàþùèõ ïî ôîðìå ñ ïðåäëîãàìè (in, on, up, down, by è äð.), óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íåêîòîðûìè ãëàãîëàìè, îáðàçóÿ ñ íèìè îäíî ïîíÿòèå (ñòð. 305). Òàêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ ãëàãîëîâ ñ 313 íàðå÷èÿìè îáðàçóþò ñîñòàâíûå ãëàãîëû. Õîòÿ íàðå÷èå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ñëîâîì, íà íåãî ïàäàåò óäàðåíèå: Put on your coat. Íàäåíüòå ïàëüòî. Íå gets up very early. Îí âñòàåò î÷åíü ðàíî. Come in, please. Âîéäèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà. Go on reading. Ïðîäîëæàéòå ÷èòàòü. Turn off the light. Ïîòóøèòå ñâåò. Íàðå÷èÿ, ñîâïàäàþùèå ïî ôîðìå ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ ïðè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðåäëîãàõ. ÌÅÑÒÎ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÀ  ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ § 12. Êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ïðåäëîã ñòîèò ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì. Åñëè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èìååò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, òî ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä íèìè: Íå works at a factory. Îí ðàáîòàåò íà ôàáðèêå. Íå works at a large factory. Îí ðàáîòàåò íà áîëüøîé ôàáðèêå. Îäíàêî â ñëåäóþùèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðåäëîã, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, ñòîèò íå ïåðåä ñëîâîì, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ, à â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (ïîñëå ãëàãîëà, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèÿ): 1.  ï ð ÿ ì û õ è ê î ñ â å í í û õ â î ï ð î ñ à õ, êîãäà ïðåäëîã îòíîñèòñÿ ê ìåñòîèìåíèÿì who(m), which èëè íàðå÷èþ where. Ïðåäëîã, îäíàêî, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü è ïåðåä âîïðîñèòåëüíûì ñëîâîì (ñòð. 401): What are you looking at? (= At what are you looking?) Who(m) did he speak to? (= To whom did he speak?) Ask him where he got this book from (= Ask him from where he got this book.) Íà ÷òî âû ñìîòðèòå? Ñ êåì îí ãîâîðèë? Ñïðîñèòå åãî, îòêóäà îí äîñòàë ýòó êíèãó. 2.  ï ð è ä à ò î ÷ í û õ î ï ð å ä å ë è ò å ë ü í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ õ, êîãäà ïðåäëîã îòíîñèòñÿ ê îòíîñèòåëüíîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ. Ïðåäëîã, îäíàêî, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü è ïåðåä îòíîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì: Äîì, â êîòîðîì îí æèâåò, î÷åíü The house which he lives in is very áîëüøîé. big (= The house in which he lives is very big.) Êîãäà îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå îïóñêàåòñÿ, ïðåäëîã â ñ å ã ä à ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà (ñòð. 429): The house he lives in is very big. 3.  ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í û õ îáîðîòàõ, ïîäëåæàùåå êîòîðûõ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîæíûì êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì ïàðàëëåëüíîãî äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî îáîðîòà (ñòð. 179): 314 Íå was laughed at (Ñð.: They laughed at him.) The doctor was sent for (Ñð.: They sent for the doctor.) Íàä íèì ñìåÿëèñü. Çà äîêòîðîì ïîñëàëè. 4.  è í ô è í è ò è â í û õ î á î ð î ò à õ, èãðàþùèõ ðîëü îïðåäåëåíèÿ (ñòð. 247): I have no pen to write with. Ó ìåíÿ íåò ïåðà, êîòîðûì ÿ ìîã áû ïèñàòü. ÓÏÎÒÐÅÁËÅÍÈÅ ÎÒÄÅËÜÍÛÕ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÎÂ È ÑÎÂÏÀÄÀÞÙÈÕ Ñ ÍÈÌÈ ÏÎ ÔÎÐÌÅ ÍÀÐÅ×ÈÉ About § 13. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà about: 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì î, îá, îòíîñèòåëüíî: I shall speak to him about the matter tomorrow. Íå told us about his trip to the south. ß ïîãîâîðþ ñ íèì îá ýòîì äåëå çàâòðà. Îí ðàññêàçàë íàì î ñâîåé ïîåçäêå íà þã. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå íåêîòîðûõ ãëàãîëîâ (to think, to hear, to speak, to tell è äð.) íàðÿäó ñ ïðåäëîãîì about óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã of â òîì æå çíà÷åíèè: What are you thinking about (of)? Î ÷åì âû äóìàåòå? We spoke about (of) it yesterday. Ìû ãîâîðèëè îá ýòîì â÷åðà. Îäíàêî ïîñëå to think äóìàòü â çíà÷åíèè äåðæàòüñÿ ìíåíèÿ, çàáîòèòüñÿ, èíòåðåñîâàòüñÿ è to hear ñëûøàòü â çíà÷åíèè çíàòü, îáëàäàòü ñâåäåíèÿìè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî of: What do you think of him? Íå only thinks of himself. I have never heard of this writer. I havent heard of him since he left Moscow. ×òî âû î íåì äóìàåòå? (Êàêîãî âû î íåì ìíåíèÿ?) Îí äóìàåò òîëüêî î ñåáå. (Îí çàáîòèòñÿ òîëüêî î ñåáå, èíòåðåñóåòñÿ òîëüêî ñîáîé.) ß íèêîãäà íå ñëûõàë îá ýòîì ïèñàòåëå. (ß íå çíàþ ýòîãî ïèñàòåëÿ.) ß íå ñëûõàë î íåì, ñ òåõ ïîð êàê îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû. (ß íå èìåþ î íåì èçâåñòèé, ñâåäåíèé.) 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî, îêîëî: It is about five oclock now. Òåïåðü îêîëî ïÿòè ÷àñîâ. There were about five hundred Òàì áûëî îêîëî ïÿòèñîò ÷åëîâåê. people there. 3. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì âîêðóã, êðóãîì, ïî: Íå looked about him. Îí ïîñìîòðåë âîêðóã ñåáÿ Íå walked about the garden. Îí ãóëÿë ïî ñàäó. 315 § 14. About ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êðóãîì, âîêðóã â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ãëàãîëàìè äâèæåíèÿ, âûðàæàÿ äâèæåíèå â òó è äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó, ÷àñòî áåç îïðåäåëåííîé öåëè: Íå walked about in excitement. Îí õîäèë (â òó è äðóãóþ ñòîðîíó, òóäà-ñþäà, ò. å. ðàñõàæèâàë) â âîëíåíèè. I watched the children running ß íàáëþäàë, êàê äåòè áåãàëè about. (òóäà-ñþäà, âîêðóã). § 15. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ about: to be about (ñ ïîñëåäóþùèì èíôèíèòèâîì) ñîáèðàòüñÿ (ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ëèáî) to bring about îñóùåñòâëÿòü, ïðèâîäèòü ê They were about to leave when I came. Îíè ñîáèðàëèñü óõîäèòü, êîãäà ÿ ïðèøåë. The new method suggested by Vadim Petrov brought about a great increase in the output of our shop. Íîâûé ìåòîä, ïðåäëîæåííûé Âàäèìîì Ïåòðîâûì, ïðèâåë ê áîëüøîìó óâåëè÷åíèþ ïðîèçâîäñòâà â íàøåì öåõå. Above § 16. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà above: 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì íàä, âûøå (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó below): The aeroplane flew above the clouds. Ñàìîëåò ëåòåë íàä îáëàêàìè. The temperature was above zero. Òåìïåðàòóðà áûëà âûøå íóëÿ. 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì áîëüøå ÷åì, ñâûøå (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó under): There were above 200 people there. Òàì áûëî ñâûøå 200 ÷åëîâåê. Above ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âûøå: As is stated above... Êàê óêàçàíî âûøå... Across § 17. Ïðåäëîã across óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîïåðåê, ÷åðåç: Áîëüøîé àâòîìîáèëü ñòîÿë ïîïåA big motor car stood across the ðåê äîðîãè. road. Îíè ïîñòðîèëè íîâûé ìîñò ÷åðåç They built a new bridge across the ðåêó. river. Ìàëü÷èê ïåðåáåæàë ÷åðåç óëèöó. The boy ran across the street. Îí ïåðåëåç ÷åðåç ñòåíó (§ 86). Ho: He climbed over the wall. § 18. Across ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîïåðåê, íà òó ñòîðîíó: Put this log across. Ïîëîæèòå ýòî áðåâíî ïîïåðåê. We got safely across. Ìû áëàãîïîëó÷íî ïåðåïðàâèëèñü íà òó ñòîðîíó. 316 Òî come (run) across îçíà÷àåò íàòàëêèâàòüñÿ, âñòðå÷àòü (ñëó÷àéíî): I came across an old friend when I was in London. ß ñëó÷àéíî âñòðåòèë ñòàðîãî ïðèÿòåëÿ, êîãäà áûë â Ëîíäîíå. After § 19. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà after: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ â ð å ì å í è ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîñëå (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó before): Íå continued his work after dinner. Îí ïðîäîëæàë ðàáîòó ïîñëå îáåäà. Îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ äîìîé ïîñëå äâåÍå returned home after twelve. íàäöàòè. 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à ñî çíà÷åíèåì çà, âñëåä çà: Íå ran after me. They left the room one after the other. Îí ïîáåæàë çà ìíîé. Îíè âûøëè èç êîìíàòû îäèí çà äðóãèì. § 20. After ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîñëå, ïîòîì, âïîñëåäñòâèè: We can do that after. Ìû ìîæåì ñäåëàòü ýòî ïîñëå. What happened after? ×òî ñëó÷èëîñü (áûëî) ïîòîì? ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. After âûñòóïàåò òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå ñîþçà ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîñëå òîãî êàê: They left after the contract had been signed. Îíè óåõàëè ïîñëå òîãî, êàê êîíòðàêò áûë ïîäïèñàí. § 21. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ after: after all day after day (week after week è ò. ä.) the day after to-morrow long after not long after to name after somebody â êîíöå êîíöîâ äåíü çà äíåì (íåäåëÿ çà íåäåëåé è ò. ä.) ïîñëåçàâòðà ñïóñòÿ äîëãîå âðåìÿ íåìíîãî ñïóñòÿ íàçûâàòü â ÷åñòü êîãî-ë. Against § 22. Ïðåäëîã against óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïðîòèâ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèÿ: We were against the proposal. We protested against delays in delivery of the goods. The steamer sailed against the current. Ìû áûëè ïðîòèâ ýòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Ìû ïðîòåñòîâàëè ïðîòèâ çàäåðæåê â ïîñòàâêå òîâàðîâ. Ïàðîõîä ïëûë ïðîòèâ òå÷åíèÿ. 317 § 23. Ãëàãîëû è âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì against: to lean against something to strike ones foot (head) against something to proceed (to take proceedings, to bring an action) against somebody against documents îïèðàòüñÿ î ÷òî-ë. óäàðèòüñÿ íîãîé (ãîëîâîé) î ÷òî-ëèáî ïîäàâàòü â ñóä íà êîãî-ëèáî ïðîòèâ (íà îñíîâàíèè) äîêóìåíòîâ Along § 24. Ïðåäëîã along óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âäîëü, no: Let us walk along the shore. Ïîéäåìòå âäîëü áåðåãà. He ran along the road. Îí áåæàë ïî äîðîãå. § 25. Along ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ðÿäå âûðàæåíèé: Come along. Èäåìòå. How are you getting along? Êàê âàøè äåëà? I knew it all along. ß ýòî çíàë ñ ñàìîãî íà÷àëà. Among (Amongst) § 26. Ïðåäëîã among (ðåæå: amongst) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìåæäó, ñðåäè è îòíîñèòñÿ ê ò ð å ì èëè á î ë å å ëèöàì èëè ïðåäìåòàì: The work was divided among four Ðàáîòà áûëà ðàçäåëåíà ìåæäó students. ÷åòûðüìÿ ñòóäåíòàìè. We could not find case No. 125 Ìû íå ìîãëè íàéòè ÿùèê ¹ 125 among the cases discharged from ñðåäè ÿùèêîâ, âûãðóæåííûõ ñ the ship. ïàðîõîäà. At § 27. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà at: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à: à) ñî çíà÷åíèåì ó, âîçëå, îêîëî: She is standing at the window. Îíà ñòîèò ó îêíà. Íå stopped at the door. Îí îñòàíîâèëñÿ îêîëî äâåðè. á) ñî çíà÷åíèåì â ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè íåáîëüøèõ ãîðîäîâ, ñåë è ò. ï. (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?): Íå was born at Klin. Îí ðîäèëñÿ â Êëèíó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ñòðàí è êðóïíûõ ãîðîäîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã in. â) ñî çíà÷åíèåì â, íà ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè ó÷ðåæäåíèé, îðãàíèçàöèé, ñîáðàíèé ëþäåé, ò. å. ïðè óêàçàíèè ìåñòà, ãäå ñîâåðøàåòñÿ êàêîå-ëèáî äåéñòâèå, êàêîé-ëèáî ïðîöåññ (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?): Ill see him at the theatre to night. ß åãî óâèæó ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì â òåàòðå (ò. å. íà ñïåêòàêëå). Ho: The meeting took place in the theatre. Ñîáðàíèå ñîñòîÿëîñü â òåàòðå (ò. å. â ïîìåùåíèè òåàòðà ñì. § 61). 318 Íå works at a factory (at an office, at an Institute). Ill see him at the lecture (at the lesson, at the meeting). Îí ðàáîòàåò íà ôàáðèêå (â êîíòîðå, â èíñòèòóòå). ß óâèæó åãî íà ëåêöèè (íà óðîêå, íà ñîáðàíèè). 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ â ð å ì å í è ñî çíà÷åíèåì â ïðè óêàçàíèè ì î ì å í ò à âðåìåíè: Íå will return at 7 oclock. He left the house at noon. She left the room at the end of the lesson. Îí âåðíåòñÿ â 7 ÷àñîâ. Îí âûøåë èç äîìó â ïîëäåíü. Îíà âûøëà èç êîìíàòû â êîíöå óðîêà. § 28. Ãëàãîëû, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà at: to aim at öåëèòüñÿ â to arrive at ïðèåçæàòü (â íåáîëüøîé ãîðîä, â êàêîåíèáóäü ìåñòî) to call at çàõîäèòü êóäà-ë. to hint at íàìåêàòü íà to knock at ñòó÷àòü â to laugh at ñìåÿòüñÿ íàä to look (glance) at ñìîòðåòü (âçãëÿíóòü) íà to shout at êðè÷àòü íà to throw at áðîñàòü â to value at to estimate) îöåíèâàòü â to work at ðàáîòàòü íàä to rejoice at ðàäîâàòüñÿ ÷åìó-ë. to wonder at óäèâëÿòüñÿ ÷åìó-ë. to be surprised at óäèâëÿòüñÿ ÷åìó-ë. The hunter aimed at the wolf. He arrived at Klin (at the station). Îõîòíèê ïðèöåëèëñÿ â âîëêà. Îí ïðèåõàë â Êëèí (íà âîêçàë). Does the steamer call at Poti? What are you hinting at? Çàõîäèò ëè ïàðîõîä â Ïîòè? Íà ÷òî âû íàìåêàåòå? He knocked at the door. Îí ïîñòó÷àë â äâåðü. They laughed at him. Îíè ñìåÿëèñü íàä íèì. I looked at him. ß ïîñìîòðåë íà íåãî. Dont shout at him. Íå êðè÷èòå íà íåãî. He threw a stone at the dog. Îí áðîñèë êàìåíü â ñîáàêó. Ho: He threw a stone into the river (into the water). He values the picture at 1,500 dollars. They estimate the losses at 2,000 dollars. He is working at a new invention. They rejoiced at his success. I dont wonder at that. Îí áðîñèë êàìåíü â ðåêó (â âîäó). Îí îöåíèâàåò êàðòèíó â 1500 äîëëàðîâ. Îíè îöåíèâàþò óáûòêè â 2000 äîëëàðîâ. Îí ðàáîòàåò íàä íîâûì èçîáðåòåíèåì. Îíè ðàäîâàëèñü åãî óñïåõó. ß íå óäèâëÿþñü ýòîìó. We were surprised at his behaviour. Ìû óäèâèëèñü åãî ïîâåäåíèþ. (At óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå ñ äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè, ïðè÷àñòèÿìè, ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, âûðàæàþùèìè ÷óâñòâî:) 319 § 29. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì at: at at at at the age (of) â âîçðàñòå the beginning â íà÷àëå all costs ëþáîé öåíîé dinner (supper, tea) çà îáåäîì (óæèíîì, ÷àåì) at somebodys disposal â ðàñïîðÿæåíèè êîãî-ë. at the end â êîíöå at the expense (of) çà ñ÷åò (êîãî-ë.) at first ñïåðâà, ñíà÷àëà at the head (of) âî ãëàâå (÷åãî-ë.) at home äîìà at least ïî êðàéíåé ìåðå at last íàêîíåö at (the) latest ñàìîå ïîçäíåå at a low (high) price ïî íèçêîé (âûñîêîé) öåíå at (the) most ñàìîå áîëüøåå at night íî÷üþ at ones option ïî âûáîðó (êîãî-ë.) at once ñðàçó, íåìåäëåííî at the rate (of) â ðàçìåðå at any rate âî âñÿêîì ñëó÷àå at the request (of) ïî ïðîñüáå (êîãî-ë.). at a salary (of) ñ çàðïëàòîé (â) at somebodys service ê óñëóãàì (êîãî-ë.) at first sight ñ ïåðâîãî âçãëÿäà at a speed (of) ñî ñêîðîñòüþ (â) at a time çà îäèí ðàç, îäíîâðåìåííî at this (that, the same) time â ýòî (òî, òî æå ñàìîå) âðåìÿ at the top of ones voice âî âåñü ãîëîñ to be at war íàõîäèòüñÿ â ñîñòîÿíèè âîéíû, âåñòè âîéíó Before § 30. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà before: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ â ð å ì å í è ñî çíà÷åíèåì äî, ïåðåä (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó after): I shall finish my work before five oclock. We shall have a walk before dinner. The ship will arrive at the port of loading before the end of December. ß îêîí÷ó ñâîþ ðàáîòó äî ïÿòè ÷àñîâ. Ìû ïîãóëÿåì ïåðåä îáåäîì. Ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò â ïîðò ïîãðóçêè äî êîíöà äåêàáðÿ. 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïåðåä (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó behind): Íå stopped before a bookshop. There are very many important tasks before us. Îí îñòàíîâèëñÿ ïåðåä êíèæíûì ìàãàçèíîì. Ïåðåä íàìè î÷åíü ìíîãî âàæíûõ çàäà÷. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ìåñòà (â ïðÿìîì ñìûñëå) âìåñòî before ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã in front of: Íå stopped in front of (= before) the door. Îí îñòàíîâèëñÿ ïåðåä äâåðüþ. § 31. Before ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ðàíüøå, ïðåæäå: I have heard that before. ß ýòî ñëûøàë ðàíüøå. Have you been there before? Âû òàì áûâàëè ïðåæäå? 320 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Before âûñòóïàåò òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå ñîþçà ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïðåæäå ÷åì: I shall leave Moscow before he ß óåäó èç Ìîñêâû, ïðåæäå ÷åì îí returns. âåðíåòñÿ. § 32. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ before: the day before yesterday ïîçàâ÷åðà the day before íàêàíóíå before long ñêîðî, âñêîðå long before çàäîëãî äî ýòîãî before now ðàíüøå, äî ñèõ ïîð Behind § 33. Ïðåäëîã behind óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîçàäè, çà (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãàì before è in front of): Íå sat behind me. Îí ñèäåë ïîçàäè ìåíÿ. The garden is behind the house. Ñàä íàõîäèòñÿ çà äîìîì (ïîçàäè äîìà). § 34. Behind ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñçàäè, ïîçàäè: They were walking behind. Îíè øëè ñçàäè. He left them far behind. Îí îñòàâèë èõ äàëåêî ïîçàäè. § 35. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ behind: to be behind time îïàçäûâàòü to be behind the times îòñòàâàòü îò æèçíè behind ones back çà ñïèíîé êîãî-ë. (òàéêîì) to be behind somebody îòñòàâàòü îòêîãî-ë. Below § 36. Ïðåäëîã below óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîä, íèæå (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó above): Íå signed his name below mine. Îí ïîäïèñàë ñâîþ ôàìèëèþ ïîä ìîåé. The temperature was below zero. Òåìïåðàòóðà áûëà íèæå íóëÿ. § 37. Below ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì íèæå, âíèçó: The prices of the goods are stated below. Although I was on the third floor, I heard the noise below. Öåíû òîâàðîâ óêàçàíû íèæå. Õîòÿ ÿ áûë íà òðåòüåì ýòàæå, ÿ ñëûøàë øóì âíèçó. Beside § 38. Ïðåäëîã beside óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ðÿäîì ñ, îêîëî, áëèç: Íå was sitting beside me. Îí ñèäåë ðÿäîì ñî ìíîé. The house stood beside the river. Äîì ñòîÿë îêîëî ðåêè. 321 Besides § 39. Ïðåäëîã besides óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êðîìå (â ñìûñëå ñâåðõ ÷åãî-ëèáî, âäîáàâîê ê ÷åìó-ëèáî): I have read some articles on this subject besides the books you gave me. We have shipped 2,000 tons of wheat against this contract besides the 5,000 tons which were shipped in September. ß ïðî÷åë íåñêîëüêî ñòàòåé ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó, êðîìå êíèã (ñâåðõ êíèã), êîòîðûå âû ìíå äàëè. Ìû îòãðóçèëè 2000 òîíí ïøåíèöû ïî ýòîìó êîíòðàêòó, êðîìå 5000 òîíí (âäîáàâîê ê 5000 òîííàì), êîòîðûå áûëè îòãðóæåíû â ñåíòÿáðå. § 40. Besides ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êðîìå òîãî: I dont like this suitcase; besides, its too small. Ìíå íå íðàâèòñÿ ýòîò ÷åìîäàí; êðîìå òîãî, îí ñëèøêîì ìàë. Between § 41. Ïðåäëîã between óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìåæäó è îòíîñèòñÿ ê ä â ó ì ëèöàì èëè ïðåäìåòàì, èëè ê ä â ó ì ã ð ó ï ï à ì ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ: This ship makes regular voyages between Odessa and Batumi. The Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission in Moscow settles disputes between Russian organizations and foreign firms. Ýòîò êîðàáëü ñîâåðøàåò ðåãóëÿðíûå ðåéñû ìåæäó Îäåññîé è Áàòóìè. Âíåøíåòîðãîâàÿ Àðáèòðàæíàÿ Êîìèññèÿ â Ìîñêâå ðàçðåøàåò ñïîðû ìåæäó ðîññèéñêèìè îðãàíèçàöèÿìè è èíîñòðàííûìè ôèðìàìè. Beyond § 42. Ïðåäëîã beyond óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ì å ñ ò à ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïî òó ñòîðîíó, çà ( íå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî çà, à íà íåêîòîðîì ðàññòîÿíèè): The village is beyond the river. Íå lives beyond the bridge. Äåðåâíÿ íàõîäèòñÿ ïî òó ñòîðîíó ðåêè (çà ðåêîé). Îí æèâåò çà ìîñòîì. § 43. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì beyond: beyond belief íåâåðîÿòíî beyond doubt âíå ñîìíåíèÿ beyond hope áåçíàäåæíî beyond ones expectations ñâåðõ îæèäàíèé êîãî-ë. 322 beyond ones strength (power) ñâåðõ ñèë êîãî-ë. beyond ones understanding ñâåðõ ïîíèìàíèÿ êîãî-ë. it is beyond me ýòî âûøå ìîåãî ïîíèìàíèÿ By § 44. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà by: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ä å é ñ ò â ó þ ù å ã î ë è ö à èëè ä å é ñ ò â ó þ ù å é ñ è ë û ïîñëå ãëàãîëà â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå. By â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó áåç ïðåäëîãà. By â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íå èìååò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ëåêñè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è îòäåëüíî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ (ñòð. 17): Anna Karenina was written by Tolstoy. This machine is driven by electricity. «Àííà Êàðåíèíà» íàïèñàíà Òîëñòûì. Ýòà ìàøèíà ïðèâîäèòñÿ â äâèæåíèå ýëåêòðè÷åñòâîì. 2. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ñ ð å ä ñ ò â à èëè ñ ï î ñ î á à ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ (îáû÷íî ñ ãåðóíäèåì).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå by íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê îòäåëüíî íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: Îí óëó÷øèë ñâîå ïðîèçíîøåíèå, Íå improved his pronunciation by ÷èòàÿ âñëóõ. reading aloud. Âû ìíå ïîìîæåòå, ðàññêàçàâ ìíå You will help me by telling me all âñå, ÷òî âû çíàåòå îá ýòîì. you know about it. Ôèðìà íàðóøèëà êîíòðàêò, ïîThe firm violated the contract by ñòàâèâ òîâàð íèçêîãî êà÷åñòâà. delivering goods of low quality. 3. Co çíà÷åíèåì ê äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ñ ð î ê à, ê êîòîðîìó ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå: They had discharged the steamer by Îíè ðàçãðóçèëè ïàðîõîä ê òðåì three oclock. ÷àñàì. Íå will have finished his work by Îí óæå çàêîí÷èò ñâîþ ðàáîòó ê Monday. ïîíåäåëüíèêó. 4. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à: à) ñî çíà÷åíèåì ó, âîçëå, îêîëî: Íå was sitting by the window. Îí ñèäåë âîçëå îêíà. The house stood by the river. Äîì ñòîÿë ó ðåêè. á) ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìèìî (íàðÿäó ñ ïðåäëîãîì past): Íå walked by me without saying a Îí ïðîøåë ìèìî ìåíÿ, íå ñêàçàâ word. íè ñëîâà. § 45. By ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ (íàðÿäó ñ past) ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìèìî ïðè ãëàãîëàõ, âûðàæàþùèõ äâèæåíèå: Íå walked (drove, ran) by without Îí ïðîøåë (ïðîåõàë, ïðîáåæàë) looking at me. ìèìî, íå âçãëÿíóâ íà ìåíÿ. § 46. Ãëàãîëû, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà by: to divide (multiply) by äåëèòü (ìíîæèòü) íà Divide (multiply) this number by six. Ðàçäåëèòå (ïîìíîæüòå) ýòî ÷èñëî íà øåñòü. 323 to increase (decrease, rise, exceed) by óâåëè÷èâàòü, -ñÿ óìåíüøàòü, -ñÿ, ïîâûøàòüñÿ, ïðåâûøàòü) íà to judge by ñóäèòü ïî to mean by ïîäðàçóìåâàòü ïîä to take (seize, hold, pull) by âçÿòü (ñõâàòèòü, äåðæàòü, òÿíóòü) çà In September the output of our plant increased by 15 per cent, as compared with the preceding month. Never judge by appearances. What do you mean by that? He took her by the arm.  ñåíòÿáðå ïðîèçâîäñòâî íà íàøåì çàâîäå óâåëè÷èëîñü íà 15 ïðîöåíòîâ ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì ìåñÿöåì. Íèêîãäà íå ñóäèòå ïî âíåøíåìó âèäó. ×òî âû ïîäðàçóìåâàåòå ïîä ýòèì? Îí âçÿë åå çà ðóêó. § 47. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì by: by by by by accident ñëó÷àéíî, íå÷àÿííî chance ñëó÷àéíî day (night) äíåì (íî÷üþ) the day (the week) ïîäåííî (ïîíåäåëüíî) by heart íàèçóñòü by land (sea, air) ñóõèì (ìîðñêèì, âîçäóøíûì) ïóòåì by (electric) light ïðè (ýëåêòðè÷åñêîì) ñâåòå by means of ïîñðåäñòâîì by all means âî ÷òî áû òî íè ñòàëî by no means íè â êîåì ñëó÷àå 6 metres by 8 metres 6 ìåòðîâ íà 8 ìåòðîâ by mistake ïî îøèáêå by retail (wholesale) â ðîçíèöó (îïòîì) step by step øàã çà øàãîì by train (tram, bus, ship) ïîåçäîì (òðàìâàåì, àâòîáóñîì, ïàðîõîäîì) by the way (by the by) ìåæäó ïðî÷èì by the weight (the litre, the kilogram) íà âåñ (ëèòðû, êèëîãðàììû) Down § 48. Ïðåäëîã down óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âíèç ïî, ñ ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ äâèæåíèÿ (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó up): Íå went down the stairs. Îí ñïóñòèëñÿ âíèç ïî ëåñòíèöå. The steamer sailed down the river. Ïàðîõîä ïëûë âíèç ïî ðåêå. Íå ran down the hill. Îí ñáåæàë ñ ãîðû. § 49. Down ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì ñî çíà÷åíèåì âíèç, âíèçó: I looked down and saw him. ß ïîñìîòðåë âíèç è óâèäåë åãî. Íå will be down in a few moments. Îí áóäåò âíèçó (ñïóñòèòñÿ) ÷åðåç íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò. Ãëàãîëû, óïîòðåáëÿþùèåñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íàðå÷èåì down, ÷àñòî ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëàì ñ ïðèñòàâêîé ñ-, îáîçíà÷àþùåé äâèæåíèå ñâåðõó âíèç: to come (go, get, walk) down ñõîäèòü, ñïóñêàòüñÿ, to run down ñáåãàòü, to jump down ñïðûãèâàòü, to throw down ñáðàñûâàòü è äð.: The boy jumped down off the wall. Ìàëü÷èê ñïðûãíóë ñî ñòåíû. Lets go down to the river. Äàâàéòå ñïóñòèìñÿ ê ðåêå. Íàðå÷èå down óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ íåêîòîðûìè äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè, êàê, íàïðèìåð: 324 to lie down ëîæèòüñÿ to sit down ñàäèòüñÿ to write down çàïèñûâàòü He lay down under a tree. Îí ëåã ïîä äåðåâîì. Sit down, please. Ñàäèòåñü, ïîæàëóéñòà. Write down my address. Çàïèøèòå ìîé àäðåñ. § 50. Ñî÷åòàíèÿ è âûðàæåíèÿ ñ down: up and down âçàä è âïåðåä down to âïëîòü äî upside down ââåðõ äíîì to bring down the price ñíèçèòü öåíó During § 51. Ïðåäëîã during óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì â òå÷åíèå, âî âðåìÿ:  òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ òðåõ ìåñÿöåâ During the last three months he has made great progress in German. îí ñäåëàë áîëüøèå óñïåõè â íåìåöêîì ÿçûêå. Âî âðåìÿ ñâîåãî ïðåáûâàíèÿ â During my stay in London I visited many museums. Ëîíäîíå ÿ ïîáûâàë âî ìíîãèõ ìóçåÿõ. Except § 52. Ïðåäëîã except óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êðîìå (â ñìûñëå çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì): Everybody is ready except you. Âñå ãîòîâû, êðîìå âàñ (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì âàñ). Íå goes there every day except Îí õîäèò òóäà êàæäûé äåíü, êðîSunday. ìå âîñêðåñåíüÿ (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì âîñêðåñåíüÿ). § 53. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ except è besides. Ðóññêîìó ïðåäëîãó êðîìå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò êàê ïðåäëîã except, òàê è ïðåäëîã besides. Åñëè ïðåäëîã êðîìå óïîòðåáëåí ñî çíà÷åíèåì çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ except. Åñëè æå êðîìå îçíà÷àåò ñâåðõ, âäîáàâîê, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ besides: Íå does not know any foreign lanÎí íå çíàåò íè îäíîãî èíîñòðàíguages except German. íîãî ÿçûêà, êðîìå íåìåöêîãî (çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì íåìåöêîãî). He knows two foreign languages Îí çíàåò äâà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêà, besides German. êðîìå íåìåöêîãî (âäîáàâîê ê íåìåöêîìó). For § 54. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà for. 1. Co çíà÷åíèåì äëÿ: This letter is for you. Ýòî ïèñüìî äëÿ âàñ. It is a great pleasure (disappointÝòî áîëüøîå óäîâîëüñòâèå (ðàçîment) for me. ÷àðîâàíèå) äëÿ ìåíÿ. He will do all he can for you. Îí ñäåëàåò äëÿ âàñ âñå, ÷òî ìîæåò. 325 A thermometer is used for measuring temperature. Òåðìîìåòð óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ èçìåðåíèÿ òåìïåðàòóðû. 2. Co çíà÷åíèåì çà äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ: à) â î ç ì å ù å í è ÿ, ö å í û: I bought this book for five roubles. ß êóïèë ýòó êíèãó çà ïÿòü ðóáëåé. They have not paid for the goods yet. Îíè åùå íå çàïëàòèëè çà òîâàð. á) ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, ð à ä è êîòîðîãî èëè â ï î ë ü ç ó êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå (â ýòîì ñëó÷àå for ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïðåäëîãó against): The people heroically fought for their country. I am for your proposal. Íàðîä ãåðîè÷åñêè ñðàæàëñÿ çà ñâîþ ñòðàíó. ß çà âàøå ïðåäëîæåíèå. â) ï ð è ÷ è í û: He was rewarded for his bravery. Íå was fined for crossing the street against the red light. Îí áûë íàãðàæäåí çà ñâîþ õðàáðîñòü. Îí áûë îøòðàôîâàí çà òî, ÷òî ïåðåõîäèë óëèöó ïðè êðàñíîì ñèãíàëå. ã) ö å ë è: I sent him for the doctor. ß ïîñëàë åãî çà äîêòîðîì. Ill call for you. ß çàéäó çà âàìè. 3. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ â ð å ì å í è: à) ñî çíà÷åíèåì â òå÷åíèå, ïðè óêàçàíèè, êàê äîëãî äëèòñÿ äåéñòâèå.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðåäëîã for, êàê è ïðåäëîã â òå÷åíèå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ìîæåò îïóñêàòüñÿ (ñòð. 349): I shall stay here (for) two hours. He worked at the factory (for) three years. ß ïðîáóäó çäåñü äâà ÷àñà (â òå÷åíèå äâóõ ÷àñîâ). Îí ðàáîòàë íà ôàáðèêå òðè ãîäà (â òå÷åíèå òðåõ ëåò). á) ñî çíà÷åíèåì íà äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ ñðîêà èëè ìîìåíòà (íà ïÿòü äíåé, íà äâà ìåñÿöà, íà ïÿòü ÷àñîâ è ò. ä.): Íå went to the Caucasus for three weeks. We made an appointment for 5 oclock. Îí ïîåõàë íà Êàâêàç íà òðè íåäåëè. Ìû íàçíà÷èëè ñâèäàíèå íà ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. § 55. For óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì for óêàçûâàåò íà ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì (ñòð. 248): It is necessary for them to be there at five oclock. 326 Íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû îíè áûëè òàì â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. Theres no need for your brother to go there. Âàøåìó áðàòó íåò íåîáõîäèìîñòè èäòè òóäà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. For âûñòóïàåò òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå ñîþçà è èìååò â ýòîì ñëó÷àå çíà÷åíèå òàê êàê: Íå did not work any longer, for he was old and received a pension. Îí áîëüøå íå ðàáîòàë, òàê êàê áûë ñòàð è ïîëó÷àë ïåíñèþ. § 56. Ãëàãîëû, ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà for: Íå asked for a dictionary. to ask for ïðîñèòü ÷òî-ë.; ñïðîñèòü êîãî-ë. (çàÿâèòü î Has anybody asked for me? æåëàíèè âèäåòü êîãî-ë.) The ship is bound for Odessa. to be bound for íàïðàâëÿòüñÿ â I dont care for this book. to care for ëþáèòü, íðàâèòüñÿ He will call for the book toto call for morrow. çàõîäèòü çà He exchanged French money to exchange for for Russian money. îáìåíèâàòü íà We are hoping for a change in to hope for the weather. íàäåÿòüñÿ íà He was late for dinner. to be late for îïàçäûâàòü íà, ê She has left for London. to leave for óåçæàòü â I am looking for my pencil. to look for èñêàòü My son is preparing for his exto prepare for amination. ãîòîâèòüñÿ ê The steamer sailed for Batuto sail for mi. îòïëûâàòü â He started for Odessa this to start for morning. îòïðàâëÿòüñÿ â Wait for me. to wait for æäàòü êîãî-ë., ÷åãî-ë. They have concluded a contract a contract (order, for the supply of timber. cheque, invoice) for äîãîâîð (çàêàç, ÷åê, ñ÷åò) íà There is a great demand for demand for these goods. ñïðîñ íà Negotiations for the sale of negotiations for these goods are expected to ïåðåãîâîðû î begin in May. I have a profound respect for respect for him. óâàæåíèå ê Îí ïîïðîñèë ñëîâàðü. Êòî-íèáóäü ìåíÿ ñïðàøèâàë? Ñóäíî íàïðàâëÿåòñÿ â Îäåññó. Ìíå íå íðàâèòñÿ ýòà êíèãà. Îí çàéäåò çà êíèãîé çàâòðà. Îí îáìåíÿë ôðàíöóçñêèå äåíüãè íà ðóññêèå. Ìû íàäååìñÿ íà ïåðåìåíó ïîãîäû. Îí îïîçäàë ê îáåäó. Îíà óåõàëà â Ëîíäîí. ß èùó ñâîé êàðàíäàø. Ìîé ñûí ãîòîâèòñÿ ê ýêçàìåíó. Ïàðîõîä îòïëûë â Áàòóìè. Îí îòïðàâèëñÿ â Îäåññó ñåãîäíÿ óòðîì. Ïîäîæäèòå ìåíÿ. Îíè çàêëþ÷èëè êîíòðàêò íà ïîñòàâêó ëåñà. Íà ýòîò òîâàð èìååòñÿ áîëüøîé ñïðîñ. Îæèäàþò, ÷òî ïåðåãîâîðû î ïðîäàæå ýòèõ òîâàðîâ íà÷íóòñÿ â ìàå. ß ïèòàþ ê íåìó ãëóáîêîå óâàæåíèå. § 57. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì for: for ever íàâñåãäà for instance íàïðèìåð for example íàïðèìåð for this purpose ñ ýòîé öåëüþ for a time â òå÷åíèå íåêîòîðîãî âðåìåíè, íà íåêîòîðîå âðåìÿ 327 for the time being â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ for years â òå÷åíèå ìíîãèõ ëåò in return for â îáìåí íà for the first (last) time â ïåðâûé (ïîñëåäíèé) ðàç From § 58. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà from: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ í à ï ð à â ë å í è ÿ äåéñòâèÿ íà âîïðîñ îòêóäà? îò êîãî? (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó to). Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê from ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîãàìè: Íå took the book from the shelf. Íå has returned from the south. I have received a letter from my friend. Take this book from Vadim Petrov. Îí âçÿë êíèãó ñ ïîëêè. Îí âåðíóëñÿ ñ þãà. ß ïîëó÷èë ïèñüìî îò ìîåãî äðóãà. I shall stay in the library from five till seven. I lived there from 1975 till 1980. ß áóäó â áèáëèîòåêå îò (ñ) ïÿòè äî ñåìè ÷àñîâ. ß æèë òàì ñ 1975 ã. äî 1980 ã. Âîçüìèòå ýòó êíèãó ó Âàäèìà Ïåòðîâà. 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì îò, ñ äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà í à ÷ à ë ü í û é ì î ì å í ò äåéñòâèÿ (ñð. ïðåäëîã since): From óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ äðóãèìè ïðåäëîãàìè: The sun appeared from behind the clouds. Take a sheet of paper from under these books. The arbitrators are appointed from among the members of the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission. Ñîëíöå ïîêàçàëîñü èç-çà òó÷. Âîçüìèòå ëèñò áóìàãè èç-ïîä ýòèõ êíèã. Àðáèòðû íàçíà÷àþòñÿ èç ÷èñëà ÷ëåíîâ Âíåøíåòîðãîâîé Àðáèòðàæíîé Êîìèññèè. § 59. Ãëàãîëû, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà from: to buy from ïîêóïàòü ó to borrow from çàíèìàòü ó to differ from îòëè÷àòüñÿ îò to judge from ñóäèòü no to make from äåëàòü èç to prevent from ìåøàòü, ïðåïÿòñòâîâàòü 328 We bought some milk from a farmer. I borrowed 1,000 roubles from my brother. The goods delivered differ from the samples. I judge so from his words. Ìû êóïèëè ìîëîêî ó ôåðìåðà. ß çàíÿë ó ìîåãî áðàòà 1000 ðóáëåé. Ïîñòàâëåííûå òîâàðû îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò îáðàçöîâ. ß ñóæó òàê ïî åãî ñëîâàì. Cheese is made from milk. Ñûð äåëàåòñÿ èç ìîëîêà. Ho: The watch is made of gold (§ 70). The rain prevented me from coming. ×àñû ñäåëàíû èç çîëîòà. Äîæäü ïîìåøàë ìíå ïðèäòè. to recover from îïðàâëÿòüñÿ îò, ïîïðàâëÿòüñÿ ïîñëå (áîëåçíè) to save from ñïàñàòü îò to suffer from ñòðàäàòü îò to translate from ïåðåâîäèòü ñ He has quite recovered from his illness. Îí ñîâñåì ïîïðàâèëñÿ ïîñëå áîëåçíè. They succeeded in saving the house from the fire. He suffered from the heat while he was in the Crimea. This article is translated from Russian. Èì óäàëîñü ñïàñòè äîì îò ïîæàðà. Îí ñòðàäàë îò æàðû, êîãäà áûë â Êðûìó. Ýòà ñòàòüÿ ïåðåâåäåíà ñ ðóññêîãî. § 60. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì from: from (the) beginning to (the) end ñ íà÷àëà äî êîíöà from day to day ñî äíÿ íà äåíü from time to time âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè from side to side èç ñòîðîíû â ñòîðîíó from my (his) point of view ñ ìîåé (åãî) òî÷êè çðåíèÿ In § 61. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà in: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à ñî çíà÷åíèåì â (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?): The pencil is in the box. Êàðàíäàø â êîðîáêå. We live in Moscow. Ìû æèâåì â Ìîñêâå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè íåáîëüøèõ ãîðîäîâ, ñåë è ò. ï. óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã at (§ 27). 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ â ð å ì å í è: à) ñî çíà÷åíèåì â (ïåðåä îáîçíà÷åíèåì ìåñÿöà èëè ãîäà): They will arrive in May. Îíè ïðèåäóò â ìàå. He was born in 1917. Îí ðîäèëñÿ â 1917 ãîäó. á) ñî çíà÷åíèåì ÷åðåç: He will return in a week. Îí âåðíåòñÿ ÷åðåç íåäåëþ. The book will come out in a month. Êíèãà âûéäåò ÷åðåç ìåñÿö. â) ñî çíà÷åíèåì â, çà, â òå÷åíèå ïðè óêàçàíèè, â êàêîé ñðîê ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå: The house was built in three months. Äîì áûë ïîñòðîåí â (çà) òðè ìåñÿöà. He translated the article in an hour. Îí ïåðåâåë ñòàòüþ çà ÷àñ. The construction of this plant was Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ýòîãî çàâîäà áûëî completed in ten months. çàêîí÷åíî â äåñÿòü ìåñÿöåâ (â òå÷åíèå äåñÿòè ìåñÿöåâ). § 62. In ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ãëàãîëàìè äâèæåíèÿ, âûðàæàÿ íàïðàâëåííîñòü äåéñòâèÿ âíóòðü ÷åãî-ëèáî.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå in ÷àñòî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëüíîé ïðèñòàâêå â to come (go, walk, get) in âõîäèòü, to run in âáåãàòü, to drive in âúåçæàòü, to fly in âëåòàòü è äð.: I couldnt get in as the door was ß íå ìîã âîéòè, òàê êàê äâåðü locked. áûëà çàêðûòà. He ran in with a telegram in his hand. Îí âáåæàë ñ òåëåãðàììîé â ðóêå. 329 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïðè óêàçàíèè ïðåäìåòà, âíóòðü êîòîðîãî íàïðàâëåíî äåéñòâèå, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã into (§ 68): Íå ran into the house. Îí âáåæàë â äîì. § 63. Ãëàãîëû, ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå è ïðè÷àñòèÿ, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà in: to arrive in ïðèåçæàòü, ïðèáûâàòü â (ñòðàíó, êðóïíûé ãîðîä) to deal in òîðãîâàòü (îïòîì) ÷åì-ë. to end in êîí÷àòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to be engaged in çàíèìàòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to include in âêëþ÷àòü â to result in èìåòü ðåçóëüòàòîì ÷òî-ë., ïðèâîäèòü ê to succeed in óäàâàòüñÿ to take part (to participate) in ó÷àñòâîâàòü â dressed in îäåòûé â rich in áîãàòûé ÷åì-ë. to be in the habit (of) èìåòü îáûêíîâåíèå to be in love (with) áûòü âëþáëåííûì (â) to be in need (of) íóæäàòüñÿ (â) to be interested in èíòåðåñîâàòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to be in*) áûòü äîìà, íà ìåñòå ñâîåé ðàáîòû Íå arrived in Moscow. Îí ïðèåõàë â Ìîñêâó. Íî: Íå arrived at Klin (§ 27). That organization deals in grain. Ýòà îðãàíèçàöèÿ òîðãóåò çåðíîì. The Second World War ended in the utter defeat of Germany and Japan. That organization is engaged in the sale of timber. He included these figures in his report. The negotiations resulted in the conclusion of an agreement. He succeeded in getting her address. He took part in the discussion of this question. He was dressed in a grey suit. The Ural Mountains are rich in minerals. He is in the habit of getting up very early. They are in love with each other. I am in need of your help. Âòîðàÿ ìèðîâàÿ âîéíà êîí÷èëàñü ïîëíûì ïîðàæåíèåì Ãåðìàíèè è ßïîíèè. Ýòà îðãàíèçàöèÿ çàíèìàåòñÿ ïðîäàæåé ëåñà. Îí âêëþ÷èë ýòè öèôðû â ñâîé îò÷åò. Ïåðåãîâîðû ïðèâåëè ê çàêëþ÷åíèþ ñîãëàøåíèÿ. Åìó óäàëîñü äîñòàòü åå àäðåñ. Îí ïðèíÿë ó÷àñòèå â îáñóæäåíèè ýòîãî âîïðîñà. He is interested in history. Îí áûë îäåò â ñåðûé êîñòþì. Óðàëüñêèå ãîðû áîãàòû ìèíåðàëàìè. Îí èìååò îáûêíîâåíèå âñòàâàòü î÷åíü ðàíî. Îíè âëþáëåíû äðóã â äðóãà. ß íóæäàþñü â âàøåé ïîìîùè. Îí èíòåðåñóåòñÿ èñòîðèåé. Is Mr. Petrov in? Ã-í Ïåòðîâ äîìà (ó ñåáÿ)? § 64. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì in: in the affirmative (the negative) óòâåðäèòåëüíî (îòðèöàòåëüíî) in bulk íàñûïüþ, íàëèâîì in any case âî âñÿêîì ñëó÷àå in the circumstances ïðè äàííûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ *) In â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàðå÷èåì. 330 in demand â ñïðîñå in due course ñâîåâðåìåííî in the east (west, south, north) íà âîñòîêå (çàïàäå, þãå, ñåâåðå) in full ïîëíîñòüþ in full swing â ïîëíîì ðàçãàðå (Here is the book in question. Âîò êíèãà, î êîòîðîé èäåò ðå÷ü.) in Russian (English, French) ïî-ðóññêè (ïî-àíãëèéñêè, ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè) (The letter was written in English. Ïèñüìî áûëî íàïèñàíî ïî-àíãëèéñêè.) Íî: Íå speaks Russian (English, French). Îí ãîâîðèò ïî-ðóññêè (ïî-àíãëèéñêè, ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè.) in return âçàìåí in sight â ïîëå çðåíèÿ in so far as ïîñêîëüêó in the spring (summer, autumn, winter) âåñíîé (ëåòîì, îñåíüþ, çèìîé) in stock íà ñêëàäå in store â çàïàñå, ïðî çàïàñ in the street íà óëèöå in the sun íà ñîëíöå in time âîâðåìÿ in vain íàïðàñíî, òùåòíî in general âîîáùå in somebodys interest(s) â ÷üèõ-ë. èíòåðåñàõ in the long run â êîíöå êîíöîâ in a loud (calm) voice ãðîìêèì (ñïîêîéíûì) ãîëîñîì in the market íà ðûíêå in the meantime òåì âðåìåíåì in the morning (afternoon, evening) óòðîì (äíåì, âå÷åðîì) in the open air íà îòêðûòîì âîçäóõå in ones opinion ïî ìíåíèþ êîãî-ë. in (at) ones option ïî âûáîðó êîãî-ë. in pencil (ink) êàðàíäàøîì (÷åðíèëàìè) in order (disorder) â ïîðÿäêå (áåñïîðÿäêå) in part ÷àñòè÷íî in conclusion â çàêëþ÷åíèå in the country â äåðåâíå, çà ãîðîäîì in the direction (of) ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ (ê) in question î êîòîðîì èäåò ðå÷ü § 65. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ in è at. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè â ð å ì å í è in â óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ ï å ð è î ä à â ð å ì å í è (in March, in 1945), a at â äëÿ óêàçàíèÿ ì î ì å í ò à (at ten oclock, at midnight, at noon). Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ì å ñ ò à (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?) in óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ íàçâàíèÿìè ñòðàí è êðóïíûõ ãîðîäîâ (in Russia, in Moscow), a at ñ íàçâàíèÿìè íåáîëüøèõ ãîðîäîâ (at Pushkino, at Klin). At è in óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òàêèì æå îáðàçîì ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to arrive: He arrived in Moscow (at Klin). Inside § 66. Ïðåäëîã inside óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âíóòðü (íà âîïðîñ êóäà?), âíóòðè (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?) è ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó outside: The friends went inside the house to talk. The children are inside the house. Äðóçüÿ âîøëè â äîì (âíóòðü äîìà), ÷òîáû ïîãîâîðèòü. Äåòè íàõîäÿòñÿ â äîìå (âíóòðè äîìà). § 67. Inside ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì: Open the box and put the key inside. I looked into the box, but there was nothing inside. Îòêðîéòå êîðîáêó è ïîëîæèòå êëþ÷ âíóòðü. ß ïîñìîòðåë â êîðîáêó, íî âíóòðè íè÷åãî íå áûëî. Into § 68. Ïðåäëîã into óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì â è îáîçíà÷àåò íàïðàâëåíèå äåéñòâèÿ âíóòðü ÷åãî-ëèáî (íà âîïðîñ êóäà?): I am going into the room. ß èäó â êîìíàòó. Íå put the book into his bag. Îí ïîëîæèë êíèãó â ñâîé ïîðòôåëü. 331 § 69. Ãëàãîëû è âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì into: to change (to turn) into Water turns into steam at 100° ïðåâðàùàòü, -ñÿ â centigrade. to divide into (in) ðàçäåëÿòü íà to look into ðàññìàòðèâàòü (èññëåäîâàòü) to inquire into ðàññìàòðèâàòü (èññëåäîâàòü) to convert into ïðåâðàùàòü â to translate into ïåðåâîäèòü íà to come into (in) force âõîäèòü â ñèëó to get into the habit ïðèâûêàòü to take into account (consideration) ïðèíèìàòü âî âíèìàíèå The book is divided into ten chapters. Âîäà ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â ïàð ïðè 100 ãðàäóñàõ ïî Öåëüñèþ. Êíèãà ðàçäåëåíà íà äåñÿòü ãëàâ. I will look into the matter. ß ðàññìîòðþ ýòîò âîïðîñ. This field will be converted into a park. Translate it into Russian. Ýòî ïîëå áóäåò ïðåâðàùåíî â ïàðê. Ïåðåâåäèòå ýòî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê. Çàêîí âîøåë â ñèëó â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. Îí ïðèâûê êóðèòü ñ âîñåìíàäöàòè ëåò. Ýòîò ôàêò äîëæåí áûòü ïðèíÿò âî âíèìàíèå. The law came into force last year. He got into the habit of smoking at the age of eighteen. This fact must be taken into account. Of § 70. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà of: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îòíîøåíèé, êîòîðûå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïåðåäàþòñÿ ð î ä è ò å ë ü í û ì ïàäåæîì áåç ïðåäëîãà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå of íå èìååò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ëåêñè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è îòäåëüíî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ (ñòð. 16): Moscow is the capital of Russia. The First World Congress of Partisans of Peace was held in Paris at the end of April 1949. Ìîñêâà ñòîëèöà Ðîññèè. Ïåðâûé ìèðîâîé êîíãðåññ ñòîðîííèêîâ ìèðà ñîñòîÿëñÿ â Ïàðèæå â êîíöå àïðåëÿ 1949 ã. 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì èç ïåðåä íàçâàíèåì ãðóïïû ïðåäìåòîâ, èç êîòîðûõ âûäåëÿåòñÿ îäèí ïðåäìåò èëè áîëåå: Some of my friends came to see me Íåêîòîðûå èç ìîèõ äðóçåé ïðèoff. øëè ìåíÿ ïðîâîäèòü. Many of us will go to the south in Ìíîãèå èç íàñ ïîåäóò íà þã ëåthe summer. òîì. 3. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì èç äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âåùåñòâà èëè ìàòåðèàëà, èç êîòîðîãî ñäåëàí ïðåäìåò: The watch is made of gold. ×àñû ñäåëàíû èç çîëîòà. The house is built of brick. Äîì ïîñòðîåí èç êèðïè÷à. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà âåùåñòâî èëè ìàòåðèàë â ïðîöåññå ïðîèçâîäñòâà ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â äðóãîå âåùåñòâî èëè ìàòåðèàë, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã from: Cheese is made from milk. Ñûð äåëàåòñÿ èç ìîëîêà. 332 4. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì â ïåðåä ÷ è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì è â ñîåäèíåíèè ñ åäèíèöàìè ìåðû, âåñà, ïåðåä äåíåæíûìè ñóììàìè è ò. ï.: We have ordered an engine of 5,000 Ìû çàêàçàëè ìîòîð â 5000 ëîøàäèíûõ ñèë. H. P. The S. S. Pskov sailed from Odessa Ïàðîõîä «Ïñêîâ» âûøåë èç Îäåññû ñ ãðóçîì â 5000 òîíí ïøåíèöû. with a cargo of 5,000 tons of wheat. He signed a cheque to the amount of Îí ïîäïèñàë ÷åê íà ñóììó â 1000 ðóáëåé. 1,000 roubles. § 71. Ãëàãîëû è ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà of, è âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì of: to accuse of îáâèíÿòü â to consist of ñîñòîÿòü èç to deprive of ëèøàòü ÷åãî-ë. to hear of*) ñëûøàòü î to inform of ñîîáùàòü î to remind of (about) íàïîìèíàòü î to remind of somebody, something íàïîìèíàòü êîãî-í., ÷òî-í. to speak (talk) of ãîâîðèòü î to think of*) äóìàòü î to be afraid of áîÿòüñÿ êîãî-ë., ÷åãî-ë. to be ashamed of ñòûäèòüñÿ êîãî-ë., ÷åãî-ë. to be fond of ëþáèòü êîãî-ë., ÷òî-ë. to be full of áûòü ïîëíûì ÷åãî-ë. to be independent of áûòü íåçàâèñèìûì îò to be proud of ãîðäèòüñÿ êåì-ë., ÷åì-ë. to be sure (certain) of áûòü óâåðåííûì â to be worthy of áûòü äîñòîéíûì ÷åãî-ë. to be in need of íóæäàòüñÿ â What was the man àñcused of? The report consists of three parts. You have deprived me of this pleasure. I havent heard of his arrival yet. I informed him of this fact. I reminded him of (about) his promise. He reminds me of my brother.  ÷åì îáâèíÿëñÿ ýòîò ÷åëîâåê? Äîêëàä ñîñòîèò èç òðåõ ÷àñòåé. Âû ëèøèëè ìåíÿ ýòîãî óäîâîëüñòâèÿ. ß åùå íå ñëûøàë î åãî ïðèåçäå. ß ñîîáùèë åìó îá ýòîì ôàêòå. ß íàïîìíèë åìó î åãî îáåùàíèè. Îí íàïîìèíàåò ìíå ìîåãî áðàòà. Who have you been speaking of? What are you thinking of? Î êîì âû ãîâîðèëè? The girl is afraid of dogs. Äåâî÷êà áîèòñÿ ñîáàê. I am ashamed of what I did. ß ñòûæóñü òîãî, ÷òî ÿ ñäåëàë. He is very fond of his mother. He is worthy of praise. Îí î÷åíü ëþáèò ñâîþ ìàòü. Êîìíàòà áûëà ïîëíà ëþäåé. Îíà òåïåðü ñîâñåì íåçàâèñèìà îò ñâîèõ ðîäèòåëåé. Ìû ãîðäèìñÿ íàøåé Ðîññèéñêîé Àðìèåé. ß áûë óâåðåí â åãî ÷åñòíîñòè. Îí äîñòîèí ïîõâàëû. They are in need of these goods. Îíè íóæäàþòñÿ â ýòîì òîâàðå. The room was full of people. She is quite independent of her parents now. We are proud of our Russian Army. I was sure of his honesty. Î ÷åì âû äóìàåòå? *) Ñòð. 315 333 to be of importance èìåòü çíà÷åíèå to be of interest ïðåäñòàâëÿòü èíòåðåñ to be of value èìåòü öåííîñòü to come in sight of óâèäåòü ÷òî-ë. to get rid of èçáàâëÿòüñÿ îò to make use of èñïîëüçîâàòü ÷òî-ë. to take advantage of âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to take care of çàáîòèòüñÿ î ÷åì-ë. This question is of no importance to me. Their proposal is of no interest to us. Ýòîò âîïðîñ íå èìååò çíà÷åíèÿ äëÿ ìåíÿ. Èõ ïðåäëîæåíèå íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò äëÿ íàñ èíòåðåñà. The cargo is of great value. Ãðóç èìååò áîëüøóþ öåííîñòü. Íàêîíåö îíè óâèäåëè çåìëþ. At last they came in sight of land. I dont know how to get rid of my cold. Can you make use of this? We must take advantage of this opportunity. ß íå çíàþ, êàê èçáàâèòüñÿ îò ïðîñòóäû. Ìîæåòå ëè âû èñïîëüçîâàòü ýòî? Ìû äîëæíû âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ýòèì óäîáíûì ñëó÷àåì. You must take care of your health. Âû äîëæíû çàáîòèòüñÿ î ñâîåì çäîðîâüå. plenty of, a great (good) deal of, a lot of ìíîãî a number of ðÿä unheard of íåñëûõàííûé to the south (north, east, west) of ê þãó (ñåâåðó, âîñòîêó, çàïàäó) îò of course êîíå÷íî of late çà ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ it is clever (kind, stupid) of him ýòî óìíî (ëþáåçíî, ãëóïî) ñ åãî ñòîðîíû the newspaper (letter) of the 1st of May ãàçåòà (ïèñüìî) îò 1 ìàÿ the town of Smolensk ãîðîä Ñìîëåíñê Off § 72. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà off: 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñ ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ïðåäìåòà, ñ ïîâåðõíîñòè êîòîðîãî óäàëÿåòñÿ, îòäåëÿåòñÿ êòî-ë. èëè ÷òî-ë. (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó on): Íå took all the things off the table. Îí óáðàë âñå âåùè ñî ñòîëà. The rain ran off the roof. Äîæäü ñòåêàë ñ êðûøè. The knife fell off the table. Íîæ óïàë ñî ñòîëà. 2. Co çíà÷åíèåì îò ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ïðåäìåòà, îò êîòîðîãî óäàëÿåòñÿ, îòäåëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòü: Cut a bit off the rope, its too long. Îòðåæüòå êóñîê îò âåðåâêè, îíà ñëèøêîì äëèííà. He bit a small piece off a biscuit. Îí îòêóñèë íåáîëüøîé êóñîê (îò) ïå÷åíüÿ. Íå broke a large branch off the tree. Îí îòëîìèë îò äåðåâà áîëüøóþ âåòêó. § 73. Off ãîðàçäî ÷àùå âûñòóïàåò â êà÷åñòâå íàðå÷èÿ è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñî ìíîãèìè ãëàãîëàìè, âûðàæàÿ, àíàëîãè÷íî ïðåäëîãó off, óäàëåíèå, îòäåëåíèå: I upset the bottle and it rolled off. ß îïðîêèíóë áóòûëêó, è îíà ñêàòèëàñü. Please cut it off. Îòðåæüòå ýòî, ïîæàëóéñòà. He broke a large branch off. Îí îòëîìèë áîëüøóþ âåòêó. He bit off a small piece. Îí îòêóñèë íåáîëüøîé êóñîê. 334 § 74. Ãëàãîëû, ñî÷åòàþùèåñÿ ñ íàðå÷èåì off: to be off óõîäèòü to get off ñõîäèòü ñ (òðàìâàÿ, ïîåçäà è ò. ï.) to put off îòêëàäûâàòü to take off ñíèìàòü to set off îòïðàâëÿòüñÿ Its late. I must be off. Ïîçäíî. ß äîëæåí èäòè. Íå got off at the next stop. Îí ñîøåë íà ñëåäóþùåé îñòàíîâêå. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Take off your coat. Íèêîãäà íå îòêëàäûâàéòå íà çàâòðà òî, ÷òî âû ìîæåòå ñäåëàòü ñåãîäíÿ. Ñíèìèòå ïàëüòî. They set off on a long journey. Îíè îòïðàâèëèñü â äàëåêîå ïóòåøåñòâèå. On (Upon)*) § 75. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà on: 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ì å ñ ò à ñî çíà÷åíèåì íà â ñìûñëå íà ïîâåðõíîñòè (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?) èëè íà ïîâåðõíîñòü (íà âîïðîñ êóäà?): The picture is hanging on the wall. Êàðòèíà âèñèò íà ñòåíå. Put the magazine on the table. Ïîëîæèòå æóðíàë íà ñòîë. 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ â ð å ì å í è ïåðåä íàçâàíèÿìè äíåé è äàòàìè: The meeting took place on MonÑîáðàíèå ñîñòîÿëîñü â ïîíåäåëüday. íèê. They arrived on the 1st of June. Îíè ïðèåõàëè 1 èþíÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä ñëîâàìè, îáîçíà÷àþùèìè ÷àñòè äíÿ, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã in: in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon. Åñëè æå ýòè ñëîâà èìåþò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèå, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã on: on a fine summer morning, on a cold evening, on the morning of the 1st of June. 3. Co çíà÷åíèåì ïî, ïîñëå îáû÷íî â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ãåðóíäèåì: On receiving your letter I telephoned to your brother. On coming home I began to work. Ïî ïîëó÷åíèè âàøåãî ïèñüìà ÿ ïîçâîíèë âàøåìó áðàòó. Ïî ïðèõîäå äîìîé ÿ íà÷àë ðàáîòàòü. 4. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì: î, îá, ïî (â ñìûñëå: íà òåìó î): Íå spoke on the international situation. Íå delivered a lecture on modern Russian literature. What is your opinion on this subject? Îí ãîâîðèë î ìåæäóíàðîäíîì ïîëîæåíèè. Îí ïðî÷åë ëåêöèþ î (íà òåìó î) ñîâðåìåííîé ðóññêîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Êàêîâî âàøå ìíåíèå ïî ýòîìó îïðîñó? *) Upon èìååò òî æå çíà÷åíèå, ÷òî on, íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå. 335 § 76. On ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è âûðàæàåò ïðîäîëæåíèå èëè íåïðåðûâíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ; óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðè ìíîãèõ ãëàãîëàõ (îñîáåííî ïðè ãëàãîëàõ äâèæåíèÿ) ñî çíà÷åíèåì äàëüøå, âïåðåä: They walked on and on until they reached a village. Though it was quite dark, they drove on. Îíè øëè âñå äàëüøå è äàëüøå, ïîêà íå äîøëè äî äåðåâíè. Õîòÿ áûëî ñîâñåì òåìíî, îíè åõàëè âïåðåä. § 77. Ãëàãîëû, òðåáóþùèå ïîñëå ñåáÿ ïðåäëîãà on, è ãëàãîëû, ñî÷åòàþùèåñÿ ñ íàðå÷èåì on: to agree on óñëîâëèâàòüñÿ î, äîãîâàðèâàòüñÿ î to comment on êîììåíòèðîâàòü ÷òî-ë. to congratulate on ïîçäðàâëÿòü ñ to depend on çàâèñåòü îò to insist on íàñòàèâàòü íà to rely on ïîëàãàòüñÿ íà to spend on òðàòèòü íà to call on íàâåùàòü, ïîñåùàòü êîãî-ë. to carry on*) âåñòè (äåëà) to get on*) ïðåóñïåâàòü, ïðîäâèãàòüñÿ; ëàäèòü to go on*) ïðîäîëæàòü to look on*) íàáëþäàòü to put on*) íàäåâàòü The parties could not agree on the terms of the contract. He did not comment on this event. I congratulated him on his success. That doesnt depend on me. I insist on your presence. You may rely on me. He spent most of his money on books. I shall call on him tomorrow. Ñòîðîíû íå ìîãëè äîãîâîðèòüñÿ îá óñëîâèÿõ êîíòðàêòà. Îí íå êîììåíòèðîâàë ýòîãî ñîáûòèÿ. ß ïîçäðàâèë åãî ñ óñïåõîì. Ýòî íå çàâèñèò îò ìåíÿ. ß íàñòàèâàþ íà âàøåì ïðèñóòñòâèè. Âû ìîæåòå ïîëîæèòüñÿ íà ìåíÿ. Îí èñòðàòèë áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ñâîèõ äåíåã íà êíèãè. ß íàâåùó åãî çàâòðà. They are carrying on negotiations for the sale of wheat. How are you getting on? They get on very well together. Go on working! Îíè âåäóò ïåðåãîâîðû î ïðîäàæå ïøåíèöû. He was not helping; he was only looking on. Put your coat on! Îí íå ïîìîãàë; îí òîëüêî íàáëþäàë. Íàäåíüòå ïàëüòî! Êàê âàøè óñïåõè? Îíè î÷åíü õîðîøî ëàäÿò ìåæäó ñîáîé. Ïðîäîëæàéòå ðàáîòàòü! § 78. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì on: on the advice (suggestion) of ïî ñîâåòó (ïðåäëîæåíèþ) êîãî-ë. on an (the) average â ñðåäíåì on behalf of îò èìåíè êîãî-ë. on business ïî äåëó on board a (the) ship íà áîðòó ñóäíà on condition that ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî on the contrary íàîáîðîò *) On ÿâëÿåòñÿ çäåñü íàðå÷èåì. 336 on on on on credit â êðåäèò demand ïî òðåáîâàíèþ foot ïåøêîì the ground that íà òîì îñíîâàíèè, ÷òî on the one (other) hand ñ îäíîé (äðóãîé) ñòîðîíû on the initiative of ïî èíèöèàòèâå êîãî-ë. on land íà ñóøå on the part of ñî ñòîðîíû êîãî-ë. on purpose íàðî÷íî on the right (left) hand side ñïðàâà (ñëåâà) on sale â ïðîäàæå on a large scale â áîëüøîì ìàñøòàáå on sea íà ìîðå on the way ïî äîðîãå, ïî ïóòè on the whole â îáùåì and so on è òàê äàëåå later on ïîçæå Out of § 79. Ïðåäëîã out of èç óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ íàïðàâëåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ è ç í ó ò ð è, è ç ÷ å ã î - ë è á î (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó into): Ãëàãîëû, çà êîòîðûìè ñëåäóåò ïðåäëîã out of (èëè íàðå÷èå out ñì. íèæå), ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëàì ñ ïðèñòàâêîé âû-: Íå walked out of the house. Îí âûøåë èç äîìó. He took the letter out of his pocket. Îí âûíóë ïèñüìî èç êàðìàíà. He ran out of the room. Îí âûáåæàë èç êîìíàòû. § 80. Out ÿâëÿåòñÿ íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìíîãèìè ãëàãîëàìè, âûðàæàÿ, êàê è ïðåäëîã out of, íàïðàâëåííîñòü äåéñòâèÿ èçíóòðè, èç ÷åãî-ëèáî: to come (go, get, walk) out âûõîäèòü, to run out âûáåãàòü, to fly out âûëåòàòü, to jump out âûïðûãèâàòü, to take out âûíèìàòü, to pull out âûòàñêèâàòü è äð.: He went out without saying à word. Îí âûøåë, íå ñêàçàâ íè ñëîâà. Íî: Íå went out of the room. He opened the door and ran out in Îí îòêðûë äâåðü è âûáåæàë â great excitement. áîëüøîì âîëíåíèè. Ho: He ran out of the house. § 81. Íàðå÷èå out óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ðÿäîì ãëàãîëîâ, óòðà÷èâàÿ ñâîå îñíîâíîå çíà÷åíèå è îáðàçóÿ ñ íèìè îäíî ïîíÿòèå: to be out íå áûòü äîìà, íå áûòü íà ìåñòå ñâîåé ðàáîòû to find out âûÿñíÿòü, óçíàâàòü to make out ïîíèìàòü to point out óêàçûâàòü to set out îòïðàâëÿòüñÿ to work out ðàçðàáàòûâàòü Andrew Petrov is out. Àíäðåÿ Ïåòðîâà íåò äîìà (íåò â êîíòîðå). Ill try to find out his address. ß ïîñòàðàþñü óçíàòü åãî àäðåñ. ß íå ìîãó ïîíÿòü ñìûñë åãî ñëîâ. Ìû óêàçàëè â íàøåì ïèñüìå, ÷òî ñðîê ïîñòàâêè òîâàðà èñòåê. Îíè îòïðàâèëèñü â ïóòü ðàíî óòðîì. Îíè ðàçðàáîòàëè íîâûé ïëàí. I cant make out the meaning of his words. We pointed out in our letter that the time of delivery of the goods had expired. They set out early in the morning. They worked out a new plan. § 82. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì out of: out out out out of of of of danger âíå îïàñíîñòè date óñòàðåëûé doors íà óëèöå necessity ïî íåîáõîäèìîñòè out out out out of pity (envy) èç æàëîñòè (çàâèñòè) of order íå â ïîðÿäêå of use íå â óïîòðåáëåíèè of work áåç ðàáîòû 337 § 83. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ out of è from. Êàê out of, òàê è from óêàçûâàþò íàïðàâëåíèå äåéñòâèÿ (íà âîïðîñ îòêóäà?). Ïðåäëîã out of óêàçûâàåò íàïðàâëåíèå è ç í ó ò ð è, è ç ÷ å ã î ë è á î, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïðåäëîã from óêàçûâàåò íàïðàâëåíèå î ò ÷ å ã î ë è á î: Íå came out of the house. Îí âûøåë èç äîìà. Íå came from London. Îí ïðèåõàë èç Ëîíäîíà. Outside § 84. Ïðåäëîã outside óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âíå, çà ïðåäåëû (íà âîïðîñ êóäà?), âíå, çà ïðåäåëàìè (íà âîïðîñ ãäå?) è ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó inside: Îí ñòîÿë çà äâåðüþ. Íå was standing outside the door. Îí âûøåë èç äîìà, ÷òîáû âñòðåÍå went outside the house to meet òèòü ñâîåãî ïðèÿòåëÿ. his friend. § 85. Outside ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì ñî çíà÷åíèåì íàðóæó, ñíàðóæè: Put these flowers outside. Ïîñòàâüòå ýòè öâåòû íàðóæó. Íå is waiting for us outside. Îí æäåò íàñ íà óëèöå (ñíàðóæè). Over § 86. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà over: 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì íàä (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó under): An aeroplane flew over the town. Íàä ãîðîäîì ëåòåë ñàìîëåò. A lamp was hanging over the table. Íàä ñòîëîì âèñåëà ëàìïà, 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñâûøå, ñâåðõ (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïðåäëîãó under): There were over a hundred people Íà ñîáðàíèè áûëî ñâûøå ñòà ÷åat the meeting. ëîâåê. The engine weighs over a ton. Ìîòîð âåñèò ñâûøå òîííû. 3. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ÷åðåç (ñ ãëàãîëàìè äâèæåíèÿ). Ãëàãîëû äâèæåíèÿ, çà êîòîðûìè ñëåäóåò ïðåäëîã over (èëè íàðå÷èå over ñì. íèæå), îáû÷íî ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëàì ñ ïðèñòàâêîé ïåðå-, îáîçíà÷àþùåé íàïðàâëåííîñòü äâèæåíèÿ ÷åðåç êàêîåíèáóäü ïðîñòðàíñòâî èëè ïîâåðõ êàêîãî-íèáóäü ïðåäìåòà: Chkalov was the first pilot to fly over the North Pole. The boy climbed over the wall of the garden. ×êàëîâ áûë ïåðâûì ëåò÷èêîì, êîòîðûé ïåðåëåòåë ÷åðåç Ñåâåðíûé ïîëþñ. Ìàëü÷èê ïåðåëåç ÷åðåç ñòåíó ñàäà. § 87. Over ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ãëàãîëàìè äâèæåíèÿ, âûðàæàÿ, êàê è ïðåäëîã over, íàïðàâëåííîñòü äâèæåíèÿ ÷åðåç êàêîå-íèáóäü ïðîñòðàíñòâî èëè ïîâåðõ êàêîãî-íèáóäü ïðåäìåòà: to climb 338 over ïåðåëåçàòü, to jump over ïåðåïðûãèâàòü, to fly over ïåðåëåòàòü, to go over ïåðåõîäèòü, to throw over ïåðåáðàñûâàòü è äð.: Õîòÿ áàðüåð áûë âûñîêèé, îí ïåðåïðûãíóë åãî áåç òðóäà. Ïåðåáðîñüòå ìÿ÷, ïîæàëóéñòà. Though the barrier was high, he jumped over without difficulty. Throw the ball over, please. § 88. Íàðå÷èå over óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ðÿäîì äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ, óòðà÷èâàÿ ñâîå îñíîâíîå çíà÷åíèå è îáðàçóÿ ñ íèìè îäíî ïîíÿòèå: to go over ïåðåõîäèòü (íà ÷üþ-ë. ñòîðîíó) to run over ïåðååõàòü (êîãî-ë.) to talk over îáñóæäàòü to think over îáäóìûâàòü They went over to the side of the revolutionaries. Îíè ïåðåøëè íà ñòîðîíó ðåâîëþöèîíåðîâ. He was ran over by à car. Åãî ïåðååõàë àâòîìîáèëü. We must talk the matter over. Ill think it over. Ìû äîëæíû îáñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ. ß îáäóìàþ ýòî. § 89. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ over: all over the world (country, town) ïî âñåìó ìèðó (âñåé ñòðàíå, âñåìó ãîðîäó) over and over (again) ìíîãî ðàç the meeting (concert, lesson) is over ñîáðàíèå (êîíöåðò, óðîê) îêîí÷èëîñü (îêîí÷èëñÿ) Past § 90. Past óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ (íàðÿäó ñ by) ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìèìî, êàê â êà÷åñòâå ïðåäëîãà, òàê è íàðå÷èÿ: Íå walked past the house (ïðåäëîã). Íå drove (went, ran) past without looking at me (íàðå÷èå). Îí ïðîøåë ìèìî äîìà. Îí ïðîåõàë (ïðîøåë, ïðîáåæàë) ìèìî, íå âçãëÿíóâ íà ìåíÿ. Past óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â îáîçíà÷åíèÿõ âðåìåíè â çíà÷åíèè ïîñëå: It is half past three. Ïîëîâèíà ÷åòâåðòîãî(áóêâàëüíî: ïîëîâèíà ïîñëå òðåõ). Round, around § 91. Ïðåäëîãè round è around óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì âîêðóã, êðóãîì. Round óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àùå, ÷åì around. Êîãäà èìååòñÿ â âèäó ïîëíîå îêðóæåíèå èëè äâèæåíèå ïî çàìêíóòîé ëèíèè, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî ïðåäëîã round: Íå travelled round the world. The Earth moves round the Sun. There are many flowers round (around) the house. Îí ïóòåøåñòâîâàë âîêðóã ñâåòà. Çåìëÿ äâèæåòñÿ âîêðóã Ñîëíöà. Âîêðóã äîìà ìíîãî öâåòîâ. § 92. Round è around ÿâëÿþòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èÿìè è óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì êðóãîì, âîêðóã: 339 The door is locked, you will have to go round. He looked round (around). Äâåðü çàïåðòà, âàì ïðèäåòñÿ ïîéòè êðóãîì. Îí ïîñìîòðåë âîêðóã (îãëÿäåëñÿ ïî ñòîðîíàì). § 93. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ round è around: round the corner çà óãîë, çà óãëîì all the year round êðóãëûé ãîä all around ïîâñþäó to travel around the country ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü ïî ñòðàíå Since § 94. Ïðåäëîã since óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñ ïðè óêàçàíèè íà í à ÷ à ë ü í û é ì î ì å í ò ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ, íà÷àâøåãîñÿ â ïðîøëîì è ï ð î ä î ë æ à þ ù å ã î ñ ÿ â ì î ì å í ò ð å ÷ è. Ïðè íàëè÷èè since ãëàãîë ñòîèò â Present Perfect Continuous èëè Present Perfect: He has been living in Moscow since last year. I have not seen him since Monday. Îí æèâåò â Ìîñêâå ñ ïðîøëîãî ãîäà. ß íå âèäåë åãî ñ ïîíåäåëüíèêà. § 95. Since ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêæå íàðå÷èåì è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñ òåõ ïîð: Íå left Moscow last year and I have Îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû â ïðîøëîì not seen him since. ãîäó, è ÿ íå âèäåë åãî ñ òåõ ïîð. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Since âûñòóïàåò òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå ñîþçà è èìååò â ýòîì ñëó÷àå çíà÷åíèÿ: à) ñ òåõ ïîð êàê: I have not seen him since he reß íå âèäàë åãî, ñ òåõ ïîð êàê îí âåðturned to Moscow. íóëñÿ â Ìîñêâó. á) ïîñêîëüêó, òàê êàê: Since you are ill, Ill do the work for you. Ïîñêîëüêó âû áîëüíû, ÿ ñäåëàþ ýòó ðàáîòó çà âàñ. § 96. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ since è from. Êàê ïðåäëîã since, òàê è ïðåäëîã from óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ïðè óêàçàíèè íà íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò êàêîãî-íèáóäü äåéñòâèÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîãà ñ. Since óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðè óêàçàíèè íà íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò äåéñòâèÿ, íà÷àâøåãîñÿ â ïðîøëîì è ï ð î ä î ë æ à þ ù å ã î ñ ÿ â ì î ì å í ò ð å ÷ è. From æå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðè óêàçàíèè íà íà÷àëüíûé ìîìåíò äåéñòâèÿ, í å ñ î â å ð ø à þ ù å ã î ñ ÿ â ì î ì å í ò ð å ÷ è: I have been working since 12 oclock. He has been ill since Monday. He works from eight till four. I lived in Moscow from 1975 till 1980. 340 ß ðàáîòàþ ñ 12 ÷àñîâ (è ïðîäîëæàþ ðàáîòàòü â ìîìåíò ðå÷è). Îí áîëåí ñ ïîíåäåëüíèêà (è åùå áîëåí â ìîìåíò ðå÷è). Îí ðàáîòàåò ñ âîñüìè äî ÷åòûðåõ. ß æèë â Ìîñêâåå ñ 1975 ã. äî 1980 ã. Tomorrow I shall work from 10 oclock. Çàâòðà ÿ áóäó ðàáîòàòü ñ 10 ÷àñîâ. Through § 97. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà through: 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ÷åðåç, ñêâîçü: Íå was walking through the forest. She looked through the window. Îí øåë ÷åðåç ëåñ. Îíà ïîñìîòðåëà ÷åðåç îêíî. 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì èç-çà, âñëåäñòâèå: Youve made this mistake through your carelessness. It was through you that we missed the train. Âû ñäåëàëè ýòó îøèáêó èç-çà âàøåé íåáðåæíîñòè. Èç-çà âàñ ìû îïîçäàëè íà ïîåçä. Till, until § 98. Ïðåäëîãè till è until óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè ñî çíà÷åíèåì äî, âïëîòü äî: Ill stay here till (until) Monday. We shall wait for your answer till (until) five oclock. ß îñòàíóñü çäåñü äî ïîíåäåëüíèêà. Ìû áóäåì æäàòü âàøåãî îòâåòà äî ïÿòè ÷àñîâ. Âìåñòî till â ñî÷åòàíèè from ... till îò ...äî èíîãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã to: I shall work from nine to (till) three. ß áóäó ðàáîòàòü ñ äåâÿòè äî òðåõ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ðóññêîãî ïðåäëîãà äî íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè âðåìåíè ïðåäëîã äî â çíà÷åíèè âïëîòü äî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðåäëîãó till, à â çíà÷åíèè ïåðåä, ðàíüøå ïðåäëîãó before: ß áóäó çäåñü äî (âïëîòü äî) ïÿòè ÷àñîâ. ß áóäó ðàáîòàòü äî (âïëîòü äî) îáåäà. Çàéäèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, äî ïÿòè ÷àñîâ (ïåðåä ïÿòüþ ÷àñàìè). ß ïîãîâîðþ ñ íèì äî îáåäà (ïåðåä îáåäîì). I shall be here till five oclock. I shall work till dinner. Please call before five oclock. I shall speak to him before dinner. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ìåñòà ðóññêîìó ïðåäëîãó äî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò as far as (ïðåäëîã till ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ìåñòà íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ): ß ïîéäó ñ âàìè äî âîêçàëà. Ill go with you as far as the station. 2. Till, until âûñòóïàþò òàêæå â êà÷åñòâå ñîþçîâ è â ýòîì ñëó÷àå îçíà÷àþò (äî òåõ ïîð) ïîêà... íå: Let us wait until (till) the rain stops. Ïîäîæäåì, ïîêà íå ïðåêðàòèòñÿ äîæäü. 341 To § 99. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà to: 1. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ íàïðàâëåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ñòîðîíó êàêîãî-íèáóäü ïðåäìåòà èëè ëèöà íà âîïðîñ êóäà? (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó from). Íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê to ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè ïðåäëîãàìè: They went to the Crimea. Íå came to the meeting at 5 oclock. Send him to the manager at înñå. Îíè ïîåõàëè â Êðûì. Îí ïðèøåë íà ñîáðàíèå â 5 ÷àñîâ. Ïîøëèòå åãî íåìåäëåííî ê çàâåäóþùåìó. 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ëèöà, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå. Òî â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå äàòåëüíîìó ïàäåæó áåç ïðåäëîãà.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå to íå èìååò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ëåêñè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è îòäåëüíî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ (ñòð. 16): The teacher explained this rule to the students. I wrote a letter to my father yesterday. Ïðåïîäàâàòåëü îáúÿñíèë ýòî ïðàâèëî ñòóäåíòàì. ß â÷åðà íàïèñàë îòöó ïèñüìî. § 100. Ãëàãîëû, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà to: to agree to ñîãëàøàòüñÿ íà to amount to ñîñòàâëÿòü (ñóììó, êîëè÷åñòâî), äîõîäèòü äî to apologize to èçâèíÿòüñÿ ïåðåä to attach to ïðèëàãàòü ê to belong to ïðèíàäëåæàòü êîìó-ë. to happen to ñëó÷àòüñÿ ñ to listen to ñëóøàòü êîãî-ë., ÷òî-ë. to object to âîçðàæàòü ïðîòèâ to pay attention to îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå íà to call (draw) somebodys attention to îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå êîãî-ë. íà 342 Íå agreed to my offer. Íî: Íå agreed with me. The cost of transportation amounts to 2,000 dollars. Îí ñîãëàñèëñÿ íà ìîå ïðåäëîæåíèå. Îí ñîãëàñèëñÿ ñî ìíîé. Ñòîèìîñòü ïåðåâîçêè ñîñòàâëÿåò 2000 äîëëàðîâ. We apologized to him for the mistake. We have attached a copy of the telegram to the letter. This book belongs to me. Ìû èçâèíèëèñü ïåðåä íèì çà îøèáêó. Ìû ïðèëîæèëè ê ïèñüìó êîïèþ òåëåãðàììû. What has happened to him? Listen to me! ×òî ñëó÷èëîñü ñ íèì? He objected to my offer. He didnt pay attention to this fact. Îí âîçðàæàë ïðîòèâ ìîåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Îí íå îáðàòèë âíèìàíèÿ íà ýòîò ôàêò. Did you call his attention to this fact? Îáðàòèëè ëè âû åãî âíèìàíèå íà ýòîò ôàêò? Ýòà êíèãà ïðèíàäëåæèò ìíå. Ñëóøàéòå ìåíÿ! to prefer to ïðåäïî÷èòàòü ÷åìó-ë. to reply to îòâå÷àòü íà to refer to ññûëàòüñÿ íà to seem (appear) to êàçàòüñÿ êîìó-ë. to speak to to talk to ãîâîðèòü ñ êåì-ë. to subscribe to ïîäïèñûâàòüñÿ íà to telegraph to to wire to to cable to òåëåãðàôèðîâàòü êîìó-ë. to telephone to òåëåôîíèðîâàòü, çâîíèòü ïî òåëåôîíó êîìó-ë. I prefer coffee to tea. ß ïðåäïî÷èòàþ êîôå ÷àþ. I replied to his letter yesterday. In his telegram he referred to our letter. It seems (appears) to me that something is wrong. I shall speak to him about the matter tomorrow. ß îòâåòèë íà åãî ïèñüìî â÷åðà.  ñâîåé òåëåãðàììå îí ñîñëàëñÿ íà íàøå ïèñüìî. Ìíå êàæåòñÿ, ÷òî ÷òîòî íåëàäíî. ß ïîãîâîðþ ñ íèì ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó çàâòðà. We subscribed to that magazine. I telegraphed (cabled, wired) to them yesterday. Ìû ïîäïèñàëèñü íà ýòîò æóðíàë. ß òåëåãðàôèðîâàë èì â÷åðà. He telephoned to his brother. Îí ïîçâîíèë ïî òåëåôîíó ñâîåìó áðàòó. § 101. Òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ìíîãèõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ. Ê ÷èñëó òàêèõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ îòíîñÿòñÿ: acceptable ïðèåìëåìûé attentive âíèìàòåëüíûé clear ÿñíûé devoted ïðåäàííûé equal ðàâíûé familiar õîðîøî çíàêîìûé grateful áëàãîäàðíûé important âàæíûé kind äîáðûé, ëþáåçíûé known èçâåñòíûé unknown íåèçâåñòíûé It is not clear to me why he behaved like that. This machine is similar to model 12A in our catalogue. It will be very useful to me. Your proposal is acceptable to us. liable ïîäëåæàùèé necessary íåîáõîäèìûé opposite ïðîòèâîïîëîæíûé polite âåæëèâûé similar ïîäîáíûé strange ñòðàííûé superior áîëåå âûñîêèé ïî êà÷åñòâó inferior áîëåå íèçêèé unpleasant íåïðèÿòíûé useful ïîëåçíûé useless áåñïîëåçíûé Ìíå íåÿñíî, ïî÷åìó îí òàê âåë ñåáÿ. Ýòà ìàøèíà ïîäîáíà ìîäåëè 12À â íàøåì êàòàëîãå. Ýòî áóäåò î÷åíü ïîëåçíî äëÿ ìåíÿ. Âàøå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïðèåìëåìî äëÿ íàñ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ useful, important, strange, necessary è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîã for, êîãäà ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ ïðåäëîã, ñëåäóåò èíôèíèòèâ. For â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óêàçûâàåò íà ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì (ñòð. 249): It is necessary for you to start at Âàì íåîáõîäèìî îòïðàâèòüñÿ íåìåäonce. ëåííî. 343 It will be very useful for me to read this book. Ìíå áóäåò î÷åíü ïîëåçíî ïðî÷åñòü ýòó êíèãó. § 102. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì to: to the amount (of) íà ñóììó (â) to the end äî êîíöà to my (his) disappointment (sorrow, joy) ê ìîåìó (åãî) ðàçî÷àðîâàíèþ (ãîðþ, ðàäîñòè) to the north, south, west, east (of) ê ñåâåðó, þãó, çàïàäó, âîñòîêó (îò) to the right (left) íàïðàâî (íàëåâî) in reply (answer) to â îòâåò íà § 103. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ to è into. Êàê to, òàê è into óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äâèæåíèÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì â íà âîïðîñ êóäà? Ïðåäëîã to âûðàæàåò íàïðàâëåíèå äâèæåíèÿ â ñ ò î ð î í ó ÷åãî-ëèáî, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïðåäëîã into âûðàæàåò íàïðàâëåíèå äâèæåíèÿ â í ó ò ð ü ÷åãî-ëèáî: Íå went to the shop. Îí ïîøåë â ìàãàçèí. Íå went into the shop. Îí âîøåë â ìàãàçèí (âíóòðü ìàãàçèíà). Towards § 104. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà towards: 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ê, ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê: Íå was walking towards the sea. Îí øåë ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê ìîðþ. The ship sailed towards the south. Ïàðîõîä øåë ïî íàïðàâëåíèþ ê þãó. This was the first step towards recÝòî áûë ïåðâûé øàã ê ïðèìèðåíèþ. onciliation. 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ê, ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê: His attitude towards this matter is favourable. Íå is friendly towards me. Îí áëàãîñêëîííî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ýòîìó äåëó. Îí äðóæåñòâåííî íàñòðîåí êî ìíå. 3. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè â ð å ì å í è ñî çíà÷åíèåì ê â ñìûñëå ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè, ïåðåä íàñòóïëåíèåì: Äîæäü ïðåêðàòèëñÿ ê óòðó. Ìû íàäååìñÿ ïîëó÷èòü òîâàðû ê êîíöó ìàÿ. The rain stopped towards morning. We expect to receive the goods towards the end of May. Under § 105. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîä äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó over): Íå was lying under a tree. Îí Íå put the basket under the table. Îí 344 ïðåäëîãà under: ì å ñ ò à (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî ëåæàë ïîä äåðåâîì. ïîñòàâèë êîðçèíó ïîä ñòîë. Under ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó ïðåäëîãó ïîä è ïðè âûðàæåíèè íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ îòíîøåíèé: under the guidance (control, management, command) under the title (heading) under the name under fire under the influence ïîä ðóêîâîäñòâîì (êîíòðîëåì, óïðàâëåíèåì, êîìàíäîâàíèåì) ïîä çàãëàâèåì ïîä èìåíåì ïîä îãíåì (îáñòðåëîì) ïîä âëèÿíèåì 2. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìåíüøå (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó above): There were under fifty people there. Òàì áûëî ìåíüøå ïÿòèäåñÿòè ÷åëîâåê. Åìó ìåíüøå ñîðîêà ëåò. Íå is under forty. § 106. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì under: to be under consideration ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ to be under construction ñòðîèòüñÿ to be under discussion îáñóæäàòüñÿ to be under repair ðåìîíòèðîâàòüñÿ under the circumstances ïðè ýòèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàõ under the contract (agreement) ïî êîíòðàêòó (ñîãëàøåíèþ), â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîíòðàêòîì (ñîãëàøåíèåì) Up § 107. Ïðåäëîã up óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ââåðõ ïî ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ äâèæåíèÿ (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó down): Íå walked up the stairs. Îí ïîäíÿëñÿ ïî ëåñòíèöå. The steamer sailed up the river. Ïàðîõîä øåë ââåðõ ïî ðåêå. § 108. Up ãîðàçäî ÷àùå âûñòóïàåò â êà÷åñòâå íàðå÷èÿ è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: 1.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ãëàãîëàìè äâèæåíèÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì ââåðõ, íàâåðõ: I looked up and saw him. The barometer is going up. ß ïîñìîòðåë ââåðõ (ïîäíÿë ãîëîâó) è óâèäåë åãî. Áàðîìåòð ïîäíèìàåòñÿ (èäåò ââåðõ). 2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ãëàãîëàìè äâèæåíèÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ï ð è á ë è æ å í è ÿ ê êîìó-ë. èëè ÷åìó-ë.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëà ñ up ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîëàì ñ ïðèñòàâêîé ïîä-: to come (go, walk) up ïîäõîäèòü, to run up ïîäáåãàòü, to swim up ïîäïëûâàòü, to sail up ïîäïëûâàòü (íà ïàðîõîäå) è äð.: Íå came up and asked me the time. Íå went straight up to the manager. The motor car drove up to the gate. Îí ïîäîøåë è ñïðîñèë ó ìåíÿ, êîòîðûé ÷àñ. Îí ïîäîøåë ïðÿìî ê çàâåäóþùåìó. Àâòîìîáèëü ïîäúåõàë ê âîðîòàì. 345 3.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ãëàãîëàìè to eat, to drink, to fill, to use, to sell, to buy, to grow è äð. äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ îñóùåñòâëåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ ä î ê î í ö à: Íå drank up all the milk. Îí âûïèë âñå ìîëîêî. All our ink is used up. Âñå íàøè ÷åðíèëà èçðàñõîäîâàíû. § 109. Íàðå÷èå up óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ðÿäîì äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ: to fill up çàïîëíÿòü to get up âñòàâàòü to give up îñòàâëÿòü, áðîñàòü (ïðèâû÷êó) to look up ñìîòðåòü (â ñëîâàðå, ñïðàâî÷íèêå è ò. ä.) to make up ñîñòàâëÿòü to make up for âîçìåùàòü, âîñïîëíÿòü to pick up ïîäíèìàòü, ïîäáèðàòü to ring (call) up çâîíèòü ïî òåëåôîíó to stand up âñòàâàòü to wake up ïðîñûïàòüñÿ, áóäèòü He was asked to fill up a form. At what time do you get up? He has given up smoking. Åãî ïîïðîñèëè çàïîëíèòü áëàíê.  êîòîðîì ÷àñó âû âñòàåòå? Îí áðîñèë êóðèòü. I must look this word up in the dictionary. ß äîëæåí ïîñìîòðåòü ýòî ñëîâî â ñëîâàðå. Make up some sentences with these expressions. We must make up for lost time. Pick up that book. Ñîñòàâüòå íåñêîëüêî ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ ýòèìè âûðàæåíèÿìè. Ìû äîëæíû íàâåðñòàòü (âîçìåñòèòü) ïîòåðÿííîå âðåìÿ. Ïîäíèìèòå ýòó êíèãó. Ring me up at eight oclock. Ïîçâîíèòå ìíå â âîñåìü ÷àñîâ. Stand up, please. Âñòàíüòå, ïîæàëóéñòà. I usually wake up early. ß îáû÷íî ïðîñûïàþñü ðàíî. § 110. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ up: up to âïëîòü äî up-to-date ñîâðåìåííûé up and down âçàä è âïåðåä up to here äî ñèõ ïîð (î ìåñòå) up to now, up to the present time äî ñèõ ïîð (î âðåìåíè) to come up to ones expectations îïðàâäàòü îæèäàíèÿ êîãî-ë. 346 to make up ones mind to do something ïðèíÿòü ðåøåíèå ñäåëàòü ÷òî-ë. I was up at six oclock. ß âñòàë (áûë íà íîãàõ) â øåñòü ÷àñîâ. It is up to you (him, her) to decide. Âàì (åìó, åé) ïðèõîäèòñÿ ðåøàòü. The times up. Âðåìÿ èñòåêëî. Whats up?  ÷åì äåëî? ×òî ñëó÷èëîñü? With § 111. Îñíîâíûå ñëó÷àè óïîòðåáëåíèÿ ïðåäëîãà with: 1. Ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñ ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè: à) ñîâìåñòíîñòè, ñîó÷àñòèÿ â îäíîì è òîì æå äåéñòâèè: Íå lives with his brother. Will you come and have dinner with me? He likes to play with his children. Îí æèâåò ñî ñâîèì áðàòîì. He ïðèäåòå ëè âû ïîîáåäàòü ñî ìíîþ ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì? Îí ëþáèò èãðàòü ñî ñâîèìè äåòüìè. á) íàëè÷èÿ ÷åãî-íèáóäü, îáëàäàíèÿ ÷åì-íèáóäü: I have bought a book with pictures for my little daughter. A man with a suitcase in his hand entered the hall. ß êóïèë êíèãó ñ êàðòèíêàìè äëÿ ñâîåé ìàëåíüêîé äî÷åðè. ×åëîâåê ñ ÷åìîäàíîì â ðóêå âîøåë â âåñòèáþëü. â) ÿâëåíèé, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, êîòîðûìè ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ êàêîå-íèáóäü äåéñòâèå: Íå listened to me with interest. Îí ñëóøàë ìåíÿ ñ èíòåðåñîì. She said it with a smile. Îíà ñêàçàëà ýòî ñ óëûáêîé. He likes to sleep with the windows Îí ëþáèò ñïàòü ñ îòêðûòûìè open. îêíàìè (ïðè îòêðûòûõ îêíàõ). 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà, ïðè ïîìîùè êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå. With â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì) ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó áåç ïðåäëîãà. With â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íå èìååò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ëåêñè÷åñêîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è îòäåëüíî íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ (ñòð. 17): The bread was cut with a sharp knife. I like to write with a fountain pen. Õëåá áûë íàðåçàí îñòðûì íîæîì. ß ëþáëþ ïèñàòü àâòîðó÷êîé. § 112. Ãëàãîëû, ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå è ïðè÷àñòèÿ, òðåáóþùèå ïðåäëîãà with: to agree with ñîãëàøàòüñÿ ñ to compare with ñðàâíèâàòü ñ to deal with èìåòü äåëî ñ to fill with íàïîëíÿòüñÿ ÷åì-ë. to insure something with çàñòðàõîâàòü ÷òî-ë. â leave with îñòàâëÿòü ó to open an account with îòêðûâàòü ñ÷åò â I agree with you. ß ñîãëàñåí ñ âàìè. I shall compare your translation with the original. He has to deal with different kinds of people. ß ñðàâíþ âàø ïåðåâîä ñ îðèãèíàëîì. The childs eyes filled with tears. The cargo is insured with Gosstrakh. I have left the letter with the secretary. We have opened an account with the State Bank of Russia. Åìó ïðèõîäèòñÿ èìåòü äåëî ñ ëþäüìè ðàçëè÷íîãî ðîäà. Ãëàçà ðåáåíêà íàïîëíèëèñü ñëåçàìè. Ãðóç çàñòðàõîâàí â Ãîññòðàõå. ß îñòàâèë ïèñüìî ó ñåêðåòàðÿ. Ìû îòêðûëè ñ÷åò â Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîì Áàíêå Ðîññèè. 347 to supply (provide) with ñíàáæàòü ÷åì-ë. Turkmenistan supplies our textile industry with cotton. to tremble (shake, shiver) with äðîæàòü îò to be angry with ñåðäèòüñÿ íà pale (red, tired) with áëåäíûé (êðàñíûé, óñòàëûé) îò pleased (displeased) with äîâîëüíûé (íåäîâîëüíûé) êåì-ë., ÷åì-ë. popular with ïîïóëÿðíûé ñðåäè satisfied with óäîâëåòâîðåííûé ÷åì-ë. Íå trembled with cold. Òóðêìåíèñòàí ñíàáæàåò íàøó òåêñòèëüíóþ ïðîìûøëåííîñòü õëîïêîì. Îí äðîæàë îò õîëîäà. I am angry with you. ß ñåðæóñü íà âàñ. She was pale with excitement. Îíà áûëà áëåäíà îò âîëíåíèÿ. I was pleased with his answer. ß áûë äîâîëåí åãî îòâåòîì. She is popular with her pupils. He is satisfied with her work. Îíà ïîïóëÿðíà ñðåäè ñâîèõ ó÷åíèêîâ. Îí óäîâëåòâîðåí åå ðàáîòîé. § 113. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ with è by. Êàê with òàê è by â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ò â î ð è ò å ë ü í î ì ó ïàäåæó. By óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ä å é ñ ò â ó þ ù å ã î ë è ö à èëè ä å é ñ ò â ó þ ù å é ñ è ë û ïîñëå ãëàãîëà â ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ì çàëîãå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê with óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïðåäìåòà, ï ð è ï î ì î ù è ê î ò î ð î ã î ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå, ïîñëå ãëàãîëà êàê â ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ì, ò à ê è â ä å é ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í î ì ç à ë î ã å: The fire was put out by the firemen. The fire was put out with water. They put out the fire with water. Ïîæàð áûë çàòóøåí ïîæàðíûìè. Ïîæàð áûë çàòóøåí âîäîé. Îíè çàòóøèëè ïîæàð âîäîé. Within § 114. Ïðåäëîã within óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì â òå÷åíèå, íå ïîçæå ÷åì ÷åðåç ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèè ïåðèîäà âðåìåíè, â ïðåäåëàõ êîòîðîãî ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå: I shall give you an answer within a week. Payment will be made within ten days. ß âàì äàì îòâåò â òå÷åíèå íåäåëè (íå ïîçæå ÷åì ÷åðåç íåäåëþ). Ïëàòåæ áóäåò ïðîèçâåäåí â òå÷åíèå äåñÿòè äíåé (íå ïîçæå ÷åì ÷åðåç äåñÿòü äíåé). § 115. Within óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì â ïðåäåëàõ â ðÿäå âûðàæåíèé: within reach (sight, hearing) â ïðåäåëàõ äîñòèæèìîñòè (âèäèìîñòè, ñëûøèìîñòè) within three miles of the station â ïðåäåëàõ òðåõ ìèëü îò ñòàíöèè 348 § 116. Ñîïîñòàâëåíèå ïðåäëîãîâ for, during, in, within. Ðóññêîìó ïðåäëîãó â òå÷åíèå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò ïðåäëîãè for, during, in, within. Êîãäà ïðåäëîã â òå÷åíèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè íà âîïðîñ êàê äîëãî? ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè?, îí ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðåäëîãó for.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ðóññêèé ïðåäëîã â òå÷åíèå, êàê è ïðåäëîã for, ìîæåò îïóñêàòüñÿ: ß æèë òàì â òå÷åíèå òðåõ ëåò (òðè ãîäà). ß ïðîáóäó òàì â òå÷åíèå äåñÿòè äíåé (äåñÿòü äíåé). I lived there (for) three years. I shall stay there (for) ten days. Êîãäà ïðåäëîã â òå÷åíèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè íà âîïðîñ êîãäà?, îí ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðåäëîãó during:  òå÷åíèå ïîñëåäíèõ òðåõ ìåñÿöåâ During the last three months he has îí äîáèëñÿ áîëüøèõ óñïåõîâ â made great progress in German. íåìåöêîì ÿçûêå. ß ðàçãîâàðèâàë ñ íèì íåñêîëüêî I spoke to him several times during ðàç â òå÷åíèå âå÷åðà. the evening. Êîãäà ïðåäëîã â òå÷åíèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè íà âîïðîñ â êàêîé ñðîê? è âìåñòî íåãî ìîæíî ïî ñìûñëó óïîòðåáèòü ïðåäëîãè â, çà, îí ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðåäëîãó in: Ñòðîèòåëüñòâî ýòîãî çàâîäà áûëî çàêîí÷åíî â òå÷åíèå äåñÿòè ìåñÿöåâ (â äåñÿòü ìåñÿöåâ, çà äåñÿòü ìåñÿöåâ). The construction of this plant was completed in ten months, Êîãäà ïðåäëîã â òå÷åíèå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ âðåìåíè íà âîïðîñ â êàêîé ñðîê? è âìåñòî íåãî ìîæíî óïîòðåáèòü íå ïîçæå ÷åì ÷åðåç, îí ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðåäëîãó within: ß âàì äàì îòâåò â òå÷åíèå íåäåëè I shall give you an answer within a (íå ïîçæå ÷åì ÷åðåç íåäåëþ). week. Without § 117. Ïðåäëîã without óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì áåç (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåäëîãó with): I cannot do it without your help. ß íå ìîãó ýòî ñäåëàòü áåç âàøåé ïîìîùè. Íå went out without his hat. Îí âûøåë áåç øëÿïû. Without ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ãåðóíäèåì äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îòðèöàíèÿ è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ÷àñòèöåé íå (ñòð. 292): Íå can speak English without making any mistakes. I went in without waking him. Îí ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè, íå äåëàÿ îøèáîê (áåç îøèáîê). ß âîøåë, íå ðàçáóäèâ åãî. 349 § 118. Âûðàæåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì without: without doubt íåñîìíåííî without fail íåïðåìåííî, îáÿçàòåëüíî without notice áåç ïðåäóïðåæäåíèÿ (ôîðìàëüíîãî) without the knowledge (of) áåç âåäîìà (êîãî-ë.) it goes without saying ñàìî ñîáîé ðàçóìååòñÿ, ÿñíî áåç ñëîâ to do without somebody, something îáõîäèòüñÿ áåç êîãî-ë., ÷åãî-ë. § 119. Ãðóïïîâûå ïðåäëîãè: according to ñîãëàñíî ÷åìó-ë. apart from ïîìèìî, êðîìå, íå ñ÷èòàÿ According to the information received by us, the steamer will arrive on the 10th of May. Apart from the high price, the terms of payment and delivery proposed by that firm do not suit us. as to (as for) ÷òî êàñàåòñÿ because of èç-çà but for åñëè áû íå by means of ïîñðåäñòâîì As to (as for) the journey, we shall speak about that later. She didnt go there because of the rain. But for him I should have missed the train. In Russian ports ships are discharged by means of cranes. in accordance with â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ He did not act in accordance with our instructions. in addition to â äîïîëíåíèå ê I am sending you this information in addition to my telegram. In case of fire ring up 01. in case of â ñëó÷àå as compared with (in comparison with) ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ in conformity with â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ in consequence of âñëåäñòâèå, â ðåçóëüòàòå in favour of â ïîëüçó êîãî-ë., ÷åãî-ë., íà èìÿ êîãî-ë. in front of ïåðåä, íàïðîòèâ in spite of íåñìîòðÿ íà instead of âìåñòî 350 The production of machinery has greatly increased in Russia as compared with 1980. You have not executed the order in conformity with our instructions. In consequence of this accident the motor car was damaged. The cheque was drawn in favour of the sellers. The post-office is just in front of our house. We finished the work in time in spite of all difficulties. Give me the red pencil instead of the green one. Ñîãëàñíî ïîëó÷åííûì íàìè ñâåäåíèÿì, ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò 10 ìàÿ. Ïîìèìî âûñîêîé öåíû, óñëîâèÿ ïëàòåæà è ïîñòàâêè, ïðåäëîæåííûå ýòîé ôèðìîé, íàì íå ïîäõîäÿò. ×òî êàñàåòñÿ ïîåçäêè, ìû ïîãîâîðèì îá ýòîì ïîñëå. Îíà íå ïîøëà òóäà èç-çà äîæäÿ. Åñëè áû íå îí, ÿ îïîçäàë áû íà ïîåçä.  ðîññèéñêèõ ïîðòàõ ñóäà ðàçãðóæàþòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ. Îí íå ïîñòóïèë â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ íàøèìè èíñòðóêöèÿìè. ß ïîñûëàþ âàì ýòî ïèñüìî â äîïîëíåíèå ê ìîåé òåëåãðàììå.  ñëó÷àå ïîæàðà ïîçâîíèòå ïî íîìåðó 01. Ïðîèçâîäñòâî ìàøèí çíà÷èòåëüíî óâåëè÷èëîñü â Ðîññèè ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ 1980 ã. Âû íå âûïîëíèëè çàêàç â ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ ñ íàøèìè èíñòðóêöèÿìè.  ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîé àâàðèè àâòîìàøèíà áûëà ïîâðåæäåíà. ×åê áûë âûïèñàí íà èìÿ ïðîäàâöîâ. Ïî÷òà êàê ðàç íàïðîòèâ íàøåãî äîìà. Ìû çàêîí÷èëè ðàáîòó âîâðåìÿ, íåñìîòðÿ íà âñå òðóäíîñòè. Äàéòå ìíå êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø âìåñòî çåëåíîãî. in the event of â ñëó÷àå åñëè in view of ââèäó owing to èç-çà, áëàãîäàðÿ on behalf of, in the name of îò èìåíè subject to ïðè óñëîâèè In the event of the lecture being postponed due notice will be given. In view of the fact that he was ill I had to do it myself. We could not get there in time owing to a severe storm. He signed the contract on behalf of the sellers. We make this offer subject to receiving your confirmation by cable. thanks to áëàãîäàðÿ with a view to ñ öåëüþ Thanks to his help we finished our work early. They arrived in Moscow with a view to concluding an agreement for the purchase of machinery. with (in) regard to, I have something to tell you with (in) respect to with (in) regard to this îòíîñèòåëüíî, ïî matter. îòíîøåíèþ ê, â îòíîøåíèè  ñëó÷àå, åñëè ëåêöèÿ áóäåò îòëîæåíà, áóäåò ñäåëàíî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå èçâåùåíèå. Ââèäó òîãî, ÷òî îí áûë áîëåí, ìíå ïðèøëîñü ýòî ñäåëàòü ñàìîìó. Ìû íå ìîãëè ïðèáûòü òóäà âîâðåìÿ èç-çà ñèëüíîé áóðè. Îí ïîäïèñàë êîíòðàêò îò èìåíè ïðîäàâöîâ. Ìû äåëàåì ýòî ïðåäëîæåíèå ïðè óñëîâèè ïîëó÷åíèÿ âàøåãî ïîäòâåðæäåíèÿ ïî òåëåãðàôó. Áëàãîäàðÿ åãî ïîìîùè ìû îêîí÷èëè íàøó ðàáîòó ðàíî. Îíè ïðèáûëè â Ìîñêâó ñ öåëüþ çàêëþ÷èòü ñîãëàøåíèå íà ïîêóïêó ìàøèí. ß õî÷ó êîå-÷òî ñêàçàòü âàì îòíîñèòåëüíî ýòîãî äåëà. ÑÎÞÇ (THE CONJUNCTION) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. Ñîþçàìè íàçûâàþòñÿ ñëóæåáíûå ñëîâà, êîòîðûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è ïðåäëîæåíèé. Ñîþçû äåëÿòñÿ íà ñ î ÷ è í è ò å ë ü í û å è ï î ä ÷ è í è ò å ë ü í û å. 1. Ñ î ÷ è í è ò å ë ü í û å ñîþçû ñâÿçûâàþò ìåæäó ñîáîé îäíîðîäíûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, à òàêæå íåçàâèñèìûå äðóã îò äðóãà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I have received a letter and a telegram. The sun has set, but it is still light. Go at once or you will miss your train. ß ïîëó÷èë ïèñüìî è òåëåãðàììó. Ñîëíöå ñåëî, íî åùå ñâåòëî. Èäèòå íåìåäëåííî, èíà÷å âû íå ïîñïååòå íà ïîåçä. 2. Ï î ä ÷ è í è ò å ë ü í û å ñîþçû ñëóæàò äëÿ ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ê ãëàâíîìó: I cant do it now because I am very busy. ß íå ìîãó ýòîãî ñäåëàòü ñåé÷àñ, ïîòîìó ÷òî ÿ î÷åíü çàíÿò. 351 I said that he would come in the evening. If you wish, I will help you. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò âå÷åðîì. Åñëè âû æåëàåòå, ÿ ïîìîãó âàì. § 2. Ïî ñâîåé ôîðìå ñîþçû äåëÿòñÿ íà ï ð î ñ ò û å è ñ î ñ ò à â í û å. Ï ð î ñ ò û å ñ î þ ç û: and è, a, but íî, if åñëè, that ÷òî è äð. Ñ î ñ ò à â í û å ñ î þ ç û: as well as òàê æå êàê, so that, in order that ÷òîáû, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû, as soon as êàê òîëüêî è äð. Íåêîòîðûå ñîñòàâíûå ñîþçû ÿâëÿþòñÿ äâîéíûìè, òàê êàê ðàñïàäàþòñÿ íà äâå ÷àñòè: both ... and êàê ... òàê è, not only ... but also íå òîëüêî ... íî è, either ... or èëè ... èëè, neither ... nor íè ... íè è äð. Íåêîòîðûå ñîþçû èìåþò ôîðìó ïðè÷àñòèé, îò êîòîðûõ îíè ïðîèçîøëè: provided (providing) ïðè óñëîâèè åñëè, seeing ïîñêîëüêó, òàê êàê, supposing ïðåäïîëîæèì. § 3. ÑÎ×ÈÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÞÇÛ: and è, à as well as òàê æå êàê (è) both ... and è ... è, êàê ... òàê è not only ... but also íå òîëüêî ... íî è but íî or èëè, èíà÷å either ... or èëè ... èëè 352 The contract was concluded on the 15th June, and the sellers chartered a vessel immediately. The S. S. Minsk will be discharged in Odessa and the S. S. Moscow at Batumi. We have received your telegram as well as your letter of the 20th May. Both the wheat and the barley will be shipped tomorrow. We object not only to the terms of payment, but also to the time of delivery. We agree to the terms of payment but object to the time of delivery. The village is about seven or eight kilometres from here. Hurry up or you will miss the train. The manager is either at the office or at the laboratory. Êîíòðàêò áûë çàêëþ÷åí 15 èþíÿ, è ïðîäàâöû íåìåäëåííî çàôðàõòîâàëè ïàðîõîä. Ïàðîõîä «Ìèíñê» áóäåò ðàçãðóæàòüñÿ â Îäåññå, à ïàðîõîä «Ìîñêâà» â Áàòóìè. Ìû ïîëó÷èëè Âàøó òåëåãðàììó, òàê æå êàê è Âàøå ïèñüìî îò 20 ìàÿ. Êàê ïøåíèöà, òàê è ÿ÷ìåíü áóäóò îòãðóæåíû çàâòðà. Ìû âîçðàæàåì íå òîëüêî ïðîòèâ óñëîâèé ïëàòåæà, íî è ïðîòèâ ñðîêà ïîñòàâêè. Ìû ñîãëàñíû ñ óñëîâèÿìè ïëàòåæà, íî âîçðàæàåì ïðîòèâ ñðîêà ïîñòàâêè. Äåðåâíÿ íàõîäèòñÿ ïðèáëèçèòåëüíî â ñåìè èëè âîñüìè êèëîìåòðàõ îòñþäà. Ñïåøèòå, èíà÷å âû íå ïîñïååòå íà ïîåçä. Çàâåäóþùèé èëè â êîíòîðå, èëè â ëàáîðàòîðèè. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ íåçàâèñèìûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñëóæàò òàêæå íàðå÷èÿ moreover êðîìå òîãî, ñâåðõ òîãî, therefore ïîýòîìó, so òàê ÷òî, èòàê, however îäíàêî, nevertheless òåì íå ìåíåå, still, yet òåì íå ìåíåå, âñå æå, besides êðîìå òîãî, otherwise, else, or else â ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå, èíà÷å. § 4. ÏÎÄ×ÈÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÞÇÛ: 1. Ñîþçû, ââîäÿùèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è å, ñ ê à ç ó å ì û å è ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û å: that ÷òî, if, whether ëè: Whether the documents will arrive Ïðèáóäóò ëè äîêóìåíòû çàâòðà, to-morrow is not certain åùå íåèçâåñòíî. (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïîäëåæàùåå). The difficulty is that it is impossible Òðóäíîñòü çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî to charter a ship in such a short íåâîçìîæíî çàôðàõòîâàòü ïàtime ðîõîä â òàêîé êîðîòêèé ñðîê. (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ñêàçóåìîå). Ñïðîñèòå åãî, ìîæåò ëè îí ýòî Ask him whether (if) he can do it ñäåëàòü çàâòðà. tomorrow (ïðèäàòî÷íîå äîïîëíèòåëüíîå). 2. Ñîþçû, ââîäÿùèå î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â å í í û å ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: à) â ð å ì å í è: after ïîñëå òîãî êàê as â òî âðåìÿ êàê, êîãäà, ïî ìåðå òîãî êàê as long as ïîêà, äî òåõ ïîð ïîêà as soon as êàê òîëüêî before ïðåæäå ÷åì since ñ òåõ ïîð êàê until (till) äî òåõ ïîð ïîêà ... (íå) while â òî âðåìÿ êàê, ïîêà After the steamer had left the port, we sent a telegram to the buyers. As I was coming here, I met your brother. As winter approached, the days became shorter. As long as you insist on these terms, we shall not be able to come to an agreement with you. He will do it as soon as he comes home. The machines must be tested by our engineers before they are shipped. What have you been doing since I last saw you? I shall stay here until (till) I have finished my work. While the legal adviser was drawing up the contract, we were discussing the specification of the goods. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ïàðîõîä âûøåë èç ïîðòà, ìû ïîñëàëè òåëåãðàììó ïîêóïàòåëÿì. Êîãäà (â òî âðåìÿ êàê) ÿ øåë ñþäà, ÿ âñòðåòèë âàøåãî áðàòà. Ïî ìåðå òîãî êàê ïðèáëèæàëàñü çèìà, äíè ñòàíîâèëèñü êîðî÷å. Äî òåõ ïîð ïîêà âû áóäåòå íàñòàèâàòü íà ýòèõ óñëîâèÿõ, ìû íå ñìîæåì ïðèäòè ê ñîãëàøåíèþ ñ âàìè. Îí ýòî ñäåëàåò, êàê òîëüêî ïðèäåò äîìîé. Ìàøèíû äîëæíû áûòü èñïûòàíû íàøèìè èíæåíåðàìè, ïðåæäå ÷åì îíè áóäóò îòãðóæåíû. ×òî âû äåëàëè ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê ÿ âàñ âèäåë â ïîñëåäíèé ðàç? ß îñòàíóñü çäåñü äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå çàêîí÷ó ñâîþ ðàáîòó.  òî âðåìÿ êàê þðèñêîíñóëüò ñîñòàâëÿë êîíòðàêò, ìû îáñóæäàëè ñïåöèôèêàöèþ òîâàðà. 353 á) ï ð è ÷ è í û: as òàê êàê because ïîòîìó ÷òî, òàê êàê since òàê êàê, ïîñêîëüêó for*) èáî, òàê êàê seeing (that) ïîñêîëüêó, ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå As I have not read the book, Òàê êàê ÿ íå ÷èòàë ýòîé êíèãè, I cannot tell you anything ÿ íå ìîãó âàì íè÷åãî ñêàçàòü about it. î íåé. I cannot do it now because ß íå ìîãó ýòî ñäåëàòü ñåé÷àñ, I am very busy. ïîòîìó ÷òî ÿ î÷åíü çàíÿò. Since the documents have Òàê êàê äîêóìåíòû íå ïðèáûnot arrived, we cannot ëè, ìû íå ìîæåì ïîãðóçèòü load the goods. ýòè òîâàðû. He walked quickly, for he Îí øåë áûñòðî, òàê êàê îí was in a great hurry. î÷åíü ñïåøèë. Seeing (that) he is ill today, Ïîñêîëüêó îí áîëåí ñåãîäíÿ, we shall have to postpone íàì ïðèäåòñÿ îòëîæèòü çàñåthe meeting. äàíèå. â) ó ñ ë î â è ÿ: if He will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now. on condition (that) I will lend you the book on ïðè óñëîâèè, condition (that) you reåñëè turn it on Monday. provided (that), We shall be able to ship the providing (that) goods at the end of May ïðè óñëîâèè, provided (that) the order åñëè is received immediately. supposing (that) Supposing (that) he doesnt åñëè, äîïóñòèì come, who will do the (÷òî), ïðåäïîëîwork? æèì (÷òî) unless I shall go there tomorrow åñëè ... íå unless I am too busy. åñëè Îí ïîëó÷èò ïèñüìî çàâòðà, åñëè âû åãî ñåé÷àñ îòïðàâèòå. ß îäîëæó âàì ýòó êíèãó ïðè óñëîâèè, åñëè âû âîçâðàòèòå åå â ïîíåäåëüíèê. Ìû ñìîæåì îòãðóçèòü òîâàð â êîíöå ìàÿ ïðè óñëîâèè, åñëè çàêàç áóäåò ïîëó÷åí íåìåäëåííî. Åñëè îí íå ïðèäåò, êòî ñäåëàåò ýòó ðàáîòó? ß ïîéäó òóäà çàâòðà, åñëè ÿ íå áóäó ñëèøêîì çàíÿò. ã) ö å ë è: lest ÷òîáû ... íå so that, in order that äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû, ÷òîáû They wrapped the instruments in oilcloth lest they should be damaged by seawater. I gave him the book so that (in order that, that) he might study the subject at home. Îíè îáåðíóëè èíñòðóìåíòû â êëååíêó, ÷òîáû îíè íå áûëè ïîâðåæäåíû ìîðñêîé âîäîé. ß äàë åìó êíèãó, ÷òîáû îí èçó÷èë ýòîò âîïðîñ äîìà. ä) î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ: as êàê Ill do it as you told me. ß ýòî ñäåëàþ, êàê âû ìíå ñêàçàëè. *) Ñîþç for â àíãëèéñêèõ ãðàììàòèêàõ îáû÷íî ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ñî÷èíèòåëüíûé ñîþç. 354 as if (as though) êàê áóäòî, êàê åñëè áû so ... that òàê (òàêîé) ÷òî such that òàêîé ÷òî You answer as if (as though) you did not know this rule. Âû îòâå÷àåòå òàê, êàê áóäòî âû íå çíàåòå ýòîãî ïðàâèëà. The sea was so stormy that the vessel could not leave the port. There was such a storm that day that the steamer could not leave the port. Ìîðå áûëî òàêîå áóðíîå, ÷òî ñóäíî íå ìîãëî âûéòè èç ïîðòà.  òîò äåíü áûëà òàêàÿ áóðÿ, ÷òî ïàðîõîä íå ìîã âûéòè èç ïîðòà. å) ñ ð à â í å í è ÿ: as ... as I get up as early as you do. òàê (òàêîé) æå ... êàê (è) (not) so ... as The book is not so interest(íå) òàê ... êàê, ing as I thought. (íå) òàêîé ... êàê than He returned sooner than we ÷åì had expected. ß âñòàþ òàê æå ðàíî, êàê è âû. Êíèãà íå òàêàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ, êàê ÿ äóìàë. Îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ ðàíüøå, ÷åì ìû îæèäàëè. æ) ñ ë å ä ñ ò â è ÿ: so that òàê ÷òî The loading of the goods was Ïîãðóçêà òîâàðîâ áûëà çàêîícompleted on Monday so ÷åíà â ïîíåäåëüíèê, òàê ÷òî that on Tuesday the steamer âî âòîðíèê ïàðîõîä ñìîã was able to leave the port. âûéòè èç ïîðòà. ç) ó ñ ò ó ï è ò å ë ü í û å: in spite of the fact that He went out in spite of the íåñìîòðÿ íà òî ÷òî fact that he had a bad cold. though (although) He speaks English perfectly õîòÿ though (although) he has never been to England. Îí âûøåë, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îí áûë î÷åíü ïðîñòóæåí. Îí â ñîâåðøåíñòâå ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè, õîòÿ îí íèêîãäà íå áûë â Àíãëèè. ÑÎÞÇÍÛÅ ÑËÎÂÀ § 5. Êðîìå ñîþçîâ, äëÿ ñâÿçè ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ñ ãëàâíûì â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ðóññêîì, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîþçíûå ñëîâà: îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ who êòî, êîòîðûé, whose ÷åé, êîòîðîãî, what ÷òî, which, that êîòîðûé è íàðå÷èÿ when êîãäà, where ãäå, how êàê, why ïî÷åìó. Ñîþçíûå ñëîâà îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò ñîþçîâ òåì, ÷òî îíè íå òîëüêî ñâÿçûâàþò ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ãëàâíûì, íî è âõîäÿò â ñîñòàâ ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â êà÷åñòâå îäíîãî èç åãî ÷ëåíîâ: I dont know when he will return. ß íå çíàþ, êîãäà îí âåðíåòñÿ. (When ñâÿçûâàåò ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ãëàâíûì è ñëóæèò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâîì âðåìåíè.) I know the man who wrote this ß çíàþ ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðûé íàïèarticle. ñàë ýòó ñòàòüþ. (Who ñâÿçûâàåò ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ãëàâíûì è ñëóæèò ïîäëåæàùèì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.) 355 He told me what he had seen there. Îí ðàññêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî îí òàì âèäåë. (What ñâÿçûâàåò ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ãëàâíûì è ñëóæèò â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè äîïîëíåíèåì.) ÑÎÞÇÛ, ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÈ È ÍÀÐÅ×Èß, ÑÎÂÏÀÄÀÞÙÈÅ ÏÎ ÔÎÐÌÅ § 6. Íåêîòîðûå ñîþçû ñîâïàäàþò ïî ôîðìå ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, à íåêîòîðûå êàê ñ ïðåäëîãàìè, òàê è ñ íàðå÷èÿìè. Âîïðîñ î òîì, ê êàêîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêèå ñëîâà, ðåøàåòñÿ â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ðîëè ñëîâà â ïðåäëîæåíèè: 1. Íå always comes before I do (before ñîþç; ïðèñîåäèíÿåò ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ê ãëàâíîìó). I shall go there before dinner (before ïðåäëîã; ïîêàçûâàåò îòíîøåíèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ê ãëàãîëó). I have seen this before (before íàðå÷èå; óêàçûâàåò âðåìÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ). 2. I found the letter after he had left (after ñîþç). He came after breakfast (after ïðåäëîã). We can do that after (after íàðå÷èå). 3. What have you been doing since I saw you last? (since ñîþç). I have not been there since 1980 (since ïðåäëîã). He left Moscow six months ago, and I have not seen him since (since íàðå÷èå). Îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèò äî òîãî, êàê ÿ ïðèõîæó. ß ïîéäó òóäà äî îáåäà. ß ýòî âèäåë ðàíüøå. ß íàøåë ïèñüìî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê îí óøåë. Îí ïðèøåë ïîñëå çàâòðàêà. Ìû ìîæåì ýòî ñäåëàòü ïîòîì. ×òî âû äåëàëè ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê ÿ âèäåë âàñ â ïîñëåäíèé ðàç? ß íå áûë òàì ñ 1980 ãîäà. Îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû øåñòü ìåñÿöåâ òîìó íàçàä, è ÿ åãî íå âèäåë ñ òåõ ïîð. ÌÅÆÄÎÌÅÒÈÅ (THE INTERJECTION) Ìåæäîìåòèÿ ñëóæàò äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ÷óâñòâ è ïîáóæäåíèé, íå íàçûâàÿ èõ. Ìåæäîìåòèÿ íå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: His father, alas, is no better. Åãî îòöó, óâû, íå ëó÷øå. Oh! How you frightened me. Ax! Êàê âû ìåíÿ èñïóãàëè. Well! What do you think of it? Íó! ×òî âû äóìàåòå îá ýòîì? 356 ÑÈÍÒÀÊÑÈÑ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ (THE SENTENCE) ÎÁÙÈÅ ÑÂÅÄÅÍÈß § 1. 1. Ïðåäëîæåíèåì íàçûâàåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå ñëîâ, âûðàæàþùåå çàêîí÷åííóþ ìûñëü: The sun rises in the east. Ñîëíöå âñõîäèò íà âîñòîêå. Ñëîâà, âõîäÿùèå â ñîñòàâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è îòâå÷àþùèå íà êàêîé-íèáóäü âîïðîñ, íàçûâàþòñÿ ÷ ë å í à ì è ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ. ×ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ äåëÿòñÿ íà ã ë à â í û å è â ò î ð î ñ ò å ï å í í û å. Ê ãëàâíûì ÷ëåíàì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ï î ä ë å æ à ù å å (the Subject) è ñ ê à ç ó å ì î å (the Predicate). Ê âòîðîñòåïåííûì ÷ëåíàì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ä î ï î ë í å í è å (the Object), î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å (the Attribute) è î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à (the Adverbial Modifiers). 2. Ïî ñâîåé ñ ò ð ó ê ò ó ð å ïðåäëîæåíèÿ äåëÿòñÿ íà ï ð î ñ ò û å è ñ ë î æ í û å. Ñëîæíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü äåëÿòñÿ íà ñ ë î æ í î ñ î ÷ è í å í í û å è ñ ë î æ í î ï î ä ÷ è í å í í û å: The steamer arrived at the port yesterday (ïðîñòîå ïðåäëîæåíèå). The agreement was signed, and the delegation left Moscow (ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå). After the goods had been unloaded, they were taken to the warehouse (ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå). Ïàðîõîä ïðèáûë â ïîðò â÷åðà. Ñîãëàøåíèå áûëî ïîäïèñàíî, è äåëåãàöèÿ óåõàëà èç Ìîñêâû. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê òîâàðû áûëè âûãðóæåíû, îíè áûëè îòâåçåíû íà ñêëàä. 3.  çàâèñèìîñòè îò ö å ë è â û ñ ê à ç û â à í è ÿ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ äåëÿòñÿ íà ñëåäóþùèå âèäû: à) Ï î â å ñ ò â î â à ò å ë ü í û å ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ (Declarative Sentences): 357 The library is on the second floor. Áèáëèîòåêà íàõîäèòñÿ íà âòîðîì ýòàæå. á)  î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û å ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ (Interrogative Sentences): When did you come? Êîãäà âû ïðèøëè? â) Ï î â å ë è ò å ë ü í û å ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ (Imperative Sentences): Open the window, please. Îòêðîéòå îêíî, ïîæàëóéñòà. ã)  î ñ ê ë è ö à ò å ë ü í û å ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ (Exclamatory Sentences): How well she sings! Êàê îíà õîðîøî ïîåò! ÏÐÎÑÒÎÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ (THE SIMPLE SENTENCE) ÍÅÐÀÑÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÅÍÍÛÅ È ÐÀÑÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß (UNEXTENDED AND EXTENDED SENTENCES) § 2. Ïðîñòûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ áûâàþò í å ð à ñ ï ð î ñ ò ð à í å í í û å è ð à ñ ï ð î ñ ò ð à í å í í û å. Í å ð à ñ ï ð î ñ ò ð à í å í í û å ïðîñòûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñîñòîÿò òîëüêî èç ãëàâíûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäëåæàùåãî è ñêàçóåìîãî: The car stopped. Àâòîìîáèëü îñòàíîâèëñÿ. (ïîäëåæàùåå) (ñêàçóåìîå)  ñîñòàâ ð à ñ ï ð î ñ ò ð à í å í í î ã î ïðîñòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âõîäÿò, êðîìå ãëàâíûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è âòîðîñòåïåííûå ÷ëåíû îïðåäåëåíèå, äîïîëíåíèå è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà. Âòîðîñòåïåííûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîÿñíÿþò ãëàâíûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. The blue car stopped at the gate. Ñèíèé àâòîìîáèëü îñòàíîâèëñÿ ó âîðîò.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ blue (îïðåäåëåíèå) ïîÿñíÿåò ïîäëåæàùåå the car; âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ at the gate (îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà) ïîÿñíÿåò ñêàçóåìîå stopped. 2. The manager of the office has Äèðåêòîð êîíòîðû ïîëó÷èë òåëåreceived a telegram. ãðàììó.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ of the office (îïðåäåëåíèå) ïîÿñíÿåò ïîäëåæàùåå the manager; âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ a telegram (äîïîëíåíèå) ïîÿñíÿåò ñêàçóåìîå has received. Ïîäëåæàùåå ñ îòíîñÿùèìèñÿ ê íåìó âòîðîñòåïåííûìè ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò ã ð ó ï ï ó ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î (ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå ïîäëåæàùåå). Ñêàçóåìîå ñ îòíîñÿùèìèñÿ ê íåìó âòîðîñòåïåííûìè ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñîñòàâëÿåò ã ð ó ï ï ó ñ ê à ç ó å ì î ã î (ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå ñêàçóåìîå): 358 Ãðóïïà ïîäëåæàùåãî (Subject Group) The blue car The manager of the office Ãðóïïà ñêàçóåìîãî (Predicate Group) stopped at the gate. has received a telegram. § 3. Âòîðîñòåïåííûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü ïîÿñíÿòüñÿ äðóãèìè âòîðîñòåïåííûìè ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîñòàâëÿÿ ñ íèìè ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. The manager has received an important telegram. Äèðåêòîð ïîëó÷èë âàæíóþ òåëåãðàììó.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ a telegram (äîïîëíåíèå) ïîÿñíÿåòñÿ äðóãèì âòîðîñòåïåííûì ÷ëåíîì important (îïðåäåëåíèå), îáðàçóÿ ñ íèì ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå äîïîëíåíèå an important telegram. 2. The question was discussed at the meeting of the committee. Âîïðîñ áûë îáñóæäåí íà çàñåäàíèè êîìèòåòà.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ at the meeting (îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà) ïîÿñíÿåòñÿ äðóãèì âòîðîñòåïåííûì ÷ëåíîì of the committee (îïðåäåëåíèå), îáðàçóÿ ñ íèì ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà at the meeting of the committee. ГЛАВНЫЕ ЧЛЕНЫ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ И ИХ ВЫР АЖЕНИЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÅÅ (THE SUBJECT) § 4. Ïîäëåæàùèì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáîçíà÷àþùèé ïðåäìåò, î êîòîðîì ÷òî-ëèáî ãîâîðèòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Îíî îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ who? êòî? èëè what? ÷òî? Ï î ä ë å æ à ù å å ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî: 1. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì: The steamer has arrived. The meeting is over. Ïàðîõîä ïðèáûë. Ñîáðàíèå îêîí÷åíî. 2. Ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì: He works at a factory. Someone wants to speak to you. Îí ðàáîòàåò íà ôàáðèêå. Êîå-êòî õî÷åò ïîãîâîðèòü ñ âàìè. 3. È í ô è í è ò è â î ì: To swim is pleasant. Ïëàâàòü ïðèÿòíî. 4. à å ð ó í ä è å ì: Smoking is not allowed here. Êóðèòü çäåñü íå ðàçðåøàåòñÿ. 359 5. × è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì: Three were absent from the lecture. Òðîå îòñóòñòâîâàëè íà ëåêöèè. 6. Ë þ á û ì ñ ë î â î ì èëè ñ ë î â î ñ î ÷ å ò à í è å ì, óïîòðåáëåííûì â çíà÷åíèè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: Had is the Past Tense of the verb to have. Free on board is a commercial expression often used in contracts. «Èìåë» ïðîøåäøåå âðåìÿ îò ãëàãîëà «èìåòü». «Ôðàíêî-áîðò ñóäíà» êîììåð÷åñêîå âûðàæåíèå, ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåìîå â êîíòðàêòàõ. ÔÎÐÌÀËÜÍÎÅ ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÅÅ it § 5.  àíãëèéñêèõ áåçëè÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàëüíîå ïîäëåæàùåå, âûðàæåííîå ìåñòîèìåíèåì it, ïîñêîëüêó â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïîäëåæàùåå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûì ýëåìåíòîì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. § 6. Ìåñòîèìåíèå it óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â êà÷åñòâå ô î ð ì à ë ü í î ã î ï î ä ë å æ à ù å ã î â ñëåäóþùèõ áåçëè÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ: 1. Ïðè ñîîáùåíèÿõ î ÿ â ë å í è ÿ õ ï ð è ð î ä û: It It It It is winter. is cold. is getting dark. was a warm spring day. Çèìà. Õîëîäíî. Ñòàíîâèòñÿ òåìíî. Áûë òåïëûé âåñåííèé äåíü. 2. Ïðè ãëàãîëàõ, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å ï î ã î ä û: to rain, to snow, to freeze è ò. ä.: It often snows in February. It has been raining since three oclock. It was freezing.  ôåâðàëå ÷àñòî èäåò ñíåã. Äîæäü èäåò ñ òðåõ ÷àñîâ. Ìîðîçèëî. 3. Ïðè îáîçíà÷åíèÿõ â ð å ì å í è è ð à ñ ñ ò î ÿ í è ÿ: It It It It is early morning. is five oclock. is noon. is one kilometre from our house to the river. It is not far to the railway station. Ðàííåå óòðî. Ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. Ïîëäåíü. Îò íàøåãî äîìà äî ðåêè îäèí êèëîìåòð. Äî âîêçàëà íåäàëåêî. § 7. Ìåñòîèìåíèå it â ôóíêöèè ôîðìàëüíîãî ïîäëåæàùåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ íåêîòîðûìè ãëàãîëàìè â ñ ò ð à ä à ò å ë ü í î ì çàëîãå. Òàêèå 360 ñòðàäàòåëüíûå îáîðîòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåîïðåäåëåííîëè÷íûì îáîðîòàì: It is said ... It is believed It is expected... Ãîâîðÿò Ïîëàãàþò Îæèäàþò § 8. Ìåñòîèìåíèå it â ôóíêöèè ôîðìàëüíîãî ïîäëåæàùåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå è ïðè íàëè÷èè ïîäëåæàùåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî èíôèíèòèâîì, ãåðóíäèåì èëè ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì è ñòîÿùåãî ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî: It was difficult to find a suitable steamer. Its no use telling him about it. It was clear that he would not come. Áûëî òðóäíî íàéòè ïîäõîäÿùèé ïàðîõîä. Áåñïîëåçíî ãîâîðèòü åìó îá ýòîì. Áûëî ÿñíî, ÷òî îí íå ïðèäåò. ÎÁÎÐÎÒ it is ... that § 9. Êîãäà õîòÿò ñäåëàòü î ñ î á î å ó ä à ð å í è å íà êàêîì-íèáóäü ÷ëåíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, åãî ïîìåùàþò â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìåæäó It is (was) è that (who, whom). Íàïðèìåð, åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè I met his sister in the park ß âñòðåòèë åãî ñåñòðó â ïàðêå íàäî âûäåëèòü ïîäëåæàùåå I, ò. å. ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî èìåííî ÿ, à íå êòî-íèáóäü äðóãîé, âñòðåòèë åãî ñåñòðó â ïàðêå, òî I ñòàâèòñÿ ìåæäó it was è that (who): It was I that (who) met his sister in the park. Èìåííî (ýòî) ÿ âñòðåòèë åãî ñåñòðó â ïàðêå. Åñëè íàäî âûäåëèòü äîïîëíåíèå his sister, ò. å. ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ÿ âñòðåòèë èìåííî åãî ñåñòðó, à íå êîãî-íèáóäü äðóãîãî, òî his sister ñòàâèòñÿ ìåæäó it was è that (whom): It was his sister that (whom) I met in the park. Èìåííî (ýòî) åãî ñåñòðó ÿ âñòðåòèë â ïàðêå. Åñëè íàäî âûäåëèòü îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà in the park, ò. å. ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî ÿ âñòðåòèë åãî ñåñòðó â ïàðêå, à íå â äðóãîì ìåñòå, òî in the park ñòàâèòñÿ ìåæäó it was è that: It was in the park that I met his sister. Èìåííî (ýòî) â ïàðêå ÿ âñòðåòèë åãî ñåñòðó. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ýòîãî îáîðîòà ÷àñòî ïîëüçóþòñÿ ñëîâàìè èìåííî, ýòî. Ïðè ïîìîùè îáîðîòà It is ... that ìîæíî òàêæå âûäåëèòü ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê âûäåëåííîãî 361 òàêèì îáðàçîì ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÷àñòî ïîëüçóþòñÿ ñëîâîì òîëüêî: I told him the news after he had returned from London. It was after he had returned from London that I told him the news. ß ðàññêàçàë åìó ýòó íîâîñòü ïîñëå òîãî, êàê îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ èç Ëîíäîíà. Òîëüêî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê îí âîçâðàòèëñÿ èç Ëîíäîíà, ÿ ðàññêàçàë åìó ýòó íîâîñòü. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ïåðåâîä ýòîãî îáîðîòà ñ îòðèöàíèåì not ïðè íàëè÷èè until èëè till: We did not receive a letter from them until (till) May. It was not until (till) May that we received a letter from them. She did not learn the truth until (till) she returned home. It was not until (till) she returned home that she learned the truth. Ìû íå ïîëó÷àëè îò íèõ ïèñüìà äî ìàÿ. Òîëüêî â ìàå ìû ïîëó÷èëè îò íèõ ïèñüìî. Îíà íå óçíàëà ïðàâäû, ïîêà íå âåðíóëàñü äîìîé. Òîëüêî êîãäà îíà âåðíóëàñü äîìîé, îíà óçíàëà ïðàâäó. ÍÅÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÈÅ one è they § 10. Êîãäà äåéñòâóþùåå ëèöî ìûñëèòñÿ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î èëè î á î á ù å í í î, â ôóíêöèè ïîäëåæàùåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå one â çíà÷åíèè êàæäûé, âñÿêèé ÷åëîâåê, ëþäè (âêëþ÷àÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå one ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè: One should be careful when crossing the road. One must always keep ones word. Íóæíî áûòü îñòîðîæíûì ïðè ïåðåõîäå ÷åðåç óëèöó. Íóæíî âñåãäà äåðæàòü ñâîå ñëîâî.  òàêîé æå ôóíêöèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå they ñî çíà÷åíèåì ëþäè (èñêëþ÷àÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî). They â ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ÷àùå âñåãî ñ ãëàãîëîì to say: They say the wheat crop in the Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî â ýòîì ãîäó áóäåò Ukraine will be fine this year. ïðåêðàñíûé óðîæàé ïøåíèöû íà Óêðàèíå. Ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì ïîäëåæàùèì one è they ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê áåçëè÷íûì èëè íåîïðåäåëåííî-ëè÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÅ (THE PREDICATE) § 11. Ñêàçóåìûì íàçûâàåòñÿ ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáîçíà÷àþùèé òî, ÷òî ãîâîðèòñÿ î ïîäëåæàùåì. Ñêàçóåìîå îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû: what does the subject do? ÷òî äåëàåò ïîäëåæàùåå? what is done to the subject? ÷òî 362 äåëàåòñÿ ñ ïîäëåæàùèì? èëè what is it like? êàêîâî îíî? what is it? ÷òî îíî òàêîå? who is it? êòî îíî òàêîå? Ñêàçóåìîå áûâàåò ï ð î ñ ò î å (the Simple Predicate) è ñ î ñ ò à â í î å (the Compound Predicate). Ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå â ñâîþ î÷åðåäü áûâàåò äâóõ òèïîâ ñ î ñ ò à â í î å è ì å í í î å è ñ î ñ ò à â í î å ã ë à ã î ë ü í î å: Íå learns French (ïðîñòîå ñêàçóåìîå). My father is a doctor (ñîñòàâíîå èìåííîå ñêàçóåìîå). I must go there at once (ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå). Îí èçó÷àåò ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê. Ìîé îòåö âðà÷. ß äîëæåí ïîéòè òóäà íåìåäëåííî. ÏÐÎÑÒÎÅ ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÅ § 12. Ï ð î ñ ò î å ñ ê à ç ó å ì î å âûðàæàåòñÿ ã ë à ã î ë î ì â ë è ÷ í î é ô î ð ì å â ëþáîì âðåìåíè, çàëîãå è íàêëîíåíèè: She works at a factory. Íå is reading. They will return soon. The goods were loaded by means of cranes. Îíà ðàáîòàåò íà çàâîäå. Îí ÷èòàåò. Îíè âåðíóòñÿ ñêîðî. Òîâàðû áûëè ïîãðóæåíû ïðè ïîìîùè êðàíîâ. ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÎÅ ÈÌÅÍÍÎÅ ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÅ § 13. Ñ î ñ ò à â í î å è ì å í í î å ñ ê à ç ó å ì î å âûðàæàåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé to be áûòü â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ è ì å í í î é ÷ à ñ ò ü þ. Èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî âûðàæàåò îñíîâíîå çíà÷åíèå ñêàçóåìîãî, îáîçíà÷àÿ, ê à ê î â ï ð å ä ì å ò (ïîäëåæàùåå), ÷ ò î î í ñ î á î é ï ð å ä ñ ò à â ë ÿ å ò, ÷ ò î î í ò à ê î å, ê ò î î í ò à ê î é. È ì å í í à ÿ ÷ à ñ ò ü ñêàçóåìîãî ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíà: 1. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì: I am a student. They are workers. ß ñòóäåíò. Îíè ðàáî÷èå. 2. Ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì: It is she. This book is yours. Ýòî îíà. Ýòà êíèãà âàøà. 3. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì èëè ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã î ì: The room is in disorder. Êîìíàòà â áåñïîðÿäêå. She was in despair. Îíà áûëà â îò÷àÿíèè. He is against it. Îí ïðîòèâ ýòîãî. 363 4. Ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì èëè ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ì: The morning was warm. Óòðî áûëî òåïëîå. The glass is broken. Ñòàêàí ðàçáèò. 5. È í ô è í è ò è â î ì: Your duty is to help them immediately. My intention is to go to the Caucasus in June. 6. à å ð ó í ä è å ì: Her greatest pleasure was travelling. Âàø äîëã ïîìî÷ü èì íåìåäëåííî. ß íàìåðåí ïîåõàòü íà Êàâêàç â èþíå. Åå ñàìûì áîëüøèì óäîâîëüñòâèåì áûëî ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà áûòü â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè îáû÷íî îòñóòñòâóåò.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íàëè÷èå ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè îáÿçàòåëüíî. Ïîýòîìó ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Îí ñòóäåíò. Êàðàíäàø ÷åðíûé è ò. ï. ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïðè ïîìîùè ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè: Íå is a student. The pencil is black. 2. Ñëåäóåò îòëè÷àòü ñî÷åòàíèå to be ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, ïðåäñòàâëÿþùåå ñîáîé ñîñòàâíîå èìåííîå ñêàçóåìîå, îò ñîâïàäàþùåãî ñ íèì ïî ôîðìå ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî, ïîñêîëüêó ñìûñë ýòèõ ñî÷åòàíèé ðàçëè÷åí. Ãëàãîë to be â ñîñòàâíîì èìåííîì ñêàçóåìîì ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëîâàìè çàêëþ÷àòüñÿ â òîì ÷òîáû èëè ñîñòîÿòü â òîì ÷òîáû, à â íàñòîÿùåì âðåìåíè ÷àñòî íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ. Ãëàãîë to be â ñîñòàâíîì ãëàãîëüíîì ñêàçóåìîì, âûðàæàÿ äîëæåíñòâîâàíèå, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïîñðåäñòâîì äîëæåí, äîëæåí áûë.  óñòíîé ðå÷è ïîñëå ãëàãîëà to be â èìåííîì ñêàçóåìîì äåëàåòñÿ ïàóçà; â ñîñòàâíîì ãëàãîëüíîì ñêàçóåìîì ïîñëå to be ïàóçà íå äåëàåòñÿ: The task of the agent was to ship the goods immediately (was to ship ñîñòàâíîå èìåííîå ñêàçóåìîå). The agent was to ship the goods immediately (was to ship ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå). Çàäà÷à àãåíòà çàêëþ÷àëàñü (ñîñòîÿëà) â òîì, ÷òîáû îòãðóçèòü òîâàð íåìåäëåííî. Àãåíò äîëæåí áûë îòãðóçèòü òîâàð íåìåäëåííî. Êðîìå ãëàãîëà to be, ãëàãîëîì-ñâÿçêîé ìîãóò ñëóæèòü ãëàãîëû to become, to grow, to get, to turn â çíà÷åíèè ñòàíîâèòüñÿ, to seem êàçàòüñÿ, to look âûãëÿäåòü è äð.: He became a doctor. Îí ñòàë âðà÷îì. It grew warmer. Ïîòåïëåëî (ñòàëî òåïëåå). He is getting old. Îí ñòàíîâèòñÿ ñòàðûì (ñòàðååò). She turned pale. Îíà ïîáëåäíåëà. They seemed tired. Îíè êàçàëèñü óñòàëûìè. He looks ill. Îí âûãëÿäèò áîëüíûì. 364 ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÎÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÜÍÎÅ ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÅ § 14. Ñ î ñ ò à â í î å ã ë à ã î ë ü í î å ñ ê à ç ó å ì î å ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëà â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå ñ èíôèíèòèâîì èëè ãåðóíäèåì. Èíôèíèòèâ èëè ãåðóíäèé âûðàæàþò îñíîâíîå çíà÷åíèå ñêàçóåìîãî, óêàçûâàÿ íà äåéñòâèå, ñîâåðøàåìîå ïîäëåæàùèì; ãëàãîë æå â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå èãðàåò ðîëü âñïîìîãàòåëüíîé ÷àñòè. Ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåòñÿ: 1. Ñî÷åòàíèåì ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: Îí ìîæåò ñêîðî âåðíóòüñÿ. Íå may return soon. Âû äîëæíû ïðî÷èòàòü ýòó êíèãó. You must read this book. Êîíôåðåíöèÿ äîëæíà îòêðûòüñÿ The conference is to open tomorrow. çàâòðà. ß äîëæåí ïîéòè òóäà. I have to go there. Îí ìîæåò ýòî ñäåëàòü. Íå ñàn do it. 2. Ñî÷åòàíèåì ñ èíôèíèòèâîì èëè ãåðóíäèåì ìíîãèõ äðóãèõ ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå îäíè íå äàþò ïîëíîãî ñìûñëà. Ê ÷èñëó òàêèõ ãëàãîëîâ îòíîñÿòñÿ: to begin íà÷èíàòü, to continue ïðîäîëæàòü, to finish çàêàí÷èâàòü, to like ëþáèòü, to want õîòåòü, to intend íàìåðåâàòüñÿ, to try ñòàðàòüñÿ, to avoid èçáåãàòü, to hope íàäåÿòüñÿ, to promise îáåùàòü è äð. (ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå íà ñòð. 245): She began to translate the article. Íå wants to help me. I have finished writing the exercise. Íå avoided sitting in the sun. Îíà íà÷àëà ïåðåâîäèòü ñòàòüþ. Îí õî÷åò ïîìî÷ü ìíå. ß êîí÷èë ïèñàòü óïðàæíåíèå. Îí èçáåãàë ñèäåòü íà ñîëíöå. Ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå òàêæå âûðàæàåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèåì ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî (ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåé ñâÿçêîé) ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, à èíîãäà è ñ ãåðóíäèåì: I am glad to see you. ß ðàä âèäåòü âàñ. Íå is ready to help her. Îí ãîòîâ ïîìî÷ü åé. This book is worth reading. Ýòó êíèãó ñòîèò ïðî÷åñòü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîñòàâíîå ãëàãîëüíîå ñêàçóåìîå òàêæå îáðàçóåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèåì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãëàãîëîâ è ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: Îí ìîæåò ýòî ñäåëàòü. Îíà íà÷àëà ïåðåâîäèòü ñòàòüþ. ß ðàä âèäåòü âàñ. ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÅ, ÂÛÐÀÆÅÍÍÎÅ ÎÁÎÐÎÒÎÌ there is § 15. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ í à ë è ÷ è ÿ èëè ñ ó ù å ñ ò â î â à í è ÿ â î ï ð å ä å ë å í í î ì ì å ñ ò å èëè î ò ð å ç ê å â ð å ì å í è ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, åùå í å è ç â å ñ ò í î ã î ñîáåñåäíèêó èëè ÷èòàòåëþ, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îñîáûé òèï ïðîñòîãî ñêàçóåìîãî, âûðàæåííûé îáîðîòîì there is (are) ñî çíà÷åíèåì èìååòñÿ, íàõîäèòñÿ, åñòü, ñóùåñòâóåò. Îáîðîò there is (are) 365 ñòîèò â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ; çà íèì ñòîèò ïîäëåæàùåå, çà êîòîðûì ñëåäóåò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà èëè âðåìåíè. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ðóññêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ìåñòà èëè âðåìåíè: There is a telephone in that room. There are many apple trees in the garden. There was a meeting at the institute yesterday.  òîé êîìíàòå åñòü (èìååòñÿ) òåëåôîí.  ñàäó (èìååòñÿ) ìíîãî ÿáëîíü. Â÷åðà â èíñòèòóòå áûëî ñîáðàíèå. There â îáîðîòå there is (are) íå èìååò ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è ñîñòàâëÿåò åäèíîå öåëîå ñ is (are). Åñëè ïî ñìûñëó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ òðåáóåòñÿ íàëè÷èå íàðå÷èÿ there ñî çíà÷åíèåì òàì, òî there ïîâòîðÿåòñÿ â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: There are many children there. Òàì ìíîãî äåòåé. Ïîñëå îáîðîòà there is èñ÷èñëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì, ïîñêîëüêó â ýòîì îáîðîòå îíî îáîçíà÷àåò ïðåäìåò, åùå íåèçâåñòíûé ñîáåñåäíèêó èëè ÷èòàòåëþ. Âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ some, any, many, two, three è ò. ä.: There is a lamp on the table. There are some (two, three) lamps on the table. Íà ñòîëå (èìååòñÿ) ëàìïà. Íà ñòîëå (èìååòñÿ) íåñêîëüêî ëàìï (äâå, òðè ëàìïû). § 16. Ïîäîáíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ãðàììàòè÷åñêè âîçìîæíû è áåç îáîðîòà there is, ñî ñêàçóåìûì, âûðàæåííûì îäíèì ãëàãîëîì to be, ñòîÿùèì ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: A lamp is on the table. Some lamps are on the table. Òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îäíàêî, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðåäêî, ïîñêîëüêó ïðè ïîäëåæàùåì, âûðàæåííîì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñ íåîïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì èëè ñ some, any, many, two, three è ò. ä., îáû÷íî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ îáîðîò there is. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, ïîñëå îáîðîòà there is íå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ îïðåäåëåííûì àðòèêëåì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè this, that, these, those, my, his è ò. ä.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåòñÿ îäíèì ãëàãîëîì to be: The lamp is on the table Ëàìïà íà ñòîëå. Ìåæäó ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè There is a lamp on the table è The lamp is on the table ñóùåñòâóåò òàêàÿ æå ñìûñëîâàÿ ðàçíèöà, êàê è ìåæäó ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ðóññêèìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè Íà ñòîëå (åñòü, èìååòñÿ, íàõîäèòñÿ) ëàìïà è Ëàìïà (íàõîäèòñÿ) íà ñòîëå.  ïåðâîì ñëó÷àå There is a lamp on the table Íà ñòîëå (åñòü, èìååòñÿ, íàõîäèòñÿ) ëàìïà ãîâîðÿùèé õî÷åò óêàçàòü, ÷ ò î è ì å í í î, ê à ê î ã î ð î ä à ï ð å ä ì å ò íàõîäèòñÿ â óêàçàííîì ìåñòå (íà ñòîëå).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòî ïåðåäàåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà. Ëîãè÷åñêîå óäàðåíèå â òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïàäàåò íà íàçâàíèå ïðåäìåòà ïîäëåæàùåå. Âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå The lamp is on the table Ëàìïà 366 (íàõîäèòñÿ} íà ñòîëå ãîâîðÿùèé õî÷åò óêàçàòü, ã ä å è ì å í í î, â ê à ê î ì ì å ñ ò å íàõîäèòñÿ äàííûé ïðåäìåò (ëàìïà).  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ýòî ïåðåäàåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî íà ïåðâîì ìåñòå ñòîèò ïîäëåæàùåå.  òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ëîãè÷åñêîå óäàðåíèå ïàäàåò íà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà. § 17. Ãëàãîë to be â îáîðîòå there is ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ â ðàçíûõ ôîðìàõ âðåìåíè: there is, there are åñòü, íàõîäèòñÿ (-ÿòñÿ), èìååòñÿ (-þòñÿ)*); there was, there were, there has been, there have been, there had been áûë (áûëè), íàõîäèëñÿ (-èñü), èìåëñÿ (-èñü); there will be áóäåò (áóäóò), áóäåò (áóäóò) íàõîäèòüñÿ, áóäåò (áóäóò) èìåòüñÿ: There are very many French books in this library. There was a meeting at the club yesterday. There will be a good wheat crop in the Ukraine this year. There hasnt been any rain for some days.  ýòîé áèáëèîòåêå (èìååòñÿ) î÷åíü ìíîãî ôðàíöóçñêèõ êíèã. Â÷åðà â êëóáå áûëî ñîáðàíèå.  ýòîì ãîäó íà Óêðàèíå áóäåò õîðîøèé óðîæàé ïøåíèöû.  òå÷åíèå íåñêîëüêèõ äíåé íå áûëî äîæäÿ. § 18.  â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í û õ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ãëàãîë to be ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä there. Åñëè ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëåí â ñëîæíîé ôîðìå âðåìåíè, òî ïåðåä there ñòàâèòñÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë: Is there a telephone in your room? Was there a meeting at the institute yesterday? Will there be many people there? Åñòü ëè òåëåôîí â âàøåé êîìíàòå? Áûëî ëè ñîáðàíèå â÷åðà â èíñòèòóòå? Áóäåò ëè òàì ìíîãî íàðîäó? Ê ð à ò ê è å î ò â å ò û íà âîïðîñ ñ îáîðîòîì there is ñîñòîÿò èç yes èëè no è îáîðîòà there is (are) â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå: Yes, there is. Is there a telephone in your room? No, there isnt. Yes, there was. Was there a meeting at the institute No, there wasnt. yesterday? Åñëè ãëàãîë to be â âîïðîñå óïîòðåáëåí â ñëîæíîé ôîðìå âðåìåíè, òî â êðàòêîì îòâåòå ïîñëå there ñòàâèòñÿ òîëüêî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë: Will there be a meeting tonight? Áóäåò ëè ñåãîäíÿ ñîáðàíèå? Yes, there will. No, there wont. Äà, áóäåò. Íåò, íå áóäåò. *) There is è there are èíîãäà íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ. 367 Have there been any letters from him lately? Áûëè ëè îò íåãî ïèñüìà çà ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ? Yes, there have. No, there havent. Äà, áûëè. Íåò, íå áûëî. § 19. Îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü ïîñòðîåíû äâóìÿ ñïîñîáàìè: 1. Ïðè ïîìîùè îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòèöû not, ïðè÷åì to be âñåãäà îáðàçóåò ñ ÷àñòèöåé not ñîêðàùåííûå ôîðìû isnt, arent, wasnt, werent. Èñ÷èñëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êàê è â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì. Èñ÷èñëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå è í å è ñ ÷ è ñ ë ÿ å ì î å ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèåì any: There isnt a telephone in this room. There arent any chairs in the room. There wasnt any water in the bottle.  ýòîé êîìíàòå íåò òåëåôîíà.  êîìíàòå íåò ñòóëüåâ.  áóòûëêå íå áûëî âîäû. Åñëè ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëåí â ñëîæíîé ôîðìå, òî ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà, îáðàçóÿ ñ íèì ñîêðàùåííûå ôîðìû hasnt, havent, hadnt, wont è ò. ä.: There hasnt been any rain for ten days. There wont be any meeting tonight. Óæå äåñÿòü äíåé íå áûëî äîæäÿ. Ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì íå áóäåò ñîáðàíèÿ. 2. Ïðè ïîìîùè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ no, êîòîðîå ñòîèò ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ïîñëå no yïoòðåáëÿeòcÿ á å ç à ð ò è ê ë ÿ è á å ç ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è ÿ any: There is no telephone in this room. There was no water in the bottle. There are no chairs in the room.  ýòîé êîìíàòå íåò òåëåôîíà.  áóòûëêå íå áûëî âîäû.  êîìíàòå íåò ñòóëüåâ. There isnt (arent), there is (are) no ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâó íåò â ôóíêöèè ñêàçóåìîãî, çàìåíÿþùåìó îòñóòñòâóþùåå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ îò ãëàãîëà áûòü ñ îòðèöàíèåì. Îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïîñòðîåííûå ïðè ïîìîùè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ no, ÿâëÿþòñÿ áîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûìè. Îòðèöàòåëüíûå æå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïîñòðîåííûå ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, êîãäà õîòÿò óñèëèòü îòðèöàíèå. § 20. Ãëàãîë to be ïîñëå there ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ òàêæå â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè can, must, may, ought è ò. ä.: 368 There must be a dictionary on the shelf. There ought to be more books on this subject in our library. There can be no doubt about it. Íà ïîëêå äîëæåí áûòü ñëîâàðü.  íàøåé áèáëèîòåêå äîëæíî áûòü áîëüøå êíèã ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó.  ýòîì íå ìîæåò áûòü íèêàêîãî ñîìíåíèÿ. § 21. Ïîñëå there ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ íå òîëüêî ãëàãîë to be, íî è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû, ïðèáëèæàþùèåñÿ ïî çíà÷åíèþ ê to be: to live æèòü, to exist ñóùåñòâîâàòü, to stand ñòîÿòü, to lie ëåæàòü è äð.: There lived an old doctor in the village. There exist different opinions on this question.  äåðåâíå æèë ñòàðûé äîêòîð. Ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó ñóùåñòâóþò ðàçëè÷íûå ìíåíèÿ. ÑÎÃËÀÑÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÃÎ Ñ ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÈÌ § 22. Ñêàçóåìîå ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ ïîäëåæàùèì â ë è ö å è ÷ è ñ ë å: The book is on the table. The books are on the table. I am invited to the party. They are invited to the party. He goes to the Institute every morning. They go to the Institute every morning. Êíèãà íà ñòîëå. Êíèãè íà ñòîëå. ß ïðèãëàøåí íà âå÷åð. Îíè ïðèãëàøåíû íà âå÷åð. Îí õîäèò â èíñòèòóò êàæäîå óòðî. Îíè õîäÿò â èíñòèòóò êàæäîå óòðî. § 23. Åñëè ïðåäëîæåíèå èìååò äâà ïîäëåæàùèõ, ñîåäèíåííûõ ñîþçîì and, òî ñêàçóåìîå ñòàâèòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: The telegram and the letter have been sent off. Peter and Mary were here. Òåëåãðàììà è ïèñüìî îòïðàâëåíû. Ïåòð è Ìàðèÿ áûëè çäåñü. § 24. Åñëè ïîñëå îáîðîòà there is (are) ñòîÿò äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî ïîäëåæàùèõ, òî ñêàçóåìîå îáû÷íî ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ ï å ð â û ì èç íèõ: There is a lamp, an inkpot and some pencils on the table. There were two girls and a boy in the room. Íà ñòîëå èìååòñÿ ëàìïà, ÷åðíèëüíèöà è íåñêîëüêî êàðàíäàøåé.  êîìíàòå íàõîäèëèñü äâå äåâî÷êè è ìàëü÷èê. 369 Åñëè ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå ñòîèò a lot of, òî ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: There are a lot of books on the table. Íà ñòîëå ìíîãî êíèã. § 25. Êîãäà äâà ïîäëåæàùèõ ñîåäèíåíû ïîñðåäñòâîì with ñ, as well as òàê æå êàê, ñêàçóåìîå ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ ï å ð â û ì èç íèõ: A woman with a baby in her arms was standing at the gate. The girl as well as the boys has learned to drive a car. Æåíùèíà ñ ðåáåíêîì íà ðóêàõ ñòîÿëà ó âîðîò. Äåâóøêà òàê æå, êàê è ìàëü÷èêè, íàó÷èëàñü óïðàâëÿòü àâòîìîáèëåì. § 26. Åñëè äâà ïîäëåæàùèõ ñîåäèíåíû ñîþçàìè either ... or èëè ... èëè, èëè neither ... nor íè íè, òî ñêàçóåìîå ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ ï î ñ ë å ä í è ì èç íèõ: Either you or he has done it. Neither he nor you have translated the sentence correctly. Èëè âû, èëè îí ñäåëàëè ýòî. Íè îí, íè âû íå ïåðåâåëè ýòî ïðåäëîæåíèå ïðàâèëüíî. § 27. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùèì ÿâëÿåòñÿ èìÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ î á è ð à ò å ë ü í î å (crew, family, committee, government, board è ò. ä.), ðàññìàòðèâàåìîå êàê î ä í î ö å ë î å, òî ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå. Åñëè æå èìåþòñÿ â âèäó î ò ä å ë ü í û å ÷ëåíû ãðóïïû, òî ñêàçóåìîå ñòàâèòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: The crew consists of twenty men. The crew were standing on deck. Êîìàíäà ñîñòîèò èç äâàäöàòè ÷åëîâåê. Êîìàíäà ñòîÿëà íà ïàëóáå. My brothers family is large. The family were sitting round the table. Ñåìüÿ ìîåãî áðàòà áîëüøàÿ. Ñåìüÿ ñèäåëà âîêðóã ñòîëà. A committee was formed to work out a new plan. The committee are of the opin ion that the plan can be carried out in two months. Áûëà îáðàçîâàíà êîìèññèÿ äëÿ ðàçðàáîòêè íîâîãî ïëàíà. Êîìèññèÿ ïðèäåðæèâàåòñÿ ìíåíèÿ, ÷òî ïëàí ìîæåò áûòü âûïîëíåí â äâà ìåñÿöà. § 28. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùèì ñëóæèò îäíî èç ìåñòîèìåíèé each, every, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, somebody, someone, either, neither, òî ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: Each of us has his duties. Everybody was at the meeting. Everything is ready. 370 Êàæäûé èç íàñ èìååò ñâîè îáÿçàííîñòè. Âñå ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè íà ñîáðàíèè. Âñ¸ ãîòîâî. No one was here. Nobody knows about it. Somebody (someone) is knocking at the door. Either of the examples is correct. Neither of the answers is correct. Íèêîãî íå áûëî çäåñü. Íèêòî íå çíàåò îá ýòîì. Êòî-òî ñòó÷èò â äâåðü. È òîò, è äðóãîé ïðèìåð ïðàâèëåí. Íè òîò, íè äðóãîé îòâåò íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàâèëüíûì. § 29. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî ìåñòîèìåíèåì all â çíà÷åíèè âñ¸, òî ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: All is clear. Âñ¸ ÿñíî. Êîãäà ìåñòîèìåíèå all óïîòðåáëåíî â çíà÷åíèè âñå, ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: All were of the same opinion. Âñå áûëè îäíîãî ìíåíèÿ. § 30. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî ìåñòîèìåíèåì both îáà, ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: Which of these examples is correct? Both are correct. Êîòîðûé èç ýòèõ ïðèìåðîâ ïðàâèëüíûé? Îáà ïðàâèëüíû. § 31. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî âîïðîñèòåëüíûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè who? what?, ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå: Who has done it? Êòî ýòî ñäåëàë? What is standing there? ×òî ñòîèò òàì? § 32. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî îòíîñèòåëüíûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè who, which, that, òî ãëàãîë ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ òåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå: The boy who is sitting at the window is my brother. The boys who are sitting at the window are my brothers. The book which (that) is lying on the table is mine. The books which (that) are lying on the table are mine. Anybody who says that is mistaken. Ìàëü÷èê, êîòîðûé ñèäèò ó îêíà, ìîé áðàò. Ìàëü÷èêè, êîòîðûå ñèäÿò ó îêíà, ìîè áðàòüÿ. Êíèãà, êîòîðàÿ ëåæèò íà ñòîëå, ïðèíàäëåæèò ìíå. Êíèãè, êîòîðûå ëåæàò íà ñòîëå, ïðèíàäëåæàò ìíå. Âñÿêèé, êòî ýòî ãîâîðèò, îøèáàåòñÿ. § 33. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî îäíèì èç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ news íîâîñòè, mathematics ìàòåìàòèêà, physics ôèçèêà, statistics ñòàòèñòèêà è äð., òî ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: 371 What is the news? Phonetics is a branch of linguistics. Êàêèå íîâîñòè? Ôîíåòèêà îòäåë ÿçûêîçíàíèÿ. § 34. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî îäíèì èç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ goods òîâàð, òîâàðû, contents ñîäåðæàíèå, riches áîãàòñòâî, áîãàòñòâà, proceeds âûðó÷êà, clothes îäåæäà, òî ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ âî ì í î æ å ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå, ïîñêîëüêó ýòè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: The goods have arrived. The contents of the letter have not been changed. The proceeds of the sale of the goods have been transferred to Moscow. My clothes are wet. Òîâàð(û) ïðèáûë(è). Ñîäåðæàíèå ïèñüìà íå èçìåíåíî. Âûðó÷êà îò ïðîäàæè òîâàðîâ ïåðåâåäåíà â Ìîñêâó. Ìîÿ îäåæäà ìîêðàÿ. § 35. Åñëè ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî îäíèì èç ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ hair âîëîñû, money äåíüãè, watch ÷àñû, gate âîðîòà, òî ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â å ä è í ñ ò â å í í î ì ÷èñëå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: Her hair is dark. Ó íåå òåìíûå âîëîñû. This money belongs to him. Ýòè äåíüãè ïðèíàäëåæàò åìó. This clock costs a hundred roubles. Ýòè ÷àñû ñòîÿò ñòî ðóáëåé. The gate is open. Âîðîòà îòêðûòû. ВТОРОСТЕПЕННЫЕ ЧЛЕНЫ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ И ИХ ВЫР АЖЕНИЕ ВЫРАЖЕНИЕ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ (THE OBJECT) § 36. Äîïîëíåíèåì íàçûâàåòñÿ âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðûé îáîçíà÷àåò ïðåäìåò è îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå âîïðîñàì êîñâåííûõ ïàäåæåé êàê áåç ïðåäëîãà, òàê è ñ ïðåäëîãîì: whom? êîãî? what? ÷òî? to whom? êîìó? by whom? êåì? about what? î ÷åì? è ò. ä. Äîïîëíåíèå áûâàåò ï ð ÿ ì î å è ê î ñ â å í í î å. Êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå ìîæåò áûòü á å ñ ï ð å ä ë î æ í û ì è ï ð å ä ë î æ í û ì: I have written a letter (ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå). She gave the student a book (áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå). 372 ß íàïèñàë ïèñüìî. Îíà äàëà ñòóäåíòó êíèãó. I have received a telegram from my brother (ïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå). ß ïîëó÷èë òåëåãðàììó îò áðàòà. ÏÐßÌÎÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ (THE DIRECT OBJECT) § 37. Ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå îáîçíà÷àåò ë è ö î èëè ï ð å ä ì å ò, í à ê î ò î ð û é í å ï î ñ ð å ä ñ ò â å í í î ï å ð å õ î ä è ò ä å é ñ ò â è å, âûðàæåííîå ïåðåõîäíûì ãëàãîëîì, êàê â ëè÷íîé, òàê è â íåëè÷íîé ôîðìå. Îíî îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ whom? êîãî? èëè what? ÷òî? è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå äîïîëíåíèþ â â è í è ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà*). Ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà (§ 51): I received a letter yesterday. ß ïîëó÷èë â÷åðà ïèñüìî. Ï ð ÿ ì î å ä î ï î ë í å í è å ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî: 1. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì: I have bought a book. ß êóïèë êíèãó. This plant produces tractors. Ýòîò çàâîä ïðîèçâîäèò òðàêòîðû. 2. Ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì: I met him yesterday. I didnt see anybody there. ß âñòðåòèë åãî â÷åðà. ß íèêîãî òàì íå âèäåë. 3. × è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì: How many books did you take from the library? I took three. I have read both books. I like the first better than the second. Ñêîëüêî êíèã âû âçÿëè â áèáëèîòåêå? ß âçÿë òðè. ß ïðî÷åë îáå êíèãè. Ìíå ïåðâàÿ íðàâèòñÿ áîëüøå, ÷åì âòîðàÿ. 4. È í ô è í è ò è â î ì: He asked me to do it. Îí ïîïðîñèë ìåíÿ ñäåëàòü ýòî. 5. à å ð ó í ä è å ì: I remember reading about it before. ß ïîìíþ, ÷òî ÷èòàë îá ýòîì ðàíüøå. ÁÅÑÏÐÅÄËÎÆÍÎÅ ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÎÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ (THE INDIRECT OBJECT) § 38. Íåêîòîðûå ïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû (to give äàâàòü, to send ïîñûëàòü, to show ïîêàçûâàòü è äð.) èìåþò ïðè ñåáå, êðîìå ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, âòîðîå áåñïðåäëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå, îòâå÷àþùåå íà âîïðîñ to *) Íåêîòîðûå àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû òðåáóþò ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ (to follow ñëåäîâàòü, to address îáðàùàòüñÿ è äð.), â òî âðåìÿ êàê ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ðóññêèå ãëàãîëû òðåáóþò êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ (ñòð. 161): I followed her. ß ïîñëåäîâàë çà íåé. 373 whom? êîìó? è îáîçíà÷àþùåå ë è ö î, ê ê î ò î ð î ì ó î á ð à ù å í î ä å é ñ ò â è å. Òàêîå äîïîëíåíèå íàçûâàåòñÿ á å ñ ï ð å ä ë î æ í û ì ê î ñ â å í í û ì ä î ï î ë í å í è å ì è ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå êîñâåííîìó äîïîëíåíèþ â ä à ò å ë ü í î ì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà. Áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå âûðàæàåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â îáùåì ïàäåæå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì â îáúåêòíîì ïàäåæå è ñòîèò ìåæäó ãëàãîëîì è ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì: Íå gave the boy a book. Îí äàë ìàëü÷èêó êíèãó. I showed him the letter. ß ïîêàçàë åìó ïèñüìî. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå, ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî òàêæå äîïîëíåíèåì ñ ïðåäëîãîì to, ñòîÿùèì ïîñëå ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ (§ 52): Íå gave a book to the boy. I showed the letter to him. ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÍÎÅ ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÎÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ (THE PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT) § 39. Ïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå, ò. å. äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå ìíîãèõ ãëàãîëîâ è ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è îòâå÷àåò íà ðàçëè÷íûå âîïðîñû: about whom? î êîì? about what? î ÷åì? with whom? ñ êåì? for whom? äëÿ êîãî? è ò. ä. Ï ð å ä ë î æ í î å ê î ñ â å í í î å ä î ï î ë í å í è å ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî: 1. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì ñ ïðåäëîãîì: We spoke about our work. Ìû ãîâîðèëè î íàøåé ðàáîòå. Íå lives with his parents. Îí æèâåò ñî ñâîèìè ðîäèòåëÿìè. 2. Ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì ñ ïðåäëîãîì: Íå spoke to me yesterday. Îí ãîâîðèë ñî ìíîé â÷åðà. I agree with you. ß ñîãëàñåí ñ âàìè. 3. à å ð ó í ä è å ì ñ ïðåäëîãîì: I am fond of reading. Íå insists on doing it himself. ß ëþáëþ ÷èòàòü. Îí íàñòàèâàåò íà òîì, ÷òîáû ñäåëàòü ýòî ñàìîìó. Ïðè íàëè÷èè ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ ïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå ñòîèò ï î ñ ë å ïðÿìîãî: I have received a letter from my sister. ß ïîëó÷èë ïèñüìî îò ñåñòðû. I spent a lot of money on books. ß èñòðàòèë ìíîãî äåíåã íà êíèãè. ÔÎÐÌÀËÜÍÎÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ it § 40. Ïîñëå ðÿäà ïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ to find, to consider, to think, to deem, to feel è äð. ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèå it, ÿâëÿþùååñÿ ôîðìàëüíûì äîïîëíåíèåì, ïðåäøåñòâóþùèì äîïîëíåíèþ, âûðàæåííîìó èíôèíèòèâíûì îáîðîòîì èëè ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. Ìåñòîèìåíèå it â ýòîì ñëó÷àå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: 374 I consider it important to begin the negotiations at once. I think it necessary to wait a few days. I find it strange that he did not come. ß ñ÷èòàþ âàæíûì íà÷àòü ïåðåãîâîðû íåìåäëåííî. ß ñ÷èòàþ íåîáõîäèìûì ïîäîæäàòü íåñêîëüêî äíåé. ß íàõîæó ñòðàííûì, ÷òî îí íå ïðèøåë. ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÅ (THE ATTRIBUTE) § 41. Îïðåäåëåíèåì íàçûâàåòñÿ âòîðîñòåïåííûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðûé îáîçíà÷àåò ïðèçíàê ïðåäìåòà è îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñû what? what kind of? êàêîé? whose? ÷åé? which? êîòîðûé? êàêîé? how much? how many? ñêîëüêî? Îïðåäåëåíèå îáû÷íî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó. Çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå îíî îòíîñèòñÿ ê ìåñòîèìåíèÿì-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (ìåñòîèìåíèþ one è ìåñòîèìåíèÿì, ïðîèçâîäíûì îò some, any, every, no). Î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî: 1. Ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì: I received an important letter yesterß ïîëó÷èë â÷åðà âàæíîå ïèñüìî. day. I am going to tell you something ß ðàññêàæó âàì êîå-÷òî interesting. èíòåðåñíîå. 2. Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ì: Íå bought some illustrated magazines. The rising sun was hidden by the clouds. Îí êóïèë íåñêîëüêî èëëþñòðèðîâàííûõ æóðíàëîâ. Âîñõîäÿùåå ñîëíöå áûëî çàêðûòî òó÷àìè. 3. Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò í û ì î á î ð î ò î ì: The student speaking to the teacher is my brother. They sent us a list of goods sold at the auction. 4. × è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì: Two thousand tons of sugar were loaded on the S. S. Minsk yesterday. The second lesson begins at eleven oclock. 5. Ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì: Some magazines are lying on the table. This is my book. Ñòóäåíò, ðàçãîâàðèâàþùèé ñ ïðåïîäàâàòåëåì, ìîé áðàò. Îíè ïðèñëàëè íàì ñïèñîê òîâàðîâ, ïðîäàííûõ íà àóêöèîíå. Äâå òûñÿ÷è òîíí ñàõàðà áûëî ïîãðóæåíî â÷åðà íà ï/õ «Ìèíñê». Âòîðîé óðîê íà÷èíàåòñÿ â 11 ÷àñîâ. Íà ñòîëå ëåæèò íåñêîëüêî æóðíàëîâ. Ýòî ìîÿ êíèãà. 375 6. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì â î á ù å ì ï à ä å æ å: The town library is closed on Sundays. Poland and Germany have concluded a trade agreement. Ãîðîäñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà çàêðûòà ïî âîñêðåñåíüÿì. Ïîëüøà è Ãåðìàíèÿ çàêëþ÷èëè òîðãîâîå ñîãëàøåíèå. 7. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì â ï ð è ò ÿ æ à ò å ë ü í î ì ï à ä å æ å: The teacher corrected the students mistakes. The experts conclusion was enclosed in the letter. Ïðåïîäàâàòåëü èñïðàâèë îøèáêè ñòóäåíòà. Çàêëþ÷åíèå ýêñïåðòà áûëî ïðèëîæåíî ê ïèñüìó. 8. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã î ì: The leg of the table is broken. I have lost the key to the entrance door. Íîæêà ñòîëà ñëîìàíà. ß ïîòåðÿë êëþ÷ îò âõîäíîé äâåðè. 9. È í ô è í è ò è â î ì: Íå had a great desire to travel. Ó íåãî áûëî áîëüøîå æåëàíèå ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü. 10. à å ð ó í ä è å ì ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã î ì: They discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages. Îíè îáñóæäàëè ðàçëè÷íûå ìåòîäû ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ. § 42.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ðóññêîì, èìååòñÿ îñîáûé âèä îïðåäåëåíèÿ, êîòîðîå âûðàæåíî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, äàþùèì îïðåäåëÿåìîìó ïðåäìåòó äðóãîå íàçâàíèå. Òàêîå îïðåäåëåíèå íàçûâàåòñÿ ï ð è ë î æ å í è å ì. Ïðèëîæåíèå ìîæåò áûòü ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì, ò. å. èìåòü ïðè ñåáå ïîÿñíèòåëüíûå ñëîâà: Pushkin, the famous Russian poet, was born in 1799. Moscow, the capital of Russia, was founded in the twelfth century. Ïóøêèí, çíàìåíèòûé ðóññêèé ïîýò, ðîäèëñÿ â 1799 ãîäó. Ìîñêâà, ñòîëèöà Ðîññèè, áûëà îñíîâàíà â XII âåêå. § 43. Îïðåäåëåíèå íå èìååò ïîñòîÿííîãî ìåñòà â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Îíî ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòü ëþáîé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæåííûé ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì: 1. The beautiful new bridges across the Moskva River were built before the war. Ïðåêðàñíûå íîâûå ìîñòû ÷åðåç Ìîñêâó-ðåêó ïîñòðîåíû äî âîéíû.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîäëåæàùåå bridges èìååò ïðè ñåáå òðè îïðåäåëåíèÿ: beautiful, new, across the Moskva River, ñîñòàâëÿþùèå âìåñòå ñ íèì ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå ïîäëåæàùåå The beautiful new bridges across the Moskva River. 376 2. I have received a letter of great importance. ß ïîëó÷èë î÷åíü âàæíîå ïèñüìî.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè äîïîëíåíèå a letter èìååò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèå of great importance, ñîñòàâëÿþùåå âìåñòå ñ íèì ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå äîïîëíåíèå a letter of great importance. 3. The question was discussed at the meeting of the Board. Âîïðîñ áûë îáñóæäåí íà çàñåäàíèè ïðàâëåíèÿ.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà at the meeting èìååò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèå of the Board, ñîñòàâëÿþùåå âìåñòå ñ íèì ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà at the meeting of the Board. § 44. Îïðåäåëåíèå, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñïîñîáà åãî âûðàæåíèÿ, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü êàê ïåðåä îïðåäåëÿåìûì ñëîâîì, òàê è ïîñëå íåãî. 1. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñòîèò ï å ð å ä îïðåäåëÿåìûì ñëîâîì, êîãäà îíî âûðàæåíî: à) Ï ð è ë à ã à ò å ë ü í û ì: She has bought an interesting book. Îíà êóïèëà èíòåðåñíóþ êíèãó. Êîãäà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ äâóìÿ èëè áîëåå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè, òî èç íèõ, êîòîðîå áîëåå òåñíî ñâÿçàíî ïî ñìûñëó ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, ñòàâèòñÿ áëèæå ê íåìó (êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): It was a cold autumn day. She put on a new black woollen dress. Áûë õîëîäíûé îñåííèé äåíü. Îíà íàäåëà íîâîå ÷åðíîå øåðñòÿíîå ïëàòüå. Åñëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå îòíîñèòñÿ ê îäíîìó èç ìåñòîèìåíèé, ïðîèçâîäíûõ îò some, any, no, every, òî îíî ñòîèò ï î ñ ë å íåãî: I am going to tell you something interesting. ß ðàññêàæó âàì êîå-÷òî èíòåðåñíîå. á) Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ì: We received some illustrated catalogues yesterday. Ìû ïîëó÷èëè â÷åðà íåñêîëüêî èëëþñòðèðîâàííûõ êàòàëîãîâ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Êîãäà ïðè÷àñòèå íå âûðàæàåò êà÷åñòâà, à èìååò ëèøü ãëàãîëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, îíî ñòîèò ïîñëå îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñëîâà (ñòð. 286): The manager showed us a list of the goods sold Çàâåäóþùèé ïîêàçàë íàì ñïèñîê ïðîäàííûõ òîâàðîâ. â) × è ñ ë è ò å ë ü í û ì: Ive read only the first chapter of this book. ß ïðî÷åë òîëüêî ïåðâóþ ãëàâó ýòîé êíèãè. ã) Ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì: This pencil is very good. Ýòîò êàðàíäàø î÷åíü õîðîøèé. 377 ä) Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì â î á ù å ì ï à ä å æ å á å ç ï ð å ä ë î ã à: Here is the town library. Âîò ãîðîäñêàÿ áèáëèîòåêà. å) Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì â ï ð è ò ÿ æ à ò å ë ü í î ì ï à ä å æ å: I followed the doctors advice. ß ïîñëåäîâàë ñîâåòó äîêòîðà. 2. Îïðåäåëåíèå ñòîèò ï î ñ ë å îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñëîâà, êîãäà îíî âûðàæåíî: à) Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò í û ì î á î ð î ò î ì: Ships built for the transportation of oil are called tankers. Ñóäà, ïîñòðîåííûå äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè íåôòè, íàçûâàþòñÿ òàíêåðàìè. á) Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã î ì: The library of our institute is very good. Áèáëèîòåêà íàøåãî èíñòèòóòà î÷åíü õîðîøàÿ. â) È í ô è í è ò è â î ì: He expressed a desire to help me. Îí âûðàçèë æåëàíèå ïîìî÷ü ìíå. ã) à å ð ó í ä è å ì ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã î ì: I have no intention of going there. ß íå íàìåðåí èäòè òóäà. ÎÁÑÒÎßÒÅËÜÑÒÂÀ (ADVERBIAL MODIFIERS) § 45. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâàìè íàçûâàþòñÿ âòîðîñòåïåííûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå îáîçíà÷àþò, ê à ê èëè ï ð è ê à ê è õ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à õ (ò. å. ãäå, êîãäà, ïî÷åìó, çà÷åì è ò. ï.) ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà îáû÷íî îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ãëàãîëó êàê â ëè÷íîé, òàê è â íåëè÷íîé ôîðìå. Î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à ìîãóò îáîçíà÷àòü: 1.  ð å ì ÿ: She will come soon. We reached the town the next morning. Îíà ïðèäåò ñêîðî. Ìû äîñòèãëè ãîðîäà íà ñëåäóþùåå óòðî. 2. Ì å ñ ò î: I found him in the garden. We could see the river from the top of the hill. ß íàøåë åãî â ñàäó. Ìû âèäåëè ðåêó ñ âåðøèíû õîëìà. 3. Î á ð à ç ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ: He spoke slowly. He copied the letter with great care. 378 Îí ãîâîðèë ìåäëåííî. Îí ïåðåïèñàë ïèñüìî ñ áîëüøîé òùàòåëüíîñòüþ. 4. Ï ð è ÷ è í ó: I came back because of the rain. The steamer could not leave the port owing to a severe storm. ß âîçâðàòèëñÿ èç-çà äîæäÿ. Ïàðîõîä íå ìîã âûéòè èç ïîðòà èç-çà ñèëüíîé áóðè. 5. Ö å ë ü: The steamer called at Odessa to take on a fresh supply of coal. I have come to discuss the matter. 6. Ñ ò å ï å í ü: I quite agree with her. He has greatly changed. Ïàðîõîä çàøåë â Îäåññó, ÷òîáû âçÿòü ñâåæèé çàïàñ óãëÿ. ß ïðèøåë, ÷òîáû îáñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ. ß âïîëíå ñîãëàñåí ñ íåé. Îí î÷åíü èçìåíèëñÿ. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà, âûðàæàþùèå ñòåïåíü, ìîãóò îòíîñèòüñÿ òàêæå ê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì è íàðå÷èÿì: This machine is very heavy. Ýòà ìàøèíà î÷åíü òÿæåëàÿ. I know him rather well. ß çíàþ åãî äîâîëüíî õîðîøî. 7. Ñ î ï ó ò ñ ò â ó þ ù è å î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à: Íå sat at the table reading à newspaper. Îí ñèäåë ó ñòîëà, ÷èòàÿ ãàçåòó. Î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à ìîãóò áûòü âûðàæåíû: 1. Í à ð å ÷ è å ì: The meeting was held yesterday. Ñîáðàíèå ñîñòîÿëîñü â÷åðà. Íå quickly opened the door and ran Îí áûñòðî îòêðûë äâåðü è âûáåout of the room. æàë èç êîìíàòû. 2. Ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û ì ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã î ì: Íå spent his vacation in the south. He was in the Soviet Army during the war. Îí ïðîâåë ñâîè êàíèêóëû íà þãå. Âî âðåìÿ âîéíû îí áûë â Ñîâåòñêîé Àðìèè. 3. Ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò è å ì (ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ðóññêîìó äååïðè÷àñòèþ): Íå stood on the deck counting the cases. While reading the book I came across a number of interesting expressions. Îí ñòîÿë íà ïàëóáå, ñ÷èòàÿ ÿùèêè. ×èòàÿ ýòó êíèãó, ÿ âñòðåòèë ðÿä èíòåðåñíûõ âûðàæåíèé. 4. È í ô è í è ò è â î ì: I called on him to discuss this matter. He is clever enough to understand it. ß çàøåë ê íåìó, ÷òîáû îáñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ. Îí äîñòàòî÷íî óìåí, ÷òîáû ïîíÿòü ýòî. 379 5. à å ð ó í ä è å ì ñ ï ð å ä ë î ã î ì: Íå locked the door before leaving the office. On arriving at the station he went to the information bureau. Îí çàïåð äâåðü, ïðåæäå ÷åì óéòè èç êîíòîðû. Ïðèåõàâ íà âîêçàë, îí ïîøåë â ñïðàâî÷íîå áþðî. § 46. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà îáû÷íî ñòîÿò ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèé. Ïðè íàëè÷èè äâóõ èëè áîëåå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ îíè ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùåì ïîðÿäêå: 1) îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ, 2) îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà, 3) îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè: by chance at the theatre a few days ago. (îáñò. îáðàçà (îáñò. ìåñòà) (îáñò. âðåìåíè) äåéñòâèÿ) ß âñòðåòèë åãî ñëó÷àéíî â òåàòðå íåñêîëüêî äíåé òîìó íàçàä. I met him Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, âûðàæåííîå íàðå÷èåì, ìîæåò çàíèìàòü ðàçëè÷íûå ìåñòà â ïðåäëîæåíèè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðàâèëàìè, èçëîæåííûìè íà ñòð. 309. СЛОЖНЫЕ ЧЛЕНЫ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ § 47. ×ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ñîáîé íåäåëèìûå ñî÷åòàíèÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ñ íåëè÷íûìè ôîðìàìè ãëàãîëà èíôèíèòèâîì, ïðè÷àñòèåì èëè ãåðóíäèåì. Òàêèå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íîñÿò íàçâàíèÿ ñ ë î æ í û õ. Ñëîæíîå ïîäëåæàùåå (The complex subject) The steamer is expected to arrive tomorrow (the steamer... to arrive ïîäëåæàùåå ñòð. 254). It is difficult for him to do it today (for him to do it ïîäëåæàùåå ñòð. 248). Helens coming so early surprised me very much (Helens coming ïîäëåæàùåå ñòð. 271). Îæèäàþò, ÷òî ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò çàâòðà. Åìó òðóäíî ñäåëàòü ýòî ñåãîäíÿ. Òî, ÷òî Åëåíà ïðèøëà òàê ðàíî, ìåíÿ î÷åíü óäèâèëî. Ñëîæíàÿ èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî (The complex predicative) The only way out of the difficulty is for you to go there immediately (for you to go èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî ñòð. 248). 380 Åäèíñòâåííûé âûõîä èç çàòðóäíåíèÿ åõàòü âàì òóäà íåìåäëåííî. The inconvenience was my not knowing the language (my not knowing èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî ñòð. 271). Íåóäîáñòâî ñîñòîÿëî â òîì, ÷òî ÿ íå çíàë ÿçûêà. Ñëîæíîå ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå (The complex direct object) I expect Mary to help me (Mary to help äîïîëíåíèå ñòð. 249). I saw her crossing the street (her crossing äîïîëíåíèå ñòð. 292). Do you mind my opening the window? (my opening äîïîëíåíèå ñòð. 271). ß îæèäàþ, ÷òî Ìàðèÿ ïîìîæåò ìíå. ß âèäåë, êàê îíà ïåðåõîäèëà óëèöó. Âû íå âîçðàæàåòå, åñëè ÿ îòêðîþ îêíî? Ñëîæíîå ïðåäëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå (The complex prepositional object) I count upon him to help me (upon him to help äîïîëíåíèå ñòð. 249). I was surprised at my brothers coming so early (at my brothers coming äîïîëíåíèå ñòð. 271). ß ðàññ÷èòûâàþ íà òî, ÷òî îí ìíå ïîìîæåò. ß óäèâèëñÿ òîìó, ÷òî áðàò ïðèøåë òàê ðàíî. Ñëîæíîå îïðåäåëåíèå (The complex attribute) The first thing for me to do is to find out the date of the arrival of the steamer (for me to do îïðåäåëåíèå ñòð. 248). Have you any objection to the goods being shipped by the S. S. Svir? (to the goods being shipped îïðåäåëåíèå ñòð. 271). Ïåðâîå, ÷òî ÿ äîëæåí ñäåëàòü, ýòî âûÿñíèòü äàòó ïðèáûòèÿ ïàðîõîäà. Âîçðàæàåòå ëè âû ïðîòèâ òîãî, ÷òîáû òîâàðû áûëè îòãðóæåíû íà ï/õ «Ñâèðü»? Ñëîæíîå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî (The complex adverbial modifier) The water was too cold for the children to bathe (for the children to bathe îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ñòð. 248). My brother having taken the key, I could not enter the house. (my brother having taken the key îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ñòð. 271). Âîäà áûëà ñëèøêîì õîëîäíîé, ÷òîáû äåòè ìîãëè êóïàòüñÿ. Òàê êàê ìîé áðàò âçÿë êëþ÷, ÿ íå ìîã âîéòè â äîì. 381 On the lecturers entering the hall there was loud applause (on the lecturers entering the hall îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ñòð. 271). Êîãäà ëåêòîð âîøåë â çàë, ðàçäàëèñü ãðîìêèå àïëîäèñìåíòû. ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß Ñ ÎÄÍÎÐÎÄÍÛÌÈ ×ËÅÍÀÌÈ (SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS PARTS) § 48.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ðóññêîì, â ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî îäíîðîäíûõ ÷ëåíîâ, ò. å. ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îòâå÷àþùèõ íà îäèí è òîò æå âîïðîñ è îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ñëîâó.  ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî ïîäëåæàùèõ ïðè îäíîì ñêàçóåìîì, äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî ñêàçóåìûõ ïðè îäíîì ïîäëåæàùåì, äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî äîïîëíåíèé, äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî îïðåäåëåíèé èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ñëîâó. Îäíîðîäíûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò ñîåäèíÿòüñÿ äðóã ñ äðóãîì êàê áåç ñîþçîâ, òàê è ïðè ïîìîùè ñîþçîâ: There are many theatres, museums, and libraries in Moscow (òðè ïîäëåæàùèõ ïðè îäíîì ñêàçóåìîì). I called at his house but did not find him at home (äâà ñêàçóåìûõ ïðè îäíîì ïîäëåæàùåì). The steamer was loaded with wheat, barley and maize (òðè ïðåäëîæíûõ êîñâåííûõ äîïîëíåíèÿ ê ãëàãîëó, îòâå÷àþùèõ íà îäèí è òîò æå âîïðîñ). The goods can be shipped in June or July (äâà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè ê ãëàãîëó, îòâå÷àþùèå íà îäèí è òîò æå âîïðîñ).  Ìîñêâå ìíîãî òåàòðîâ, ìóçååâ è áèáëèîòåê. ß çàøåë ê íåìó, íî íå çàñòàë åãî äîìà. Ïàðîõîä áûë ïîãðóæåí ïøåíèöåé, ÿ÷ìåíåì è êóêóðóçîé. Òîâàðû ìîãóò áûòü îòãðóæåíû â èþíå èëè èþëå. ÑËÎÂÀ, ÃÐÀÌÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈ ÍÅ ÑÂßÇÀÍÍÛÅ Ñ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅÌ (INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS) § 49.  ïðåäëîæåíèè âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ñëîâà, íå ñâÿçàííûå ñ ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è íå ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàêèìè ñëîâàìè ÿâëÿþòñÿ: î á ð à ù å í è å, â â î ä í û å ñ ë î â à è ì å æ ä î ì å ò è ÿ. 1. Îáðàùåíèå (Direct Address) Îáðàùåíèåì íàçûâàþòñÿ ñëîâà, îáîçíà÷àþùèå ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíà ðå÷ü: 382 Helen, please read this letter. What is the matter with you Peter? Porter, please take this trunk. Åëåíà, ïðî÷òèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ýòî ïèñüìî. ×òî ñ âàìè, Ïåòð? Íîñèëüùèê, âîçüìèòå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ýòîò ÷åìîäàí. 2. Ââîäíûå ñëîâà (Parenthetical Words) Ââîäíûå ñëîâà âñòàâëÿþòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèå äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ îòíîøåíèÿ ãîâîðÿùåãî ê âûñêàçûâàåìîé ìûñëè, ïðèäàâàÿ åé ðàçëè÷íûå îòòåíêè (ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, óâåðåííîñòè, ñîæàëåíèÿ è ò. ï.): Perhaps we shall go to the seaside next summer. Òî be frank, I do not agree with you. In my opinion, he is wrong. Ìîæåò áûòü, ìû ïîåäåì ê ìîðþ áóäóùèì ëåòîì. Îòêðîâåííî ãîâîðÿ, ÿ íå ñîãëàñåí ñ âàìè. Ïî ìîåìó ìíåíèþ, îí íå ïðàâ. Ââîäíûìè áûâàþò íå òîëüêî îòäåëüíûå ñëîâà è ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ, íî è öåëûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: His brother, I have forgotten to mention, was a doctor. Åãî áðàò, ÿ çàáûë óïîìÿíóòü, áûë âðà÷îì. 3. Ìåæäîìåòèÿ (Interjections) His father, alas, is no better. Well! What do you think of it? Åãî îòöó, óâû, íå ëó÷øå. Íó! ×òî âû äóìàåòå îá ýòîì? ПОВЕСТВОВА ТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ПОВЕСТВОВАТЕЛЬНЫЕ (DECLARA TIVE SENTENCES) (DECLARATIVE ÏÎÐßÄÎÊ ÑËΠ ÏÎÂÅÑÒÂÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÌ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ § 50. Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñëóæàò äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû ñîîáùèòü ÷òî-òî ñîáåñåäíèêó èëè ÷èòàòåëþ. Îíè ñîäåðæàò óòâåðæäåíèå êàêîãî-ëèáî ôàêòà (ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå óòâåðäèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ) èëè îòðèöàíèå êàêîãî-ëèáî ôàêòà (ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ). Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ñ ïîíèæåíèåì ãîëîñà íà ïîñëåäíåì óäàðíîì ñëîãå.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èìåþò ò â å ð ä û é ï î ð ÿ ä î ê ñ ë î â, ò. å. êàæäûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èìååò ñâîå îïðåäåëåííîå ìåñòî.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò çàíèìàòü ðàçëè÷íûå ìåñòà â ïðåäëîæåíèè, íå íàðóøàÿ îáùåãî ñìûñëà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò ïîòîìó, ÷òî îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ñëîâàìè â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âûðàæàþòñÿ ãëàâíûì îáðàçîì èõ îêîí÷àíèÿìè. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, â ïðåäëîæåíèè Ìàëü÷èê ïîéìàë ðûáó ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü ðàñïîëîæåíû â èíîì ïîðÿäêå: Ðûáó ïîéìàë ìàëü÷èê, Ïîéìàë ìàëü÷èê ðûáó, 383 Ïîéìàë ðûáó ìàëü÷èê è ò. ä.*) Òàêèå ïåðåñòàíîâêè âîçìîæíû ïîòîìó, ÷òî îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó ñëîâàìè â ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îïðåäåëÿþòñÿ ïàäåæíûìè îêîí÷àíèÿìè ñëîâ ìàëü÷èê è ðûáó. Ñëîâî ìàëü÷èê ñòîèò â èìåíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå è ïîýòîìó ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîäëåæàùèì, îñòàâàÿñü òàêîâûì, ãäå áû îíî íè ñòîÿëî â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ñëîâî ðûáó ñòîèò â âèíèòåëüíîì ïàäåæå áåç ïðåäëîãà è ïîýòîìó ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì. Îíî òàêæå ìîæåò çàíèìàòü, êàê ìû âèäåëè, ðàçëè÷íûå ìåñòà â ïðåäëîæåíèè, îñòàâàÿñü ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè The boy caught a fish èçìåíåíèå ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ íåâîçìîæíî. Åñëè, íàïðèìåð, ïðîèçâåñòè â íåì ïåðåñòàíîâêó ïîäëåæàùåãî è äîïîëíåíèÿ, òî áóäåò èñêàæåí ñìûñë ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: A fish caught the boy. Ðûáà ïîéìàëà ìàëü÷èêà. Ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò ïîòîìó, ÷òî â ïåðâîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñëîâî the boy, ÿâëÿÿñü ïîäëåæàùèì, íå èìååò íèêàêèõ äðóãèõ îòëè÷èòåëüíûõ ïðèçíàêîâ, êðîìå ñâîåãî ìåñòà â ïðåäëîæåíèè ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì. Ñëîâî a fish ÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì òîëüêî ïîòîìó, ÷òî îíî ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà caught. Êîãäà ìû ïðîèçâîäèì ïåðåñòàíîâêó ýòèõ ñëîâ, òî ñîîòâåòñòâåííî èçìåíÿåòñÿ è èõ ðîëü â ïðåäëîæåíèè: ñëîâî the boy çàíèìàåò ìåñòî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà è ïîýòîìó ñòàíîâèòñÿ äîïîëíåíèåì, à ñëîâî a fish çàíèìàåò ìåñòî ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì è ïîýòîìó ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â ïîäëåæàùåå. Âñÿêàÿ äðóãàÿ ïåðåñòàíîâêà ïðèâîäèò ê ëèøåííîìó ñìûñëà íàáîðó ñëîâ: the boy a fish caught, caught the boy a fish è ò. ä. Ïîñêîëüêó ìåñòî ñëîâà îïðåäåëÿåò åãî ðîëü â ïðåäëîæåíèè, ñëåäóåò ïðè ïîñòðîåíèè àíãëèéñêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ðàñïîëàãàòü ñëîâà â ñòðîãî îïðåäåëåííîì ïîðÿäêå. Ñëåäóþùèé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáû÷íûì äëÿ àíãëèéñêîãî ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1) ï î ä ë å æ à ù å å, 2) ñ ê à ç ó å ì î å, 3) ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ, 4) î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à: The buyers (ïîäëåæàùåå) Ïîêóïàòåëè chartered (ñêàçóåìîå) çàôðàõòîâàëè a steamer (äîïîëíåíèå) ïàðîõîä yesterday, (îáñòîÿò.) â÷åðà. Î ï ð å ä å ë å í è å íå èìååò ïîñòîÿííîãî ìåñòà â ïðåäëîæåíèè è ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïðè ëþáîì ÷ëåíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæåííîì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì (ñòð. 376): A steamer of 10,000 tons has arrived Ïàðîõîä â 10 000 òîíí ïðèáûë â at the port. ïîðò. We have received an important telÌû ïîëó÷èëè âàæíóþ òåëåãðàìegram. ìó. They live in a new house. Îíè æèâóò â íîâîì äîìå. ÐÀÑÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÉ Â ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ § 51. Äîïîëíåíèÿ ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: *) Áîëåå îáû÷íûì, ðàçóìååòñÿ, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â ïðåäëîæåíèè Ìàëü÷èê ïîéìàë ðûáó, äðóãîé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ èãðàåò ñòèëèñòè÷åñêóþ ðîëü. 384 1. Ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå ñòîèò íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà: I bought a radio set. ß êóïèë ðàäèîïðèåìíèê. Ïðè íàëè÷èè áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå ñòîèò ïîñëå íåãî: I sent my father a telegram. ß ïîñëàë îòöó òåëåãðàììó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïîñëå ñîñòàâíûõ ãëàãîëîâ (to put on íàäåâàòü, to take off ñíèìàòü, to pick up ïîäíèìàòü, to let in âïóñêàòü è äð. ñòð. 105) ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå, âûðàæåííîå ë è ÷ í û ì ì å ñ ò î è ì å í è å ì, ñòîèò ìåæäó ãëàãîëîì è íàðå÷èåì: Put it on. Íàäåíüòå åãî (åå). Let him in. Âïóñòèòå åãî. Êîãäà æå ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå âûðàæåíî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, îíî ìîæåò ñòîÿòü êàê ïåðåä íàðå÷èåì, òàê è ïîñëå íåãî: Put your coat on. Íàäåíüòå ïàëüòî. Put on your coat. Let the boy in. Âïóñòèòå ìàëü÷èêà. Let in the boy. 2. Á å ñ ï ð å ä ë î æ í î å ê î ñ â å í í î å äîïîëíåíèå âñåãäà ñòîèò ìåæäó ãëàãîëîì è ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì: We sent the buyers the documents. Ìû ïîñëàëè äîêóìåíòû ïîêóïàòåëÿì. 3. Ï ð å ä ë î æ í î å ê î ñ â å í í î å äîïîëíåíèå ñòîèò ïîñëå ïðÿìîãî: The sellers received a telegram from Ïðîäàâöû ïîëó÷èëè òåëåãðàììó the buyers. îò ïîêóïàòåëåé. ÁÅÑÏÐÅÄËÎÆÍÎÅ ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÎÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ È ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÎÅ ÄÎÏÎËÍÅÍÈÅ Ñ ÏÐÅÄËÎÃÎÌ to § 52.  ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ âìåñòî áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, âûðàæàþùåãî ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to, êîòîðîå, êàê âñÿêîå ïðåäëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå, ñòîèò ïîñëå ïðÿìîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. Òàêîå óïîòðåáëåíèå äîïîëíåíèÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì to âìåñòî áåñïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ èìååò ìåñòî: 1. Êîãäà ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå âûðàæåíî ìåñòîèìåíèåì: Show it to your brother. Ïîêàæèòå ýòî âàøåìó áðàòó. Pass it to them. Ïåðåäàéòå ýòî èì. Íå sent him to me. Îí ïîñëàë åãî êî ìíå. Ill give them to the secretary. ß äàì èõ ñåêðåòàðþ. 2. Êîãäà äîïîëíåíèå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå, âìåñòå ñ îòíîñÿùèìèñÿ ê íåìó ñëîâàìè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé äëèííóþ ãðóïïó ñëîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå âûðàæåíî îäíèì ñëîâîì èëè íåáîëüøîé ãðóïïîé ñëîâ: I gave the book to our common friend ß äàë ýòó êíèãó íàøåìó îáùåìó Petrov. äðóãó Ïåòðîâó. 385 We have sent an enquiry to the firm engaged in the manufacture of such equipment. Ìû ïîñëàëè çàïðîñ ôèðìå, çàíèìàþùåéñÿ ïðîèçâîäñòâîì òàêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ. 3. Êîãäà íà äîïîëíåíèè, îáîçíà÷àþùåì ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå, äåëàåòñÿ óäàðåíèå: I told the news to him (and not to her). He gave a book to my brother (and not to me). ß ðàññêàçàë ýòó íîâîñòü åìó (à íå åé). Îí äàë êíèãó ìîåìó áðàòó (à íå ìíå). 4. Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ: to announce îáúÿâëÿòü, to attribute ïðèïèñûâàòü, to communicate ñîîáùàòü, to declare îáúÿâëÿòü, to deliver ïîñòàâëÿòü, ñäàâàòü, to describe îïèñûâàòü, to explain îáúÿñíÿòü, to introduce ïðåäñòàâëÿòü (çíàêîìèòü), to propose ïðåäëàãàòü, to prove äîêàçûâàòü, to read ÷èòàòü, to repeat ïîâòîðÿòü, to ship îòãðóæàòü, to submit ïðåäñòàâëÿòü (äîêóìåíòû), to suggest ïðåäëàãàòü, to write ïèñàòü è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ: Explain this rule to me. The buyers submitted a letter of guarantee to the sellers. He read the letter to her. They will deliver the goods to our agents at the end of the week. Îáúÿñíèòå ìíå ýòî ïðàâèëî. Ïîêóïàòåëè ïðåäñòàâèëè ïðîäàâöàì ãàðàíòèéíîå ïèñüìî. Îí ïðî÷åë åé ïèñüìî. Îíè ñäàäóò òîâàðû íàøèì àãåíòàì â êîíöå íåäåëè. 5. Êîãäà äîïîëíåíèå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíî äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåíî âîïðîñèòåëüíûì èëè îòíîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì: Òî whom did you show the letter? To which of you did he tell the news? There is the student to whom I lent my dictionary. Êîìó âû ïîêàçàëè ïèñüìî? Êîìó èç âàñ îí ðàññêàçàë ýòó íîâîñòü? Âîò ñòóäåíò, êîòîðîìó ÿ îäîëæèë ñâîé ñëîâàðü. Êîãäà ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå âûðàæåíî âîïðîñèòåëüíûì èëè îòíîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå, òàê è äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to: What did he give the boy (to the boy)? What books did he show you (to you)? I returned him the book which he had lent me (to me). We have delivered the goods which we sold them (to them). 386 ×òî îí äàë ìàëü÷èêó? Êàêèå êíèãè îí ïîêàçàë âàì? ß âîçâðàòèë åìó êíèãó, êîòîðóþ îí îäîëæèë ìíå. Ìû äîñòàâèëè òîâàðû, êîòîðûå ìû ïðîäàëè èì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Îäíàêî ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ â ïóíêòå 4, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to: What did you suggest to them? The rule which the teacher explained to us is very difficult. ×òî âû ïðåäëîæèëè èì? Ïðàâèëî, êîòîðîå ïðåïîäàâàòåëü îáúÿñíèë íàì, î÷åíü òðóäíîå. Êîãäà ãëàãîë ñòîèò â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê áåñïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå, òàê è äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to: The ore was sold them (to them) for immediate shipment. The book was lent me (to me) for five days. Ðóäà áûëà ïðîäàíà èì ñ íåìåäëåííîé îòãðóçêîé. Ìíå îäîëæèëè ýòó êíèãó íà ïÿòü äíåé. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Îäíàêî ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ â ïóíêòå 4, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî äîïîëíåíèå ñ ïðåäëîãîì to: The rule was explained to us yesterday. Íàì îáúÿñíèëè ýòî ïðàâèëî â÷åðà. ÐÀÑÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈÅ ÎÁÑÒÎßÒÅËÜÑÒ  ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÈ § 53. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ðàñïîëàãàþòñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè â ñëåäóþùåì ïîðÿäêå: 1. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ ñòîèò ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèÿ: I have read the letter with great pleasure. ß ïðî÷åë ïèñüìî ñ áîëüøèì óäîâîëüñòâèåì. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ, âûðàæåííîå íàðå÷èåì, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì (ñòð. 307): She easily translated the article. Îíà ëåãêî ïåðåâåëà ñòàòüþ. 2. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ì å ñ ò à ñòîèò ïîñëå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ: I met him by chance at the theatre. ß âñòðåòèë åãî ñëó÷àéíî â òåàòðå. 3. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî â ð å ì å í è ñòîèò ïîñëå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ìåñòà, ò. å. â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Îíî, îäíàêî, ìîæåò ñòîÿòü è â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I met him in the park on Sunday. Îï Sunday I met him in the park. ß âñòðåòèë åãî â ïàðêå â âîñêðåñåíüå. Ïðè íàëè÷èè íåñêîëüêèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ âðåìåíè áîëåå òî÷íûå óêàçàíèÿ âðåìåíè ñòîÿò ïåðåä áîëåå îáùèìè: Íå was born on the 1st of January in the year 1924. I shall come here at ten oclock tomorrow. Îí ðîäèëñÿ 1 ÿíâàðÿ 1924 ãîäà. ß ïðèäó ñþäà çàâòðà â äåñÿòü ÷àñîâ. 387 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âðåìåíè, âûðàæåííîå íàðå÷èåì íåîïðåäåëåííîãî âðåìåíè, ñòîèò ïåðåä ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì, à ïðè íàëè÷èè ãëàãîëà to be ïîñëå ýòîãî ãëàãîëà (ñòð. 307): He often goes there. Îí ÷àñòî òóäà õîäèò. He is always busy. Îí âñåãäà çàíÿò. Ñõåìà ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ â ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè 1 Ïîäëåæàùåå 2 Ñêàçóåìîå The buyers chartered 3 Äîïîëíåíèÿ 4 Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ïðåäëîæ- îáðàçà áåñïðåäíîå ëîæíîå ïðÿìîå äåéñòâèÿ êîñâåííîå êîñâåííîå ìåñòà âðåìåíè at the theatre a few days ago. a steamer. the buyers the documents. We sent We sent them to the buyers. The sellers received a telegram from the buyers. I met him by chance ÎÒÑÒÓÏËÅÍÈß ÎÒ ÎÁÛ×ÍÎÃÎ ÐÀÑÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈß ÃËÀÂÍÛÕ ×ËÅÍΠÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß § 54. Ïîäëåæàùåå, êîòîðîå îáû÷íî ñòîèò ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì (ïðÿìîé ïîðÿäîê), ìîæåò ñòîÿòü è ïîñëå íåãî (îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê). There is a telephone in that room. There was a meeting at the club yesterday.  òîé êîìíàòå åñòü òåëåôîí. Â÷åðà â êëóáå áûëî ñîáðàíèå. 1. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò ìåñòî â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ îáîðîòîì there is: 2. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò ìåñòî â ïðåäëîæåíèè, ââîäÿùåì ïðÿìóþ ðå÷ü, åñëè îíî ñòîèò ïîñëå ïðÿìîé ðå÷è. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, à ñêàçóåìîå îäíèì èç ãëàãîëîâ to say, to ask, to answer, to reply è íåêîòîðûìè äðóãèìè. Êîãäà æå ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, îáû÷íî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ïðÿìîé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ: I am glad to see you, said the old man. What is the matter with you? asked the doctor. 388 «Ðàä âèäåòü âàñ», ñêàçàë ñòàðèê. «×òî ñ âàìè?» ñïðîñèë äîêòîð. I shall return the book tomorrow, replied my friend. Íî: I dont smoke, he said. «ß âîçâðàùó êíèãó çàâòðà», îòâåòèë ìîé ïðèÿòåëü. «ß íå êóðþ», ñêàçàë îí. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò òàêæå ìåñòî, êîãäà ïðè ïåðå÷èñëåííûõ ãëàãîëàõ èìåþòñÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûå ñëîâà: I am glad to see you, said the old man kindly. Who has taken my dictionary? asked the student in an angry voice. «Ðàä âàñ âèäåòü», ñêàçàë ñòàðèê ïðèâåòëèâî. «Êòî âçÿë ìîé ñëîâàðü?» ñïðîñèë ñòóäåíò ñåðäèòûì ãîëîñîì. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê, îäíàêî, íåâîçìîæåí, êîãäà ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëåí â ñëîæíîé ôîðìå âðåìåíè èëè â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè: What is the matter with you? the doctor will ask. Read aloud every day, the teacher used to say. «×òî ñ âàìè?» ñïðîñèò äîêòîð. «×èòàéòå âñëóõ êàæäûé äåíü», ãîâîðèë ïðåïîäàâàòåëü. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê òàêæå íåâîçìîæåí, êîãäà çà ãëàãîëîì ñëåäóåò áåñïðåäëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå: What is the matter with you? the doctor asked her. Ïðè íàëè÷èè, îäíàêî, ïðåäëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ, îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èíîãäà ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ: I am glad to see you, said the old man to him. 3. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò ìåñòî â ïðåäëîæåíèè, íà÷èíàþùåìñÿ ñ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûõ ñëîâ (÷àùå âñåãî ñ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà ìåñòà), ïðè ïîäëåæàùåì, âûðàæåííîì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, è ñêàçóåìîì, âûðàæåííîì íåïåðåõîäíûì ãëàãîëîì: On the right is the State Hermitage. From the window came sounds of music. Íàïðàâî íàõîäèòñÿ Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé Ýðìèòàæ. Èç îêíà ðàçäàâàëèñü çâóêè ìóçûêè. 4. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò ìåñòî â ïðåäëîæåíèè, íà÷èíàþùåìñÿ ñ íàðå÷èÿ here èëè there, êîãäà ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì. Êîãäà æå ïîäëåæàùåå âûðàæåíî ëè÷íûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, òî îíî ñòîèò íà îáû÷íîì ìåñòå, ò. å. ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì: Here is the book you are looking for. Âîò êíèãà, êîòîðóþ âû èùåòå. Here comes my brother. Âîò èäåò ìîé áðàò. There is your book! Âîò (òàì) âàøà êíèãà! Íî: Here it is! Âîò îí (îíà, îíî)! Here he comes! Âîò îí èäåò! There she is! Âîò îíà! 389 5. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò ìåñòî â ïðåäëîæåíèè, íà÷èíàþùåìñÿ ñî ñëåäóþùèõ íàðå÷èé èëè ñîþçîâ: never íèêîãäà, hardly, scarcely åäâà, seldom ðåäêî, little ìàëî, in vain íàïðàñíî, neither, nor òàêæå íå, not only íå òîëüêî, ïî sooner ... than êàê òîëüêî, íå óñïåë êàê è äð.  ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì ñòîèò òîëüêî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë, âõîäÿùèé â ñîñòàâ ñêàçóåìîãî (êàê â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ). Êîãäà ãëàãîë ñòîèò â Present èëè Past Indefinite, ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìû do (does) èëè did: Never in my life have I seen such a Íèêîãäà â æèçíè ÿ íå âèäåë òàthing. êîãî. No sooner had he arrived than he Íå óñïåë îí ïðèåõàòü, êàê çàáîfell ill. ëåë. Scarcely had he entered the house Åäâà îí âîøåë â äîì, êàê íà÷àëwhen it started to rain. ñÿ äîæäü. In vain did we try to make him do Íàïðàñíî ìû ñòàðàëèñü çàñòàâèòü it. åãî ñäåëàòü ýòî. 6. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò ìåñòî â ïðèäàòî÷íîé ÷àñòè óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ïîä÷èíèòåëüíîãî ñîþçà (ñòð. 443).  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì ñòîèò òîëüêî ìîäàëüíûé èëè âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë (êàê â âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ): Should need arise, we shall communicate with you again. Were I to see him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Had I seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it. Åñëè âîçíèêíåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü, ìû ñíîâà ñíåñåìñÿ ñ âàìè. Åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë åãî çàâòðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. Åñëè áû ÿ âèäåë åãî â÷åðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. 7. Îáðàòíûé ïîðÿäîê èìååò ìåñòî â ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òèïà So do I, Neither do I (ñòð. 236): I get up very early. So do I. ß âñòàþ î÷åíü ðàíî. ß òîæå. She didnt see him yesterday. Îíà íå âèäåëà åãî â÷åðà. ß Neither did I. òîæå. ÎÒÑÒÓÏËÅÍÈß ÎÒ ÎÁÛ×ÍÎÃÎ ÐÀÑÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈß ÂÒÎÐÎÑÒÅÏÅÍÍÛÕ ×ËÅÍΠÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß § 55. Ï ð ÿ ì î å ä î ï î ë í å í è å èíîãäà ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïîñëå ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà. Òàêîé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ èìååò ìåñòî, êîãäà ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå ñ îòíîñÿùèìèñÿ ê íåìó ñëîâàìè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé äëèííóþ ãðóïïó ñëîâ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî âûðàæåíî îäíèì ñëîâîì èëè íåáîëüøîé ãðóïïîé ñëîâ: We have received from them some Ìû ïîëó÷èëè îò íèõ íåñêîëüêî illustrated catalogues containing a èëëþñòðèðîâàííûõ êàòàëîãîâ, detailed description of these mañîäåðæàùèõ ïîäðîáíîå îïèñàchines. íèå ýòèõ ìàøèí. 390 We have sent there all the specifications of electrical equipment received from London. Ìû ïîñëàëè òóäà âñå ñïåöèôèêàöèè ýëåêòðè÷åñêîãî îáîðóäîâàíèÿ, ïîëó÷åííûå èç Ëîíäîíà. § 56. Ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå ñëåäóåò çà ïðåäëîæíûì êîñâåííûì äîïîëíåíèåì èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâîì è â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà èíîé ïîðÿäîê ïðèâåë áû ê èñêàæåíèþ ñìûñëà: I have read with great pleasure the letter sent me by Vadim Petrov. ß ïðî÷åë ñ áîëüøèì óäîâîëüñòâèåì ïèñüìî, ïðèñëàííîå ìíå Âàäèìîì Ïåòðîâûì. Åñëè â ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ïîñòàâèòü îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ with great pleasure ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèÿ: I have read the letter sent me by Vadim Petrov with great pleasure, òî ìîæíî ïîíÿòü, ÷òî îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî îòíîñèòñÿ íå ê ãëàãîëó have read, à ê ïðè÷àñòèþ sent, ò. å. ÷òî ïèñüìî áûëî ïîñëàíî ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì, à íå ïðî÷èòàíî ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì. § 57. Î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â î ì å ñ ò à îáû÷íî ñòîèò ïîñëå îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ. Îäíàêî êîãäà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà âûðàæåíî îäíèì èç íàðå÷èé here èëè there, îíî îáû÷íî ñòîèò ïåðåä îáñòîÿòåëüñòâîì îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ: Íå will work here with pleasure. I met him there by chance. Îí áóäåò ðàáîòàòü çäåñü ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì. ß âñòðåòèë åãî òàì ñëó÷àéíî. Ïðè ãëàãîëàõ, îáîçíà÷àþùèõ äâèæåíèå, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ìåñòà îáû÷íî ñòîèò íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ãëàãîëà ïåðåä ïðåäëîæíûì äîïîëíåíèåì: Íå went to the theatre with his sister. The steamer Svir sailed from Petersburg with a cargo of machinery. Îí ïîøåë â òåàòð ñ ñåñòðîé. Ïàðîõîä «Ñâèðü» âûøåë èç Ïåòåðáóðãà ñ ãðóçîì ìàøèí. ÏÎÂÅÑÒÂÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÎÒÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß § 58.  îòðèöàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñêàçóåìîå ñòîèò â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî èëè ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà, âõîäÿùåãî â ñîñòàâ ñêàçóåìîãî. Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â Present èëè Past Indefinite, òî ïåðåä not ñòàâèòñÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë to do (do, does èëè did); ñìûñëîâîé æå ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà (áåç to).  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è ÷àñòèöà not ñëèâàåòñÿ ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì: ß íå âèäåë åãî ñåãîäíÿ. I have not (havent) seen him today. Îí íå æäåò âàñ. He is not (isnt) waiting for you. Îí íå ïîéäåò òóäà. He will not (wont) go there. 391 She cannot (cant) come today. He does not (doesnt) work here. They did not (didnt) tell me about it. Îíà íå ìîæåò ïðèäòè ñåãîäíÿ. Îí íå ðàáîòàåò çäåñü. Îíè ìíå íå ãîâîðèëè îá ýòîì. Ïðè íàëè÷èè äâóõ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî èç íèõ: It has not been done yet. He will not have finished his work by five oclock. Ýòî åùå íå ñäåëàíî. Îí íå çàêîí÷èò ñâîþ ðàáîòó ê ïÿòè ÷àñàì. § 59. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà not ñòîèò ïðè ñêàçóåìîì è â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ÷àñòèöà íå ñòîèò ïðè äðóãîì ÷ëåíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Ýòà ãàçåòà âûõîäèò íå êàæäûé äåíü. Îí îáåäàåò íå äîìà. Åìó ïîòðåáîâàëîñü íå ìíîãî âðåìåíè, ÷òîáû ïåðåâåñòè ýòó ñòàòüþ. Îí èçó÷àåò íå àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, îí èçó÷àåò íåìåöêèé. This newspaper does not come out every day. He does not have his dinner at home. It did not take him much time to translate this article. He does not learn English, he learns German.  ïðèâåäåííûõ ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ îòðèöàòåëüíóþ ÷àñòèöó íå ìîæíî òàêæå áåç óùåðáà äëÿ ñìûñëà ïîñòàâèòü ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì: Ýòà ãàçåòà íå âûõîäèò êàæäûé äåíü. Îí íå îáåäàåò äîìà è ò. ä. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ìåñòî îòðèöàòåëüíîé ÷àñòèöû íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ äî íåêîòîðîé ñòåïåíè ñâîáîäíûì. Îäíàêî â òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, êàê ß ïðîñèë åãî íå äåëàòü ýòîãî, Îíè èìåëè ïðàâî íå ïðèñòóïàòü ê ïîãðóçêå äî 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ è ò. ï., â êîòîðûõ ÷àñòèöà íå ñòîèò ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì, ïåðåìåíà ìåñòà ÷àñòèöû íå ðåçêî ìåíÿåò ñìûñë ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: ß íå ïðîñèë åãî äåëàòü ýòî. Îíè íå èìåëè ïðàâà ïðèñòóïàòü ê ïîãðóçêå äî 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ. Ïðè ïåðåâîäå òàêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ÷àñòèöó not ñëåäóåò ñòàâèòü íà òîì æå ìåñòå, íà êîòîðîì ÷àñòèöà íå ñòîèò â ðóññêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè: ß ïðîñèë åãî íå äåëàòü ýòîãî. ß íå ïðîñèë åãî äåëàòü ýòî. Îíè èìåëè ïðàâî íå ïðèñòóïàòü ê ïîãðóçêå äî 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ. Îíè íå èìåëè ïðàâà ïðèñòóïàòü ê ïîãðóçêå äî 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ. I asked him not to do it. I did not ask him to do it. They had the right not to begin loading before the 15th of September. They did not have the right to begin loading before the 15th of September. § 60. Îòðèöàíèå â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî íå óïîòðåáëåíèåì ÷àñòèöû not ïðè ñêàçóåìîì, à óïîòðåáëåíèåì îäíîãî èç îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé no íèêàêîé, nobody, no one íèêòî, nothing 392 íè÷òî, íè÷åãî, îòðèöàòåëüíûõ íàðå÷èé never íèêîãäà, nowhere íèãäå, íèêóäà èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîãî ñîþçà neither ... nor íè ... íè. Ñêàçóåìîå â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ âûðàæàåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå, òàê êàê â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü òîëüêî î ä í î î ò ð è ö à í è å.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ èìåþòñÿ äâà îòðèöàíèÿ: ÷àñòèöà íå ïðè ñêàçóåìîì è îòðèöàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, îòðèöàòåëüíîå íàðå÷èå èëè îòðèöàòåëüíûé ñîþç: I received no letters yesterday. ß íå ïîëó÷àë íèêàêèõ ïèñåì â÷åðà. Íèêòî íå âèäåë ýòîãî. Íè÷åãî íå ñëó÷èëîñü. ß íèêîãäà íå ñëûõàë îá ýòîì. Íè Ïåòð, íè Ìàðèÿ íå ãîâîðèëè ìíå îá ýòîì. No one (nobody) has seen it. Nothing has happened. I have never heard about it. Neither Peter nor Mary told me about it*). § 61. Ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ îòðèöàòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, íàðå÷èåì èëè ñîþçîì ìîãóò áûòü çàìåíåíû äðóãèìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: I received no letters yesterday. = I did not receive any letters yesterday. ß íå ïîëó÷àë íèêàêèõ ïèñåì â÷åðà. We found nobody (no one) at home. = We did not find anybody at home. Ìû íèêîãî íå çàñòàëè äîìà. I have read nothing about it. = I have not read anything about it. ß íè÷åãî íå ÷èòàë îá ýòîì. We went nowhere after supper. = We did not go anywhere after supper. Ìû íèêóäà íå õîäèëè ïîñëå óæèíà. I could remember neither the name = I could not remember either the of the author nor the title of the name of the author or the title of book. the book. ß íå ìîã âñïîìíèòü íè ôàìèëèè àâòîðà, íè íàçâàíèÿ êíèãè. Îòðèöàòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå, íàðå÷èå è ñîþç çàìåíÿþòñÿ, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: no nobody no one çàìåíÿåòñÿ not ... any not ... anybody not ... anyone *) Äâîéíîé ñîþç neither ... nor ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê îäíî îòðèöàíèå. 393 nothing nowhere neither ... nor never çàìåíÿåòñÿ not not not not ... ... ... ... anything anywhere either ... or ever Îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ not ïðè ñêàçóåìîì â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ any è åãî ïðîèçâîäíûìè èëè ñîþçîì either ... or áîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíû, ÷åì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ no è åãî ïðîèçâîäíûìè èëè neither ... nor. Îäíàêî ñ ãëàãîëîì to have è îáîðîòîì there is îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ no ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì áîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíû (ñòð. 198, 368). Íàðå÷èå never î÷åíü ðåäêî çàìåíÿåòñÿ not ... ever. § 62. Îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïîäëåæàùåå íå ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî ïîñðåäñòâîì not è any è åãî ïðîèçâîäíûõ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ òîëüêî no one, nobody, nothing èëè no, neither ... nor ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè: Íèêòî íå âèäåë ýòîãî. Íè÷åãî íå ñëó÷èëîñü â÷åðà. Íè îäèí ïàðîõîä íå âûøåë â÷åðà èç ïîðòà. Íè îêíî, íè äâåðü íå áûëè îòêðûòû. No one (nobody) has seen it. Nothing happened yesterday. No steamer left the port yesterday. Neither the window nor the door was open. Ñ îáîðîòîì there is îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïîäëåæàùåå ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíî êàê ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè no one, nobody, nothing, òàê è ïîñðåäñòâîì not ... anyone, not ... anybody, not ... anything. ×àñòèöà not îáðàçóåò ñ ãëàãîëîì to be ñîêðàùåííûå ôîðìû isnt, arent, wasnt, werent: There is nobody in the garden. There isnt anybody in the garden.  ñàäó íåò íèêîãî. There is nothing in the box. There isnt anything in the box.  êîðîáêå íåò íè÷åãî. § 63. Êàê áûëî óêàçàíî âûøå, â àíãëèéñêîì îòðèöàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò áûòü òîëüêî î ä í î ñëîâî, âûðàæàþùåå îòðèöàíèå.  ýòîì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ ãëàâíàÿ îñîáåííîñòü àíãëèéñêèõ îòðèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé ïî ñðàâíåíèþ ñ ðóññêèìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, â êîòîðûõ âîçìîæíû ä â à ñëîâà è á î ë å å, âûðàæàþùèõ îòðèöàíèå. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ðóññêèå îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ß íè÷åãî íèêîìó íå ãîâîðèë îá ýòîì, Îíà íèêîãäà íè÷åãî íå ñëûõàëà íè î íåì, íè î åãî áðàòå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñ îäíèì îòðèöàíèåì: I didnt tell anybody about it. She has never heard anything either of him or of his brother. 394 ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ (INTERROGA TIVE SENTENCES) (INTERROGATIVE § 64. Âîïðîñû áûâàþò äâóõ òèïîâ: î á ù è å è ñ ï å ö è à ë ü í û å. Î á ù è å â î ï ð î ñ û (General Questions) çàäàþòñÿ ñîáåñåäíèêó ñ öåëüþ ïîëó÷èòü ïîäòâåðæäåíèå èëè îòðèöàíèå âûñêàçàííîé â âîïðîñå ìûñëè è, òàêèì îáðàçîì, òðåáóþò îòâåòà äà èëè íåò. Îíè íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî èëè ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà. Îáùèå âîïðîñû ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ñ ïîâûøàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèåé, ò. å. ñ ïîâûøåíèåì ãîëîñà â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Do you speak English well? Can you translate this article without a dictionary? Âû õîðîøî ãîâîðèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè? Ìîæåòå ëè âû ïåðåâåñòè ýòó ñòàòüþ áåç ñëîâàðÿ? Ñ ï å ö è à ë ü í û å â î ï ð î ñ û (Special Questions) îòíîñÿòñÿ ê êàêîìó-íèáóäü ÷ëåíó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Îíè íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà (who, what, whose, how, when, where è äð.), êîòîðîå ïîêàçûâàåò, ê êàêîìó ÷ëåíó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòíîñèòñÿ âîïðîñ. Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ñ ïîíèæàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèåé, ò. å. ñ ïîíèæåíèåì ãîëîñà íà ïîñëåäíåì óäàðíîì ñëîãå: Who brought you this book? Êòî ïðèíåñ âàì ýòó êíèãó? What did you see there? ×òî âû òàì âèäåëè? How did he write the dictation? Êàê îí íàïèñàë äèêòàíò? When did he come? Êîãäà îí ïðèøåë? Where did you see him? Ãäå âû åãî âèäåëè? ÎÁÙÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ (GENERAL QUESTIONS) § 65.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå îáùèå âîïðîñû ìîãóò áûòü âûðàæåíû ëèáî ïðè ïîìîùè âîïðîñèòåëüíîé èíòîíàöèè ñ ñîõðàíåíèåì îáû÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ëèáî âîïðîñèòåëüíîé èíòîíàöèåé ñ èçìåíåíèåì îáû÷íîãî ïîðÿäêà ìåñò ïîäëåæàùåãî è ñêàçóåìîãî è óïîòðåáëåíèåì ÷àñòèöû ëè ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî: Âû ãîâîðèòå ïîàíãëèéñêè? Ãîâîðèòå ëè âû ïî-àíãëèéñêè?  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êðîìå ïîâûøàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèè, îáùèå âîïðîñû èìåþò ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ, îòëè÷àþùèéñÿ îò ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ýòî îòëè÷èå ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë, âõîäÿùèé â ñîñòàâ ñêàçóåìîãî, ñòàâèòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì. Ñêàçóåìîå, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ðàñ÷ëåíÿåòñÿ íà äâå ÷àñòè, îòäåëÿåìûå îäíà îò äðóãîé ïîäëåæàùèì. Êîãäà â ñîñòàâå ñêàçóåìîãî íåò âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà, ò. å. êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â Present èëè Past Indefinite, òî ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì ñòàâÿòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìû do (does) èëè did; ñìûñëîâîé æå ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â ôîðìå èíôèíèòèâà (áåç to) ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî. Ïîðÿäîê îñòàëüíûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îñòàåòñÿ òàêîé æå, êàê è â ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. 395 Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Îáùèå âîïðîñû Ñêàçóåìîå Ñêàçóåìîå Ïîäëåæàùåå Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë He They is have She You can He She Ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë Äîïîëíåíèÿ è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà reading a letter. returned from London. translate the article. give English lessons every day. lives in Moscow. finished her translation in the evening. Âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë Ñêàçóåìîå Ïîä- Ñìûñëåæà- ëîâîé ùåå ãëàãîë Is Have he they Can Do she you Does Did he she Äîïîëíåíèÿ è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà reading a letter? returned from London? translate the article? English give lessons every day? in Moscow? live her translafinish tion in the evening? Êîãäà â ñîñòàâ ñêàçóåìîãî âõîäÿò äâà èëè òðè âñïîìîãàòåëüíûõ ãëàãîëà, òî òîëüêî ïåðâûé èç íèõ ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Íå has been working since morning. The work will have been done by 5 oclock. Îáùèå âîïðîñû Has he been working since morning? Will the work have been done by 5 oclock? Ñêàçóåìîå, âûðàæåííîå ãëàãîëàìè to be è to have â Present èëè Past Indefinite, ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå Îáùèå âîïðîñû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Is he in Moscow? Íå is in Moscow. She has a fountain pen. Has she a fountain pen? Êîãäà ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëåí â êà÷åñòâå ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè, îí ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì, èìåííàÿ æå ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî ñòîèò íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî: Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûå Îáùèå âîïðîñû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Íå is a doctor. Is he a doctor? They were tired. Were they tired? 396 ÎÒÂÅÒÛ ÍÀ ÎÁÙÈÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ § 66. Îòâåòû íà îáùèå âîïðîñû îáû÷íî äàþòñÿ â êðàòêîé ôîðìå. Îáû÷íîé ôîðìîé îòâåòîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ îòâåòû, ñîñòîÿùèå èç yes èëè no, ïîäëåæàùåãî, âûðàæåííîãî ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ìåñòîèìåíèåì, è âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî èëè ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà.  îòðèöàòåëüíîì îòâåòå ÷àñòèöà not îáû÷íî ñëèâàåòñÿ ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì: Do you speak French? Ãîâîðèòå ëè âû ïîôðàíöóçñêè? Yes, I do. Äà, ãîâîðþ. No, I dont. Íåò, íå ãîâîðþ. Is he resting? Îí îòäûõàåò? Yes, he is. Äà, îòäûõàåò. No, he isnt. Íåò, íå îòäûõàåò. Has she returned from Odessa? Âîçâðàòèëàñü ëè îíà èç Îäåññû? Yes, she has. Äà, âîçâðàòèëàñü. No, she hasnt. Íåò, íå âîçâðàòèëàñü. Can you swim? Óìååòå ëè âû ïëàâàòü? Yes, I can. Äà, óìåþ. No, I cant. Íåò, íå óìåþ.  êðàòêèõ îòâåòàõ âîçìîæíî íàëè÷èå íàðå÷èÿ, êîòîðîå ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì: Did you meet him while you were in London? Âû âñòðå÷àëè åãî, êîãäà áûëè â Ëîíäîíå? Do you have dinner at home? Âû îáåäàåòå äîìà? Will he come here tonight? Ïðèäåò ëè îí ñþäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì? No, I never did. Íåò, íèêîãäà. Yes, I always do. Äà, âñåãäà. Yes, he probably will. Äà, âåðîÿòíî.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âîçìîæíû òàêæå îòâåòû, ñîñòîÿùèå, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, òîëüêî èç yes äà èëè no íåò. Òàêèå îòâåòû, îäíàêî, ìåíåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíû, ÷åì îòâåòû ñ ïîâòîðåíèåì âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî èëè ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: Can you swim? Óìååòå ëè âû ïëàâàòü? Yes. Äà. No. Íåò. Has she returned from Odessa? Âîçâðàòèëàñü ëè îíà èç Îäåññû? Yes. Äà. No. Íåò. 397 ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ êàê êðàòêèå îòâåòû äà èëè íåò, òàê è (÷àùå) êðàòêèå îòâåòû ñ ïîâòîðåíèåì ãëàãîëà: Ãîâîðèòå ëè âû ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè? Äà, ãîâîðþ. Íåò, íå ãîâîðþ. Âèäåëè ëè âû åãî â÷åðà? Äà, âèäåë. Íåò, íå âèäåë.  àíãëèéñêîì æå ÿçûêå òàêèå îòâåòû, êàê Yes, I speak; No, I dont speak; Yes, I saw; No, I didnt see íåâîçìîæíû. Ïîìèìî êðàòêèõ îòâåòîâ, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ðóññêîì, âîçìîæíû ïîëíûå îòâåòû, â êîòîðûõ, êðîìå ãëàãîëà, ïîâòîðÿþòñÿ è äðóãèå îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê íåìó ñëîâà: Did you like the film? Yes, I liked it. Ïîíðàâèëñÿ ëè âàì ôèëüì? Äà, îí ìíå ïîíðàâèëñÿ. Îäíàêî òàêèå îòâåòû íà îáùèå âîïðîñû ìàëîóïîòðåáèòåëüíû. ÎÒÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÀß ÔÎÐÌÀ ÎÁÙÈÕ ÂÎÏÐÎÑΠ§ 67. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà îáùèõ âîïðîñîâ îáðàçóåòñÿ ïðè ïîìîùè ÷àñòèöû not, êîòîðàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî ïåðåä ñìûñëîâûì ãëàãîëîì.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è ÷àñòèöà not ñëèâàåòñÿ ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì. Îáùèå âîïðîñû â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå âûðàæàþò óäèâëåíèå è ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå âîïðîñàì, íà÷èíàþùèìñÿ ñ ðàçâå? èëè íåóæåëè!: Do you not know him? Dont you know him? Ðàçâå (íåóæåëè) âû åãî íå çíàåòå? Have you not seen him? Havent you seen him? Ðàçâå (íåóæåëè) âû åãî íå âèäåëè? Must you not go there tonight? Mustnt you go there tonight? Ðàçâå (íåóæåëè) âû íå äîëæíû ïîéòè òóäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì? ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðóññêèì âîïðîñèòåëüíî-îòðèöàòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì: Íå çíàåòå ëè âû åãî àäðåñà? Íå ïîëó÷àëè ëè âû îò íåãî ïèñåì? è ò. ï. ñîîòâåòñòâóþò àíãëèéñêèå âîïðîñèòåëüíî-óòâåðäèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Do you know his address? Have you received any letters from him? § 68. Îòâåòû íà îáùèå âîïðîñû â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå ñòðîÿòñÿ òàê æå, êàê è îòâåòû íà îáùèå âîïðîñû â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå (§ 66). Ñëåäóåò, îäíàêî, â òàêèõ îòâåòàõ îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå íà ðàçíèöó â óïîòðåáëåíèè no è yes â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå è íåò è äà â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì îòâåòå âñåãäà ñòîèò yes, à â îòðèöàòåëüíîì no.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå íåò ìîæåò ñòîÿòü êàê â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì, òàê è â îòðèöàòåëüíîì îòâåòå: Didnt you speak to him yesterday? Ðàçâå âû íå ãîâîðèëè ñ íèì â÷åðà? 398 Yes, I did. Íåò, ãîâîðèë. No, I didnt. Íåò, íå ãîâîðèë. Wont he come here tonight? Ðàçâå îí íå ïðèäåò ñþäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì? Yes, he will. Íåò, ïðèäåò. No, he wont. Íåò, íå ïðèäåò. ÐÀÑ×ËÅÍÅÍÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ (DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS) § 69. Îñîáûì âèäîì îáùèõ âîïðîñîâ ÿâëÿþòñÿ òàê íàçûâàåìûå «ðàñ÷ëåíåííûå» âîïðîñû. Ðàñ÷ëåíåííûé âîïðîñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé óòâåðäèòåëüíîå èëè îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, ê êîòîðîìó ïðèñîåäèíåí êðàòêèé îáùèé âîïðîñ, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî ìåñòîèìåíèÿ è òîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî èëè ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà, êîòîðûé âõîäèò â ñîñòàâ ñêàçóåìîãî ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Åñëè ñêàçóåìîå ñòîèò â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå Present èëè Past Indefinite, ò. å. êîãäà â åãî ñîñòàâå íåò âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà, òî â êðàòêîì âîïðîñå óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìû do (does) èëè did: You speak French, dont you? Âû ãîâîðèòå ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? He hasnt returned from London yet, Îí åùå íå âåðíóëñÿ èç Ëîíäîíà, has he? íå ïðàâäà ëè? Ðàñ÷ëåíåííûå âîïðîñû çàäàþòñÿ â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà ãîâîðÿùèé æåëàåò ïîëó÷èòü ïîäòâåðæäåíèå âûñêàçûâàíèÿ, ñîäåðæàùåãîñÿ â ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Êîãäà ãîâîðÿùèé îæèäàåò óòâåðäèòåëüíîãî îòâåòà, òî âîïðîñó ïðåäøåñòâóåò óòâåðäèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, à âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë â âîïðîñå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå. Åñëè æå ãîâîðÿùèé îæèäàåò îòðèöàòåëüíîãî îòâåòà, òî âîïðîñó ïðåäøåñòâóåò îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, à âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë â âîïðîñå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå. Êðàòêèé îáùèé âîïðîñ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñëîâàì íå ïðàâäà ëè? íå òàê ëè? äà? Ïåðâàÿ ÷àñòü ðàñ÷ëåíåííîãî âîïðîñà (ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ñ ïîíèæàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèåé, à âòîðàÿ ÷àñòü (îáùèé âîïðîñ) ñ ïîâûøàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèåé: She is very busy, isnt she? She isnt very busy, is she? Îíà î÷åíü çàíÿòà, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Îíà íå î÷åíü çàíÿòà, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Peter works hard, doesnt he? Peter doesnt work hard, does he? Ïåòð ðàáîòàåò óñåðäíî, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Ïåòð íå ðàáîòàåò óñåðäíî, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Your sister went to London, didnt she? Your sister didnt go to Lon don, did she? Âàøà ñåñòðà ïîåõàëà â Ëîíäîí, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Âàøà ñåñòðà íå ïîåõàëà â Ëîíäîí, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 399 Your friend can speak Eng lish, cant he? Your friend cant speak Eng lish, can he? Âàø ïðèÿòåëü óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïîàíãëèéñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Âàø ïðèÿòåëü íå óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïî-àíãëèéñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? § 70. Îòâåòû íà ðàñ÷ëåíåííûå âîïðîñû, êàê è íà âñå îáùèå âîïðîñû, îáû÷íî áûâàþò êðàòêèìè è ìîãóò âûðàæàòü êàê ñîãëàñèå ñ ãîâîðÿùèì, òàê è íåñîãëàñèå ñ íèì: Îòâåò, âûðàæàþùèé Âîïðîñ À. Âîïðîñó ïðåäøåñòâóåò óòâåðäèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: Your friend speaks English, doesnt he? Âàø ïðèÿòåëü ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? You have finished your work, havent you? Âû îêîí÷èëè ñâîþ ðàáîòó, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Á. Âîïðîñó ïðåäøåñòâóåò îòðèöàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå: Your friend doesnt speak English, does he? Âàø ïðèÿòåëü íå ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? You havent finished your work, have you? Âû íå îêîí÷èëè ñâîþ ðàáîòó, íå ïðàâäà ëè? ñîãëàñèå ñ ãîâîðÿùèì íåñîãëàñèå ñ ãîâîðÿùèì Yes, he does. No, he doesnt. Äà, ãîâîðèò. Íåò, íå ãîâîðèò. Yes, I have. No, I havent. Äà, îêîí÷èë. Íåò, íå îêîí÷èë. No, he doesnt. Yes, he does. Äà, íå ãîâîðèò. Íåò, ãîâîðèò. No, I havent. Yes, I have. Äà, íå îêîí÷èë. Íåò, îêîí÷èë. Êàê âèäíî èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ, â îòâåòàõ íà âîïðîñû ñ ïðåäøåñòâóþùèìè îòðèöàòåëüíûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñóùåñòâóåò ðàñõîæäåíèå â óïîòðåáëåíèè no è yes â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå è íåò è äà â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå no ìîæåò ñòîÿòü òîëüêî â îòðèöàòåëüíîì îòâåòå, a yes â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì îòâåòå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå äà ìîæåò ñòîÿòü â îòðèöàòåëüíîì îòâåòå, à íåò â óòâåðäèòåëüíîì. ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ (SPECIAL QUESTIONS) § 71. Ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà (èëè ãðóïïû ñëîâ), çàìåíÿþùåãî òîò ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèò400 ñÿ âîïðîñ. Îíè íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñëîâàìè who? êòî? what? ÷òî? êàêîé? which? êîòîðûé? when? êîãäà? where? ãäå? êóäà? why? ïî÷åìó? how? êàê? how much? ñêîëüêî? how long? êàê äîëãî? ñêîëüêî âðåìåíè? è äð. Ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â ñïåöèàëüíûõ âîïðîñàõ òàêîé æå, êàê è â îáùèõ âîïðîñàõ (ò. å. âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë ñòîèò ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì), íî â îòëè÷èå îò íèõ ïåðåä âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì ñòîèò âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî (èëè ãðóïïà ñëîâ)*). Íàïðèìåð, ê ïðåäëîæåíèþ The teacher read an interesting story to the students yesterday Â÷åðà ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ÷èòàë ñòóäåíòàì èíòåðåñíûé ðàññêàç ìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñû: 1. Âîïðîñ, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê îáñòîÿòåëüñòâó âðåìåíè yesterday: When did the teacher read an interesting story to the students? Êîãäà ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ÷èòàë ñòóäåíòàì èíòåðåñíûé ðàññêàç? 2. Âîïðîñ, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê ïðåäëîæíîìó êîñâåííîìó äîïîëíåíèþ to the students: Òî whom did the teacher read an interesting story yesterday? Êîìó ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ÷èòàë â÷åðà èíòåðåñíûé ðàññêàç?  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è ïðåäëîã îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëà, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèÿ: Who (m) did the teacher read an interesting story to yesterday? 3. Âîïðîñ, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê ïðÿìîìó äîïîëíåíèþ an interesting story: What did the teacher read to the ×òî ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ÷èòàë ñòóäåístudents yesterday? òàì â÷åðà? 4. Âîïðîñ, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê ñêàçóåìîìó reads: What did the teacher do yesterday? ×òî ïðåïîäàâàòåëü äåëàë â÷åðà? 5. Âîïðîñ, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê îïðåäåëåíèþ interesting: What story did the teacher read to the students yesterday? Êàêîé ðàññêàç ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ÷èòàë â÷åðà ñòóäåíòàì? Êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê îïðåäåëåíèþ, òî âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà what, which êàêîé, êîòîðûé, whose ÷åé, how much, how many ñêîëüêî ñòîÿò íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ïåðåä ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûìè, êîòîðûå îíè îïðåäåëÿþò, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âîïðîñèòåëüíûå ñëîâà ìîãóò áûòü îòäåëåíû îò îïðåäåëÿåìûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè: Êàêîé ðàññêàç âû ÷èòàåòå? What story are you reading? Êàêîé âû ÷èòàåòå ðàññêàç? Ñêîëüêî êíèã âû êóïèëè? How many books did you buy? Ñêîëüêî âû êóïèëè êíèã? *) Âîïðîñû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó è ê îïðåäåëåíèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî, ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ îòäåëüíî (§ 73). 401 ÎÒÂÅÒÛ ÍÀ ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ § 72. Îòâåòû íà ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, äàþòñÿ ïîëíûå ñ ïîâòîðåíèåì âñåõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ëîãè÷åñêè íåîáõîäèìûõ äëÿ äàííîãî îòâåòà. Ïðè ýòîì, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæåííûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, îáû÷íî çàìåíÿþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè: When did the teacher read an interHe read it to them yesterday. esting story to the students? To whom did the teacher read an He read it to the students. interesting story yesterday? What did the teacher read to the He read an interesting story to them students yesterday? (yesterday). What did the teacher do yesterday? He read an interesting story to the students (yesterday).  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, êàê è â ðóññêîì, íà ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû âîçìîæíû îòâåòû, ñîñòîÿùèå òîëüêî èç òîãî ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ê êîòîðîìó îòíîñèòñÿ âîïðîñ: When did the teacher read an interesting story to the students? To whom did the teacher read an interesting story yesterday? Yesterday. To the students. ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ, ÎÒÍÎÑßÙÈÅÑß Ê ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÅÌÓ ÈËÈ ÅÃÎ ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÅÍÈÞ § 73. Âîïðîñû, êîòîðûå îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó, íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé who? êòî? what? ÷òî?, èãðàþùèõ â âîïðîñå ðîëü ïîäëåæàùåãî, çà êîòîðûìè ñëåäóåò ñêàçóåìîå (êàê âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë, òàê è ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë).  îòëè÷èå îò äðóãèõ âîïðîñîâ, â òàêèõ âîïðîñàõ, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ï î ð ÿ ä î ê ñ ë î â ï î â å ñ ò â î â à ò å ë ü í î ã î ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ*). Ãëàãîë ïîñëå who, what â ðîëè ïîäëåæàùåãî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êàê è ãëàãîë ïîñëå êòî è ÷òî â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, â ôîðìå 3-ãî ëèöà åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà: Ïîäëåæàùåå Ñêàçóåìîå Äîïîëíåíèÿ Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà Who is reading a book at the window? What is lying Who gives Who came on the table? you English lessons? here yesterday? *) Êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæåíî ïîñðåäñòâîì Present èëè Past Indefinite, âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë to do, ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. 402 Ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå â âîïðîñàõ, îòíîñÿùèõñÿ ê îïðåäåëåíèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî. Òàêèå âîïðîñû íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ìåñòîèìåíèé what? êàêîé? which? êîòîðûé? whose? ÷åé? how much? how many? ñêîëüêî?, çà êîòîðûìè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñëåäóåò ïîäëåæàùåå: What book is lying on the table? Êàêàÿ êíèãà ëåæèò íà ñòîëå? Whose children came here yesterday? ×üè äåòè ïðèõîäèëè ñþäà â÷åðà? How many students work in that Ñêîëüêî ñòóäåíòîâ ðàáîòàåò â laboratory? ýòîé ëàáîðàòîðèè? § 74. Îòâåòû íà âîïðîñû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó èëè åãî îïðåäåëåíèþ, îáû÷íî äàþòñÿ â êðàòêîé ôîðìå. Îíè ñîñòîÿò èç ïîäëåæàùåãî (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ) è ñêàçóåìîãî, âûðàæåííîãî âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì, âõîäÿùèì â ñîñòàâ ñêàçóåìîãî âîïðîñà. Åñëè ãëàãîë â âîïðîñå óïîòðåáëåí â Present èëè Past Indefinite, òî â îòâåòå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî do (does) èëè did: Who is standing at the window? Êòî ñòîèò ó îêíà? What book is lying on the table? Êàêàÿ êíèãà ëåæèò íà ñòîëå? Who can do it? Êòî ìîæåò ñäåëàòü ýòî? Who gives you English lessons? Êòî äàåò âàì àíãëèéñêèå óðîêè? My sister is. Ìîÿ ñåñòðà. A French book is. Ôðàíöóçñêàÿ (êíèãà). I can. ß (ìîãó). Mister A. does. Ãîñïîäèí À.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âîçìîæíû òàêæå îòâåòû, ñîñòîÿùèå, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, èç îäíîãî ïîäëåæàùåãî, íî îíè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ðåæå: Who is standing at the window? What book is lying on the table? My sister. A French book. ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ Ñ ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÌ ÈÌÅÍÍÛÌ ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÛÌ § 75. Âîïðîñû ñ ñîñòàâíûì èìåííûì ñêàçóåìûì, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó, íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ who, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ëèöàõ, è ñ what, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ïðåäìåòàõ: Who is a doctor? Êòî äîêòîð? What is broken? ×òî ñëîìàíî? Êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó, ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà ñîãëàñóåòñÿ â ÷èñëå ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, êîòîðîå ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà-ñâÿçêè (ò. å. ñ èìåííîé ÷àñòüþ ñêàçóåìîãî): Who is an engineer? Êòî èíæåíåð? Who are engineers? Êòî èíæåíåðû? Êîãäà èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî âûðàæåíà íå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì, à äðóãèì ñïîñîáîì, ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà ñòîèò â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå: 403 Who is ready? Êòî ãîòîâ? What is broken? ×òî ñëîìàíî? What is out of order? ×òî íå â ïîðÿäêå? Âîïðîñû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî, èìåþò öåëüþ âûÿñíèòü, ê à ê î â ï ð å ä ì å ò, ÷ ò î î í ñ î á î é ï ð å ä ñ ò à â ë ÿ å ò. Ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà â òàêèõ âîïðîñàõ ñîãëàñóåòñÿ â ÷èñëå ñ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì, êîòîðîå ñòîèò ïîñëå íåãî (ò. å. ñ ïîäëåæàùèì). Âîïðîñû ê èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî áûâàþò ñëåäóþùèõ òèïîâ: What is he? Êòî îí òàêîé? Êàêîâ îí? What are they? Êòî îíè òàêèå? Êàêîâû îíè? What is he (she, it) like? ×òî îí (îíà, îíî) ñîáîé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò? What are they like? ×òî îíè ñîáîé ïðåäñòàâëÿþò? What sort (kind) of man is he? ×òî îí çà ÷åëîâåê? What sort (kind) of thing is it? ×òî ýòî çà ïðåäìåò? ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ Ê ÈÌÅÍÍÎÉ ×ÀÑÒÈ ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÎÃÎ È ÎÒÂÅÒÛ ÍÀ ÍÈÕ What is your brother? Êòî âàø áðàò? What is the price of this motorcar? Êàêîâà öåíà ýòîãî àâòîìîáèëÿ? What is his brother like? ×òî ñîáîé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò åãî áðàò? What is Sochi like? ×òî ñîáîé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò Ñî÷è? What kind of book is it? ×òî ýòî çà êíèãà? Íå is a doctor. Îí âðà÷. It is 5,000 dollars. 5000 äîëëàðîâ. His brother is a highly educated man and a well known composer. Åãî áðàò âûñîêîîáðàçîâàííûé ÷åëîâåê è èçâåñòíûé êîìïîçèòîð. Sochi is a wonderful seaside resort on the Black Sea where thousands of people come from all parts of Russia for rest and medical treatment. Ñî÷è çàìå÷àòåëüíûé êóðîðò íà ×åðíîì ìîðå, êóäà òûñÿ÷è ëþäåé ïðèåçæàþò ñî âñåõ ÷àñòåé Ðîññèè äëÿ îòäûõà è ëå÷åíèÿ. Its a textbook of English for beginners. Ýòî ó÷åáíèê àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà äëÿ íà÷èíàþùèõ. Âîïðîñû, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî, èìåþùèå öåëüþ âûÿñíèòü ôàìèëèþ èëè ñòåïåíü ðîäñòâà êàêîãî-íèáóäü ëèöà, íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ who. Êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ïðîôåññèè èëè äîëæíîñòè ëèöà, òî âîïðîñû íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ what.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå êàê who, òàê è what ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìåñòîèìåíèþ êòî: Who is that man? Êòî ýòîò ÷åëîâåê? What is he? Êòî îí? 404 That man is Mr. A. (my uncle). Ýòîò ÷åëîâåê ã-í À. (ìîé äÿäÿ). He is a lawyer (the manager of our office). Îí þðèñò (äèðåêòîð íàøåé êîíòîðû). ÎÒÐÈÖÀÒÅËÜÍÀß ÔÎÐÌÀ ÑÏÅÖÈÀËÜÍÛÕ ÂÎÏÐÎÑΠ§ 76.  ñïåöèàëüíûõ âîïðîñàõ îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî.  ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è ÷àñòèöà not ñëèâàåòñÿ ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì èëè ìîäàëüíûì ãëàãîëîì: Why did you not come yesterday? Why didnt you come yesterday? What does he not understand? What doesnt he understand? Ïî÷åìó âû íå ïðèøëè â÷åðà? ×åãî îí íå ïîíèìàåò? Êîãäà âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó èëè åãî îïðåäåëåíèþ, òî not ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî èëè ìîäàëüíîãî ãëàãîëà: Who hasnt seen this film yet? Who doesnt know this rule? Êòî åùå íå âèäåë ýòîãî ôèëüìà? Êòî íå çíàåò ýòîãî ïðàâèëà? ÀËÜÒÅÐÍÀÒÈÂÍÛÅ ÂÎÏÐÎÑÛ (ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS) § 77. Àëüòåðíàòèâíûé âîïðîñ ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé äâà îáùèõ âîïðîñà, ñîåäèíåííûõ ñîþçîì or. Âòîðîé âîïðîñ îáû÷íî áûâàåò íåïîëíûì. Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå âîïðîñû ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ñ ïîâûøåíèåì ãîëîñà ïåðåä ñîþçîì or è ñ ïîíèæåíèåì ãîëîñà â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ïîñëåäíåì óäàðíîì ñëîãå: Did you spend your leave in the Crimea or (did you spend it) in the Caucasus? Do you like tea or (do you like) coffee? Is he resting or (is he) working? Âû ïðîâåëè îòïóñê â Êðûìó èëè íà Êàâêàçå? Âû ëþáèòå ÷àé èëè êîôå? Îí îòäûõàåò èëè ðàáîòàåò? Õîòÿ àëüòåðíàòèâíûå âîïðîñû íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà è, òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÿâëÿþòñÿ ïî ôîðìå îáùèìè âîïðîñàìè, îíè ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñïåöèàëüíûìè âîïðîñàìè, ïîñêîëüêó îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê êàêîìó-íèáóäü ÷ëåíó ïðåäëîæåíèÿ (â ïåðâîì ïðèìåðå âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê îáñòîÿòåëüñòâó, âî âòîðîì ê äîïîëíåíèþ, à â òðåòüåì ê ñêàçóåìîìó). Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå âîïðîñû ïîýòîìó òðåáóþò òàêèõ æå îòâåòîâ, êàê è ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû, ò. å. ïîëíûõ îòâåòîâ. Îòâåòû æå äà èëè íåò, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ëîãè÷åñêè íåâîçìîæíû: Did you spend your leave in the I spent it in the Caucasus. Crimea or in the Caucasus? Do you like tea or coffee? I like tea. Is he resting or working? He is resting. Êîãäà àëüòåðíàòèâíûé âîïðîñ îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó, òî âòîðîìó ïîäëåæàùåìó âñåãäà ïðåäøåñòâóåò âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë. Òàêîé âîïðîñ òðåáóåò êðàòêîãî îòâåòà, êàê è âñÿêèé ñïåöèàëüíûé âîïðîñ, îòíîñÿùèéñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó: 405 Did you speak to them, or did the manager? Âû ñ íèìè ãîâîðèëè èëè çàâåäóþùèé? Will you go there, or will your wife? Âû ïîéäåòå òóäà èëè âàøà æåíà? The manager did. Çàâåäóþùèé (ãîâîðèë). My wife will. Ìîÿ æåíà (ïîéäåò). § 78. Àëüòåðíàòèâíûå âîïðîñû ìîãóò íà÷èíàòüñÿ òàêæå ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà. Òàêèå âîïðîñû ñîñòîÿò èç ñïåöèàëüíîãî âîïðîñà è ñëåäóþùèõ çà íèì äâóõ îäíîðîäíûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîåäèíåííûõ ñîþçîì or: Where did you spend your leave: in the Crimea or in the Caucasus? Which do you like: tea or coffee? What is he doing: resting or working? Ãäå âû ïðîâåëè îòïóñê: â Êðûìó èëè íà Êàâêàçå? ×òî âû ëþáèòå: ÷àé èëè êîôå? ×òî îí äåëàåò: îòäûõàåò èëè ðàáîòàåò? ПОВЕЛИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ (IMPERA TIVE SENTENCES) (IMPERATIVE § 79. Ïîâåëèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñëóæèò äëÿ ïîáóæäåíèÿ ñîáåñåäíèêà ê ñîâåðøåíèþ êàêîãî-íèáóäü äåéñòâèÿ. Îíî âûðàæàåò ïðèêàçàíèå, ïðîñüáó, çàïðåùåíèå è ò. ï. Ïîâåëèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ìîæåò áûòü êàê óòâåðäèòåëüíûì, òàê è îòðèöàòåëüíûì. Ãëàãîë â ïîâåëèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ (ñòð. 191). Ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â ïîâåëèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè òàêîé æå, êàê è â ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîì. Ïîâåëèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, îäíàêî, íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñî ñêàçóåìîãî, ïîñêîëüêó ïîäëåæàùåå (you) îáû÷íî íå óïîìèíàåòñÿ. Ïîâåëèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæàþùèå ïðèêàçàíèÿ, ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ñ ïîíèæàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèåé, à ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæàþùèå ïðîñüáó, ñ ïîâûøàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèåé: Open the book. Îòêðîéòå êíèãó. Put the dictionary on the shelf. Ïîëîæèòå ñëîâàðü íà ïîëêó. Dont be late, please. He îïîçäàéòå, ïîæàëóéñòà. Äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîñüáû â êîíöå ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ will you? èëè wont you?: Come here, will you? Èäèòå ñþäà, ïîæàëóéñòà. Fetch me a chair, wont you? Ïðèíåñèòå ìíå ñòóë, ïîæàëóéñòà. Ïðîñüáà ìîæåò áûòü âûðàæåíà òàêæå â ôîðìå âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, íà÷èíàþùåãîñÿ ñ will èëè would: Will you come here? Èäèòå ñþäà, ïîæàëóéñòà. Will you fetch me a chair, please? Ïðèíåñèòå ìíå ñòóë, ïîæàëóéñòà. 406 Would you be good enough to close the window? Would you mind lending me your dictionary? He áóäåòå ëè âû äîáðû çàêðûòü îêíî? He áóäåòå ëè âû äîáðû îäîëæèòü ìíå âàø ñëîâàðü? ВОСКЛИЦА ТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ ВОСКЛИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ (EX CLAMA (EXCLAMA CLAMATTORY SENTENCES) § 80. Ëþáîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå, âîïðîñèòåëüíîå èëè ïîâåëèòåëüíîå ìîæåò ñòàòü âîñêëèöàòåëüíûì, åñëè âûñêàçûâàåìàÿ â íåì ìûñëü ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ñèëüíûì ÷óâñòâîì (óäèâëåíèÿ, âîñòîðãà, íåãîäîâàíèÿ è ò. ï.). Âîñêëèöàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïðîèçíîñèòñÿ ñ ïîíèæàþùåéñÿ èíòîíàöèåé: At last you have returned! Have you ever seen such weather?! Hurry up! Íàêîíåö âû âåðíóëèñü! Âû êîãäà-íèáóäü âèäåëè òàêóþ ïîãîäó?! Ñïåøèòå! § 81. Âîñêëèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÷àñòî íà÷èíàþòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿ what êàêîé, ÷òî çà èëè íàðå÷èÿ how êàê.  òàêèõ âîñêëèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïîäëåæàùåå ñòîèò ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì, êàê â ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ. Âîñêëèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðîèçíîñÿòñÿ ñ ñèëüíûì ïàäåíèåì ãîëîñà íà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîì, ñòîÿùåì ïîñëå what, è íà íàðå÷èè èëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîì, ñòîÿùåì ïîñëå how: What a large house that is! Êàêîé ýòî áîëüøîé äîì! What clever people they are! Êàêèå îíè óìíûå ëþäè! What beautiful hair she has got! Êàêèå ó íåå ïðåêðàñíûå âîëîñû! How well she sings! Êàê õîðîøî îíà ïîåò! How clever he is! Êàê îí óìåí! Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, îïðåäåëÿåìîå ìåñòîèìåíèåì what, ñëåäóåò íåïîñðåäñòâåííî çà íèì, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì ìåñòîèìåíèå êàêîé ìîæåò áûòü îòäåëåíî îò îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè. Êîãäà what îïðåäåëÿåò èñ÷èñëÿåìîå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ í å î ï ð å ä å ë å í í û ì àðòèêëåì. Ñ èñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è ñ íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì àðòèêëü íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: What a foolish mistake I have made! What foolish mistakes I have made! What beautiful weather we are having! Êàêóþ ãëóïóþ îøèáêó ÿ ñäåëàë! (Êàêóþ ÿ ñäåëàë ãëóïóþ îøèáêó!) Êàêèå ãëóïûå îøèáêè ÿ ñäåëàë! (Êàêèå ÿ ñäåëàë ãëóïûå îøèáêè!) Êàêàÿ ïðåêðàñíàÿ ïîãîäà! 407 Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå èëè íàðå÷èå, îïðåäåëÿåìîå íàðå÷èåì how, ñëåäóåò íåïîñðåäñòâåííî çà íèì, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì íàðå÷èå êàê ìîæåò áûòü îòäåëåíî îò îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñëîâà äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè: How quickly you walk! How clever he is! Êàê âû áûñòðî õîäèòå! (Êàê áûñòðî âû õîäèòå!) Êàê îí óìåí!  âîñêëèöàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ èìåííûì ñêàçóåìûì ïîäëåæàùåå è ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà ÷àñòî îïóñêàþòñÿ: What a fine building (that is)! How cold (it is)! Êàêîå ïðåêðàñíîå çäàíèå! Êàê õîëîäíî! ÑËÎÆÍÎÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÅ § 82. Ñëîæíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñîñòîèò èç äâóõ èëè íåñêîëüêèõ ïðîñòûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, âûðàæàþùèõ îäíó ñëîæíóþ ìûñëü. Ñëîæíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ áûâàþò äâóõ òèïîâ: ñ ë î æ í î ñ î ÷ è í å í í û å (Compound Sentences) è ñ ë î æ í î ï î ä ÷ è í å í í û å (Complex Sentences). СЛОЖНОСОЧИНЕННОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ (THE COMPOUND SENTENCE) § 83. Ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñîñòîèò èç ðàâíîïðàâíûõ ïðîñòûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, íå çàâèñÿùèõ äðóã îò äðóãà. Ïðîñòûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âõîäÿùèå â ñîñòàâ ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñî÷èíèòåëüíûìè ñîþçàìè (ñòð. 352). Îíè îáû÷íî îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé: The signal was given, and the steamer moved slowly from the dock. I came home early, but he remained to the end of the concert. Ñèãíàë áûë äàí, è ïàðîõîä ìåäëåííî îòîøåë îò ïðèñòàíè. ß ïðèøåë äîìîé ðàíî, íî îí îñòàëñÿ íà êîíöåðòå äî êîíöà. Äâà èëè íåñêîëüêî ïðîñòûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ìîãóò ñîåäèíÿòüñÿ â ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå è áåç ñîþçîâ.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìåæäó ïðîñòûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ìîæíî ïî ñìûñëó âñòàâèòü ñîþç and è, à. Ìåæäó ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, âõîäÿùèìè â ñîñòàâ áåññîþçíîãî ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ñòàâèòñÿ òî÷êà ñ çàïÿòîé: The signal was given; the steamer moved slowly from the dock. He will return from London in June; his sister will stay there another month. 408 Ñèãíàë áûë äàí; ïàðîõîä ìåäëåííî îòîøåë îò ïðèñòàíè. Îí âîçâðàòèòñÿ èç Ëîíäîíà â èþíå; åãî ñåñòðà ïðîáóäåò òàì åùå ìåñÿö. СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ (THE COMPLEX SENTENCE) § 84. Ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñîñòîèò èç íåðàâíîïðàâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, ò. å. îäíî ïðåäëîæåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ çàâèñèìûì îò äðóãîãî è ïîÿñíÿåò åãî. Ïðåäëîæåíèå, êîòîðîå ïîÿñíÿåò äðóãîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, íàçûâàåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íûì (the Subordinate Clause)*). Ïðåäëîæåíèå, êîòîðîå ïîÿñíÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, íàçûâàåòñÿ ãëàâíûì (the Principal Clause). Ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðè ïîìîùè ïîä÷èíèòåëüíûõ ñîþçîâ è ñîþçíûõ ñëîâ (ñòð. 353355): Íå thought that the train arrived at 6.15. (ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) Îí äóìàë, ÷òî ïîåçä ïðèõîäèò â 6.15. Íå will get the letter tomorrow if you send it off now. (ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) Îí ïîëó÷èò ïèñüìî çàâòðà, åñëè âû îòîøëåòå åãî òåïåðü. After the agreement had been signed, the delegation left Moscow. (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) (ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå) Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ñîãëàøåíèå äåëåãàöèÿ óåõàëà èç Ìîñêâû. áûëî ïîäïèñàíî, Ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ìîæåò ñîåäèíÿòüñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì è áåç ñîþçîâ èëè ñîþçíûõ ñëîâ: Íå said he would come in the Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïðèäåò âå÷åðîì. evening. The book you gave me is very interÊíèãà, êîòîðóþ âû ìíå äàëè, esting. î÷åíü èíòåðåñíàÿ. Had I been there, I should have Åñëè áû ÿ áûë òàì, ÿ ïîìîã áû helped him. åìó.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî, ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ÷àñòî íå îòäåëÿåòñÿ çàïÿòîé îò ãëàâíîãî (ñòð. 450). ÂÈÄÛ ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÕ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÉ § 85. Ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå âûïîëíÿåò â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ îäíîãî èç ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: ïîäëåæàùåãî, èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî, äîïîëíåíèÿ, îïðåäåëåíèÿ è îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáû÷íî îòâå÷àþò íà òå æå âîïðîñû, íà êîòîðûå îòâå÷àþò ÷ëåíû ïðîñòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è ÿâëÿþòñÿ êàê áû ðàçâåðíóòûìè ÷ëåíàìè ïðîñòîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. *) Ðóññêèé òåðìèí «ïðåäëîæåíèå» ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå òåðìèíó clause, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ïðåäëîæåíèè, âõîäÿùåì â ñîñòàâ ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîãî èëè ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è òåðìèíó sentence, êîãäà ðå÷ü èäåò î ïðîñòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, íå âõîäÿùåì â ñîñòàâ ñëîæíîãî, èëè î ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè â öåëîì. 409 Ñóùåñòâóåò ñòîëüêî æå âèäîâ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, ñêîëüêî èìååòñÿ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. ÑÎÎÒÂÅÒÑÒÂÓÞÙÈÅ ÈÌ ÂÈÄÛ ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÕ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÉ ×ËÅÍÛ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß Ïîäëåæàùåå What is interesting? ×òî èíòåðåñíî? This book is interesting. What you say Ýòà êíèãà èíòåðåñíàÿ. Ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñêàçóåìîå What is the difficulty?  ÷åì çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ òðóäíîñòü? The difficulty is The difficulty is how to get the documents in time. Òðóäíîñòü çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, êàê ïîëó÷èòü äîêóìåíòû âîâðåìÿ. Íå told them whether we shall be able to get the documents in time. Òðóäíîñòü çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ñìîæåì ëè ìû ïîëó÷èòü äîêóìåíòû âîâðåìÿ. What did he tell them? ×òî îí ðàññêàçàë èì? a tale. Ïðåäëîæíîå êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå Äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ïðÿìîìó äîïîëíåíèþ Íå told them Îí ðàññêàçàë èì ñêàçêó. what he had seen there. Îí ðàññêàçàë èì, ÷òî îí âèäåë òàì. Äîïîëíèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåå ïðåäëîæíîìó êîñâåííîìó äîïîëíåíèþ What was he thankful for? Çà ÷òî îí áûë áëàãîäàðåí? He was thankful for their help. Îí áûë áëàãîäàðåí çà èõ ïîìîùü. 410 is interesting. Òî, ÷òî âû ãîâîðèòå, èíòåðåñíî. Èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî Ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå Ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïîäëåæàùåå He was thankful for what they had done for him. Îí áûë áëàãîäàðåí çà òî, ÷òî îíè ñäåëàëè äëÿ íåãî. Îïðåäåëåíèå Îïðåäåëèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå What magazine have you bought? Êàêîé æóðíàë âû êóïèëè? illustrated I have bought an magazine. ß êóïèë èëëþñòðèðîâàííûé æóðíàë. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî I saw him I have bought a magazine, which is illustrated with beautiful pictures of Moscow. ß êóïèë æóðíàë, êîòîðûé èëëþñòðèðîâàí ïðåêðàñíûìè ñíèìêàìè Ìîñêâû. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå When did you see him? Êîãäà âû åãî âèäåëè? yesterday. ß âèäåë åãî â÷åðà. I saw him when I was at a club. ß âèäåë åãî, êîãäà áûë â êëóáå. § 86. Îäèí, äâà è áîëåå ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü âûðàæåíû ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè: 1. As it was raining, we could not show our friends from Moscow our new fruit trees. (Îäèí ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ïðè÷èíû âûðàæåí ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì.) 2. As it was raining, we could not show our friends, who had arrived from Moscow, our new fruit trees. (Äâà ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ïðè÷èíû è îïðåäåëåíèå âûðàæåíû ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè.) 3. As it was raining, we could not show our friends, who had arrived from Moscow, what we had planted in our garden. (Òðè ÷ëåíà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî ïðè÷èíû, îïðåäåëåíèå è äîïîëíåíèå âûðàæåíû ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè.) Òàê êàê øåë äîæäü, ìû íå ìîãëè ïîêàçàòü íàøèì äðóçüÿì èç Ìîñêâû íàøè íîâûå ôðóêòîâûå äåðåâüÿ. Òàê êàê øåë äîæäü, ìû íå ìîãëè ïîêàçàòü íàøèì äðóçüÿì, êîòîðûå ïðèåõàëè èç Ìîñêâû, íàøè íîâûå ôðóêòîâûå äåðåâüÿ. Òàê êàê øåë äîæäü, ìû íå ìîãëè ïîêàçàòü íàøèì äðóçüÿì, êîòîðûå ïðèåõàëè èç Ìîñêâû, ÷òî ìû ïîñàäèëè â íàøåì ñàäó. 411 ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÈÅ (SUBJECT CLAUSES) § 87. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäëåæàùèå âûïîëíÿþò â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ïîäëåæàùåãî è îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñû who? êòî? what? ÷òî? Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçàìè that ÷òî, whether, if ëè è ñîþçíûìè ñëîâàìè who (whom) êòî (êîãî), whose ÷åé, what ÷òî, êàêîé, which êîòîðûé, when êîãäà, where ãäå, êóäà, how êàê, why ïî÷åìó: That he has made a mistake is Ñòðàííî, ÷òî îí ñäåëàë îøèáêó. strange. Whether*) they will come today is Åùå íåèçâåñòíî, ïðèåäóò ëè îíè not known yet. ñåãîäíÿ. When we shall start is uncertain. Íåèçâåñòíî, êîãäà ìû îòïðàâèìñÿ. How this happened is not clear to Íèêîìó íå ÿñíî, êàê ýòî ïðîanyone. èçîøëî. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäëåæàùèå ÷àñòî ñòîÿò ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî; â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïåðåä ñêàçóåìûì ñòîèò ìåñòîèìåíèå it (ñòð. 361): It is strange that he has made a mistake. It is not known yet whether they will come today. It is uncertain when we shall start. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäëåæàùèå íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé îò ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÛÅ (PREDICATIVE CLAUSES) § 88. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñêàçóåìûå âûïîëíÿþò â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî è îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñû what is the subject? êàêîâî ïîäëåæàùåå? ÷òî îíî òàêîå? what is the subject like? ÷òî ïîäëåæàùåå ñîáîé ïðåäñòàâëÿåò? Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì òåìè æå ñîþçàìè è ñîþçíûìè ñëîâàìè, ÷òî è ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäëåæàùèå (§ 87): The trouble is**) that I have lost his address. The question is whether they be able to help us. Íåïðèÿòíîñòü çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî ÿ ïîòåðÿë åãî àäðåñ. Âîïðîñ çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ñìîãóò ëè îíè ïîìî÷ü íàì. *) Êîãäà ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïîäëåæàùåå íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñîþçîì whether, òî ïåðåâîä òàêîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà÷èíàþò ñ ãëàãîëà, çà êîòîðûì ñëåäóåò ÷àñòèöà ëè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùàÿ whether. **) Ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà to be ïåðåä ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñêàçóåìûìè ÷àñòî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñëîâàìè çàêëþ÷àòüñÿ â òîì, ñîñòîÿòü â òîì. 412 The weather is not what it was yesterday. Ïîãîäà íå òàêàÿ, êàê â÷åðà. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñêàçóåìûå íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé îò ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß (OBJECT CLAUSES) § 89. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûïîëíÿþò â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ïðÿìîãî èëè ïðåäëîæíîãî êîñâåííîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ. Îíè îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñû what? ÷òî? about what? î ÷åì? for what? çà ÷òî? è ò. ä. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì òåìè æå ñîþçàìè è ñîþçíûìè ñëîâàìè, ÷òî è ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïîäëåæàùèå è ñêàçóåìûå (§ 87): Íå told us that he felt ill. He asked us what we thought of it. They laughed at what he said. Ill ask him to find out where they live. He has just gone away saying that he will return in an hour. Îí ñêàçàë íàì, ÷òî ÷óâñòâóåò ñåáÿ áîëüíûì. Îí ñïðîñèë íàñ, ÷òî ìû äóìàåì îá ýòîì. Îíè ñìåÿëèñü íàä òåì, ÷òî îí ñêàçàë. ß ïîïðîøó åãî óçíàòü, ãäå îíè æèâóò. Îí òîëüêî ÷òî óøåë, ñêàçàâ, ÷òî ïðèäåò ÷åðåç ÷àñ. Ñîþç that ÷àñòî íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: I know (that) he has returned. Íå said (that) he felt tired. ß çíàþ, ÷òî îí âåðíóëñÿ. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ÷óâñòâóåò ñåáÿ óñòàëûì. Äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé îò ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ðóññêèé ñîþç ÷òî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñîþçó that, à îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå ÷òî ìåñòîèìåíèþ what. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ìîæíî îòëè÷èòü ìåñòîèìåíèå ÷òî îò ñîþçà ÷òî ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì: Åñëè âìåñòî ÷òî ìîæíî ïî ñìûñëó ñêàçàòü òî ÷òî, ÷òî èìåííî è åñëè íà ÷òî ìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü ëîãè÷åñêîå óäàðåíèå, òî ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì what.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå ÷òî ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîþçîì è ïåðåâîäèòñÿ ñîþçîì that: ß çíàþ, ÷òî (÷òî èìåííî) îí êóïèë â÷åðà. ß çíàþ, ÷òî îí êóïèë â÷åðà ñëîâàðü. I know what he bought yesterday. I know that he bought a dictionary yesterday. 413 ß âèäåë, ÷òî (òî, ÷òî) îí ïðèâåç èç Ëîíäîíà. ß âèäåë, ÷òî îí áûë íåäîâîëåí. I saw what he had brought from London. I saw that he was displeased. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß Ê ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÌ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈßÌ ÏÎÄËÅÆÀÙÈÌ, ÑÊÀÇÓÅÌÛÌ È ÄÎÏÎËÍÈÒÅËÜÍÛÌ § 90. 1. Ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà îøèáî÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþò âîïðîñèòåëüíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïîäëåæàùèõ, ñêàçóåìûõ è äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñëîâàìè whose, whom, which, what, when, where, how, why. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî âîïðîñèòåëüíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ âîïðîñèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ; â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ æå ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âñåãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ ï î â å ñ ò â î â à ò å ë ü í î ã î ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: How did he do it? (ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûé âîïðîñ). How he did it is difficult to say (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïîäëåæàùåå). That is how he did it (ïðèäàòî÷íîå ñêàçóåìîå). He told me how he did it (ïðèäàòî÷íîå äîïîëíèòåëüíîå). Êàê îí ýòî ñäåëàë? Òðóäíî ñêàçàòü, êàê îí ýòî ñäåëàë. Âîò êàê îí ýòî ñäåëàë. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, êàê îí ýòî ñäåëàë. 2. Ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà îøèáî÷íî çàìåíÿþò â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïîäëåæàùèõ, ñêàçóåìûõ è äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ, êîòîðûå ââîäÿòñÿ ñëîâîì when, áóäóùåå âðåìÿ íàñòîÿùèì. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî áóäóùåå âðåìÿ ïîñëå when çàìåíÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì òîëüêî â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â à â ð å ì å í è (ñòð. 430): When he will arrive is not yet known. The question is when he will arrive. He has told me when he will arrive. Ho: I shall ask him about it when he arrives. Êîãäà îí ïðèåäåò, åùå íåèçâåñòíî. Âîïðîñ â òîì, êîãäà îí ïðèåäåò. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, êîãäà îí ïðèåäåò. ß ñïðîøó åãî îá ýòîì, êîãäà îí ïðèåäåò. Ïðàêòè÷åñêè ìîæíî ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì îïðåäåëèòü, ñëåäóåò ëè ïîñëå when çàìåíÿòü áóäóùåå âðåìÿ íàñòîÿùèì: Åñëè when èìååò çíà÷åíèå ê î ã ä à è ì å í í î, ò. å. åñëè èìååòñÿ â âèäó ì å ñ ÿ ö, ä å í ü, ÷ à ñ è ò. ï., è åñëè íà when ìîæíî ïîñòàâèòü ëîãè÷åñêîå óäàðåíèå, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áóäóùåå âðåìÿ.  ïðîòèâíîì ñëó÷àå áóäóùåå âðåìÿ çàìåíÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì: 414 I dont know when he will come. I shall ask him about it when he comes. ß íå çíàþ, êîãäà (êîãäà èìåííî, â êàêîé äåíü, â êîòîðîì ÷àñó) îí ïðèäåò. ß ñïðîøó åãî îá ýòîì, êîãäà îí ïðèäåò. ÏÐßÌÀß È ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÀß ÐÅ×Ü (DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH) § 91. Ðå÷ü êàêîãî-íèáóäü ëèöà, ïåðåäàâàåìàÿ áóêâàëüíî òàê, êàê îíà áûëà ïðîèçíåñåíà, íàçûâàåòñÿ ï ð ÿ ì î é ð å ÷ ü þ (Direct Speech). Ðå÷ü, ïåðåäàâàåìàÿ íå ñëîâî â ñëîâî, à òîëüêî ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ, â âèäå äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, íàçûâàåòñÿ ê î ñ â å í í î é ð å ÷ ü þ (Indirect Speech): Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå has said, The ship will arrive at the end of the week. Îí ñêàçàë: «Ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò â êîíöå íåäåëè». Íå has said that the ship will arrive at the end of the week. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò â êîíöå íåäåëè. Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü The ship will arrive at the end of the week ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå. Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü that the ship will arrive at the end of the week ÿâëÿåòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, ïðè÷åì ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëîâà He has said, ââîäÿùèå ïðÿìóþ ðå÷ü. Ïîñëå ñëîâ, ââîäÿùèõ ïðÿìóþ ðå÷ü, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ çàïÿòàÿ. Îäíàêî ïåðåä äëèííûì òåêñòîì ïðÿìîé ðå÷è ñòàâèòñÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, äâîåòî÷èå. Êàâû÷êè, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, ñòàâÿòñÿ íà ëèíèè âåðõíåãî ñðåçà ñòðîêè êàê ïåðåä íà÷àëîì, òàê è ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðÿìîé ðå÷è. Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü ìîæåò ïðåäñòàâëÿòü ñîáîé: 1) ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, 2) âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå è 3) ïîâåëèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå. ÎÁÐÀÙÅÍÈÅ ÏÐßÌÎÉ ÐÅ×È Â ÊÎÑÂÅÍÍÓÞ Ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå § 92. Ïðè îáðàùåíèè ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èç ïðÿìîé ðå÷è â êîñâåííóþ ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ: 1. Çàïÿòàÿ, ñòîÿùàÿ ïîñëå ñëîâ, ââîäÿùèõ ïðÿìóþ ðå÷ü, à òàêæå êàâû÷êè, â êîòîðûå çàêëþ÷åíà ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü, îïóñêàþòñÿ. Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü ââîäèòñÿ ñîþçîì that ÷òî, êîòîðûé, îäíàêî, ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ: 415 Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Íå says, Mary will do it. Îí ãîâîðèò: «Ìàðèÿ ñäåëàåò ýòî». Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå says (that) Mary will do it. Îí ãîâîðèò, ÷òî Ìàðèÿ ñäåëàåò ýòî. 2. Åñëè â ñëîâàõ, ââîäÿùèõ ïðÿìóþ ðå÷ü, óïîòðåáëåí ãëàãîë to say áåç äîïîëíåíèÿ, óêàçûâàþùåãî íà ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùàþòñÿ ñ ðå÷üþ, òî to say ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ. Åñëè æå ïîñëå to say èìååòñÿ òàêîå äîïîëíåíèå, òî to say çàìåíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì to tell: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Íå says, She will come in the evening. Îí ãîâîðèò: «Îíà ïðèäåò âå÷åðîì». Íå has said to me, The negotiations have begun. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå: «Ïåðåãîâîðû íà÷àëèñü». Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå says that she will come in the evening. Îí ãîâîðèò, ÷òî îíà ïðèäåò âå÷åðîì. Íå has told me that the negotiations have begun. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî ïåðåãîâîðû íà÷àëèñü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå ïîñëå to say óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñ ïðåäëîãîì to, à ïîñëå tî tell áåç ïðåäëîãà. Ãëàãîë to tell ïåðåä ïðÿìîé ðå÷üþ íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. 3. Ëè÷íûå è ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ ïðÿìîé ðå÷è çàìåíÿþòñÿ ïî ñìûñëó, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Mary says, Peter has taken my dictionary. Ìàðèÿ ãîâîðèò: «Ïåòð âçÿë ìîé ñëîâàðü». My brother has said, I shall come at five oclock. Ìîé áðàò ñêàçàë: «ß ïðèäó â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ». Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Mary says that Peter has taken her dictionary. Ìàðèÿ ãîâîðèò, ÷òî Ïåòð âçÿë åå ñëîâàðü. My brother has said that he will come at five oclock. Ìîé áðàò ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. 4. Åñëè ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò â Present Indefinite, Present Perfect èëè Future Indefinite, òî ãëàãîë â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è (ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè) îñòàåòñÿ â òîì æå âðåìåíè, â êàêîì îí áûë â ïðÿìîé ðå÷è (ñòð. 183): Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Íå says (has said, will say), I sent them the catalogue on Monday. 416 Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå says (has said, will say) that he sent them the catalogue on Monday. Îí ãîâîðèò (ñêàçàë, ñêàæåò): «ß ïîñëàë èì êàòàëîã â ïîíåäåëüíèê». He says (has said, will say), We shall ship the goods in May. Îí ãîâîðèò (ñêàçàë, ñêàæåò): «Ìû îòãðóçèì òîâàð â ìàå». Îí ãîâîðèò (ñêàçàë, ñêàæåò), ÷òî îí ïîñëàë èì êàòàëîã â ïîíåäåëüíèê. Íå says (has said, will say) that they will ship the goods in May. Îí ãîâîðèò (ñêàçàë, ñêàæåò), ÷òî îíè îòãðóçÿò òîâàð â ìàå. 5. Åñëè ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò â Past Indefinite, Past Continuous èëè Past Perfect, òî âðåìÿ ãëàãîëà ïðÿìîé ðå÷è çàìåíÿåòñÿ â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è (ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè) äðóãèì âðåìåíåì, â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðàâèëîì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí (ñòð. 183). Ñîãëàñíî ýòîìó ïðàâèëó, Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect è Present Perfect Continuous çàìåíÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìàìè Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect è Past Perfect Continuous; Past Indefinite è Past Continuous çàìåíÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâåííî ôîðìàìè Past Perfect è Past Perfect Continuous; Future Indefinite, Future Continuous è Future Perfect çàìåíÿþòñÿ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèìè ôîðìàìè Future in the Past: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü He said, I get up at eight oclock. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß âñòàþ â âîñåìü ÷àñîâ». Íå said, I am reading an interesting book. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß ÷èòàþ èíòåðåñíóþ êíèãó». Íå said, I have spoken to the manager about the terms of delivery of the machine. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß ãîâîðèë ñ çàâåäóþùèì îá óñëîâèÿõ ïîñòàâêè ìàøèíû». Íå said, I have been waiting for you since five oclock. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß æäó âàñ ñ ïÿòè ÷àñîâ». Íå said, The steamer loaded 5,000 tons of barley in Odessa. Îí ñêàçàë: «Ïàðîõîä ïîãðóçèë 5000 òîíí ÿ÷ìåíÿ â Îäåññå». Íå said, I was working at five oclock. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß ðàáîòàë â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ». Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå said that he got up at eight oclock. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí âñòàåò â âîñåìü ÷àñîâ. Íå said that he was reading an interesting book. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ÷èòàåò èíòåðåñíóþ êíèãó. Íå said that he had spoken to the manager about the terms of delivery of the machine. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ãîâîðèë ñ çàâåäóþùèì îá óñëîâèÿõ ïîñòàâêè ìàøèíû. Íå said that he had been waiting for me since five oclock. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí æäåò ìåíÿ ñ ïÿòè ÷àñîâ. Íå said that the steamer had loaded 5,000 tons of barley in Odessa. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïàðîõîä ïîãðóçèë 5000 òîíí ÿ÷ìåíÿ â Îäåññå. Íå said that he had been working at five oclock. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ðàáîòàë â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. 417 He said, The contract will be signed in the evening. Îí ñêàçàë: «Êîíòðàêò áóäåò ïîäïèñàí âå÷åðîì». Íå said, They will have unloaded the steamer by six oclock. Îí ñêàçàë: «Îíè ðàçãðóçÿò ïàðîõîä ê øåñòè ÷àñàì». Íå said that the contract would be signed in the evening. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî êîíòðàêò áóäåò ïîäïèñàí âå÷åðîì. Íå said that they would have unloaded the steamer by six oclock. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíè ðàçãðóçÿò ïàðîõîä ê øåñòè ÷àñàì. Âðåìåíà Past Perfect è Past Perfect Continuous îñòàþòñÿ áåç èçìåíåíèÿ: Íå said, We had finished our work by six oclock. Îí ñêàçàë: «Ìû îêîí÷èëè ñâîþ ðàáîòó ê øåñòè ÷àñàì». Íå said that they had finished their work by six oclock. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíè îêîí÷èëè ñâîþ ðàáîòó ê øåñòè ÷àñàì. 6. Past Indefinite è Past Continuous ïðè îáðàùåíèè ïðÿìîé ðå÷è â êîñâåííóþ ìîãóò îñòàâàòüñÿ áåç èçìåíåíèÿ, êîãäà óêàçàíî âðåìÿ ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå said, I began to study English in 1992. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß íà÷àë èçó÷àòü àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â 1992 ã.». Íå said, The goods were delivered yesterday. Îí ñêàçàë: «Òîâàðû áûëè äîñòàâëåíû â÷åðà». She said, I met him when I was crossing the road. Îíà ñêàçàëà: «ß âñòðåòèëà åãî, êîãäà ÿ ïåðåõîäèëà ÷åðåç óëèöó». Íå said that he began to study English in 1992. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí íà÷àë èçó÷àòü àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â 1992 ã. Íå said that the goods were delivered yesterday. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî òîâàðû áûëè äîñòàâëåíû â÷åðà. She said that she met him when she was crossing the road. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî îíà âñòðåòèëà åãî, êîãäà îíà ïåðåõîäèëà ÷åðåç óëèöó. Îäíàêî ñ òàêèìè óêàçàíèÿìè âðåìåíè, êàê the day before, two years before è ò. ï., óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ Past Perfect (ñì. ïðèìå÷àíèå íà ñòð. 184): She said that she had been there the day before. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî áûëà òàì íàêàíóíå. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Óïîòðåáëåíèå âðåìåí â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è, çàâèñÿùåé îò ãëàãîëà â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, êàê è âî âñÿêîì äîïîëíèòåëüíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, çàâèñÿùåì îò ãëàãîëà â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (ñòð. 185). 7. Ãëàãîë must çàìåíÿåòñÿ â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è ãëàãîëîì had, êîãäà must âûðàæàåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîâåðøåíèÿ äåéñòâèÿ â ñèëó îïðåäåëåííûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ: 418 She said, I must send him a telegram at once. Îíà ñêàçàëà: «ß äîëæíà ïîñëàòü åìó òåëåãðàììó íåìåäëåííî». She said that she had to send him a telegram at once. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òî äîëæíà ïîñëàòü åìó òåëåãðàììó íåìåäëåííî. Êîãäà æå ãëàãîë must âûðàæàåò ïðèêàçàíèå èëè ñîâåò, òî must îñòàåòñÿ áåç èçìåíåíèÿ: Íå said to me, You must post the letter at once. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå: «Âû äîëæíû îòïðàâèòü ïèñüìî íåìåäëåííî». Íå said to her, You must consult a doctor. Îí ñêàçàë, åé: «Âû äîëæíû ïîñîâåòîâàòüñÿ ñ âðà÷îì». Íå told me that I must post the letter at once. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî ÿ äîëæåí îòïðàâèòü ïèñüìî íåìåäëåííî. Íå told her that she must consult a doctor. Îí ñêàçàë åé, ÷òî îíà äîëæíà ïîñîâåòîâàòüñÿ ñ âðà÷îì. 8. Ãëàãîëû should è ought â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è íå èçìåíÿþòñÿ: She said to him, You should (ought to) send them a telegram at once. Îíà ñêàçàëà åìó: «Âàì ñëåäóåò ïîñëàòü èì òåëåãðàììó íåìåäëåííî». She told him that he should (ought to) send them a telegram at once. Îíà ñêàçàëà åìó, ÷òî åìó ñëåäóåò ïîñëàòü èì òåëåãðàììó íåìåäëåííî. 9. Óêàçàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ è íàðå÷èÿ âðåìåíè è ìåñòà â ïðÿìîé ðå÷è çàìåíÿþòñÿ â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è ïî ñìûñëó äðóãèìè ñëîâàìè, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: this ýòîò Çàìåíÿåòñÿ these ýòè now òåïåðü today ñåãîäíÿ tomorrow çàâòðà the day after tomorrow ïîñ ëåçàâòðà yesterday â÷åðà the day before yesterday ïî çàâ÷åðà ago òîìó íàçàä next year â áóäóùåì ãîäó here çäåñü Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Íå said, I cant translate this article. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß íå ìîãó ïåðåâåñòè ýòó ñòàòüþ». that òîò, ýòîò those òå, ýòè then òîãäà that day â òîò äåíü the next day íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü two days later ÷åðåç äâà äíÿ, äâà äíÿ ñïóñòÿ the day before íàêàíóíå two days before çà äâà äíÿ äî ýòîãî, äâóìÿ äíÿìè ðàíüøå before ðàíüøå the next year, the following year â ñëåäóþùåì ãîäó there òàì Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå said that he couldnt translate that article. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí íå ìîæåò ïåðåâåñòè ýòó ñòàòüþ. 419 He said, I shall write the letter tomorrow. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß íàïèøó ïèñüìî çàâòðà». Íå said, I was here yesterday. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß áûë çäåñü â÷åðà». Íå said that he would write the letter the next day. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí íàïèøåò ïèñüìî íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü. Íå said that he had been there the day before. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí áûë òàì íàêàíóíå. Ñëåäóåò, îäíàêî, èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî òàêóþ çàìåíó íåëüçÿ ïðîèçâîäèòü ìåõàíè÷åñêè, à òîëüêî â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà ýòîãî òðåáóþò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà, ïðè êîòîðûõ ïåðåäàåòñÿ êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü: 1) Íå said, My brother works here. Îí ñêàçàë: «Ìîé áðàò ðàáîòàåò çäåñü». Ïðè îáðàùåíèè â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü ñëåäóåò ñîõðàíèòü here, åñëè êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü ïåðåäàåòñÿ â òîì æå ìåñòå, ãäå ðàáîòàåò áðàò: Íå said that his brother worked Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî åãî áðàò ðàáîòàåò here. çäåñü. Åñëè æå ðå÷ü ïåðåäàåòñÿ â äðóãîì ìåñòå, òî here çàìåíÿåòñÿ there: Íå said that his brother worked there. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî åãî áðàò ðàáîòàåò òàì. Îí ñêàçàë: «Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ýòà êíèãà». Åñëè â ìîìåíò ïåðåäà÷è êîñâåííîé ðå÷è êíèãà èìååòñÿ íàëèöî, òî â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ this: 2) Íå said, I like this book. Íå said that he liked this book. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî åìó íðàâèòñÿ ýòà êíèãà. Åñëè æå êíèãè íåò íàëèöî, òî this çàìåíÿåòñÿ that: Íå said that he liked that book. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî åìó íðàâèòñÿ ýòà*) êíèãà. 3) Íå said, I saw her yesterday. Îí ñêàçàë: «ß âèäåë åå â÷åðà». Åñëè êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü ïåðåäàåòñÿ â òîò æå äåíü, êîãäà áûëà ïðîèçíåñåíà ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü, òî â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è ñîõðàíÿåòñÿ yesterday: Íå said that he saw her yesterday. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí åå âèäåë â÷åðà. Åñëè æå êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü ïåðåäàåòñÿ íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü èëè ïîçæå, òî yesterday çàìåíÿåòñÿ the day before: *)  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ìåñòîèìåíèå ýòîò ÷àñòî íå çàìåíÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì òîò (ñòð. 75). 420 Íå said that he had seen her the day before. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí åå âèäåë íàêàíóíå. Âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå § 93. Åñëè ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîïðîñèòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì (ïðÿìûì âîïðîñîì), òî ïðè îáðàùåíèè â êîñâåííóþ îíà ñòàíîâèòñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì (êîñâåííûì âîïðîñîì). Ñóùåñòâóåò äâà òèïà ïðÿìûõ âîïðîñîâ: 1. Âîïðîñû, íà÷èíàþùèåñÿ ñ â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î ã î ñ ë î â à èëè ãðóïïû ñëîâ: who, which, whose, when, why, how many, how much, how long è ò. ä. (ñïåöèàëüíûå âîïðîñû). 2. Âîïðîñû, íà÷èíàþùèåñÿ ñ â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î èëè ì î ä à ë ü í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë à (îáùèå âîïðîñû). § 94. Êîãäà ïðÿìîé âîïðîñ íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ â î ï ð î ñ è ò å ë ü í î ã î ñ ë î â à èëè ãðóïïû ñëîâ, òî ïðè îáðàùåíèè åãî â êîñâåííûé âîïðîñ ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ: Âîïðîñèòåëüíûé çíàê îïóñêàåòñÿ, è âîïðîñèòåëüíûé ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ â ïðÿìîì âîïðîñå çàìåíÿåòñÿ ïîðÿäêîì ñëîâ ï î â å ñ ò â î â à ò å ë ü í î ã î ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ, ò. å. ñêàçóåìîå (êàê âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé, òàê è ñìûñëîâîé ãëàãîë) ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ïîäëåæàùåãî. Âîïðîñèòåëüíîå ñëîâî èëè ãðóïïà ñëîâ, ñòîÿùàÿ â íà÷àëå âîïðîñà, ñëóæèò äëÿ ïðèñîåäèíåíèÿ êîñâåííîãî âîïðîñà ê ãëàâíîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ. Äàëåå ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ òå æå èçìåíåíèÿ, êàê è ïðè îáðàùåíèè â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé (§ 92): Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Íå asked me, Where do you live? Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Ãäå âû æèâåòå?» Íå asked me, Where is Vadim Petrov? Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Ãäå Âàäèì Ïåòðîâ?» Íå asked me, Why have you come so late? Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Ïî÷åìó âû ïðèøëè òàê ïîçäíî?» Íå asked me, When will they send you the Bill of Lading? Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Êîãäà îíè ïðèøëþò âàì êîíîñàìåíò?» Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå asked me where I lived. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, ãäå ÿ æèâó. Íå asked me where Vadim Petrov was. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, ãäå Âàäèì Ïåòðîâ. Íå asked me why I had come so late. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, ïî÷åìó ÿ ïðèøåë òàê ïîçäíî. Íå asked me when they would send us the Bill of Lading. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, êîãäà îíè ïðèøëþò íàì êîíîñàìåíò. 421 He asked me, Who showed you my Íå asked me who had shown me his work? work. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Êòî ïîêàçàë Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, êòî ïîêàçàë ìíå âàì ìîþ ðàáîòó?» åãî ðàáîòó. Íå asked me, Where were you yesÍå asked me where I had been the terday? day before. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Ãäå âû áûëè Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, ãäå ÿ áûë íàêàâ÷åðà?» íóíå. Åñëè, îäíàêî, â ïðÿìîì âîïðîñå, îòíîñÿùåìñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó èëè èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñêàçóåìîãî, èìååòñÿ ãëàãîë-ñâÿçêà to be, òî â êîñâåííîì âîïðîñå ìîæåò ïðèìåíÿòüñÿ êàê ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî, òàê è ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: He asked me who was the owner of that car. He asked me, Who is the owner of this car? He asked me who the owner of that car was. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, êòî âëàäåëåö Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Êòî âëàäåëåö ýòîãî àâòîìîáèëÿ. ýòîãî àâòîìîáèëÿ?» Íå asked me what was the price Íå asked me, What is the price of of this car. this car? Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Êàêîâà öåíà He asked me what the price of this ýòîãî àâòîìîáèëÿ?» car was. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, êàêîâà öåíà ýòîãî àâòîìîáèëÿ. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà îøèáî÷íî óïîòðåáëÿþò â êîñâåííîì âîïðîñå ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âìåñòî ïîðÿäêà ñëîâ ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïîñêîëüêó â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå â êîñâåííûõ âîïðîñàõ ãëàãîë ÷àñòî ñòîèò ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Ãäå ðàáîòàåò âàø áðàò? (ïðÿìîé âîïðîñ) Îí ñïðàøèâàåò ìåíÿ, ãäå ðàáîòàåò ìîé áðàò (êîñâåííûé âîïðîñ) Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå â êîñâåííûõ âîïðîñàõ ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ïîðÿäîê ñëîâ ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Íå asks me where my brother works. § 95. Êîãäà ïðÿìîé âîïðîñ íà÷èíàåòñÿ ñ â ñ ï î ì î ã à ò å ë ü í î ã î èëè ì î ä à ë ü í î ã î ã ë à ã î ë à, òî êîñâåííûé âîïðîñ ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ê ãëàâíîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ ïðè ïîìîùè ñîþçîâ whether èëè if, èìåþùèõ çíà÷åíèå ÷àñòèöû ëè. Äàëåå ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ òå æå èçìåíåíèÿ, êàê è ïðè îáðàùåíèè â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü âîïðîñà, íà÷èíàþùåãîñÿ ñ âîïðîñèòåëüíîãî ñëîâà èëè ãðóïïû ñëîâ: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå asked me, Have you received Íå asked me whether (if) I had reour invoice? ceived their invoice. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Âû ïîëó÷èëè Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, ïîëó÷èë ëè ÿ èõ íàøó ôàêòóðó?» ôàêòóðó. 422 Íå asked me, Will you be here tomorrow? Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Âû áóäåòå çäåñü çàâòðà?» Íå asked me whether (if) I should be there the next day. Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, áóäó ëè ÿ òàì íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò îòëè÷àòü if â çíà÷åíèè åñëè â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ îò if â çíà÷åíèè ëè â êîñâåííûõ âîïðîñàõ. Ïîñëå if åñëè áóäóùåå âðåìÿ çàìåíÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì, à ïîñëå if ëè òàêàÿ çàìåíà íå ïðîèñõîäèò: I shall ask him if he will come. ß ñïðîøó åãî, ïðèäåò ëè îí. I shall ask him about it if he ß ñïðîøó åãî îá ýòîì, åñëè îí ïðècomes. äåò. Ïðè îáðàùåíèè â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü îòâåòîâ íà îáùèå âîïðîñû ñëîâà yes è no îïóñêàþòñÿ (êàê è ñëîâà äà è íåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Íå asked her, Do you want to see the new film? Yes, I do. She answered: No, I dont. Îí ñïðîñèë åå: «Âû õîòèòå ïîñìîòðåòü íîâûé ôèëüì?» «Äà, õî÷ó». Îíà îòâåòèëà: «Íåò, íå õî÷ó». I asked him, Will you go there? Íå asked her whether she wanted to see the new film. that she did. She answered she didnt. Îí ñïðîñèë åå, õî÷åò ëè îíà ïîñìîòðåòü íîâûé ôèëüì. ÷òî õî÷åò. Îíà îòâåòèëà, ÷òî íå õî÷åò. I asked him whether he would go there. that he would. He answered he wouldnt. ß ñïðîñèë åãî, ïîéäåò ëè îí òóäà. Yes, I will. No, I wont. ß ñïðîñèë åãî: «Âû ïîéäåòå òóäà?» «Äà, ïîéäó». Îí îòâåòèë: «Íåò, íå ïîéäó». He answered, ÷òî ïîéäåò. ÷òî íå ïîéäåò.  îôèöèàëüíîé è êíèæíîé ðå÷è óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ áîëåå ôîðìàëüíûé ñïîñîá ïåðåäà÷è â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è òàêèõ îòâåòîâ, à èìåííî: Íå answered in the affirmative. Îí îòâåòèë óòâåðäèòåëüíî. Íå answered in the negative. Îí îòâåòèë îòðèöàòåëüíî. Îí îòâåòèë, Ïîâåëèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå § 96. Êîãäà ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ïîâåëèòåëüíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, òî ïðè îáðàùåíèè åå â êîñâåííóþ ðå÷ü ïðîèçâîäÿòñÿ ñëåäóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ: 1. Åñëè ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü âûðàæàåò ï ð è ê à ç à í è å, òî ãëàãîë to say ñêàçàòü â ñëîâàõ, ââîäÿùèõ ïðÿìóþ ðå÷ü, çàìåíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì to tell âåëåòü, ñêàçàòü èëè to order ïðèêàçûâàòü. Åñëè æå ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü âûðàæàåò ï ð î ñ ü á ó, òî ãëàãîë to say çàìåíÿåòñÿ ãëàãîëîì to ask ïðîñèòü. 423 2. Ï î â å ë è ò å ë ü í î å í à ê ë î í å í è å çàìåíÿåòñÿ â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è è í ô è í è ò è â î ì. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà ïîâåëèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ çàìåíÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé not. 3. Ëè÷íûå, ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå è óêàçàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, à òàêæå íàðå÷èÿ âðåìåíè è ìåñòà çàìåíÿþòñÿ ïî ñìûñëó (§ 92, ïï. 3, 9): Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü She said to him, Come at five oclock. Îíà ñêàçàëà åìó: «Ïðèõîäèòå â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ». I said to her, Please bring me a glass of water. ß ñêàçàë åé: «Ïîæàëóéñòà, ïðèíåñèòå ìíå ñòàêàí âîäû». Íå said to me, Dont go there. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå: «Íå õîäèòå òóäà». She told him to come at five oclock. Îíà âåëåëà åìó ïðèäòè â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ. I asked her to bring me a glass of water. ß ïîïðîñèë åå ïðèíåñòè ìíå ñòàêàí âîäû. Íå told me not to go there. Îí âåëåë ìíå íå õîäèòü òóäà. (Îí íå âåëåë ìíå õîäèòü òóäà).*)  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïîâåëèòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå çàìåíÿåòñÿ â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è ëèáî èíôèíèòèâîì, ëèáî ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ïîâåëèòåëüíîå íàêëîíåíèå çàìåíÿåòñÿ â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è òîëüêî èíôèíèòèâîì: Ïðÿìàÿ ðå÷ü Êîñâåííàÿ ðå÷ü Îíà ñêàçàëà åìó: «Çàêðîéòå äâåðü». Îíà âåëåëà åìó çàêðûòü äâåðü. Îíà ñêàçàëà, ÷òîáû îí çàêðûë äâåðü. She said to him, Close the door. She told him to close the door. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ to ask ïðîñèòü, to tell ñêàçàòü, âåëåòü, to order, to command ïðèêàçûâàòü â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âñåãäà ñëåäóåò êîñâåííîå äîïîëíåíèå, îáîçíà÷àþùåå ëèöî, ê êîòîðîìó îáðàùåíà ïðîñüáà èëè ïðèêàçàíèå: I asked him to send off the letter. ß ïðîñèë åãî îòîñëàòü ïèñüìî. The captain ordered the sailors to Êàïèòàí ïðèêàçàë ìàòðîñàì ðàçãðódischarge the steamer. çèòü ïàðîõîä.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïîñëå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ãëàãîëîâ òàêîå äîïîëíåíèå ìîæåò îòñóòñòâîâàòü: ß ïîïðîñèë îòîñëàòü ïèñüìî. Êàïèòàí ïðèêàçàë ðàçãðóçèòü ïàðîõîä.  àíãëèéñêîì æå ÿçûêå òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êàê I asked to send off the letter, The captain ordered to discharge the steamer íåâîçìîæíû (ñòð. 255). *) Îáà ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Îí âåëåë ìíå íå õîäèòü òóäà è Îí íå âåëåë ìíå õîäèòü òóäà ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: Íå told me not to go there, ò. å. â àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îòðèöàíèå ñòîèò ïðè èíôèíèòèâå, à íå ïðè ãëàãîëå â ëè÷íîé ôîðìå. 424 ÎÏÐÅÄÅËÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß (ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES) § 97. Îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûïîëíÿþò â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ îïðåäåëåíèÿ è îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñû what? which? êàêîé? Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñëåäóþùèìè ñîþçíûìè ñëîâàìè: ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè who êîòîðûé (whom êîòîðîãî), whose ÷åé, êîòîðîãî, which, that êîòîðûé è íàðå÷èÿìè when êîãäà, where ãäå, êóäà, why ïî÷åìó: ×åëîâåê, êîòîðûé áûë çäåñü â÷åThe man who was here yesterday is ðà, õóäîæíèê. a painter. ß çíàþ ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðîãî âû I know the man whom you mean. èìååòå â âèäó. Íàø ïðåäñòàâèòåëü, ïèñüìî êîòîOur representative, whose letter I ðîãî ÿ ïîêàçàë âàì â÷åðà, âîçshowed you yesterday, will return âðàòèòñÿ â Ìîñêâó â êîíöå íåto Moscow at the end of the äåëè. week. ß íàøåë êíèãó, êîòîðóþ ÿ èñêàë. I have found the book that I was looking for. I have seen the house where (= in ß âèäåë äîì, ãäå (â êîòîðîì) óìåð which) Tolstoi died. Òîëñòîé. ß ïîìíþ äåíü, êîãäà ÿ â ïåðâûé I remember the day when I first ðàç ïðèåõàë â Ìîñêâó. came to Moscow. Ïðè÷èíà, ïî êîòîðîé îí ýòî ñäåThe reason why he did it is plain. ëàë, ÿñíà. Îïðåäåëèòåëüíîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå íåïîñðåäñòâåííî ñëåäóåò çà òåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, ê êîòîðîìó îíî îòíîñèòñÿ. § 98. Îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ áûâàþò òðåõ òèïîâ: 1. È í ä è â è ä ó à ë è ç è ð ó þ ù è å, êîòîðûå ñëóæàò èíäèâèäóàëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà (ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ), ò. å. ïðèçíàêîì, êîòîðûé ïðèïèñûâàåòñÿ òîëüêî äàííîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó è îòëè÷àåò åãî îò âñåõ äðóãèõ ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ òîãî æå êëàññà: Ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå ÿ ïîëó÷èë îò The letter that I received from him íåãî â÷åðà, î÷åíü âàæíîå. yesterday is very important. Ñóäà, êîòîðûå ïðèáûëè â ïîðò The vessels which arrived at the port â÷åðà, áûëè ïîñòðîåíû â Ðîññèè. yesterday were built in Russia. Äåòè, êîòîðûå æèâóò â ýòîì äîìå, The children who live in that house äðóçüÿ ìîåãî ñûíà. are my sons friends. 2. Ê ë à ñ ñ è ô è ö è ð ó þ ù è å, êîòîðûå ñëóæàò ïðèçíàêîì, ïî êîòîðîìó ëèöî èëè ïðåäìåò (ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòû) ïðè÷èñëÿåòñÿ ê êàêîìóíèáóäü êëàññó ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ: 425 A letter which is written in pencil is difficult to read. Vessels which are used for the transportation of oil are called tankers. Children who live by the sea usually begin to swim at an early age. Ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå íàïèñàíî êàðàíäàøîì, òðóäíî ÷èòàòü. Ñóäà, êîòîðûå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ äëÿ ïåðåâîçêè íåôòè, íàçûâàþòñÿ òàíêåðàìè. Äåòè, êîòîðûå æèâóò ó ìîðÿ, îáû÷íî íà÷èíàþò ïëàâàòü â ðàííåì âîçðàñòå. 3. Î ï è ñ à ò å ë ü í û å, êîòîðûå ñëóæàò äëÿ îïèñàíèÿ ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà (ëèö èëè ïðåäìåòîâ) èëè äëÿ ñîîáùåíèÿ î íåì äîïîëíèòåëüíûõ ñâåäåíèé: We have received a letter, which contains interesting information on the state of the market of wheat. We have chartered two vessels, which will arrive in Odessa at the end of the month. In the street I met some children, who showed me the way to the station. The manager of our office, who is a highly educated man, speaks several foreign languages. Ìû ïîëó÷èëè ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå ñîäåðæèò èíòåðåñíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ñîñòîÿíèè ðûíêà ïøåíèöû. Ìû çàôðàõòîâàëè äâà ïàðîõîäà, êîòîðûå ïðèáóäóò â Îäåññó â êîíöå ìåñÿöà. Íà óëèöå ÿ âñòðåòèë äåòåé, êîòîðûå ïîêàçàëè ìíå äîðîãó ê âîêçàëó. Çàâåäóþùèé íàøåé êîíòîðîé, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ âûñîêîîáðàçîâàííûì ÷åëîâåêîì, ãîâîðèò íà íåñêîëüêèõ èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêàõ. § 99. Èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèå è êëàññèôèöèðóþùèå îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íå ìîãóò áûòü îïóùåíû áåç óùåðáà äëÿ ñìûñëà ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàê, åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè ñ èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèì îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì The letter that I received from him yesterday is very important îïóñòèòü ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, òî áóäåò íåÿñíî, î êàêîì èìåííî ïèñüìå èäåò ðå÷ü, ïîñêîëüêó óêàçàíèå íà ýòî çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè that I received from him yesterday. Ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ êëàññèôèöèðóþùèì îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì A letter which is written in pencil is difficult to read áåç îïðåäåëèòåëüíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ òåðÿåò ñìûñë: A letter is difficult to read. Ñ äðóãîé ñòîðîíû, îïèñàòåëüíûå îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü îïóùåíû áåç óùåðáà äëÿ ñìûñëà ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàê, åñëè â ïðåäëîæåíèè We have chartered two vessels, which will arrive in Odessa at the end of the month îïóñòèòü ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, òî ïðåäëîæåíèå âñå æå áóäåò èìåòü çàêîí÷åííûé ñìûñë We have chartered two vessels, ïîñêîëüêó ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå äàåò ëèøü 426 äîïîëíèòåëüíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïàðîõîäàõ è ìîãëî áû áûòü âûðàæåíî ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì: They will arrive in Odessa at the end of the month. Èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèå è êëàññèôèöèðóþùèå îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ îò ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ çàïÿòîé. Îïèñàòåëüíûå îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáû÷íî îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé. § 100.  è í ä è â è ä ó à ë è ç è ð ó þ ù è õ è ê ë à ñ ñ è ô è ö è ð ó þ ù è õ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ whom (îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ îò who) è which ÷àñòî çàìåíÿþòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì that: A letter that (which) is written in pencil is difficult to read. There is the student that (whom) we saw at the theatre yesterday. Ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå íàïèñàíî êàðàíäàøîì, òðóäíî ÷èòàòü. Âîò òîò ñòóäåíò, êîòîðîãî ìû âèäåëè â÷åðà â òåàòðå. Îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå who ðåäêî çàìåíÿåòñÿ ìåñòîèìåíèåì that. Ìåñòîèìåíèå whose íå ìîæåò áûòü çàìåíåíî ìåñòîèìåíèåì that. Ïåðåä ìåñòîèìåíèåì that íå ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïðåäëîã. Ïðåäëîã â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñòîèò ïîñëå ãëàãîëà, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèÿ: The man that you are speaking about is in the next room. This is the house that I used to live in. The steamer that we loaded the goods on will leave the port tomorrow. ×åëîâåê, î êîòîðîì âû ãîâîðèòå, íàõîäèòñÿ â ñîñåäíåé êîìíàòå. Âîò äîì, â êîòîðîì ÿ æèë. Ïàðîõîä, íà êîòîðûé ìû ïîãðóçèëè òîâàðû, âûéäåò èç ïîðòà çàâòðà.  î ï è ñ à ò å ë ü í û õ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ that âìåñòî who, whom è which íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ. § 101.  èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèõ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, è ã ð à þ ù è å ð î ë ü ä î ï î ë í å í è ÿ, ÷àñòî îïóñêàþòñÿ: There is the student that (whom) I saw at the theatre yesterday. = There is the student I saw at the theatre yesterday. He posted the letter that (which) he had written. = He posted the letter he had written. Âîò òîò ñòóäåíò, êîòîðîãî ÿ âèäåë â÷åðà â òåàòðå. Îí îòïðàâèë ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå îí íàïèñàë. 427 Åñëè ïåðåä îòíîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì ñòîèò ïðåäëîã, òî ïðè ïðîïóñêå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ îí ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå ãëàãîëà, à ïðè íàëè÷èè äîïîëíåíèÿ ïîñëå äîïîëíåíèÿ: This is the house in which I used to live. = This is the house I used to live in. The steamer on which we loaded the goods will leave the port tomorrow. = The steamer we loaded the goods on will leave the port tomorrow. Âîò äîì, â êîòîðîì ÿ æèë. Ïàðîõîä, íà êîòîðûé ìû ïîãðóçèëè òîâàðû, âûéäåò èç ïîðòà çàâòðà. Îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ, èãðàþùèå ðîëü ïîäëåæàùåãî, íå ìîãóò áûòü îïóùåíû: The man who is sitting there is my brother. The picture which (that) hangs on the wall was painted by Repin. ×åëîâåê, êîòîðûé ñèäèò òàì, ìîé áðàò. Êàðòèíà, êîòîðàÿ âèñèò íà ñòåíå, íàïèñàíà Ðåïèíûì.  îïèñàòåëüíûõ îïðåäåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ íå ìîãóò áûòü îïóùåíû: Vadim Petrov, whom I met yesterday, asked you to ring him up. Âàäèì Ïåòðîâ, êîòîðîãî ÿ âñòðåòèë â÷åðà, ïðîñèë âàñ ïîçâîíèòü åìó ïî òåëåôîíó. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß . 1. Ê îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, èãðàþùèå ðîëü ïðèëîæåíèÿ ê êàêîìó-íèáóäü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîìó â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Òàêèå îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ââîäÿòñÿ ñîþçîì that ÷òî, êîòîðûé íå ìîæåò áûòü îïóùåí: The fact that he has not said anything surprises everybody. The statement that the house was destroyed proved to be true. Òîò ôàêò, ÷òî îí íè÷åãî íå ñêàçàë, âñåõ óäèâëÿåò. Ñîîáùåíèå, ÷òî äîì ðàçðóøåí, îêàçàëîñü ïðàâèëüíûì. 2. Ê îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ïðèíàäëåæàò òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ íå ê îòäåëüíîìó ñëîâó, à ê ïðåäøåñòâóþùåìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ â öåëîì. Òàêèå îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ââîäÿòñÿ îòíîñèòåëüíûì ìåñòîèìåíèåì which, êîòîðîå â ýòîì ñëó÷àå ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîìó îòíîñèòåëüíîìó ìåñòîèìåíèþ ÷òî*) (ñòð. 84). Îíè âñåãäà îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé: Íå came to see me off, which was very kind of him. Îí ïðèøåë ïðîâîäèòü ìåíÿ, ÷òî áûëî î÷åíü ëþáåçíî ñ åãî ñòîðîíû. *)  ðóññêîé ãðàììàòèêå òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íîñÿò íàçâàíèå ïðèñîåäèíèòåëüíûõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé. 428 ÎÁÑÒÎßÒÅËÜÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÅ ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES) § 102. Îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûïîëíÿþò â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ôóíêöèþ ðàçëè÷íûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ. Ïî ñâîåìó çíà÷åíèþ îíè äåëÿòñÿ íà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: à) â ð å ì å í è, á) ì å ñ ò à, â) ï ð è ÷ è í û, ã) ñ ë å ä ñ ò â è ÿ, ä) î á ð à ç à ä å é ñ ò â è ÿ, å) ó ñ ò ó ï è ò å ë ü í û å, æ) ö å ë è, ç) ó ñ ë î â è ÿ.  îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà îíè ñòîÿò ïåðåä ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÂÐÅÌÅÍÈ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME) § 103. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âðåìåíè îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñû when? êîãäà? since when? ñ êàêèõ ïîð? how long? êàê äîëãî? Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçàìè when êîãäà, whenever âñÿêèé ðàç êîãäà, while â òî âðåìÿ êàê, êîãäà, ïîêà, as êîãäà, â òî âðåìÿ êàê, ïî ìåðå òîãî êàê, after ïîñëå òîãî êàê, before äî òîãî êàê, till, until ïîêà, äî òåõ ïîð ïîêà ... (íå), as soon as êàê òîëüêî, as long as ïîêà, since ñ òåõ ïîð êàê, by the time (that) ê òîìó âðåìåíè êîãäà, directly êàê òîëüêî è äð.: When we arrived at the port, the steamer was being loaded with grain. As I was going down the road, I met your sister. While we were discharging the S. S. Pskov, we discovered a few bags damaged by seawater. After the agreement had been signed, the delegation left Moscow. As soon as we received your telegram, we instructed our London office to prepare the goods for shipment. We have not had any news from him since he left Moscow. I stayed at the customhouse until the goods had been examined. Êîãäà ìû ïðèåõàëè â ïîðò, ïàðîõîä ãðóçèëè ïøåíèöåé. Êîãäà ÿ øåë ïî óëèöå, ÿ âñòðåòèë âàøó ñåñòðó.  òî âðåìÿ êàê ìû ðàçãðóæàëè ï/õ «Ïñêîâ», ìû îáíàðóæèëè íåñêîëüêî ìåøêîâ, ïîâðåæäåííûõ ìîðñêîé âîäîé. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ñîãëàøåíèå áûëî ïîäïèñàíî, äåëåãàöèÿ óåõàëà èç Ìîñêâû. Êàê òîëüêî ìû ïîëó÷èëè âàøó òåëåãðàììó, ìû äàëè óêàçàíèÿ íàøåé ëîíäîíñêîé êîíòîðå ïðèãîòîâèòü òîâàð ê îòãðóçêå. Ìû íå èìåëè îò íåãî íèêàêèõ èçâåñòèé ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê îí óåõàë èç Ìîñêâû. ß îñòàâàëñÿ íà òàìîæíå äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà òîâàð íå áûë äîñìîòðåí. 429 § 104.  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè áóäóùåå âðåìÿ íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ: Future Indefinite çàìåíÿåòñÿ Present Indefinite, Future Continuous Present Continuous, a Future Perfect Present Perfect: The manager will ring you up when he comes. As soon as we receive your telegram, we shall instruct our London office to prepare the goods for shipment. While you are having dinner, I shall be reading the newspaper. I shall stay at the customhouse until the goods have been examined. Çàâåäóþùèé ïîçâîíèò âàì, êîãäà îí ïðèäåò. Êàê òîëüêî ìû ïîëó÷èì âàøó òåëåãðàììó, ìû äàäèì óêàçàíèÿ íàøåé ëîíäîíñêîé êîíòîðå ïðèãîòîâèòü òîâàð ê îòãðóçêå. Ïîêà âû áóäåòå îáåäàòü, ÿ áóäó ÷èòàòü ãàçåòó. ß îñòàíóñü íà òàìîæíå, ïîêà òîâàðû íå áóäóò äîñìîòðåíû. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈß. 1. Ïîñëå till è until ãëàãîë ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîèò â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå, ìåæäó òåì êàê â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðóññêèõ ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ ñîþçàìè ïîêà, äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà ïåðåä ãëàãîëîì îáû÷íî ñòîèò ÷àñòèöà íå, êîòîðàÿ, îäíàêî, íå ïðèäàåò ïðåäëîæåíèþ îòðèöàòåëüíîãî ñìûñëà: I shall stay here until (till) you return. Let us wait until the rain stops. ß îñòàíóñü çäåñü äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà âû íå âåðíåòåñü. Ïîäîæäåì, ïîêà íå ïåðåñòàíåò äîæäü.  àíãëèéñêîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ãëàãîë ïîñëå till è until ìîæåò ñòîÿòü è â îòðèöàòåëüíîé ôîðìå, êîãäà ïðåäëîæåíèå èìååò îòðèöàòåëüíûé ñìûñë: Íå lay until he did not feel the pain Îí ëåæàë äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà îí íå ïåðåany longer. ñòàë ÷óâñòâîâàòü áîëü (áóêâàëüíî: ïîêà îí áîëüøå íå ÷óâñòâîâàë áîëè). 2. Åñëè ðóññêèé ñîþç êîãäà óïîòðåáëåí ñî çíà÷åíèåì â òî âðåìÿ êàê, òî îí ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ñîþçó while èëè as: While I was sitting in the garden, he Êîãäà (â òî âðåìÿ êàê) ÿ ñèäåë â ñàäó, îí ïîäîøåë êî ìíå. came up to me. As I was coming here, I met your brother. Êîðäà (â òî âðåìÿ êàê) ÿ øåë ñþäà, ÿ âñòðåòèë âàøåãî áðàòà. Íî: Îí ÷èòàë, êîãäà ÿ âîøåë â êîìHe was reading when I entered the room. íàòó. 3. Ê òîìó âðåìåíè, êîãäà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê by the time that (à íå: by the time when). That, îäíàêî, ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ: I shall have finished the letter by the time ß óæå îêîí÷ó ïèñüìî ê òîìó âðåìåíè, êîãäà âû âåðíåòåñü. (that) you come back. 4. Íàðå÷èå òîãäà, êîòîðîå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå èíîãäà ïðåäøåñòâóåò ñîþçó êîãäà, íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ: Ýòî ñëó÷èëîñü òîãäà, êîãäà îí This happened when he was in Moscow. áûë â Ìîñêâå. ß ýòî ñäåëàþ òîãäà, êîãäà ÿ I shall do it when I return. âåðíóñü. 430 ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÌÅÑÒÀ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PLACE) § 105. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìåñòà îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñû where? ãäå? êóäà? from where? îòêóäà? Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçíûìè ñëîâàìè where ãäå, êóäà, wherever ãäå áû íè, êóäà áû íè: I like to spend my leave where I can shoot. He went where the doctor sent him. Wherever he went, he was welcome. ß ëþáëþ ïðîâîäèòü îòïóñê òàì, ãäå ÿ ìîãó îõîòèòüñÿ. Îí ïîåõàë òóäà, êóäà ïîñëàë åãî âðà÷. Êóäà áû îí íè õîäèë, åãî âåçäå ðàäóøíî ïðèíèìàëè. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Íàðå÷èÿ òàì è òóäà, êîòîðûå â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ÷àñòî ïðåäøåñòâóþò íàðå÷èÿì ãäå è êóäà, íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ: Äîì ñòîèò òàì, ãäå äîðîãà ïîâîðà÷èâàåò íàëåâî. Îíè ïîøëè òóäà, êóäà âû èõ ïîñëàëè. ß ïîåäó òóäà, ãäå æèâåò ìîé áðàò. The house stands where the road turns to the left. They went where you sent them. I shall go where my brother lives. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÏÐÈ×ÈÍÛ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CAUSE) § 106. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïðè÷èíû îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ why? ïî÷åìó? Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçàìè because ïîòîìó ÷òî, as òàê êàê, since òàê êàê, ïîñêîëüêó, for òàê êàê, èáî, now that òåïåðü êîãäà, ïîñêîëüêó: I went away because there was no ß óøåë, òàê êàê òàì íèêîãî íå one there. áûëî. As there were no porters, we had to Òàê êàê íå áûëî íîñèëüùèêîâ, íàì carry the luggage ourselves. ïðèøëîñü íåñòè áàãàæ ñàìèì. Since you have finished your work, Ïîñêîëüêó âû îêîí÷èëè ñâîþ ðàyou may go home. áîòó, âû ìîæåòå èäòè äîìîé. Now that he is here, he can help you. Òåïåðü, êîãäà (ïîñêîëüêó) îí çäåñü, îí ìîæåò ïîìî÷ü âàì, He walked quickly for he was in a Îí øåë áûñòðî, òàê êàê îí î÷åíü great hurry. ñïåøèë. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà òî, ÷òî ñî÷åòàíèå òåïåðü êîãäà ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê now that (à íå: now when). That ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ: Now he is here, he can help you. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÎÁÐÀÇÀ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈß (ADVERBSAL CLAUSES OF MANNER) § 107. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñ how? êàê? êàêèì îáðàçîì? Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçàìè as êàê, as if (as though) êàê áóäòî, êàê åñëè áû, that ÷òî: 431 You ought to write as he does. You answer as if you did not know this rule. He played so well that everybody admired him. Âàì ñëåäóåò (ñëåäîâàëî áû) ïèñàòü òàê, êàê îí ïèøåò. Âû îòâå÷àåòå òàê, êàê áóäòî âû íå çíàåòå ýòîãî ïðàâèëà. Îí èãðàë òàê õîðîøî, ÷òî âñå âîñõèùàëèñü èì. § 108.  ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ ñîþçîì as if (as though) ãëàãîë óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå Past Indefinite, åñëè îí âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå, î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ñ ä å é ñ ò â è å ì è ë è ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è å ì ã ë à ã î ë à ã ë à â í î ã î ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ. Åñëè ãëàãîë ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò î ä í î â ð å ì å í í î å ä ë è ò å ë ü í î å ä å é ñ ò â è å, òî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìà Past Continuous. Past Indefinite è Past Continuous óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, â êàêîì âðåìåíè ñòîèò ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: Íå spoke as if (as though) he knew*) this question very well. They walked slowly up the stairs as if (as though) they were carrying something heavy. Îí ãîâîðèë òàê, êàê áóäòî (êàê åñëè áû) îí çíàë ýòîò âîïðîñ î÷åíü õîðîøî. Îíè ìåäëåííî øëè ïî ëåñòíèöå, êàê áóäòî (êàê åñëè áû) îíè íåñëè ÷òî-òî òÿæåëîå. Ãëàãîë to be ïîñëå as if óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, ò. å. ôîðìà were óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Îäíàêî â ñîâðåìåííîì ÿçûêå, îñîáåííî â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, íàðÿäó ñ were ñ 1-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ was: Íå loved him as if he were (was) his son. Íå looked in the direction of the entrance door as if he were (was) waiting for somebody. Îí ëþáèë åãî, êàê ñûíà (êàê åñëè áû îí áûë åãî ñûíîì). Îí ñìîòðåë â íàïðàâëåíèè âõîäíîé äâåðè, êàê áóäòî îí æäàë êîãî-íèáóäü. Êîãäà æå ãëàãîë ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå èëè ñîñòîÿíèå, ï ð å ä ø å ñ ò â ó þ ù å å ä å é ñ ò â è þ è ë è ñ î ñ ò î ÿ í è þ ã ë à ã î ë à ã ë à â í î ã î ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ, îí óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ôîðìå Past Perfect, íåçàâèñèìî îò òîãî, â êàêîì âðåìåíè ñòîèò ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: I remember the story as if (as ß ïîìíþ ýòîò ðàññêàç, êàê áóäòî though) I had just read**) it. (êàê åñëè áû) ÿ òîëüêî ÷òî ïðî÷åë åãî. *) Çäåñü ìû èìååì ïî ñóùåñòâó ôîðìó ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ, îäíàêî, ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîðìîé Past Indefinite èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ. **) Çäåñü ìû èìååì ïî ñóùåñòâó ôîðìó ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ, îäíàêî, ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîðìîé Past Perfect èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ. 432 He described the town as if (as though) he had seen*) it himself. Îí îïèñàë ãîðîä òàê, êàê áóäòî (êàê åñëè áû) îí ñàì âèäåë åãî. § 109. Êîãäà ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ââîäèòñÿ ñîþçîì that ÷òî, â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñëîâà so òàê, òàêîé èëè such òàêîé. So îïðåäåëÿåò íàðå÷èå èëè ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå, â òî âðåìÿ êàê such îïðåäåëÿåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå**): Íå played so well that everybody admired him. The sea was so stormy that the loading of the vessel had to be stopped. The airplane was flying at such a height that we could hardly see it. Îí èãðàë òàê õîðîøî, ÷òî âñå âîñõèùàëèñü èì. Ìîðå áûëî òàêîå áóðíîå, ÷òî ïðèøëîñü ïðèîñòàíîâèòü ïîãðóçêó ñóäíà. Ñàìîëåò ëåòåë íà òàêîé âûñîòå, ÷òî ìû åäâà âèäåëè åãî. § 110. Ê ÷èñëó ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ òàêæå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ð à â í è ò å ë ü í û å (Adverbial Clauses of Comparison). Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ïðè ïîìîùè than ÷åì, as ... as òàê (òàêîé) æå êàê (ïåðâîå as ñòîèò â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè), (not) so ... as (íå) òàê (òàêîé) êàê (so ñòîèò â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè), the the ÷åì ... òåì (âòîðîå the ñòîèò â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè): Íå is older than he looks. He works as quickly as I do. The book is not so interesting as you think. The more time you spend in the Crimea, the sooner you will recover. Îí ñòàðøå, ÷åì îí âûãëÿäèò. Îí ðàáîòàåò òàê æå áûñòðî, êàê ÿ. Êíèãà íå òàêàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ, êàê âû äóìàåòå. ×åì áîëüøå âðåìåíè âû ïðîâåäåòå â Êðûìó, òåì ñêîðåå âû ïîïðàâèòåñü. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïðè íàëè÷èè the ... the áóäóùåå âðåìÿ ïîñëå ïåðâîãî the (ò. å. â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè) çàìåíÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùèì. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÑËÅÄÑÒÂÈß (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF RESULT) § 111. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñëåäñòâèÿ âûðàæàþò ñëåäñòâèå, âûòåêàþùåå èç âñåãî ñîäåðæàíèÿ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçîì so that òàê ÷òî, Âìåñòî so that â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è ÷àñòî óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ so: *) Çäåñü ìû èìååì ïî ñóùåñòâó ôîðìó ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ, îäíàêî, ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîðìîé Past Perfect èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ. **) Ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ such ... that ðàññìàòðèâàþòñÿ çäåñü äëÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêîãî óäîáñòâà ñîâìåñòíî ñ ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè ñ so ... that, õîòÿ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ such (à òàêæå ñ so, îïðåäåëÿþùèì ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå) ìîæíî áûëî áû îòíåñòè ê îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì. 433 Íå went to the lecture early so that (so) he got a good seat. She sat behind me so that (so) I could not see the expression on her face. Îí ïîøåë íà ëåêöèþ ðàíî, òàê ÷òî îí çàíÿë õîðîøåå ìåñòî. Îíà ñèäåëà ïîçàäè ìåíÿ, òàê ÷òî ÿ íå ìîã âèäåòü âûðàæåíèå åå ëèöà. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Çíà÷åíèå ñëåäñòâèÿ èìåþò òàêæå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ, ñîåäèíÿþùèåñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ñîþçîì that, êîòîðîìó â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñîîòâåòñòâóåò so èëè such (§ 109): The weather was so bad that the plane could not start. Ïîãîäà áûëà òàêàÿ ïëîõàÿ, ÷òî ñàìîëåò íå ìîã âûëåòåòü. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÓÑÒÓÏÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONCESSION) § 112. Óñòóïèòåëüíûå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óêàçûâàþò íà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî, âîïðåêè êîòîðîìó ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Îíè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçàìè though (although) õîòÿ, in spite of the fact that íåñìîòðÿ íà òî ÷òî: Though (although) it was only nine oclock, there were few people in the streets. He went out in spite of the fact that he had a bad cold. Õîòÿ áûëî òîëüêî äåâÿòü ÷àñîâ, íà óëèöàõ áûëî ìàëî íàðîäó. Îí âûøåë, íåñìîòðÿ íà òî, ÷òî îí áûë î÷åíü ïðîñòóæåí. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÖÅËÈ (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF PURPOSE) § 113. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ öåëè óêàçûâàþò, ñ êàêîé öåëüþ ñîâåðøàåòñÿ äåéñòâèå ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, è îòâå÷àþò íà âîïðîñû what for? çà÷åì? äëÿ ÷åãî? for what purpose? ñ êàêîé öåëüþ? Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ öåëè ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçàìè so that, so, in order that ÷òîáû, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû. Íàèáîëåå ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîþç so that; ñîþç so óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òîëüêî â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è. Ñêàçóåìîå ýòèõ ïðåäëîæåíèé âûðàæàåòñÿ ãëàãîëàìè may (might) è should â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, áåç to. May (might) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò îòòåíîê âîçìîæíîñòè. Ïðè îòñóòñòâèè îòòåíêà âîçìîæíîñòè óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ should. May óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè âûðàæåíî ãëàãîëîì â íàñòîÿùåì èëè áóäóùåì âðåìåíè, a might êîãäà ãëàãîë ñòîèò â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè. Should óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò âðåìåíè, â êîòîðîì ñòîèò ãëàãîë â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ãëàãîëû may (might) è should íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî íå ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ; â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì îíè ïåðåâîäÿòñÿ ñîñëàãàòåëüíûì íàêëîíåíèåì: 434 The teacher speaks slowly so that (in order that) his pupils may understand him. I gave him the textbook so that (in order that) he might learn his lesson. They instructed their agents to pack the goods carefully so that the buyers might not have cause to complain. Ill ring him up at once so (so that) he shouldnt wait for me. I shall write the letter immediately so that you may be able to read it before I hand it to the typist. He drew a plan of the village so that she might be able to find his house easily. Ïðåïîäàâàòåëü ãîâîðèò ìåäëåííî, ÷òîáû*) åãî ó÷åíèêè ïîíèìàëè åãî (ìîãëè ïîíèìàòü åãî). ß äàë åìó ó÷åáíèê, ÷òîáû îí âûó÷èë óðîê (ñìîã âûó÷èòü óðîê). Îíè äàëè èíñòðóêöèè ñâîèì àãåíòàì òùàòåëüíî óïàêîâàòü òîâàð, ÷òîáû ïîêóïàòåëè íå èìåëè îñíîâàíèÿ æàëîâàòüñÿ (íå ìîãëè èìåòü îñíîâàíèÿ æàëîâàòüñÿ). ß åìó ïîçâîíþ íåìåäëåííî, ÷òîáû îí íå æäàë ìåíÿ. ß íàïèøó ïèñüìî íåìåäëåííî, ÷òîáû âû ñìîãëè ïðî÷åñòü åãî äî òîãî, êàê ÿ ïåðåäàì åãî ìàøèíèñòêå. Îí íàðèñîâàë ïëàí äåðåâíè, ÷òîáû îíà ñìîãëà ëåãêî íàéòè åãî äîì. Âìåñòî may be able ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ can, à âìåñòî might be able could: I shall write the letter immediately so that you can read it before I hand it to the typist. He drew a plan of the village so that she could find his house easily. § 114.  êíèæíîì ÿçûêå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ öåëè èíîãäà ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ñîþçàìè that è lest. Ñîþç lest óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì that ... not ÷òîáû ... íå. Ïîñëå lest ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèåì should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì. ×àñòèöà not ïðè ñêàçóåìîì íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ, ïîñêîëüêó ñîþç lest çàêëþ÷àåò â ñåáå îòðèöàíèå. Âìåñòî ñî÷åòàíèÿ should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì èíîãäà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ (ñòð. 193): The invitations were sent out early that the delegates might arrive in time for the conference. We wrapped the instruments in oilcloth lest they should be damaged by sea water (= lest they be damaged by sea water). Ïðèãëàøåíèÿ áûëè ðàçîñëàíû çàðàíåå, ÷òîáû äåëåãàòû ïðèáûëè (ìîãëè ïðèáûòü) âîâðåìÿ íà êîíôåðåíöèþ. Ìû îáåðíóëè èíñòðóìåíòû êëååíêîé, ÷òîáû îíè íå áûëè ïîâðåæäåíû ìîðñêîé âîäîé. *) ×àñòèöà áû ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ ñëèòà ñ ñîþçîì ÷òî, îáðàçóÿ ñîþç ÷òîáû. 435 § 115. Êîãäà â ãëàâíîì è ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ îäíî ïîäëåæàùåå, ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå îáû÷íî çàìåíÿåòñÿ èíôèíèòèâíûì îáîðîòîì (êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå). Ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ìîãóò ñòîÿòü ñîþçû in order, so as ÷òîáû. Ýòè ñîþçû, îäíàêî, ðåäêî óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ, îñîáåííî â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è: I am going to the lecture early so that ß èäó íà ëåêöèþ ðàíî, ÷òîáû I may get a good seat. = I am going çàíÿòü õîðîøåå ìåñòî. to the lecture early to get (so as to get, in order to get) a good seat. They left home at five oclock so Îíè âûøëè èç äîìó â ïÿòü ÷àñîâ, that they should not be late for the ÷òîáû íå îïîçäàòü íà ëåêöèþ. lecture. = They left home at five oclock not to be late (so as not to be late) for the lecture. ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ñëåäóåò èìåòü â âèäó, ÷òî ðóññêèé ñîþç ÷òîáû ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ ñîþçàìè in order, so as òîëüêî â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà èíôèíèòèâ âûðàæàåò ö å ë ü: ß ïðèøåë ñþäà (ñ êàêîé öåëüþ?), ÷òîáû ïîìî÷ü âàì. ß ïðèãëàñèë åãî (ñ êàêîé öåëüþ?), ÷òîáû ñîîáùèòü åìó îá ýòîì. I came here in order (so as) to help you. I invited him in order (so as) to tell him about it.  äðóãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ÷òîáû ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì íå ìîæåò ïåðåâîäèòüñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê ñîþçàìè in order èëè so as: Îí ñëèøêîì óñòàë, ÷òîáû ïîéòè â òåàòð. Îí äîñòàòî÷íî âûíîñëèâ, ÷òîáû ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â ýòîé ýêñïåäèöèè. Ó ìåíÿ íåò âðåìåíè, ÷òîáû ñäåëàòü ýòó ðàáîòó ñåãîäíÿ. Íå is too tired to go to the theatre. He is strong enough to take part in the expedition. I havent any time to do this work today. ÏÐÈÄÀÒÎ×ÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß ÓÑËÎÂÈß (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF CONDITION) § 116. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óñëîâèé ñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ñ ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñîþçàìè if åñëè, unless åñëè ... íå, provided (that), providing (that), on condition (that) ïðè óñëîâèè åñëè, ïðè óñëîâèè ÷òî, supposing (that), suppose (that) ïðåäïîëîæèì (÷òî): If I see him tomorrow, I shall ask him about it. He wont go there unless he is invited. We can deliver the machine in December provided (that) we receive your order within the next ten days. 436 Åñëè ÿ åãî óâèæó çàâòðà, ÿ ñïðîøó åãî îá ýòîì. Îí íå ïîéäåò òóäà, åñëè åãî íå ïðèãëàñÿò. Ìû ìîæåì ïîñòàâèòü ìàøèíó â äåêàáðå ïðè óñëîâèè, åñëè ìû ïîëó÷èì âàø çàêàç â òå÷åíèå áëèæàéøèõ äåñÿòè äíåé. Òàêèå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàþò óñëîâèå, à ãëàâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñëåäñòâèå, âûòåêàþùåå èç ýòîãî óñëîâèÿ. Îñóùåñòâëåíèå äåéñòâèÿ ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ çàâèñèò, òàêèì îáðàçîì, îò óñëîâèÿ, âûðàæåííîãî â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè. Ýòà çàâèñèìîñòü âûðàæàåòñÿ â ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ âçàèìíî ñâÿçàííûõ ôîðìàõ âûðàæåíèÿ ñêàçóåìîãî â îáåèõ ÷àñòÿõ ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Ïîýòîìó ïîäðîáíîå ðàññìîòðåíèå ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ óñëîâèÿ âîçìîæíî òîëüêî ïðè îäíîâðåìåííîì ðàññìîòðåíèè ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ò. å. ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì óñëîâèÿ äîëæíî ðàññìàòðèâàòüñÿ êàê öåëîå.  äàëüíåéøåì, äëÿ óäîáñòâà èçëîæåíèÿ, âìåñòî òåðìèíà «ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì óñëîâèÿ» èñïîëüçóåòñÿ òåðìèí «óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå». ÓÑËÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈß (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES) Ïåðâûé òèï óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé § 117. Óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðâîãî òèïà âûðàæàþò âïîëíå ð å à ë ü í û å, î ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ì û å ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ è ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â è ç ú ÿ â è ò å ë ü í î ì í à ê ë î í å í è è. Òàêèå óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ÷àùå âñåãî âûðàæàþò ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó â ð å ì å í è.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïåðâîãî òèïà, î ò í î ñ ÿ ù è õ ñ ÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó, ãëàãîë â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (óñëîâèè) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â Present Indefinite, à â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (ñëåäñòâèè) â Future Indefinite.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðóññêèõ óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ áóäóùåå âðåìÿ óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ êàê â ãëàâíîì, òàê è â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè: If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country. Ill give you the book on condition (that) you return it next week. He wont finish his work in time unless he works hard*). Åñëè çàâòðà áóäåò õîðîøàÿ ïîãîäà, ìû ïîåäåì çà ãîðîä. ß äàì âàì ýòó êíèãó ïðè óñëîâèè, ÷òî âû âåðíåòå åå íà ñëåäóþùåé íåäåëå. Îí íå îêîí÷èò ñâîþ ðàáîòó âîâðåìÿ, åñëè îí íå áóäåò óñåðäíî ðàáîòàòü. § 118.  ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñêàçóåìîå ìîæåò áûòü òàêæå âûðàæåíî ñî÷åòàíèåì should (ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè) ñ èíôèíèòèâîì áåç to. Óïîòðåáëåíèå â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñî÷åòàíèÿ should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì âìåñòî Present Indefinite ïðèäàåò óñëîâèþ îòòåíîê ìåíüøåé âåðî*) Ïîñëå ñîþçà unless åñëè ... íå ãëàãîë ñòàâèòñÿ â óòâåðäèòåëüíîé ôîðìå, ïîñêîëüêó ñîþç unless çàêëþ÷àåò â ñåáå îòðèöàíèå. 437 ÿòíîñòè, íî íå âëèÿåò íà ïåðåâîä ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê (ò. å. should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì, êàê è Present Indefinite, ïåðåâîäèòñÿ áóäóùèì âðåìåíåì èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ): If he should come, I shall ask him to wait. If need should arise, we shall communicate with you again. Åñëè îí ïðèäåò, ÿ ïîïðîøó åãî ïîäîæäàòü. Åñëè âîçíèêíåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü, ìû ñ âàìè ñíîâà ñâÿæåìñÿ. § 119.  ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè èíîãäà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå will ñ èíôèíèòèâîì. Ãëàãîë will, îäíàêî, íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì, à ñëóæèò äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîñüáû: We shall be grateful if you will send Ìû áóäåì áëàãîäàðíû, åñëè Âû us your catalogue of Diesel eníàì ïðèøëåòå (áóäåòå ëþáåçíû gines. ïðèñëàòü íàì) Âàø êàòàëîã äèçåëåé. We shall be obliged if you will acÌû áóäåì îáÿçàíû, åñëè Âû ïîäknowledge the receipt of this letòâåðäèòå (áóäåòå ëþáåçíû ïîäter. òâåðäèòü) ïîëó÷åíèå ýòîãî ïèñüìà. § 120. Ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîæåò ñòîÿòü â ïîâåëèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè: If you see him, ask him to ring me Åñëè âû åãî óâèäèòå, ïîïðîñèòå up. åãî ïîçâîíèòü ìíå ïî òåëåôîíó. If she should come, show her the Åñëè îíà ïðèäåò, ïîêàæèòå åé ýòî letter. ïèñüìî. § 121. Ê óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ïåðâîãî òèïà ïðèíàäëåæàò òàêæå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, êîòîðûå âûðàæàþò ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè, è ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè.  òàêèõ óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ëþáûå âðåìåíà èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, òðåáóþùèåñÿ ïî ñìûñëó: If he is here, he is probably working in the library. If he called on them yesterday, they gave him your letter. Åñëè îí çäåñü, òî îí, âåðîÿòíî, ðàáîòàåò â áèáëèîòåêå. Åñëè îí çàõîäèë ê íèì â÷åðà, òî îíè äàëè åìó âàøå ïèñüìî. Óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ òàêîãî ðîäà, îäíàêî, âñòðå÷àþòñÿ çíà÷èòåëüíî ðåæå, ÷åì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, âûðàæàþùèå ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê áóäóùåìó. Âòîðîé òèï óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé § 122. Óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âòîðîãî òèïà âûðàæàþò í å â å ð î ÿ ò í û å èëè ì à ë î â å ð î ÿ ò í û å ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ. Îíè îòíîñÿòñÿ ê í à 438 ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó èëè á ó ä ó ù å ì ó âðåìåíè è ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñ î ñ ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ì í à ê ë î í å í è è (ò. å. ñ ãëàãîëîì â ôîðìå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñ ÷àñòèöåé áû).  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (óñëîâèè) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìà Past Indefinite, à â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (ñëåäñòâèè) ñî÷åòàíèå should (ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà*) èëè would (ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) ñ Indefinite Infinitive (áåç to): If Helen knew**) Mr. Petrovs address (now), she would write to him. Åñëè áû Åëåíà çíàëà àäðåñ ã-íà Ïåòðîâà (òåïåðü), îíà áû íàïèñàëà åìó. (Äàííîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåâåðîÿòíûì, òàê êàê Åëåíà íå çíàåò àäðåñà Ïåòðîâà è ïîýòîìó íå ìîæåò íàïèñàòü åìó.) If my brother had**) time now, he would help them. Åñëè áû ó ìîåãî áðàòà áûëî âðåìÿ ñåé÷àñ, îí áû ïîìîã èì. (Ýòî ïðåäïîëîæåíèå òàêæå íåâåðîÿòíî, ïîñêîëüêó ó áðàòà íåò âðåìåíè ñåé÷àñ è îí ïîýòîìó íå ìîæåò ïîìî÷ü èì.) If we received**) the documents tomorrow, we should start loading the goods on Monday. Åñëè áû ìû ïîëó÷èëè äîêóìåíòû çàâòðà, ìû íà÷àëè áû ãðóçèòü òîâàðû â ïîíåäåëüíèê. (Ãîâîðÿùèé ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî ïîëó÷åíèå äîêóìåíòîâ ìàëîâåðîÿòíî è ÷òî òîâàð ïîýòîìó âðÿä ëè áóäóò ãðóçèòü â ïîíåäåëüíèê.) If I saw**) my friend tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë ñâîåãî ïðèÿòåëÿ çàâòðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. (Ãîâîðÿùèé ñ÷èòàåò âñòðå÷ó ñî ñâîèì ïðèÿòåëåì ìàëîâåðîÿòíîé è ñîìíåâàåòñÿ ïîýòîìó, ñìîæåò ëè îí åãî ñïðîñèòü î òîì, ÷òî åãî èíòåðåñóåò.) § 123. Ãëàãîë to be óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè â ôîðìå ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, ò. å. ôîðìà were óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè åäèíñòâåííîãî è ìíîæåñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà. Îäíàêî â ñîâðåìåííîì ÿçûêå, îñîáåííî â ðàçãîâîðíîé ðå÷è, íàðÿäó ñ were ñ 1-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åäèíñòâåííîãî ÷èñëà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ was: If he were (was) here, he would help us. Åñëè áû îí áûë çäåñü, îí ìîã áû ïîìî÷ü íàì. *)  ÑØÀ ñ 1-ì ëèöîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ would.  Àíãëèè òàêæå èìååòñÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ê óïîòðåáëåíèþ would âìåñòî should. **) Çäåñü ìû èìååì ïî ñóùåñòâó ôîðìó ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ, îäíàêî, ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîðìîé Past Indefinite èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ. 439 § 124. Äëÿ ïîä÷åðêèâàíèÿ ìàëîé âåðîÿòíîñòè ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, êîòîðîå îòíîñèòñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó, íàðÿäó ñ Past Indefinite ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ: 1. Should (ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè) â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì áåç ÷àñòèöû to. 2. Were (ñî âñåìè ëèöàìè) â ñî÷åòàíèè ñ èíôèíèòèâîì ñ ÷àñòèöåé to: If I should see him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. If I were to see him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë åãî çàâòðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. § 125.  ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè èíîãäà âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå would ñ èíôèíèòèâîì. Ãëàãîë would íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ â ýòîì ñëó÷àå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì, à ñëóæèò äëÿ âûðàæåíèÿ ïðîñüáû: We should be obliged if you would Ìû áûëè áû îáÿçàíû, åñëè áû Âû acknowledge receipt of this letter. ïîäòâåðäèëè (áûëè ëþáåçíû ïîäòâåðäèòü) ïîëó÷åíèå ýòîãî ïèñüìà. We should be grateful if you would Ìû áûëè áû áëàãîäàðíû, åñëè áû send us your catalogue of Diesel Âû ïðèñëàëè (áûëè ëþáåçíû engines. ïðèñëàòü) íàì Âàø êàòàëîã äèçåëåé. Òðåòèé òèï óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé § 126. Óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ò ð å ò ü å ã î òèïà âûðàæàþò ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ, îòíîñÿùèåñÿ ê ï ð î ø å ä ø å ì ó âðåìåíè è ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ ïîýòîìó í å â û ï î ë í è ì û ì è. Êàê è óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âòîðîãî òèïà, îíè ñîîòâåòñòâóþò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñ î ñ ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ì íàêëîíåíèè (ò. å. ñ ãëàãîëîì â ôîðìå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñ ÷àñòèöåé áû).  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òðåòüåãî òèïà â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (óñëîâèè) óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ôîðìà Past Perfect, à â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè (ñëåäñòâèè) ñî÷åòàíèå should (ñ 1-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà*) èëè would (ñî 2-ì è 3-ì ëèöîì åä. è ìí. ÷èñëà) ñ Perfect Infinitive (áåç to): If I had seen**) him yesterday, I should have asked him about it. He would not have caught cold if he had put**) on a warm coat. If your instructions had been received**) ten days ago, the goods would have been shipped by the S.S. Svir yesterday. Åñëè áû ÿ âèäåë åãî â÷åðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. Îí íå ïðîñòóäèëñÿ áû, åñëè áû íàäåë òåïëîå ïàëüòî. Åñëè áû âàøè óêàçàíèÿ áûëè ïîëó÷åíû äåñÿòü äíåé òîìó íàçàä, òîâàð áûë áû îòãðóæåí â÷åðà ïàðîõîäîì «Ñâèðü». *)  ÑØÀ ñ 1-ì ëèöîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ would.  Àíãëèè òàêæå èìååòñÿ òåíäåíöèÿ ê óïîòðåáëåíèþ would âìåñòî should. **) Çäåñü ìû èìååì ïî ñóùåñòâó ôîðìó ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ, îäíàêî, ñîâïàäàåò ñ ôîðìîé Past Perfect èçúÿâèòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ. 440 § 127.  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâóåò òîëüêî îäíà ôîðìà ñîñëàãàòåëüíîãî íàêëîíåíèÿ, êîòîðàÿ îáðàçóåòñÿ èç ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëà ñ ÷àñòèöåé áû (ïðèøåë áû, ñêàçàë áû è ò. ä.). Îíà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ (â ãëàâíîì è ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè), îòíîñÿùèõñÿ êàê ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè áóäóùåìó, òàê è ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè. Ïîýòîìó, äëÿ òîãî ÷òîáû îïðåäåëèòü, ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ëè äàííîå ðóññêîå óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå âòîðîìó èëè òðåòüåìó òèïó àíãëèéñêèõ óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé, íåîáõîäèìî ïðåäâàðèòåëüíî óñòàíîâèòü, ê ê à ê î ì ó â ð å ì å í è îòíîñèòñÿ âûñêàçûâàåìîå â íåì ïðåäïîëîæåíèå. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, èç ïðåäëîæåíèÿ Åñëè áû ÿ åãî âñòðåòèë, ÿ ïîãîâîðèë áû ñ íèì îá ýòîì, âçÿòîãî èçîëèðîâàííî, íå âèäíî, ê êàêîìó âðåìåíè îòíîñèòñÿ äàííîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå. Ýòî ìîæåò áûòü îïðåäåëåíî äîáàâëåíèåì ñïåöèàëüíûõ ïîÿñíèòåëüíûõ ñëîâ (ñåãîäíÿ, çàâòðà, â÷åðà è ò. ä.) èëè ñîäåðæàíèåì ïîñëåäóþùåãî èëè ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. Åñëè áû ÿ åãî âñòðåòèë çàâòðà (â÷åðà), ÿ ïîãîâîðèë áû ñ íèì îá ýòîì. 2. Åñëè áû ÿ åãî âñòðåòèë, ÿ ïîãîâîðèë áû ñ íèì îá ýòîì. ß íå çíàþ, îäíàêî, ñêîðî ëè ÿ åãî óâèæó. Äàííîå óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå îòíîñèòñÿ ê áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè, ÷òî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñîäåðæàíèåì ïîñëåäóþùåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. 3. Æàëü, ÷òî ÿ åãî íå âèäåë â÷åðà â èíñòèòóòå. Åñëè áû ÿ åãî âñòðåòèë, ÿ ïîãîâîðèë áû ñ íèì îá ýòîì. Äàííîå óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè, ÷òî îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ ñîäåðæàíèåì ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Åñëè óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî ðóññêîå óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè îòíîñèòñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè áóäóùåìó âðåìåíè, òî îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì âòîðîãî òèïà. Åñëè æå óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè, òî îíî ïåðåâîäèòñÿ óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì òðåòüåãî òèïà. Óïîòðåáëåíèå could è might â ãëàâíîé ÷àñòè óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé âòîðîãî è òðåòüåãî òèïà § 128.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà â ãëàâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå could èëè might ñ Indefinite Infinitive. Àíàëîãè÷íî, â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òðåòüåãî òèïà ìîæåò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ could èëè might ñ Perfect Infinitive.  ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðóññêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèÿ ìîã áû, ìîãëè áû ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: Íå could do it if he tried. Íå could have done it if he had tried. You might find him there if you called at six oclock. You might have found him there if you had called at six oclock. Îí ìîã áû ýòî ñäåëàòü, åñëè áû îí ïîñòàðàëñÿ. Âû ìîãëè áû çàñòàòü åãî òàì, åñëè áû âû çàøëè â øåñòü ÷àñîâ. 441 Ñî÷åòàíèå could ñ Indefinite Infinitive ðàâíî ïî çíà÷åíèþ ñî÷åòàíèþ should (would) be able c Indefinite Infinitive, a could ñ Perfect Infinitive should (would) have been able ñ Perfect Infinitive: I could do it I should be able to do it if I tried. I could have done it I should have been able to do it if I had tried. Îäíàêî ñî÷åòàíèå to be able ñ èíôèíèòèâîì óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ðåäêî ââèäó åãî ãðîìîçäêîñòè. Óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îáðàçîâàííûå èç ýëåìåíòîâ âòîðîãî è òðåòüåãî òèïîâ § 129. Èíîãäà óñëîâèå ìîæåò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè, à ñëåäñòâèå ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè áóäóùåìó, èëè íàîáîðîò. Òîãäà ìû èìååì «ñìåøàííûé» òèï óñëîâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: 1. If you had worked harder last year, you would know English well now. Åñëè áû âû ðàáîòàëè óñåðäíåå â ïðîøëîì ãîäó, âû áû òåïåðü õîðîøî çíàëè àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê.  ýòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óñëîâèå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè, ââèäó ÷åãî ãëàãîë â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè óïîòðåáëåí â Past Perfect (had worked), êàê â òðåòüåì òèïå óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé. Ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, îäíàêî, îòíîñèòñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó âðåìåíè, è åãî ãëàãîë ïîýòîìó âûðàæåí ñî÷åòàíèåì would ñ Indefinite Infinitive (would know), êàê âî âòîðîì òèïå óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé. 2. If he knew English well, he would have translated the article without difficulty yesterday. Åñëè áû îí õîðîøî çíàë àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, îí ïåðåâåë áû â÷åðà ýòó ñòàòüþ áåç çàòðóäíåíèÿ. Çäåñü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå, âûñêàçàííîå â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, ñîõðàíÿåò ñâîþ ñèëó è â íàñòîÿùåå âðåìÿ (èìååòñÿ â âèäó: åñëè áû îí çíàë àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê â î î á ù å, ò. å. è òåïåðü). Ãëàãîë â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè ñòîèò ïîýòîìó â Past Indefinite (knew), êàê â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âòîðîãî òèïà. Ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, îäíàêî, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè, è åãî ãëàãîë ïîýòîìó âûðàæåí ñî÷åòàíèåì would ñ Perfect Infinitive, êàê â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ òðåòüåãî òèïà. Óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ íåâûðàæåííûì óñëîâèåì èëè ñëåäñòâèåì § 130. Èíîãäà â óñëîâíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè îäíà èç åãî ÷àñòåé (ñëåäñòâèå èëè óñëîâèå) íå âûðàæåíà, à ëèøü ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: 442 Why didnt you tell me about it? I should have helped you. (Çäåñü ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ óñëîâèå: if you had told me about it åñëè áû âû ñêàçàëè ìíå îá ýòîì.) Ïî÷åìó âû íå ñêàçàëè ìíå îá ýòîì? ß áû âàì ïîìîã. It is a pity you didnt send us any instructions. We should have shipped the goods by the S. S. Pskov. (Çäåñü ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ óñëîâèå: if we had received your instructions åñëè áû ìû ïîëó÷èëè âàøè èíñòðóêöèè.) Æàëü, ÷òî âû íàì íå ïðèñëàëè íèêàêèõ èíñòðóêöèé. Ìû îòãðóçèëè áû òîâàð ïàðîõîäîì «Ïñêîâ». If I had known it before! (Çäåñü ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, ñëåäñòâèå âðîäå: I should not have done it ÿ áû ýòîãî íå ñäåëàë èëè: I should have helped him ÿ áû ïîìîã åìó è ò. ï.) Åñëè áû ÿ çíàë ýòî ðàíüøå! If they were here! (Çäåñü ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, ñëåäñòâèå âðîäå: I should be so glad ÿ áûë áû òàê ðàä èëè: they would explain everything îíè áû âñå îáúÿñíèëè è ò. ï.) Åñëè áû îíè áûëè çäåñü! Áåññîþçíûå óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ § 131. Ñîþç if ìîæåò áûòü îïóùåí â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âñåõ òðåõ òèïîâ*). 1.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ï å ð â î ã î òèïà ñîþç if ìîæåò áûòü îïóùåí, êîãäà ñêàçóåìîå ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæåíî ñî÷å*) Áåññîþçíûå óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñóùåñòâóþò è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: Ïðèäè âû ðàíüøå (åñëè áû âû ïðèøëè ðàíüøå), âû áû âñòðåòèëèñü ñ íàìè. 443 òàíèåì should ñ èíôèíèòèâîì.  ýòîì ñëó÷àå should ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Should he come, ask him to wait. = If he should come, ask him to wait. Åñëè îí ïðèäåò, ïîïðîñèòå åãî ïîäîæäàòü. Should need arise, we shall communicate with you again. = If need should arise, we shall communicate with you again. Åñëè âîçíèêíåò íåîáõîäèìîñòü, ìû ñíîâà ñíåñåìñÿ ñ âàìè. 2.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ â ò î ð î ã î òèïà ñîþç if ìîæåò áûòü îïóùåí, êîãäà â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè èìåþòñÿ ãëàãîëû had, were, could, should.  òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ýòè ãëàãîëû ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Had I time, I should go to the club. = If I had time, I should go to the club. Åñëè áû ó ìåíÿ áûëî âðåìÿ, ÿ ïîøåë áû â êëóá. Were he here, he would help us. = If he were here, he would help us. Åñëè áû îí áûë çäåñü, îí ïîìîã áû íàì. Could he come tonight, we should be very glad. = If he could come tonight, we should be very glad. Åñëè áû îí ìîã ïðèäòè ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì, ìû áûëè áû î÷åíü ðàäû. Should I see him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. = If I should see him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë åãî çàâòðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. Were I to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. = If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. Åñëè áû ÿ åãî âñòðåòèë çàâòðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. 3.  óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ò ð å ò ü å ã î òèïà ïðè ïðîïóñêå ñîþçà if ãëàãîë had ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä ïîäëåæàùèì: Had I seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it. = lf I had seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it. Åñëè áû ÿ âèäåë åãî â÷åðà, ÿ ñïðîñèë áû åãî îá ýòîì. Had he known it, he would not have gone there. = If he had known it, he would not have gone there. Åñëè áû îí ýòî çíàë, îí íå ïîøåë áû òóäà. 444 § 132. Ñâîäêà ñïîñîáîâ âûðàæåíèÿ ñêàçóåìîãî â óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ÒÈÏ ÓÑËÎÂÈÅ ÑËÅÄÑÒÂÈÅ ÓÑËÎÂÍÛÕ ÏÐÅÄËÎÆÅÍÈÉ Ïåðâûé òèï îòíîñèòñÿ ê á ó ä ó ù å ì ó âðåìåíè*); ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëàìè â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè. It he comes, If he should come, Should he come, Âòîðîé òèï îòíîñèòñÿ ê í à ñ ò î ÿ ù å ì ó èëè á ó ä ó ù å ì ó âðåìåíè; ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñ î ñ ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ì íàêëîíåíèè (ôîðìà ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñ ÷àñòèöåé áû). If he came, If he should come, Should he come, If he were to come, Were he to come Åñëè áû îí ïðèøåë, ÿ áûë áû ðàä. Òðåòèé òèï îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïðîøåäøåìó âðåìåíè; ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå óñëîâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèÿì ñ ãëàãîëîì â ñ î ñ ë à ã à ò å ë ü í î ì íàêëîíåíèè (ôîðìà ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñ ÷àñòèöåé áû). If he had come, Had he come, I should have been glad. Åñëè îí ïðèäåò, ÿ áóäó ðàä. Åñëè áû îí ïðèøåë, I shall be glad. I should be glad. ÿ áûë áû ðàä. Ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü âðåìåí â ñëîæíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ, âêëþ÷àþùèõ óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ § 133. 1. Åñëè óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ï å ð â î ã î ò è ï à ñòàíîâèòñÿ çàâèñèìûì îò äðóãîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, òî ôîðìû ãëàãîëîâ â ãëàâíîé è ïðèäàòî÷íîé ÷àñòè óñëîâíîãî ïðåäëî*) Êîãäà ïðåäïîëîæåíèÿ â ïåðâîì òèïå óñëîâíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé îòíîñÿòñÿ ê íàñòîÿùåìó èëè ïðîøåäøåìó, óïîòðåáëÿþòñÿ ëþáûå âðåìåíà, òðåáóþùèåñÿ ïî ñìûñëó (ñòð. 438). 445 æåíèÿ çàìåíÿþòñÿ äðóãèìè â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ ïðàâèëîì ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí, ò. å. Present Indefinite çàìåíÿåòñÿ Past Indefinite, a Future Indefinite Future Indefinite in the Past: If I see him, I shall tell him about it. I said that if I saw him, I should tell him about it. Åñëè ÿ óâèæó åãî, ÿ ñêàæó åìó îá ýòîì. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî åñëè ÿ óâèæó åãî, ÿ ñêàæó åìó îá ýòîì. 2. Åñëè óñëîâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå âòîðîãî èëè òðåòüåãî òèïà ñòàíîâèòñÿ çàâèñèìûì îò äðóãîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, òî ôîðìû ãëàãîëîâ â ãëàâíîé è ïðèäàòî÷íîé ÷àñòè óñëîâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îñòàþòñÿ áåç èçìåíåíèÿ: Åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë åãî, ÿ ñêàçàë If I saw him, I should tell him about it. áû åìó îá ýòîì. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë I said that if I saw him, I should tell him about it. åãî, ÿ ñêàçàë áû åìó îá ýòîì. If I had seen him, I should have Åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë åãî, ÿ ñêàçàë áû told him about it. åìó îá ýòîì. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë I said that if I had seen him, I should have told him about it. åãî, ÿ ñêàçàë áû åìó îá ýòîì. Èç ïðèâåäåííûõ ïðèìåðîâ âèäíî, ÷òî óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ïåðâîãî è âòîðîãî òèïà, çàâèñÿùèå îò ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ãëàãîëîì â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè, ñîâïàäàþò ïî ôîðìå (I said that if I saw him, I should tell him about it). Ðàçëè÷èòü òàêèå óñëîâíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ò. å. îïðåäåëèòü, ñëåäóåò ëè ïåðåâîäèòü èõ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ãëàãîëîì â èçúÿâèòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè èëè â ñîñëàãàòåëüíîì íàêëîíåíèè, ìîæíî òîëüêî ïî êîíòåêñòó. § 134. Ãëàãîë ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, çàâèñÿùåãî îò óñëîâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ò î ð î ã î èëè ò ð å ò ü å ã î òèïà (êàê îò óñëîâèÿ, òàê è îò ñëåäñòâèÿ), óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ â òîì âðåìåíè, êîòîðîå ñëåäîâàëî áû óïîòðåáèòü â ïðèäàòî÷íîì ïðåäëîæåíèè, çàâèñÿùåì îò ãëàãîëà â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè (ñîãëàñíî ïðàâèëó ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòè âðåìåí): If I saw him, I should tell him that you wanted to speak to him. If I saw him, I should tell him that you had returned from London. If I told him that you would come tomorrow, he would be very glad. If I had seen him, I should have told him that you wanted to speak to him. 446 Åñëè áû ÿ åãî óâèäåë, ÿ ñêàçàë áû åìó, ÷òî âû õîòèòå ïîãîâîðèòü ñ íèì. Åñëè áû ÿ åãî óâèäåë, ÿ ñêàçàë áû åìó, ÷òî âû âîçâðàòèëèñü èç Ëîíäîíà. Åñëè áû ÿ ñêàçàë åìó, ÷òî âû ïðèäåòå çàâòðà, îí áûë áû î÷åíü ðàä. Åñëè áû ÿ óâèäåë åãî, ÿ ñêàçàë áû åìó, ÷òî âû õîòèòå ïîãîâîðèòü ñ íèì. If I had seen him yesterday, I should have told him that you had returned from London. If I had told him that you would come, he would have been very glad. Åñëè áû ÿ âèäåë åãî â÷åðà, ÿ ñêàçàë áû åìó, ÷òî âû âîçâðàòèëèñü èç Ëîíäîíà. Åñëè áû ÿ ñêàçàë åìó, ÷òî âû ïðèäåòå, îí áûë áû î÷åíü ðàä. СЛОЖНОПОДЧИНЕННОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ С ДВУМЯ ИЛИ НЕСКОЛЬКИМИ ПРИДА ПРИДАТТОЧНЫМИ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯМИ § 135. Ñëîæíîïîä÷èíåííûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ äâóìÿ èëè íåñêîëüêèìè ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè áûâàþò ðàçíûõ âèäîâ: 1. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ÷ëåíó ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è îòâå÷àòü íà îäèí è òîò æå âîïðîñ: The newspapers report that the delegation has arrived and that the negotiations will begin tomorrow. Ãàçåòû ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî äåëåãàöèÿ ïðèáûëà è ÷òî ïåðåãîâîðû íà÷íóòñÿ çàâòðà.  ýòîì ïðèìåðå îáà ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ÷ëåíó ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñêàçóåìîìó report è îòâå÷àþò íà îäèí è òîò æå âîïðîñ what? ÷òî?, ÿâëÿÿñü äîïîëíèòåëüíûìè ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè. 2. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ÷ëåíó ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, íî îòâå÷àòü íà ðàçíûå âîïðîñû: As soon as he saw me, he asked whether the manager had returned from London. Êàê òîëüêî îí ìåíÿ óâèäåë, îí ñïðîñèë, âåðíóëñÿ ëè çàâåäóþùèé èç Ëîíäîíà.  ýòîì ïðèìåðå îáà ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê îäíîìó è òîìó æå ÷ëåíó ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñêàçóåìîìó asked. Ïåðâîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ when? êîãäà?, ÿâëÿÿñü ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì âðåìåíè. Âòîðîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ what? ÷òî?, ÿâëÿÿñü äîïîëíèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. 3. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò îòíîñèòüñÿ ê ðàçíûì ÷ëåíàì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ è îòâå÷àòü íà ðàçíûå âîïðîñû: While we were discharging the S. S. Pskov, we discovered some bags which were damaged by sea water.  òî âðåìÿ êàê ìû ðàçãðóæàëè ï/õ «Ïñêîâ», ìû îáíàðóæèëè ìåøêè, êîòîðûå áûëè ïîâðåæäåíû ìîðñêîé âîäîé. 447  ýòîì ïðèìåðå ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòíîñÿòñÿ ê ðàçíûì ÷ëåíàì ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ: ïåðâîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñêàçóåìîìó discovered è îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ when? êîãäà?, ÿâëÿÿñü ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì âðåìåíè, âòîðîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîïîëíåíèþ some bags è îòâå÷àåò íà âîïðîñ what? êàêèå?, ÿâëÿÿñü îïðåäåëèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì. 4. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ìîãóò îòíîñèòüñÿ íå òîëüêî ê ãëàâíîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ, íî è ê äðóãîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó: Íå said that the agents would send us a telegram as soon as the steamer arrived. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî àãåíòû ïîøëþò íàì òåëåãðàììó, êàê òîëüêî ïðèáóäåò ïàðîõîä.  ýòîì ïðèìåðå ïåðâîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå äîïîëíèòåëüíîå îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñêàçóåìîìó ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ said; âòîðîå æå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïðèäàòî÷íîå âðåìåíè îòíîñèòñÿ ê ñêàçóåìîìó ïåðâîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ would send. ЗНАКИ ПРЕПИНАНИЯ (PUNCTUA TION MARKS) (PUNCTUATION Çàïÿòàÿ (The Comma) Çàïÿòàÿ â ïðîñòîì ïðåäëîæåíèè § 136.  ï ð î ñ ò î ì ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è è çàïÿòàÿ ñòàâèòñÿ: 1. Äëÿ ðàçäåëåíèÿ î ä í î ð î ä í û õ ÷ ë å í î â ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è ÿ. Çàïÿòàÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, ÷àñòî ñòàâèòñÿ òàêæå ïåðåä ïîñëåäíèì èç òðåõ èëè áîëåå îäíîðîäíûõ ÷ëåíîâ, ïåðåä êîòîðûì ñòîèò ñîþç and: There are many theatres, museums, and libraries in Petersburg. The steamer was loaded with wheat, barley, and maize.  Ïåòåðáóðãå èìååòñÿ ìíîãî òåàòðîâ, ìóçååâ è áèáëèîòåê. Íà ïàðîõîä ïîãðóçèëè ïøåíèöó, ÿ÷ìåíü è êóêóðóçó. 2. Äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ï ð è ë î æ å í è ÿ ñ ïîÿñíèòåëüíûìè ñëîâàìè, ñòîÿùåãî ïîñëå îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî: Pushkin, the great Russian poet, was born in 1799. Ïóøêèí, âåëèêèé ðóññêèé ïîýò, ðîäèëñÿ â 1799 ã. 3. Äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîãî ï ð è ÷ à ñ ò í î ã î î á î ð î ò à: Cuba imports different foodstuffs, the main imported commodity being rice. The manager being absent, the question was postponed. 448 Êóáà ââîçèò ðàçëè÷íûå ïðîäóêòû ïèòàíèÿ, ïðè÷åì ãëàâíûì èìïîðòèðóåìûì òîâàðîì ÿâëÿåòñÿ ðèñ. Òàê êàê çàâåäóþùåãî íå áûëî, âîïðîñ áûë îòëîæåí. 4. Äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, â â î ä í û õ ñ ë î â, ñ ë î â î ñ î ÷ å ò à í è é è â â î ä í û õ ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é: Fortunately, the fire was discovered before it did much damage. In all probability, the steamer will arrive at the end of the week. His brother, I have forgotten to mention, was a doctor. Ê ñ÷àñòüþ, îãîíü áûë îáíàðóæåí, ïðåæäå ÷åì îí ïðè÷èíèë áîëüøîé óùåðá. Ïî âñåé âåðîÿòíîñòè, ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò â êîíöå íåäåëè. Åãî áðàò, ÿ çàáûë óïîìÿíóòü, áûë âðà÷îì. 5. Äëÿ âûäåëåíèÿ î á ð à ù å í è ÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: Porter, take this trunk, please. Helen, where is my red pencil? Íîñèëüùèê, âîçüìèòå ýòîò ÷åìîäàí, ïîæàëóéñòà. Åëåíà, ãäå ìîé êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø? Ïîñëå îáðàùåíèÿ â íà÷àëå ïèñüìà ñòàâèòñÿ çàïÿòàÿ, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, â êîòîðîì â ïîäîáíîì ñëó÷àå ñòàâèòñÿ âîñêëèöàòåëüíûé çíàê: Dear Friend, We have just received your letter... Äîðîãîé äðóã! Ìû òîëüêî ÷òî ïîëó÷èëè Âàøå ïèñüìî  ÑØÀ â äåëîâûõ ïèñüìàõ ïîñëå îáðàùåíèÿ îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ äâîåòî÷èå: Dear Sirs: In answer to your letter... Ìèëîñòèâûå ãîñóäàðè!  îòâåò íà Âàøå ïèñüìî... 6. Ïåðåä ïîäïèñüþ ïîñëå çàêëþ÷èòåëüíûõ ôîðìóë â êîíöå ïèñåì: Yours faithfully, George Brown Ïðåäàííûé Âàì Äæîðäæ Áðàóí 7.  îáîçíà÷åíèÿõ äàò äëÿ îòäåëåíèÿ ÷èñëà îò ãîäà: The contract was concluded on the 15th of September, 1985. Êîíòðàêò áûë çàêëþ÷åí 15 ñåíòÿáðÿ 1985 ãîäà. 8. Äëÿ ðàçäåëåíèÿ ÷àñòåé àäðåñà (íàçâàíèÿ àäðåñàòà, óëèöû, ãîðîäà, ïî÷òîâîãî ðàéîíà, ñòðàíû): Messrs. Smith and Co., 20 High Street, London, E. C., England. 449 Çàïÿòàÿ â ñëîæíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè § 137.  ñ ë î æ í î ñ î ÷ è í å í í î ì ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è é çàïÿòàÿ îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ ìåæäó ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, âõîäÿùèìè â åãî ñîñòàâ, ïåðåä ñî÷èíèòåëüíûì ñîþçîì: The contract provided for prompt delivery of the goods, and the buyers immediately chartered a steamer for their transportation. The buyers made a claim against the sellers, but the latter refused to admit it. Êîíòðàêò ïðåäóñìàòðèâàë ñðî÷íóþ ïîñòàâêó òîâàðîâ, è ïîêóïàòåëè íåìåäëåííî çàôðàõòîâàëè ïàðîõîä äëÿ èõ ïåðåâîçêè. Ïîêóïàòåëè ïðåäúÿâèëè ïðåòåíçèþ ê ïðîäàâöàì, íî ïîñëåäíèå îòêàçàëèñü ïðèçíàòü åå. § 138.  ñ ë î æ í î ï î ä ÷ è í å í í î ì ï ð å ä ë î æ å í è è óïîòðåáëåíèå çàïÿòîé çíà÷èòåëüíî îòëè÷àåòñÿ îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà.  òî âðåìÿ êàê â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå âñåãäà îòäåëÿåòñÿ çàïÿòîé îò ãëàâíîãî, â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé. 1. Ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ï î ä ë å æ à ù è å, ñ ê à ç ó å ì û å è ä î ï î ë í è ò å ë ü í û å íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé: How this happened is not clear to anyone. The trouble is that I have lost his address. He said that the steamer would arrive at the end of the week. He asked how much they had paid for the goods. Íèêîìó íå ÿñíî, êàê ýòî ïðîèçîøëî. Íåïðèÿòíîñòü çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òî ÿ ïîòåðÿë åãî àäðåñ. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïàðîõîä ïðèáóäåò â êîíöå íåäåëè. Îí ñïðîñèë, ñêîëüêî îíè çàïëàòèëè çà òîâàð. 2. Î ï ð å ä å ë è ò å ë ü í û å ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îáû÷íî îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé, êîãäà îíè ÿâëÿþòñÿ î ï è ñ à ò å ë ü í û ì è. Èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèå è êëàññèôèöèðóþùèå îïðåäåëèòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ çàïÿòîé íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ (ñòð. 425): We went to the lake, which was very stormy that day. I spoke to the manager, who promised to ship the goods at once. Ho: He did not see the letters which were lying on the table. A letter which is written in pencil is difficult to read. Ìû ïîøëè ê îçåðó, êîòîðîå áûëî î÷åíü áóðíûì â ýòîò äåíü. ß ãîâîðèë ñ çàâåäóþùèì, êîòîðûé îáåùàë îòïðàâèòü òîâàð íåìåäëåííî. Îí íå âèäåë ïèñåì, êîòîðûå ëåæàëè íà ñòîëå. Ïèñüìî, êîòîðîå íàïèñàíî êàðàíäàøîì, òðóäíî ÷èòàòü. 3. Î á ñ ò î ÿ ò å ë ü ñ ò â å í í û å ïðèäàòî÷íûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòîé â òîì ñëó÷àå, êîãäà îíè ñòîÿò ï å ð å ä ãëàâíûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì: 450 If I see him, I shall tell him about it. After the goods had been examined, we left the customhouse. Åñëè ÿ åãî óâèæó, ÿ ñêàæó åìó îá ýòîì. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê òîâàðû áûëè äîñìîòðåíû, ìû óøëè èç òàìîæíè. Êîãäà îáñòîÿòåëüñòâåííûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñòîÿò ïîñëå ãëàâíîãî, îíè çàïÿòîé íå îòäåëÿþòñÿ: I shall tell him about it if I see him. We left the customhouse after the goods had been examined. Òî÷êà ñ çàïÿòîé (The Semicolon) § 139. Òî÷êà ñ çàïÿòîé ñòàâèòñÿ ìåæäó ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè, âõîäÿùèìè â ñîñòàâ ñëîæíîñî÷èíåííîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, ïðè îòñóòñòâèè ñî÷èíèòåëüíûõ ñîþçîâ: The signal was given; the steamer Ñèãíàë áûë äàí; ïàðîõîä ìåäëåímoved slowly from the dock. íî îòîøåë îò ïðèñòàíè. He will return from London in June; Îí âîçâðàòèòñÿ èç Ëîíäîíà â èþíå; åãî ñåñòðà ïðîáóäåò òàì his sister will stay there another åùå ìåñÿö. month. Äâîåòî÷èå (The Colon) § 140. Äâîåòî÷èå ñòàâèòñÿ: 1. Ïåðåä öèòàòîé: The Government declared: This decision will be taken on the 1st of October. Ïðàâèòåëüñòâî çàÿâèëî: «Ýòî ðåøåíèå áóäåò ïðèíÿòî 1 îêòÿáðÿ». 2. Ïåðåä äëèííûì òåêñòîì ïðÿìîé ðå÷è: Íå said: We agree to accept your offer provided the rate of freight is reduced to eighteen shillings. Îí ñêàçàë: «Ìû ñîãëàñíû ïðèíÿòü âàøå ïðåäëîæåíèå ïðè óñëîâèè, åñëè ñòàâêà ôðàõòà áóäåò ñíèæåíà äî âîñåìíàäöàòè øèëëèíãîâ». ÏÐÈÌÅ×ÀÍÈÅ. Ïåðåä êîðîòêèì òåêñòîì ïðÿìîé ðå÷è îáû÷íî ñòàâèòñÿ çàïÿòàÿ: Íå said, Wait for me. Îí ñêàçàë: «Æäèòå ìåíÿ». Íå asked me, Are you cold? Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ: «Âàì õîëîäíî?» 3. Ïåðåä ïåðå÷èñëÿåìûìè îäíîðîäíûìè ÷ëåíàìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿ; â ýòîì ñëó÷àå èì ÷àñòî ïðåäøåñòâóåò êàêîå-íèáóäü îáîáùàþùåå ñëîâî (as follows, the following, namely, for example è äð.): The agreement provides for the delivery of the following raw materials: cotton, wool, jute and others. Ñîãëàøåíèå ïðåäóñìàòðèâàåò ïîñòàâêó ñëåäóþùèõ âèäîâ ñûðüÿ: õëîïêà, øåðñòè, äæóòà è äð. 451 Òî÷êà (The Full Stop or Period) § 141. Òî÷êà ñòàâèòñÿ: 1.  êîíöå ïîâåñòâîâàòåëüíûõ è ïîâåëèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé: The goods were shipped yesterday. Òîâàðû áûëè îòãðóæåíû â÷åðà. 2. Ïðè ñîêðàùåíèè ñëîâ: Mr. Mister Mrs. Missis, Mistress Co. Company Ltd. Limited Âîïðîñèòåëüíûé çíàê (The Note of Interrogation) § 142. Âîïðîñèòåëüíûé çíàê ñòàâèòñÿ â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèé, âûðàæàþùèõ âîïðîñ: Where is my red pencil? Ãäå ìîé êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø? How old are you? Ñêîëüêî âàì ëåò? Ïîñëå êîñâåííîãî âîïðîñà, ò. å. âîïðîñà, ïåðåäàííîãî â êîñâåííîé ðå÷è è ÿâëÿþùåãîñÿ äîïîëíèòåëüíûì ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì, ñòàâèòñÿ íå âîïðîñèòåëüíûé çíàê, à òî÷êà, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: Íå asked where his red pencil was. Îí ñïðîñèë, ãäå åãî êðàñíûé êàðàíäàø. She asked him how old he was. Îíà ñïðîñèëà åãî, ñêîëüêî åìó ëåò.  êîíöå êîñâåííîãî âîïðîñà, îäíàêî, ñòàâèòñÿ, êàê è â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, âîïðîñèòåëüíûé çíàê, êîãäà ãëàâíîå ïðåäëîæåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ âîïðîñèòåëüíûì: Did you ask him at what time the Ñïðîñèëè ëè âû åãî, êîãäà îòõîtrain leaves? äèò ïîåçä? Do you know when he will come? Çíàåòå ëè âû, êîãäà îí ïðèäåò? Âîñêëèöàòåëüíûé çíàê (The Note of Exclamation) § 143. Âîñêëèöàòåëüíûé çíàê ñòàâèòñÿ â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèé, â êîòîðûõ âûñêàçûâàåìàÿ ìûñëü ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ñèëüíûì ÷óâñòâîì: How glad I am to see you! Êàê ÿ ðàä âàñ âèäåòü! What a fine building! Êàêîå ïðåêðàñíîå çäàíèå! Êàâû÷êè (The Inverted Commas) § 144. Êàâû÷êè ñòàâÿòñÿ äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ íà÷àëà è êîíöà ïðÿìîé ðå÷è è öèòàòû. Âñòóïèòåëüíûå êàâû÷êè, â îòëè÷èå îò ðóññêîãî ÿçûêà, ñòàâÿòñÿ íà ëèíèè âåðõíåãî ñðåçà ñòðîêè òàê æå, êàê è â êîíöå ïðÿìîé ðå÷è èëè öèòàòû: Íå said, She will come in the even- Îí ñêàçàë: «Îíà ïðèäåò âå÷åðîì». ing. 452 Àïîñòðîô (The Apostrophe) § 145. Çíàê àïîñòðîôà óêàçûâàåò íà ïðîïóñê áóêâ: its = it is; dont = do not; havent = have not. Çíàê àïîñòðîôà óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ òàêæå äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà èìåí ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: the students dictionary ñëîâàðü ñòóäåíòà, the students dictionaries ñëîâàðè ñòóäåíòîâ. ×åðòî÷êà èëè äåôèñ (The Hyphen) § 146. ×åðòî÷êà (äåôèñ) ñòàâèòñÿ äëÿ ñîåäèíåíèÿ ÷àñòåé ñîñòàâíûõ ñëîâ: reading-room ÷èòàëüíûé çàë; commander-in-chief ãëàâíîêîìàíäóþùèé; dark-blue òåìíî-ñèíèé. 453 ÏÐÈËÎÆÅÍÈß I. СЛОВООБР АЗОВАНИЕ*) СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ*) § 1.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ðàçëè÷àþò äâà ñïîñîáà îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñëîâ: 1. Ñ ë î â î ï ð î è ç â î ä ñ ò â î, ò. å. îáðàçîâàíèå îäíîãî ñëîâà èç äðóãîãî. 2. Ñ ë î â î ñ ë î æ å í è å, ò. å. îáðàçîâàíèå îäíîãî ñëîâà ïóòåì ñîåäèíåíèÿ äâóõ ñëîâ. ÑËÎÂÎÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ ìè à) á) â) ã) § 2. Îáðàçîâàíèå îäíîãî ñëîâà èç äðóãîãî ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ñëåäóþùèñïîñîáàìè: áåç âñÿêîãî èçìåíåíèÿ ïðîèçíîøåíèÿ è íàïèñàíèÿ ñëîâà; ïðè ïîìîùè èçìåíåíèÿ ìåñòà óäàðåíèÿ; ïðè ïîìîùè ÷åðåäîâàíèÿ çâóêîâ; ïðè ïîìîùè àôôèêñîâ (ïðåôèêñîâ è ñóôôèêñîâ). ÑËÎÂÎÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ ÁÅÇ ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈß ÏÐÎÈÇÍÎØÅÍÈß È ÍÀÏÈÑÀÍÈß ÑËÎÂÀ § 3.  àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñëîâà, ÿâëÿþùèåñÿ ðàçëè÷íûìè ÷àñòÿìè ðå÷è, ñîâïàäàþò â ïðîèçíîøåíèè è íàïèñàíèè. Âîïðîñ î òîì, êàêîé ÷àñòüþ ðå÷è ÿâëÿåòñÿ òàêîå ñëîâî, ðàçðåøàåòñÿ íà îñíîâàíèè åãî ôîðìàëüíûõ è ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèõ ïðèçíàêîâ. Òàêîå ñîâïàäåíèå ôîðì îñîáåííî ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ó ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ è ãëàãîëîâ: Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå Ãëàãîëû answer îòâåò to answer îòâå÷àòü change èçìåíåíèå to change ìåíÿòü class êëàññ to class êëàññèôèöèðîâàòü hand ðóêà to hand âðó÷àòü measure ìåðà to measure ìåðèòü order ïðèêàç to order ïðèêàçûâàòü place ìåñòî to place ïîìåùàòü purchase ïîêóïêà to purchase ïîêóïàòü walk õîäüáà, ïðîãóëêà to walk õîäèòü, ãóëÿòü work ðàáîòà to work ðàáîòàòü *) Ñâåäåíèÿ î ñëîâîîáðàçîâàíèè äàíû ïðè îòäåëüíûõ ÷àñòÿõ ðå÷è. Íàñòîÿùåå ïðèëîæåíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñâîäêîé óæå èçëîæåííûõ ñïîñîáîâ îáðàçîâàíèÿ ñëîâ â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñ íåêîòîðûìè äîïîëíåíèÿìè. 454 Ñîâïàäåíèå ôîðì âñòðå÷àåòñÿ òàêæå ó ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è ãëàãîëîâ: Ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå clean ÷èñòûé dirty ãðÿçíûé empty ïóñòîé free ñâîáîäíûé Ãëàãîëû to to to to clean ÷èñòèòü dirty ãðÿçíèòü empty îïóñòîøàòü free îñâîáîæäàòü  íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñîâïàäåíèå ôîðì âñòðå÷àåòñÿ ó íåñêîëüêèõ ÷àñòåé ðå÷è. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, ñëîâî light ìîæåò áûòü ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñâåò, ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì ñâåòëûé è ãëàãîëîì çàæèãàòü, îñâåùàòü. ÑËÎÂÎÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ ÏÐÈ ÏÎÌÎÙÈ ÈÇÌÅÍÅÍÈß ÌÅÑÒÀ ÓÄÀÐÅÍÈß § 4. Ôîðìû ìíîãèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ñîâïàäàþò ñ ôîðìàìè ãëàãîëîâ, íî îòëè÷àþòñÿ îò íèõ óäàðåíèåì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå èìåþò óäàðåíèå íà ïåðâîì ñëîãå, à ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èì ãëàãîëû íà âòîðîì: Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå íncrease óâåëè÷åíèå éxport ýêñïîðò ímport èìïîðò ínsult îñêîðáëåíèå Ãëàãîëû to to to to incréase óâåëè÷èâàòü(-ñÿ) expórt ýêñïîðòèðîâàòü impórt èìïîðòèðîâàòü insúlt îñêîðáëÿòü ÑËÎÂÎÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ ÏÐÈ ÏÎÌÎÙÈ ×ÅÐÅÄÎÂÀÍÈß ÇÂÓÊΠ§ 5. Ìíîãèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå è ãëàãîëû, îáðàçîâàííûå îò îäíîãî êîðíÿ, ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ ÷åðåäîâàíèåì ïîñëåäíåãî ñîãëàñíîãî çâóêà, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ãëóõèì â ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîì è çâîíêèì â ãëàãîëå. Ïðè ýòîì â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ ÷åðåäîâàíèå ïîñëåäíåãî ñîãëàñíîãî çâóêà ñîïðîâîæäàåòñÿ ÷åðåäîâàíèåì êîðíåâîãî ãëàñíîãî çâóêà è èçìåíåíèåì íàïèñàíèÿ ñëîâà: Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå excuse [Iks'kju:s] èçâèíåíèå use [ju:s] óïîòðåáëåíèå advice [Ad'vaIs] ñîâåò belief [bI'li:f] âåðà, óáåæäåíèå life [laIf] æèçíü proof [pru:f] äîêàçàòåëüñòâî choice [tSDIs] âûáîð loss [lDs] ïîòåðÿ Ãëàãîëû to to to to to to to to excuse [Iks'kju:z] èçâèíÿòü use [ju:z] óïîòðåáëÿòü advise [Ad'vaIz] ñîâåòîâàòü believe [bI'li:v] âåðèòü, äóìàòü live [lIv] æèòü prove [pru:v] äîêàçûâàòü choose [tSu:z] âûáèðàòü lose [lu:z] òåðÿòü 455 Íåêîòîðûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå è ãëàãîëû ðàçëè÷àþòñÿ òîëüêî ÷åðåäîâàíèåì êîðíåâûõ ãëàñíûõ çâóêîâ ïðè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåì èçìåíåíèè íàïèñàíèÿ ñëîâà: Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå Ãëàãîëû blood [blEd] êðîâü to bleed [bli:d] êðîâîòî÷èòü, èñòåêàòü êðîâüþ to feed [fi:d] ïèòàòü(-ñÿ) to shoot [Su:t] ñòðåëÿòü to sing [sIN] ïåòü food [fu:d] ïèùà shot [SDt] âûñòðåë song [sDN] ïåñíÿ ÑËÎÂÎÏÐÎÈÇÂÎÄÑÒÂÎ ÏÐÈ ÏÎÌÎÙÈ ÀÔÔÈÊÑΠ§ 6. Îáðàçîâàíèå ñëîâ ìîæåò ïðîèñõîäèòü ïðè ïîìîùè àôôèêñîâ ï ð å ô è ê ñ î â è ñ ó ô ô è ê ñ î â. Ïðåôèêñû ñòîÿò â íà÷àëå ñëîâà, à ñóôôèêñû â êîíöå ñëîâà. Ï ð å ô è ê ñ û èçìåíÿþò çíà÷åíèå ñëîâà, íî íå ìåíÿþò åãî ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ê òîé èëè èíîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è: order (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå) ïîðÿäîê happy (ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå) ñ÷àñòëèâûé to appear (ãëàãîë) ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ disorder (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå) áåñïîðÿäîê unhappy (ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå) íåñ÷àñòíûé to reappear (ãëàãîë) âíîâü ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ Ñ ó ô ô è ê ñ û ñëóæàò äëÿ îáðàçîâàíèÿ îäíîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è èç äðóãîé: beauty (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå) êðàñîòà strength (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå) ñèëà happy (ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå) ñ÷àñòëèâûé calm (ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå) ñïîêîéíûé to read (ãëàãîë) ÷èòàòü beautiful (ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå) êðàñèâûé to strengthen (ãëàãîë) óñèëèâàòü, (-ñÿ) happiness (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå) ñ÷àñòüå calmly (íàðå÷èå) ñïîêîéíî reader (ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå) ÷èòàòåëü Íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûå ïðåôèêñû Ïðåôèêñû ñ îòðèöàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì § 7. Ê ïðåôèêñàì ñ îòðèöàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì îòíîñÿòñÿ un-, in-, dis-, non-. Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå òîãî èëè äðóãîãî îòðèöàòåëüíîãî ïðåôèêñà íå ïîä÷èíÿåòñÿ îïðåäåëåííûì ïðàâèëàì è çàâèñèò îò óñòàíîâèâøåãîñÿ ñëîâîóïîòðåáëåíèÿ â ÿçûêå: un comfortable óäîáíûé equal ðàâíûé 456 uncomfortable íåóäîáíûé unequal íåðàâíûé expected îæèäàåìûé happy ñ÷àñòëèâûé important âàæíûé known èçâåñòíûé limited îãðàíè÷åííûé official îôèöèàëüíûé pleasant ïðèÿòíûé unexpected íåîæèäàííûé unhappy íåñ÷àñòíûé unimportant íåâàæíûé unknown íåèçâåñòíûé unlimited íåîãðàíè÷åííûé unofficial íåîôèöèàëüíûé unpleasant íåïðèÿòíûé Ïðåôèêñ un- èíîãäà ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ê ãëàãîëàì, âûðàæàÿ ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîå äåéñòâèå: to to to to to dress îäåâàòüñÿ load ãðóçèòü lock çàïèðàòü pack óïàêîâûâàòü tie ñâÿçûâàòü inability ñïîñîáíîñòü adequate äîñòàòî÷íûé capable ñïîñîáíûé comparable ñðàâíèìûé complete ïîëíûé direct ïðÿìîé experienced îïûòíûé to to to to to undress ðàçäåâàòüñÿ unload ðàçãðóæàòü unlock îòïèðàòü unpack ðàñïàêîâûâàòü untie ðàçâÿçûâàòü inability íåñïîñîáíîñòü inadequate íåäîñòàòî÷íûé incapable íåñïîñîáíûé incomparable íåñðàâíèìûé incomplete íåïîëíûé indirect êîñâåííûé inexperienced íåîïûòíûé Ïåðåä l ïðåôèêñ in- ïðåâðàùàåòñÿ â il-, ïåðåä r â ir-, à ïåðåä m è p â im-: legal çàêîííûé logical ëîãè÷íûé regular ðåãóëÿðíûé resolute ðåøèòåëüíûé responsible îòâåòñòâåííûé mobile ïîäâèæíûé patient òåðïåëèâûé possible âîçìîæíûé probable âåðîÿòíûé illegal íåçàêîííûé illogical íåëîãè÷íûé irregular íåðåãóëÿðíûé irresolute íåðåøèòåëüíûé irresponsible áåçîòâåòñòâåííûé immobile íåïîäâèæíûé impatient íåòåðïåëèâûé impossible íåâîçìîæíûé improbable íåâåðîÿòíûé disÝòîò ïðåôèêñ ìîæåò âûðàæàòü êàê îòðèöàíèå, òàê è ïðîòèâîïîëîæíîå äåéñòâèå: à) î ò ð è ö à í è å: to approve îäîáðÿòü to like ëþáèòü to obey ïîâèíîâàòüñÿ honest ÷åñòíûé to disapprove íå îäîáðÿòü to dislike íå ëþáèòü to disobey íå ïîâèíîâàòüñÿ dishonest áåñ÷åñòíûé 457 á) ï ð î ò è â î ï î ë î æ í î å ä å é ñ ò â è å: to appear ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ to disappear èñ÷åçàòü to arm âîîðóæàòü, (-ñÿ) to disarm ðàçîðóæàòü, (-ñÿ) to connect ñîåäèíÿòü to disconnect ðàçúåäèíÿòü nonÑëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì non- áîëüøåé ÷àñòüþ ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: conductor ïðîâîäíèê (òåïëîòû, ýëåêòðè÷åñòâà) essential ñóùåñòâåííûé ferrous ñîäåðæàùèé æåëåçî, ÷åðíûé (î ìåòàëëå) non-conductor íåïðîâîäíèê non-essential íåñóùåñòâåííûé non-ferrous íå ñîäåðæàùèé æåëåçà, öâåòíîé (î ìåòàëëå) Ïðåôèêñû ñ ðàçíûìè çíà÷åíèÿìè § 8. re- ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñíîâà, çàíîâî, âíîâü (âî ìíîãèõ ñëó÷àÿõ ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêîé ïðèñòàâêå ïåðå-). Ñëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì re- ÷àñòî ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: to appear ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ to consider ðàññìàòðèâàòü to construct ñòðîèòü to to to to to to elect èçáèðàòü export ýêñïîðòèðîâàòü open îòêðûâàòü read ÷èòàòü sell ïðîäàâàòü write ïèñàòü to reappear ñíîâà ïîÿâëÿòüñÿ to reconsider ñíîâà ðàññìàòðèâàòü, ïåðåñìàòðèâàòü to reconstruct ðåêîíñòðóèðîâàòü, ïåðåñòðàèâàòü to re-elect ïåðåèçáèðàòü to re-export ðåýêñïîðòèðîâàòü to reopen âíîâü îòêðûâàòü to re-read ïåðå÷èòûâàòü to resell ïåðåïðîäàâàòü to re-write ïåðåïèñûâàòü mis- ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåïðàâèëüíî, íåâåðíî: to hear ñëûøàòü to mishear îñëûøàòüñÿ, íåïðàâèëüíî óñëûøàòü to inform èíôîðìèðîâàòü to misinform íåïðàâèëüíî èíôîðìèðîâàòü to interpret òîëêîâàòü to misinterpret íåïðàâèëüíî òîëêîâàòü to lead âåñòè to mislead ââîäèòü â çàáëóæäåíèå to quote öèòèðîâàòü to misquote íåïðàâèëüíî öèòèðîâàòü to understand ïîíèìàòü to misunderstand íåïðàâèëüíî ïîíèìàòü over- ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñâåðõ, ÷ðåçìåðíî (÷àñòî ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðèñòàâêå ïåðå-). Ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåôèêñó under-: 458 to charge íàçíà÷àòü öåíó to estimate îöåíèâàòü to load ãðóçèòü to pay ïëàòèòü, îïëà÷èâàòü to value îöåíèâàòü production ïðîèçâîäñòâî to overcharge íàçíà÷àòü (âçèìàòü) ÷ðåçìåðíóþ öåíó to overestimate ïåðåîöåíèâàòü to overload ïåðåãðóæàòü to overpay ïåðåïëà÷èâàòü to overvalue ïåðåîöåíèâàòü overproduction ïåðåïðîèçâîäñòâî under- ñî çíà÷åíèåì íåäîñòàòî÷íî. Ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåôèêñó over-: to charge íàçíà÷àòü öåíó to value îöåíèâàòü to pay ïëàòèòü, îïëà÷èâàòü production ïðîèçâîäñòâî to undercharge íàçíà÷àòü (âçèìàòü) ñëèøêîì íèçêóþ öåíó to undervalue íåäîîöåíèâàòü to underpay îïëà÷èâàòü íèçêî underproduction íåäîñòàòî÷íîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî pre- ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïåðåä, ðàíåå; ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðèñòàâêå äî-. Ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåôèêñó post-. Ñëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì pre- ÷àñòî ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: historic èñòîðè÷åñêèé revolutionary ðåâîëþöèîííûé war âîéíà capitalist êàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèé prehistoric äîèñòîðè÷åñêèé pre-revolutionary äîðåâîëþöèîííûé pre-war äîâîåííûé pre-capitalist äîêàïèòàëèñòè÷åñêèé post- ñî çíà÷åíèåì ïîñëå. Ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ïðåôèêñó pre-. Ñëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì post- ÷àñòî ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: revolutionary ðåâîëþöèîííûé post-revolutionary ïîñëåðåâîëþöèîííûé war âîéíà post-war ïîñëåâîåííûé anti- ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðèñòàâêàì àíòè-, ïðîòèâî-. Ñëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì anti- ÷àñòî ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: aircraft ñàìîëåò cyclone öèêëîí fascist ôàøèñò war âîåííûé anti-aircraft ïðîòèâîñàìîëåòíûé, ïðîòèâîâîçäóøíûé anticyclone àíòèöèêëîí anti-fascist àíòèôàøèñò antiwar àíòèâîåííûé counter- ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðèñòàâêàì êîíòð-, ïðîòèâî-. Ñëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì counter- ÷àñòî ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: to act äåéñòâîâàòü to counteract ïðîòèâîäåéñòâîâàòü action äåéñòâèå counteraction ïðîòèâîäåéñòâèå attack àòàêà counter-attack êîíòðàòàêà 459 claim ïðåòåíçèÿ offer ïðåäëîæåíèå counter-claim êîíòðïðåòåíçèÿ counter-offer êîíòðïðåäëîæåíèå co- îçíà÷àåò îáùíîñòü äåéñòâèÿ, ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî. Ñëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì co- ÷àñòî ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: author àâòîð co-author ñîàâòîð education îáðàçîâàíèå co-education ñîâìåñòíîå îáó÷åíèå ëèö îáîåãî ïîëà existence ñóùåñòâîâàíèå co-existence ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèå operation äåéñòâèå co-operation ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî, êîîïåðàöèÿ inter- ñî çíà÷åíèåì ìåæäó, ñðåäè, âçàèìíî: national íàöèîíàëüíûé international èíòåðíàöèîíàëüíûé, ìåæäóíàðîäíûé action äåéñòâèå interaction âçàèìîäåéñòâèå dependent çàâèñèìûé interdependent çàâèñÿùèé îäèí îò äðóãîãî session ñåññèÿ inter-session ìåæñåññèîííûé town ãîðîä intertown ìåæäóãîðîäíûé ex- ñî çíà÷åíèåì ýêñ-, áûâøèé. Ñëîâà ñ ýòèì ïðåôèêñîì ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: ex-champion áûâøèé (ýêñ-)÷åìïèîí ex-minister áûâøèé (ýêñ-)ìèíèñòð ex-president áûâøèé (ýêñ-)ïðåçèäåíò sub- ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ïðèñòàâêå ïîä-: committee êîìèññèÿ subcommittee ïîäêîìèññèÿ conscious ñîçíàòåëüíûé subconscious ïîäñîçíàòåëüíûé division ðàçäåëåíèå subdivision ïîäðàçäåëåíèå marine ìîðñêîé submarine ïîäâîäíûé ultra- ñî çíà÷åíèåì óëüòðà-, ñâåðõ. Ñëîâà ñ ïðåôèêñîì ultra- ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: ultra-imperialism óëüòðàèìïåðèàëèçì ultra-microscopic óëüòðàìèêðîñêîïè÷åñêèé ultra-short óëüòðàêîðîòêèé ultra-violet óëüòðàôèîëåòîâûé en- èìååò ÷àñòî çíà÷åíèå äåëàòü (ñð. ñóôôèêñ -en): circle êðóã to encircle îêðóæàòü (äåëàòü êðóã) large áîëüøîé to enlarge óâåëè÷èâàòü (äåëàòü áîëüøèì) rich áîãàòûé to enrich îáîãàùàòü (äåëàòü áîãàòûì) slave ðàá to enslave ïîðàáîùàòü (äåëàòü ðàáîì) 460 § 9.  ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå èìååòñÿ áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñëîâ ñ ðàçíîîáðàçíûìè ïðåôèêñàìè, ÷àñòè÷íî èëè ïîëíîñòüþ óòðàòèâøèìè ñâîå çíà÷åíèå. Ýòè ñëîâà íåäåëèìû è íå îñîçíàþòñÿ êàê îáðàçîâàííûå ñ ïîìîùüþ ïðåôèêñîâ. Ïðè îòäåëåíèè ïðåôèêñà îñòàþùàÿñÿ ÷àñòü ñëîâà èëè âîâñå íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé àíãëèéñêîãî ñëîâà, èëè æå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñëîâî, çíà÷åíèå êîòîðîãî íå èìååò íè÷åãî îáùåãî ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñëîâà ñ íåîòäåëåííûì ïðåôèêñîì. Òàêîâû, íàïðèìåð, ñëîâà: remain, refuse, reduce, dispatch, discuss, dispute, precise, prepare, preside, submit, subject è ìíîãèå äðóãèå. Òàê, ïðè îòäåëåíèè îò ñëîâ dispute ñïîðèòü, reduce ïîíèæàòü, precise òî÷íûé, submit ïðåäîñòàâëÿòü ïðèñòàâîê dis-, re-, pre- è sub- îñòàþùèåñÿ ÷àñòè pute, duce, cise, mit íå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûõ ñëîâ.  ñëîâàõ remain îñòàâàòüñÿ, dispatch îòïðàâëÿòü îñòàþùèåñÿ ïîñëå îòäåëåíèÿ ñóôôèêñîâ ÷àñòè ñëîâ main è patch, õîòÿ è ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñîáîé ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûå ñëîâà (main ãëàâíûé è patch ïÿòíî), îäíàêî èõ çíà÷åíèÿ íå ñâÿçàíû ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñëîâ remain è dispatch. Íàèáîëåå óïîòðåáèòåëüíûå ñóôôèêñû Ñóôôèêñû ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ § 10. 1. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ë è ö à: -er, -or)* ïðèñîåäèíÿþòñÿ ê ãëàãîëàì äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äåéñòâóþùåãî ëèöà: to buy ïîêóïàòü buyer ïîêóïàòåëü to direct ðóêîâîäèòü director äèðåêòîð to inspect èíñïåêòèðîâàòü inspector èíñïåêòîð to invent èçîáðåòàòü inventor èçîáðåòàòåëü to produce ïðîèçâîäèòü producer ïðîèçâîäèòåëü to sell ïðîäàâàòü seller ïðîäàâåö to supply ïîñòàâëÿòü supplier ïîñòàâùèê to teach ó÷èòü teacher ó÷èòåëü to translate ïåðåâîäèòü translator ïåðåâîä÷èê to visit ïîñåùàòü visitor ïîñåòèòåëü to work ðàáîòàòü worker ðàáî÷èé to write ïèñàòü writer ïèñàòåëü -ist ñëóæèò, êàê è ñóôôèêñ -èñò â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ê ïîëèòè÷åñêîìó èëè íàó÷íîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ: idealist èäåàëèñò terrorist òåððîðèñò extremist ýêñòðåìèñò physicist ôèçèê Ñóôôèêñó -ist ñîîòâåòñòâóåò â îòâëå÷åííûõ èìåíàõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ñóôôèêñ -ism (ñðàâíèòå ñóôôèêñ -èçì â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå): *) -or ïðèñîåäèíÿåòñÿ ê ãëàãîëàì ëàòèíñêîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ. 461 idealism terrorism extremism materialism èäåàëèçì òåððîðèçì ýêñòðåìèçì ìàòåðèàëèçì -ee ñëóæèò äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ ëèöà, íà êîòîðîå íàïðàâëåíî äåéñòâèå: to to to to address àäðåñîâàòü consign îòïðàâëÿòü (òîâàð, ãðóç) lease ñäàâàòü â àðåíäó pay ïëàòèòü to trust äîâåðÿòü addressee àäðåñàò consignee ãðóçîïîëó÷àòåëü lessee àðåíäàòîð payee ïîëó÷àòåëü ïëàòåæà (ïî ÷åêó, âåêñåëþ è ïð.) trustee äîâåðåííîå ëèöî -ian ñëóæèò äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ íàöèîíàëüíîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè: Russian Ukrainian Bulgarian Hungarian Norwegian ðóññêèé óêðàèíåö áîëãàðèí âåíãåðåö íîðâåæåö 2. Äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ î ò â ë å ÷ å í í û õ ñ ó ù å ñ ò â è ò å ë ü í û õ (â îòäåëüíûõ ñëó÷àÿõ òàêæå êîíêðåòíûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ). -age îáû÷íî îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò ãëàãîëîâ: to leak ïðîòåêàòü to marry æåíèòüñÿ, âûõîäèòü çàìóæ to pass ïðîõîäèòü leakage óòå÷êà marriage áðàê passage ïðîõîä -ance, -ence (ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå èìåþò ñóôôèêñ -ant, -ent): important âàæíûé different ðàçëè÷íûé insistent íàñòîé÷èâûé resistant ñîïðîòèâëÿþùèéñÿ importance âàæíîñòü difference ðàçëè÷èå insistence íàñòîé÷èâîñòü resistance ñîïðîòèâëåíèå -dom îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: free ñâîáîäíûé freedom ñâîáîäà wise ìóäðûé wisdom ìóäðîñòü king êîðîëü kingdom êîðîëåâñòâî -hood îáû÷íî îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò äðóãèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: brother áðàò brotherhood áðàòñòâî child ðåáåíîê childhood äåòñòâî 462 man ìóæ÷èíà mother ìàòü neighbour ñîñåä manhood ìóæåñòâåííîñòü motherhood ìàòåðèíñòâî neighbourhood ñîñåäñòâî -ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion) îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò ãëàãîëîâ. Ïðè ýòîì â íåêîòîðûõ ñëó÷àÿõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ ïðîèçíîøåíèå, à èíîãäà è íàïèñàíèå ñëîâà: to to to to to to to to to to collect ñîáèðàòü combine êîìáèíèðîâàòü connect ñîåäèíÿòü dictate äèêòîâàòü include âêëþ÷àòü introduce ââîäèòü produce ïðîèçâîäèòü restrict îãðàíè÷èâàòü submit ïîä÷èíÿòüñÿ transmit ïåðåäàâàòü collection ñîáðàíèå, êîëëåêöèÿ combination êîìáèíàöèÿ connection ñîåäèíåíèå dictation äèêòîâêà inclusion âêëþ÷åíèå introduction ââåäåíèå production ïðîèçâîäñòâî restriction îãðàíè÷åíèå submission ïîä÷èíåíèå transmission ïåðåäà÷à -ment îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò ãëàãîëîâ: to agree ñîãëàøàòüñÿ to develop ðàçâèâàòü to govern óïðàâëÿòü to improve óëó÷øàòü to pay ïëàòèòü to settle ðåãóëèðîâàòü agreement ñîãëàñèå, ñîãëàøåíèå development ðàçâèòèå government óïðàâëåíèå, ïðàâèòåëüñòâî improvement óëó÷øåíèå payment ïëàòåæ settlement óðåãóëèðîâàíèå -ness îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ: bitter ãîðüêèé cold õîëîäíûé dark òåìíûé kind äîáðûé weak ñëàáûé bitterness ãîðå÷ü coldness õîëîäíîñòü darkness òåìíîòà kindness äîáðîòà weakness ñëàáîñòü -ship îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò äðóãèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: dictator äèêòàòîð friend äðóã leader âîæäü member ÷ëåí dictatorship äèêòàòóðà friendship äðóæáà leadership ðóêîâîäñòâî membership ÷ëåíñòâî -ure îáðàçóåò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå îò ãëàãîëîâ: to to to to depart óåçæàòü please äîñòàâëÿòü óäîâîëüñòâèå press äàâèòü seize çàõâàòûâàòü departure îòúåçä pleasure óäîâîëüñòâèå pressure äàâëåíèå seizure çàõâàò 463 Ñóôôèêñû ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ § 11. -able, -ible âûðàæàþò âîçìîæíîñòü ïîäâåðãíóòüñÿ äåéñòâèþ, óêàçàííîìó ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ãëàãîëîì: to to to to change èçìåíÿòü(-ñÿ) eat åñòü compare ñðàâíèâàòü convert ïðåâðàùàòü, îáðàùàòü changeable èçìåí÷èâûé eatable ñúåäîáíûé comparable ñðàâíèìûé convertible îáðàòèìûé -al îáðàçóåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: centre öåíòð central öåíòðàëüíûé culture êóëüòóðà cultural êóëüòóðíûé form ôîðìà formal ôîðìàëüíûé intellect èíòåëëåêò intellectual èíòåëëåêòóàëüíûé post ïî÷òà postal ïî÷òîâûé -ant, -ent (ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå èìåþò ñóôôèêñû -ance, -ence § 10): to differ ðàçëè÷àòüñÿ different ðàçëè÷íûé to insist íàñòàèâàòü insistent íàñòîé÷èâûé to resist ñîïðîòèâëÿòüñÿ resistant ñîïðîòèâëÿþùèéñÿ -ful*) îáðàçóåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ è îçíà÷àåò íàëè÷èå êà÷åñòâà. Ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ñóôôèêñó -less, óêàçûâàþùåìó íà îòñóòñòâèå êà÷åñòâà: beauty êðàñîòà beautiful êðàñèâûé care çàáîòà careful çàáîòëèâûé doubt ñîìíåíèå doubtful ñîìíèòåëüíûé fruit ïëîä fruitful ïëîäîðîäíûé, ïëîäîâèòûé use ïîëüçà useful ïîëåçíûé -ish îáðàçóåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå ñî çíà÷åíèÿìè: 1) íàöèîíàëüíîé ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè, 2) ñëàáîé ñòåïåíè êà÷åñòâà (ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ðóññêèì ñóôôèêñàì -îâàò, -åâàò): 1) Dane äàò÷àíèí Danish äàòñêèé Pole ïîëÿê Polish ïîëüñêèé Scott øîòëàíäåö Scottish øîòëàíäñêèé Swede øâåä Swedish øâåäñêèé 2) red êðàñíûé brown êîðè÷íåâûé stout òîëñòûé reddish êðàñíîâàòûé brownish êîðè÷íåâàòûé stoutish òîëñòîâàòûé *) Ñóôôèêñ -ful îáðàçîâàí îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî full ïîëíûé, íî, â îòëè÷èå îò íåãî, ïèøåòñÿ ÷åðåç îäíî l. 464 -ive îáû÷íî îáðàçóåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îò ãëàãîëîâ è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: to act äåéñòâîâàòü to compare ñðàâíèâàòü effect äåéñòâèå to restrict îãðàíè÷èâàòü to talk ðàçãîâàðèâàòü active äåÿòåëüíûé comparative ñðàâíèòåëüíûé effective äåéñòâèòåëüíûé restrictive îãðàíè÷èòåëüíûé talkative ðàçãîâîð÷èâûé -less îáðàçóåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ è îçíà÷àåò îòñóòñòâèå êà÷åñòâà (ïðîòèâîïîëîæåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ ñóôôèêñó -ful). Ñîîòâåòñòâóåò ïðåôèêñó áåç- â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå: hope íàäåæäà use ïîëüçà fruit ïëîä shame ñòûä home äîì help ïîìîùü hopeless áåçíàäåæíûé useless áåñïîëåçíûé fruitless áåñïëîäíûé shameless áåññòûäíûé homeless áåçäîìíûé helpless áåñïîìîùíûé -ous îáðàçóåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: courage ñìåëîñòü danger îïàñíîñòü fame ñëàâà, èçâåñòíîñòü glory ñëàâà courageous ñìåëûé dangerous îïàñíûé famous çíàìåíèòûé, èçâåñòíûé glorious ñëàâíûé -y îáðàçóåò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: cloud îáëàêî dirt ãðÿçü fog òóìàí frost ìîðîç rain äîæäü sun ñîëíöå thirst æàæäà wind âåòåð cloudy îáëà÷íûé dirty ãðÿçíûé foggy òóìàííûé frosty ìîðîçíûé rainy äîæäëèâûé sunny ñîëíå÷íûé thirsty æàæäóùèé windy âåòðåíûé Ñóôôèêñû ãëàãîëîâ § 12. -en ñî çíà÷åíèåì äåëàòü èëè äåëàòüñÿ, ñòàíîâèòüñÿ (ñð. ïðåôèêñ en-). Îáðàçóåò ãëàãîëû îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ è ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: black ÷åðíûé to blacken ÷åðíèòü (äåëàòü ÷åðíûì) sharp îñòðûé to sharpen òî÷èòü (äåëàòü îñòðûì) short êîðîòêèé to shorten óêîðà÷èâàòü (äåëàòü êîðîòêèì), óêîðà÷èâàòüñÿ (ñòàíîâèòüñÿ êîðîòêèì) 465 strength ñèëà wide øèðîêèé to strengthen óñèëèâàòü (äåëàòü ñèëüíûì), óñèëèâàòüñÿ (ñòàíîâèòüñÿ ñèëüíûì) to widen ðàñøèðÿòü (äåëàòü øèðîêèì), ðàñøèðÿòüñÿ (ñòàíîâèòüñÿ øèðîêèì) -fy îáû÷íî îáðàçóåò ãëàãîëû îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ: false ôàëüøèâûé to falsify ôàëüñèôèöèðîâàòü simple ïðîñòîé to simplify óïðîùàòü pure ÷èñòûé to purify î÷èùàòü -ize îáû÷íî îáðàçóåò ãëàãîëû îò ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ: character õàðàêòåð to characterize õàðàêòåðèçîâàòü crystal êðèñòàëë to crystallize êðèñòàëëèçîâàòü, êðèñòàëëèçîâàòüñÿ sympathy ñî÷óâñòâèå to sympathize ñî÷óâñòâîâàòü (Î ñóôôèêñàõ ÷èñëèòåëüíûõ è íàðå÷èé ñìîòðèòå â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðàçäåëàõ.) § 13.  ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ñóùåñòâóåò áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî ñëîâ ñ ðàçíîîáðàçíûìè ñóôôèêñàìè. Ýòè ñëîâà íåäåëèìû è íå îñîçíàþòñÿ êàê îáðàçîâàííûå ñ ïîìîùüþ ñóôôèêñîâ. Ïðè îòäåëåíèè ñóôôèêñà îñòàþùàÿñÿ ÷àñòü íå ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé êàêîãî-ëèáî ñëîâà. Òàêîâû, íàïðèìåð, ñëîâà: cottage, courage, station, session, document, loyal, equal, probable, possible, curious, serious è ìíîãèå äðóãèå. ÑËÎÂÎÑËÎÆÅÍÈÅ § 14. Ìíîãèå ñëîâà â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñîñòàâíûìè, ò. å. îáðàçóþòñÿ ïóòåì ñîåäèíåíèÿ äâóõ ñëîâ â îäíî ñëîâî. Íåêîòîðûå ñîñòàâíûå ñëîâà ïèøóòñÿ ñëèòíî, à äðóãèå ÷åðåç ÷åðòî÷êó (äåôèñ). ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÅ bedroom blackboard ice-box newspaper opera-glasses reading-room schoolboy shoemaker ñïàëüíàÿ (bed êðîâàòü + room êîìíàòà) êëàññíàÿ äîñêà (black ÷åðíûé + board äîñêà) ëåäíèê (ice ëåä + box ÿùèê) ãàçåòà (news íîâîñòü + paper áóìàãà) áèíîêëü (opera îïåðà + glasses î÷êè) ÷èòàëüíÿ (reading ÷òåíèå + room êîìíàòà) øêîëüíèê (school øêîëà + boy ìàëü÷èê) ñàïîæíèê (shoe áîòèíîê + maker òîò, êòî äåëàåò ÷òî-ë.) steamship ïàðîõîä (steam ïàð + ship ñóäíî)  ñîñòàâíûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ óäàðåíèå îáû÷íî ïàäàåò íà ïåðâîå ñëîâî, âõîäÿùåå â åãî ñîñòàâ: newspaper, reading-room. 466 Íåêîòîðûå ñîñòàâíûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå ñîñòîÿò èç äâóõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ñ ïðåäëîãîì ìåæäó íèìè,  ýòîì ñëó÷àå îíè âñåãäà ïèøóòñÿ ÷åðåç äåôèñ: father-in-law òåñòü son-in-law çÿòü commander-in-chief ãëàâíîêîìàíäóþùèé man-of-war âîåííîå ñóäíî mother-of-pearl ïåðëàìóòð ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ ÏÐÈËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ dark-blue first-class red-hot black-bearded òåìíî-ñèíèé (dark òåìíûé + blue ñèíèé) ïåðâîêëàññíûé (first ïåðâûé + class êëàññ) ðàñêàëåííûé äîêðàñíà (red êðàñíûé + hot ãîðÿ÷èé) ÷åðíîáîðîäûé (black ÷åðíûé + bearded áîðîäàòûé) Ñîñòàâíûå ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå îáû÷íî èìåþò äâîéíîå óäàðåíèå: dárkblúe, bláck-béarded. ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈß somebody êòî-òî, nothing íè÷åãî, everyone êàæäûé è äð. ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ to whitewash to broadcast áåëèòü ïåðåäàâàòü ïî ðàäèî Ñîñòàâíûå ãëàãîëû ýòîãî òèïà âñòðå÷àþòñÿ ðåäêî. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûì òèïîì ñîñòàâíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñî÷åòàíèå ãëàãîëîâ ñ íàðå÷èÿìè: to go in âõîäèòü to put on íàäåâàòü to go out âûõîäèòü to take off ñíèìàòü to go away óõîäèòü to pick up ïîäíèìàòü to go up ïîäíèìàòüñÿ to ring up çâîíèòü ïî òåëåôîíó to go on ïðîäîëæàòü to make out ïîíèìàòü ÑÎÑÒÀÂÍÛÅ ÍÀÐÅ×Èß somewhere ãäå-òî, nowhere íèãäå, everywhere âåçäå è äð. 467 Present Past 468 II. ТТАБЛИЦЫ АБЛИЦЫ Continuous I am asking he is asking we are asking you are asking they are asking Am I asking? I am not asking I was asking he was asking we were asking you were asking they were asking Was I asking? I was not asking Indefinite I ask he asks we ask you ask they ask Do I ask? I do not ask I asked he asked we asked you asked they asked Did I ask? I did not ask I had not asked Had I asked? I had asked he had asked we had asked you had asked they had asked I have not asked Have I asked? I have asked he has asked we have asked you have asked they have asked Perfect I had not been asking Had I been asking? I had been asking he had been asking we had been asking you had been asking they had been asking I have not been asking Have I been asking? I have been asking he has been asking we have been asking you have been asking they have been asking Perfect Continuous ÈÇÚßÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ (THE INDICATIVE MOOD) Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé çàëîã (The Active Voice) Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà ñïðÿæåíèÿ ãëàãîëà to ask 469 Future Future in the Past I shall be asking he will be asking we shall be asking you will be asking they will be asking Shall I be asking? I shall not be asking I should be asking he would be asking we should be asking you would be asking they would be asking I should not be asking I shall ask he will ask we shall ask you will ask they will ask Shall I ask? I shall not ask I should ask he would ask we should ask you would ask they would ask I should not ask I should not have asked I should have asked he would have asked we should have asked you would have asked they would have asked I shall not have asked Shall I have asked? I shall have asked he will have asked we shall have asked you will have asked they will have asked I should not have been asking I should have been asking he would have been asking we should have been asking you would have been asking they would have been asking I shall not have been asking Shall I have been asking? I shall have been asking he will have been asking we shall have been asking you will have been asking they will have been asking Present Past 470 Continuous I am being asked he is being asked we are being asked you are being asked they are being asked Am I being asked? I am not being asked I was being asked he was being asked we were being asked you were being asked they were being asked Was I being asked? I was not being asked Indefinite I am asked he is asked we are asked you are asked they are asked Am I asked? I am not asked I was asked he was asked we were asked you were asked they were asked Was I asked? I was not asked I had not been asked Had I been asked? I had been asked he had been asked we had been asked you had been asked they had been asked I have not been asked Have I been asked? I have been asked he has been asked we have been asked you have been asked they have been asked Perfect Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã (The Passive Voice) Perfect Continuous Ïðîäîëæåíèå 471 Future Future in the Past I should not have been asked I should not be asked I shall not have been asked I shall not be asked I should have been asked he would have been asked we should have been asked you would have been asked they would have been asked Shall I have been asked? Shall I be asked? I should be asked he would be asked we should be asked you would be asked they would be asked I shall have been asked he will have been asked we shall have been asked you will have been asked they will have been asked I shall be asked he will be asked we shall be asked you will be asked they will be asked ÏÎÂÅËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD) ask do not ask Íåëè÷íûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà to ask ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈ (THE INFINITIVE) Active Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous to to to to ask be asking have asked have been asking Passive to be asked to have been asked ÃÅÐÓÍÄÈÉ (THE GERUND) Active Passive Indefinite asking being asked Perfect having asked having been asked ÏÐÈ×ÀÑÒÈÅ (THE PARTICIPLE) Active Present Past Perfect 472 asking having asked Passive being asked asked having been asked Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà ñïðÿæåíèÿ ãëàãîëà to be ÈÇÚßÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ (THE INDICATIVE MOOD) Future in the Past Future Past Present Indefinite Continuous Perfect I am he is we are you are they are I am being he is being we are being you are being they are being I have been he has been we have been you have been they have been Am I? Am I being? Have I been? I am not I am not being I have not been I was he was we were you were they were I was being he was being we were being you were being they were being I had been he had been we had been you had been they had been Was I? Was I being? Had I been? I was not I was not being I had not been I shall be he will be we shall be you will be they will be I shall have been he will have been we shall have been you will have been they will have been Shall I be? Shall I have been? I shall not be I shall not have been I should be he would be we should be you would be they would be I should have been he would have been we should have been you would have been they would have been I should not be I should not have been 473 ÏÎÂÅËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD) be do not be Íåëè÷íûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà to be Infinitive Indefinite to be Perfect to have been Gerund Indefinite being Perfect having been Participle 474 Present being Past been Perfect having been Ñâîäíàÿ òàáëèöà ñïðÿæåíèÿ ãëàãîëà to have ÈÇÚßÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ (THE INDICATIVE MOOD) Future in the Past Future Past Present Indefinite Continuous Perfect I have he has we have you have they have I am having he is having we are having you are having they are having I have had he has had we have had you have had they have had Have I? Am I having? Have I had? I have not I am not having I have not had I had he had we had you had they had I was having he was having we were having you were having they were having I had had he had had we had had you had had they had had Had I? Was I having? Had I had? I had not I was not having I had not had I shall have he will have we shall have you will have they will have I shall be having he will be having we shall be having you will be having they will be having I shall have had he will have had we shall have had you will have had they will have had Shall I have? Shall I be having? Shall I have had? I shall not have I shall not be having I shall not have had I should have he would have we should have you would have they would have I should be having he would be having we should be having you would be having they would be having I should have had he would have had we should have had you would have had they would have had I should not have I should not be having I should not have had 475 ÏÎÂÅËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ (THE IMPERATIVE MOOD) have do not have Íåëè÷íûå ôîðìû ãëàãîëà to have Infinitive Indefinite to have Continuous to be having Perfect to have had Gerund Indefinite having Perfect having had Participle 476 Present having Past had Perfect having had ÒÀÁËÈÖÀ ÍÅÏÐÀÂÈËÜÍÛÕ ÃËÀÃÎËΠ¹¹ ïï. Infinitive âîçíèêàòü Past Indefinite Past Participle 1 arise 2 awake áóäèòü; ïðîñûïàòüñÿ 3 be áûòü was, were been 4 bear ðîæäàòü bore born 5 bear íîñèòü, âûíîñèòü bore borne 6 beat áèòü beat beaten 7 become ñòàíîâèòüñÿ became become 8 begin íà÷èíàòü, -ñÿ began begun arose awoke awaked arisen awoke awaked 9 bend ãíóòü, -ñÿ, ñãèáàòü, -ñÿ bent bent 10 bind ñâÿçûâàòü bound bound 11 bite êóñàòü bit bitten 12 bleed èñòåêàòü êðîâüþ bled bled 13 blow äóòü blew blown 14 break ëîìàòü broke broken 15 breed âûâîäèòü, ðàçâîäèòü bred bred 16 bring ïðèíîñèòü brought brought 17 broadcast ïåðåäàâàòü ïî ðàäèî 18 build ñòðîèòü built built 19 burn ã îðåòü, æå÷ü burnt burnt 20 burst ðàçðûâàòüñÿ burst burst 21 buy ïîêóïàòü bought bought 22 cast áðîñàòü, êèäàòü cast cast 23 catch ëîâèòü, ñõâàòûâàòü caught caught 24 choose âûáèðàòü chose chosen 25 cling ïðèëèïàòü, öåïëÿòüñÿ clung clung 26 come ïðèõîäèòü came come 27 cost ñòîèòü cost cost 28 creep ïîëçàòü crept crept 29 cut ðåçàòü cut cut broadcast broadcasted broadcast broadcasted 477 Ïðîäîëæåíèå ¹¹ ïï. Infinitive Past Indefinite Past Participle 30 deal òîðãîâàòü; èìåòü äåëî dealt dealt 31 dig êîïàòü dug dug 32 do äåëàòü did done 33 draw òàùèòü, ðèñîâàòü drew drawn 34 dream âèäåòü ñíû; ìå÷òàòü 35 drink ïèòü drank drunk 36 drive ãíàòü, âåçòè, åõàòü drove driven 37 dwell îáèòàòü; îñòàíàâëèâàòüñÿ ïîäðîáíî dwelt dwelt 38 eat åñòü (ïðèíèìàòü ïèùó) ate eaten 39 fall ïàäàòü fell fallen 40 feed êîðìèòü, -ñÿ fed fed 41 feel ÷óâñòâîâàòü felt felt 42 fight áîðîòüñÿ, ñðàæàòüñÿ fought fought 43 find íàõîäèòü found found 44 flee áåæàòü, ñïàñàòüñÿ áåãñòâîì fled fled 45 fling êèäàòü, áðîñàòü flung flung 46 fly ëåòàòü flew flown 47 forbid çàïðåùàòü forbade forbidden 48 forget çàáûâàòü forgot forgotten 49 forgive ïðîùàòü forgave forgiven 50 freeze çàìåðçàòü, çàìîðàæèâàòü froze frozen 51 get ïîëó÷àòü; ñòàíîâèòüñÿ got got 52 give äàâàòü gave given 53 go èäòè, åõàòü went gone 54 grind òî÷èòü; ìîëîòü ground ground 55 grow ðàñòè, âûðàùèâàòü grew grown 56 hang*) âèñåòü, âåøàòü hung hung dreamt dreamed dreamt dreamed *) Hang âåøàòü â çíà÷åíèè êàçíèòü ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðàâèëüíûì ãëàãîëîì. 478 Ïðîäîëæåíèå ¹¹ ïï. Infinitive Past Indefinite Past Participle 57 have èìåòü had 58 hear ñëûøàòü heard heard 59 hide ïðÿòàòü hid 60 hit óäàðÿòü; ïîðàæàòü hit hit 61 hold äåðæàòü held held 62 hurt ïîâðåäèòü, óøèáèòü hurt hurt 63 keep äåðæàòü, õðàíèòü kept kept 64 kneel ñòàíîâèòüñÿ íà êîëåíè knelt knelt 65 know çíàòü knew known 66 lay êëàñòü laid laid 67 lead âåñòè led 68 lean ïðèñëîíÿòüñÿ leant leaned leant leaned 69 leap ïðûãàòü leapt leaped learn ó÷èòüñÿ leapt leaped 70 71 leave îñòàâëÿòü, óåçæàòü left left 72 lend äàâàòü âçàéìû, îäîëæàòü lent lent 73 let ïîçâîëÿòü; ñäàâàòü âíàåì let let 74 lie ëåæàòü lay 75 light çàæèãàòü, îñâåùàòü 76 lose òåðÿòü lost lost 77 make äåëàòü; çàñòàâëÿòü made made 78 mean çíà÷èòü; ïîäðàçóìåâàòü meant meant 79 meet âñòðå÷àòü met met 80 pay ïëàòèòü paid paid 81 put êëàñòü put put 82 read ÷èòàòü read read 83 ride åçäèòü âåðõîì rode ridden 84 ring çâîíèòü; çâåíåòü rang rung learnt learned lit lighted had hid hidden led learnt learned lain lit lighted 479 Ïðîäîëæåíèå ¹¹ ïï. Infinitive 112 113 rise ïîäíèìàòüñÿ run áåæàòü saw ïèëèòü say ãîâîðèòü, ñêàçàòü see âèäåòü seek èñêàòü sell ïðîäàâàòü send ïîñûëàòü set ïîìåùàòü, ñòàâèòü; çàõîäèòü (î ñîëíöå) shake òðÿñòè shave áðèòü, -ñÿ shed ïðîëèâàòü (ñëåçû, êðîâü) shine ñèÿòü, ñâåòèòü shoot ñòðåëÿòü show ïîêàçûâàòü shrink ñìîðùèâàòüñÿ; ñîêðàùàòüñÿ shut çàêðûâàòü sing ïåòü sink ïîãðóæàòüñÿ; òîíóòü sit ñèäåòü sleep ñïàòü slide ñêîëüçèòü smell ïàõíóòü; íþõàòü sow ñåÿòü speak ãîâîðèòü speed ñïåøèòü; óñêîðÿòü spell ïèñàòü èëè ïðîèçíîñèòü ñëîâî ïî áóêâàì spend òðàòèòü spill ïðîëèâàòü 114 spin ïðÿñòü 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 480 Past Indefinite Past Participle rose ran sawed said saw sought sold sent set risen run sawn said seen sought sold sent set shook shaved shed shaken shaven shed shone shot showed shrank shone shot shown shrunk shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt smelled sowed spoke sped spelt spelled shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt smelled sown spoken sped spelt spelled spent spilt spilled span spent spilt spilled spun Ïðîäîëæåíèå ¹¹ ïï. Infinitive Past Indefinite Past Participle 115 spit ïëåâàòü spat spat 116 split ðàñêàëûâàòü, -ñÿ split split 117 spoil ïîðòèòü 118 spread ðàñïðîñòðàíÿòü, -ñÿ spread spread 119 spring ïðûãàòü sprang sprung 120 stand ñòîÿòü stood stood 121 steal êðàñòü stole stolen 122 stick ïðèêëåèâàòü, -ñÿ stuck stuck 123 sling æàëèòü stung stung 124 strike óäàðÿòü; áàñòîâàòü struck struck 125 strive ñòðåìèòüñÿ strove striven 126 swear êëÿñòüñÿ, áðàíèòüñÿ swore sworn 127 sweep ìåñòè swept swept 128 swell ïóõíóòü, ðàçäóâàòüñÿ swelled swollen 129 swim ïëàâàòü swam swum 130 swing êà÷àòü, -ñÿ; ðàçìàõèâàòü swung swung 131 take áðàòü took taken 132 teach îáó÷àòü, ó÷èòü taught taught 133 tear ðâàòü tore torn 134 tell ðàññêàçûâàòü told told 135 think äóìàòü thought thought 136 throw áðîñàòü threw thrown 137 tread ñòóïàòü trod trodden 138 understand ïîíèìàòü understood understood 139 wake áóäèòü; ïðîñûïàòüñÿ spoilt spoiled woke waked spoilt spoiled woken waked 140 wear íîñèòü wore worn 141 weep ïëàêàòü wept wept 142 win âûèãðûâàòü won won 143 wind çàâîäèòü (÷àñû); âèòüñÿ wound wound 144 write ïèñàòü wrote written 481 Exercises Упражнения ÓÏÐÀÆÍÅÍÈß ÈÌß ÑÓÙÅÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ К §§ 3–5 Âûïèøèòå èñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â îäíó êîëîíêó, à íåèñ÷èñëÿåìûå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå â äðóãóþ. Ïðè èñ÷èñëÿåìûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ ïîñòàâüòå àðòèêëü à èëè an*: Wool, air, airship, word, assistance, assistant, paper (áóìàãà), paper (ãàçåòà), hour, bread, darkness, water, sea, cheese, happiness, event, glass (ñòåêëî), glass (ñòàêàí), hero, music, piano, friend, friendship, quickness, tobacco, cigarette, armchair, coffee, ship, coin, university, money, ink, banknote, meat, silver, watch, tree, idea, ice, furniture, heat, cow, milk, butter, horse, machine, instrument, speed, umbrella. К §§ 7–13, 20 Íàïèøèòå ñëåäóþùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå è ïðî÷èòàéòå èõ: Face, language, dress, fly, watch, clock, country, eye, bus, brush, party, ray, thief, company, Negro, leaf, wolf, glass, key, fox, half, life, day, city, roof, month, opportunity, journey, shelf, hero. Man, woman, tooth, foot, goose, child, mouse, ox, sheep. Postman, son-in-law, editor-in-chief, schoolgirl, text-book, pocket-knife, passer-by, statesman. Íàïèøèòå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, âûäåëåííûå æèðíûì øðèôòîì, âî ìíîæåñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, ñäåëàâ, ãäå íåîáõîäèìî, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè: 1. Put the box on the shelf. 2. I have hurt my foot and hand. 3. This is an English dictionary. 4. Where is the knife? 5. The last leaf fell from the tree. 6. This story is very long. 7. He left the key on the table. 8. I like his new play. 9. The roof of the house was covered with snow. 10. The wife of the sailor came to the shore. 11. A copy of the contract was sent to St.Petersburg. Íàïèøèòå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå, âûäåëåííûå æèðíûì øðèôòîì, â åäèíñòâåííîì ÷èñëå, ñäåëàâ, ãäå íåîáõîäèìî, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå èçìåíåíèÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè: 1. Women and children came to the shore. 2. The keys to the boxes were lost. 3. The wolves have been shot. 4. The mice were caught. 5. These factories produce furniture. 6. Copies of these letters will be sent to London. 7. The champions got the prizes. 8. The shoolboys went to the classes. * Ñì. ñòð. 24. 485 К §§ 18–28 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ëåòîì ìû åäèì î÷åíü ìíîãî îâîùåé è ôðóêòîâ. 2. Åãî âîëîñû ñâåòëûå. 3. ß êóïèë ýòè ÷àñû â Ëîíäîíå. Îíè î÷åíü õîðîøèå. 4. ß íå ìîã âîéòè â ñàä, òàê êàê âîðîòà áûëè çàêðûòû. 5. Ýòè íîâîñòè î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûå. 6. Âàøè ñîâåòû ìíå î÷åíü ïîìîãëè ñåãîäíÿ. 7. Îí ñäåëàë áîëüøèå óñïåõè â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå. 8.  ýòîì ãîäó ôðóêòû î÷åíü äåøåâûå. 9. Åãî îäåæäà ñîâñåì íîâàÿ. 10. Òîâàð òîëüêî ÷òî ïðèáûë. 11. Ñîäåðæàíèå åãî ïèñüìà áûëî ñîâñåì íåîæèäàííûì. 12.  ýòîé ñòàòüå âû íàéäåòå öèôðû ýêñïîðòà è èìïîðòà Èòàëèè çà ïîñëåäíèå òðè ìåñÿöà. 13. Ôèðìà ñîîáùèëà, ÷òî íà ýêñïîðò ýòîãî òîâàðà òðåáóåòñÿ ëèöåíçèÿ. 14. Ìû ïîëó÷èëè âàæíûå ñâåäåíèÿ î ïîëîæåíèè íà ðûíêå øåðñòè. К §§ 31–32 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Äâåðü êîìíàòû îòêðûòà. 2. Äàéòå ýòó êíèãó øêîëüíèêó. 3. ß ñúåë êóñîê òîðòà. 4. Ýòî ñòèõîòâîðåíèå áûëî íàïèñàíî èçâåñòíûì ïîýòîì. 5. Ðàçðåæüòå áóìàãó íîæîì. 6. Êîíòðàêò áûë ïîäïèñàí äèðåêòîðîì. 7. ß âûìûë ëèöî õîëîäíîé âîäîé. 8. Îí ïîñëàë ïèñüìî ñâîåìó äðóãó. 9. Ïîêàæèòå ýòî ïèñüìî ìåíåäæåðó. К §§ 34–41 Çàìåíèòå, ãäå âîçìîæíî, ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå ñ ïðåäëîãîì of ôîðìîé ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà: 1. The new club of the artists. 2. The novels of London. 3. The toys of the girls. 4. The walls of the room. 5. The plays of Shakespeare. 6. The voice of his friend. 7. The orders of the Chief. 8. The pages of the book. 9. The watch of my father. 10. The birthday of my son Jack. 11. The parents of all the other boys. 12. The boats of the fishermen. 13. The opinion of the doctor. 14. The signature of Mr. Ivanov. 15. The conclusions of the expert. 16. The house of my sister-in-law. Çàìåíèòå ôîðìó ïðèòÿæàòåëüíîãî ïàäåæà ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì ñ ïðåäëîãîì of: 1. My fathers factory. 2. The doctors prescription. 3. The teachers order. 4. The buyers confirmation. 5. The shipowners instructions. 6. Mr. Blacks proposal. 7. The sellers claim. 8. The representatives report. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Çíàåòå ëè âû íîìåð òåëåôîíà Ïåòðîâà? 2. Åñòü ëè ó âàñ êàðòà Åâðîïû? 3. Ðàáî÷èé äåíü ìîåãî áðàòà íà÷èíàåòñÿ â 7 ÷àñîâ óòðà. 4. Âû óçíàëè ìíåíèå âðà÷à? 5. Ñòàðøèé ñûí æåíû ìîåãî áðàòà ðàáîòàåò ñî ìíîé. 6. Ìóæ ìîåé ñåñòðû Åëåíû óåõàë â Âàøèíãòîí. 7. Ìû åùå íå ïîëó÷èëè îòâåòà ïîêóïàòåëåé. 8. ß åùå íå çíàþ ðåøåíèÿ äèðåêòîðà. К § 50 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: Trade talks. Consumer goods. Food sales. Exchange rate. Flax production. Long-term credits. Power station equipment. Cane sugar price. Coal supply situation. Wholesale prices index. World cotton stocks. Profit and loss account. 486 ÀÐÒÈÊËÜ К §§ 2–5 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå, ãäå òðåáóåòñÿ, àðòèêëè a, an èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some è any: 1. I usually smoke ... cigarettes or ... pipe. My father smokes ... cigars. 2. Are there ... matches in that box? 3. Is there ... bookshop in this street? I want to buy ... books. 4. ... watchmaker repairs ... watches and ... clocks. 5. There ... sofa and ... chairs in this room. 6. Did you buy ... boots or ... shoes? 7. Andrew is ... engineer. 8. Mr. Ivanov is ... architect; his two brothers are ... artists. 9. There are ... newspapers and ... magazines on the table. 10. Which would you like: ... apple or ... orange? 11. Which would you like: ... apples or ... oranges? 12. Is there ... letter for me? 13. Are there ... letters for me? 14. What ... strange man! 15. What ... interesting books! К §§ 2–8 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå, ãäå òðåáóåòñÿ, àðòèêëè a, an, the èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some è any: 1. Has ... postman come yet? I am expecting ... letter from my friend. 2. My brother can drive ... car. 3. I got ... interesting book from our library. ... librarian said that I could keep it only for ... week as ... teacher of History also wanted it. 4. How can you say such ... things? 5. There is ... meeting in ... conference hall this evening. 6. When ... Moon passes between ... Earth and ... Sun, ... eclipse results. 7. There is ... red book and ... green book on ... table in ... study. Will you bring me ... green one, please? 8. Can you tell me how to get to ... cinema? Go straight down ... street until you come to ... river. Then turn to ... left and you will see ... large red building. That is ... museum. 9. He brought ... books from ... library. 10. I know ... schoolboys of that school. 11. I want to write ... letter to my mother. Have you ... pen? 12. How brilliantly ... stars shine! 13. ... low stone wall separated ... house from ... road. 14. He asked ... teacher ... question. 15. He received ... telegram from London yesterday. 16. Are there ... pictures in this magazine? 17. He is reading Oliver Twist, ... novel by Charles Dickens. 18. ... door opened and ... man entered ... room. He was ... man of about 50 years of age. 19. ... lion is ... large powerful animal. 20. There are many schools for ... blind in our country. К § 9 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå, ãäå òðåáóåòñÿ, àðòèêëè. Óêàæèòå, ÿâëÿåòñÿ ëè îïðåäåëåíèå ïðè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîì èíäèâèäóàëèçèðóþùèì, êëàññèôèöèðóþùèì èëè îïèñàòåëüíûì: 1. I cannot find ... book which you gave me this morning. 2. ... clock in ... hall is slow. 3. I have received ... telegram of great importance. 4. They were standing on ... top of ... hill. 5. I have bought ... overcoat with ... fur collar. 6. They have sold ... cargo of 5,000 tons of ... wheat. 7. He lives in ... house opposite ... station. 8. ... novel which you lent me is very interesting. 9. This is ... book which you will like. 10. ... dog, which was running with ... large piece of ... meat which he had stolen, came to ... stream, over which there was ... little bridge. 11. Yesterday I met ... old friend, whom I recognized at once. 12. ... garden which is 487 at ... back of that house has ... tennis-court. 13. Here is ... pen you need. 14. She is ... teacher whom we all admire. 15. This morning ... postman brought me ... letter without ... stamp. 16. You can buy bread in ... bakery round the corner. 17. ... man who has no ... patience cannot play ... chess well. 18. Is that ... boy whom they are looking for? 19. My son has ... very good English teacher, who knows ... language perfectly. 20. Is that ... man you spoke to yesterday? 21. ... large branch broken by ... wind lay across our path. 22. ... street which leads to ... cinema is very wide. 23. ... person who is sitting next to me is ... famous painter. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ïðîøëûì ëåòîì ìû æèëè â äåðåâíå, ðàñïîëîæåííîé íà áåðåãó Òåìçû, â ìàëåíüêîì äîìèêå, îêðóæåííîì ñàäèêîì. 2. Äîì, â êîòîðîì ìû æèëè ëåòîì, áûë îêðóæåí áîëüøèì ñàäîì. 3. Â÷åðà ÿ ðàçãîâàðèâàë ñ ÷åëîâåêîì, êîòîðûé ïðîâåë íåñêîëüêî ëåò â Àíãëèè. 4. ß íå ïîìíþ ôàêòîâ, êîòîðûå îí óïîìÿíóë â ñâîåì äîêëàäå. 5.  ñâîåì äîêëàäå îí óïîìÿíóë öèôðû, êîòîðûå ÿñíî èëëþñòðèðóþò áûñòðîå ðàçâèòèå íàøåé ïðîìûøëåííîñòè. 6. ×åëîâåê, êîòîðûé õî÷åò îâëàäåòü èíîñòðàííûì ÿçûêîì, äîëæåí ðàáîòàòü î÷åíü óñåðäíî è ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêè. 7. ß òîëüêî ÷òî ïðî÷åë ðàññêàç, êîòîðûé ìíå î÷åíü ïîíðàâèëñÿ. 8. Ðàññêàç, êîòîðûé ÿ òîëüêî ÷òî ïðî÷åë, î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûé. 9. Â÷åðà ÿ ðàçãîâàðèâàë ñ äèðåêòîðîì, êîòîðûé ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî ïîìîæåò ìíå â ýòîì äåëå. 10. Ëþäè, êîòîðûå çàíèìàþòñÿ ôèçêóëüòóðîé, îáû÷íî áûâàåò î÷åíü çäîðîâûì. 11. Äîì, êîòîðûé ñòðîèòñÿ íà íàøåé óëèöå, áóäåò îäíèì èç ñàìûõ âûñîêèõ äîìîâ â Ìîñêâå. 12.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó, êîãäà ÿ áûë â Êðûìó, ÿ õîðîøî îòäîõíóë. К §§ 15–22 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå, ãäå òðåáóåòñÿ, àðòèêëè èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some è any: 1. ... oil is one of ... most important natural resources of our country. 2. Put ... wood on ... fire. 3. ... silver is not so heavy as ... gold. 4. ... iron is ... metal. 5. Please cut ... grass in the garden. 6. Pour ... milk into the cup, please. 7. ... milk which you bought in the morning has turned sour. 8. We make ... butter and ... cheese from ... milk. 9. ... coffee is very hot, I must put ... milk in it. 10. Buy ... tobacco, please. 11. Pass me ... sugar, please. 12. ... house is surrounded by ... wall built of ... stone. 13. In ... desert it is difficult to find ... water. 14. ... water which we drink in our towns is filtered at waterworks. 15. This district is very rich in ... gold. 16. Is your shirt made of ... silk or ... cotton? 17. I dont want ... juice, give me ... water, please. 18. I always drink ... cold water. 19. Bring me ... hot water, please. 20. Have you bought ... butter? Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß ïîïðîñèë åãî êóïèòü áóìàãè è ÷åðíèë. 2. Äàéòå ìíå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ìîëîêà. 3. Âñêèïÿòèòå âîäû, ïîæàëóéñòà. 4. Ìîëîêî íåîáõîäèìî äåòÿì. 5. Ïîëîæèòå ìàñëî â ñóï. 6. Ïîñòàâüòå õëåá íà ñòîë. 7. ß íå ïüþ ìîëîêà, ÿ ïüþ ÷àé èëè ñîê. 8. Îí ïðèâåç ìíå òàáàêó ñ Êàâêàçà. Òàáàê î÷åíü õîðîøèé, íî ñëèøêîì êðåïêèé. 9. ß êóïèë â÷åðà î÷åíü õîðîøåãî ÷àþ. ß ïîøëþ êîôå ìàòåðè. Îíà ëþáèò õîðîøèé êîôå. 10. Ãäå ñûð? Îí íà ñòîëå. 11. Åñòü ëè íåôòü â ýòîì ðàéîíå? 12. Êóäà âû ïîëîæèëè òîðò, êîòîðûé ÿ â÷åðà êóïèë? 13. Âîäà â ýòîé ðåêå î÷åíü ÷èñòàÿ. 14. ×åðíèëà â ìîåé ÷åðíèëüíèöå î÷åíü ïëîõèå. 15. Áåíçèí, êîòîðûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â àâèàöèè, äîëæåí áûòü î÷åíü âûñîêîãî êà÷åñòâà. 488 К §§ 23–27 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå, ãäå òðåáóåòñÿ, àðòèêëè: 1. ... chief aim of ... libraries is to develop ... love for ... good book among ... people. 2. ... thermometer is ... instrument for measuring ... temperature. 3. ... temperature today is not so high as it was yesterday. 4. ... observation and ... experience are two great teachers. 5. ... water is necessary for ... life. 6. Mr. Brown made ... excellent speech at ... meeting yesterday. 7. ... length, ... breadth and ... height of ... cube are equal. 8. He deserves ... punishment. 9. Can you find ... time for this work? 10. I have noticed ... great change in her lately. 11. I have ... great deal of ... confidence in that man. 12. Every machine requires some sort of ... power to operate it. 13. ... literature is his subject, especially ... literature of ... Middle Ages. 14. ... poetry of Kipling is beautiful. 15. There was ... expression in his eyes that I could not understand. 16. ... great Russian critic Belinsky said that ... poetry should be ... expression of ... life. 17. He finished his work without ... difficulty. 18. ... task presented ... difficulty, which we could not overcome at first. 19. He was not discouraged by ... difficulty of ... task. Обзорные упражнения к §§ 2–37 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå, ãäå òðåáóåòñÿ, àðòèêëè èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ some è any: À. 1. Mendeleev, ... great Russian scientist, was born in ... small village. 2. Chkalov was ... first man to fly over ... North Pole. 3. ... great Russian poet Pushkin was born in ... Moscow in 1799. 4. St.Petersburg is situated on ... Neva. 5. ... Elbrus is ... highest peak of ... Caucasian Mountains. 6. ... Crimea is surrounded by ... Black Sea. 7. ... Caucasus separates ... Black Sea from ... Caspian Sea. 8. ... rice and ... cotton grow in ... Ukraine now. 9. ... people who live in ... England speak ... English. 10. ... Europe and ... America are separated by ... Atlantic Ocean. 11. ... New York is in ... North America. 12. They were born on ... same day and in ... same city. 13. I want to write ... letter to my mother. Have you ... pen? 14. ... last page of ... book is torn. 15. They met at ... gate of ... park. 16. I am leaving for London ... next week. 17. He read ... letter for ... second time. 18. My room is on ... third floor. 19. What ... silly mistakes I have made! 20. ... large steel bridge joins ... two banks of ... river. 21. In our part of ... country ... October is ... stormy month. 22. What ... cold weather we are having! 23. All magazines must be returned to ... library before ... next Monday. 24. ... next bus leaves at 8.20. 25. What ... beautiful music they are playing! 26. What ... strange idea! 27. My son will go to ... school ... next year. 28. There is ... large supermarket in ... village. 29. They reached ... Pacific Ocean by means of ... Panama Canal. 30. Has John returned ... book she borrowed ... last month? I saw him on Monday and he said he would return it ... next day. 31. I called on ... Browns yesterday, but did not find them at home as they had already left for ... Crimea. 32. He lives in ... country in ... summer. 33. I spent ... summer of 1980 in ... Minsk. 34. I like ... winter in Moscow. 35. He said that he would call on us ... following Monday. 36. ... West Indies are in ... Atlantic between ... North America and ... South America. 37. ... last morning ... sunrise was beautiful. 38. ... view from ... top of ... hill is excellent. 39. We saw ... ship sailing near ... coast. 40. Both ... copper and ... lead are found in this mine. 41. In ... department store you can buy ... food, ... shoes, ... clothing, and ... other goods. 489 B. THE DEVOTED FRIEND (After OSCAR WILDE WILDE) ... Hans had ... great many friends, but ... most devoted friend of all was ... big Hugh, ... miller. Indeed, so devoted was ... rich miller to ... little Hans that he never went by his garden without leaning over ... wall and plucking ... large nosegay, or filling his pockets with ... plums and ... cherries if it was ... fruit season. ... real friends should have everything in common, ... miller used to say. ... neighbours, indeed, thought it strange that ... rich miller never gave ... little Hans anything in return, though he had ... hundred sacks of ... flour stored away in ... mill, and six cows, and ... large flock of ... sheep. In ... spring, ... summer and ... autumn Hans was very happy, but when ... winter came, he suffered ... good deal from ... cold and ... hunger and often had to go to ... bed without ... supper. There is no good in my going to see ... little Hans now, ... miller used to say to his wife, for when ... people are in ... trouble they should not be bothered by ... visitors. I shall pay him ... visit in spring, and he will be able to give me ... large basket of flowers, and that will make him so happy. You are very thoughtful about ... others, answered his wife. It is ... pleasure to hear you talk about ... friendship. I am sure ... clergyman himself could not say such beautiful things, though he does live in ... three-storied house and wears ... gold ring on his little finger. But could we not ask little Hans up here? said ... millers youngest son. What ... silly boy you are! cried ... miller. I really dont know what is ... use of sending you to ... school. You do not seem to learn anything. Why, if ... little Hans came here, he might get envious, and ... envy is ... most terrible thing. Besides, if he came here, he might ask me to let him have some flour on ... credit, and that I could not do. ... flour is one thing, and ... friendship is another. ... words are spelt differently and mean quite different things. How well you talk, said ... millers wife, pouring herself out ... large glass of ... warm ale. It is just like being in ... church. C. SHIPMENT OF A CARGO OF WHEAT ABROAD On ... 12th of ... August, 1935, ... Soviet foreign trade organization concluded ... contract with ... foreign firm for ... sale of ... cargo of 6,000 tons of ... wheat. ... wheat was to be shipped in ... September. ... sellers chartered ... S. S. Martha for ... transportation of ... wheat. About ten days before ... expected arrival of ... vessel at ... port of loading, ... ship owners informed ... sellers that ... S. S. Martha had been in collision with another boat during ... dense fog in ... Mediterranean Sea and would not be able to arrive at ... port of loading before ... end of ... September. ... sellers had at their disposal ... larger vessel of 6,500 tons. Therefore they sent ... telegram to ... buyers asking them to accept 6,500 tons of ... wheat instead of 6,000 tons. ... buyers agreed, but requested ... sellers to ship ... wheat in ... first half of ... October. ... sellers consented to postpone ... shipment of ... cargo in accordance with ... desire of ... buyers, and ... cargo was shipped on ... 10th of October. ÈÌß ÏÐÈËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÎÅ К §§ 2–8 Îáðàçóéòå îò ñëåäóþùèõ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ è ïðåâîñõîäíóþ ñòåïåíü: big, heavy, short, dirty, clean, near, bad, famous, little, much, clever, good, expensive, cheap, important, pale, hot, beautiful, large, practical, fat, early, pretty, happy, bright, dark, 490 dry, flat, fresh, full, quick, late, nice, rich, sad, thin, thick, wet, weak, early, funny, easy, lazy, ugly, comfortable, quiet, far. Îáðàçóéòå îò ïðèëàãàòåëüíûõ, ñòîÿùèõ â ñêîáêàõ, ñðàâíèòåëüíóþ èëè ïðåâîñõîäíóþ ñòåïåíü, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà: 1. The Trans-Siberian railway is (long) in the world. 2. The 22nd of December is the (short) day of the year. 3. Iron is (useful) of all metals. 4. The Volga is (wide) and (deep) than the Neva River. 5. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian Mountains. 6. His theory is (practical) than yours. 7. His plan is (practical) of all. 8. This house is (small) than all the houses in the city. 9. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia. 10. Silver is (expensive) than copper. 11. Our house is (high) than yours. 12. This exercise is (big) than the last one. 13. My cigarettes are (cheap) than yours. 14. Yesterday was the (cold) day we have had this winter. 15. When the war ended, the reconstruction of Moscow was resumed on a (large) scale than before. 16. The Battle of Warsaw was the (great) battle of all times. К § 15 Çàïîëíèòå ïðîïóñêè ñëîâàìè as ... as, so ... as: 1. The temperature today is ... high ... it was yesterday. 2. He is not ... old ... he looks. 3. He is ... strong ... his brother. 4. This street is ... wide ... the next one. 5. The luggage is not ... heavy ... I expected it to be. 6. His TV set is not ... powerful ... mine. 7. She is ... tall ... her mother. 8. In Novgorod it is not ... hot ... in Rostov. К §§ 2–15 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ðîññèÿ ñàìàÿ áîëüøàÿ ñòðàíà â ìèðå. 2. Íîâîå çäàíèå Ìîñêîâñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà îäíî èç ñàìûõ âûñîêèõ çäàíèé Ìîñêâû. 3. Ýòà ñòàòüÿ ñàìàÿ òðóäíàÿ èç âñåõ, êîòîðûå ìû êîãäà-ëèáî ïåðåâîäèëè. 4. Ñîëíöå áîëüøå Ëóíû. 5. Âàøà ñåñòðà ñòàðøå âàñ? Íåò, îíà ìîëîæå ìåíÿ. 6. Ñåãîäíÿ âåòåð íå òàêîé ñèëüíûé, êàê â÷åðà. 7. Ôåâðàëü ñàìûé êîðîòêèé ìåñÿö â ãîäó. 8. Ñåãîäíÿ ìû ïèñàëè áîëåå òðóäíûé äèêòàíò, ÷åì â÷åðà. 9. Ñåãîäíÿ òàê æå æàðêî, êàê è â÷åðà. 10.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó ÿ òðàòèë íà ôðàíöóçñêèé ÿçûê ìåíüøå âðåìåíè, ÷åì â ýòîì ãîäó. 11. Ýòà àóäèòîðèÿ ìåíüøå íàøåé. 12. Ýòî ñàìàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ êíèãà, êîòîðóþ ÿ êîãäà-ëèáî ÷èòàë. 13. Ýòà êíèãà ãîðàçäî èíòåðåñíåå âàøåé. 14. Ñåãîäíÿ íå íàìíîãî õîëîäíåå, ÷åì â÷åðà. 15. Ýòîò ó÷åíèê ñàìûé ìëàäøèé â ñâîåì êëàññå. 16. Âû äîëæíû òåïåðü òðàòèòü íà íåìåöêèé ÿçûê áîëüøå âðåìåíè, ÷åì â ïðîøëîì ñåìåñòðå. 17. Ìîÿ êâàðòèðà áîëüøå âàøåé. 18. Âàø ÷åìîäàí ãîðàçäî òÿæåëåå ìîåãî. 19. Âàø äîêëàä áûë ãîðàçäî èíòåðåñíåå åãî äîêëàäà. 20. Ìîå ïàëüòî òàêîå æå òåïëîå, êàê âàøå. 21. Ìîÿ ðó÷êà ãîðàçäî õóæå âàøåé. 22. Ýòî êðàéíå âàæíàÿ ïðîáëåìà. 23. Ìû äîëæíû îáñóäèòü ñåãîäíÿ êðàéíå âàæíûå âîïðîñû. 24. Áîëüøèíñòâî ìîèõ ïðèÿòåëåé øêîëüíèêè. 25. Áîëüøèíñòâî ëþäåé ëþáèò îâîùè. 26. Îí èñòðàòèë áîëüøóþ ÷àñòü ñâîèõ äåíåã íà äðàãîöåííîñòè. ÈÌß ×ÈÑËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ К § 2 Íàïèøèòå ñëîâàìè: 3; 13; 30; 8; 18; 80; 100; 705; 1,000; 4,568; 6,008; 75; 137; 425,712; 1,306,527; 2,032,678. 491 К § 2 (примечания к п. 7) Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ñòî êèëîãðàììîâ. 2. Òðèñòà ëîøàäåé. 3. Äâàäöàòü ïÿòü ãðàìì. 4. Òðè ìèëëèîíà òîíí. 5. Ñîòíè ÿùèêîâ. 6. Òûñÿ÷è êíèã. 7. Äâåñòè âîñåìüäåñÿò îäèí äîëëàð. 8. Òðè òûñÿ÷è ðóáëåé. К § 5 Íàïèøèòå ñëîâàìè ïîðÿäêîâûå ÷èñëèòåëüíûå îò ñëåäóþùèõ êîëè÷åñòâåííûõ: 1; 11; 21; 2; 12; 20; 4; 14; 40; 6; 16; 60; 9; 19; 90; 100; 103; 300; 425; 1,000; 1,015. К § 7 Íàïèøèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè ñëåäóþùèå äàòû: 12 ÿíâàðÿ 1993 ã. 23 ìàðòà 1998 ã. 31 ìàðòà 2000 ã. 25 ìàÿ 1999 ã. 22 ñåíòÿáðÿ 2002 ã. 20 àâãóñòà 1950 ã. 21 äåêàáðÿ 1995 ã. 11 îêòÿáðÿ 2003 ã. К §§ 8–9 Íàïèøèòå ïî-àíãëèéñêè: 2 /5 òîííû; 1/4 êèëîìåòðà; 1/3 ïðîöåíòà; 11/2 ÷àñà; 1/2 ôóíòà; 41/2 ïåíñà; 21/4 ïðîöåíòà; 2 2 / 3 äþéìà; 0,105 ìåòðà; 2,18 ôóíòà; 23 ïðîöåíòà; 0,36 ïðîöåíòà. ÌÅÑÒÎÈÌÅÍÈÅ К §§ 2–4 Çàìåíèòå âûäåëåííûå æèðíûì øðèôòîì ñëîâà ëè÷íûìè ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè: 1. The professor is helping the students to translate the text. 2. Aunt will send Helene to buy the tickets. 3. The man gave the magazines to the girl. 4. My father is going to write a letter to his sister today. 5. This film is not suitable for young children. 6. Molly worked hard at English. К §§ 5–8 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ïðèòÿæàòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå èëè ìåñòîèìåíèÿ-ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûå: 1. Tell him not to forget ... ticket; she mustnt forget ... either. 2. Whose exercice-books are those? Are they ... or ...? 3. I see that he has lost ... pen; perhaps you can lend him ...? 4. Lend them ... dictionary; they have left ... at home. 5. My luggage is heavier than ... . 6. Weve taken ... books; has she taken ... ? 7. Those places are not ..., they are ... . 8. This does not look like ... exercice-book, it must be ... . 492 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îí ñëîìàë ìîþ ðó÷êó, íî äàë ìíå ñâîþ. 2. ß íå çíàþ, êóäà ÿ ïîëîæèë ñâîþ ñóìêó. 3. Îíà ðàññêàçàëà ìíå â÷åðà î ñâîåé ïîåçäêå â Ìîñêâó. 4. Îíà ëþáèò ðàññêàçûâàòü íàì î ñâîåé ñîáàêå. 5. ß âèæó, ÷òî ó âàñ íåò ñëîâàðÿ, õî÷ó äàòü âàì ñâîé. 6. Ýòîò ñëîâàðü ìîé, à íå âàø. 7. ß åùå íå íàïèñàë ñâîè óïðàæíåíèÿ. À âàøè ãîòîâû? 8. Âîò âàø ïîðòôåëü. À ãäå ìîé? 9. Îíè âñåãäà ãîòîâÿò óðîêè äîìà. 10. Ñåãîäíÿ õîëîäíî. Âû äîëæíû íàäåòü ïàëüòî. 11. ß ïîïðîøó áðàòà äîñòàòü ìíå ýòó êíèãó. 12. Îíà ïîåäåò òóäà ñ ìóæåì è äî÷åðüþ. 13. Îí ïîëîæèë äåíüãè â êàðìàí. 14. Ãäå âû ïðîâåëè êàíèêóëû? К § 6 (примечание) Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Âû âèäåëè ýòó ïüåñó? Äà, ÿ âèäåë åå íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå. 2. Ó íèõ íå áóäåò óðîêà ñåãîäíÿ, òàê êàê èõ ïðåïîäàâàòåëü áîëåí. 3. Ýòî î÷åíü èíòåðåñíàÿ ãàçåòà. Äàéòå ìíå åå, ïîæàëóéñòà. 4. Ïîïðîñèòå èõ ïðèäòè ñþäà ïîñëå óðîêà. ß õî÷ó îáúÿñíèòü èì èõ îøèáêè â ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ óïðàæíåíèÿõ. 5. Îí äàë íàì ýòè ìàòåðèàëû è ïîïðîñèë íàñ âåðíóòü èõ åìó íà ñëåäóþùèé äåíü. К §§ 9–11 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå âîçâðàòíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ: 1. I will ask him ... . 2. She will answer the letter ... . 3. Well find it ... . 4. Did you invite him ... ? 5. He wants to do it ... . 6. They told me the news ... . Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß ñàì îòâå÷ó íà ýòî ïèñüìî. 2. Îí íå ëþáèò ãîâîðèòü î ñåáå. 3. Îíè õîòÿò ýòî ñäåëàòü ñàìè. 4. Êàê âû ñåáÿ ÷óâñòâóåòå? 5. Âàø îòåö ñàì áûë çäåñü. 6. Îíè î÷åíü ìíîãî ðàññêàçàëè íàì î ñåáå. 7. ß îñòàâëþ ýòó êíèãó äëÿ ñåáÿ. 8. Îíà ñàìà ïðèíåñåò âàì êíèãó. 9. ß î÷åíü óäèâëåí, ÷òî îí òàê ñåáÿ âåë. 10. Íå áåñïîêîéòåñü. ß ñàì îòíåñó òåëåãðàììó íà ïî÷òó. К §§ 14–15 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß áûë â Ëîíäîíå ëåòîì. Ìíå î÷åíü ïîíðàâèëñÿ ýòîò ãîðîä. 2. Ýòî ëåòî î÷åíü äîæäëèâîå. 3. Ïîñìîòðèòå íà ìàëåíüêèé äîì ñ çåëåíîé êðûøåé íà òîì áåðåãó ðåêè. ß ðîäèëñÿ â ýòîì äîìå. 4. ß íå õî÷ó çâîíèòü åìó ñåé÷àñ. Îí âñåãäà çàíÿò â ýòî âðåìÿ. 5. Çàâòðà â ýòî âðåìÿ ÿ óæå áóäó â Íüþ-Éîðêå. 6. Êàêîé-òî ÷åëîâåê õî÷åò âèäåòü âàñ. ß íèêîãäà íå âèäåë ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà ðàíüøå. 7. ß ïîøåë â ïàðê ðàíî óòðîì, òàê êàê çíàë, ÷òî â ýòî âðåìÿ òàì î÷åíü ìàëî íàðîäó. 8. Îí ñîáèðàåòñÿ ìíîãî ðàáîòàòü íàä àíãëèéñêèì ÿçûêîì â ýòîì ãîäó. 9. ß íèêóäà íå ñîáèðàþñü åõàòü ýòîé âåñíîé. 10. Îí äîëãî æèë â Àíãëèè. Îí õîðîøî çíàåò ýòó ñòðàíó. 11. ß ïîéäó ê íåìó â âîñåìü ÷àñîâ. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî çàñòàíó åãî äîìà â ýòî âðåìÿ. К §§ 21–24 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå îäíî èç ìåñòîèìåíèé who, whom, whose, what, which: 1. ... will help me? 2. ... of these boys is the youngest? 3. ... is your telephone number? 4. ... pencil is this, Peters or Helens? 5. ... are you expecting? 6. ... understands this rule? 493 7. ... of you understands this rule? 8. ... teaches you Russian? 9. ... is he? He is an engineer. 10. ... of you am I to thank for this? 11. ... do you know about him? 12. ... gloves are these? They are mine. 13. ... is the way to the cinema? 14. ... would you like to drink? 15. ... would you like to drink: mineral water or lemonade? 16. ... is the hottest season of the year? 17. ... way did he go? 18. Here are the books. ... is yours? Íàïèøèòå âîïðîñû ê âûäåëåííûì æèðíûì øðèôòîì ñëîâàì: 1. I am looking at him. 2. They are talking about the weather. 3. They are painters. 4. That is my uncles cat. 5. That man is Mr. Brown. 6. May is the fifth month of the year. 7. The handbag is made of leather. 8. The man asked for a cup of coffee. 9. He has bought a gold pen. 10. This letter is from my mother. 11. Mathematics is the most difficult subject that I study. 12. The directors office is on the third floor. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Êòî îñòàâèë ñëîâàðü íà ïàðòå? 2. Êòî èç âàñ îñòàâèë ñëîâàðü íà ïàðòå? 3. Êîãî èç íèõ âû ñïðàøèâàëè îá ýòîì? 4. Êîãî âû æäåòå çäåñü? 5. Êîìó âû äàëè ñâîé áèëåò? 6. Êàêèå êíèãè âû êóïèëè? 7. Íà êàêîì ýòàæå âû æèâåòå? 8. Íà êàêîé ñòîðîíå óëèöû âàø äîì? 9. Êàêîé ìåñÿö ñàìûé õîëîäíûé â Ìîñêâå? 10. Êòî èç ñòóäåíòîâ íàøåé ãðóïïû íàïèñàë äèêòàíò áåç îøèáîê? 11. Êîìó èç íèõ âû õîòèòå äàòü ýòîò ñëîâàðü? 12. Êàêîé ÿçûê âû çíàåòå ëó÷øå: àíãëèéñêèé èëè íåìåöêèé? 13. ×òî âû ïðåäïî÷èòàåòå: ÷àé èëè êîôå? 14. Î ÷åì âû ðàçãîâàðèâàëè, êîãäà ÿ âàñ âñòðåòèë? 15. Êòî ýòè ìîëîäûå ëþäè? 16.  êàêóþ öåíó ó âàñ ýòè òîâàðû. 17. Êàêîâî íàñåëåíèå ýòîãî ãîðîäà? К §§ 27–33 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ.  òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà íàðÿäó ñ îäíèì ìåñòîèìåíèåì âîçìîæíî óïîòðåáëåíèå äðóãîãî, ïîñòàâüòå âòîðîå ìåñòîèìåíèå â ñêîáêàõ: 1. Do you know the man ... wrote this article? 2. The street ... leads to the airport is very wide. 3. The doctor ... she visited told her to stay in bed. 4. There is the student ... bag you found. 5. Is the man with ... you spoke an artist? 6. He will be glad of any help ... you can give him. 7. Yesterday I met my brother, ... showed me a letter ... he had received from our parents. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Êíèãà, êîòîðóþ âû ìíå äàëè â÷åðà, î÷åíü èíòåðåñíàÿ. 2. Äåâóøêà, î êîòîðîé îí ãîâîðèë âàì, ñåñòðà ìîåãî ïðèÿòåëÿ. 3. Îí îòêàçàëñÿ ïîìî÷ü ñâîåìó ïðèÿòåëþ, ÷òî ìåíÿ î÷åíü óäèâèëî. 4. Ñòóäåíò, êîòîðîìó ÿ îäîëæèë ñâîé êîíñïåêò, ïðèíåñåò åãî â ñëåäóþùèé ïîíåäåëüíèê. 5. Ýòî ñàìàÿ èíòåðåñíàÿ ñòàòüÿ, êîòîðóþ ÿ êîãäà-ëèáî ÷èòàë ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. 6. Ìû ïðîøëè ìèìî ìàãàçèíà, äâåðü êîòîðîãî áûëà çàêðûòà. 7. Ïîåçä èç Ìîñêâû, êîòîðûé äîëæåí ïðèáûòü â 5.30, îïàçäûâàåò. 8. Ýòî òà êíèãà, êîòîðóþ âû èùåòå? 9. Ýòî äîì, â êîòîðîì ÿ æèë â äåòñòâå. 10. Äåðåâî, èç êîòîðîãî ñäåëàíà ýòà ìåáåëü, î÷åíü äîðîãîå. К § 35 Îïóñòèòå, ãäå ìîæíî, îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå: 1. Is that the man for whom you have been waiting? 2. The house that I live in was built ten years ago. 3. I have found the book for which I was looking. 4. The museum is 494 in the house that stands at the end of this street. 5. This was an answer that no one expected. 6. There are many people who do not smoke. 7. I have just found a letter which I ought to have posted yesterday. 8. Yesterday I met an old friend, whom I did not recognize at once. 9. That is a matter about which I must speak to you. 10. This is the hotel at which we stayed. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. The man you spoke to in the street is my English teacher. 2. Can you remember the person you took the book from? 3. You will find this news in any paper you read. 4. The shop we buy meat from is shut on Sunday. 5. These are the books I want. 6. This is the dictionary you asked for. 7. The student you sent for has just come. 8. This is the letter he has referred to. К §§ 37–42 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå ìåñòîèìåíèå some èëè any: 1. Did you buy ... stamps? 2. He gave me ... postcards. 3. Are there ... illustrations in that book? Yes, there are ... . 4. Here are ... letters for you. 5. Take ... jam, please. 6. Put... sugar in my tea, please. 7. He never puts ... sugar in his coffee. 8. There is ... butter on the table, but there isnt ... milk. 9. Do you want ... apples? Here are ... ripe ones. 10. Have you... more books? 11. I want to buy ... flowers. We havent ... in our garden now. 12. There arent ... matches left; we must buy ... . 13. He wants more milk. Give him ... . 14. Have you read ... good books lately? 15. Can you give me ... more information? Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß õîäèë íà ïî÷òó è êóïèë ìàðîê è êîíâåðòîâ. 2. Åñòü ëè èëëþñòðàöèè â ýòîì æóðíàëå? 3.  ýòîì æóðíàëå íåò èëëþñòðàöèé. 4. Åñëè ó âàñ åñòü êíèãè ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó, ïðèíåñèòå ìíå èõ, ïîæàëóéñòà. 5. Åñòü ëè ó âàñ ñèãàðåòû? 6. ß ïðèíåñ âàì ïî÷èòàòü èíòåðåñíûå êíèãè. 7. Åñòü ëè âèíî â áóòûëêå? 8. Ïî÷åìó îí íå ïðèíåñ ìíå âîäû? ß ïðîñèë åãî ïðèíåñòè, òàê êàê î÷åíü õî÷ó ïèòü. 9. Íå õîòèòå ëè ÷àþ? 10. Âû ìîæåòå äîñòàòü ýòó êíèãó â ëþáîé áèáëèîòåêå. 11. Ïðèõîäèòå êî ìíå â ëþáîå âðåìÿ. 12. Åñòü ëè àíãëèéñêèå æóðíàëû â âàøåé áèáëèîòåêå? 13. Íåêîòîðûå èç êíèã, êîòîðûå âû ìíå äàëè, î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûå, à íåêîòîðûå ñîâåðøåííî íåèíòåðåñíûå. 14. Ïðèíåñèòå ìíå ìîëîêà, ïîæàëóéñòà. 15. Ãäå ÿ ìîãó êóïèòü êîíâåðòû? 16. Ó ìåíÿ íåò âðåìåíè, ÷òîáû ïîéòè òóäà. 17. Âû ìîæåòå çàñòàòü åãî çäåñü â ëþáîé äåíü ìåæäó ïÿòüþ è øåñòüþ. 18. Åñëè ó âàñ áóäåò ñâîáîäíîå âðåìÿ, ïðî÷òèòå ýòó êíèãó. 19. ×àñòü ðàáîòû ãîòîâà. К § 43 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå îäíî èç ìåñòîèìåíèé somebody, someone, anybody, something, anything: 1. I saw ... at the window. 2. Is there ... new? 3. There is ... in the next room who wants to speak to you. 4. Has ... called? 5. We have not told ... about it. 6. Give me ... to eat, I am hungry. 7. If ... calls while I am out, ask him to wait. 8. If there is ... else you want, please let me know. 9. I havent any more money with me, so I cannot buy ... else. 10. Was there ... absent? 11. left the light on all night. 12. When can I find ... here who can give me ... information on this question? 13. Let me know if ... happens. 495 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. Êòî-òî îñòàâèë äâåðü îòêðûòîé. 2. Çâîíèë ìíå êòî-íèáóäü? 3. Êòî-íèáóäü ïðèõîäèë ñþäà, ïîêà ìåíÿ íå áûëî? 4. Íå ìîæåòå ëè âû ðàññêàçàòü ìíå ÷òî-íèáóäü î æèçíè ýòîãî ïèñàòåëÿ? 5. Ïî÷åìó âû íå ïðèíåñëè ìíå ÷òî-íèáóäü ïî÷èòàòü? 6. Âû ãîâîðèëè ñ êåì-íèáóäü îá ýòîì? 7. ß íèêîìó íå ãîâîðèë îá ýòîì. 8. Ìû íèêîãî íå âñòðåòèëè â êîðèäîðå. 9. Îí íè÷åãî íå çíàåò îá ýòîì. 10. Ãäå ÿ ìîãó äîñòàòü ÷òî-íèáóäü ïîïèòü? 11. Âû ÷èòàëè ÷òî-íèáóäü ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó? 12. Êòî-òî èç âàñ ãîâîðèë ìíå îá ýòîì. 13. Åñëè âû íàéäåòå ÷òî-íèáóäü èíòåðåñíîå â ýòîì æóðíàëå, ïðèøëèòå ìíå åãî, ïîæàëóéñòà. 14. Ëþáîé èç âàñ ìîæåò ýòî ñäåëàòü. 15. Êòî-íèáóäü èç íàñ äîëæåí ïîéòè òóäà. 16. Âñÿêèé ìîæåò ïîíÿòü ýòî. К §§ 44–46 Âìåñòî no, none, nothing, nobody óïîòðåáèòå not ... a, not ... any, not ... anything, not ... anybody: 1. I saw nobody in the museum. 2. There has been no rain for several days. 3. He said nothing about it in his last letter. 4. I have received no letters from him lately. 5. He gave me no ink. 6. I have no dictionary. 7. He said nothing. 8. I shall give the book to nobody else. 9. I have heard nothing about it. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Íèêòî íå çíàë èõ àäðåñà. 2. Îí íè÷åãî íå ïèñàë ìíå îá ýòîì. 3. ß íèêîãî íå æäó ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. 4. Íè÷åãî åùå íå èçâåñòíî îá ýòîì. 5. Íèêòî íå îæèäàë, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò. 6. Íà ýòîé óëèöå íåò ïî÷òîâîãî îòäåëåíèÿ. 7. Íèêòî èç íàñ íå ïîéäåò òóäà ñåãîäíÿ. 8. Ó íåãî äîìà íåò òåëåôîíà. 9. Íèêòî èç íèõ íå çíàë ýòîãî. 10. Íèêòî èç íàñ íå áûë òàì. 11. Íèêòî èç íèõ íå ïðèõîäèë â÷åðà. 12. Íèêòî íå ñïðàøèâàë ìåíÿ îá ýòîì. 13. Íèêîãî íå áûëî äîìà, êîãäà ÿ âåðíóëñÿ. К §§ 47–48 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ much, many èëè îäíî èç âûðàæåíèé a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of), a great deal (of), a great many: 1. ... people want to see this movie. 2. I dont drink ... beer. 3. How ... sheets of paper do you want? 4. Hurry up! You havent got ... time. 5. How ... does it cost? 6. Did you pay ... money for your suit? 7. We havent had ... rain this summer. 8. How ... time does it take to go there? 9. How ... times have you been there? 10. How ... apples did you buy? 11. He doesnt eat ... fruit. Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ much, many èëè îäíî èç âûðàæåíèé a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of), a great deal (of), a great many: 1. He has not ... friends in St.Petersburg. 2. He has ... friends. 3. He has as ... friends as I have. 4. He has got ... work to do. 5. He hasnt got ... work to do today. 6. Have you invited ... people to the party? 7. We have invited ... people to the party. 8. You have invited too ... people to the party. 9. I havent bought ... apples. 10. I have bought ... apples. 11. He did not know ... about it. Íàïèøèòå ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñèòåëüíûå è îòðèöàòåëüíûå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ôîðìå óòâåðäèòåëüíûõ ïðåäëîæåíèé: 1. Did the storm do much damage to the crops? 2. Were many passengers seasick? 3. We have not much time to get to the station. 4. I havent got many books in my library. 496 5. This train does not stop at many stations. 6. We did not expect many people to visit us. К §§ 49–50 Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå îäíî èç ìåñòîèìåíèé little, a little, few, a few: 1. Its no use asking him about it. He has ... knowledge of the subject. 2. He had very ... friends (hardly any friends). 3. He had ... friends (some friends). 4. He drank ... water and felt much better. 5. There was very ... water in the glass; so he poured in some more. 6. ... people understood what he said (hardly any people). 7. The chairman said ... words (some words). 8. May I have ... wine, please? 9. Hurry up! We have very ... time. К §§ 47–50 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ñêîëüêî ÿùèêîâ ãîòîâî ê îòãðóçêå? 2. Âû åäèòå ìíîãî ôðóêòîâ? 3. Ñêîëüêî âû çàïëàòèëè çà âàø ãàëñòóê? 4. Ó âàñ ìíîãî ðàáîòû ñåãîäíÿ? 5. Âû ÷èòàëè ìíîãî êíèã ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó? 6. Îí ìíîãî ÷èòàë ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. 7. ß íå ñìîãó ïîéòè ñ âàìè â êèíî, òàê êàê ó ìåíÿ ìíîãî ðàáîòû. 8. Íå ñïåøèòå. Ó íàñ ìíîãî âðåìåíè. 9. ß ïîòðàòèë ìíîãî äåíåã íà êíèãè. 10. Ìíîãîå íàïèñàíî íà ýòó òåìó. 11. ß ïîëó÷èë îò íåãî ìíîãî ïîëåçíûõ ñâåäåíèé ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. 12. Ó ìåíÿ î÷åíü ìíîãî êíèã ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. 13. Âû ñäåëàëè î÷åíü ìàëî îøèáîê â âàøåì ñî÷èíåíèè. 14. Â÷åðà â ïàðêå áûëî ìàëî äåòåé. 15.  ýòîé áèáëèîòåêå ìàëî ôðàíöóçñêèõ êíèã. К § 51 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß ïðèíåñ âàì âñå êíèãè, êîòîðûå ïîíàäîáÿòñÿ äëÿ ýòîé ðàáîòû. 2. Îíè âñå óøëè â êëóá. 3. ß ïðîâåë ñ íèì âåñü âå÷åð. 4. Âû âñå çíàåòå ýòîãî ÷åëîâåêà. 5. Âñå äèêèå æèâîòíûå áîÿòñÿ îãíÿ. 6. Âñå áûëè ãîòîâû ê ýêçàìåíó. 7. Ýòî âñå, ÷òî ÿ ìîãó âàì ñêàçàòü îá ýòîì. 8. Âñå áûëî ãîòîâî ê îòúåçäó. 9. Âû ìîæåòå êóïèòü â ýòîì ìàãàçèíå âñå, ÷òî âàì íóæíî. 10. Ðàññêàæèòå ìíå âñå, ÷òî âû çíàåòå îá ýòîì. 11. Âñÿ êîìíàòà áûëà óêðàøåíà öâåòàìè. 12. Îíè âñå çäåñü. 13. Îíè âñå áûëè î÷åíü âçâîëíîâàíû. 14. Ìû âñå áóäåì ðàäû åãî âèäåòü. 15. Îíè âñå ïðèäóò ñþäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. К § 52 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îáå ìîè ñåñòðû ó÷èòåëÿ. 2. Îíè îáà ïîéäóò òóäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. 3. Îáå ýòè ìàøèíû èçãîòîâëåíû íà íàøåì çàâîäå â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå. 4. Îí áûë ðàíåí â îáå íîãè. 5. Âû îáà ïðàâû. 6. Âû îáà äîëæíû ïðèäòè ñåãîäíÿ â 5 ÷àñîâ. 7. Îáà ïóòåøåñòâåííèêà âûãëÿäåëè óñòàëûìè. 8. Îí äàë ìíå äâå êíèãè; îáå î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûå. 9. Ìû îáà íå áóäåì äîìà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. 10. Îíè îáà íå çíàëè âàøåãî àäðåñà. 11. Ìû îáà äîëæíû áûòü òàì ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. 12. Îíè îáà ìîãóò ïîìî÷ü âàì. К §§ 53–54 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. Either of the expressions is correct, but the former is more common than the latter. 2. Neither of us could remain there. 3. Which of the two books may I take? You may take either. 4. I like neither this book nor that. 5. The guests sat on either side of a long table. 6. Either he or I must go there. 7. I havent seen him either. 8. I can agree in neither case. 497 К §§ 55–56 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Êàæäûé øêîëüíèê çíàåò ýòî ïðàâèëî. 2. Êàæäûé èç íèõ ïîëó÷èë ïðèãëàøåíèå íà âå÷åð. 3. Êàæäûé èç ýòèõ äåòåé ïîëó÷èë áèëåò â êèíî. 4. Ïåðåä êàæäûì äîìîì áûëî ìíîãî öâåòîâ. 5. Êàæäûé ÷åëîâåê äîëæåí çíàòü ñâîè îáÿçàííîñòè. 6. Êàæäûé èç âàñ äîëæåí âíèìàòåëüíî ïðî÷åñòü ýòó ñòàòüþ. 7. Îí ïðèõîäèò ñþäà êàæäûé âå÷åð. К § 58 Âñòàâüòå âìåñòî òî÷åê îäíî èç ìåñòîèìåíèé (the) other, another, (the) others: 1. I lost my watch, my pen and some ... things. 2. The village is on ... side of the river. 3. You are wet through. Change into ... clothes. 4. I must put on ... coat before going to the party. 5. Have you any ... books on this subject? I am sorry, but there are no ... . 6. Give me ... pen; any ... will do. 7. Take this chair away and bring me ... . 8. Give me ... glove. 9. Is there ... train to Kiev this evening? Yes, there is one that leaves at midnight and there are two ... that leave early in the morning. 10. He took two books and left... on the table. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß óæå ÷èòàë ýòó êíèãó. Äàéòå ìíå äðóãóþ, ïîæàëóéñòà. 2. Ïîêàæèòå ìíå íåñêîëüêî äðóãèõ êíèã. 3. Òåàòð íàõîäèòñÿ íà äðóãîé ñòîðîíå óëèöû. 4. Ïîäîæäèòå íåìíîãî, ïîæàëóéñòà. ß äîëæåí íàäåòü äðóãîé ïèäæàê. 5. Òîëüêî äâà ñòóäåíòà íàøåé ãðóïïû ñäåëàëè îøèáêè â äèêòàíòå. Äðóãèå íàïèñàëè äèêòàíò áåç îøèáîê. 6. Äàéòå ìíå äðóãóþ ðó÷êó. 7. Ïî÷åìó òàê ìàëî ñòóäåíòîâ â êëàññå? Ãäå äðóãèå? 8. Åãî äîì íà äðóãîì áåðåãó ðåêè. 9. Îí æèâåò íà äðóãîé ñòîðîíå óëèöû. 10. Ó íåãî äâà áðàòà. Îäèí èç íèõ æèâåò â Ìîñêâå, à äðóãîé â Ïåòåðáóðãå. 11. Âîçüìèòå îäèí èç ýòèõ ñëîâàðåé, à ÿ âîçüìó äðóãîé. 12. Íåêîòîðûå èç íàñ ïîåõàëè ïîåçäîì, à äðóãèå ïîëåòåëè ñàìîëåòîì. К § 59 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. One must do ones duty. 2. One sees other peoples faults sooner than ones own. 3. When one does not know grammar, one often makes mistakes. 4. In such circumstances one doesnt sometimes know what one should do. 5. One might have expected a politer answer from him. 6. One must always observe the traffic regulations. 7. His room is good, but the one you live in is much better. 8. I liked this story very much, but I disliked the one you told us yesterday. К § 59 (п. 1) Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Íèêîãäà íå ñëåäóåò îòêëàäûâàòü íà çàâòðà òî, ÷òî ìîæíî ñäåëàòü ñåãîäíÿ. 2. Ñëåäóåò ïðèíÿòü âî âíèìàíèå, ÷òî ýòîò âîïðîñ î÷åíü òðóäíûé. 3. Íèêîãäà íåëüçÿ çíàòü, ÷òî ýòîò ðåáåíîê ìîæåò ñäåëàòü. 4. Ýòè öèôðû ìîæíî íàéòè â ëþáîì ñïðàâî÷íèêå ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. 5. Íàäî âñåãäà îòâå÷àòü íà ïèñüìà íåìåäëåííî. К § 59 (п. 2) Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ó ìåíÿ íåò ðàäèîïðèåìíèêà. ß õî÷ó êóïèòü ðàäèîïðèåìíèê. 2. Åñëè ó âàñ íåò ñëîâàðÿ, âû ìîæåòå âçÿòü ñëîâàðü â áèáëèîòåêå. 3. Çäåñü íåò ñòàêàíà. Ïðèíåñèòå ñòàêàí, ïîæàëóéñòà. 4. Ó ìåíÿ íåò ðó÷êè. Äàéòå ìíå ðó÷êó, ïîæàëóéñòà. 498 К § 59 (п. 4) Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ìíå íå íðàâèòñÿ ýòî çåëåíîå ÿáëîêî. Äàéòå ìíå êðàñíîå. 2. ß ïðåäïî÷èòàþ õîëîäíóþ ïîãîäó æàðêîé. 3. Ýòî ìàëåíüêèé ïàðîõîä. Íàì íóæåí áîëüøîé. 4. Ìîé áðàò ïðèñëàë ìíå íåñêîëüêî àíãëèéñêèõ êíèã è íåñêîëüêî íåìåöêèõ. 5. ß ïîòåðÿë ñâîè ÷àñû, è ìíå ïðèøëîñü êóïèòü íîâûå. ÃËÀÃÎË ËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÈÇÚßÂÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ ÄÅÉÑÒÂÈÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ К §§ 12, 21 Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû, ñòîÿùèå â ñêîáêàõ, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà, â Present Indefinite èëè Present Continuous: 1. What you (to do) here? I (to wait) for a friend. 2. He (to speak) English? Yes, he (to speak) English quite fluently. 3. Listen! Someone (to knock) at the door. 4. Dont enter into the classroom! The students (to write) a test there. 5. She (to write) letters to her mother every week. 6. Ships (to travel) from Saratov to Novgorod in three and a half days. 7. The man who (to smoke) a cigarette is our English teacher. 8. Lets go for a walk, it not (to rain). 9. You (to hear) anything? I (to listen) hard, but I not (to hear) anything. 10. My husband (to smoke) a great deal. 11. Listen! The telephone (to ring). 12. Where is Peter? He (to have) his English lesson. I think that he always (to have) it at this hour. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ãäå Âàëüòåð? Îí èãðàåò â òåííèñ. 2. Îí õîðîøî èãðàåò â ôóòáîë? Íåò, îí èãðàåò ïëîõî. 3. ß íå çíàþ ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðûé ðàçãîâàðèâàåò ñ äèðåêòîðîì. 4. ß ÷àñòî ðàçãîâàðèâàþ ñ ìîèì ïðèÿòåëåì î íàøåé ïîåçäêå íà Êàâêàç. 5. Àëåêñàíäð ïîåò î÷åíü õîðîøî. 6. Ñëóøàéòå, Èâàí ïîåò â ñîñåäíåé êîìíàòå. 7. Îí íå âèäèò, ÷òî ÿ íà íåãî ñìîòðþ, òàê êàê îí ÷èòàåò ÷òî-òî ñ áîëüøèì èíòåðåñîì. 8. Ïîçâîíèòå åìó ñåé÷àñ. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî îí åùå íå ñïèò. 9. Ïîñìîòðèòå íà ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðûé ñèäèò ó îêíà. Ýòî íàø àäâîêàò. К §§ 12, 21, 37, 52 Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû, ñòîÿùèå â ñêîáêàõ, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà, â Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect èëè Present Perfect Continuous: 1. Mary (to learn) French at the University. She (to learn) English since last autumn. 2. They are busy now. They (to discuss) an important question. They (to discuss) it since five oclock. 3. Where is John? He (to work) in the library. He (to work) long? Yes, he (to work) since morning. 4. My son (to be) in hospital. He (to be) there for ten days. 5. Mr. Ivanov (to teach) French. He is a very experienced teacher. He (to teach) French for fifteen years. 6. I (to know) Jack well. Since when you (to know) him? I (to know) him since 1970. 499 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Êîãî âû æäåòå? ß æäó äðóãà. Âû äàâíî åãî æäåòå? Äà, ÿ æäó åãî óæå îêîëî ïîëó÷àñà. 2. ×òî âû ïåðåâîäèòå? ß ïåðåâîæó ïîëèòè÷åñêóþ ñòàòüþ. Êàê äîëãî âû åå ïåðåâîäèòå? ß ïåðåâîæó åå óæå ÷àñ. 3. ß ïåðåâîæó âîñåìü èëè äåñÿòü ñòàòåé â íåäåëþ. 4. Ãäå ìîé äíåâíèê? Îí ëåæèò íà âàøåì ïèñüìåííîì ñòîëå. 5. Âàøà êíèãà ëåæèò çäåñü óæå íåñêîëüêî äíåé. Âîçüìèòå åå. 6. Ìû çíàåì äðóã äðóãà î÷åíü õîðîøî. 7. Ìû çíàåì äðóã äðóãà ñ òåõ ïîð, êàê ÿ ïðèåõàë â Ïåòåðáóðã. 8. Ã-í Áðàóí äèðåêòîð íàøåãî çàâîäà. Îí äèðåêòîð çàâîäà ñ 1990 ã. 9. Ìîé áðàò æèâåò â Îìñêå. Ñ êàêèõ ïîð îí æèâåò òàì? Îí æèâåò òàì ñ 1985 ã. К §§ 14, 34–36 Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû, ñòîÿùèå â ñêîáêàõ, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà, â Present Perfect èëè Past Indefinite: 1. You (to read) that magazine yet? No, I only just (to begin) it. 2. Stepanov (to leave) Moscow? No, he is still in Moscow. 3. When the delegation (to arrive) in Kiev? It (arrive) yesterday. 4. I not (to see) Ann at the lecture. 5. I not (to see) this film yet, but I (to hear) a lot about it. 6. He isnt here, he just (to go) out. 7. I (to have) no news from him since he (to leave) home. 8. We (to discuss) the matter during breakfast. 9. I cannot give you a definite answer as I not (to discuss) the matter with the manager. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ïî÷åìó âû íàäåëè ïàëüòî? Ñåãîäíÿ ñîâñåì òåïëî. 2. Âàø áðàò âåðíóëñÿ â Ìèíñê? 3. Êîãäà âàø áðàò âåðíóëñÿ â Ïåòåðáóðã? 4. Âû çàêîí÷èëè ñâîþ ðàáîòó? Äà, ÿ çàêîí÷èë åå â÷åðà. 5. ß ïðèíåñ âàì íåñêîëüêî î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûõ ñòàòåé. 6. Êóäà âû ïîëîæèëè ìîé ñëîâàðü? ß íå ìîãó åãî íàéòè. 7. Îí ïîëîæèë äîêóìåíòû íà ñòîë è âûøåë èç êîìíàòû. 8. ß íèêîãäà íå ÷èòàë ýòîé êíèãè. 9. ß íèêîãäà íå êóïàëñÿ ïîñëå çàõîäà ñîëíöà, êîãäà æèë â ßëòå. 10. Îòåö ïðèøåë. Îí æäåò âàñ âíèçó. 11. ß åãî íå âèäåë ñ çèìû. 12. ß óæå ãîâîðèë âàì îá ýòîì äâà ðàçà. Ðàçâå âû íå ïîìíèòå? 13. ß íå çíàþ, êîòîðûé ñåé÷àñ ÷àñ, òàê êàê ìîè ÷àñû îñòàíîâèëèñü. 14. Íàêîíåö òàêñè îñòàíîâèëîñü ó ïîäúåçäà áîëüøîãî äîìà. 15. Âû íàïèñàëè ýòîò òåñò î÷åíü ïëîõî. Íàïèøèòå åãî åùå ðàç. 16. Îí íàïèñàë óïðàæíåíèå î÷åíü ïëîõî, è ïðåïîäàâàòåëü âåëåë åìó íàïèñàòü åãî åùå ðàç. К §§ 14, 24, 40, 57 Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû, ñòîÿùèå â ñêîáêàõ, â çàâèñèìîñòè îò ñìûñëà, â Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect èëè Past Perfect Continuous: 1. He not (to see) me as he (to read) when I (to come) into the room. 2. When he was in Tula he (to visit) the places where he (to play) as a boy. 3. The letter (to arrive) five minutes after you (to leave) the house. 4. It (to rain) hard last night when I (to leave) the office. 5. The train could not stop because it (to travel) too fast at the time. 6. When I (to call) for my friend, his mother (to tell) me that he (to leave) half an hour before. 7. I (to shout) to him to stop, but he (to run) too fast and not (to hear). 8. Large crowds (to wait) at the station when the Russian delegation (to arrive). 9. When I (to hear) the news, I (to hurry) to see him. 10. We (to walk) to the station when it (to begin) to rain. 11. He (to sit) in the garden when the storm (to break) out. 12. He (to thank) me for what 500 I (to do) for him. 13. When I (to wake up) this morning, the sun (to shine) high in the sky. 14. Before he (to enter) the University, he (to work) at a plant. 15. The manager (to leave) the office before I (to arrive). 16. When I (to go) to the room the next day, I (to find) the newspapers exactly where I (to leave) them. 17. We (to walk) for about two hours when at last we (to see) the road. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß æèë â Ëåíèíãðàäå, êîãäà íà÷àëàñü âîéíà. 2. Åãî òåëåãðàììà ïðèøëà, êîãäà ÿ âûõîäèë èç äîìó. 3.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó ÿ ÷àñòî õîäèë â êèíî. 4. Â÷åðà ÿ êóïèë ÷àñû, òàê êàê ïîòåðÿë ñâîè ñòàðûå. 5. Îí êîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó ê 10 ÷àñàì. 6. Êîãäà ÿ ïðèøåë, ìàøèíèñòêà ïå÷àòàëà ïèñüìà, êîòîðûå ÿ åé äàë íàêàíóíå. 7. Êîãäà ìîé îòåö áûë áîëåí, äîêòîð ïðèõîäèë ê íåìó êàæäûé äåíü. 8. Ìàøèíèñòêà åùå íå íàïå÷àòàëà âñåõ ïèñåì, êîãäà ÿ ïðèøåë. 9. ß î÷åíü ìíîãî ÷èòàë â ïðîøëîì ãîäó. 10. Ñòàëî óæå ñîâñåì òåìíî, êîãäà ìû âåðíóëèñü äîìîé. 11. Îíà ïîðåçàëà ïàëåö, êîãäà ðåçàëà õëåá. 12. ß ïðîâåë ñâîé îòïóñê â îäíîé ìàëåíüêîé äåðåâíå íà Íåâå. Îäèí èç ìîèõ ïðèÿòåëåé ïîñîâåòîâàë ìíå ïîåõàòü òóäà. 13. Ëåòîì ÿ çàõîäèë ê íèì êàæäûé âå÷åð. 14. Äîæäü åùå íå ïðåêðàòèëñÿ, êîãäà ìû âûøëè èç äîìó. 15. ß îáåäàë, êîãäà îí ìíå ïîçâîíèë. 16. Íà äíÿõ ÿ ïîçíàêîìèëñÿ ñ îäíèì ñòàðûì ìîðÿêîì. Îí ïîáûâàë âî ìíîãèõ ñòðàíàõ íà âîñòîêå è çàïàäå. 17. ß âîçâðàùàëñÿ äîìîé äîâîëüíî ïîçäíî. Ñòàíîâèëîñü óæå òåìíî, è øåë äîæäü. ß øåë áûñòðî, òàê êàê íå âçÿë çîíòèêà è áîÿëñÿ ïðîìîêíóòü. Ìèìî ìåíÿ ïðîåçæàëè ìàøèíû. Âäðóã îäíà èç íèõ îñòàíîâèëàñü âîçëå ìåíÿ, è êòî-òî îêëèêíóë ìåíÿ. ß óçíàë ãîëîñ ñâîåãî ïðèÿòåëÿ, äîêòîðà À. Îí ïðèãëàñèë ìåíÿ â ìàøèíó, è ÷åðåç ïÿòü ìèíóò ÿ áûë äîìà. 18. ß ÷èòàë âåñü âå÷åð â÷åðà. 19. ß ïðèøåë äîìîé, ïîóæèíàë è íà÷àë ÷èòàòü ãàçåòó. Âäðóã ÿ âñïîìíèë, ÷òî îáåùàë âåðíóòü ñâîåìó ïðèÿòåëþ ó÷åáíèê. Îí äàë åãî ìíå íà äâà äíÿ è ïðîñèë âåðíóòü âîâðåìÿ. ß âñòàë, âçÿë ó÷åáíèê è ïîøåë ê ñâîåìó ïðèÿòåëþ. 20. Ìîÿ ñåñòðà åùå ñïàëà, êîãäà ÿ âñòàë, òàê êàê îíà âåðíóëàñü äîìîé î÷åíü ïîçäíî. 21. ß æäàë åãî îêîëî ïîëó÷àñà, êîãäà îí, íàêîíåö, ïðèøåë. 22. Îíè óæå äâà ãîäà èçó÷àëè àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, êîãäà íà÷àëè èçó÷àòü ôðàíöóçñêèé. К §§ 16, 27, 47 1. I (to wait) for you at six oclock tomorrow. 2. I am sure that they (to complete) their work by June. 3. At 3 oclock tomorrow I (to have) a German lesson. 4. Tomorrow at this time you (to sail) down the Neva. 5. I hope it (to stop) raining by four oclock. 6. I hope the next mail (to bring) news from home. 7. She (to return) from the library at eight oclock. 8. I not (to work) at ten oclock. I (to finish) my home work by that time. 9. At what time you (to be) here? 10. What you (to do) at eleven oclock? I (to work) on my composition. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî îí áóäåò ó÷àñòâîâàòü â ýòîé ðàáîòå. 2. Íå îïàçäûâàéòå. ß áóäó æäàòü âàñ â õîëëå â 9 ÷àñîâ. 3. Îí áóäåò ðàáîòàòü âåñü äåíü çàâòðà. 4. Íå ïðèõîäèòå â 2 ÷àñà çàâòðà: îí áóäåò çàíÿò. Ó íåãî áóäåò àíãëèéñêèé óðîê â ýòî âðåìÿ. 5. Ïðèõîäèòå â 6 ÷àñîâ. Äèðåêòîð ïîäïèøåò âñå äîêóìåíòû ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè. 6. ×òî âû áóäåòå äåëàòü ñ 6 äî 8 çàâòðà? ß áóäó ïèñàòü äîêëàä. К §§12 (п. 3), 21 (п. 3), 38 501 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ â ïðèäàòî÷íûõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ âðåìåíè è óñëîâèÿ Present Indefinite, Present Continuous èëè Present Perfect âìåñòî ôîðì áóäóùåãî âðåìåíè: 1. ß åùå áóäó ðàáîòàòü, êîãäà âû âåðíåòåñü. 2. ß ïîãîâîðþ ñ íèì îá ýòîì, êîãäà ÿ åãî âñòðå÷ó. 3. ß ïîéäó äîìîé ïîñëå òîãî, êàê çàêîí÷ó ðàáîòó. 4. Åñëè ÿ áóäó ñâîáîäåí çàâòðà âå÷åðîì, òî ïîéäó ñ âàìè â òåàòð. 5. Îíà áóäåò óæèíàòü ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ðàñïàêóåò ñâîè âåùè. 6. Åñëè îí áóäåò åùå ðàáîòàòü, êîãäà âû âåðíåòåñü, ïîñîâåòóéòå åìó ëå÷ü ñïàòü. 7. Åñëè îí íå ïðèäåò çàâòðà, ïîøëèòå åìó òåëåãðàììó. 8. ß äàì âàì çíàòü, êàê òîëüêî ïîëó÷ó ïèñüìî îò íåãî. 9. Ìû ïîéäåì, êîãäà ïåðåñòàíåò èäòè äîæäü. 10. Ïîñèäèòå çäåñü, ïîæàëóéñòà, ïîêà íå âåðíåòñÿ ïðåïîäàâàòåëü. 11. Íå ñõîäèòå ñ òðàìâàÿ, ïîêà îí íå îñòàíîâèòñÿ. 12. ß çàéäó ê âàì ïåðåä òåì, êàê óåäó èç Ïåòåðáóðãà. 13. Ïîéäåìòå â ïàðê, êîãäà îêîí÷èòñÿ ëåêöèÿ. 14. ß ïîéäó äîìîé òîëüêî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ìàøèíà ñêðîåòñÿ èç âèäà. Обзорные упражнения к §§ 9–63 Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû, ñòîÿùèå â ñêîáêàõ, â òðåáóåìîì ïî ñìûñëó âðåìåíè: À. 1. The ship (to go) to the north when a storm (to break) out. 2. By this time next year you (to graduate) from the University. 3. He (to become) a doctor now. 4. They (to drive) at about ninety miles an hour when the accident (to happen). 5. Although the weather (to be) fine during the last few days, this spring is not a good one on the whole. 6. When I (to get) to the station, I (to learn) that the bus (to leave) a few minutes before. 7. He generally (to play) baseball very well, but today he (to play) very badly. 8. All last week he (to prepare) for the exam. 9. That man (to teach) in this school since 1992. 10. Water (to change) into ice when the temperature (to drop) below zero. 11. We (to see) your brother a ear ago, but we not (to see) him since then. 12. It (to rain) every day since we (to come) here. 13. When we (to reach) the wood, we (to find) that a party of strangers (to occupy) the spot which we (to choose) for our picnic. 14. Kindly repeat what you just (to say). 15. I only (to succeed) in solving the problem after I (to work) on it for several hours. 16. He reminded me that we (to be) classmates at school. 17. My brother (to remain) in Saratov till the end of the war. 18. I (to hear) that you (to give) up the idea of studying French. 19. Up to now I not (to hear) anything from him. 20. He (to be) a correspondent for The Times since 1981. 21. Come to my room as soon as you (to return). 22. I (to know) him ever since we (to be) children. 23. I shall cash the cheque as soon as the bank (to be) open. 24. He said he (to reach) home by midnight. 25. By the time he is thirty he (to become) a great pianist. 26. He (to shrug) his shoulders, (to shake) his head, but (to say) nothing. 27. Dima (to go) to St.Petersburg last ear and (to work) there since then. 28. When I get back, they probably (to have supper). 29. He very much wanted to go to the Far East as he never (to be) there. B. THE DOG AND HIS SHADOW A dog, who (to run) away with a large piece of meat which he (to steal), (to come) to a stream over which (to be) a little bridge. As he (to cross) the bridge, he (to look) down and (to see) another dog with another large piece of meat in his mouth. Not knowing that what he (to see) was only the reflection of himself in the clear water, he greedily (to drop) his own meat and (to make) a snatch at the other. But, instead of getting anything, he only (to lose) the meat he (to steal). 502 C. THE ASS WITH A SACK OF SALT (A Fable) An ass, who (to carry) a large sack of salt which his master (to place) on his back, (to come) to a stream over which there (to be) a bridge. As he (to cross) the bridge he (to slip) and (to fall) into the stream. The salt (to melt) in the water and the ass (to be) glad that his sack (to become) so light. The next day the ass (to cross) the bridge with another bag of salt. He (to remember) what (to happen) the day before, (to fall) into the stream on purpose and (to stay) there until the salt (to melt). After he (to do) the same thing a third time, his master (to decide) to cure the lazy animal of his tricks. He (to fill) the bag with sponges and (to tie) it on the asss back. When the ass (to come) to the stream, he (to plunge) into the water at once, expecting that the bag (to become) still lighter. He (to be), however, greatly disappointed when a few minutes later he (to find) that the bag (to be) ten times heavier than it (to be) before. D. WHANG THE MILLER (After GOLDSMITH GOLDSMITH)) Whang the Miller was very avaricious. Nobody (to love) money more than he, and he (to respect) only those who (to be) rich. When people (to talk) of a rich man, Whang always (to say), I (to know) him very well; he and I (to be) friends since childhood, but when people (to mention) a poor man, he always (to say) that he not (to know) him and never (to hear) his name before, as he not (to be) fond of many acquaintances. One day as he (to think) how to increase his wealth, he (to learn) that one of his neighbours, Hunks by name, (to find) a large pot of gold underground after he (to dream) of it three nights running. The greedy miller greatly (to envy) his neighbours luck and (to complain) every day to his customers that he (to be) unlucky, saying, I (to work) from morning till night for so many years, but I never (to find) any gold. I wish I could dream like my neighbour! At last he (to dream) one night that under a certain part of the wall of the mill there (to be) a huge pot of gold. He (to dream) of the same pot of money the two succeeding nights and (to be) therefore sure that he (to find) the treasure in the place where he (to see) it in his dreams. So he (to get up) early the third morning, (to go) to the mill alone with a spade in his hand, and (to begin) to dig under the corner of the wall. He (to dig) for three hours when at last his spade (to strike) a broad, flat stone, so large that he (can) not remove it. He (to decide) that he (to go) home, (to tell) his wife everything and (to ask) her to help him. So he (to run) home and (to tell) his wife of his dream and of the treasure that (to wait) for them under the stone. They both (to run) back to the place where Whang (to dig) and found that their mill, which Whang (to undermine) by digging, (to fall) and (to lie) in ruins. E. THE DEATH OF A HERO (Adapted from K. SIMОNОV’S novel DA YS AND NIGHT S) DAYS NIGHTS Captain Saburov (to sleep) about an hour when the telephone operator (to awake) him. It (to be) still quite dark and he not (to know) what time it (to be). Jumping down from his bed he (to run) to the telephone. Captain Saburov speaking. This is General Protsenko. Go out, listen, wake up your men, and tell them to listen too. When Saburov (to run) out of the dug-out, it (to snow). For a minute or two he not (to 503 hear) anything, then his ears (to catch) the sound of a distant roar of guns. The guns (to be) about 25 miles from where he (to be), but the ground (to tremble) as if an earthquake (to shake) it. Saburov (to turn) to a soldier who (to stand) nearby. Can you hear anything? Of course, I can, Comrade Captain. Our guns (to fire). They (to fire) long? I (to listen) to them for about an hour, (to say) the soldier. An hour later everybody (to know) that the Soviet troops (to by-pass) Stalingrad to the north and south and (to encircle) the Germans. Everybody (to want) to do something to help the Soviet troops in their great offensive. Captain Saburov (to ask) the divisional commander to allow him to make a night attack on a building which the Germans (to occupy) just in front of his lines. The Germans (to think) that they (to cut off) completely the area occupied by Saburov and not (to expect) an attack. The night attack (to begin) at a quarter past one. The Russians (to capture) the building and then (to prepare) to defend it against German counter-attacks. Saburov and his friend, Lieutenant Maslennikov, (to lie) side by side in the window of a cellar just on a level with the ground. They (to see) some German soldiers enter the cellar through a hole they (to find) in the wall. As the Germans (to pass), Saburov (to open) fire with his tommy-gun. After he (to use) up all the ammunition, he (to throw) his tommy-gun at a German who (to pass) with such force that he (to fall) forward on his face. At that moment another German soldier (to lift) a gun over Saburov. Maslennikov (to jump) at the German and both of them (to fall) to the ground and (to roll) over and over. Saburov just (to get up) on his feet when he (to hear) some revolver shots and (to see) that the German (to rise) over Maslennikovs body. He (to seize) the tommy-gun which (to lie) on the ground and (to hit) the German several times on the head with all his strength. Just then some Soviet soldiers (to rush) into the cellar and (to tell) him that the Germans (to retreat). Saburov (to drop) down beside Maslennikov and (to see) that his friend (to be) dead. He (to send) for the sappers and (to order) them to dig a grave for Maslennikov. As soon as it (to be) light and he could see the face of his friend who (to die) to save him, he (to bend) over Maslennikov and (to take) his documents and medals. A salute of three volleys (to be fired) over the grave of the hero. Sounds of gun-fire (to come) from the west where Soviet troops (to close) the ring around 300,000 Germans. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Çàâòðà â ýòî âðåìÿ ìû áóäåì ïîäúåçæàòü (ïðèáëèæàòüñÿ) ê Ëîíäîíó. 2. Îí óåõàë â Ñàìàðó â 1955 ãîäó è ñ òåõ ïîð æèâåò òàì. 3. Îí ðàáîòàë íà ýòîì çàâîäå óæå ïÿòü ëåò, êîãäà íà÷àëàñü âîéíà. 4. Ìû ïðèøëè äîìîé, êîãäà ñîëíöå åùå ñâåòèëî. 5. Âñå óæå ëÿãóò ñïàòü ê òîìó âðåìåíè, êîãäà ìû âåðíåìñÿ. 6. Çàêðîéòå äâåðü. Èäåò äîæäü, è ñòàëî î÷åíü õîëîäíî. Ïîãîäà ñèëüíî èçìåíèëàñü ñî â÷åðàøíåãî äíÿ. 7. Êîãäà ÿ âîøåë, îí ïîëîæèë êíèãó, êîòîðóþ ÷èòàë, íà ñòîë è âñòàë, ÷òîáû ïîïðèâåòñòâîâàòü ìåíÿ. 8. Îí íå áóäåò äåëàòü óñïåõîâ äî òåõ ïîð, ïîêà íå áóäåò ðàáîòàòü áîëüøå. 9. Áûëî õîëîäíî, òàê êàê ñîëíöå åùå íå âçîøëî. 10. ß íàïèøó âàì ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ïîãîâîðþ ñ íèì. 11. ß çíàþ åãî äàâíî è ìîãó ñêàçàòü, ÷òî îí î÷åíü õîðîøèé ÷åëîâåê. 12. Ñîáðàíèå óæå íà÷àëîñü. 13. Åñëè îí ïðèäåò ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ÿ óéäó, äàéòå åìó êíèãó, êîòîðàÿ ëåæèò 504 íà ñòîëå. 14. Óæå íåñêîëüêî äíåé ìîðå î÷åíü áóðíîå, è ñ ïîíåäåëüíèêà íå áûëî ïàðîõîäà íà Ñóõóìè. Ìû âûåäåì èç Îäåññû, êàê òîëüêî áóäåò ïàðîõîä. 15. ß øåë óæå îêîëî ÷àñà, êîãäà, íàêîíåö, óâèäåë áîëüøîé äîì íåäàëåêî îò ðåêè. ß ñðàçó ïîíÿë, ÷òî ýòî òîò äîì, î êîòîðîì ãîâîðèë ìíå Àëåêñàíäð. ß ïîäîøåë ê äîìó è ïîñòó÷àë. Êàêàÿ-òî æåíùèíà ñèäåëà ó îêíà è ïåëà. Óñëûøàâ ñòóê, îíà âñòàëà è ïîøëà ê äâåðè. 16. Ñåãîäíÿ ÿ ïîøåë íà çàâîä, ÷òîáû ïîâèäàòü ã-íà À. ïî äåëó. Ìû äîãîâîðèëèñü âñòðåòèòüñÿ â 3 ÷àñà äíÿ. 17. Â÷åðà âå÷åðîì ÿ îæèäàë àâòîáóñ íà Íåâñêîì ïðîñïåêòå. ß çàìåòèë, ÷òî ÷åëîâåê, êîòîðûé ñòîÿë ðÿäîì ñî ìíîé, âíèìàòåëüíî ñìîòðèò íà ìåíÿ. ß óçíàë ñâîåãî äðóãà, ñ êîòîðûì ó÷èëñÿ â øêîëå. ß íå âèäàë åãî ñ 1985 ã. è áûë î÷åíü ðàä, ÷òî âñòðåòèë åãî. ÑÒÐÀÄÀÒÅËÜÍÛÉ ÇÀËÎÃ К §§ 65–67 Çàìåíèòå ñëåäóþùèå äåéñòâèòåëüíûå îáîðîòû ñòðàäàòåëüíûìè: 1. Russian scientists make wonderful discoveries. 2. Glinka composed the opera Ivan Susanin. 3. This mine will produce large quantities of coal this year. 4. A railway line connects the village with the town. 5. Who has written this book? 6. A well-known architect designed this theatre. 7. The students read the text aloud. 8. The teacher will correct the students composition. 9. The workers are discharging the steamer. 10. The director has just signed the letter. 11. The committee must discuss this question immediately. 12. The Customs officer is counting the cases. 13. The accountant must check the invoice. 14. When he entered the room, the legal adviser was checking the contract. 15. The manufacturers can deliver the machine at the end of the month. 16. The agent must inform the buyers of the arrival of the steamer. 17. As the buyers had not opened a letter of credit, we could not ship the goods. К § 69 Ïîñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû, ñòîÿùèå â ñêîáêàõ, â òðåáóåìîì ïî ñìûñëó âðåìåíè: 1. Dont enter the room! A student (to examine) there. 2. The event (to report) by the magazines before they arrived home. 3. After the accident he (to take) immediately home. 4. The letter (to type) by the typist when I came in. 5. I am sure that his work (to complete) by the end of the ear. 6. Some new magazines just (to bring). Would you like to look them through? 7. The exercises usually (to correct) by the teacher at home. 8. I cant show you my written work as it not (to return) by my teacher. 9. Many new houses (to build) in our city lately. 10. We think that the ship (to charter) next week. 11. They will pay the money as soon as the goods (to deliver). 12. The goods not (to examine) yet at the customhouse. When they (to examine)? 13. The problem which (to discuss) now at the conference is very important. 14. This bridge (to build) in 1945. 15. The contract (to type) before the director comes to the office. 16. Important scientific work (to carry on) by that institute. 17. All the students (to examine) by ten oclock. 18. The documents not (to sign) yet by the manager. They (to check) now. 19. She (to frighten) by a loud noise in the street. 505 К § 71  ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ïîä÷åðêíèòå îäíîé ÷åðòîé âðåìåíà ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà è äâóìÿ ÷åðòàìè ñîñòàâíîå ñêàçóåìîå. Ïåðåâåäèòå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. The knife is made of steel. 2. Knives are generally made of steel. 3. These books are sold everywhere. 4. These houses are sold out. 5. As my watch was broken, I had to buy a new one. 6. The cheese was cut with a sharp knife. 7. When I came home, I saw that my sons finger was cut to the bone. 8. The roof of my house is painted every year. 9. The roof of my house is painted red. 10. When I arrived at the port all the cases were packed. 11. The cases were packed by skilled workers. 12. The letter is written in ink. 13. The shop is usually closed at 6 oclock. 14. The bakery is closed as today is Sunday. К §§ 72–74 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ïîäïèñàíî ëè ýòî ïèñüìî? 2. Ýòî ïèñüìî òîëüêî ÷òî ïîäïèñàíî äèðåêòîðîì. 3. Ñîãëàøåíèå óæå çàêëþ÷åíî. 4. Ýòî ñîãëàøåíèå íåäàâíî çàêëþ÷åíî. 5. Òîâàðû åùå íå äîñòàâëåíû. 6. Òîâàðû äîñòàâëåíû ñåãîäíÿ ñàìîëåòîì. 7. Ýòîò âîïðîñ åùå íå èññëåäîâàí. 8. Ïîãðóæåíû ëè òîâàðû? 9. Ýòî çäàíèå ïîëíîñòüþ âîññòàíîâëåíî. 10. ßùèêè ïåðåñ÷èòàíû. Èõ ìîæíî îòâåçòè íà ñêëàä. 11. Ýòî çäàíèå áûëî òîëüêî ÷òî ïîñòðîåíî, êîãäà ìû ïðèåõàëè â Êèåâ. 12. Êîãäà ìû ïðèåõàëè â Êèåâ, òàì áûëî ìíîãî äîìîâ, êîòîðûå áûëè ðàçðóøåíû. 13. Êîãäà ïðèøåë äèðåêòîð, âñå áûëî ãîòîâî: äîêóìåíòû áûëè ïðîâåðåíû, è ïèñüìà áûëè íàïå÷àòàíû. 14. Äîì áûë îòðåìîíòèðîâàí, çàáîð áûë ïîêðàøåí, è ìíîãî íîâûõ öâåòîâ áûëî ïîñàæåíî â ñàäó ê òîìó âðåìåíè, êîãäà îí âåðíóëñÿ. 15. Êîãäà âû ïîçâîíèëè ïî òåëåôîíó, ðàáîòà áûëà òîëüêî ÷òî çàêîí÷åíà. 16. Âàì íå ïðèäåòñÿ æäàòü. Äîêóìåíòû áóäóò ïðîâåðåíû è ïèñüìà íàïå÷àòàíû, êîãäà âû ïðèäåòå. К §§ 75–76 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. Scientific articles are often published in this magazine. 2. The new film is being demonstrated in all the big cinemas of St.Petersburg. 3. This book has been recommended to us by our teacher. 4. The contract is being typed. 5. Have you been asked about it? 6. The contract is typed. You can read it. 7. The article is written in French. 8. The letter has not been posted yet. 9. A new school has been built in that town lately. It is built of brick. 10. A great number of new houses are built in Moscow every year. 11. When will the machines be delivered to us? 12. That bridge was designed by a well-known architect. 13. The steamer will be discharged tomorrow. 14. While the goods were being prepared for shipment, we were looking for a suitable steamer. 15. A new railway is being built in that region. 16. He was warmly thanked for his help. 17. Has the contract been checked by the legal adviser? К § 77 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ïåðâàÿ ÷àñòü ýòîé êíèãè ïå÷àòàåòñÿ â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå, à âòîðàÿ ÷àñòü áóäåò ïå÷àòàòüñÿ â Ìîñêâå. 2. Êîãäà áûë ïîñòðîåí ýòîò òåàòð? 3.  íàøåì ãîðîäå ñåé÷àñ ñòðîèòñÿ íîâûé âîêçàë. 4. Íàø çàâîä îáîðóäîâàí ñîâðåìåííûìè ìàøèíàìè. 5. Åãî ñêîðî ïîøëþò â ÑØÀ. 6. Åãî ñïðîñèëè, ãäå îí æèâåò. 7. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî ýòîò äîì áóäåò ïîñòðîåí ê èþëþ. 8. Îí óåäåò èç Ìîñêâû, êîãäà äîãîâîð áóäåò ïîäïèñàí. 9. Äîãîâîð áûë óæå ïîäïèñàí, ïðåæäå 506 ÷åì îí ïðèåõàë. 10. Ãäå áóäåò ïîñòðîåíà íîâàÿ áèáëèîòåêà? 11. ×òî ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ íà ýòîé ôàáðèêå? 12. Ýòè êíèãè ïðîäàþòñÿ âî âñåõ êíèæíûõ ìàãàçèíàõ Ìîñêâû. 13. Îí ñìîæåò ïðî÷åñòü ýòó ñòàòüþ, åñëè îíà áóäåò ïåðåâåäåíà íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. 14. Ýòîò çàâîä òîëüêî ÷òî ïåðåîáîðóäîâàí. 15. Íîâûé ìîñò ñòðîèòñÿ îêîëî âîêçàëà. 16. Áèáëèîòåêà áûëà çàêðûòà, òàê êàê áûëî óæå âîñåìü ÷àñîâ. 17. Ïèñüìî íå ìîæåò áûòü îòïðàâëåíî ñåãîäíÿ, òàê êàê îíî åùå íå ïîäïèñàíî äèðåêòîðîì. 18. Ìîñêîâñêèé Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé Óíèâåðñèòåò îñíîâàí â 1755 ãîäó. 19. Êíèãè è ó÷åáíèêè ïå÷àòàþòñÿ íà 119 ÿçûêàõ. 20. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê ÿùèêè áûëè ðàñïàêîâàíû, ìû îáíàðóæèëè, ÷òî íåêîòîðûå ÷àñòè ìàøèíû áûëè ñëîìàíû âî âðåìÿ ïåðåâîçêè. К §§ 78–80 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. Íå was shown the way to the station. 2. She was told the news when she returned home. 3. They were offered the goods at a high price. 4. The buyers were granted a credit of three months. 5. They have been given detailed instructions and have been told to fulfil them at once. 6. Children are taught foreign languages at school. 7. They are paid twice a month. 8. He was offered some interesting work. 9. He was promised immediate help. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ìíå åùå íè÷åãî íå ãîâîðèëè îá ýòîì. 2. Ìíå ãîâîðèëè, ÷òî åãî ïðèãëàñèëè ðàáîòàòü â íàøåì èíñòèòóòå. 3. Èì îáåùàëè èíôîðìàöèþ ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó. 4. Ìíå ïðåäëîæèëè áèëåò íà êîíöåðò, íî ÿ îòêàçàëñÿ. 5. Ìíå äàëè ýòîò êàòàëîã íà çàâîäå. 6. Ñòóäåíòàì ìåäèöèíñêèõ èíñòèòóòîâ ïðåïîäàþò ëàòèíñêèé ÿçûê. 7. Èì ïîêàçàëè ëàáîðàòîðèè è áèáëèîòåêó Óíèâåðñèòåòà. 8. Åñëè ìíå ïðåäëîæàò ýòîò ïðîåêò, ÿ, êîíå÷íî, ñîãëàøóñü. 9. Íà äíÿõ ìíå ðàññêàçàëè î÷åíü èíòåðåñíóþ èñòîðèþ. 10. Íàì ñêàçàëè, ÷òî îí óåõàë íà çàâîä è ÷òî åãî îæèäàþò íå ðàíüøå 10 ÷àñîâ. 11. Ìíå â÷åðà ïîêàçûâàëè î÷åíü õîðîøèå ñíèìêè Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãà. К §§ 81–83 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. My watch is fast, it cannot be relied upon. 2. Why was he laughed at? 3. He is always listened to with great interest. 4. I have never been spoken to like that before. 5. She is very well spoken of. 6. The doctor who was immediately sent for said that the sick man must be taken to the hospital. 7. Yesterday I saw the film which is so much spoken about. 8. His warning was not taken notice of. 9. I should like to read the article referred to by the teacher. 10. When was he sent for? 11. This subject will be dealt with in the next chapter. 12. He promised that the matter would be looked into. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Íàä íèì ñìåÿëèñü, êîãäà îí ñäåëàë ýòî. 2. Íà íèõ ñìîòðåëè ñ áîëüøèì èíòåðåñîì, êîãäà îíè ïîÿâèëèñü â êîìíàòå. 3. Ïîñëàëè ëè óæå çà íèìè? 4. Íà ýòó ñòàòüþ ÷àñòî ññûëàþòñÿ. 5. Îá ýòîé êíèãå î÷åíü ìíîãî ãîâîðÿò. 6. Íà íåãî ìîæíî ïîëîæèòüñÿ. 7. ß óâåðåí, ÷òî åãî áóäóò ñëóøàòü ñ áîëüøèì âíèìàíèåì. 8. Êîãäà ìàøèíà ïðîïàëà èç âèäà, ìû ïîøëè äîìîé. 9. ß íàäåþñü, ÷òî èõ ñïîðó áóäåò ñêîðî ïîëîæåí êîíåö. К § 84 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. The meeting was attended by thousands of people. 2. That law was soon followed by another one. 3. These books are needed by all our students. 4. The basketball game was 507 watched with great interest. 5. The letter will be answered tomorrow. 6. At the foot of the mountain we were joined by a group of tourists. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Èññëåäîâàòåëüñêàÿ ðàáîòà âåäåòñÿ âî âñåõ èíñòèòóòàõ íàøåé ñòðàíû. 2. Ðóññêèé Ìóçåé â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå, êîòîðûé áûë ïîâðåæäåí âî âðåìÿ âîéíû, òåïåðü ïîëíîñòüþ âîññòàíîâëåí. 3. Ëåñ ïåðåâîçèòñÿ íà ñïåöèàëüíûõ ñóäàõ, íàçûâàåìûõ ëåñîâîçàìè. 4. Ìíå ãîâîðèëè â÷åðà, ÷òî åãî ïðèãëàñèëè ðàáîòàòü íà çàâîäå. 5. Äëÿ ïåäàãîãîâ, ðàáîòàþùèõ â ñåëüñêèõ ìåñòíîñòÿõ, ñòðîÿòñÿ æèëûå äîìà. 6. Íà åãî êíèãè ÷àñòî ñûëàþòñÿ. 7. Ñîãëàøåíèå áûëî äîñòèãíóòî ïîñëå äîëãèõ ïåðåãîâîðîâ. 8. Íà ýòè ñâåäåíèÿ ìîæíî ïîëîæèòüñÿ. 9. Çàêëþ÷åíèå ñîãëàøåíèÿ êîììåíòèðîâàëîñü â ãàçåòàõ. 10. Èì áóäåò ïðåäîñòàâëåí äîëãîñðî÷íûé êðåäèò. 11. Áîëüíîãî áóäóò îïåðèðîâàòü, êàê òîëüêî ðîäñòâåííèêè äàäóò ñîãëàñèå. ÏÎÑËÅÄÎÂÀÒÅËÜÍÎÑÒÜ ÂÐÅÌÅÍ Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ìû íå çíàëè, ÷òî îí áîëåí. 2. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî âåðíåòñÿ î÷åíü ñêîðî. 3. ß çíàë, ÷òî îíà æèâåò â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå. 4. ß çíàë, ÷òî îíà æèëà â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãå. 5. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî çíàåò äâà èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêà. 6. Íàì òîëüêî ÷òî ñîîáùèëè, ÷òî ïàðîõîä ïðèáûë â Ñàðàòîâ. 7. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíè â Êðûìó ñ íà÷àëà ñåíòÿáðÿ. 8. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî îíè ïðèäóò ê ñîãëàøåíèþ. 9. ß äóìàë, ÷òî îí ðàáîòàåò, è ïîýòîìó íå âîøåë â êîìíàòó. 10. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïîëó÷àåò ïèñüìà îò îòöà êàæäûé ìåñÿö. 11. ß ÷óâñòâîâàë, ÷òî îíà íà ìåíÿ ñåðäèòñÿ. 12. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî âèäåë èõ íàêàíóíå. 13. Ìíå ñêàçàëè, ÷òî îíè âåðíóëèñü â Ðîññèþ â÷åðà. 14. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îáåäàë, êîãäà ïðèøëà òåëåãðàììà. 15. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî â ýòîì æóðíàëå ÷àñòî ïå÷àòàþòñÿ ñòàòüè ïî ñåëüñêîìó õîçÿéñòâó. 16. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí óæå ñïàë, êîãäà îíè âåðíóëèñü. 17. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî âîïðîñ áóäåò îáñóæäåí, êàê òîëüêî äèðåêòîð âåðíåòñÿ èç Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãà. 18. Ìû ñêàçàëè, ÷òî ìû ñìîæåì íàïèñàòü ïîëíûé îò÷åò òîëüêî ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ìû ïîëó÷èì âñå ìàòåðèàëû. 19. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïðî÷òó ýòó êíèãó ïîñëå òîãî, êàê ñäàì ýêçàìåíû. 20. ß ÷èòàë ðàññêàç, êîòîðûé ÿ âàì ñåé÷àñ ñîáèðàþñü ðàññêàçàòü, íåñêîëüêî ëåò òîìó íàçàä. 21.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó îí ïåë ëó÷øå, ÷åì òåïåðü. 22.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó ÿ æèë â ãîðîäå, â êîòîðîì îíè áóäóò æèòü â ýòîì ãîäó. К §§ 88–89 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îíà ãîâîðèò, ÷òî Äîí ñêàçàë åé â÷åðà, ÷òî îí õî÷åò ïðîâåñòè îòïóñê â Êðûìó. 2. ß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî îí ñêàçàë âàì, ÷òî ïîëó÷èë ïðåìèþ çà ñâîþ ðàáîòó. 3. ß áûë óäèâëåí, ÷òî âû íå ñêàçàëè èì, ÷òî ñîáèðàåòåñü åõàòü â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã. 4. ß äóìàë, âû ïðî÷òåòå â ãàçåòå, ÷òî äåëåãàöèÿ óæå ïðèáûëà â Ìèíñê. 5. Îí îáåùàë ìíå, ÷òî ñêàæåò âàì, ÷òî ÿ óæå âåðíóëñÿ â Ìîñêâó è î÷åíü õî÷ó âàñ âèäåòü. 6. ß òîëüêî ÷òî óçíàë, ÷òî ïðåäñòàâèòåëü ôèðìû çàÿâèë íà ñîâåùàíèè, ÷òî îí ñîãëàñåí íà íàøè óñëîâèÿ è ãîòîâ ïîäïèñàòü êîíòðàêò. 7. Äóìàÿ, ÷òî îí áîëåí, ÿ ïîåõàë ê íåìó. 8. Äóìàÿ, ÷òî îí ñîãëàñèòñÿ ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â íàøåé ðàáîòå, ìû ïîñëàëè åìó ïèñüìî, ïðîñÿ åãî çàéòè ê íàì. 9. ×óâñòâóÿ, ÷òî îí íà ìåíÿ ñåðäèòñÿ, ÿ ðåøèë íàïèñàòü åìó ïèñüìî. 10. ß áûë óâåðåí, ÷òî âû íàïèñàëè èì, ÷òî ìû ïîëó÷èëè èõ êàòàëîãè è îæèäàåì íîâûõ. 508 ÏÎÂÅËÈÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ К § 94 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Íå çàêðûâàéòå äâåðü. 2. Ïîçîâèòå íîñèëüùèêà, ïîæàëóéñòà. 3. Ïîéäåìòå äîìîé. 4. Íå ñåðäèòåñü íà ìåíÿ. 5. Ïðî÷èòàéòå ýòó êíèãó. 6. Ïîêàæèòå ìíå ýòè äîêóìåíòû. 7. Ïóñòü îí ïîéäåò òóäà îäèí. 8. Ïóñòü îíà ñäåëàåò ýòó ðàáîòó ñàìà. 9. Ïóñòü îíè ïîäîæäóò ìåíÿ âíèçó. 10. Ïóñòü îí íå õîäèò òóäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. ÑÎÑËÀÃÀÒÅËÜÍÎÅ ÍÀÊËÎÍÅÍÈÅ К §§ 95–97 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: À. 1. We insist that he inform us of the exact date on which the goods will be delivered. 2. The buyers suggested that the suppliers forward the goods immediately. 3. We insist that in future you do not make any alterations in our specifications on your own initiative. 4. We are not responsible for the loss and suggest that you take up the matter with the Railway Company. We should of course place at your disposal any documents necessary to substantiate your claim. 5. It is highly desirable that the form and method of payment be clearly specified in the offer. 6. The experts recommended that the agreement be extended for 3 years. B. 1. It is important that the preparation of a new war being conducted in a number of countries, notably in the USA. and Great Britain, be condemned. 2. It is essential that the use of the atomic weapon beings be proclaimed contrary to the conscience and honour of nations and incompatible with membership in the United Nations Organization, and that it be considered impermissible for the United Nations further to delay the adoption of practical measures for the unqualified prohibition of the atomic weapon. ÂÑÏÎÌÎÃÀÒÅËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ К §§ 100–103 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëà to be â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. We were at home last night. 2. He is a well-known musician. 3. They are to leave Moscow tonight. 4. The children were walking down the street. 5. She is an experienced doctor. 6. The telegram will be posted at once. 7. He is in Moscow now. 8. We were to part that day. 9. The letter was written by the director. 10. They were to have arrived at eight oclock. 11. The purpose of his visit was to negotiate for the purchase. 509 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Åå íåò çäåñü ñåé÷àñ, îíà äîìà. 2. Åãî íå áûëî äîìà â÷åðà âå÷åðîì. 3. Îí îäèí èç ëó÷øèõ âðà÷åé íàøåé áîëüíèöû. 4. Åãî çàäà÷à çàêëþ÷àåòñÿ â òîì, ÷òîáû ñîáðàòü ìàòåðèàë ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó ê 1 èþíÿ. 5. Îí íàõîäèòñÿ ñåé÷àñ â Ãåðìàíèè. 6. Îíà áóäåò òàì âå÷åðîì. 7. Ïàðîõîä äîëæåí ïðèäòè â 6 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà. 8. Åãî áðàò õóäîæíèê. 9. ß äîëæåí áûë âñòðåòèòüñÿ ñ íèì â 8 ÷àñîâ âå÷åðà. 10. Îí áóäåò ðàä âàñ âèäåòü. К §§ 105–110 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëà to have â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. She has come home. 2. He has a small family. 3. We have to leave home early in the morning. 4. He had the letter typed. 5. He has breakfast at home. 6. They had to complete their work on Sunday. 7. We shall have plenty of fruit in the autumn. 8. He will have read the novel by ten oclock. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Ó ìåíÿ íåò åå àäðåñà. 2. Ó ìåíÿ áûë â÷åðà î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûé ðàçãîâîð ñ áðàòîì. 3. Ó íåãî åñòü î÷åíü èíòåðåñíûå æóðíàëû. 4. ß äîëæåí áóäó ïîéòè òóäà åùå ðàç. 5. Ó íàñ çàâòðà áóäåò ñîáðàíèå. 6. ß äîëæåí âñòàâàòü òåïåðü î÷åíü ðàíî. 7. Âû â÷åðà îáåäàëè â ðåñòîðàíå? 8. Åñòü ëè ó âàñ ñèíèé êàðàíäàø? 9. Ó ìåíÿ íå áûëî âðåìåíè íàâåñòèòü åãî â÷åðà. 10. Íóæíî ëè âàì èäòè â ìàãàçèí ñåãîäíÿ? К §§ 112–113 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëà to do â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. Did you speak to him? No, I didnt. 2. Do stay with us a little longer. 3. Where does he work? 4. He will do it by himself. 5. Dont open the door. 6. What did he do there? 7. I am sorry you dont know my brother. But I do know him. К §§ 115–120, 133–135 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëîâ shall è will â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: À. 1. I shall be tired after the lecture. 2. Shall he do it for you? 3. Shall I fetch your coat? 4. You shall get all the necessary advice tomorrow. B. 1. We will help you if you wish. 2. The bus will arrive at 8.15. 3. I believe that she will be busy at 5. 4. Will you close the window? Âìåñòî òî÷åê âñòàâüòå ãëàãîëû should è would è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. ... you have a cup of tea or a cup of coffee? 2. I ... have a glass of water, please. 3. I am very glad that winter ... come soon. 4. I ... go home now as I ... have plenty of time before dinner. 5. Hurry up! You ... miss your train. 6. ... John fetch the book, or ... you go yourself? 7. I ... be very glad to see them. 8. ... you come and dine with me? Of course, I ... . 9. I expect that I ... get a letter from him in a few days. 10. When ... we have the meeting? We ... have it on Friday. 11. I forbid you to do it. If you do, you ... remain in your room for the rest of the day. 12. ... I go and bring your 510 book? 13. I promise you that you ... get the wages on Saturday. 14. He ... feel better tomorrow, I am sure. 15. I ... certainly go to see him as I like him very much. 16. I ... be very glad to meet you. 17. ... I help you or ... you do it alone? 18. I wonder if I ... be invited. 19. ... you take it with you, or ... I send it? 20. Anyone ... tell you the way if you ask. 21. ... I expect you at six? 22. If I go to St.Petersburg, I ... see you. 23. He ... do it whether he wants to or not. 24. ... we walk to the station, or ... we go by car? 25. I ... soon be an old man. 26. We ... reach home before eight. 27. I think they ... be back before dark. 28. According to the weather report we ... have snow tomorrow. 29. I think that we ... have to come back before the middle of May. 30. The doctor is at home. ... I send for him? 31. ... you do this for me? Yes, I ... . К §§ 122–131, 137–141 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëîâ should è would â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: À. 1. You shouldnt smoke here. 2. It is necessary that you should do it once more. 3. I should be very glad if he succeeded. 4. It is strange that she should have asked me that question. 5. I said that I should return in an hour. 6. Should he come, tell him to wait a little. 7. Why should he do it? 8. It is a pity that they should have left us. 9. You should have asked permission before you took the money. 10. He said that she should get the letter in a few days. B. 1. He would have been here tomorrow if the steamer had not been late. 2. Would you mind turning off the light? 3. I would it do if I were not so busy. 4. He would often sit and smoke for hours. 5. He said that he would come next week. 6. The mother asked her son not to go swimming alone, but he would not listen to her. Âñòàâüòå âìåñòî òî÷åê ãëàãîëû should è would è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. I hoped that he ... come soon. 2. They agreed that the negotiations ... take place in October. 3. If you wish to succeed you ... have more patience. 4. ... the letter come during my absence, ring me up at once. 5. Last spring I ... get up early and go for long walks. 6. You ... not lie in the sun long. 7. ... you be so kind as to lend me your pen? 8. ... he arrive before I come, show him into my private room. 9. I asked him to do it, but he ... not listen to me. 10. He ... have written the dictation better if he had been more careful. 11. It is natural that he ... want to know it. 12. The doctor told her not to go out, but she ... not listen to him. 13. It is strange that you ... take this view. 14. But for his advice I ... have been in a very awkward position. 15. I was very angry that he ... have disobeyed me. 16. You ... have succeeded if you had tried harder. 17. I gave him an umbrella so that he ... not get wet. 18. He ordered that they ... start work at once. 19. He insisted that she ... consult a doctor. 20. ... you mind wiping your feet before entering? 21. I didnt feel well and he asked me whether he ... send for the doctor. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ should èëè would ñ èíôèíèòèâîì: 1. Âàì íå ñëåäóåò (íå ñëåäîâàëî áû) ëîæèòüñÿ ñïàòü òàê ïîçäíî. 2. Âû íè÷åãî íå èìååòå ïðîòèâ òîãî, ÷òîáû ÿ çàêðûë îêíî? 3. Âàì íå ñëåäîâàëî óïîìèíàòü îá ýòîì â åãî ïðèñóòñòâèè. 4. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî áóäó î÷åíü ðàä âèäåòü èõ. 5. ß äóìàë, ÷òî ñîáðàíèå áóäåò îòëîæåíî. 6. Çäåñü î÷åíü õîëîäíî. Âàì íå ñëåäîâàëî îòêðûâàòü îêíî. 7. Ñòðàííî, ÷òî îí 511 âàì íå íàïîìíèë îá ýòîì. 8. Óäèâèòåëüíî, ÷òî îí åùå íè÷åãî íå íàïèñàë âàì. 9. Ìíå î÷åíü æàëü, ÷òî îí ïîñòóïèë òàê. 10.  æàðêèå ëåòíèå äíè ìû îáû÷íî áðàëè ëîäêó è åõàëè ââåðõ ïî ðåêå. 11. Îíè áûëè áû î÷åíü ðàäû, åñëè áû âû ñîãëàñèëèñü ðàáîòàòü ñ íèìè. 12. Î÷åíü âàæíî, ÷òîáû èì ñîîáùèëè îá ýòîì íåìåäëåííî. 13. Ìû ïîëó÷èëè èíñòðóêöèè, ÷òîáû òîâàðû áûëè îòïðàâëåíû íåìåäëåííî. 14. Îí ïðåäëîæèë, ÷òîáû ñîáðàíèå áûëî íàçíà÷åíî íà 7 ÷àñîâ. 15. Âàì ñëåäîâàëî áû ïîãîâîðèòü ñ äèðåêòîðîì åùå ðàç ïåðåä òåì, êàê âû ïîåäåòå â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã. 16. Íåîáõîäèìî, ÷òîáû âû ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå â îáñóæäåíèè ýòîãî âîïðîñà. ÌÎÄÀËÜÍÛÅ ÃËÀÃÎËÛ К § 143 Íàïèøèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âðåìåíè: 1. We can help you. 2. I can do this work myself. 3. She can translate the text into French. 4. I can buy a house for you. 5. He can go to the club with you. 6. They can read Chinise books. К §§ 143–147 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå è â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. I can easily carry this trunk. 2. He said that he could sell the goods in November. 3. When he was young, he could run a mile in less than five minutes. 4. He cant have said it, it is very unlike him. 5. I could do it tomorrow if I were free. 6. Why did you stop at a hotel? You could have spent the night at my house. 7. I said that he could not have missed the airplane, as he had left the house in time. 8. If I had received his telegram yesterday, I could have helped him. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. ß íå ìîãó çàêîí÷èòü ðàáîòó ñåãîäíÿ. 2. Ìîæåòå ëè âû ïåðåâåñòè ýòîò äîãîâîð íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê? 3. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî ñìîãó ïîìî÷ü âàì. 4. Êîãäà îí ïðèåõàë â Ëîíäîí, îí ìîã âåñòè ïåðåãîâîðû ñ ôèðìàìè áåç ïåðåâîä÷èêà. 5. Îí íå ìîã áåãëî ãîâîðèòü ïîàíãëèéñêè â ïðîøëîì ñåìåñòðå. 6. Âû ìîãëè áû äîñòàòü ýòó êíèãó â íàøåé áèáëèîòåêå, åñëè áû ïîøëè òóäà â÷åðà. 7. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí çàáûë îá ýòîì. 8. Íåóæåëè îí îòêàçàëñÿ ïîìî÷ü âàì? К §§ 148–154 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå may è might â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. You may take any tape you like. 2. I have told you this so that you may take precautions. 3. She told him that he might go home. 4. He may come tonight, but I am not sure. 5. I gave him the text-book so that he might learn his lesson. 6. It is strange Mary isnt here. She may have forgotten about our appointment, or she may have come while I was out. 7. If he made haste, he might catch the train. 8. I said that he was not in the house, 512 but he might be in the garden. 9. If you had tried harder, you might have succeeded. 10. I may come and see you next year, but my plans are not fixed. 11. May I have another cup of coffee? Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ may èëè might: 1. Ìîæíî ìíå âçÿòü âàø æóðíàë? Äà, ìîæíî. Íåò, íåëüçÿ. 2. Îí, âîçìîæíî, íàïèøåò âàì îá ýòîì ñàì. 3. Îíè, âîçìîæíî, óæå óåõàëè èç Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãà. 4. Îíè, âîçìîæíî, äîìà ñåé÷àñ. 5. Îíà, ìîæåò áûòü, íå çàõî÷åò ïîìî÷ü ìíå. 6. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü, íå çíàåò îá ýòîì. 7. Ïîãîäà ìîæåò èçìåíèòüñÿ çàâòðà. 8, Îí ñïðîñèë ìåíÿ, ìîæåò ëè îí âçÿòü ìîé ñëîâàðü. 9. Åñëè áû âû ïðèøëè ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì, âû, ìîæåò áûòü, è çàñòàëè áû äèðåêòîðà. 10. Îí, âîçìîæíî, ñïèò ñåé÷àñ. 11. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí, ìîæåò áûòü, óåäåò èç Ìîñêâû ñêîðî. 12. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü, è çàõîäèë êî ìíå â÷åðà, íî ìåíÿ íå áûëî äîìà. 13. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îíà óæå, âîçìîæíî, âåðíóëàñü ñ þãà. К § 156 Íàïèøèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ â ïðîøåäøåì è áóäóùåì âðåìåíè: 1. I must do my work. 2. He must be at the library at 9 oclock. 3. You must learn the poem by heart. 4. We must walk fast to get to the station in time. 5. She must do it at once. 6. I must wait for him. К §§ 155–157 Îáúÿñíèòå óïîòðåáëåíèå ãëàãîëà must â ñëåäóþùèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ è ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. We must go home before it gets dark. 2. You must have guessed what I meant. 3. It must be after midnight now. 4. You must bring the newspaper tomorrow. 5. He must have missed the bus. 6. He must be angry with you. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ, ãäå âîçìîæíî, ãëàãîë must: 1. ß äîëæåí ïîéòè òóäà íåìåäëåííî. 2. ß äîëæåí áûë (ìíå ïðèøëîñü) îñòàòüñÿ äîìà â÷åðà. 3. Ìû äîëæíû áóäåì ïîåõàòü òóäà çàâòðà. 4. Íàäî ìíå èäòè òóäà ñåé÷àñ æå? Äà, íàäî. Íåò, íå íàäî. 5. Åé, äîëæíî áûòü, îêîëî äâàäöàòè ëåò. 6. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, æäåò âàñ ñåé÷àñ. 7. Ïîãîäà, âåðîÿòíî, çàâòðà áóäåò î÷åíü ïëîõàÿ. 8. Îíà, äîëæíî áûòü, ïîòåðÿëà âàø íîìåð òåëåôîíà. 9. Îíè, âåðîÿòíî, óæå âåðíóëèñü â Ìîñêâó. 10. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, íå ïîìíèò ìåíÿ. 11. Îíè, âåðîÿòíî, åùå íå ïîëó÷èëè âàøåãî ïèñüìà. К §§ 149, 157 Èçìåíèòå ñëåäóþùèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, óïîòðåáëÿÿ ñî÷åòàíèÿ must èëè may ñ Indefinite èëè Perfect Infinitive: Îáðàçåö: Probably he left his bag at home. He must have left his bag at home. It is possible that he knows her address. He màó know her address. 1. It is possible that he will return in September. 2. He probably lost his key on his way home. 3. It is possible that he left his note-book at his office. 4. The text is probably very difficult as he cannot translate it without a dictionary. 5. It is possible that it will 513 rain tomorrow. 6. It is possible that he was a good artist once, but he cant paint now at all. 7. They probably came home very late as I was asleep. 8. You probably walked very fast if you reached the station so quickly. 9. I cannot find my pen. I probably left it in the club. 10. He is probably a very good student because his paper is excellent. 11. Perhaps he is at home now. 12. He probably left St.Petersburg because he hasnt come to the lecture. 13. Probably he knows Russian very well because there are no mistakes in his composition. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ ãëàãîëû may èëè must: 1. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü, çàéäåò êî ìíå ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. 2. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, ñåé÷àñ äîìà. 3. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, óæå ñëûøàë îá ýòîì. 4. Îí, ìîæåò áûòü, óæå ñëûøàë îá ýòîì. 5. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, ñåé÷àñ ñèäèò â ñàäó. 6. Ñåêðåòàðü, ìîæåò áûòü, çàáûë ñîîáùèòü îá ýòîì äèðåêòîðó. 7. Îíè, ìîæåò áûòü, åùå íå ïîëó÷èëè âàøåãî ïèñüìà. К §§ 161–164 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Âû çíàëè, ÷òî îí áûë áîëåí â÷åðà. Âû äîëæíû áûëè (âàì ñëåäîâàëî) íàâåñòèòü åãî. 2. Ìû äîëæíû áûëè âñòðåòèòüñÿ ñ íèì íà âîêçàëå â 8 ÷àñîâ, íî îí íå ïðèøåë. 3. ß äîëæåí áóäó (ìíå ïðèäåòñÿ) ñäåëàòü ýòó ðàáîòó ñåãîäíÿ. 4. Âû íå äîëæíû êóðèòü òàê ìíîãî, åñëè âû ÷óâñòâóåòå ñåáÿ ïëîõî. 5. Âû âûãëÿäèòå áîëüíûì. Âû íå äîëæíû áûëè ïðèõîäèòü â èíñòèòóò ñåãîäíÿ. 6. Ìû äîëæíû èäòè î÷åíü áûñòðî, ÷òîáû íå îïîçäàòü íà ïîåçä. 7. Ïî÷åìó âû íå ïðèøëè â÷åðà? Âû äîëæíû áûëè ïîçâîíèòü ìíå, åñëè áûëè çàíÿòû. 8. ß äîëæåí áóäó çàéòè ê íåìó ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì. 9. ß äîëæåí áûë âåðíóòüñÿ äîìîé, òàê êàê îñòàâèë êëþ÷è äîìà. Обзорные упражнения к §§ 142–164 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ ìîäàëüíûå ãëàãîëû may, might, must, can, could: 1. Ìîæåò áûòü, îí è âåðíóëñÿ â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã, íî ÿ åãî åùå íå âèäåë. 2. Îí î÷åíü áëåäåí. Îí, âåðîÿòíî, î÷åíü óñòàë. 3. Ýòà ñòàòüÿ, äîëæíî áûòü, áûëà íàïèñàíà â íà÷àëå ïðîøëîãî âåêà. 4. Îí ñêàçàë ìíå, ÷òî ÿ ìîãó ïðèõîäèòü ñþäà â ëþáîå âðåìÿ. 5. Îí, âîçìîæíî, ïðèåäåò çàâòðà, òàê êàê, äîëæíî áûòü, ïîëó÷èë íàøå ïèñüìî. 6. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî ýòî ìîæåò ñëó÷èòüñÿ î÷åíü ñêîðî. 7. Ýòîò ðàññêàç, ìîæåò áûòü, ïîêàçàëñÿ åìó ñêó÷íîé, íî îí, äîëæíî áûòü, ïðî÷åë åãî î÷åíü âíèìàòåëüíî, òàê êàê ïîìíèò âñå ïîäðîáíîñòè. 8. Ìîæíî ìíå êóðèòü çäåñü? 9. Òîâàðû, äîëæíî áûòü, áûëè óïàêîâàíû î÷åíü íåáðåæíî. 10. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí, âîçìîæíî, âåðíåòñÿ â àïðåëå. 11. Èì, âåðîÿòíî, ñîîáùèëè îá ýòîì íåñêîëüêî äíåé òîìó íàçàä. 12. Îíà, äîëæíî áûòü, áûëà î÷åíü ðàäà âñòðåòèòüñÿ ñ âàìè. 13. Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, î÷åíü èçâåñòíûé ÷åëîâåê. 14. ß íå ìîã íàéòè ýòó êíèãó â ìàãàçèíå. 15. ß âûáåðó íåñêîëüêî êíèã äëÿ âàñ, ÷òîáû âû ïðî÷ëè èõ. 16. Ìû ñìîãëè ïåðåâåçòè âñå òîâàðû â òå÷åíèå ìåñÿöà. 17. Ìû ìîãëè áû ñäåëàòü ýòîò ïåðåâîä òùàòåëüíåå, åñëè áû ó íàñ áûëî áîëüøå âðåìåíè. Ê ñîæàëåíèþ, ó íàñ áûëî î÷åíü ìàëî âðåìåíè. 18. Åñëè áû âñå ìåðû áûëè ïðèíÿòû, ýòîãî ìîãëî áû íå ïðîèçîéòè. 19. Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî íå ìîæåò ïðèäòè çàâòðà. 20. ß äîëæåí íàïèñàòü åìó îá ýòîì íåìåäëåííî. 21. Íå ìîæåò áûòü, ÷òîáû îí óåõàë èç Íîâãîðîäà, íå ñêàçàâ ìíå îá ýòîì. 22. Íåóæåëè îí ñêàçàë ýòî? Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, áûë î÷åíü ñåðäèò íà âàñ. 514 К §§ 165–166 Äàéòå êðàòêèå îòâåòû íà ñëåäóþùèå âîïðîñû: 1. Are you leaving for Moscow next week? 2. Were there many people at work? 3. Does he leave home at ten oclock? 4. Was the examination very easy? 5. Will the steamer arrive tomorrow? 6. Does your son like reading stories of travel? 7. Must the book be returned to the library before next Friday? 8. Can you run well? 9. Ought I to help him more? 10. Would you like to come with us? 11. Does he go playing tennis every Sunday? 12. Have you ever been to Madrid? 13. Are you going to spend your vacation at home? 14. Who wrote Hamlet? 15. Who teaches you English? 16. Who will help me to carry the bag? 17. How many of you have read that article? 18. Which of these books is the most interesting? 19. Who has taken my dictionary? Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Âû çíàåòå Äæîíà? Äà, çíàþ. 2. Âû ÷èòàëè ýòó ãàçåòó? Íåò, íå ÷èòàë. 3. Îí áóäåò çäåñü ñåãîäíÿ óòðîì? Íåò, íå áóäåò. 4. Îíà ïðèõîäèëà ñþäà â÷åðà? Íåò, íå ïðèõîäèëà. 5. Êòî èç âàñ õî÷åò ïîéòè â òåàòð? ß õî÷ó. 6. Êòî ïîëó÷èë îò íåãî ïèñüìî? Åãî æåíà ïîëó÷èëà. Íàïèøèòå êàæäîå ïðåäëîæåíèå â ôîðìå ðàñ÷ëåíåííîãî âîïðîñà: Îáðàçåö: Íå looks very tired. Íå looks very tired, doesnt he? 1. You returned him the book yesterday. 2. You go to the theatre every week 3. He doesnt look well. 4. She has received permission to go there. 5. The examination wasnt difficult. 6. He doesnt speak English. 7. He is leaving for Kiev tomorrow. 8. You would like to be in the south now. 9. You dont want to read this book. 10. You didnt go to the exhibition yesterday. 11. You will return soon. 12. You understand it. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îí î÷åíü ãëóïûé ÷åëîâåê, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 2. Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê íåòðóäåí äëÿ âàñ, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 3. Óæå î÷åíü ïîçäíî, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 4. Âû ïîìîæåòå íàì, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 5. Áûëî áû î÷åíü õîðîøî, åñëè áû îí ñîãëàñèëñÿ ðàáîòàòü ñ íàìè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 6. Åãî íå áóäåò çäåñü ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì, íå ïðàâäà ëè? 7. Îíà íå óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïîàíãëèéñêè, íå ïðàâäà ëè? Íàïèøèòå ê êàæäîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ êðàòêèé âîïðîñ, âûðàæàþùèé óäèâëåíèå ñîáåñåäíèêà ïî ïîâîäó äàííîãî âûñêàçûâàíèÿ: I havent seen the new film yet. Îáðàçåö: Havent you? 1. He looks very well. 2. He won the second prize in the tennis tournament. 3. She couldnt answer the question. 4. He is very clever. 5. He gave up smoking. 6. She didnt say a word about it. 7. I dont like milk. 8. There isnt any water. 9. Its nearly eleven oclock. 10. He will have passed all his examinations by the 25th of July. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îíà çíàåò òðè ÿçûêà. Íåóæåëè? 2. Åìó 80 ëåò. Ðàçâå? 3. Îí ìîæåò ãîâîðèòü ïîêèòàéñêè áåãëî. Íåóæåëè? 4. Îí ëó÷øèé ñòóäåíò â èíñòèòóòå. Íåóæåëè? 5. Îíè íå çàõîòåëè ïîìî÷ü âàì. Íåóæåëè? 6. Îí åùå íå âåðíóëñÿ â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã. Ðàçâå? 515 Çàìåíèòå âòîðîå ïðåäëîæåíèå êàæäîé ïàðû îáîðîòàìè òèïà So do I èëè Neither (nor) do I: Îáðàçåö: He can speak French. I can speak French, too. He can speak French. So can I. 1. My father is very busy. I am busy too. 2. Ivanov is going to Vladivostok. His wife is going to Vladivostok too. 3. I dont want to go there. He doesnt want to go there either. 4. Jerry will go there. Peter will go there too. 5. He prefers to go by plane. His brother prefers to go by plane too. 6. He will not go away this summer. His wife will not go away this summer either. 7. That girl couldnt do it. Her sister couldnt do it either. 8. He cant swim. She cant swim either. 9. You shouldnt smoke so much. Your brother shouldnt smoke so much either. 10. I was very tired after our trip. My daughter was also tired after our trip. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê: 1. Îí áóäåò çäåñü â 5 ÷àñîâ. ß òîæå. 2. Îí íå õî÷åò ÷èòàòü ýòó ãàçåòó, è ÿ òîæå. 3. Îí íå ãîâîðèò ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè, è åãî æåíà òîæå. 4. ß íå ìîãó ïåðåâåñòè ýòîò òåêñò áåç ñëîâàðÿ, è îí òîæå. 5. Åãî ïîñëàëè íà þã, è åå òîæå. 6. Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ýòîò ñïåêòàêëü. Ìíå òîæå. К § 167 Çàìåíèòå âûäåëåííûå æèðíûì øðèôòîì ñëîâà ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì âñïîìîãàòåëüíûì ãëàãîëîì: Îáðàçåö: She asked me to go with her and I went with her. She asked me to go with her and I did. 1. We expect to arrive at six oclock. If we arrive we shall be just in time. 2. Probably he went alone. If he went alone, he must have found the journey very tiring. 3. Are you going out? If you are going out, I should like you to buy some stamps. 4. I think he has read the article. If he has read it, ask him to give it to you. 5. He thinks that he knows the subject very well, but he doesnt know it very well. 6. I asked her whether she spoke French well and she said she spoke French well. 7. She rarely smiles, but when she laughs she looks very charming. 8. Wont you come in? she said, and they came in. Âìåñòî òî÷åê íàïèøèòå âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé èëè ìîäàëüíûé ãëàãîë â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåé ôîðìå: 1. I knew my sister wouldnt go to the movies, but I thought that my syster-in-law ... . 2. He cant go there, but I ... . 3. He doesnt like the play, but I . 4. He didnt speak at the meeting, but I . 5. At first I didnt like him but now I . 6. My brother likes fruit, but I ... . 7. He has left Moscow, but his wife ... . 8. My brother is not going to the theatre, but I ... . 9. John doesnt want to help me, but if I ask him, Im sure he ... . 10. I know that you dont want to go there, but I think that your wife ... 11. The boy says he didnt break the glass, but I think he ... . 12. Peter prepared his home work well, but Lisa ... . 13. I havent been to the museum, but my wife ... . 14. He promised to show me the pictures and he . Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíûé ãëàãîë âî èçáåæàíèå ïîâòîðåíèÿ ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî ãëàãîëà: 1. Åìó íå íðàâèòñÿ ýòîò ñïåêòàêëü, à åé íðàâèòñÿ. 2. Îí îáåùàë ïîìî÷ü íàì, è îí ïîìîã. 3. ß ñïðîñèë åãî, çíàåò ëè îí Òîìà, è îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî çíàåò. 4. ß ñëûõàë, ÷òî îí ñêîðî ïîåäåò â Ìîñêâó. Åñëè îí ïîåäåò, ÿ ïîïðîøó åãî çàéòè ê ìîåìó áðàòó. 5. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî îí 516 çàêîí÷èë ñâîþ ðàáîòó. Åñëè îí çàêîí÷èë, ïîïðîñèòå åãî ïðèäòè ñþäà. 6. Îíà ñïðîñèëà åãî, áóäåò ëè îí íà ñîâåùàíèè, è îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî áóäåò. 7. ß âèæó åãî ïî÷òè êàæäûé äåíü, íî â÷åðà ÿ åãî íå âèäåë. 8.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó ÿ íå èãðàë â òåííèñ, à â ýòîì ãîäó èãðàþ. ÍÅËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÈÍÔÈÍÈÒÈÂ К §§ 175, 176 Ïîñòàâüòå, ãäå íóæíî, ÷àñòèöó to ïåðåä èíôèíèòèâîì: 1. I think you ought ... apologize. 2. Make him ... speak louder. 3. Help me ... carry this bag. 4. My son asked me ... let him ... go to the club. 5. I must ... go to the country. 6. It cannot ... be done today. 7. She asked me ... read the letter carefully and ... write an answer. 8. The man told me not ... walk on the grass. 9. Let me ... help you with your work. 10. She ought ... take care of her health. 11. We had better ... stop to rest a little. 12. I dont know what ... do. 13. He was seen ... leave the house. 14. We have come ... ask whether there is anything we can ... do. 15. I cannot ... go there now, I have some work ... do. 16. You must make him ... practice an hour a day. 17. He is not sure that it can ... be done, but he is willing ... try. 18. I looked for the book everywhere but could not ... find it. 19. He said that she might ... come in the evening. 20. She was made ... repeat the song. К § 181 (п. 2) Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. The first question to be considered is whether the offer of the sellers should be accepted. 2. A committee headed by B. began to work out a resolution to be presented to the conference. 3. The plan of our work will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 25. 4. The barges loaded with coal were towed to the dock where the vessel to be coaled was lying. 5. The buyers agreed to accept the goods at a price to be fixed by arbitration. 6. We have discussed the terms to be included in the letter of credit to be opened by the buyer in favour of the seller. 7. The hydroelectric power plant to be constructed in this region will be of great importance for the development of local industries. 8. The new vessel to be launched in a few days is equipped with powerful engines. 9. The goods to be loaded on this steamer consist of different kinds of machinery. К § 182 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ, ãäå âîçìîæíî, ñîþç in order èëè so as: 1. ß ïîïðîñèë âàñ ïðèäòè, ÷òîáû ñîîáùèòü âàì îá ýòîì. 2. ß âîçüìó òàêñè, ÷òîáû íå îïîçäàòü íà ïîåçä. 3. Îí øåë ìåäëåííî, ÷òîáû íå óïàñòü. 4. Îí íåäîñòàòî÷íî ñèëåí, ÷òîáû ó÷àñòâîâàòü â òàêîé ýêñïåäèöèè. 5. Ñåé÷àñ ñëèøêîì ïîçäíî, ÷òîáû èäòè â ïàðê. 6. ß ñëèøêîì óñòàë, ÷òîáû èäòè â êèíî ñåãîäíÿ. 7. ß ñåé÷àñ æå çàïèøó íîìåð âàøåãî òåëåôîíà, ÷òîáû íå çàáûòü. 8. Îí ñëèøêîì óñòàë, ÷òîáû ïîéòè òóäà ñåé÷àñ. 9. ß ïðèøåë, ÷òîáû ïîãîâîðèòü ñ âàìè î âàæíîì äåëå. 517 К § 183 Ïåðåâåäèòå íà ðóññêèé ÿçûê: 1. It was necessary for him to return immediately. 2. There is no reason for us to change the terms of payment. 3. There was no time for them to examine the goods that day. 4. It is too late for you to go there. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ îáîðîò for + ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå (ìåñòîèìåíèå) + èíôèíèòèâ: 1. Âàì íåîáõîäèìî áûòü çäåñü çàâòðà â 6 ÷àñîâ. 2. Åìó ëåãêî ýòî ñäåëàòü. 3. Íàì òðóäíî ñäåëàòü ýòó ðàáîòó â òàêîé êîðîòêèé ñðîê. 4. Âàøåé ìàòåðè íåîáõîäèìî ïîâèäàòü åãî. 5. Ñòàòüÿ áûëà ñëèøêîì òðóäíàÿ, ÷òîáû îí ìîã ïåðåâåñòè åå áåç ñëîâàðÿ. 6. Ñåé÷àñ ñëèøêîì ïîçäíî, ÷òîáû äåòè øëè ãóëÿòü. Ïåðåâåäèòå íà àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê, óïîòðåáëÿÿ, ãäå âîçìîæíî, îáîðîò «îáúåêòíûé ïàäåæ ñ èíôèíèòèâîì»: К § 185 1. Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ìû ïðèøëè ê íåìó ñåãîäíÿ. 2. ß õîòåë áû, ÷òîáû âû ïîäîæäàëè ìåíÿ çäåñü. 3. Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû åãî ñûí ñòàë àäâîêàòîì. 4. Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû åãî ïîñëàëè â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã íà êîíôåðåíöèþ. 5. Îíà õî÷åò, ÷òîáû åå ïðèãëàñèëè â òåàòð. 6. Ìû íå õîòåëè, ÷òîáû íàñ ïðåðûâàëè. 7. Õîòèòå ëè âû, ÷òîáû ÿ âàì ïîìîã? 8. ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû åãî ñòàòüÿ áûëà îïóáëèêîâàíà. 9. Äîêòîð íå õî÷åò, ÷òîáû âû åõàëè íà þã. 10. Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ãðóç áûë çàñòðàõîâàí. 11. Îíà íå ëþáèò, ÷òîáû äåòè ãîòîâèëè óðîêè âå÷åðîì. 12. Îíà ëþáèò, ÷òîáû óæèí áûë âîâðåìÿ. 13. Îí íå ëþáèò, êîãäà åãî ïðåðûâàþò. 14. Îí ëþáèò, ÷òîáû åìó çàäàâàëè âîïðîñû. К § 186 1. ß íèêîãäà íå ñëûøàë, êàê îí ãîâîðèò ïî-àíãëèéñêè. 2. Îí íå ñëûøàë, êàê ÿ ïîñòó÷àë â äâåðü. 3. ß ñëûøàë, ÷òî îí ñäàë âñå ýêçàìåíû. 4. ß ñëûøàëà, ÷òî îí óæå âåðíóëñÿ â Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðã. 5. ß ñëûøàë, êàê îíà åãî ñïðîñèëà îá ýòîì. 6. ß íèêîãäà íå âèäåë, êàê îí èãðàåò â øàõìàòû, íî ÿ ñëûøàë, ÷òî îí èãðàåò î÷åíü õîðîøî. 7. ß âèäåë, ÷òî îíà íå çíàåò ýòîãî ïðàâèëà, è ðåøèë îáúÿñíèòü åãî åé åùå ðàç. 8. Îíà âèäåëà, ÷òî îí âîøåë â äîì, è ñïóñòèëàñü âíèç, ÷òîáû âñòðåòèòü åãî. 9. ß óâèäåëà, ÷òî îí âçâîëíîâàí, è ñïðîñèëà åãî, â ÷åì äåëî. 10. ß âèäåë, êàê ñîëíöå çàøëî. 11. ß óâèäåë, ÷òî òåêñò î÷åíü òðóäíûé è ÷òî ìíå ïðèäåòñÿ ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ñëîâàðåì. 12. ß