ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ȻɘȾɀȿɌɇɈȿ
ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ
ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə
«ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɃ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ
ɂɆȿɇɂ ȾȼȺɀȾɕ ȽȿɊɈə ɋɈȼȿɌɋɄɈȽɈ ɋɈɘɁȺ,
ɅȿɌɑɂɄȺ-ɄɈɋɆɈɇȺȼɌȺ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɅȿɈɇɈȼȺ»
XIII ȿɀȿȽɈȾɇȺə ɇȺɍɑɇȺə ɄɈɇɎȿɊȿɇɐɂə ȺɋɉɂɊȺɇɌɈȼ
«ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌȺ»
«ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ȺɋɉȿɄɌɕ
ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺ»
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
11 ɦɚɹ 2023 ɝ.,
ɧɚɭɤɨɝɪɚɞ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ
2023
ɍȾɄ 332
ȻȻɄ 65
ɂ66
ɂ66
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ: ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ XIII ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɣ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ»
(11 ɦɚɹ 2023 ɝ., ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ) – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ
ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ», 2023.– 344 ɫ.
ISBN 978-5-907692-53-4
ɇɚɭɤɨɝɪɚɞ Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ 11 ɦɚɹ 2023 ɝ. ɫɬɚɥ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ XIII ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ» «ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ», ɩɪɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
«Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ». ȼ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ.
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ.
ɍȾɄ 332
ȻȻɄ 65
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ
ɜɢɞɟ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɟɫɭɬ
ɚɜɬɨɪɵ.
ISBN: 978-5-907692-53-4
© ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ», 2023
© Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. «ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬ», 2023
ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ
ɋȿɅȿɄɌɂȼɇɈȿ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɇɇɈ-ɅɍɑȿȼɈȿ ɋɉɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ɌɂɌȺɇɈȼɕɏ ɋɉɅȺȼɈȼ: ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɍȻɅɂɄȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ
ȺɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɇȺɍɑɇɈ-ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
Ɇ.ȼ. Ⱥɧɢɳɟɧɤɨ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɂ.Ⱥ. Ʌɨɝɚɱɟɜ ............................................................... 8
ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɊȿɋɍɊɋɕ ȼ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ɋɍȾȺ ɈȻɓȿɃ
ɘɊɂɋȾɂɄɐɂɂ
Ɋ.ȼ. Ⱥɫɬɚɲɟɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ɍ.ɘ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɧɚ .......................................................... 15
ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋ ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂə ɎɈɊɋɍɇɈɄ ɀɂȾɄɈɋɌɇɕɏ
ɊȺɄȿɌɇɕɏ ȾȼɂȽȺɌȿɅȿɃ ɆȺɅɈɃ ɌəȽɂ: ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ,
ɆȿɊɈɉɊɂəɌɂə ɉɈ ɈȻȿɋɉȿɑȿɇɂɘ ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȺ
ɋ.ȼ. Ȼɨɝɨɦɨɥɨɜ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɚɥɵɲɟɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ȼ.ɂ. ɉɪɢɜɚɥɨɜ ............................................................ 26
ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɌȿɉɅɈɉɊɈȼɈȾɇɈɋɌɂ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȺ ɉɍɌȿɆ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə
ɈȻɊȺɌɇɈɃ ɁȺȾȺɑɂ ɌȿɉɅɈɉɊɈȼɈȾɇɈɋɌɂ
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɨɞɹɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜ .......................................................... 34
ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ ȼɇȿȾɊȿɇɂə ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɈȼ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ ɊȺɄȿɌɇɈ-ɄɈɋɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ
ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɂɇȾɍɋɌɊɂɂ 4.0
ɇ.ɋ. Ȼɭɫɤɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ɇ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɪɚɲɤɢɧ ......................................................... 40
ɍɋɅɈȼɂə, ȼɅɂəɘɓɂȿ ɇȺ ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ
ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ ȾɅə ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ
Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ȼɵɱɤɨɜɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ʉ.ȼ. Ʌɚɩɲɢɧɨɜɚ ........................................................ 48
ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɈɄɈɗɇɌɊɈɉɂɃɇɕɏ ɋɉɅȺȼɈȼ
ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ ȽɊȺɇɍɅɖɇɈɃ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɍɊȽɂɂ
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ƚɟɣɥɶ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʌɨɝɚɱɺɜɚ ............................................................ 57
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ȻɈɅɖɒɂɏ ȾȺɇɇɕɏ
ȼ.Ⱥ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ, Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ȿɦɟɥɶɹɧɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ - C.ȼ. ɒɚɣɬɭɪɚ, ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ .............................. 64
3
ȺɄɌɍȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ
ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ ȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɕɏ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ
ȿ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɲɚɧɨɜɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ȼ.ə. ȼɢɥɢɫɨɜ .............................................................. 72
ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇȺə ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɄȺɄ ɎȺɄɌɈɊ
ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺ
Ʌ.ɋ. Ƚɭɫɟɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ ............................................................. 81
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɆȿɌɈȾɈȼ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼ ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə
ȻȿɋɉɂɅɈɌɇɕɆ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɆ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɆ ȾɅə ɈȻȿɋɉȿɑȿɇɂə
ȻȿɁɈɉȺɋɇɈɋɌɂ ȺɗɊɈɉɈɊɌɈȼ
Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɳɢɧɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ȼ.ə. ȼɢɥɢɫɨɜ .............................................................. 89
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂ ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɆȺɅɈȽɈ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɇȿȽɈ
ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂɇɂɆȺɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȺ ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ
ɄɊɂɁɂɋɈȼ
Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɂɚɪɭɛɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɇ.ȼ. Ȼɚɛɢɧɚ ................................................................ 98
ɇɈɊɆȺɌɂȼɇɈ-ɉɊȺȼɈȼɈȿ ɊȿȽɍɅɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ
ȼɇȿɒɇȿɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ
ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈɈȻɊȺȻȺɌɕȼȺɘɓȿɃ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ
Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ʉɚɥɦɵɤɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ɇ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɪɚɲɤɢɧ ....................................................... 106
ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇȺə ɆɈɅɈȾȿɀɇȺə ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄȺ:
ɁȺɊɍȻȿɀɇɕɃ ɈɉɕɌ
Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ʉɢɪɢɬɢɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɘ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɧɚ ....................................................... 115
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɊȿȺɅɂɁȺɐɂɃ ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆɂɊɍȿɆɕɏ
ɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɅȿɊɈȼ
Ȼ.Ɉ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ȼ.Ɇ. Ⱥɪɬɸɲɟɧɤɨ ..................................................... 122
ɗɌȺɉɕ ȼɇȿȾɊȿɇɂə ɄɈɍɑɂɇȽɈȼɈȽɈ ɉɈȾɏɈȾȺ ȼ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɍ
ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɈɊȽȺɇɈȼ ȼɅȺɋɌɂ ɂ ɈɊȽȺɇɈȼ
ɆȿɋɌɇɈȽɈ ɋȺɆɈɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə
ɂ.ȼ. Ʉɨɫɬɸɤ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ɍ.ɘ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɧɚ ........................................................ 131
4
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɈȾɏɈȾȺ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɂ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə
ɂɌ-ɂɇɎɊȺɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɕ ɑȿɊȿɁ ɄɈɇɎɂȽɍɊȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɎȺɃɅɕ
ȾɅə ɉɈȼɕɒȿɇɂə ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɇȿȾɊȿɇɂə ɉɈ ɉɊɂ
ɋɈɁȾȺɇɂɂ Ʌȼɋ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ȼ.Ɇ. Ⱥɪɬɸɲɟɧɤɨ ..................................................... 140
ɇȿɄɈɌɈɊɕȿ ȼȺɊɂȺɇɌɕ ɅɂɇȿɃɇɕɏ ɆȿɌɈȾɈȼ
ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ȼ ɆȺɒɂɇɇɈɆ ɈȻɍɑȿɇɂɂ
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɇɭɞɪɟɰɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɛɚɫɨɜɚ ......................................................... 151
ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɕɏ ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɈȼ
ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɈ-ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɊɈɋɋɂɂ ȼ
ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɇȿɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɇȿɒɇȿɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ
ȼ.ɂ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ɇ.ə. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ................................................... 160
ȺɄɌɍȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɉɊɈȼȿɊɄɂ ɋɌȺɌɂɋɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ
ȽɂɉɈɌȿɁ ɄȺɋȺɌȿɅɖɇɈ ɄɈɊɊȿɅəɐɂɃ ɆȿɀȾɍ
ɉɋɂɏɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅəɆɂ ȺȽɊȿɋɋɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ,
ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɅɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ɂ ɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɆȿɇɌȺ
Ɇ.Ɇ. ɇɨɪɨɤɟɫɤɭ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ ...................................................... 168
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄɈɊɊȿɅəɐɂɃ ɆȿɀȾɍ
ɉɋɂɏɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅəɆɂ
Ɇ.Ɇ. ɇɨɪɨɤɟɫɤɭ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ ...................................................... 177
ȼɅɂəɇɂȿ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɉɊɈȿɄɌȺ «ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɂɌȿɌ»
ɇȺ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ ɂ ɍɑȿȻɇɕɏ ɁȺȼȿȾȿɇɂɃ ɋɉɈ
ɗ.Ɋ. ɇɭɛɚɪɶɹɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɇ.ȼ. Ȼɚɛɢɧɚ .............................................................. 184
ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ȺɇɌȿɇɇɕɏ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɈȼ ɉɊɂȬɆȺ
ɌȿɅȿɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
Ⱦ.ȼ. ɉɚɧɚɫɟɧɤɨ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ ...................................................... 188
ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ȺɋɉȿɄɌɕ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
ɊȺɄȿɌɇɈ-ɄɈɋɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
ȿ.ȼ. ɉɚɪɮɟɧɨɜɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɇ.ə. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ................................................... 195
5
ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ɍɅɍɑɒȿɇɂȿ ɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɍɘɓɂɏ ɂɇɋɌɊɍɆȿɇɌɈȼ
ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊɂɋɄȺɆɂ ɉɊɂ ɉɈɆɈɓɂ ɉɊɂȼɅȿɑȿɇɂə
ɗɄɋɉȿɊɌɈȼ
Ʉ.Ⱥ. ɉɟɪɟɩɟɥɢɰɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɋ.ɇ. ɒɭɥɶɠɟɧɤɨ ..................................................... 201
ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾ ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾɇɕȿ ɄɈɆɉɈɁɂɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ
ȾɅə ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂə ȼ ȻɂɉɈɅəɊɇɕɏ ɉɅȺɋɌɂɇȺɏ ȾɅə
ɌɈɉɅɂȼɇɕɏ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ ɋ ɉɊɈɌɈɇɈɈȻɆȿɇɇɈɃ ɆȿɆȻɊȺɇɈɃ
ɂ.Ⱦ. Ɋɚɣɰɢɫ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȿ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɝɚɱɟɜ ............................................................ 209
ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɕəȼɅȿɇɂə ɂɋɄɍɋɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ȼɄɅɘɑȿɇɂɃ
ȼ ɉɅȺɋɌɂɇȺɏ ɂɁ ɍȽɅȿɉɅȺɋɌɂɄȺ ɋ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂȿɆ
ɇȿɊȺɁɊɍɒȺɘɓȿȽɈ ɆȿɌɈȾȺ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅə ɍɅɖɌɊȺɁȼɍɄɈɆ
Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɫɬɨɪɝɭɟɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ʉ.ȼ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ................................................ 219
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌȿɃ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ȻȿɋɉɊɈȼɈȾɇɕɏ
ɋȿɇɋɈɊɇɕɏ ɋȿɌȿɃ ȼ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɇɕɏ ɋɎȿɊȺɏ ɂɏ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə
Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɢɱɤɢɧɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɋ.ȼ. ɒɚɣɬɭɪɚ .......................................................... 227
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ, ȼɅɂəɘɓɂɏ ɇȺ ȺȻɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ
ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾ-ɄȿɊȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɄɈɆɉɈɁɂɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ
ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ
Ⱦ.ȼ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜ ......................................................... 234
ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɋɌȿɅɋ-ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ
ɉ.Ʌ. ɋɩɢɜɚɤɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜ ........................................................ 245
ɊɈɅɖ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ɎɍɇɄɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɄɈɆɎɈɊɌȺ
ȼ ɉɊɈəȼɅȿɇɂɂ ɈɋɌɊɈȽɈ ɍɆɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɍɌɈɆɅȿɇɂə
Ʉ.Ɋ. ɋɩɢɰɵɧɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɋ.ɋ. Ʉɨɫɬɵɪɹ ........................................................... 258
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɊȿɀɂɆȺ ɄȼȺɁɂɋɌȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɇȺȽɊɍɀȿɇɂə
ɇȺ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋȺɅɖɇɈɆ ɋɌȿɇȾȿ ȾɅə ɄɊɍɉɇɈȽȺȻȺɊɂɌɇɕɏ
ɂɁȾȿɅɂɃ
ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɍɢɯɨɧɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜɚ ......................................................... 266
6
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂɁȺɐɂə ȼ ɎɈɌɈɇɂɄȿ ɉɊɂɆȿɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɈ
Ʉ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɕɆ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɕɆ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂəɆ:
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂ ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɨɥɤɚɱɟɜɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜɚ ......................................................... 274
ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆȺ ȾɅə ɈɐȿɇɄɂ ɍɊɈȼɇə ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȺ ɈȻɊȺɁɐɈȼ
ȺȼɂȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ ɌȿɏɇɂɄɂ
Ⱦ.ȼ. ɍɫɚɱɟɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȼ.ɂ. ɉɪɢɜɚɥɨɜ ......................................................... 285
ɄɈɇɄɍɊȿɇɌɇɕȿ ɉɊȿɂɆɍɓȿɋɌȼȺ ɄȺɄ ɈɋɇɈȼȺ
ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɗɄɋɉɈɊɌȺ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɐɂɂ
ɆȺɒɂɇɈɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɈɌɊȺɋɅɂ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ
ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɕɏ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ
Ɋ.ȼ. Ɏɚɬɞɚɤɨɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ ........................................................... 293
ɈȻɈɋɇɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅȿɃ ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȺ
ɁȺɄɍɉȺȿɆɕɏ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɊȺȾɂɈɂɁȾȿɅɂɃ ɇȺ ɈɋɇɈȼȿ
ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɊȿɄɅȺɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɊȺȻɈɌ
Ɇ.ɂ. ɐɨɣ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ɍ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜɚ ......................................................... 301
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɋɄȺə ɂɇɎɊȺɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ.
ɉɊɂɑɂɇɕ ɂɁɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɄɈɇɐȿɉɐɂɂ ȿȬ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɒɚɣɤɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ ........................................................... 310
ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɇɕȿ ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɂ ɄȺɄ ɎȺɄɌɈɊ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ
ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂə
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɘɪɶɟɜ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɇ.ə. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ................................................... 318
ɈȻɁɈɊ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɕɏ ɉɈȾɏɈȾɈȼ Ʉ ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂɘ
ȼɕɋɈɄɈɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɌɍɊɇɕɏ ɄȿɊȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɆȺɌɊɂɐ
Ⱥ.ɇ. əɝɨɜɤɢɧɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȿ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɝɚɱɟɜ ............................................................ 326
ɊȿɎɅȿɄɋɂə ɍȼɅȿɑȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɊȺȻɈɌɈɃ ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɂɋɌɈȼ ȼ
ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɊȿɄɅȺɆɕ
Ɂ.ɋ. əɧɱɢɰɤɚɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ - ɋ.ɋ. Ʉɨɫɬɵɪɹ ............................................................ 335
7
ɍȾɄ 621.791
ɋȿɅȿɄɌɂȼɇɈȿ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɇɇɈ-ɅɍɑȿȼɈȿ ɋɉɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ɌɂɌȺɇɈȼɕɏ ɋɉɅȺȼɈȼ: ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɍȻɅɂɄȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ
ȺɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɇȺɍɑɇɈ-ɌȿɏɇɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
Ɇ.ȼ. Ⱥɧɢɳɟɧɤɨ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɂ.Ⱥ. Ʌɨɝɚɱɟɜ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟɣ, ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ, ɬɟɡɢɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɤɚɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ eLIBRARY.RU, ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ
ɄɢɛɟɪɅɟɧɢɧɤɚ ɢ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ScienceDirect. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɋɗɅɋ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ.
ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɋɗɅɋ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ScienceDirect.
ELECTRON BEAM MELTING OF TITANIUM ALLOYS: ANALYSIS OF
PUBLICATION ACTIVITY OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL
INFORMATION
M.V. Anishenko, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Engineering
and technology
Scientific adviser – I.A. Logachev, ɋandidate of Technical sciences, Teacher of
the Basic Department of Quality management and research in the field of new
materials and technologies Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of
Higher Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet
Union, Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
A review of scientific and technical information was carried out, in
particular, publications of articles, reports, abstracts in conference proceedings,
etc. over the past 10 years. Both Russian and foreign sources were considered. The
scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU, the scientific electronic library
CyberLeninka and the scientific literature database ScienceDirect were chosen as
sources of information. The analysis of scientific and technical information made it
possible to establish that research on the SELS process of titanium alloys is being
8
actively conducted around the world and the growth of publication activity is
increasing every year.
Publication activity, SELS of titanium alloys, ScienceDirect.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ, ɫɞɟɥɚɜ ɧɚɭɤɭ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɬ.ɤ. ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɚ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɐɟɥɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ – ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ
ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ
ɝɪɚɧɬɚɯ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ,
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɦɭ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ (ɋɗɅɋ) ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
10 ɥɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ.
Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɋɗɅɋ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ȼɌ6 (Ti4Al6V) ɢ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɞɨɜ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ.
ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɨɛɳɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɵ:
- ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɬɚɥ
«ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ eLIBRARY.RU» [2];
- ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ
ɧɚɭɤɢ (Open Science) «ɄɢɛɟɪɅɟɧɢɧɤɚ» [3];
- ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
Elsevie «ScienceDirect» [1].
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɣ, ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ/ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦɨɜ
ɢ ɬ.ɩ. ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ/ɬɟɦɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
https://elibrary.ru
https://cyberleninka.ru
https://www.sciencedirect.com
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
ɋɗɅɋ Ɍɢɬɚɧ, ɋɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɟ
ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧ, ɋɗɅɋ Ɍɢɬɚɧ-ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɞ,
ɋɗɅɋ ȼɌ6
EBM Ti4Al6V, EBM Ti, EBMTi-Al, EBM
titanium-alumunude,
9
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2 ɢ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɋɗɅɋ
ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ.
ɚ) ScienceDirect
ɛ) ɄɢɛɟɪɅɟɧɢɧɤɚ
ɜ) eLIBRARY.RU
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
10 ɥɟɬ
10
ɂɡ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ,
ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɋɗɅɋ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɚɦ, ɧɚ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɟ ScienceDirect ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚɯ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɟ
ScienceDirect ɩɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ «EBM Ti» (Electron Beam Melting – ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨ-ɥɭɱɟɜɨɟ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ). ɉɨɪɬɚɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɭɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ,
ɨɛɡɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɝɥɚɜɵ ɤɧɢɝ, ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɢ, ɞɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
10 ɥɟɬ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
https://elibrary.ru
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
ɋɗɅɋ Ɍɢɬɚɧ
ɋɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɥɭɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧ
ɋɗɅɋ Ɍɢɬɚɧ-ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɞ
ɋɗɅɋ ȼɌ6
https://cyberleninka.ru
ɋɗɅɋ Ɍɢɬɚɧ
ɋɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɥɭɱɟɜɨɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧ
ɋɗɅɋ Ɍɢɬɚɧ-ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɞ
ɋɗɅɋ ȼɌ6
https://www.sciencedirect.com EBM Ti
EBM Ti4Al6V
EBMTi-Al
EBM titanium-alumunude
Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɡɚ 10 ɥɟɬ
22
142
5
16
3
15
10
3
2785
1262
2347
149
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɨɛɡɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 – Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɡɨɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɧɚ
ScienceDirect
Ƚɨɞ
2023
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
ȼɫɟɝɨ
Ɉɛɡɨɪɧɵɟ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ
ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
181
34
0,19
445
70
0,16
440
75
0,17
396
26
0,07
327
28
0,01
242
23
0,01
216
16
0,08
143
8
0,06
95
7
0,08
56
0
0,00
62
3
0,05
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
113
314
289
322
247
184
170
114
74
31
46
Ⱦɨɥɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
0,62
0,71
0,66
0,81
0,76
0,76
0,79
0,80
0,78
0,55
0,75
11
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 3 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɫɜɟɬɥɚɹ
ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ). ɇɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɥɫɹ 2023 ɝɨɞ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ.
ɚ) Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ
ɛ) ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
ɜ) Ɉɛɡɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ScienceDirect ɩɨ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ
«EBM Ti»
12
Ʉɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɪɢɜɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɫ
ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɯ ɥɟɬ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɭɦɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɤɪɢɜɵɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2, ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ
ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɧɟɣ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɛɡɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɨɬ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ (ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɋɗɅɋ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɚ) ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
ɛ) Ɉɛɡɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ
ȼɗɋ – ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɡɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɡɚ 2023 ɝɨɞ
13
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɋɗɅɋ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ
ɡɚɩɪɨɫɭ «EBM Ti» ɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɟ ScienceDirect ɡɚ 2023 ɝɨɞ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3 ɩɨɞ «ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɚɦɢ», ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ
ɧɟɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɦɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ
ɫɬɚɬɶɹ
«ɇɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɨɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ ɞɥɹ
ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ SB-CoNi-10C, IN625 ɢ Ti64», ɨɛɡɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ
«ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ: ɨɛɡɨɪ».
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɜ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɣ, ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (ȺɌ), ɜ
ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɶ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ȺɌ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɋɗɅɋ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɬɢɬɚɧ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ, ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɦɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɋɗɅɋ
ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ. ɋɩɥɚɜ ȼɌ6 (Ti4Al6V) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ȺɌ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ: ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɵ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ,
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ti-Al, ȼɗɋ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɞɥɹ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ȼɚɡɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Elsevie
«ScienceDirect»: ɫɚɣɬ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/browse/journals-and-books (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
13.04.2023).
2. ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ
eLIBRARY.RU:
ɫɚɣɬ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.elibrary.ru/ (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
3. ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ
ɄɢɛɟɪɅɟɧɢɧɤɚ:
ɫɚɣɬ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://cyberleninka.ru/ (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
14
ɍȾɄ 316.2
ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɊȿɋɍɊɋɕ ȼ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ɋɍȾȺ ɈȻɓȿɃ
ɘɊɂɋȾɂɄɐɂɂ
Ɋ.ȼ. Ⱥɫɬɚɲɟɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɘ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɧɚ, ɞ-ɪ ɫɨɰ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ,
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɬ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ.
INFORMATION RESOURCES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COURT OF
GENERAL JURISDICTION
R.V. Astashev, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Humanitarian and social disciplines
Scientific adviser – T.Y. Kirilina, Doctor of Sociological sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Humanitarian and social disciplines
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The processes of globalization, the dynamically changing environment and
the public demand for openness, transparency and accessibility of the system of
public authorities by civil society compel leaders of public authorities to seek new,
technologically advanced ways of working with information resources. All this is
accelerating the digitalization of the activities of public authorities, creating new
15
tools and methods to use information to provide quality public services to the
population, including the administration of justice.
Electronic document circulation, electronic state, digitalization.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ: ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɗɬɨ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ: ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɧɥɚɣɧ-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ
«ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ»
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɝɞɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ
ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ
ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɧɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɤ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɟɣ, ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ - ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ
ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɪɭɬɢɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɢ
ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ
ɛɭɦɚɠɧɭɸ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ. Ƚɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɨɩɨɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɢ
ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ
ɠɢɡɧɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ» ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
16
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɟ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ [5].
Ⱦɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɍɨ, ɤɚɤɨɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɤɚɤ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ
(ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ) ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ.
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ,
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɢ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɜɧɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɢɹɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɷɬɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɢɲɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɚ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ. Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɧɢɲɢ,
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɰɟɧɤɢ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ
ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɱɟɬ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨ-ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ
ɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ
ɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɨɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ. ɇɨ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ,
ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ.
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ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ - ɷɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɯ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɯ, ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ,
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɱɟɬɚɯ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ: ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɱɬɚ,
ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ȼɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ - ɷɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɵɧɤɟ,
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɚɯ, ɧɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɜɢɧɤɚɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ: ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ, ɠɭɪɧɚɥɵ ɢ
ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. [7].
Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ»
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ:
1. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ.
2. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.
3. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ,
ɠɚɥɨɛ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ, ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ
ɢ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ.
4. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
5. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ
ɢɯ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
6. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ
ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
7. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ.
8. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɞɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɲɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ:
1) ȼɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ.
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2) Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɦɟɠɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ. Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ,
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɡɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɦ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚɯ, ɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɥɟɠɚɬ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ
ɤɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɦɨɬɢɜɚɦ.
ȼɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
«ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɚ» ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɨɧɚɧɫ, ɧɨ
ɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɥɭɠɟɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ.
ȼ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɤɚɤ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɛɨɪ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ,
ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ, ɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɜ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɭɠɧɵ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ
ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ,
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ
19
ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɨɥɶ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɛɨɪɟ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɨɪɝɚɧɭ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ, ɢ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ, ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ
ɢɡ
ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɜ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
[6].
ɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɟ» ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɚɤ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [3].
ɇɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ
ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɹɹ ɩɚɧɞɟɦɢɹ
ɤɨɪɨɧɨɜɢɪɭɫɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ COVID-19. Ȼɵɥ ɩɨɞɧɹɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ
ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ. ɂ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ
ɦɵ ɨɫɦɟɥɢɜɚɟɦɫɹ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɩɚɧɞɟɦɢɢ ɤɨɪɨɧɨɜɢɪɭɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɪɨɣɞɟɧɧɨɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ, «ɨɬɤɚɬɢɬɶ» ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. ɇɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ, ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
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ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ «ɬɨɱɤɭ ɧɟɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɚ», ɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɬɚɥɚ Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɞɨ 2020 ɝ. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ: ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ [1].
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɵ:
1. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ: Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
2. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ: ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɫɭɞɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ.
3. ɍɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ: ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɚ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ.
4. ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ: ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɭɞɶɹɦ ɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
5. ɍɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɞɨɜ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
6. ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɬ
ɧɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.
7. Ɉɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ: Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɫɯɨɠɢɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ –
«ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ». ɂ ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɸ», ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɂ.ȼ. ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜɚ [2]. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ ȿ.ɂ. Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ.
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ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɟ» ɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɤɭɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ, ɤɭɞɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
«ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ» ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɶɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ». Ⱥ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ» ɠɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɩɢɣ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ
[4]. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ, ɧɚ ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɦ
ɪɚɡɛɨɪɟ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ - ɷɬɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ «ɛɟɡɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ». Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɩɢɫɶɸ – ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɥɢɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ - ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɨɛɦɟɧ,
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. ȼɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ:
1. Ʌɟɝɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ.
2. Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ
ɧɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
3. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɦ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɥɤɢ.
4. ɍɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ
ɞɥɹ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɜ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɨɜ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, PDF ɢɥɢ HTML).
5. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɯ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɚɡɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɯ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚɯ. ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɪɯɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ.
6. ɉɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ, ɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɵ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
22
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [3].
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ
ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. Ɉɬɩɪɚɜɤɚ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ
ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɱɬɟ. ɋ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɟɦɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ - ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɩɚɪɨɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ
ɤɨɧɮɢɞɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɢɡ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ. Ɇɟɧɶɲɟ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɬɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ
ɢ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɜɫɟɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ «ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɰɢɤɥɚ»
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
«ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ»
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ» ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɟ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ,
ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɭɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɦɝɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɦ ɤ ɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɥɸɛɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɢ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɛɭɦɚɠɧɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟ ɤɭɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɍɦɟɥɵɣ ɯɚɤɟɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɡɥɨɦɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ, ɫ
ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ
ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟ
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ
23
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɬ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɥɨɞ. Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ. ɇɨ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ
ɩɭɬɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ, ɡɚɤɭɩɢ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɵ) ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɨɫɬɪɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɭɯɨɞɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ IT-ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɰɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ (ɬ.ɟ.
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɫ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ
ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ». ȼ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɠɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɩɵɬɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ,
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ
ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɭɱɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ [6].
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɢɜ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɥɸɫɵ ɢ ɦɢɧɭɫɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ» ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ – ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
Ɍɚɤ, Ⱥ.ɋ. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ «ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ» [2]. ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ
ɇ.ɋ. Ɇɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɱɬɨ «ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɤ ɧɟɣ ɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ» [8].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟ ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
«ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ» ɢ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɹ», ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɞɚɥɟɤɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɟ. Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
24
ɡɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ, ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɥɨɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɬ ɝɥɚɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɢ
ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ. ɇɚ
ɧɚɲ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɤɚɤ «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɟ», ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ» ɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
«ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɸ» ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɭɫɥɭɝɨɣ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɞɨ 2020 ɝɨɞɚ,
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɢɭɦɚ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ ɫɭɞɟɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 19 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ 2015 ɝɨɞɚ. 457 [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
ARB002&n=434483#08743593705224317 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 10.04.2023).
2. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ., Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɚ Ɉ.ɂ., Ɂɚɣɰɟɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɉ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. 2019. ʋ
448. ɋ. 199–207.
3. ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜɚ, ɂ. ȼ. Ɉ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ «ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɞ» ɢ
«ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢɟ» / ɂ. ȼ. ȼɨɪɨɧɰɨɜɚ // ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ. 2019. ʋ3. ɋ. 167-168.
4. Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɨɜ ȿ.ɂ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ // ȼ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɟ: ɇɚɭɤɚ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ. ɉɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɨɣ, ɂ.ȼ. Ʉɨɠɚɧ. Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ ɧ/Ⱦ., 2019. ɋ. 20-24.
5. Ƚɭɦɟɪɨɜɚ Ƚ.Ɋ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ // Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʋ 4(16), 2010, ɋ.
178-182.
6. ɀɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɘ., Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɋ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ
// Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ. 2017. ʋ2. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://cyberleninka.ru/
article/n/elektronnyy-dokumentooborot (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 10.04.2023).
7. Ʉɭɪɨɱɤɢɧɚ
ȿ.ȿ.
Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ:
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɋɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ, ʋ 2, 2014, ɋ. 2731.
8. Ɇɚɧɨɜɚ
ɇ.ɋ.,
Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɚ
Ɇ.Ⱥ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɫɭɞɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɉɟɪɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
ɘɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɭɤɢ. 2019. ȼɵɩ. 45. C. 564–593.
25
ɍȾɄ 67.05
ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋ ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂə ɎɈɊɋɍɇɈɄ ɀɂȾɄɈɋɌɇɕɏ
ɊȺɄȿɌɇɕɏ ȾȼɂȽȺɌȿɅȿɃ ɆȺɅɈɃ ɌəȽɂ: ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ,
ɆȿɊɈɉɊɂəɌɂə ɉɈ ɈȻȿɋɉȿɑȿɇɂɘ ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȺ
ɋ.ȼ. Ȼɨɝɨɦɨɥɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɚɥɵɲɟɜ, ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȼ.ɂ. ɉɪɢɜɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ»,
ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ,
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɧɨɬɚ
ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɋɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɨ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɦ (ɨɛɴɟɦɭ) ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɤɚɤ
ɬɹɝɚ ɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ: ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ
ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ;
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ; ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɹɝɢ, ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚ.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF NOZZLES FOR LIQUID LIQUID
ROCKETS: PROBLEMS, QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES
S.V. Bogomolov, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
management and standardization, A.V. Balyshev, second year graduate student of
the Department of Quality management and standardization
Scientific adviser - V.I. Privalov, Candidate of Technical sciences, Senior
researcher, Director of the Institute of Rocket and space technology and
mechanical engineering Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher
Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
26
One of the main parameters affecting the energy characteristics of the
engine is the completeness of mixture formation of fuel components. The uniform
distribution of fuel components over the surfaces (volume) of the combustion
chamber is one of the factors affecting the completeness of mixture formation and
fuel combustion, which in turn have a direct impact on such parameters as thrust
and specific impulse. Thus, the quality of manufacture and hydraulic testing of
injectors must be at a high level, which requires: appropriate training of personnel
and unconditional fulfillment of the requirements of technological processes; the
use of appropriate equipment and tooling for manufacturing, testing and control;
periodic control and recheck of technological processes.
Quality, liquid propellant thruster, injector.
ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɹɝɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɹɝɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɄȺ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɹɝɭ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɧɶɸɬɨɧɚ ɞɨ 1600 ɇ.
ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ. Ɉɬ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ
ɄȺ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɪɚɡ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɨɬɵɯ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɵɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɵ ɞɨ
ɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɟɟ ɞɨɥɟɣ. ɗɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ (ɫɤɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ) ȿɫɥɢ ɠɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɨɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɟɤɭɧɞ ɞɨ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɋɬɨɥɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɀɊȾɆɌ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɦɫɹ
ɞɜɭɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɣ ɬɟɬɪɚɨɤɫɢɞ (ȺɌ) ɢ ɧɟɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɣ
ɞɢɦɟɬɢɥɝɢɞɪɚɡɢɧ (ɇȾɆȽ). ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɀɊȾɆɌ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɬɹɝɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɝ/ɫ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ
ɝ/ɫ. ȼ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ
ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɧɨɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ,
ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɫɴɟɦɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɪɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɚɪɚ ɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɩɪɢ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
27
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ
ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɧɚ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɜ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚ
ɝɨɥɨɜɤɟ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɱɟɧɢɸ
ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ [1].
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɀɊȾɆɌ,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɞɜɭɯɡɨɧɧɭɸ ɷɩɸɪɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɩɪɢɨɫɟɜɨɣ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ (ɹɞɪɟ) ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦ ɤ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ, ɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɭ
ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɥɢɛɨ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶ. ɑɚɳɟ ɜ
ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɟ. ɉɨɞɚɱɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ í ɹɞɪɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ.
Ƚɨɪɸɱɟɟ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ
ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ, ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɭ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɜ ɹɞɪɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɢɫɬɟɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ,
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ
ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɹɞɨɜ. ɋ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɹɝɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɶ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɜ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɠɟ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ [1].
Ɍɪɟɬɶɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚɦɢ ɥɟɬ. ɗɬɭ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɀɊȾɆɌ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɜɫɟɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ [1].
ȼ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɹɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ
1), ɢ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2). Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ ɀɊȾɆɌ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ
ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦ.
28
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ɏɨɪɫɭɧɤɚ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ʉɨɧɬɭɪ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ 60 ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1),
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ 035 «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ» ɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ 050 «ɂɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ». Ɉɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɯɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɟɡɟɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ l/d 1, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ (ɞɥɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 0,96
ɞɨ 0,98), ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɢ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ, ɨɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɥɢɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɟɟ
ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɟɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɄȾ, ɬɨ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɄȾ, ɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ
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ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɨɜ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ.
ʋ
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
2
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ
Ɍɨɤɚɪɧɚɹ
Ƚɪɚɜɟɪɧɚɹ
Ɉɱɢɫɬɤɚ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ
Ɍɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɨɱɧɚɹ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɂɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫ ɈɌɄ
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ
ɍɩɚɤɨɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɫ ɈɌɄ
ɉɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ «Ɉ» ɡɚ 2021 ɝɨɞ ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ
30,5 % (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3), ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɹɦ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɸ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ
«Ƚ» ɡɚ 2021 ɝɨɞ, ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 32 %
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ.
1. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɰɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɦ ɨɫɟɜɵɦ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ (ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɤɚɦɢ).
2. ȼɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɲɬɚɬɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ «Ɉ» ɢ «Ƚ» ɩɪɨɦɵɜɤɭ
ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
3. ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ «Ƚ».
4. ɉɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɭɫɟɧɰɟɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɪɨɦɤɚɯ
ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ «Ɉ».
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɛɵɥ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ «Ɉ» ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ
ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ, ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 10,2 %
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
31
ɇɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɣɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɬ 0,1
ɞɨ 0,3 ɝ/ɫ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1% ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6 – Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ «Ƚ»,
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ, ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 14,3 % (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 7).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 7 – ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
1. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ.
2. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ.
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Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ȿɝɨɪɵɱɟɜ ȼ.ɋ. Ɋɚɫɱɺɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ
ɀɊȾ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. – ɋɚɦɚɪɚ: ɋȽȺɍ, 2011. 100 ɫ.
2. Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ Ɇ.ȼ. ɀɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɍɱɟɛ. ɞɥɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 2015. 396 ɫ.
3. ɉɚɬɟɧɬ ʋ RU 2560117 ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɢ
ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ].
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪ. 2015. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://i.moscow/patents/ru2560117c1_20150820 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 14.04.2023).
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ɍȾɄ 536.2.083
ɊȺɋɑȿɌ ɌȿɉɅɈɉɊɈȼɈȾɇɈɋɌɂ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅȺ ɉɍɌȿɆ Ɋȿɒȿɇɂə
ɈȻɊȺɌɇɈɃ ɁȺȾȺɑɂ ɌȿɉɅɈɉɊɈȼɈȾɇɈɋɌɂ
Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɨɞɹɧ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
«Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ,
ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɬɟɥ, ɧɚ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ. ȼ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ CAE,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, CAE, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
CALCULATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF A MATERIAL BY
SOLVING THE INVERSE PROBLEM OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
A.G. Bodyan, third-year postgraduate student of the Department of Engineering
and technology
Scientific adviser – A.N. Timofeev, Doctor of Technical sciences, Head o of the
Basic Department of Quality management and research in the field of new
materials and technologies Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of
Higher Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet
Union, Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
Methods for express analysis of the thermal conductivity of solids, today is
an urgent task for materials science. In this regard, it is necessary to master new
methods of calculation and construction of mathematical models using CAE
software systems, which allow calculating thermal conductivity with a certain
error value in express mode.
Thermal conductivity, inverse problem of thermal conductivity, CAE, finite
element modeling.
34
ɋ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ-ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ [1-3]. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɹɦɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɡɧɚɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ. Ɋɟɲɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɡɚɞɚɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɦ ɬɟɥɟ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ
ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ 120*120*22 ɦɦ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɂɉɉ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ȡ-1,2 ɝ/ɫɦ3, ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɚ ɢɡ
ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɋɪ-1600 Ⱦɠ/ɤɝ*ɋ ɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 600 Ⱦɠ/ɤɝ*ɋ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɪɭɝɥɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ
ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ
ɬɟɥɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ
ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ.
Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɨɬ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɇɶɸɬɨɧɚ-Ɋɢɯɦɚɧɚ
q=a(Tc-Tɠ), ȼɬ/ɦ2
(1)
ɝɞɟ, ɚ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ, Ɍɫ – Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɍɠ
–
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɢɹ
ɤɚɤ: Nu – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɇɭɫɫɟɥɶɬɚ, Re – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɇɭɫɫɟɥɶɬɚ, Gr – ɱɢɫɥɨ Ƚɪɚɫɝɨɮɚ, Pr –
ɱɢɫɥɨ Ƚɪɚɫɝɨɮɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ:
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ, Ra 109, ɢ ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ,
Ra > 109, ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
35
ܽ ൌ
ۓ
ۖ
ۖ
൮Ͳǡ
భȀర
ǡோ
బǡరవమೖ
ቆଵା൬
൰
ഋ
వȀభల రȀవ
ቇ
൲ ǡ ɩɪɢܴܽ ͳͲଽ ۔
భȀల
ǡଷ଼ோ
ۖɚ ൮Ͳǡͺʹͷ
൲ ǡ ɩɪɢܴܽ ͳͲଽ
వȀభల ఴȀమళ
ۖ
బǡరవమೖ
ቆଵା൬
൰
ቇ
ഋ
ە
(2) [4]
Ƚɞɟ k-ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɵ, l-ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, Cp –
ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ȝ – ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ
ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɥɚɦɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ: ɚ) ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɛ) ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɜɟɪɯ, ɜ) ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɧɢɡ
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ (3):
ଵȀସ
ସ
ۓ ͲǡͷͶܴܽ ǡ ɩɪɢܶ ܶɠ ɢͳͲ ܴܽ ͳͲ
ۖ
ଵȀଷ
ܽ ൌ Ͳǡͳͷܴܽ ǡ ɩɪɢܶ ܶɠ ɢͳͲ ܴܽ ͳͲଵଵ
۔
ۖ ͲǡʹܴܽଵȀସ ǡ ɩɪɢܶ ܶɠ ɢͳͲହ ܴܽ ͳͲଵ
ە
(3) [4]
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɥɚ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 150ɨɋ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɱɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɟɣ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɬɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ.
36
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ,
ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɤ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɸ
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɢɡ ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɩɪɟɝɚ (ɂɉɉ) ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ 30 ɦɦ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 110ɨɋ.
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 2 ɱɚɫɚ, ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɜ 10 ɦɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɚ BOSCH GTC 400C, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ ɪɟɩɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚɦɢ
Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ y,ɦɦ
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
60
Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ x,ɦɦ
60
60
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ʉɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬɚ z,ɦɦ
17
11
5
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
T,oC
41
47
50
36,5
37,5
38
38,5
39,1
39,7
40
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ: ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɡɚɞɚɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɭɡɟɥ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɢ
37
(ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ) ɧɢɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɋɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ
ɇɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɜ
ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ƚɪɚɮɢɤ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɹɡɤɢ ɜ ɪɟɲɚɟɦɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ
ɂɡ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɵ 2 ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɢ z ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ,
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
38
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ
SNOPT
Nelder-Mead
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ȺɈ
«Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ» ʋ1
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ȺɈ
«Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ» 21
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ȺɈ
«Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ» ʋ3
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣ
ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦɢ
ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ Ɍ
25,64
26,23
-
Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧ
ɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ
«x», ȼɬ/(ɦ*Ʉ)
Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨ ɨɫɢ «z»,
ȼɬ/(ɦ*Ʉ)
10,31
9,04
-
0,26
0,27
0,225
-
-
0,205
-
-
0,212
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ɋɚɦɚɪɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ:
ɢɞɟɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ - 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɢɫɩɪ. - Ɇ.: Ɏɢɡɦɚɬɥɢɬ. 2001. – 320 c.
2. Ƚɨɪɧɨɫɬɚɟɜɚ Ɍ.ɇ., Ƚɨɪɧɨɫɬɚɟɜ Ɉ.Ɇ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ – Ɇ.: Ɇɢɪ ɧɚɭɤɢ, 2019. –
123 c.
3. ɉɵɬɶɟɜ
ɘ.ɉ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɟɦ. Ɇ.: ɎɂɁɆȺɌɅɂɌ, 2012. – 428 ɫ.
4. Bejan A., Kraus A.D. Heat transfer handbook, Wiley 2003. 1481 p.
39
ɍȾɄ 338.45
ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ ȼɇȿȾɊȿɇɂə ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɈȼ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ ɊȺɄȿɌɇɈ-ɄɈɋɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ
ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɂɇȾɍɋɌɊɂɂ 4.0
ɇ.ɋ. Ȼɭɫɤɢɧ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɇ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɪɚɲɤɢɧ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0 ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0 ɧɟɫɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɦ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ.
ɉɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɩɟɪɟɨɛɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ:
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɬɥɚɞɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɨɪɨɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɹ 4.0, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
PROSPECTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF DEVELOPMENT
MECHANISMS OF THE ROCKET AND SPACE INDUSTRY IN THE
CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRY 4.0
N.S. Buskin, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Management,
Scientific adviser – M.S. Abrashkin, Doctor of Economic sciences, Professor of
the Department of Management Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of
Higher Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet
Union, Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
This study is aimed at studying the possibility of introducing innovative
technologies of Industry 4.0 at the enterprises of the rocket and space industry. It
40
was found that the development of enterprises and the introduction of mechanisms
of the rocket and space industry in the conditions of Industry 4.0 carries a
transition to higher structures as a result of a gradual transition and adaptation to
new innovative standards. However, for this it is necessary to introduce modern
automation technologies into large-scale production facilities of domestic
enterprises in the rocket and space industry.
Based on the results of the study, it is proposed to develop and introduce
new technologies at the enterprises of the rocket and space industry, retrain
specialists at advanced training institutes and restructure production processes:
automate, scientifically debug the production process and introduce technologies
to increase the development capacity of enterprises and strengthen the defense
capability of our country.
Industry 4.0, automation, enterprises, technologies.
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɹ 4.0 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɨɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɜɟɤɨɜɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɪɚɤɟɬ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ,
ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ɉɛɨɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ 3D-ɩɟɱɚɬɶ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤɪɢɨɝɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ [3, ɋ. 23].
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ,
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɥɟɟ
ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɊɄɉ, ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ 4 ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ
ɪɨɛɨɬɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
Ɋɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0 ɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
41
Ɋɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ȼ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ
ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɤɟɬ, ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ,
ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɫɩɟɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɤɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɚ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɚɦɢ,
ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ
ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɛɨɪɤɭ ɢ
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɟɬ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚɦɟɧɚ
ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ
ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɧɚ
ɡɚɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ-ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ
ɪɚɤɟɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɤɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ [2, ɋ.7].
Ɋɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɹɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɤɬɨɪɵ
ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ
ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɤɟɬ. Ɋɨɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ,
ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɹɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹɦ.
əɜɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ NASA, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ «Swarmathon» [4]. ȼ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɤɢ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
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ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɚɪɫɚ. Ɋɨɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɥɟ.
Ɋɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ
ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ [4].
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «Ʌɭɧɚ-25» ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ȽɄ
«Ɋɨɫɤɨɫɦɨɫ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ Ʌɭɧɨɯɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɥɚɞɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Ʌɭɧɚ-25 ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ Ʌɭɧɨɣ ɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ Ʌɭɧɵ, ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɧɚ Ʌɭɧɭ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɟ. Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬ Ʌɭɧɚ-25 ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚɦɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɛɭɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɝɪɭɧɬɚ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɪ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɥɭɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɛɨɪɬɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɤɚɦɟɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɴɟɦɤɢ ɥɭɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɨɟɤɬ Ʌɭɧɚ25 ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ʌɭɧɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɤɟɬɵɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ «ɋɨɸɡ-2.1ɛ» (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɉɥɚɧ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɪɚɤɟɬɵ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ «ɋɨɸɡ-2.1ɛ»
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɧɚ Ʌɭɧɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɦɢɫɫɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɨɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɝɨɞ. Ɇɢɫɫɢɹ Ʌɭɧɚ-25 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɥɭɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ
43
Ʌɭɧɟ, ɟɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɦɢɫɫɢɣ ɧɚ Ʌɭɧɭ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɟ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 2017 ɝɨɞɭ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ
«Ɋɨɫɤɨɫɦɨɫ» ɢ «Ɋɨɫɧɚɧɨ» ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ
ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ɏɨɧɞ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɧɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
Ƚɨɫɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ «Ɋɨɫɤɨɫɦɨɫ» ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ «Ɏɨɬɨɧ-Ɇ» ɢ «ɗɤɡɨɦɚɪɫ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, Ɋɨɫɤɨɫɦɨɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɚ. ȼ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 2019 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɋɤɨɥɤɨɜɨ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɇɐɊ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ,
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɧɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ, ɦɨɧɬɚɠ, ɫɛɨɪɤɚ, ɩɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. [3].
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɇɐɊ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɋɨɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɪɚɜɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ. Ɋɨɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɮɢɡɢɤɚ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ. ɗɬɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɜ
ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ
44
ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɬɚɠɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɨɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ
ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ.
Ʉɚɞɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
58,4
Ⱦɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
36
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
33,7
ɩɪɢɬɨɤ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ
32,6
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ
32,6
ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɝɨɪɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ (35-50 ɥɟɬ), ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
29,2
27
ɋɬɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɭɛɵɥɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɬɨɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
19,1
15,7
Ɉɬɬɨɤ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠ
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ʉɚɞɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɨɛɨɬɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ [1]
45
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦ. ɇ.Ⱥ. ɉɢɥɸɝɢɧɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɚ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢɦ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʉɟɥɞɵɲɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɋɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɫɬɵɤɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɫ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ [1]
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɸ 4.0 ɜ ɊɎ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ
ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɣ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ, ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0 ɜ ɊɎ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɗɬɨ
ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɪɟɣ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɸ 4.0 ɜ ɊɄɉ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ
ɪɚɤɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɊɄɉ. ȼ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0 ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɊɎ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ
«ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɞɜɨɣɧɢɤɚ» (digital twin) - ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɩɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ,
46
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟ ɟɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ
ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɹ 4.0 ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɂɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ 4.0 ɜ
ɊɄɉ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ
ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ - ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɤɟɬ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢ
ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɚɜɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ȼɚɪɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ȼ.ȿ., Ⱥɛɪɚɲɤɢɧ Ɇ.ɋ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
/
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. 2021. ʋ 3 (48). ɋ. 3-9.
2. Ƚɭɝɤɚɟɜ ɋ. «Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɭ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɧɟɩɪɨɫɬɨ»: ɱɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - 2018. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://rb.ru/opinion/russia-space (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 24.02.2023).
3. ɂɡɦɚɣɥɨɜɚ Ɇ.Ⱥ., Ƚɭɫɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɂ., Ʌɵɥɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. [ɢ ɞɪ.] ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ / ɉɨɞ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇ.ə. ɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ
ɏɨɪɨɲɚɜɢɧɨɣ ɇ.ɋ. – Ɇ.: Ɇɢɪ ɧɚɭɤɢ, 2022. 441 ɫ.
4. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ 4.0: ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɩɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɟɡɞ ɜ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - CNEWS. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.cnews.ru/reviews/it_v_promyshlennosti_2018/articles/rossijskaya_pro
myshlennost_40_kak_ne_opozdat_na_poezd_v_budushchee (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
23.02.2023).
47
ɍȾɄ 316
ɍɋɅɈȼɂə, ȼɅɂəɘɓɂȿ ɇȺ ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ
ɊȿȺȻɂɅɂɌȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ ȾɅə ɂɇȼȺɅɂȾɈȼ ȼ ɊɈɋɋɂɂ
Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ȼɵɱɤɨɜɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ʉ.ȼ. Ʌɚɩɲɢɧɨɜɚ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɫɨɰɢɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ,
ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ (ɨɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ), ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.
Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ, ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɫɪɟɞɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ.
CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF THE
REHABILITATION ENVIRONMENT FOR THE DISABLED IN RUSSIA
O.A. Bychkova, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Humanitarian and social disciplines
Scientific adviser – K.V. Lapchinova, Candidate of Sociological sciences,
Assistant professor of the Department of Humanitarian and social disciplines
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
This article examines the factors contributing to the formation of a
successful rehabilitation environment for people with disabilities in Russia, as well
as their interaction with each other. Various elements (from public policy to
professional sentiment) that influence the creation of effective social adaptation for
people with disabilities are described. These factors can create a positive and safe
environment for people with disabilities.
Rehabilitation,
48
social
adaptation,
disability,
rehabilitation
environment,
rehabilitation conditions.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɜ XVIII ɜɟɤɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɵ II. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡɞɚɧɵ ɉɪɢɤɚɡɵ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɢɹɯ, ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɨɫɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɛ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɊɎ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɦɟɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ (ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ) ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɷɬɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɨ ɜ XIX ɜ.
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɲɪɢɮɬ Ȼɪɚɣɥɹ ɢ ɹɡɵɤ ɠɟɫɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɚɥɢɫɶ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɦɢ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɍɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ: ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. Ɉɧɢ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ ɢ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ,
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɝɞɟ ɥɸɞɹɦ
ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜɫɹɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ
ɦɟɫɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɤ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɡɚɣɧ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ, ɜ
ɫɜɟɬɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
49
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɰ 70-ɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ 80-ɯ ɝɝ. XX ɜ. ɇɨ
ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɷɤɫɤɥɸɡɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɥɟɞ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ.
ɋ.Ɇ. ȿɦɟɥɢɧ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ,
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ, ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɥɸɞɟɣ - ɷɬɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɚɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɝɭɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ [4].
ȼɚɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ,
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫ ɫɚɦɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɢɧɚ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɍɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ, ɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ,
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ
ɢ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ.
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ, ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɡɞ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɦɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɥɢɮɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ,
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
50
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ
ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ [9].
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɟɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ:
1. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɩɥɚɧɟ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɢ
ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɠɢɥɵɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɦ.
2. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʌɸɞɢ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɯ. ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɫɬ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ.
3. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.
4. Ʉɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ. Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
5. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ
ɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ.
6. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ
ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɵɦ ɢ ɭɜɚɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɨɞ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ:
- ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ (ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ,
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚɦ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɞɪ.);
- ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ (ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ
ɜɪɚɱɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ, ɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ,
51
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚɦ);
- ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ (ɦɟɞɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɚɫɫɢɫɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɞɪ.);
- ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ (ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.);
- ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɨɦ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɬ
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ [7].
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ Ɉ.ɇ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɚ ɢ
Ⱥ.ȼ. ɒɨɲɦɢɧ
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ
5
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ [1]:
1. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ.
2. ɋɬɚɠɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ,
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦɢ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɧɢɧɝɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɫɬɟɪ-ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɩɨ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ.
3. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
4. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɯ
ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. ȼɚɠɧɨ
ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɬɟɪɩɢɦɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
5. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɦɭɥɶɬɢɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
52
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
ɂ.ȼ. ɉɟɫɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ [5]:
- ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɨɦɭ ɩɚɰɢɟɧɬɭ);
ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ
ɤɚɤ
ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ
ɫɨɰɢɨɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ȼ.Ƚ. ɋɭɯɢɯ, ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ:
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ;
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ;
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ.
ɉɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɟɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ȼ.Ƚ. ɋɭɯɢɯ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɷɬɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ
ɞɟɡɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ Ɍ.ȼ. Ɋɨɝɚɱɟɜɨɣ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ,
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ «ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɣ» ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɚɜ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ [6].
ɋ.Ⱥ. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɠɢɬɶ ɢ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ [3].
ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɲɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ
53
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1). Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ,
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɜ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
Ʌ.ɇ. Ɏɚɯɪɚɞɨɜɨɣ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɤɥɸɡɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ [8]:
- ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ (ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ, ɞɨɪɨɝ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɧɢɡɤɨɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɧɞɭɫɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ);
- ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ (ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɫɫɭɞɤɢ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ,
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ);
- ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ;
- ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ (ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ);
- ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ (ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɞɨɫɭɝɚ).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɆɄɎ)
54
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɦ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ
ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ [2].
ɂɬɚɤ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɟɟ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ,
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɚ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ɂɧɜɚɥɢɞɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɵ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɩɨ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɳɢɬɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ, ɥɶɝɨɬɵ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɟɡɞ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɢɦ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɞɜɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɦɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɥɢɮɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ
ɫ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɫ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ [2, ɋ.114].
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ
ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ,
ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ
ɞɥɹ
55
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ,
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ,
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨ-ɞɨɫɭɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɇ., Ʌɨɪɟɪ ȼ.ȼ., ɒɨɲɦɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɦɟɞɢɤɨ-ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɟ, ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɢ. 2019. ʋ 4. ɋ.38.
2. Ⱦɚɪɝɚɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ // ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ. 2015. Ɍ. 21. ʋ2. ɋ.
114-129.
3. Ⱦɪɨɡɞɨɜɚ ɋ.Ⱥ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ// Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɍɪɚɥɚ. 2015. ʋ4. ɋ. 144147.
4. ȿɦɟɥɢɧ ɋ.Ɇ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ
ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ȼɗȽɍ. 2019. ʋ 2(100). ɋ.
5970.
5. ɉɟɫɬɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.ȼ. Ɋɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ. ɇɨɜɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ//
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. 2013. ʋ 4. ɋ. 94.
6. Ɋɨɝɚɱɟɜɚ Ɍ.ȼ., ɒɟɫɬɚɤɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɟɚɛɢɥɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɚ// Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. 2018.
Ɍ. 10. ʋ 3(50). ɋ. 4.
7. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ ɇ.Ɉ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ: ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɜ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ // Caucasian Science Bridge. 2022. ʋ3
(17). ɋ. 144-151.
8. Ɏɚɯɪɚɞɨɜɚ Ʌ.ɇ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɤɥɸɡɢɢ ɢɧɜɚɥɢɞɨɜ: ɨɩɵɬ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ// ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ. 2016. ȼɵɩ. 8
(86). ɋ.5885
9. əɞɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ:
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ȼ.Ⱥ.
əɞɨɜ // Ʉɬɨ ɢ ɤɭɞɚ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ?.. Ⱥɤɬɨɪɵ ɦɚɤɪɨ-, ɦɟɡɨ- ɢ
ɦɢɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. – Ɇ.:
Ɇȼɒɋɗɇ, 2001. - ɋ. 310-319. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://ecsocman.hse.ru/
data/297/679/1219/040.IADOV.pdf (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 02.04.2023).
56
ɍȾɄ 669.017.15
ɂɁȽɈɌɈȼɅȿɇɂȿ ȼɕɋɈɄɈɗɇɌɊɈɉɂɃɇɕɏ ɋɉɅȺȼɈȼ ɆȿɌɈȾɈɆ
ȽɊȺɇɍɅɖɇɈɃ ɆȿɌȺɅɅɍɊȽɂɂ
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ƚɟɣɥɶ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ɂ. Ʌɨɝɚɱɺɜɚ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ (ȼɗɋ) - ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɗɋ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɨɦ,
ɦɢɧɭɫɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɶɧɨɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ
ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ. Ɉɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɯ
ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ
ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɟ
ɫɩɥɚɜɵ,
ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ
ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ,
ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ
MANUFACTURING OF HIGH-ENTROPHY ALLOYS BY POWDER
METALLURGY
A.V. Geyl, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of Engineering
and technology
Scientific adviser – A.I. Logacheva, Doctor of Technological sciences, Research
professor of the Basic Department of Quality management and research in the field
of new materials and technologies Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution
of Higher Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the
Soviet Union, Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are metallic materials with unique properties
and promising opportunities in various industries. The article discusses the
traditional method of manufacturing HEAs by vacuum-arc remelting, the
disadvantages of this method of production and the transition to the methods of
57
pellet metallurgy, such as mechanical alloying and further spheroidization of the
obtained powders. The possibility of using high-entropic alloys for the
manufacture of critical parts in the rocket, space and aviation industries by hot
isostatic pressing and methods of additive technologies is described.
High-entropy
technologies.
alloys,
refractory
metals,
plasma
spheroidization,
additive
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɲɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 150 ɥɟɬ.
ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨ 70-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɢɫɶ
ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ [1]. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ [4].
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɭɩɟɪɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Ni. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ 650 ɞɨ 1200 °C, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ
ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɞɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ [3].
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɧɚ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɫ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɫɜɵɲɟ 1200 °C.Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɢɤɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɜ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 1300 °C), ɱɬɨ,
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ
ɫ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ [11].
Ɉɞɧɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦ (W), ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ (Mo), ɧɢɨɛɢɣ
(Nb), ɬɚɧɬɚɥ (Ta) ɢ ɬ.ɞ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɨɛɵɱɧɵɟ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɪɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɯɚɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ
[10].
ȼ 2004 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ (ȼɗɋ). ɂɞɟɹ ȼɗɋ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɋɟɧɶɤɨɜɚ ɜ 2010 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɉɧ ɜɜɟɥ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ȼɗɋ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥ NbMoTaW ɢ VNbMoTaW [6]. ɋɭɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ
58
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɵɣ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 5% ɞɨ 35%
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ȼɗɋ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɨɞɧɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ-ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɪɟɲɟɬɤɚɦɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ȽɐɄ ɢɥɢ ɈɐɄ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɈɐɄ ȼɗɋ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ
ɢɡ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɈɐɄ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɢ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Nb, Mo, Ta, Ti, V, W ɢ Zr.
ȼɵɛɨɪ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ʌɟɝɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Al ɢ Ti, ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Nb, Mo, V ɢ Zr, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚ
ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. [2].
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ȼɗɋ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵɦɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɚɷɪɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ȼɗɋ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ȼɗɋ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ:
- ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɪɟɫɫ-ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɲɬɚɦɩɵ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ
ɩɟɱɟɣ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ;
- ɚɧɬɢɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɚɜɨɞɨɜ, ɥɢɬɟɣɧɵɯ ɰɟɯɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ
ɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɜ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ȼɗɋ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɥɢɬɶɹ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ȼɗɋ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ȼɗɋ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ȼɗɋ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɚɹ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1) ɢɥɢ ɢɧɞɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɬɠɢɝɨɦ. ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ
99% ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ȼɗɋ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ
ɢɧɟɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɢɬɤɨɜ ɢɡ ȼɗɋ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɤɜɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɗɋ,
ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɪɢɫɤɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɫɥɢɬɤɚ (ɩɨɪɵ, ɪɚɤɨɜɢɧɵ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ), ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ Ʉɶɹɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ
59
ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ VTaTiMo ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨɣ ɞɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɥɚɜɤɢ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ [4].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɗɋ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɧɨ-ɞɭɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɨɦ
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɝɪɟɝɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɥɢɬɶɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ
ɬɟɪɦɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ȼɗɋ.
Ƚɪɚɧɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ ȼɗɋ
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɗɋ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɥɢɬɶɟɦ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ȼɗɋ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɲɚɪɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɫ
ɦɟɥɸɳɢɦɢ ɬɟɥɚɦɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2). ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɲɚɪɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɥɶɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ,
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ [7].
60
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɒɚɪɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ȼɗɋ – ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɡɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɮɨɪɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3). ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ
ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ɜ
ɤɚɦɟɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɟɪɬɧɵɦ ɝɚɡɨɦ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɡɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɞɨ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɢɥ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ [5].
ɉɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ ȼɗɋ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ
ɚ) ɞɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ; ɛ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ
61
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɨɢɞɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Ƚɂɉ)
ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɚɞɞɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ȺɌ) [8, 9].
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ Ƚɂɉ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ȺɌ:
- ɮɪɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ;
- ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ;
- ɧɚɫɵɩɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ;
- ɮɨɪɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ.
Ƚɂɉ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɮɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɥɢɡɤɨɣ ɤ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ.
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ȼɗɋ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ȺɌ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɟ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ CAD-ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɢɤɥ.
ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ȺɌ
ɞɥɹ ȼɗɋ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ: ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɄɂɆ,
ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɢɤɥ «ɩɪɨɟɤɬ-ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ».
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ȼɗɋ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ Nb
ɢ Mo, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ Ƚɂɉ ɢ ȺɌ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɫ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ɇɟɯɚɧɨɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɰɧɵɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ / Ⱥ.ɋ.
Ɋɨɝɚɱɟɜ [ɢ ɞɪ.] // ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ13-ɝɨ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢɭɦɚ. 2023.
ɋ. 171-176.
2. Ɋɟɦɩɟɥɶ, Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ƚɟɥɶɱɢɧɫɤɢɣ Ȼ.Ɋ. ȼɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɟ ɫɩɥɚɜɵ:
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ // ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ
ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɑɟɪɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ. 2020. Ɍ. 63, ʋ 3-4. ɋ. 248-253.
3. Effect of Mo on the morphology, microstructure and mechanical
properties of NbTa0.5TiMox refractory high entropy alloy fabricated by laser
powder bed fusion using elemental mixed powders / F. Wang [ɢ ɞɪ.] //
International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials. 2023. ʋ 111. ɋ.
106-107.
4. High-Entropy Alloys – A New Era of Exploitation / J.W. Yeh, Y.L.
Chen, S.J. Lin, S.K Chen // Materials Science Forum. 2007. ʋ 560. ɋ. 1-9.
5. High-quality spherical zirconium alloy powders prepared by thermal
plasma treatment for additive manufacturing / B. Liu [ɢ ɞɪ.] // Materials Letters.
2021. ʋ 288. ɋ. 129-134.
62
6. Mechanical
properties
of
Nb25Mo25Ta25W25
and
V20Nb20Mo20Ta20W20 refractory high entropy alloys / O.N. Senkov, G.B.
Wilks, J.M. Scott, D.B. Miracle // Intermetallics. 2011. ʋ 19. ɋ. 698-706.
7. Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultra-hard spherical
refractory high-entropy alloy powders fabricated by plasma spheroidization / B.
Liu [ɢ ɞɪ.] // Powder Technology. 2021. ʋ 382. ɋ. 550-555.
8. Nene, S.S. Some distinct features of transformative high entropy alloys
for metal additive manufacturing // Frontiers in Materials. 2022. ʋ 9. ɋ. 76-82.
9. Refractory high-entropy alloys: A focused review of preparation
methods and properties / W. Xiong [ɢ ɞɪ.] // Journal of Materials Science &
Technology. 2023. ʋ 142. ɋ. 196-215.
10. Senary refractory high-entropy alloy CrxMoNbTaVW / B. Zhang, M.C.
Gao, Y. Zhang, S.M. Guo // Calphad. 2015. ʋ 51. ɋ. 193-201.
11. Tejedor, T. Álvarez Power Plant Life Management and Performance
Improvement // Woodhead Publishing. 2011. ʋ 1. ɋ. 330-419.
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ɍȾɄ 004.8
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɈȻɊȺȻɈɌɄɂ ȻɈɅɖɒɂɏ ȾȺɇɇɕɏ
ȼ.Ⱥ. Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ȿɦɟɥɶɹɧɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ – C.ȼ. ɒɚɣɬɭɪɚ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ, ɞ-ɪ
ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ»,
ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɟɺ
ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ «ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ», ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɢɯ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR BIG DATA
PROCESSING
V.A. Gerasimov, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Information
technologies and control systems, A.D. Emelianov, graduate first year of the
Department of Information technologies and control systems
Scientific advisers – S.V. Shaytura, Candidate of Technical sciences, Associate
professor of the Department of Information technologies and control systems,
Y.V. Strenalyuk, Doctor of Technical sciences, Professor of the Department of
Information technologies and control systems, Federal State Budgetary
Educational Institution of Higher Education «Technological University named
after twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev,
Moscow region
This article considers the problem of processing large amounts of data. The
paper briefly describes both ancient and modern ways of storing information, as
well as the reasons for the increase in the volume and speed of its accumulation.
Particular attention is paid to the modern presentation of information, called
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"fuzzy data", the difficulties of processing it and the need to use artificial
intelligence technologies to perform this task.
Information storage methods, fuzzy data, artificial intelligence technologies.
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɛɞɭɦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɥɨ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɮɟɪ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ: ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɧɚɭɤɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɂɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɛɨɪ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɰɢɮɪ, ɮɚɤɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ,
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ – ɟɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ –
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɥɨ ɩɭɬɶ ɨɬ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɭɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɤɚɡ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛ
ɑɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɩɚɦɹɬɶ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɭɦɚɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɛɵɱɚɢ, ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ
Ȼɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ
ɂɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɭɦɚɝɭ ɜ
ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɟɺ ɜ
ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ: ɚɪɯɢɜɨɜ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤ
ɐɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɯɪɚɧɢɦɨɣ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ
ɛɭɦɚɠɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɭ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ – ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɦɭ
ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɜɥɢɹɥɨ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɥ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɟɤɨɜ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɯɜɚɬɚɥɨ, ɡɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɬɨɬ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
65
ɛɭɦɚɝɭ, ɬɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ, ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɚ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
əɪɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɸɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ: ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɨɬ
ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɞɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɪɨɝ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ – ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɨɞɧɭ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ
ɨɞɢɧ ɢ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɡ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬ. ɂ ɞɥɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ [11].
Ʉ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
1. Ɍɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɚɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɨ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ. Ɍɚɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɞɨɛɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ,
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
2. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɣ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɦɟɞɢɚɧɚ, ɦɨɞɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
3. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ.
4. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ. ɋɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ.
5. Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ
ɫɟɛɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɫɬɚɥ ɹɫɟɧ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɭɩɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɤɨɥɨɫɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤ ɮɚɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɲɢɛɤɚɦ ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɰɟɩɨɱɤɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɲɚɧɫɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ. ɇɨ ɷɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨ
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ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ Statista ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ ɤ 2025 ɝ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ 163 ɬɪɥɧ Ƚɝɛ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɤɚɤ Big Data,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ, ɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɞɚɬɚ-ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜɟɫɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ
[1].
Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ.
ɇɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ – ɷɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ 0 ɢɥɢ 1, ɬɨ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ 0 ɢ 1 [5, ɋ.
92].
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ, ɞɚɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ
ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ - ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ.
ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ - ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɸɞɢ. Ɉɧɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
1. ɑɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ: ɱɢɫɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ,
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
2. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ: ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɥɨɜ, ɮɪɚɡ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ
ɧɨɜɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɨɬɡɵɜɵ, ɬɜɢɬɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
3. Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ: ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɞɟɬɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
4. Ⱥɭɞɢɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ: ɚɭɞɢɨ-ɡɚɩɢɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɱɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
5. ȼɢɞɟɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ: ɜɢɞɟɨ-ɡɚɩɢɫɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
6. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ IoT, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. [9, ɋ. 24].
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɤɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ, ɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
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ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɂɂ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
Ɋɚɡɛɟɪɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ:
x
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɫ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ-ɝɪɭɩɩ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ,
ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɚɯ 1, 2, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ: ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɚɹ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ: ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɤɨɞɚ, ɨɬɥɚɞɤɭ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɟɺ ɫ ɧɭɥɹ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɋɤɚɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ
Ⱥɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɜ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ ɢ, ɨɛɭɱɢɜ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɂɇɋ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ.
x
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ.
ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ,
ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɱɟɬɟ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼ
ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɟɸ ɢɥɢ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
[8, ɋ. 67]. ɉɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɯɪɚɧɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɚɡɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɶɸ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
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ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɞɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɟɺ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ-ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɭɤɚɡɚɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ:
ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ
ɨɬɤɚɡ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ,
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɨɬɤɚɡ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɨɛɪɵɜ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ ɤɚɛɟɥɹ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɤ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ ɜ 2021 ɝɨɞɭ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɎȽɍɉ. - 2021. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://rdc.grfc.ru/2021/11/artificial-intelligence-market-analysis/ (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 07.04.2023).
2. Ȼɚɛɢɱ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Mind mapping ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. - Ɇ.: Ȼɢɧɨɦ, 2014. 223 c.
3. Ȼɨɝɨɦɨɥɨɜɚ, Ɉ.Ȼ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ. Ɇ.: Ȼɢɧɨɦ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, 2016. 150 c.
4. Ƚɚɥɶɰɨɜ ȼ.ɉ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ //
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ «ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɤɢ». 2019. ʋ6 (15). Ɍ. 5. ɋ.
183-186.
5. Ƚɥɨɬɨɜɚ Ɇ.ɘ., ɋɚɦɨɯɜɚɥɨɜɚ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ. - Ʌɸɛɟɪɰɵ: ɘɪɚɣɬ, 2016. 344 c.
6. Ƚɪɟɱɢɧ ɂ. ȼ. ɉɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ / ɂ.ȼ.
Ƚɪɟɱɢɧ // ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɌɊɌɍ. - 2000. - ʋ2(16). ɋ. 66-69.
7. Ɂɜɟɪɟɜɚ, ȼ.ɉ. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ. - Ɇ.:
Academia, 2018. 48 c.
8. ɂɜɤɢɧ Ⱥ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ // ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ: ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ III ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ /
ɘɪɝɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ. – Ɍɨɦɫɤ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ Ɍɨɦɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, 2016. 247 ɫ.
9. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ:
Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɚɹ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɢɹ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɢ / ɉɨɞ
ɪɟɞ. ɋ.ȼ. ȿɦɟɥɶɹɧɨɜɚ. - Ɇ.: Ʌɟɧɚɧɞ, 2015. 104 c.
10. Ʉɚɬɢɧɚ Ⱥ.Ɇ., ɒɢɞɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɋ.ȼ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ // Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞɵ ɌɍɋɍɊ. 2006. ʋ5 (13). ɋ. 36-39.
70
11. Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: ɨɬ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɐɈȾɨɜ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. ɏɚɛɪ. – 2016. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://habr.com/ru/companies/safedata/articles/317574/
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
06.04.2023).
12. Ɉɫɬɪɨɭɯ Ⱥ.ȼ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. –
Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɹɪɫɤ: ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ, 2020. 250 ɫ.
13. Ɉɫɬɪɨɭɯ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɋɭɪɤɨɜɚ ɇ.ȿ. ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ. – Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɹɪɫɤ: ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɰɟɧɬɪ, 2015. 370 ɫ.
14. Ɉɫɬɪɨɭɯ, Ⱥ.ȼ. ȼɜɨɞ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ. Ɇ.: Academia, 2017. 400 c.
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ɍȾɄ 377.6
ȺɄɌɍȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɕɏ
ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ ȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɕɏ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ
ȿ.ɋ. Ƚɪɢɲɚɧɨɜɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȼ.ə. ȼɢɥɢɫɨɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ,
ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ –
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ.
Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATIONAL
TECHNOLOGIES IN MODERN CONDITIONS
E.S. Grishanova, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Mathematics and science,
Scientific adviser – V.Y. Vilisov, Doctor of Technical sciences, Doctor of
Economic sciences, Professor of the Department of Mathematics and science
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Pilotcosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
Currently, education is a priority area of development, and an increase in
the number of highly qualified specialists is one of the main conditions for the
development of the economy, which in turn determines its position on the world
market. The article discusses the main trends in the development of modern
72
education, advanced educational technologies, which are a complex of the most
modern, highly effective methods, techniques and means of teaching, education
and management to achieve the main goal of education – the training of a
generation of highly qualified specialists capable of adapting to the rapidly
changing needs of scientific and technological progress.
Trends in the development of education, educational technologies, digitalization of
education.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɥɢ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ
ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɜɵɛɨɪɚ
ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɵ
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ.
Ⱦɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɞɚɥɟɟ
– ɋɉɈ) ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɋɉɈ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɋɉɈ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ʉ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ
ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ (ɮɨɪɦɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɋɉɈ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ) ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɉɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
x Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɭɱɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɈɈɉ.
x Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɎȽɈɋ ɋɉɈ.
x ȼɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
x Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
73
x ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
x ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɚɬɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɢ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɚɬɬɟɫɬɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɩɨ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦ ɈɈɉ.
x Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɠɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ.
x ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɤ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɈɈɉ.
x Ɍɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ.
x ɉɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ-ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɠɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɆɐɄ),
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɢɡɨɣ
ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹɦ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ȼ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɈ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɚ ɩɨ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɦɭ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ, ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɬ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ:
x ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɑɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ.
x ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɟɦɭ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
x Ɇɟɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ.
x ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ – ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɭɦɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɦ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɟɣɫɨɜ. Ɉɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
74
x Ƚɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ,
ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ
ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ.
x ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɭɱɟɬ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
x Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ.
x Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
x Ɇɧɨɝɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ
ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɥɢ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɦɤɢ. ɇɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
x ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ,
ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɫɜɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ.
x Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ
ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
x ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ,
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱ.
x ɐɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
x ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ: ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɣ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ,
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ.
x Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɛɦɟɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ.
x ɗɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ
ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɬɚɥɚɧɬɨɜ.
75
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ; ɨɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɶɸ
(ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ),
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ) ɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ. əɜɥɹɹɫɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɩɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ: ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ, ɩɨ
ɬɢɩɚɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ɋɬɨɢɬ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
(ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ,
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɇɈɌ), ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɢɟɦɨɜ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
–
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ
ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ (ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ); ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ, ɯɢɦɢɢ
ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
ɇɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ:
76
x ɨɛɳɟɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ;
x ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ;
x ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ;
x ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɭɡɨɜ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. ɇɈɌ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɋɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɏɏ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɟɞɭɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ
ɩɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ [2]. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɭɪɨɜɧɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ɂɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ. Ʉ
ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ, ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ Ɇɢɧɚɪɚɢ ɢ ɞɪ.). ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ (ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ), ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ (ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ)
ɢ
ɦɵɫɥɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ
(ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ).
ɂɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ
ɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ, ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɢ ɭɦɨɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɣ
ɲɬɭɪɦ, ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɢɞɟɣ ɢ ɩɪ. ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɧɚɠɟɪɵ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɜɜɨɞɹɬ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ
ɜ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ, ɭɦɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦ.
ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ,
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɣ, ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜɢɞɨɜ ɭɫɥɭɝ [3]. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɪɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ
ɟɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ
77
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɢɥɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ
ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ, ɢɝɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
x ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ;
x ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ;
x ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ;
x ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ;
x ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ;
x ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ;
x ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ;
x ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ;
x ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ.
ɇɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɇɈɌ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ
ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝɨ,
ɨɛɳɟɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɇɈɌ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɯ. ɇɈɌ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
78
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɨɜ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɇɈɌ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɢ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɟɥɚɸɳɢɯ
ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Virtual reality, VR) ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
(Augmented reality, AR), ɩɪɢɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɦɢ.
ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
BigData (ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ [1]. Big Data ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɧɟɣɪɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ
ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɨɜ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɝɪɨɜɵɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɝɟɣɦɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɢɝɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Moodle – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɧɥɚɣɧ-ɤɭɪɫɵ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ITɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ MS Teams ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ
79
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ
ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɸ
ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɮɨɪɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
ɋɉɈ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɢ
ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɧɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɚ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɞɟɥɚɟɬ
ɭɱɟɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
Ⱥɬɚɹɧ Ⱥ.Ɇ., Ƚɭɪɶɟɜɚ Ɍ.ɇ., ɒɚɪɚɛɚɟɜɚ Ʌ.ɘ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ // ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. 2020. ʋ 6. ɋ. 23.
2. Ƚɨɪɨɜɚɹ ȼ.ɂ., ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚ ɇ.Ɏ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɚ // ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2008. ʋ 10. ɋ. 35-36.
3. Ɇɚɧɭɣɥɨɜ ȼ., Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ ɂ., Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɳɟɧɫɤɚɹ Ɇ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ // ȼɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
2003. ʋ 3. ɋ. 117-123.
1.
80
ɍȾɄ 346.26
ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇȺə ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɄȺɄ ɎȺɄɌɈɊ
ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺ
Ʌ.ɋ. Ƚɭɫɟɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ,
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ.
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ,
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY AS A FACTOR OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION
L.S. Gusev, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Management
Scientific adviser – A.V. Fedotov, Doctor of Economic sciences, Associate
professor, Professor of the Management Department Federal State Budgetary
Educational Institution of Higher Education «Technological University named
after twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Pilot-cosmonaut
A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article examines the influence of innovative activity on the socioeconomic development of the region. Theoretical approaches to innovative activity
are considered, types of innovations are presented, as well as the tasks of regional
innovation policy.
Innovation, socio-economic development, innovative activity, regional economy.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɟ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ.
81
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɟ ɡɜɟɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɛɵ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ –
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɥɟɠɢɬ ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ
ɢɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɡ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ. ɗɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ
ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ,
ɱɬɨ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɨɟ
ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɍɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ. ɉɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɩɭɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ í ɷɬɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɛɵɬɚ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ
82
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɟ ɧɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ
ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɣɬɢɧɝɢ, ɜɟɪɧɟɟ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ, ɥɟɠɚɳɚɹ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ,
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ
ɪɵɧɤɚɯ [1].
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
Ɉɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɟ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
ɐɟɥɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ
ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
Ɋɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ
ɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ȿɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ – ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ:
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
83
ɫɬɚɪɬɚɩɨɜ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.
Ʉɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɁȺȾȺɑɂ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɭɸ, ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɟɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɜ
ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ
ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
84
ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ – ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬ
Ʉɚɞɪɨɜɵɣ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ
Ɋɨɥɶ
ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɨɪ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ – ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
Ȼɚɡɢɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɂɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɂɡ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 1 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. Ʉɚɞɪɵ
ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɞɟɣ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɢ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3).
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
85
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨ-ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɞɟɥ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ
ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ,
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ,
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ
ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɹ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
86
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5).
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɍɫɩɟɲɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ.
ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɯɨɞ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɜ
ɤɪɚɬɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢ
ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ.
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ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɜɵɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ƚɢɛɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ.
Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ
ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ȼɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ. ȼɚɠɧɨ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣɱɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ⱥɝɚɩɨɜ ɉ.Ⱥ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. – Ɇ.:
ȼɭɡ. ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ: ɂɇɎɊȺ - Ɇ, 2019. 394 ɫ.
2. Ɍɟɛɟɤɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ȼɨɪɢɫɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ
ɞɥɹ ɛɚɤɚɥɚɜɪɨɜ. – 2 - ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. ɋɟɪɢɹ: Ȼɚɤɚɥɚɜɪ. Ȼɚɡɨɜɵɣ ɤɭɪɫ. –
Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɪɚɣɬ, 2020. 481 ɫ.
3. Ɍɹɝɥɨɜ ɋ.Ƚ., Ȼɨɟɜ ȼ.ɘ., Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɚ Ɋ.Ɇ. [ɢ ɞɪ.] Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / Ɋ.Ɇ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɞɪ., ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɋ.Ƚ. Ɍɹɝɥɨɜɚ. –
Ɋɨɫɬɨɜ-ɧɚ-Ⱦɨɧɭ: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ Ɋɨɫɬ. Ƚɨɫ. ɷɤɨɧ.
ɭɧɬɚ (Ɋɂɇɏ), 2019. 415 ɫ.
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ɍȾɄ 004.00
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɆȿɌɈȾɈȼ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼ ɉɊɈɌɂȼɈȾȿɃɋɌȼɂə
ȻȿɋɉɂɅɈɌɇɕɆ ȺȼɂȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɆ ɋɂɋɌȿɆȺɆ ȾɅə
ɈȻȿɋɉȿɑȿɇɂə ȻȿɁɈɉȺɋɇɈɋɌɂ ȺɗɊɈɉɈɊɌɈȼ
Ⱦ.Ⱥ. Ƚɭɳɢɧɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȼ.ə. ȼɢɥɢɫɨɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɋ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɦ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦ (ȻɉɅȺ). ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ȻɉɅȺ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ.
Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ, ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ȻȺɋ),
ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ (ȻɉɅȺ), ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ȻɉɅȺ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȻɉɅȺ.
ANALYSIS OF METHODS AND MEANS OF COUNTERACTION TO
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS TO ENSURE AIRPORT SAFETY
D.A. Gushchina, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Mathematics and science,
Scientific adviser – V.Y. Vilisov, Doctor of Economic sciences, Doctor of
Technological sciences, professor of the Department of Mathematics and science
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
With the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on the market, various
devices for countering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) began to appear. This
article discusses the main methods of counteraction, a description of the principle
of operation, as well as examples of devices that have already shown their
effectiveness in solving this problem. Currently, ensuring the safety of protected
objects from various UAVs is a paramount task.
89
Airport security, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs), UAV countermeasures, UAV countermeasures methods.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɳɺ ɫ
ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋ ɛɭɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ,
ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɟ
ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɺɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɫ
ɭɩɪɨɳɺɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ [10]. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ
ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ȻȺɋ) ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ (ȻɉɅȺ) ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ
ɬɟɪɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɡɥɨɭɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɥɨ ɪɹɞ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɨɥɺɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ [11].
Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɵɣ ɫɜɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ
ɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɺɬɨɜ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɫɛɨɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɚɯ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɦɟɧ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɰ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɜɢɧɟ
ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ȻȺɋ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɟɯ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɫ
ȻɉɅȺ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɢɸ
ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɨɫɧɚɳɺɧ ɜɡɪɵɜɱɚɬɤɨɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɧɟɫɺɧ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ [4].
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȻɉɅȺ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ,
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȻɉɅȺ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ: ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
(ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ) ɢ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ
(ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ) [16].
Ʉ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ:
-ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ;
- ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɨɧɨɜ-ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ;
- ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɪɨɧɨɜ;
- ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɩɬɢɰ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ [16].
Ʉɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ
ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ȻɉɅȺ. ȿɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
90
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɚ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɰɟɧɚ. Ʉ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɥɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɪɨɟɜ ȻɉɅȺ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɲɭɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɢ ȻɉɅȺ, ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɨɛɥɨɦɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɦɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ.
Ⱦɪɨɧɵ-ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɲɤɢ ɫ ɫɟɬɶɸ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɧɚɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ȻɉɅȺ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ, ɧɟ ɧɚɧɟɫɹ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɨɝɨ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ. Ʉ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɨɧɨɜ-ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ ɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɞɪɨɧ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɛɨɪɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɟɥɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ,
ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ
ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ȻɉɅȺ. ɋɬɨɢɬ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɪɨɟɦ ȻɉɅȺ, ɚ
ɬɚɠɟ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɨɧɨɜ-ɤɚɦɢɤɚɞɡɟ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɟ
ɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ.
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ)
Ƚɪɚɧɚɬɨɦɟɬɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ SkyWall 100
(ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ)
2016
Ȼɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ
ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɨɧɵ
(Ʉɢɬɚɣ)
2019
ȻɉɅȺ-ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɱɢɤ
(ɋɒȺ)
2016
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ⱦɪɨɧɵ ɨɯɨɬɧɢɤɢ
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɉɪɢɰɟɥ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɨɩɬɢɤɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ.
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ ɞɨ
200 ɦ, ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɨ 100 ɦ.
ɉɟɪɟɡɚɪɹɞɤɚ ɞɨ 10 ɫ.
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɬɢ 8 ɤɜ. ɦ.
ɋɟɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɚɪɚɲɸɬ ɞɥɹ
ɦɹɝɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ [13]
ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɫɟɬɢ 16 ɤɜ.ɦ.
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ
ɫ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ
ɉȼɈ
ɢ
ɪɚɞɚɪɚɦɢ [8]
Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɨ 15
ɦ. [2]
91
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ)
Ⱦpoɧ-oxoɬɧɢɤ
SparrowHawk
(ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ)
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
Ⱦɜɟ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɨɞɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɨɧɚ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɟɬɢ. ɋɟɬɶ ɲɢɪɟɧɨɣ ɞɨ 2 ɦ.
[6]
ɉɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɪɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɨɧɨɜ
ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɨɧɨɜ. Ʉ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɨɧɵ-ɤɚɦɢɤɚɞɡɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɟɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɞɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. ɂ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ ɠɟ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɢɦɢ ȻɉɅȺ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɪɨɧɨɜ.
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ)
Ȼɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɤɚɦɢɤɚɞɡɟ DroneBullet
(Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ)
2019
Ȼɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤ
«Ɉɯɨɬɧɢɤ»
(Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ)
2020
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɪɨɧɵ
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɬɚɤɭɟɬ
ɦɚɥɵɟ
ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɢ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ,
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɫɧɢɡɭ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ
ɪɚɡɝɨɧɚ ɢ ɬɚɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦ
ɨɬɝɨɥɨɜɤɨɦ [1]
ɂɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɫɬɟɥɫ. Ɉɫɧɚɳɺɧ ɪɚɤɟɬɚɦɢ
ɞɥɹ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɚɪɨɜ ɩɨ
ɰɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [5]
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɯɢɳɧɵɯ ɩɬɢɰ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɞɪɨɧɨɜ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȻɉɅȺ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɚɥɵɦ ȻɉɅȺ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ [18].
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ:
- ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ;
- ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ;
92
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ
ɛɨɪɶɛɵ
(ɊɗȻ)
ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (Ɋɗɉ);
- ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ȻɉɅȺ (ɫɩɭɮɢɧɝ) [16].
Ȼɟɫɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɅȺ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɤɪɵɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ.
ɋɭɬɶ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɰɟɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬ
ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɝɢɪɨɫɤɨɩɚ ȻɉɅȺ, ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɟ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɚɥɵɟ ȻɉɅȺ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɶ ȻɉɅȺ, ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɪɨɧɚ [7]. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɪɨɧɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɨɟɜ ȻɉɅȺ. ɇɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 – Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ)
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ
ɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
«Ɋɚɬɶ»
(Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ)
2020
ɋɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɶ,
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɺ, ɢ
ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɋȼɑɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɬɶ
ɡɚ
ɫɱɺɬ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ 1,5 ɤȼɬ
Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 1
ɤɦ [9]
Cɢɫɬɟɦɚ «Phaser»
(ɋɒȺ)
2019
Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɨɪɚɠɚɬɶ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
ȻɉɅȺ [15]
93
Ɋɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɚɦɵɦ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ȻɉɅȺ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɊɗȻ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɯɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȻɉɅȺ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ Ɋɗɉ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬ
ɜɨɟɧɧɨɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ [16]. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ [14]. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɬ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɫɟɪɶɺɡɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɟɣ. ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 4
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ
ɊɗȻ ɢ Ɋɗɉ.
Ɇɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨ
ɜɡɥɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ȻɉɅȺ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɜɡɥɨɦɚ ɲɢɮɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɩɨɞɦɟɧɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [3].
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ)
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ "ɋɟɪɩȼɋ5"
(Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ)
2023
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɉɊɈ"
(Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ)
2021
DroneSentry
(ɋɒȺ)
2018
94
"Ʉɭɩɨɥ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 – Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɊɗȻ ɢ Ɋɗɉ
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨ 20 ɤɦ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ
ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ȻɉɅȺ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ.
ɉɹɬɶ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ ɨɬ 300
ɆȽɰ ɞɨ 5,8 ȽȽɰ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɡɚɛɢɜɚɬɶ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ GPS,
ȽɅɈɇȺɋɋ, Galileo ɢ BeiDou [14].
Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 4 ɤɦ.
ɂɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɤɚɧɚɥɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ 10 ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ.
ɉɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ
ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ Ȼȼɋ: GPS,
ȽɅɈɇȺɋɋ, GaLiLeo, Beidou, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ [12].
Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ 2 ɤɦ. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ
ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ȻɉɅȺ
[17].
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
(ɫɬɪɚɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ)
DroneDefender
(ɋɒȺ)
2015
ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɨ 5 ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɋɚɞɢɭɫ
ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ 400 ɦ. Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ GPS ɢ ISM [19].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɚɬɚɤɚɦ
ȻɉɅȺ, ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ. ɇɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ɇɚɪɬɵɧɟɧɤɨ. Ⱦɪɨɧɵ-ɤɚɦɢɤɚɞɡɟ DroneBullet ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ
ɛɨɪɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // Ɍɟɯɧɨɤɭɥɶɬ.
2019. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.techcult.ru/technics/6752-drony-kamikadzedronebullet--boryutsya-s-bespilotnikami (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
2. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɩɟɪɟɯɜɚɬɚ
ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // ȼɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ. 2016. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://topwar.ru/89185-amerikancy-sozdali-sistemu-perehvata-bespilotnikov.html
(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
3. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ȻɅȺ ɛɟɡ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ
ɯɚɤɧɭɬɶ ɞɪɨɧ. // ȼɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] 2017. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://topwar.ru/125098-borba-s-bla-bez-kosvennyh-poter-ili-kakhaknut-drona.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 14.04.2023).
4. ȼɚɥɟɪɢɹ Ʉɨɧɤɢɧɚ. Ȼɟɥɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɣ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɫɹ ɚɬɚɤɟ
ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɚ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ].
2023.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://riafan.ru/23986932-belgorodskii_aeroport_podvergsya_atake_bespilotnika
(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 11.04.2023).
5. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɝɨ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɝɨ ȻɉɅȺ «Ɉɯɨɬɧɢɤ»
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2020. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://robotportal.ru/bespilotnikii-drony/bpla-ohotnik (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 14.04.2020).
6. Ƚpaɠɞaɧcɤoe opɭɠɢe ɩpoɬɢɜ ɞpoɧoɜ: ɩaɬpoɧɵ, pɭɠɶɹ ɢ ɞpoɧoxoɬɧɢɤ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2023. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://bnas.ru/
grazhdanskoe-oruzhie-protiv-dronov-patrony-ruzhya-i-dron-ohotnik/
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
95
7. ɀɭɤɨɜ ɉ.Ⱥ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ: ɞɢɫ.
ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤ. ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ: 05.09.03 - Ɇ., 2022. 141 ɫ.
8. Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɯɨɬɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɞɪɨɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɬɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2022. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://rtvi.com/news/kitayskie-voennye-razrabotali-bespilotnik-kotoryyokhotitsya-na-drugie-drony/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
9. ɇɚ «Ⱥɪɦɢɢ-2020» ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ «Ɋɚɬɶ» ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ȻɉɅȺ // ȼɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2020 Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://topwar.ru/174438-na-armii-2020-predstavili-mobilnyj-kompleksrat-dlja-borby-s-bpla.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
10. ɉɚɥɭɲɟɧɤɨ Ɇ.ɂ., ȿɮɫɬɚɮɶɟɜ Ƚ.Ɇ. Ȼɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɟ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɵ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. – Ɇ.: ɉɪɚɜɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, 2005, 274 ɫ.
11. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɢ. Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɥɟɬ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ… ɛɟɡ ɩɢɥɨɬɚ! [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2018. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://russiandrone.ru/publications/bezopasnoe-razvitie-primeneniyabespilotnykh-aviatsionnykh-sistem-v-ekonomike-rossiyskoy-federatsii-/
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 10.04.2023).
12. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɢ. Ȼɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ: «ɄɭɩɨɥɉɊɈ», «Ʌɭɱ-ɉɊɈ», «ɉɢɳɚɥɶ-ɉɊɈ» ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ȻɉɅȺ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2020. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:https://russiandrone.ru/
news/bespilotniki_ne_proydut_kupol_pro_luch_pro_pishchal_pro_i_drugie_sistem
y_protivodeystviya_bpla/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:14.04.2023).
13. Ɋɹɛɨɜ Ʉɢɪɢɥɥ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ȻɉɅȺ SkyWall 100
(ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ) // ȼɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2020. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://topwar.ru/175732-kompleks-borby-s-bpla-skywall-100velikobritanija.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
14. Ɋɹɛɨɜ Ʉɢɪɢɥɥ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȻɉɅȺ «ɋɟɪɩ-ȼɋ5» // ȼɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2023. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://topwar.ru/213337-kompleks-radiojelektronnoj-borby-ipodavlenija-bpla-serp-vs5.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 14.04.2023).
15. Ɋɹɛɨɜ Ʉɢɪɢɥɥ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ Raytheon PHASER: ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɪɭɠɢɟ
ɜ ɨɩɵɬɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ // ȼɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2019.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:https://topwar.ru/162882-proekt-raytheon-phaser-fantastika-vopytnojjekspluatacii.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
16. ɋɤɢɛɚ ȼ.Ⱥ., Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȻɩɅȺ //
«Ⱥɪɫɟɧɚɥ Ɉɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ» ʋ 6 (56). 2021.
17. ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ DroneSentry ɩɨɫɚɞɢɬ ȻɅȺ
ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɧɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2017. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://robotrends.ru/pub/1728/stacionarnaya-protivodronnaya-sistemadronesentry-posadit-bla-ili-vernet-ego-k-operatoru (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 14.04.2023).
96
18. Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥɢ ɨɪɥɢɧɭɸ ɨɯɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɨɧɨɜ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2017. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://naked-science.ru/article/sci/francuzyispytali-orlinuyu-ohotu (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
19. ɘɮɟɪɟɜ ɋɟɪɝɟɣ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Battelle ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɤɭ
DroneDefender ɞɥɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɟɫɩɢɥɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ // ȼɨɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2015. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:https://topwar.ru/162882-proektraytheon-phaser-fantastika-v-opytnojjekspluatacii.html
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
14.04.2023).
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ɍȾɄ 346.26
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂ ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɆȺɅɈȽɈ ɂ ɋɊȿȾɇȿȽɈ
ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂɇɂɆȺɌȿɅɖɋɌȼȺ ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ
ɄɊɂɁɂɋɈȼ
Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɂɚɪɭɛɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɢ
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣࡅ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɇ.ȼ. Ȼɚɛɢɧɚ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɢ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
Ʉɪɢɡɢɫ, Ɇɋɉ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ.
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND
MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES IN THE CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC
CRISES
D.S. Zaruba, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Finance and
accounting
Scientific adviser – N.V. Babina, Candidate of Economic sciences, Associate
professor, Associate professor of the Department of Finance and accounting
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article discusses the problems faced by small and medium-sized
enterprises in the conditions of economic crises. Prospects for the development of
entrepreneurship in the new economic conditions are identified. The influence of
new technologies on small and medium-sized businesses is studied, as well as the
experience of other countries in the development of small and medium-sized
enterprises in crisis conditions.
Crisis, SME, entrepreneurship, regional economy.
98
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɫ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚɦɢ, ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɭ
ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɵɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ.
ɐɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ - ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (Ɇɋɉ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ, ɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, Ɇɋɉ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬ ɢɯ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Ɇɋɉ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ Ɇɋɉ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɢɯ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɫɬɜɭ
[1, C.139].
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɇɋɉ
ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ Ɇɋɉ ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚ
ɦɚɥɵɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ Ɇɋɉ, ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ Ɇɋɉ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɇɋɉ ɢ
ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ
ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
99
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɵ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ [1, C.140].
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɦ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ.
ȼ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɵ Ɇɋɉ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ [1])
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ
ɧɚ
ɬɨɜɚɪɵ
ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɭɫɥɭɝɢ
ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ, ɛɚɧɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɜɵɞɚɱɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɲɬɚɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ
ɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɇɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɬɶ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ.
Ɇɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (Ɇɋɉ) ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ Ɇɋɉ. ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Ɇɋɉ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
[5, C.110].
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɟɫɬɪɚ Ɇɋɉ. ɗɬɨɬ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɡɚɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ɇɋɉ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ,
ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2).
100
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ɇɋɉ
ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 10.03.2022 ɩɨ 10.03.2023 [7]
ȼɫɟɝɨ
ɋɭɦɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɩɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ "ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ"
ɍɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ
ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ,
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨɬ 18
ɢɸɥɹ 2011 ɝɨɞɚ N 223-ɎɁ "Ɉ ɡɚɤɭɩɤɚɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɰ"
ɂɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɲɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɤɚɥɟɧɞɚɪɧɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ,
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɨɬ 5
ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2013 ɝɨɞɚ ʋ 44-ɎɁ "Ɉ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ
ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ,
ɪɚɛɨɬ,
ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɭɠɞ"
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ Ɇɋɉ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
2022 ɝɨɞ 2023 ɝɨɞ
397 918 418 636
837 064 862 464
90 513
88 094
0
0
34
33
50
54
119
131
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɡɚ 2022 ɢ 2023 ɝɨɞɵ. Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɧɚ 5,2% ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 397 918 ɢ 418 636 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɋɭɦɦɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɩɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɧɚ 2,6% ɫ 837 064 ɜ 2022
ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 862 464 ɜ 2023 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ "ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ",
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 2,7% ɫ 90 513 ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 88 094 ɜ 2023 ɝɨɞɭ. ɇɢ ɨɞɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ, ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ
2,9% ɜ 2023 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2022 ɝɨɞɨɦ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɧɚ 10,1% ɫ 119
ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 131 ɜ 2023 ɝɨɞɭ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ, ɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɩɢɫɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ [6].
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Ɇɋɉ ɜ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ
ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. ȼ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ
ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ Ɇɋɉ. ɗɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ
ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ Ɇɋɉ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ Ɇɋɉ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ȼ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ
101
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɣɦɵ. ɗɬɨ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ Ɇɋɉ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, Ɇɋɉ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɨɣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ
ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ Ɇɋɉ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɲɬɚɬ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ Ɇɋɉ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ
ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ [4, C.57].
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
Ɇɋɉ
ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ
ɫ
ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɳɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨɣ. Ɇɋɉ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɨɛɨɫɬɪɟɧɢɸ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, Ɇɋɉ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɧɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
Ɇɋɉ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɢɦ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ
ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ
ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ - ɷɬɨ ɢɧɮɥɸɷɧɫ-ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɟɬɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ
[3, C.10].
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ - ɷɬɨ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚɦ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, SMSɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ. Ɇɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨɥɟɡɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɝɞɟ
ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɦ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ.
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ, - ɷɬɨ
ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ. ɋ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɢɫɤ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɵ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
102
ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ƚɨɥɨɫɨɜɨɣ
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ Siri ɢ Ⱥɥɢɫɚ, ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɨɣɬɢ
ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 – Ɋɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ)
Ʉɚɧɚɥ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
Ʉɚɤ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ
(SMM)
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɛɪɟɧɞɚ. ȼɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɢ
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɚɤɤɚɭɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɟɬɹɯ,
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɸ
ɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚ,
ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ
ɫ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ
ɢ
ɡɚɩɭɫɤ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ SMM ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ SMM ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɍɚɪɝɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚ
Ɋɟɤɥɚɦɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚ
ɟɟ
ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ,
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɯ
ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɯ.
ɉɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɟ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
Ʉɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɚɹ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚ
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɫɚɣɬɚ
ɜ
ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ
ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɚɣɬɚ. ȼɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ
ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ
ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɚɣɬɚ.
Ɋɟɤɥɚɦɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ɉɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɩɥɚɱɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɤɥɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ
ɩɨɤɚɡ.
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ
ɬɚɪɝɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ ɢ ROI, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɣ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɟ. Ɍɚɪɝɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɚ
ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
Google AdWords, Facebook Ads ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ
ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɨɟ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ
ɫɚɣɬ
ɢ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɸ
ɛɪɟɧɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɜ
ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ȼɢɡɧɟɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɧɭɸ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ
ɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɜɟɪɫɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɵ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɯ
103
Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ
ɢɡ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ
ɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ
ɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɵ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɸ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ
ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɜɭɸ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɚ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɭ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɍɫɩɟɲɧɚɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɦɢɞɠ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɭɩɨɤ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚɹ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠ, ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɣ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ʉɚɡɚɪɹɧ Ⱦ. Ƚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ //ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ.
2023. ʋ. 1-1 (95). ɋ. 137-142.
104
2. Ƚɪɟɱɤɢɧ T. ɂ., ɉɨɩɨɜɚ Ɍ. ɋ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ // ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ: ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ 8-ɣ ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ȼ 4-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, Ʉɭɪɫɤ, 19–20
ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2023 ɝɨɞɚ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɟɣ ȼ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɡɶɦɢɧɨɣ. Ɍɨɦ 1. – Ʉɭɪɫɤ: ɘɝɨɁɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2023. – ɋ. 75-78.
3. Ȼɨɠɤɨ Ʌ.Ɇ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ:
ɩɟɪɟɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɧɞɟɦɢɢ / Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ɇɟɥɶɧɢɤ, Ⱥ.ȿ.
Ɇɢɥɥɟɪɚ, ɘ.ɂ. Ɋɚɫɬɨɜɨɣ. ɋɉɛ. ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɋɉɛȽɗɍ, 2020. ɋ. 9–14.
4. Ȼɥɢɡɤɢɣ Ɋ. ɋ., Ʌɟɛɟɞɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɘ. ɋ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ: ɰɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ
//ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ⱥɫɬɪɚɯɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ.
ɋɟɪɢɹ: ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ. 2022 ʋ. 3. ɋ. 55-61.
5. ɉɚɧɚɫɟɜɢɱ, ȼ. Ʉ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɧɞɟɦɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ /
ȼ. Ʉ. ɉɚɧɚɫɟɜɢɱ, ȿ. ɂ. ȼɚɫɟɧɤɨɜɚ // Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ: ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ III ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ, 15 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ
2021 ɝɨɞɚ / Ɋɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹ: ȿ.Ƚ. Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɤ (ɝɥ. ɪɟɞ.), ȿ.ɗ. Ƚɨɥɨɜɱɚɧɫɤɚɹ. –
Ɇɢɧɫɤ: Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2021. – ɋ. 85-91.
6. ȿɞɢɧɵɣ ɪɟɟɫɬɪ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.nalog.gov.ru/rn77/
related_activities/businesssup/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 10.03.2023).
7. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «Ɇɚɥɨɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ» [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://rmsp.nalog.ru
/statistics.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 10.03.2023).
105
ɍȾɄ 338.45
ɇɈɊɆȺɌɂȼɇɈ-ɉɊȺȼɈȼɈȿ ɊȿȽɍɅɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ
ȼɇȿɒɇȿɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ
ɆȿɌȺɅɅɈɈȻɊȺȻȺɌɕȼȺɘɓȿɃ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ
Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ʉɚɥɦɵɤɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɇ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɪɚɲɤɢɧ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɐɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɊɎ.
ȼɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
REGULATORY AND LEGAL REGULATION OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC
ACTIVITY OF METALWORKING ENTERPRISES
K.A. Kalmykov, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Management,
Scientific adviser – M.S. Abrashkin, Doctor of Economic sciences, associate
professor, Professor of the Department of Management
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The purpose of this study is to substantiate the regulatory and legal
regulation of foreign economic activity of enterprises of the metalworking industry.
The study examines the main legislative acts regulating the movement of goods
across the customs border, as well as identifies the main problems arising in their
application. According to the results of the study, the authors proposed the concept
of new legal acts for regulating foreign economic activity, which may be in
demand for the further development of the metalworking industry in Russia.
106
Foreign economic activity, metalworking industry, regulatory and legal regulation.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɟɣ (ɞɚɥɟɟ - ɊɎ) ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ɋɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ «Ɉɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɜ ɊɎ ɜ 2003 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ [1]. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɊɎ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɥɢɰɟɧɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ȼ
ɡɚɤɨɧɟ
«Ɉɛ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» [1] ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
1. Ƚɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɬ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɊɎ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.
2. ɍɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɊɎ.
3. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚɳɢɬɚ
ɩɪɚɜ
ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ.
4. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɜɨɡɚ ɢ ɜɵɜɨɡɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ, ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
5. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ, ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ
ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɫɨɸɡɧɵɦɢ
107
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ. ȼ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɡɨɧɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɢɟɣ, ɩɨɯɨɠɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ Ʉɢɬɚɟɦ,
ɂɧɞɢɟɣ, ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦɨɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ
ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ.
Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɌɄ Ɍɋ) ɹɜɥɹɥɫɹ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ɞɚɥɟɟ Ɍɋ) - ɊɎ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɢ, Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɚ,
Ʉɵɪɝɵɡɫɬɚɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɢ.
ɌɄ Ɍɋ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɫ
ɰɟɥɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɌɄ Ɍɋ ɛɵɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɥɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɌɄ Ɍɋ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɥ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɢ ɢ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰɵ Ɍɋ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɥ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɥ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɌɄ Ɍɋ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ȿȺɗɋ) 29 ɦɚɹ 2014
ɝɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫ 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2015 ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɨ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ
ɤɨɞɟɤɫ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ [2].
ɌɄ ȿȺɗɋ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɱɬɨ
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɜ
ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ.
ɋɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɫɨɸɡɚ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ
ɢɡ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɪɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ ȿȺɗɋ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɪɢ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɧɟɦ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ
ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɢ,
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɇȾɋ, ɚɤɰɢɡɵ, ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɛɨɪɵ ɩɪɢ ɜɜɨɡɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ
ɊɎ [3].
108
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰ ȿȺɗɋ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɊɎ, ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2021 ɝɨɞɨɦ,
ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 12,0% ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 29372 ɬɨɧɧɵ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ȿȺɗɋ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɧɚ 0,5% ɞɨ 20322 ɬɨɧɧ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ,
ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ 31,2% ɞɨ 9050 ɬɨɧɧ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ȿȺɗɋ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 69,2% (ɜ 2021 – 60,6%), ɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ 30,8% (39,4%) [5, ɋ. 4].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɊɎ ɡɚ 2022 ɝɨɞ [5, ɋ. 4]
ɇɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ 2023 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɹɧɜɚɪɟɦ, ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 37,5% ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 21718 ɬɨɧɧ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟɦ
2022 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 52,7%. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɜɨɡɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ 2023 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ 2022 ɝɨɞɚ,
ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 9,0% ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 28226 ɬɧ/ɦɟɫ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ 2021 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 26,9%. ȼɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɟɪɚɦɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɊɎ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ʉɢɬɚɹ, ɞɨɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 53,4% (67,4%). Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ – 18,3%
(12,1%), ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ – 15,0% (0,3%), Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ – 8,1% (11,5%), ȿɝɢɩɬɚ –
4,4% (5,0%) [5, ɋ. 18].
ȼ ɊɎ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɤ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɡɨɧ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɋɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. Ɉɧɨ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ,
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ.
109
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ
(ɬɨɧɧ) [5, ɋ. 18]
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɊɎ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ: ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɬɚɪɢɮɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɯ
ɦɟɪ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨ-ɬɚɪɢɮɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɞɜɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ – ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ [3]. ȿɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ, ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɬɨɜɚɪɧɚɹ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ. Ʉ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɟɬɚɪɢɮɧɵɯ
ɦɟɪ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɨɜ, ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ
ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɧɬɢɞɟɦɩɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɢ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɟɬ
ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ,
ɫɝɨɜɨɪɵ, ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ȼ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ
[3].
ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ISO, PED, ASTM [7, ɋ. 24]. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ
ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ.
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ISO (International Organization for Standardization) - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ISO, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ, ISO 9001 (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ),
ISO 14001 (ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ) ɢ ISO 45001
(ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɬɪɭɞɚ) [4].
PED (Pressure Equipment Directive) - ɷɬɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ ɢ ɚɪɦɚɬɭɪɭ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɦ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) - ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
1. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɹɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɨɪɦɚɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɬ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ.
2. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ,
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɦ
ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.
3. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɶ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ:
1. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
2. ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɚɦ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
3. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ.
ɇɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ:
1. Ɋɨɫɬ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɶ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɰɢɧɤ
ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɧɚ 10-20% ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 2022 ɝɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ.
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2. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɞɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɨɣ.
3. Ɋɨɫɬ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɜ Ʉɢɬɚɟ. Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ
ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
4. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɦɟ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɤɥɢɧɝɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɬ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ.
5. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɊɎ ɡɚɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɊɎ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ [6, ɋ. 180].
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɊɎ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
• Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ.
• ɍɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɊɎ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ȼɌɈ, ɈɗɋɊ, ȺɌɗɋ, ȻɊɂɄɋ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɊɎ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ.
• Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫ ɛɥɢɠɧɢɦ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɟɦ, ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ Ⱥɡɢɢ, Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ,
Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.
• ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
• Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨɪɬɨɜ,
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ.
• Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɧɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ.
ȼ
ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɫ
ɷɬɢɦɢ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ
ɛɚɡɭ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɊɎ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ:
1. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ (ɞɚɥɟɟ Ɉɗɉ) ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɹɦɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɉɗɉ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ
112
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ,
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ Ɉɗɉ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ
ɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ.
2. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨɛ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɛɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɸɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɊɎ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɊɎ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜ ɊɎ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ «Ɉɛ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ» ɨɬ 08.12.2003 ʋ 164-ɎɁ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɉɥɸɫ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.consultant.ru/
document/cons_doc_LAW_45397/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 07.04.2023).
2. Ⱦɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ȿɜɪɚɡɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɸɡɟ ɨɬ 29.05.2014 ɝ. (ɪɟɞ.
ɨɬ 08.05.2015).
3. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ «Ɉ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ» ɨɬ 03.08.2018 ɝ. ʋ 289-ɎɁ» (ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ)
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]
/
Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɧɬɉɥɸɫ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_304093/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
07.04.2023).
4. ISO
14001:2015
«ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ». [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. /
ɀɭɪɧɚɥ «Management». Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://iso-management.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/09/ISO-14001-2015.pdf (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 07.04.2023).
5. ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɸɥɥɟɬɟɧɶ «ɋɩɟɰɫɬɚɥɶ-ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ»
// Ⱥɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ «ɋɩɟɰɫɬɚɥɶ». - 2023. – ʋ 169. – ɋ. 4-18.
113
6. ɂɥɶɢɧ ȼ.Ⱥ., ɉɟɱɟɧɫɤɚɹ-ɉɨɥɢɳɭɤ Ɇ.Ⱥ., Ɇɚɥɵɲɟɜ Ɇ.Ʉ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ: ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ 20ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ: ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ / ȼ.Ⱥ. ɂɥɶɢɧ, Ɇ.Ⱥ. ɉɟɱɟɧɫɤɚɹɉɨɥɢɳɭɤ, Ɇ.Ʉ. Ɇɚɥɵɲɟɜ. – ȼɨɥɨɝɞɚ: ȼɨɥɇɐ ɊȺɇ, 2021. – 186 ɫ.
7. Ʉɨɫɟɧɤɨ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ // Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ XXIII Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ «ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɢ ɢ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ», 2020. – ɋ. 21-27.
114
ɍȾɄ 316
ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇȺə ɆɈɅɈȾȿɀɇȺə ɉɈɅɂɌɂɄȺ:
ɁȺɊɍȻȿɀɇɕɃ ɈɉɕɌ
Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ʉɢɪɢɬɢɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɘ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɧɚ, ɞ-ɪ ɫɨɰ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ
ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɦ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ. Ⱥ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ
ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɨɩɵɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
STATE YOUTH POLICY: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE
A.M. Kiritiv, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Humanities and
social disciplines
Scientific adviser - T.Yu. Kirilina, Doctor of Sociological sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Humanitarian and social disciplines
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
Youth policy in a modern state is one of the most important components of
the state policy system, which is a multicomponent system. It is youth policy that is
a set of tasks and activities that establish and maintain a certain social status of
such a group as youth. Namely, youth is the most active participant in the political
115
and economic life of the country. In this connection, the work of the state
administration of youth policy is a very important aspect of the entire work of the
state apparatus. Also, it should be noted that each country has its own
characteristics of youth policy management, and for other countries the experience
of other countries can be an excellent example. In this regard, the foreign
experience of the state youth policy is very important for the study.
Youth policy, management system, state, research.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɲɚɝ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ, ɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ – ɜɵɪɚɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɩɨɩɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ.
ȼɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɰɢɭɦɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɜ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ,
ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɟ, ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ:
ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɨɬ 14 ɞɨ 18 ɥɟɬ;
ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ – ɨɬ 25 ɞɨ 27 ɥɟɬ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɫɥɭɠɛɚɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɭɸ ɰɟɥɶ. Ʉɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ – ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɦ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ «ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ», ɚ ɷɬɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ, ɟɦɭ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ,
ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɢ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɚɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ
116
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɫɯɨɠɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɞɜɟ
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ:
1. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ;
2. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɨɥɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɟɧɵ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹ [1, ɋ. 25].
Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ
ɨɬɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɫɜɨɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɤɚɤ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ ɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ. ɋɜɹɡɚɧɨ
ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ, ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɟɺ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ,
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ ɫ
ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ, ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɭɸ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ:
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ: ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɨɛɳɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɹ ɢ ɪɹɞ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɝɨɞ
ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɥɢɰ ɩɨɠɢɥɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ, ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɟɫɟɬ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɩɪɟɫɬɚɪɟɥɵɯ, ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ. ȼɨ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ,
ɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɟɦ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ – ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɠɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɣ, ɧɚ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 65 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɹɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɥɸɞɹɦ «ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɟ», ɚɞɪɟɫɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ,
ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ [3, ɋ. 32]. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɟ
117
ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ. ɇɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ, ɜɫɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. Ɍɚɤ,
ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɟɫɬɶ «ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ «ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ»,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɜ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ, ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ
ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ –
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ;
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɜɥɚɫɬɶ
ɧɚɞ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɤɚɤ:
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɒɜɟɰɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ – ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɨɬɞɚɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɞɚɧɵ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɷɬɨ:
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ
ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ. Ʉ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ
Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ʉɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ
ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ⱥ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦɢ, ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɹɫɶ ɧɚ
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɚ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ. ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ – ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ – ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ.
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ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ – ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ,
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ – ɡɚɥɨɝ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɪɢɞɚɸɬ ɜ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ
ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɲɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ, ɢ
ɷɬɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɵɯ ȼɍɁɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɚ
ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɜ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ (ɜɵɞɚɱɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɢɩɟɧɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɝɪɚɧɬɵ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɞɨ ɞɟɜɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɥɟɬ,
ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ ɪɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɜɫɟ
ɟɳɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɚ [2, ɋ. 32].
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ ɬɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ
ɬɪɭɞɨɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨ ɰɟɥɨɟ. Ɍɚɤ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɬɨɠɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ, ɚ ɜ 1997 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɚɠɚ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɧɚ
ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ. ɑɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɲɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɥɨ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ. ɗɬɨ
ɤɚɫɚɥɨɫɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɢ ɮɢɪɦɚɦ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɞɨ 80% ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ
ɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɬɶ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ
ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. Ɍɚɤ, ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɜɟɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨɬɢɰɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ
ɛɵɥ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɜɵɡɜɚɥ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 25 ɥɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɲɬɚɬɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɸ ɭɜɨɥɢɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ119
ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜɵɩɥɚɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ. ȼ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ, ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶ, ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɢɟɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤ,
ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɬɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɦ, ɫ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɹ ɢɦ ɜ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ
ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɢɢ.
Ɍɚɤ,
ɤ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ,
ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ.
ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ
ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɣɞɭɬ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɟ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɡɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɬɚɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ, ɢ ɩɪɨɮɫɨɸɡɧɵɯ, ɢ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ
ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɢɬɟɬɨɜ;
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ «ɫɨ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ». Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɞɢɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ,
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ
ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɞ;
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɤɚɤ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ
ɜɪɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɝɨ ɋɆɂ, ɨɬ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ. Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ ɪɟɲɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɨɬ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ:
120
1. ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɶɸ
ɮɢɥɶɦɨɜ ɢ ɫɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ȼɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɰɟɧɹɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɢɧɨɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɟɣ. ȼɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɟɫɬɢɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɭɦɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪɵ, ɚɤɬɟɪɵ ɢ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɫɬɵ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɢɧɨ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ;
2. ɋɬɨɢɬɶ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ ɤ ɱɬɟɧɢɸ ɤɧɢɝ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɸ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ
ɫɬɚɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɱɬɟɧɢɸ ɤɧɢɝ, ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɭɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ
ɚɭɞɢɨɤɧɢɝ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɭɦɵ ɢ ɮɟɫɬɢɜɚɥɢ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɟɬɵ,
ɦɚɪɚɮɨɧɵ, ɜɟɱɟɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ
ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɥɨɥɟɠɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɭ ɤɧɢɝ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɭɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɢ
ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɟɫɹ
ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ,
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɠɟ ɢ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ
ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɱɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ. ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ – ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɞɧɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɟɬɫɹ. Ɂɚɩɭɳɟɧɨ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ
ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ʉɚɧɭɧɧɢɤɨɜ, Ʉ.ɋ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ: ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ʉ.ɋ.
Ʉɚɧɭɧɧɢɤɨɜ // Ɇɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ. – Ɇ., 2019. – ɋ. 23–27.
2. Ʉɚɫɶɹɧɨɜ, ȼ.ȼ., ɋɥɟɩɰɨɜ ɇ.ɋ., Ɋɟɜɟɧɤɨ Ʌ.ȼ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ: ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] // ȼ.ȼ. Ʉɚɫɶɹɧɨɜ, ɇ.ɋ.
ɑɥɟɩɰɨɜ, Ʌ.ȼ. Ɋɟɜɟɧɤɨ. // ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɋɚɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ
ɋɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɉɨɥɢɬɨɥɨɝɢɹ. - 2020 - ʋ1. - ɋ. 31-35.
3. ɑɚɞɚɟɜ, Ⱥ. Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2018 ɝɨɞɚ. [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]. / Ⱥ.
ɑɚɞɚɟɜ // Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ. — Ɇ., 2021. — ʋ18. – ɋ. 32–37.
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ɍȾɄ 004.03
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɊȿȺɅɂɁȺɐɂɃ ɋɂɋɌȿɆ ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆɂɊɍȿɆɕɏ
ɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɅȿɊɈȼ
Ȼ.Ɉ. Ʉɨɪɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȼ.Ɇ. Ⱥɪɬɸɲɟɧɤɨ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ
ɫɬɚɬɶɹ
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɜɟɛ-ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɨɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɢɛɤɢɦɢ, ɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɜɟɛ-ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɛɫɥɭɠɛ, ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTATIONS OF PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLER SYSTEMS
B.O. Korotchikov, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Information technologies control systems
Scientific adviser – V.M. Artushenko, Doctor of Technical sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Information technologies control systems
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
This thesis is focused on the application of Component-Based (CB)
technology to shop floor devices using a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and
Web Services (WS) for the purpose of realising future generation agile
manufacturing systems. The environment of manufacturing enterprises is now
characterised by frequently changing market demands, time-to-market pressure,
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continuously emerging new technologies and global competition. Under these
circumstances, manufacturing systems need to be agile and automation systems
need to support this agility.
Automation system, component-based design, service oriented architectures, web
services, device profile for web services, distributed systems and agile
manufacturing systems.
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɜɟɛ-ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɥɚɫɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ, ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɪɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ
ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɛɵɬɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ
ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ
ɧɚ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɢ
ɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɭɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ
Ʌɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɵ (ɉɅɄ) ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(ɐɋɍ). ɗɬɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ
ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ: ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɨɩɟɪɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ
ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɪɟɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɪɨɤ ɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɟ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ
ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ,
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ, ɱɟɦ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬɶ.
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Ƚɢɛɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ (FMS): FMS ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɝɢɛɤɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɚ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ: ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ
ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɞ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɸ.
Ƚɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɸ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ). ȼ FMS ɷɬɢ ɝɢɛɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ
ɪɨɛɨɬɵ, ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ (ɑɉɍ) ɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ FMS ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ
ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɚɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɜɢɡɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɢɪ ɠɞɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ,
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɛɵɫɬɪɨɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ – ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ. ɋɚɦɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɤɚɫɬɨɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ.
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ:
• Ⱥɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ: ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɮɢɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɜ
ɪɭɤɚɯ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɬ. ɟ. ɤɥɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ.
• ɉɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ: ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɧɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɹ ɢɦ
ɹɜɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ.
• Ʉɨɫɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ: ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɧɨɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ.
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• ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ: ɷɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ,
ɮɢɪɦɵ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɚ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɸ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ, ɢ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ [3].
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ANSI/ISA-95, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɢɞ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɵ ɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ:
• ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɷɬɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ (Ʉɂɋ), ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɤɭɩɤɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ,
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɢ
ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ.
• ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ/ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ: ɷɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ,
ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɧ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ SCADA (ɞɢɫɩɟɬɱɟɪɫɤɨɟ
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ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ) ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
• ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɟɦ/ɦɚɲɢɧɨɣ: ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ
ɛɥɨɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɉɅɄ ɢ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɵ ɜɜɨɞɚ/ɜɵɜɨɞɚ. ɂɯ ɰɟɥɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ) [2].
• ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɤɬɭɚɬɨɪɚ-ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ: ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɢ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ
(ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ/ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚɦɢ) ɜ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
ɗɬɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɨɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɲɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɟɬɢ [4].
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ (ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ), ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɗɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ (ɬɚɤɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ), ɞɥɹ
126
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ
ɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ,
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ [4].
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɥɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɜɟɣɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ: ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ, ɷɬɢ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɥɟ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ
ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɬɪɨɹɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɜ (ɉɅɄ) ɢɥɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɢɤɪɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɜ [2].
ɉɅɄ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɢ ɫ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ ɨɧɢ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɋɚɦ ɉɅɄ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɥɟ/ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ) ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ,
ɉɅɄ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɭɸ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ; ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɨɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ «ɂɋɌɂɇȺ» ɢ
«ɅɈɀɖ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ȼɄɅ» ɢ
«ȼɕɄɅ») ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɥɟ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɅɄ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɅɄ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɥɟɣɧɨɣ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ
(IEC-61131-3, 2003 ɝ.) [1]. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ: ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɞɚ
ɢ
ɩɥɨɯɚɹ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ʌɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɫɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɆɗɄ 61131-3. ɐɟɥɶ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɦɟɧɹɟɦɭɸ,
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪ
ɉɅɄ.
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ɆɗɄ 61131-3 ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ: ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ (IL), ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ, (ST), ɥɟɫɬɧɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ (LD),
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɥɨɤ-ɫɯɟɦɚ (FBD), (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3) ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɢ (SFC). Ⱦɟɬɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɜ ɆɗɄ-61131-3 (2003 ɝ.).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɹɡɵɤɚ (FBD) ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɉɅɄ
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ — ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɉɅɄ) ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.
1.
Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɷɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɗɬɨɬ ɛɥɨɤ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ
ɜɫɟ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɢ
128
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ/ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ ɫ
ɩɨɥɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɜ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɟ/ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɫɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɜɨɞɚ-ɜɵɜɨɞɚ
ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɟɫɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɛɥɨɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ, ɜɫɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ.
2.
ɂɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɡɥɨɦ. ɍɡɟɥ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɡɥɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ
ɪɚɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɹɯ, ɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɟɪɯɧɢɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɆɚɫɬɟɪɊɚɛ [4]. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɜɨɞɚ-ɜɵɜɨɞɚ, ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
ɥɸɛɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ.
3. Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɇɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4 ɛɥɨɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɧɚ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ɗɬɢ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɳɭɸ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɛɥɨɤ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ
ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ. ȼ ɷɬɭ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ.
4. Ƚɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ: ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɚɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ
ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ. ȿɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɟɬ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɝɨ,
ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ
129
ɛɥɨɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɢɧɤɚɩɫɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨ. ɗɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɝɢɛɤɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɭɡɥɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ
ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ [3]. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ, ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
ȼ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ, ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɅɄ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɫ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɉɅɄ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɟɦ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ
ɫɬɟɧɞɚ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɢɡɴɹɧɨɜ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɟ ɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɢɧɵɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɉɅɄ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ʉɭɥɶɱɢɜɟɧɹ Ɇ.ɉ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɉɅɄ ɇɨɛɟɥɶ ɉɪɟɫɫ
2012. 158ɫ.
2. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɵɱɟɜ
Ɉ.ɂ.,
Ʌɢɛɟɧɤɨ
Ⱥ.ȼ.,
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɜ
ȼ.Ⱥ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɜ (PLC) ɆȺȾɂ. 2016. ɋ. 17-24.
3. ɋɢɪɨɬɫɤɢɣ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ.,
Ɇɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɵ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ.
2013. ɋ. 15-45.
4. ɏɢɜɪɢɧ Ɇ.ȼ., Ⱦɚɧɢɥɶɱɟɧɤɨ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɅɄ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ. 2020. ɋ. 47-83.
130
ɍȾɄ 316
ɗɌȺɉɕ ȼɇȿȾɊȿɇɂə ɄɈɍɑɂɇȽɈȼɈȽɈ ɉɈȾɏɈȾȺ ȼ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɍ
ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ɈɊȽȺɇɈȼ ȼɅȺɋɌɂ ɂ
ɈɊȽȺɇɈȼ ɆȿɋɌɇɈȽɈ ɋȺɆɈɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə
ɂ.ȼ. Ʉɨɫɬɸɤ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɘ. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɧɚ, ɞ-ɪ ɫɨɰ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ
ɜ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. Ɉɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ 5-ɷɬɚɩɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ.
ɇɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
STAGES OF IMPLEMENTING COACHING INTO THE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM OF STATE AUTHORITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
BODIES
I.V. Kostiuk, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Humanitarian
and social disciplines
Scientific adviser – T.Yu. Kirilina, Doctor of Sociological sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Humanitarian and social disciplines
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article discusses the factors and trends that necessitate the use of nondirective management methods, as well as the specific characteristics of
government structures and new trends in their work. The conclusion about the
need to introduce and use coaching technologies in state authorities, local
131
governments and government organizations is substantiated. The 5-stage model for
the introduction of coaching as one of the methods of non-directive management in
government structures is proposed.
Non-directive methods of management, methods of management in public
authorities, coaching in local governments, model for implementing coaching in
organization.
ɋ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɚɯ Ⱥ. Ɇɚɫɥɨɭ, Ⱦ. Ɇɚɤɝɪɟɝɨɪɚ, Ʉ. Ʌɟɜɢɧɚ, Ɏ.
ɏɟɪɰɛɟɪɝɚ, ɉ. ɏɟɪɫɢ, Ʉ. Ȼɥɚɧɲɚɪɚ, Ɋ. Ɇ. Ȼɟɥɛɢɧɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȼɨ
ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ
ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɨɟ, ɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɲɤɚɥɵ, ɜ ɤɪɚɣɧɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ) ɢ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ,
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ) ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɚ
ɜ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ – ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɫ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɒɤɚɥɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɭɤɨɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ) ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ,
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜ, ɜɵɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ [1, C.140].
Ʉ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɬ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɹɦ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɯ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ.
132
ȼ ɦɢɪɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɵɯ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɤɚɸɳɢɯ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:
- ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɬɨɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
- ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɪ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ, ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɣ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ;
- ɥɸɞɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɜ;
- ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɡɪɟɥɵɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.;
- ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ: ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɢ;
- ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɵ, ɬɟ, ɤɬɨ «ɧɚ ɬɵ» ɫ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɨɧɢ
ɠɟɥɚɸɬ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢɦɟɬɶ «ɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ», ɭ ɧɢɯ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ «ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ»;
- ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ «ɬɢɯɢɯ
ɭɜɨɥɶɧɟɧɢɣ» - ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ
ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɜ ɝɨɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ
ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ-ɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɜ 2022-2023 ɝɝ. ɫɪɟɞɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɝɨɫɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɭɱɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
Ʉɥɭɛɟ «ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ», ɷɬɨ:
- ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
- ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ;
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɧɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ;
- ɪɚɦɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ;
- ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ;
- ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ;
- ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ
ɜɥɚɞɟɸɳɢɯ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ;
- ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ.
133
Ʉ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ:
- ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ;
- ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɝɨɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ;
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚɹ
ɧɚ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ [9].
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ-ɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ 2021-2023 ɝɝ. ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɹɬ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ
ɝɨɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɯ:
- Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɦ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ, ɫɩɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ?
- Ʉɚɤ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɫ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ,
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ?
- Ʉɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ?
- Ʉɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ? Ƚɞɟ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ?
- Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ?
- Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɯ?
- Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɭɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ?
- Ʉɚɤ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɛɪɟɧɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ? ɂ ɬɨɦɭ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ.
ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɢ ɜ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ.
Ɍɚɤ, Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ ȼ.ɂ. ɢ ɏɚɬɢɦɥɹɧɫɤɚɹ Ʉ.Ⱥ. ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ «Manchester Inc»: ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ
ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ, ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ 53% ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ; ɪɨɫɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ - 48%; ɪɨɫɬ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ - 39%, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɠɚɥɨɛ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ - 34%;
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ - 32%; ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ - 23%; ɪɨɫɬ
ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ - 22%. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, 77% ɨɩɪɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɺɧɧɵɦɢ, 71% - ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ; 67% - ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; 63% ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ; 61% - ɪɨɫɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ; 52% - ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ [6].
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɪɨɫɭ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦɭ Ɇɒɍ ɋɤɨɥɤɨɜɨ ɜ 2022 ɝ.
ɫɪɟɞɢ 211 ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
(ɫɨ ɲɬɚɬɨɦ ɨɬ 1 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨ >100 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ), ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ ɢ
ɦɟɧɬɨɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ
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ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɫɫɢɣ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ [4].
Ⱥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ.
Ʉɨɭɱɢɧɝ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ.
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ.
Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɣ
ɲɤɨɥɵ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ Ɇɚɣɥɡ Ⱦɚɭɧɢ ɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ: «Ʉɨɭɱɢɧɝ – ɷɬɨ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ» [3, ɋ. 48].
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩ Ɋɨɫɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ ɤɚɤ «ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ, ɜɚɠɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɟɣ» [8, ɋ. 30].
Ⱦɠɨɧ ɍɢɬɦɨɪ, Ɍɢɦɨɬɢ Ƚɨɥɜɢ: «Ʉɨɭɱɢɧɝ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ.» Ʉɨɭɱ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬ, ɚ
ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ [10, ɋ. 26].
Ƚɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ
ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɠɨɧ ɍɢɬɦɨɪ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ, ɩɢɲɟɬ: «Ʉɨɭɱɢɧɝ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ: ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶ ɭɱɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɛɹ, ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɚ
ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ» [10, ɋ. 91].
ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɫɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ,
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɨɩɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɂɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɚɜɬɨɪɭ ɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɷɬɚɩɧɚɹ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ⱦɠɨɧɚ Ʉɨɬɬɟɪɚ [7] ɢɥɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ADKAR ɨɬ Prosci [11]. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ADKAR ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ:
- Awareness - ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ;
- Desire – ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ;
- Knowledge - ɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ;
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- Ability - ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ;
- Reinforcement - ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɥɸɛɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ
ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ.
Ɍɟɡɢɫɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɞɥɹ
ɝɨɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɇɨɞɟɥɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɚɪɤɟɪɨɜ
ɪɵɧɤɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤ, ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɤɟɣɫɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɜ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜɵɝɨɞ)
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ (ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ).
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɚɩ: ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ,
ɩɪɨɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ, ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɨɪɨɠɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɭ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɛɸɞɠɟɬ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɜɨɞɧɵɟ
ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɪɟɲɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɨɦ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ, ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɪɭɝ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ
ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ.
ȼ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ,
ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ
ɤɚɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɭ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɭɱɚ,
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ
ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɨɭɱ-ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɣ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɱɶ
ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ
136
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɢɬɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɨɦ
ɫɬɢɥɟ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɷɬɚɩ: ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɤ ɫɬɚɪɬɭ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ
ɤɨɭɱɚɦɢ. ȼɜɨɞɧɨɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ,
ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɣ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ
(ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɤɥɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ, ɤɨɭɱ), ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜ ɩɚɪɟ
(ɥɢɛɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɪɵ), ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɭ ɜɧɢɡ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ
ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɡɜɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ.
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɷɬɚɩ: ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɚɪ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫ
ɝɪɚɮɢɤɨɦ.
ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ – ɩɨɜɨɞ ɞɥɹ
ɨɬɥɚɞɤɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɬɨɝɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ, ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɯɨɞɚ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɰɟɥɟɣ
ɢ
ɨɬɥɚɞɤɚ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɩɢɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɬɩɪɚɡɞɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ.
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ – ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɪɟɧɢɧɝɢ, ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ
ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ.
ɉɹɬɵɣ
ɷɬɚɩ:
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɢ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ.
ɉɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɜ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ,
ɤɚɤ:
- ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.);
- ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ;
- ɪɨɫɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ;
- ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ;
ɪɨɫɬ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ
ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ,
ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ
- ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ;
- ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ;
137
- ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ;
- ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
- ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ;
- ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ;
- ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɫɬɚɥ ɤɭɞɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɟɟ ɜ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɦɟɫɬɚ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɠɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɧɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ, ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ. Ʉɨɭɱɢɧɝ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ ɜ
ɦɢɪɟ, ɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɹɬɶ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ
ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ. [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.: ɗɤɫɦɨ. – 2007.
- 816 ɫ.
2. Ƚɨɥɜɢ Ɍ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɢɝɪɚ. Ɋɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.: Ɇɚɧɧ, ɂɜɚɧɨɜ ɢ Ɏɟɪɛɟɪ, 2021. – 304 ɫ.
3. Ⱦɚɭɧɢ Ɇ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ: ɍɪɨɤɢ ɤɨɭɱɚ ɤɨɭɱɟɣ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.:
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ «Ⱦɨɛɪɚɹ ɤɧɢɝɚ», 2019. – 288 ɫ.
4. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɜ 2022-2023 ɝɝ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫ HR-, T&D-, L&Dɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / Ɇɒɍ ɋɤɨɥɤɨɜɨ. 2022. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.skolkovo.ru/researches/kak-izmenitsya-rynokkorporativnogo-obucheniya-rukovoditelej-krupnyh-kompanij-v-2022-2023-gg/
(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 22.03.2023).
5. Ʉɢɪɢɥɢɧɚ Ɍ.ɘ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ //
ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2022. ʋ3 (23). ɋ. 32-38.
6. Ʉɨɜɚɥɟɜ ȼ.ɂ., ɏɚɬɢɦɥɹɧɫɤɚɹ Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɭɱɢɧɝ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɫɬɢɥɶ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɠɭɪɧɚɥ «ɇȺɍɄɈȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ». - Ɍɨɦ 7, ʋ 6.
2015. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://naukovedenie.ru/PDF/142EVN615.pdf (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 19.04.2023).
7. Ʉɨɬɬɟɪ Ⱦ. ȼɩɟɪɟɞɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ: Ʉɚɤ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.: Ⱥɥɶɩɢɧɚ ɉɚɛɥɢɲɟɪ, 2019. –
287 ɫ.
8. Ɋɨɫɢɧɫɤɢ Ɏ. Ʉɪɨɫɫ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝ: ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ,
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɢ
138
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.: ɐɟɧɬɪ ȿɥɟɧɵ ɑɟɥɨɤɢɞɢ. 2020. –
388 ɫ.
9. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɰɟɧɬɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] /
Ɇɢɧɷɤɨɧɨɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɊɎ. 2022. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.economy.gov.ru/
material/directions/gosudarstvennoe_upravlenie/gosudarstvo_dlya_lyudey/standart
y_klientocentrichnosti/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 19.04.2023).
10. ɍɢɬɦɨɪ Ⱦɠ. Ʉɨɭɱɢɧɝ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɭɱɢɧɝɚ ɢ
ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɚ. [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / Ɇ.: Ⱥɥɶɩɢɧɚ ɉɚɛɥɢɲɟɪ. - 2019. – 316 ɫ.
11. The Prosci ADKAR Model. A goal-oriented change management
model to guide individual and organizational change. [Electronic resource] Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.prosci.com/methodology/adkar
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
27.04.2023).
139
ɍȾɄ 004.414.2
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉɈȾɏɈȾȺ ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɂ ɈɉɂɋȺɇɂə
ɂɌ-ɂɇɎɊȺɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊɕ ɑȿɊȿɁ ɄɈɇɎɂȽɍɊȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɎȺɃɅɕ
ȾɅə ɉɈȼɕɒȿɇɂə ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɇȿȾɊȿɇɂə ɉɈ ɉɊɂ
ɋɈɁȾȺɇɂɂ Ʌȼɋ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɭɤɶɹɧɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȼ.Ɇ. Ⱥɪɬɸɲɟɧɤɨ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɞɚɺɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɉɈ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɢɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɉɈ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ Ʌȼɋ.
Ʌɨɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ.
ANALYSIS OF THE MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND DESCRIPTION
OF THE IT-INFRASTRUCTURE THROUGH CONFIGURATION FILES
TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
WHEN CREATING A LAN
A.A. Lukyanov, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Information technologies and control systems, Head of the Department of System
administration and planning of information technology development
Scientific adviser – V.M. Artushenko, Doctor of Technical sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Information technologies control systems
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
140
Based on the research objectives, the paper analyzes the management
approach and description of the IT infrastructure through configuration files. This
approach makes it possible to automate the processes of software implementation,
facilitate the management of operating system settings, network devices and
increase the flexibility and scalability of the network. The results obtained allow us
to evaluate the effectiveness and potential of this approach for IT infrastructure
management and software implementation in modern LAN conditions.
Local area network, infrastructure management automation tools, configuration
management systems.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ. Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɢ
ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ Infrastructure as Code, IaC) - ɷɬɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɞɚ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ,
ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɞɚ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ (GUI) ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɨɤɭ (CLI) [1, C.44]. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɟ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɉɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɞ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ, ɤɚɤ IaC ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɂɌɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ȼɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
141
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɢ.
Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞ.
Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ (ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ IaC ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦ
ɧɚɲɭ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɧɚɲɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɚɲɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ ɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ [1, C.101].
ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ (ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɧɵɣ) ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ IaC ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ
ɧɭɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ [1, C.103].
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ IaC. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞ ɜɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ» (Infrastructure as Code Version Control, IaC VC). ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ, ɬɚɤɨɣ ɤɚɤ Git, ɞɥɹ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɲɭ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɦ
ɜɟɪɫɢɹɦ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
"ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ" (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ – Continuous Deployment, CD).
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ [2, C.37].
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ CD ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ (Continuous Integration and Continuous
Deployment, CI/CD). ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɞɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɵ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ
ɪɭɱɧɨɟ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
142
ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɭɸ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ CD ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɛɨɹɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɧɟ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɰɟɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
[2, C.41].
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞɨɦ – Terraform ɢ Ansible. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɞɚ.
Terraform – ɷɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ HashiCorp, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɟɸ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɣɥɨɜ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ. Terraform ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɨɜ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Microsoft Azure ɢ Google Cloud Platform (GCP), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ,
ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚɯ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ [1, C.28]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, Terraform ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɢɯ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɭɸ
ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ Terraform
Ansible – ɷɬɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ. Ansible ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɹɡɵɤ YAML ɞɥɹ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ [3,
C.21]. Ansible ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɦɢ
143
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɦɨɳɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɟɣ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ
ɜɟɪɫɢɣ, ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɟɦ ɢ ɩɥɚɝɢɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ansible
Ɉɛɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, Terraform ɢ Ansible, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞɨɦ. Terraform ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ, ɜ ɝɢɩɟɪɜɢɡɨɪɚɯ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ
Ansible ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɚɯ, ɫɟɬɟɜɨɦ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɪɢ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ [2, C.201].
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɂɌɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɛɵɥɨ
ɫɨɛɪɚɧ
ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ
ɫɬɟɧɞ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ
ɈɁɍ
ɉɁɍ
Ƚɢɩɟɪɜɢɡɨɪ
144
ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ʋ1
ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ʋ2
Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2609 v4 Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2609 v4 @
@ 1.70GHz
1.70GHz
64Gb
64Gb
SSD 2Tb + HDD 2Tb
SSD 2Tb + HDD 2Tb
Ⱥɥɶɬ ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ⱥɥɶɬ ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȼɆ
ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ʋ1
(Proxmox Virtual Environment)
ɋɟɪɜɟɪ ʋ2
(Proxmox Virtual Environment)
Ⱥɥɶɬ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ P10
Ⱥɥɶɬ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ P10
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ 32-ɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ.
ɇɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɲɚɝ - ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ «ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ» ɨɛɪɚɡɚ (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ - Golden
Image, GI) ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɂɨɥɨɬɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɤɥɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɤ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɟɬɢ [4, C.176]. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ:
1. ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɫɟɪɜɟɪɟ.
2. ɋɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɢɸ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ISO-ɨɛɪɚɡɵ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
3. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɚ Ⱥɥɶɬ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ P10 ɜ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɢ.
4. Ɉɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɢ ɹɞɪɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ.
5. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɤɟɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɧɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ.
6. ɍɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɤɷɲ ɢ ɧɟɧɭɠɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɚ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɲɚɝ – ɤɥɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ GI ɧɚ 32 ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɫɟɬɟɜɭɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɲɚɝ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ
ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ
ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɬɶ GI.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɲɚɝ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ. ɂɬɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ 16 ɱɚɫɨɜ + ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɣ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɫ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɜ
ɝɢɩɟɪɜɢɡɨɪɟ Proxmox Virtual Environment ɱɟɪɟɡ Terraform, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ Terraform ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɜ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɩɨɡɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ.
145
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɮɚɣɥ main.tf ɢ vars.tf ɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ
ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ:
mkdir terraform-1-202 && cd $_
touch main.tf vars.tf
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɟɬ 16 ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɫɟɪɜɟɪ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ.
vars.tf
variable "proxmox_host_1" {
default = "node1"
}
variable "template_name" {
default = "altlinuxp10-1-202-204-template"
}
main.tf
provider "proxmox" {
pm_api_url = "https://10.10.10.10:8006/api2/json"
pm_user = "terraform@pve"
pm_password = "********"
}
resource "proxmox_vm_qemu" "1-202" {
target_node = var.proxmox_host_1
count = 16
name = "1-202-${count.index + 1}"
agent = 1
os_type = "linux"
cpu = "host"
cores = 4
sockets = 2
memory = 4096
scsihw = "virtio-scsi-pci"
bootdisk = "scsi0"
disk {
slot = 0
size = "100G"
type = "scsi"
storage = "local-zfs"
iothread = 1
}
146
network {
model = "virtio"
bridge = "vmbr1"
}
vm_id = "template_name"
clone = true
full_clone = true
ipconfig0 = "ip=10.10.17.${count.index + 1}/24,gw=10.10.17.1"
}
ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪ Proxmox Virtual
Environment ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ proxmox_vm_qemu, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ GI. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ pm_api_url, pm_user ɢ
pm_password ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ name, target_node, cpu, cores, sockets, memory, os_type, network,
disk ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ vm_id, clone ɢ full_clone ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ
clone - ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɟɧɞ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɩɨɡɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɰɢɸ source ɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɣɥɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ:
terraform init
Terraform ɡɚɝɪɭɡɢɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɥɚɝɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɣɞɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ
ɝɢɩɟɪɜɢɡɨɪɨɦ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɦ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ terraform apply, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɶ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɣ ɫɬɟɧɞ:
terraform apply
ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ,
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ansible ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɭɸ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ
ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ [5, C.353].
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɮɚɣɥ hosts ɢ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ
ȼɆ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ IP-ɚɞɪɟɫɚɦɢ.
hosts
1-202:
hosts:
1-202-1.stud.local:
ansible_host: 10.10.17.2
1-202-2.stud.local:
ansible_host: 10.10.17.3
...
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ Ansible (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɥɟɣɛɭɤ).
147
playbook.yml
--- hosts: 1-202
roles:
- deploy
ɂ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɲɚɝ, ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ
ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ deploy. ɉɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ
ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ, ɲɚɛɥɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɥɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɦɹ ɯɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ.
mkdir {files, tasks, templates, vars}
vim tasks/main.yml
tasks/main.yml
--- name: set hostname
hostname:
name: {{ inventory_hostname }}
- name: install office
apt_rpm:
name: LibreOffice LibreOffice-langpack-ru
state: present
- name: install trikstudio
apt_rpm:
name: trikStudio
state: present
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ
ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɥɟɣɛɭɤɨɦ ɢ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ «ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶ»
ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɫ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɬɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ.
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɸ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɜ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2).
148
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɇɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞ
ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ: ɉɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ: 3
3 ɱɚɫɚ
ɱɚɫɚ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ
ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ Ɉɋ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ: + 2 ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ: + 30
ɱɚɫɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɦɢɧɭɬ ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɛɨɪɤɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɛɨɪɤɚ
Ɋɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ 32-ɯ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢɡ
ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɲɚɛɥɨɧɚ
16 ɱɚɫɨɜ
8 ɱɚɫɨɜ
ɂɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ Ɉɋ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ
2 ɱɚɫɚ
10 ɦɢɧɭɬ
ɂȽɈɌɈ:
~21 ɱɚɫ
~11 ɱɚɫɨɜ
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ
ɪɭɱɧɵɦ, ɧɟɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɦ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ
ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ:
x ɍɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ IaC, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɜɪɭɱɧɭɸ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ
ɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ.
x Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɟɜ. ɉɨɞɯɨɞ IaC
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɛɨɹ,
ɚɜɚɪɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɢ.
x ɍɥɭɱɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ IaC, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ
ɜɟɡɞɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɚ. ɗɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
x ɍɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɞɯɨɞ IaC ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɂɌ-ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɞ ɞɥɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
x ɍɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ.
Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɸ, ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɥɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ.
149
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɌɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ, ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɫɛɨɟɜ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ȼɪɢɤɦɚɧ ȿ. Terraform. ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɞɚ 2-ɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ.
2020. 368 ɫ.
2. Ⱦɠɢɧ Ʉ., Ⱦɟɛɭɚ ɉ., ɍɢɥɥɢɫ Ⱦ., ɏɚɦɛɥ Ⱦ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ DevOps.
Ʉɚɤ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɯ. 2018. 512 ɫ.
3. Ʌɨɪɢɧ ɏ., Ɋɟɧɟ Ɇ. Ɂɚɩɭɫɤɚɟɦ Ansible. 2018. 382 c.
4. ɇɟɝɭɫ Ʉ. Ȼɢɛɥɢɹ Linux 10 ɢɡɞ. 2022. 928 ɫ.
5. Freeman J., Keating J. Mastering Ansible – Third Edition. Effectively
automate configuration management and deployment challenges with Ansible 2.7.
2019. 412 ɫ.
150
ɍȾɄ 004.021
ɇȿɄɈɌɈɊɕȿ ȼȺɊɂȺɇɌɕ ɅɂɇȿɃɇɕɏ ɆȿɌɈȾɈȼ
ɄɅȺɋɋɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ ȼ ɆȺɒɂɇɇɈɆ ɈȻɍɑȿɇɂɂ
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɇɭɞɪɟɰɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɋ. Ⱥɛɛɚɫɨɜɚ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɇɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɨ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɸ ɜ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ, ɷɬɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ
ɤɪɚɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɧɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ. ɇɨ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ, ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ.
Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɭɫɤ — ɷɬɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɢɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɲɢɛɤɭ), ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.
Ɇɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɩɭɫɤ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ,
SOME VARIANTS OF LINEAR CLASSIFICATION METHODS IN
MACHINE LEARNING
A.V. Mudretsov, third-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Information technologies and control systems
Scientific adviser – T.S. Abbasova, Candidate of Technical sciences, Associate
professor, Associate professor of the Department of Information technologies
control systems
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
151
Machine learning has revolutionized the power of data analysis. With its
ability to detect patterns that would normally go unnoticed, this technology has
become a cornerstone of modern analytical methods. But as this field continues to
grow and expand, so does the need for a deep understanding of its capabilities and
limitations.
Gradient descent is an optimization algorithm used to minimize errors in a
machine learning model. It works by iteratively adjusting the model parameters in
the direction of the negative gradient of the loss function (which represents the
error) to reduce the error and find the optimal parameters that give the best
prediction results. The algorithm continues this process until it reaches a minimum
or a predefined stopping criterion is met.
Machine learning, data analysis, stochastic optimization, gradient descent,
classification task.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ݈ ɲɬɭɤ ɩɚɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ-ɨɬɜɟɬ:
ܺ ൌ ሺݔ ǡ ݕ ሻୀଵ
ɝɞɟ ݔ – ܴ אɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ n ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɦɢ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ; ݕ – ܴ אɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ȼ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɭ ݔ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ݕ . Ɏɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ݕ ɩɨ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɭ ݔ . ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ܽሺݔǡ ݓሻ:
ܽሺݔǡ ݓሻ ൌ ݓ ݂ ሺݔሻ Ǣ ܴ א ݓ
ୀଵ
ɋɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ݂ ሺݔሻ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɦɢ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ݓ . Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ܽ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ( ݔɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ )ݔɢ ݓ
(ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ). ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɲɚɝ –
ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ (ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɣ):
ܮሺܽǡ ݕሻ ൌ ሺܽ െ ݕሻଶ
152
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ݕɫ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɦ ܽ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɞɚɟɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. ɑɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ – ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ (ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ ݔ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ), ɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ.
ɗɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ݓ. ɂ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ w ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ [4, ɫ. 317].
Ⱦɚɥɶɲɟ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ [2]. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ [1, c. 276]) ɫ ɬɟɦ
ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɢɩɨɜɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɚ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ.
ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɟ, ɬɨ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɬɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ "ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɢɣ" ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ "ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɣ".
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ܳത ሺݓሻɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ:
ܺ ൌ ሺݔప ǡ ݕሻ
ప ୀଵ
ܳത ሺݓሻ ൌ
ͳ
ଶ
ሺܽሺݔప ǡ ݓሻ െ ݕሻ
ప
݇
ୀଵ
ɝɞɟ: ݔప – ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ; ݕప – ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ k ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɦɟɬɶ l+k ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɫ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ
ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ.
ܳሺݓሻ ൌ ሺܽሺݔ ǡ ݓሻ െ ݕ ሻଶ ՜
ୀଵ
௪
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ. ɇɚ ɧɟɦ ɷɬɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ: ɟɫɥɢ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ.
Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ 2 ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɚɹ
ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ n ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ:
ܺ ൌ ሺݔ ǡ ݕ ሻୀଵ
153
ɝɞɟ ݔ ܴ א – ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ n ɱɢɫɥɨɜɵɦɢ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ; ݕ אሼെͳǡ ͳሽ – ɛɢɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ
ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ:
ܽሺݔǡ ݓሻ ൌ ݔۃ݊݃݅ݏǡ ۄݓൌ ݊݃݅ݏ ݓ ݂ ሺݔሻ
ୀଵ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɧɚɤ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ܴ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ
ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ . ȿɫɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɩɚɥ ɜ ɬɭ
ɫɚɦɭɸ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɭɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɤɥɚɫɫ + 1.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ݔɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɫɬɪɵɣ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɟɫɥɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɬɭɩɨɣ, ɬɨ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ
ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ –1.
ɂɬɚɤ, ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ܴ .
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɲɚɝ — ɷɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ L ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɬ ݕɢ ɬɨɬ ɨɬɜɟɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɚɥɚ ɧɚɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ܽ ɟɫɬɶ ɥɢɛɨ +1, ɥɢɛɨ –1. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɤɚ, ɬɨ
ɷɬɨ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ (ɟɟ ɚɩɩɪɨɤɫɢɦɚɰɢɹ
ܮሺݔۃǡ ݕۄݓሻ).
ܮሺܽǡ ݕሻ ൌ ሾܽ ݕ൏ Ͳሿ ൌ ሾݔۃǡ ݕۄݓ൏ Ͳሿ ܮሺݔۃǡ ݕۄݓሻ
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɜɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ܽ( ݕɨɛɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: +1 ɥɢɛɨ –1):
ሾܽ ݕ൏ Ͳሿ
ɝɞɟ ܽɷɬɨ ɡɧɚɤ ݔۃ݊݃݅ݏǡ ۄݓ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɛɪɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ (sign), ɬɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɫɹ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɟɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ሾݔۃǡ ݕۄݓ൏ Ͳሿ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ ܳሺݓሻ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɟɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ݈ ͳɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.
ୀଵ
ୀଵ
ܳሺݓሻ ൌ ሾݔۃ ǡ ݕۄݓ ൏ Ͳሿ ܮሺݔۃ ǡ ݕۄݓ ሻ ՜
௪
ɗɬɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɯɨɞɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ: ɩɨɞɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ
154
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɟɣ (ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɭɸ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ).
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ሾݔۃǡ ݕۄݓ൏ Ͳሿ. ȼ ɧɟɣ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ݔۃǡ ݕۄݓɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɬɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ 1.
ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ሾݔۃǡ ݕۄݓ൏ Ͳሿ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ
ɫɜɟɪɯɭ. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɦ ɟɟ ɤɚɤ
ܮሺݔۃǡ ݕۄݓሻ
ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ݔۃǡ ݕۄݓɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ. Ɉɬɫɸɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɚɸɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ L: ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɚɹ (ɥɭɱɲɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ
ɭɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ). ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɛɢɧɚɪɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɭɸ ɝɥɚɞɤɭɸ, ɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɭɸ
ɝɥɚɞɤɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ "ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɹ" ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɨɲɢɛɨɤ. ȼ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ ܺ ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ "ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ" ɦɨɞɟɥɢ.
ܺ ൌ ሺݔప ǡ ݕሻ
ప ୀଵ
ܳത ሺݓሻ ൌ
ͳ
ሾݔۃప ǡ ݕۄݓప ൏ Ͳሿ
݇
ୀଵ
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚ (ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ)
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ
ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ
"ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ" (ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ).
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ: ܽሺݔǡ ݓሻ ൌ ݃݊݃݅ݏሺݔǡ ݓሻ.
ȿɫɥɢ ܽሺݔǡ ݓሻ ɷɬɨ ɫɤɚɥɹɪɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ 2-ɯ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ
ɝɢɩɟɪɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɶ. ȿɫɥɢ ݃ሺݔǡ ݓሻ – ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ, ɬɨ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ:
݃ሺݔǡ ݓሻ – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ (ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ);
݃ሺݔǡ ݓሻ ൌ Ͳ – ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ;
Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɫɬɭɩ (ɞɨɩɭɫɤ) ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ݔ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ܯ ሺݓሻ ൌ ݃ሺݔ ǡ ݓሻݕ .
ܯ ሺݓሻ ൏ Ͳ – ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ܽሺݔǡ ݓሻ ɨɲɢɛɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ݔ ;
Ƚɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɵɫɥ: ɨɬɫɬɭɩ – ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɡɹɬɨɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ, ɬɨ ɡɧɚɤ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
(ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ). ɇɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɲɚɸɬɫɹ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ,
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɟɫɥɢ ɨɬɫɬɭɩ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɥɟɬɟɥ ɜ ɬɨɥɳɭ ɱɭɠɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɞɚɥɟɤ ɨɬ
155
ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɷɬɨ ɧɟɤɢɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɵɥ ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ɋɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɨɜ
ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɫɬɭɩ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ «ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ» ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ. ɉɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ. Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɯ ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɑɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1), ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ
ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ.
ʋ
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ
ܸሺܯሻ ൌ ሺͳ െ ܯሻ
ܪሺܯሻ ൌ ሺെܯሻ
ܮሺܯሻ ൌ ଶ ሺͳ ݁ ିெ ሻ
ܳሺܯሻ ൌ ሺͳ െ ܯሻଶ
ʹ
ܵሺܯሻ ൌ
ͳ ݁ெ
ܧሺܯሻ ൌ ݁ ିெ
ሾ ܯ൏ Ͳሿ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ʉɭɫɨɱɧɨ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ (SVM)
Ʉɭɫɨɱɧɨ-ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ (Hebb’s rule)
Ʌɨɝɚɪɢɮɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ (LR)
Ʉɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɚɹ (FLD)
ɋɢɝɦɨɢɞɧɚɹ (ANN)
ɗɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ (AdaBost)
ɉɨɪɨɝɨɜɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɨɧɢ ɜɫɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɫɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɤ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ
ɦɨɧɨɬɨɧɧɨ ɭɛɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚɛɨɥɵ, ɩ. 4).
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ — ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɞɭɦɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɇɨ
ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ: ɢɡɦɟɧɹɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ Ɇɚɤ-Ʉɚɥɥɨɤɚ — ɉɢɬɬɫɚ, ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɟɣɪɨɧ
(ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ – ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚ):
156
ܽሺݔǡ ݓሻ ൌ ߪሺݓۃǡ ۄݔሻ ൌ ߪሺ ݓ ݂ ሺݔሻ െ ݓ ሻ
ୀଵ
ɝɞɟ ߪሺݖሻ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, sign);
ݓ – ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɧɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ;
ݓ – ɩɨɪɨɝ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ — ɷɬɨ "ɱɟɪɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ", ɭ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɵɯɨɞ. "ɑɟɪɧɵɣ ɹɳɢɤ" ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɜɯɨɞɨɜ, ɩɨɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ. ɗɬɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ. ȼ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɩɨɞɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɚ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ
ɗɬɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ
ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ ɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ, ɚ ɤɚɤ
ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ [3].
Ɇɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ:
ܳሺݓሻ ൌ ܮ ሺݓሻ ՜
ୀଵ
௪
ɑɢɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ
[6, c 49]. ɑɟɪɟɡ ܮ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɶ ܮ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɛɫɬɪɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ.
ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɦ
ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɯ (ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬ). Ɉɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɞɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɭ, ɚ ɜ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ.
ɇɚɱɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫ ݓሺሻ . Ⱦɚɥɶɲɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ:
ݓሺ௧ାଵሻ ൌ ݓሺ௧ሻ െ ݄ܳ൫ ݓሺ௧ሻ ൯ – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɲɚɝɟ t+1.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ:
ݓሺ௧ାଵሻ ൌ ݓሺ௧ሻ െ ݄ ܮ ሺ ݓሺ௧ሻ ሻ
ୀଵ
Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ, ɫɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
"ɚɧɬɢɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɚ" ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɤɬɨɪɚ ݓሺ௧ାଵሻ .
ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ, ɬɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ
ɱɢɫɟɥ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ. ɍ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨɟ
157
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ: ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɧɨɜɨɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ݓሺ௧ାଵሻ . ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ
ɭɠɟ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɦɭ ݓሺ௧ሻ . ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɦ
ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ, ɬɨ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɯɨɠɟ ɧɚ Ȼɪɨɭɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɭɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɢɞɟɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɢɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɫɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɞɟɥɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ⱥɥɝɨɪɢɬɦ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɭɫɤɚ (ɩɫɟɜɞɨɤɨɞ):
ȼɯɨɞ: ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ ܺ , ɲɚɝ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ h, ɲɚɝ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ O;
ȼɵɯɨɞ: ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ w;
1. ɂɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ݓ , j=0,…,n;
2. ɂɧɢɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ:
ͳ
ܳത ൌ ܮ ሺݓሻ
݈
ୀଵ
3. ɉɨɜɬɨɪ
4. ȼɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɣ ݔ ɢɡ ܺ
5. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ߝ ൌ ܮ ሺݓሻ
6. ɉɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɲɚɝ: ݓൌ ݓെ ݄ܮ ሺݓሻ
7. Ɉɰɟɧɢɬɶ ܳത ൌ Oߝ ሺͳ െ Oሻܳത
8. ɉɨɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ܳത ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɜɟɫɚ w ɧɟ ɫɨɣɞɭɬɫɹ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɲɚɝɭ ʋ7. ɉɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ: ɟɫɥɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɲɚɝɟ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨ, ɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ. Ɋɚɧɧɟɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɪɭɬɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ.
Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɭɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɱɬɨ
ɨɬɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɩɪɢɟɦ:
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ߝ ൌ ܮ ሺݓሻ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚ ܳത ൌ Oߝ ሺͳ െ Oሻܳത ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ.
ɉɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɤɭɪɪɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ:
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ͳ
ͳ
ͳ
തതതത
ߝ ߝ
ߝ
ڮ
ܳ
ெ ൌ
݉ ݉ ିଵ ݉ ିଶ
ͳ
ͳ
തതതത
തതതതതതത
ܳ
ߝ ൬ͳ െ ൰ ܳ
ெ ൌ
݉
݉ ିଵ
158
ɗɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ
തതതത
ܳெ ൌ Oߝ ሺͳ െ OሻOߝିଵ ሺͳ െ Oሻଶ Oߝିଶ ڮ
തതതത
ത
ܳ
ெ ൌ Oߝ ሺͳ െ Oሻܳିଵ
O – ɬɟɦɩ "ɫɬɢɪɚɧɢɹ" ɩɪɟɞɵɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɹɞɚ.
ɗɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ (ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɷɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ, ɭɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɹɦ, ɭɫɪɟɞɧɢɬ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ ɞɪ.).
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ Ɏ.ɉ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ]: ɭɱɟɛɧɢɤ ɞɥɹ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɉɈ
010501 «ɉɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ» : [ɜ 2 ɤɧ.] / Ɏ. ɉ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ.
- ɂɡɞ. ɧɨɜɨɟ, ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛ. ɢ ɞɨɩ. - Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ɆɐɇɆɈ, 2011. 1056 ɫ.
2. ɇɟɦɢɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ɋ., ɘɞɢɧ Ⱦ.Ȼ. ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1979. 383 ɫ.
3. ɉɨɥɹɤ Ȼ.Ɍ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɨɜ,
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜ: ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ. ɆȽɍ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɤɨ-ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬ, 1963. – 9 ɫ.
4. ɉɨɥɹɤ Ȼ.Ɍ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ɇ.: ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1983. - 384 ɫ.
5. ɐɵɩɤɢɧ ə.Ɂ., ɉɨɡɧɹɤ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɉɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ
ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ // Ⱦɨɤɥ. Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ. 1981. Ɍ. 260, ʋ 3, ɋ. 550–
553
6. Beck A., Introduction to nonlinear optimization: theory, algorithms, and
applications with MATLAB, MOS-SIAM Ser. Optim., 19, Society for Industrial
and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA; Mathematical Optimization
Society (MOS), Philadelphia, PA, 2014. 294 p.
159
ɍȾɄ 332.1
ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɕɏ ɆȿɏȺɇɂɁɆɈȼ
ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɈ-ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɊɈɋɋɂɂ
ȼ ɍɋɅɈȼɂəɏ ɇȿɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɇȿɒɇȿɃ ɋɊȿȾɕ
ȼ.ɂ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɇ.ə. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ
ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɜɟɲɧɢɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ. Ɍɭɪɛɭɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ
ɫɮɟɪɟ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ,
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
THE FORMATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE INNOVATIVE AND
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF
THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
V.I. Nikolaev, third-year postgraduate student of the Department of Management
Scientific adviser – M.Ya. Veselovsky, Doctor of Economic sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Management
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The Russian economy is currently undergoing a structural transformation
caused by the need for significant changes in interaction. With a high sector. The
turbulence of foreign economic conditions has a significant impact on economic
processes in the national economy on macro- and micro levels. As a result,
economic, social and demographic risks increase. In this regard, it is necessary to
160
form the effective mechanisms of the innovative and industrial development of
Russia, which will make it possible to reach accelerated economic development
based on innovation and new approaches in this area.
Effective mechanisms, innovative and industrial development, Russian economy,
uncertainty.
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɪɟɰɟɫɫɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɭɪɵ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ 2022 ɝɨɞɚ ȼȼɉ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 2,1 % (ɜ 2021 ɝ. +
5,6 %) (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1), ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 1,3 %, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ
ɧɚ 0,6 % (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3), ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ 1,3 %
(ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 0,8%, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 3,7 %, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ 4,2 % ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɰɟɩɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɢɰɟɩɨɜ ɭɩɚɥɨ ɧɚ 44,7 %) [8].
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɝɪɭɡɨɨɛɨɪɨɬɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɧɢɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 2,6
%, ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɧɚ -7,7 %, ɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɨɩɬɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɧɚ 14,5 %,
ɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 11,9 % (ɩɨɫɥɟ 8,4 ɜ 2021 ɝ. ɢ 4,9 % ɜ 2020 ɝ.),
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɫɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ
17,7 % [8].
ȼ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɞɨɥɹ ɭɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2021 ɝ.
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 1,2 % ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 26,1 % [9].
110,0
105,0
100,0
95,0
90,0
100,7
100,2
98,0
101,8
102,8
102,2
105,6
100,3
97,3
97,9
2014 ɝ. 2015 ɝ. 2016 ɝ. 2017 ɝ. 2018 ɝ. 2019 ɝ. 2020 ɝ. 2021 ɝ. 2022 ɝ. 2023 ɝ.
(ɆȼɎ)
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ȼȼɉ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ 2014-2022 ɝɝ., ɜ % ɝɝ. [8]
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɫ ɲɨɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ
ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ
ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɪɟɤɨɪɞɧɨɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɭ
ɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɢ (ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ 7,3% ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ 9,9% ɜ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ) [9].
ɀɟɫɬɤɚɹ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɡɚɬɹɠɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɜ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɬɚɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ (ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɦɢ
ɚɧɬɢɤɨɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɦ ɜ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɧɟɞɜɢɠɢɦɨɫɬɢ)
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ȼȼɉ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ 3,4% ɩɨɫɥɟ 6,2%
ɡɚ 2021 ɝɨɞ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
161
104,4
104,5
104,4
104,5
106,2
103,1
102,5
103,4
101,8
102,1
98,7
96,8
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ȼȼɉ ɜ % ɝ/ɝ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ 2000-2023 ɝɝ. [10]
ȼ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɬɨɝɨɦ ɤ 2013 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɨɫɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 6,4 %, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɧɚ
26,7 %. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ
ɤ 2015 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 16,9 % (ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɡɚ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɧɚ 27,7 %) (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3).
ɂɉɉ ɜ % ȺɉɉȽ
110,0
104,8
108,0
103,7
106,0
104,0
102,0
100,0
98,0
105,4
103,5
ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɈɄ ɜ % ȺɉɉȽ
108,6
103,4
102,1
101,8
99,9
106,3
104,6
99,8
99,4
97,9
96,0
94,0
92,0
2016 ɝ.
2017 ɝ.
2018 ɝ.
2019 ɝ.
2020 ɝ.
2021 ɝ.
2022 ɝ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ 2016-2022 ɝɝ., ɜ % ɝɝ. [8]
Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɨɪɨɬ
ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɬɨɝɨɦ ɤ 2015 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ
ɧɚ 1,6 %, ɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɧɚ 0,3 %
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
162
ɊȾȾ ɜ % ȺɉɉȽ
110,0
101,3
105,0
99,8
102,8
101,7
ɈɊɌ ɜ % ȺɉɉȽ
107,8
101,9
101,9
96,8
100,0
95,5
95,0 95,2
98,6
103,8
98,6
93,3
90,0
85,0
2016 ɝ.
2017 ɝ.
2018 ɝ.
2019 ɝ.
2020 ɝ.
2021 ɝ.
2022 ɝ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ɉɛɨɪɨɬ ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɞɭɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ 2016-2022 ɝɝ. [8]
ȼ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɢɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɣɞɟɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɧɟɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɨɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɰɟɥɟɜɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɞɟɥɤɢ ɈɉȿɄ+ (ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ
Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ, Ʌɢɜɢɹ, ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɰɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɬɶ ɦɚɪɤɢ Ȼɪɟɧɬ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 98,7 ɞɨɥɥ.
ɋɒȺ ɡɚ ɛɚɪɪɟɥɶ (ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚ 48,3 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ). ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5) [8-9].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɭɪɫɵ
ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɟɜɪɨ 2022-2023 ɝɝ. [8-9]
163
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
ɪɨɡɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɜ I ɤɜɚɪɬɚɥɟ 2023 ɝ. ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ.
ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ, ɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ [13]. Ɋɨɫɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ; əɩɨɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɋɒȺ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ
ɢ ɜɟɧɱɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ Ʉɢɬɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ [7].
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɍɚɤ, Ⱥɞɚɦ ɋɦɢɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ
ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ [6].
Ʉɚɪɥ Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɮɚɛɪɢɱɧɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ
ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɉɧ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥ ɡɚ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [4].
Ⱦɠɨɡɟɮ ɒɭɦɩɟɬɟɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɉɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɯ, ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ [4].
Ⱦɠɨɧ Ɇɟɣɧɚɪɞ Ʉɟɣɧɫ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ.
Ʉɟɣɧɫ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɡ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɤ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ. Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɠɟ
164
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ
ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɹɦɢ [4].
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ʌɸɞɜɢɝ ɮɨɧ Ɇɢɡɟɫ ɢ Ɏɪɢɞɪɢɯ
Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ ɮɨɧ ɏɚɣɟɤ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɭ ɢ
ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ
ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɉɧɚ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɧɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ [4].
ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɟɨɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɟɨɪɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ. Ɉɧɚ
ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ [4].
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ:
1. ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ - ɷɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ, ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɨɪɨɝ,
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɚɷɪɨɩɨɪɬɨɜ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɢ
ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜ.
2. ɉɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ - ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɥɶɝɨɬ ɢ
ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ
ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
3. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ - ɷɬɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ
ɧɚɭɤɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
4. ɋɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ - ɷɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɨɤ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
5. ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ
ɷɬɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɢ
ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ,
ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɜ ɢ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɨɤ.
6. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ - ɷɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ.
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7. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ - ɷɬɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
8. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ.
9. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɧɚ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ
ɫɪɟɞɭ
ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ʉɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɟɪ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɚ Ɇ.ȿ., Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɤɥɚɞɵ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ,
ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. 2016. 175 ɫ.
2. Ƚɥɚɡɶɟɜ ɋ.ɘ. Ɋɵɜɨɤ ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɢ ɦɢɪɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɯ («Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɂɡɛɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɚ»). – Ɇ.:
Ʉɧɢɠɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, 2018. – 768 ɫ.
3. Ƚɥɚɡɶɟɜ ɋ.ɘ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ. ȿɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɭ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɲɚɧɫ?
(Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɹ ɂɡɛɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɥɭɛɚ). – Ɇ.: Ʉɧɢɠɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, 2018. – 640 ɫ.
4. Ʉɥɸɧɹ. ȼ. Ʌ., ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚɥɨɜɚ ɀ.ȼ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɟɧɢɣ: ɤɭɪɫ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ. – Ɇɢɧɫɤ: ȻȽɍ, 2016. 359 ɫ. ISBN 978985-566-384-4.
5. ɋɟɦɟɧɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ). ɑɚɫɬɶ 1. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] - Ɇ.: ɊȽɍɉ, 2015. - 188 ɫ. – Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://znanium.com/catalog/product/517994
(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 30.03.2023).
6. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ Ⱦ. Ⱥ. Ⱥɞɚɦ ɋɦɢɬ ɢ ɧɟɨɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ: ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] - ɋɉɛ:ɋɉɛȽɍ, 2016. - 100 ɫ. – Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://znanium.com/catalog/product/941949
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
30.03.2023).
7. ɒɟɪɫɬɧɟɜ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɶɟɜɢɱ Ɇɢɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɇɌɉ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ (ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜ.
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɒȺ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ...): Ɇɨɧɨɝɪ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɇ.:
ɇɂɐ ɂɧɮɪɚ-Ɇ, 2012. - 112 ɫ.: 60x88 1/16. - (ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ). ISBN 978-5-16166
005656-2 Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://znanium.com/catalog/product/350932 (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 30.03.2023).
8. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɚɣɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] – Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://www.gks.ru/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 30.03.2023).
9. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɚɣɬ Ɇɢɧɷɤɨɧɨɦɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ], ɪɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://economy.gov.ru/minec/main (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
30.03.2023).
10. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɚɣɬ ɈɈɇ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.un.org/ru/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 10.03.2023).
167
ɍȾɄ 519.237
ȺɄɌɍȺɅɖɇɕȿ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɉɊɈȼȿɊɄɂ ɋɌȺɌɂɋɌɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ
ȽɂɉɈɌȿɁ ɄȺɋȺɌȿɅɖɇɈ ɄɈɊɊȿɅəɐɂɃ ɆȿɀȾɍ
ɉɋɂɏɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅəɆɂ ȺȽɊȿɋɋɂȼɇɈɋɌɂ,
ɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɅɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ɂ ɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɆȿɇɌȺ
Ɇ.Ɇ. ɇɨɪɨɤɟɫɤɭ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ
ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ –
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF TESTING STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES
REGARDING CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PSYCHOLOGICAL
INDICATORS OF AGGRESSIVENESS, PERSONALITY ORIENTATION
AND TEMPERAMENT
M.M. Norokescu, fourth-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Information technologies and control systems
Scientific adviser – Yu.V. Strenalyuk, Doctor of Technical sciences, Professor of
the Department of Information technologies and control systems
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
168
The study of the relationship between aggressiveness, personality
orientation and temperament implies the analysis of correlations between the
values of the corresponding indicators. The indicators of each subject are
evaluated quantitatively in the course of psychological research. Then, to confirm
or refute hypotheses about correlations, it is necessary to analyze the values of
indicators both within the same quality, for example, the mutual influence of
different indicators of aggressiveness, and between different qualities –
aggressiveness, personality orientation and temperament.
To analyze the data in order to conduct such a psychological study, a
technique is needed that will allow at all stages to identify patterns or refute their
existence.
Correlations between psychological indicators, problems of psychological
research, mathematical statistics in psychology, studies of aggressiveness,
temperament and personality orientation.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɟɝɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ, ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɬɟɯ ɢɥɢ
ɢɧɵɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɭ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ
ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɹɞ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ [11].
Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɭ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɞɨɣɞɺɬ
ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɜ ɜɵɱɥɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɧɟɬɢɩɢɱɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ (ɧɨ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ). Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢ
ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ, ɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜ ɩɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɞɺɬ ɪɟɱɶ ɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ
169
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ,
ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ ɢɞɺɬ ɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɹɬɢ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ
ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɥɢɛɨ ɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɬɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɫɬɤɨɜɵɯ [15].
1. Ɍɟɫɬ «Ɋɭɤɚ», ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɗ. ȼɚɝɧɟɪɚ,
Ɂ. Ɋɢɨɬɪɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, Ȼ. Ȼɪɢɤɥɢɧɚ.
2. Ɉɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ [25].
3. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɮɪɭɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ.
4. Ɉɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜɨ ɮɪɭɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ [28].
5. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ.
6. Ɉɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɟɛɟ [13].
7. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɪɭɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ʌ.ɂ. ȼɚɫɫɟɪɦɚɧɚ, ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ȼ.ȼ. Ȼɨɣɤɨ [14].
8. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɺɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɯ
ɠɢɡɧɟɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
9. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ
(ɩɨ Ƚ. Ⱥɣɡɟɧɤɭ), ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ȿɥɢɫɟɟɜɚ Ⱥ.ɉ. [6].
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ: ɬɪɟɜɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɮɪɭɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɢɝɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɲɤɚɥ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ,
ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɭɸ ɦɟɪɭ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɭ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ
170
ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɬɫɟɱɶ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɢɡɭɱɚɹ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɭɠɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɜɹɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤ, ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ [27, ɋ. 27].
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ, ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ –
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɨɜ – ɧɟɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɦɵ [1, ɋ. 21-23].
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ –
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɨɜ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ
ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ,
ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɺɬ ɤ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɦ ɜɵɜɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɤɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɛɨɤɨ. ɗɬɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ.
Ɉɞɧɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ [24, ɋ. 240-245]. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ [12], ɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
171
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɺɧ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɺɦɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ,
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɦ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɚɹ, ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɚɹ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ [10, ɋ. 12].
ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɫɯɨɠɟɦɭ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɭ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧ ɦɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ, ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɥɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ.
ɂɫɤɨɦɚɹ ɦɟɪɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɬɶ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɛɴɺɦɨɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰ,
ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɩɨɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ [10, ɋ. 15]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɬɟɫɧɨɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɡɚɩɪɨɲɟɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧ
ɝɥɭɛɠɟ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɩɚɪɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ, ɬɨɱɧɟɟ, ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ
ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ [17].
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ
ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ (ɪ-ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ), ɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ – ɟɳɺ ɢ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ t-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɋɬɶɸɞɟɧɬɚ [10, ɋ. 43-55].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɷɬɚɩɚ:
1) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ;
2) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ;
172
3) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪ-ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ [12];
4) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ t-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɋɬɶɸɞɟɧɬɚ.
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ⱥɛɛɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ [11].
ȿɫɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ,
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ – ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ
ɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ [21].
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɢ
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɤɚɤ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɹɫɟɧ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
(ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ
ɧɟɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ) [5].
ɐɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɟ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵɯ ɤ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɯ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɨɜ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ.
Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ
ɥɸɞɢ, ɱɶɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɵ,
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɟ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɪɨɠɞɺɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ [19].
Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɢɞɺɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɜɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ
ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɢɡɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ [7].
ɉɨɥɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ (ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɹ
173
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɪɨɠɞɺɧɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɤ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ), ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ
ɢ ɩɨɞɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ, ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ [3, ɋ. 42].
ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɨɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɤ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ [20].
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ
ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɚɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɟɦ
ɫɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ ɤɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ
ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ
ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ȼɚɥɶɠɢɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ɇɢɯɟɟɜɚ ȿ.ȼ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. — ɍɥɚɧ-ɍɞɷ:
ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɫɢɛɢɪɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ, 2003. —
119 ɫ.
2. Ȼɸɸɥɶ Ⱥ., ɐɺɮɟɥɶ ɉ. SPSS: ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
— ɋɉɛ. ɈɈɈ «Ⱦɢɚɋɨɮɬɘɉ», 2002. — 603 ɫ.
3. ȼɟɧɬɰɟɥɶ ȿ. ɋ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ: ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ,
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ. — 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɫɬɟɪ — Ɇ.: Ƚɥ. ɪɟɞ. ɮɢɡ.-ɦɚɬ. ɥɢɬ., 1988. — 208 ɫ.
4. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ // Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ.
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. ɋɬɭɞɦɢ. ɍɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://studme.org/88313/psihologiya/vozmozhnosti_matematicheskogo_
analiza_psihologicheskom_issledovanii (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
5. Ⱦɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ].
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
174
https://afdanalyse.ru/publ/finansovyj_analiz/1/ determinirovannyj_faktornyj_analiz
/11-1-0-101 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
6. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɧɢɢ (ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ Ɉ. ɉ. ȿɥɢɫɟɟɜɚ). [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]
ȼɚɲ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ. 2015. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://www.vashpsixolog.ru/psychodiagnostic-school-psychologist/73-diagnosisof-interpersonal/4555-diagnostika-potrebnosti-lichnosti-v-sovmestnojdeyatelnosti-i-obshhenii-modifikacziya-metodiki-o-p-eliseeva (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
02.03.2023).
7. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. BONO ESSE ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɨɛɪɭ. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://bono-esse.ru/blizzard/Medstat/
Statan/stat_da.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
8. ȿɪɲɨɜ ɗ.Ȼ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ // ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, 2002, Ɍ.38, ʋ3. ɋ. 107-120
9. Ʉɨɥɢɧ Ʉɭɩɟɪ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɉɪɟɫɫ,
2000. 527 ɫ.
10. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ Excel: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ȼ.Ɋ. Ȼɚɪɚɡ. – ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ: ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɍȽɌɍ–ɍɉɂ», 2005. – 102 ɫ.
11. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ: ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɜ ɧɨɝɭ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // ɋɚɣɬ lex_kravetski. 2018. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://lexkravetski.livejournal.com/612161.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 28.03.2023)
12. Ʉɭɪɡɚɟɜɚ Ʌ.ȼ. Ɋɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ //
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
2016. ʋ 12-7. ɋ. 1234-1238.
13. Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥ Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ. — Ɍɟɤɫɬ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ //
Psychologyc.ru – ɫɚɣɬ ɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ: [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://psychologyc.ru/lichnostniy-differentsial/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 02.03.2023).
14. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɪɭɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ʌ.ɂ.
ȼɚɫɫɟɪɦɚɧɚ (ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ȼ.ȼ. Ȼɨɣɤɨ) [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] //
«ɌȿɋɌɈɌȿɄȺ» - ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɚɣɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɵ ɬɟɫɬɵ
(ɫɬɢɦɭɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɛɥɚɧɤɢ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɹ),
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚɦɢ:
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://testoteka.narod.ru/lichn/1/19.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
02.03.2023).
15. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] //
ɋɦɟɤɧɢ!. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://smekni.com/a/206174/metodiki-issledovaniyaagressivnosti/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 02.03.2023).
16. Ɇɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] //
Businessman.ru.
2015.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://businessman.ru/newmnogofaktornyj-dispersionnyj-analiz.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
175
17. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ R2. ɋɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ R2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ t-ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ F-ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // einstains.ru.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://einsteins.ru/subjects/ekonometrika/teoriya-ekonometrika/
mnogofaktornyx-regressionnyx (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
18. Ɋɚɞɱɟɧɤɨ ɋ.Ƚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ.
— Ʉ.: «Ʉɨɪɧɢɣɱɭɤ», 2011. ɋ. 376.
19. ɋɢɞɨɪɟɧɤɨ ȿ.ȼ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ. –
ɋɩɛ.: ɈɈɈ «Ɋɟɱɶ», 2000. 350 ɫ.
20. ɋɢɦɭɲɤɢɧ ɋ.ȼ. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɭɪɫɭ. ɑɚɫɬɶ I Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. — Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ:
Ʉɚɡɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, 1998. 86 ɫ.
21. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // ɂɧɮɨɩɟɞɢɹ - ɫɚɣɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. 2019. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://infopedia.su/20x2f5.html (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
22. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // əɪɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦ.
Ʉ.Ⱦ.
ɍɲɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ.
2010.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://citoweb.yspu.org/link1/metod/met125/node23.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
23. ɋɬɨɯɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://afdanalyse.ru/publ/finansovyj_analiz/1/
stokhasticheskij_faktornyj_analiz/11-1-0-103 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
24. Ɍɪɨɲɢɧɚ ɋ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ: ɫɭɬɶ, ɜɢɞɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]
//
ɋɨɜɟɬɵ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://psychologist.tips/802-temperament-cheloveka-sut-vidy-i-ihharakteristika.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
25. Ɍɟɫɬ ɪɭɤɢ (Hand Test) / ȿɥɢɫɟɟɜ Ɉ.ɉ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ – ɋɉɛ, 2003. ɋ. 310-327.
26. Ɍɟɫɬ ɪɭɤɢ ȼɚɝɧɟɪɚ. Hand test. ɉɪɨɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // ɋɚɣɬ ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://psycabi.net/testy/59471-test-ruki-vagnera-hand-testproektivnaya-metodika (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 02.03.2023).
27. Ɏɺɪɫɬɟɪ ɗ., Ɋɺɧɰ Ȼ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɨɜ. — Ɇ.: Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 1983.
302 ɫ.
2. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ
ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɮɪɭɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]: Ɇɟɬɨɞ. ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ /
Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪ. ɧ.-ɢ. ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥ. ɢɧ-ɬ ɢɦ. ȼ. Ɇ. Ȼɟɯɬɟɪɟɜɚ; [ɋɨɫɬ. ɇ. ȼ.
Ɍɚɪɚɛɪɢɧɨɣ]. - Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪɚɞ: Ʌɟɧɢɧɝɪ. ɧ.-ɢ. ɩɫɢɯɨɧɟɜɪɨɥ. ɢɧ-ɬ, 1984. - 23 ɫ.
176
ɍȾɄ 519.237
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄɈɊɊȿɅəɐɂɃ ɆȿɀȾɍ
ɉɋɂɏɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɂɆɂ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅəɆɂ
Ɇ.Ɇ. ɇɨɪɨɤɟɫɤɭ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɺɧ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɚ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɪɹɞɚ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ; ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ɋɬɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYZING CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
PSYCHOLOGICAL INDICATORS
M.M. Norokescu, fourth-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Information Technologies and control systems
Scientific adviser – Yu.V. Strenalyuk, Doctor of Technical sciences, Professor of
the Department of Information technologies and control systems
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
177
To achieve the goals of psychological research and to test psychological
hypotheses, the analysis of indicators of aggressiveness, personality orientation
and temperament should be divided into two independent stages: determination of
the range of average values of a number of quantitative measurements of each
indicator; analysis of correlations between the values of indicators of
aggressiveness, personality orientation and temperament both for a particular
individual in particular and for the collective as a whole.
The article is devoted to a methodology based on the combined use of
mathematical statistics tools in order to analyze correlations between the values of
indicators of aggressiveness, personality orientation and temperament.
Correlations between psychological indicators, problems of psychological
research, mathematical statistics in psychology, studies of aggressiveness,
temperament and personality orientation.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɷɦɩɚɬɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ,
ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɪɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɭɸ
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɢɺɦɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɞɧɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ
ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɨɬɞɟɥɹɬɶ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɨɤ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ɉɭɬɺɦ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ:
1) ɪɚɧɠɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɪɹɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɭɦɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ;
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2) ɩɨɩɚɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ
ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
3) ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ;
4) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ;
5) ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
6) ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ:
6.1) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ [15];
6.2) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ [17];
6.3) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪ-ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ [12];
6.4) ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ t-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɋɬɶɸɞɟɧɬɚ [1];
7) ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ Ⱥɛɛɟ
[9];
8) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ
ɭɫɪɟɞɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɵɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ
ɤ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ;
9) ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɯ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɦɵ ɭɫɪɟɞɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ;
10) ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ 8 ɢ 9, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
11) ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ;
12) ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ;
13) ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦ
ɇɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ⱦɪɚɤɨɧ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ,
ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɭ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ, ɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬɫɟɤɚɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ, ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɹ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ:
ɬɚɤɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ
ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 í Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ⱦɪɚɤɨɧ-ɫɯɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ
Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ:
1) ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ;
2) ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ;
3) ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɺɧɧɵɯ;
4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɦ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ.
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Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɹɞɚ
ɧɟɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ, ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ
ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɞɚɺɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɭ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ
ɯɨɞɟ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɚɧɨɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɭ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɸ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɢ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɨɜɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɭ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. T-ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɋɬɶɸɞɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɟɣ //
Ɇɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ. Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ MEDSTATISTIC ɨɛ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://medstatistic.ru/methods/methods.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 06.04.2023).
2. Ȼɸɸɥɶ Ⱥ., ɐɺɮɟɥɶ ɉ. SPSS: ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
— ɋɉɛ.: ɈɈɈ «Ⱦɢɚɋɨɮɬɘɉ», 2002. 603 ɫ.
3. ȼɟɧɬɰɟɥɶ ȿ. ɋ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ: ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ,
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ. — 2-ɟ ɢɡɞ., ɫɬɟɪ — Ɇ.: Ƚɥ. ɪɟɞ. ɮɢɡ.-ɦɚɬ. ɥɢɬ., 1988. 208 ɫ.
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4. Ⱦɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ // Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://afdanalyse.ru/publ/finansovyj_analiz/1/ determinirovannyj_faktornyj_analiz
/11-1-0-101 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
5. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ // bono esse - ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɨɛɪɭ. ɡɚɩɢɫɧɚɹ
ɤɧɢɠɤɚ ɜɪɚɱɚ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://bonoesse.ru/blizzard/Medstat/Statan/stat_da.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
6. ȿɪɲɨɜ, ɗ. Ȼ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ
ɨɛɳɢɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɢ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɜɟɪɫɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ. - 2002. - Ɍ.38. ʋ3. ɋ. 107-120.
7. Ʉɭɩɟɪ Ʉɨɥɢɧ. ɂɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. — Ɇ.: Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬ ɉɪɟɫɫ,
2000. 527 ɫ.
8. Ʉɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɫɜɹɡɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ Excel: ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ / ȼ.Ɋ. ȻȺɊȺɁ. – ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɛɭɪɝ: ȽɈɍ ȼɉɈ «ɍȽɌɍ–ɍɉɂ», 2005. 102 ɫ.
9. Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɟɣ (Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ⱥɛɛɟ) // Ɍɨɜɚɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ. Ɇɟɬɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ,
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://studme.org/16581005/tovarovedenie/kriterii_dlya_isklyucheniya_sistematic
heskih_pogreshnostey (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 06.04.2023).
10. Ʉɭɪɡɚɟɜɚ Ʌ.ȼ. Ɋɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ //
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
2016. ʋ 12-7. ɋ. 1234-1238.
11. Ɇɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ // Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ ɨ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɟ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://businessman.ru/newmnogofaktornyj-dispersionnyj-analiz.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
12. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ // Ʉɭɛɚɧɫɤɢɣ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ: ɫɚɣɬ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://studfile.net/preview/5964733/page:20 (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 30.03.2023)
13. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ R2. ɋɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ R2. ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɚ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ t-ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ F-ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤ // Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɩɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɟɬɪɢɤɟ.
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ].
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://einsteins.ru/
subjects/ekonometrika/teoriya-ekonometrika/mnogofaktornyx-regressionnyx (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
14. Ɋɚɞɱɟɧɤɨ ɋ. Ƚ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ: Ɇɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ.
— Ʉ.: «Ʉɨɪɧɢɣɱɭɤ», 2011. 376 ɫ.
15. ɋɢɦɭɲɤɢɧ ɋ.ȼ. Ⱦɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɭɪɫɭ. ɑɚɫɬɶ I Ɉɰɟɧɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɢɯ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɨɜ.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ Ɏɢɲɟɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɨɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɵɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. — Ʉɚɡɚɧɶ:
Ʉɚɡɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ. Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, 1998. 86 ɫ.
182
16. ɋɢɞɨɪɟɧɤɨ ȿ.ȼ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ. –
ɋɩɛ.: ɈɈɈ «Ɋɟɱɶ», 2000. – 350 ɫ.
17. ɋɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ (ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ) // ɋɚɣɬ
ɆɟɝɚɈɛɭɱɚɥɤɚ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ].
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://megaobuchalka.ru/6/11135.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 06.04.2023).
18. ɋɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - ɂɧɮɨɩɟɞɢɹ - ɫɚɣɬ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɡɧɚɧɢɣ. - 2019. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://infopedia.su/20x2f5.html (ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
19. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / Ɋɟɫɭɪɫ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ. Ɉɬɞɟɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
2019.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://citoweb.yspu.org/link1/metod/met125/node23.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.04.2020).
183
ɍȾɄ 332.143
ȼɅɂəɇɂȿ ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɉɊɈȿɄɌȺ «ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɂɌȿɌ»
ɇȺ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɖ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ ɂ ɍɑȿȻɇɕɏ ɁȺȼȿȾȿɇɂɃ
ɋɉɈ
ɗ.Ɋ. ɇɭɛɚɪɶɹɧ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɢ
ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɇ.ȼ. Ȼɚɛɢɧɚ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɢ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
«ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ» ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɋɉɈ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ
ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɈ, ɨɛɨɡɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɤɚɤ
ɦɟɪ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
Ɏɉ «ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ», ɋɉɈ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ.
THE IMPACT OF THE FEDERAL PROJECT "PROFESSIONALITET"
ON THE ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES AND EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS OF SPO
E.R. Nubaryan, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Finance and
Accounting,
Scientific adviser – N.V. Babina, Candidate of Economic sciences, Associate
professor, Department of Finance and accounting
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article examines the impact of the federal project "Professionalitet" on
the activities of enterprises and educational institutions of the SPO level. The
author assesses the scale of investment injection into educational institutions of
secondary vocational education, surveys the region of the Moscow region and
notes the advantages of creating educational and industrial clusters as measures
to improve the economic security of the country.
FP «Professionalitet», SPO, educational and production clusters.
184
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɦɵ, ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ,
ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɫɬɪɚɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɚ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ
ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɛɵɥɨ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ 2030 ɝɨɞɚ, ɢ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦ
ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ í ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ
«ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ», ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɏɉ «ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ» í ɷɬɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɫɜɨɟ
ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ
ɞɟɧɶ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ 55 ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 70 ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ [3].
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ
ɨɬ 16.03.2022 ʋ387 «Ɉ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ
ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ» í ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɦɢ
ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɉɈ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɦɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ [1].
ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɈ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ:
x ɉɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ;
x ɉɪɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɛɚɡɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɛɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
ȼ
2022
ɝɨɞɭ
ɞɥɹ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
Ɏɉ
«ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ» ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ,
ɤɚɤ: ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ, ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɣ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɚɬɨɦɧɚɹ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ 2023 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ IT ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
185
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ ɆɈ
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ
ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
«ɉɨɞɦɨɫɤɨɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠ
«ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ»
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ «ɋɟɪɝɢɟɜɨɉɨɫɚɞɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠ»
Ɋɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
«Ɋɚɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠ»
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
«Ʉɨɥɨɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɣ
ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɇ.Ɍ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜɚ»
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ
ȺɈ «ȼɨɟɧɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ», ȺɈ ɋɟɪɩɭɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ
ɡɚɜɨɞ «Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɢɫɬ», ɇɉɈ
«Ⱥɬɨɦ», ɉȺɈ «Ⱥɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹ «Ɋɭɛɢɧ», ȺɈ
«ɇɂɂɏɂɆɆȺɒ» ɝ.ɨ. ɓɟɥɤɨɜɨ
ȺɈ «Ɂɚɝɨɪɫɤɢɣ Ɍɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ»,
ȺɈ «Ʉɨɥɨɦɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ», ȺɈ
«ɋɬɭɩɢɧɫɤɨɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ»
ȺɈ «Ɋɚɦɟɧɫɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɄȻ», ȺɈ
«Ɇɇɂɂ «ȺȽȺɌ»», ȺɈ «ɇɂɂ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɢɦ.
Ɍɢɯɨɦɢɪɨɜɚ».
ȺɈ «Ɉɡɺɪɵ», ɎȽɍɉ
«Ⱥɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
«ɇɟɩɟɰɢɧɨ»», ɈɈɈ
«Ʉɨɥɨɦɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɉɚɫɬɢɥɚ», ɈɈɈ
«Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ əɝɨɞɚ».
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɎɁ ɨɬ 04.11.2022 ʋ430, ɜ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɟ ɊɎ ɛɵɥ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɜɵɱɟɬ [2]. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɋɉɈ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɱɟɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ,
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɉɈ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵ ɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ.
Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȼɨɥɠɫɤɢɣ ɬɪɭɛɧɵɣ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɫɬɚɥ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɬɶ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɋɉɈ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɜ ɪɟɦɨɧɬ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɬɟɪɫɤɢɯ ȼɨɥɠɫɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭɦɚ 21 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ.
Ⱥ ɜ Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤ-ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɋɢɧɚɪɫɤɨɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɜɨɞɭ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɥɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ
ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ «Ɇɟɯɚɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ» ɢ «Ɉɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ», ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɢɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ.
186
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɈ:
1. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ – ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɈ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ;
2. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ - ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɋɉɈ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ
ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹɦ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹɦ;
3. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
í
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ
ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɚ;
4. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɥɶɝɨɬ – ɤɚɤ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɟ ɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɡɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɭɱɟɛɧɵɟ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɈ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
Ɇɵ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ
ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɹɬ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ
ɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ
ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ɉɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ 16.03.2022
ʋ 387 «Ɉ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ, ɚɩɪɨɛɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ
ɧɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ «ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ»» [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɩɨɪɬɚɥ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
–
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202203180005?index=0&ran
geSize=1 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 12.04.2023)
2. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɬ 04.11.2022 ʋ 430-ɎɁ «Ɉ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ 286-1 ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɇɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ» [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɩɨɪɬɚɥ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ – Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/
Document/View/0001202211040019 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023)
3. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɬɟɬ: [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] /
Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɚɣɬ Ɇɢɧɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ⱦɚɬɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ: 16.03.2022 –
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://edu.gov.ru/activity/main_activities/additional_
vocational_education/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 10.04.2023)
187
ɍȾɄ 623-9
ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ȺɇɌȿɇɇɕɏ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋɈȼ ɉɊɂȬɆȺ
ɌȿɅȿɆȿɌɊɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɂ
Ⱦ.ȼ. ɉɚɧɚɫɟɧɤɨ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɘ.ȼ. ɋɬɪɟɧɚɥɸɤ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɢɥɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ,
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTENNA COMPLEXES
FOR RECEIVING TELEMETRY INFORMATION
D.V. Panasenko, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Information technologies and control systems
Scientific adviser – Y.V. Strenalyuk, Doctor of Engineering sciences, Professor of
the Department of Information technologies and control systems
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The dynamic development of rocket and space technology has complicated
the process of testing and testing products, which require an increasing number of
measuring instruments, collecting and processing information as part of landfill
measuring complexes. This material provides an overview of the current state of
measuring systems, lists the main trends in the development of complexes and
forms criteria that should be met by promising complexes of a new generation.
188
Antenna complexes for receiving telemetry, digital antenna arrays, development of
ground-based space infrastructure.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ. ɇɨɜɲɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɚ,
ɩɪɢɧɟɫɺɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ, ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɜɨɲɥɢ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɢ ɜ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ȼɟɞɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɚɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɥɨɝɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [7] ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɢɪɨɜɤɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɄȺ (ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚɦɢ) ɧɚ
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɯ, ɩɪɢɟɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɫɦɨɫɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɫɛɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɄɋɂɋɈ) ɤɨɫɦɨɞɪɨɦɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ (ɉɂɄ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ (ɊɄɌ). Ʉɨɫɬɹɤɨɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ
ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ (ɌɆɂ).
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [2, 3,
11]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ «ɀɟɦɱɭɝ-Ɇɋ» ɢ «ɂɡɭɦɪɭɞ» (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1).
Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ «ɀɟɦɱɭɝ» ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɰɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɵɯ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ «ɂɡɭɦɪɭɞ» ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ. Ⱥɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ
ɎȺɊ. Ɉɛɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 í Ⱥɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ «ɂɡɭɦɪɭɞ» ɢ «ɀɟɦɱɭɝ»
189
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ «ɀɟɦɱɭɝ»
ɢ «ɂɡɭɦɪɭɞ» ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɬɢɩɚ Ⱥɉ-4, Ⱥɉ-16 ɢ Ⱥɋ-Ɇ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ
2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 í ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ Ⱥɉ-4,
Ⱥɉ-16, Ⱥɋ-Ɇ
4].
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 [1,
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 í Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ
ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ [4])
Ɍɢɩ
Ƚɨɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɦ2
ɍɝɥɵ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɋ
ɩɨ ɚɡɢɦɭɬɭ
ɩɨ ɭɝɥɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɢɺɦɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɜɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɦɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɜɬɨɩɨɢɫɤɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
Ⱥɉ-4
2005
Ɇ1,Ɇ2,Ɇ3,Ⱦ1,Ⱦ2,Ⱦ4
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 4
Ⱥɉ-16
2008
Ɇ2,Ɇ3,Ⱦ1Ⱦ2,Ⱦ4
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20
Ⱥɋ-Ɇ
2015
Ɇ2,Ɇ3,Ⱦ1Ⱦ2,Ⱦ4
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 4,5
±270
0…180
ɎȺɊ
ɇɟɬ
±270
0…180
ɎȺɊ
Ⱦɚ
±270
6…186
ɎȺɊ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɇɟɬ
ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ
ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ
ɋɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɬɟɤɭɳɟɝɨ
ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦɢ
ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɢ ɊɄɌ. Ɂɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɊɄɌ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɢ
190
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦɢ ɤɚɤ:
- ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ;
- ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ;
- ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɺɬɨɜ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ;
- ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ;
- ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ;
- ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɚɫɫ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɲɚɹ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ.
Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ [11]
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɧɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɬ ɢɦ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɊɄɌ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɚɫɫɵ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ,
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ [5].
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɟɬɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɺɧɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɫɫɟ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɤɚɯ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɤɪɭɝɥɨɝɨɞɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ
ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɚɜɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ
ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɜ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɵɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 í Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ [1, 4])
Ɍɢɩ
Ƚɨɞ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦ2
ɍɝɥɵ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɋ
ɩɨ ɚɡɢɦɭɬɭ
ɩɨ ɭɝɥɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɩɪɢɺɦɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ
Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ⱥɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɹ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
Ɇɂɉ-Ƚ
2016
Ɇ1,Ɇ2,Ɇ3,Ⱦ1,Ⱦ2
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 4
ɉɄɌɂ
2018
Ɇ1,Ɇ2,Ɇ3,Ⱦ1,Ⱦ2,Ⱦ4
ɇɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 3
±270
0…90
ɉɚɪɚɛɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
Ⱦɚ
Ⱦɚ
Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ
±270
0…90
ɎȺɊ
Ⱦɚ
Ⱦɚ
Ⱦɚ
ɇɟɬ
191
Ɍɢɩ
ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɩɨɢɫɤɚ
Ɍɢɩ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ
Ɇɂɉ-Ƚ
ɇɟɬ
Ɇɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɉɄɌɂ
ɇɟɬ
Ɇɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ
ɋɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 1 ɢ 2 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ:
1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɚɧɬɟɧɧ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ
ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɎȺɊ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ,
ɞɟɲɟɜɢɡɧɨɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɚɧɬɟɧɧ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ/ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɭɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ [6],
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɭɬɺɦ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɟɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
2. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ⱦ4 - ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ȻɊɌɋ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ.
3. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ, ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɚ ɩɪɨɥɺɬɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ.
4. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ
ɩɨɦɟɯɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ
ɪɚɞɢɨɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ.
ȼ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ, ɷɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ
[5].
5. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ.
6. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ,
ɯɨɬɹ ɭɞɚɱɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɢɦɟɬɶɫɹ [10].
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ. Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɨɣɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ – ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ
ɮɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɺɬɤɢ (ɐɎȺɊ).
ɐɢɮɪɨɜɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɢɧɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɧɚ
ɜɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɺɦɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɢɸ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɩɨɥɨɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɯɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɟɯɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɭɬɺɦ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɧɭɥɟɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɦɟɯɢ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɦɭ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɚɜɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ. Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ
192
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɟɦ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɮɚɡɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɣ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ.
ɉɨɞɪɨɛɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ
ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɌɆɂ [8].
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ ɌɆɂ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ:
1. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ;
2. ɂɦɟɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ;
3. ɍɦɟɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɟɯɨɜɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ;
4. ɂɦɟɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɩɨɢɫɤɚ;
5. Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɫ
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɺɪɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ;
6. Ⱥɧɬɟɧɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ ɐɎȺɊ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɛɛɚɫɨɜɚ Ɍ.ɋ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱥɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ // ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. – 2017. – ɋ. 65-72.
2. Ⱦɨɞɨɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ., ɉɭɬɹɬɢɧ ȼ.Ƚ. Ɋɚɞɢɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɜɧɟɲɧɟɬɪɚɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ // Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. –
2018. – ʋ 1. – ɋ. 3-30.
3. ɀɭɪɚɜɥɺɜ Ɋ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɧɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ȽɐɆɉ ɆɈ ɊɎ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɘɠɧɨ-ɍɪɚɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ: Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ. – 2012. – ʋ. 3 (262). – ɋ. 18.
4. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɇɉɈ ɂɌ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://npoit-katalog.ru/magazin/folder/kompleksy (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 28.04.2023).
5. ɉɚɧɚɫɟɧɤɨ Ⱦ.ȼ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ / Ⱦ.ȼ. ɉɚɧɚɫɟɧɤɨ,
Ʌ.ɘ. ɇɢɤɢɬɫɤɚɹ // ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ2021. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ XIV ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
Ƚɨɫɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ
«Ɋɨɫɤɨɫɦɨɫ»,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɟɬɫɹ 55-ɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɳɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȺɈ «ɇɉɈ ɂɌ». (22 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2021 ɝ.)
- 2021. - ɋ.176-177.
6. ɉɚɬ. 2709031 Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɆɉɄ H01Q 1/38
ɍɧɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ / ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɉɪɥɨɜ; ɡɚɹɜɢɬɟɥɶ ɢ
ɩɚɬɟɧɬɨɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟɥɶ Ⱥɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ «ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ» (ȺɈ «ɇɉɈ ɂɌ»). – ʋ 2019109328;
ɡɚɹɜɥ. 2019.03.29; ɨɩɭɛɥ. 2019.12.13.
7. Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., ɑɟɪɤɚɫ ɋ. ȼ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ʉɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɜɨɣɫɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ // ȼɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɵɫɥɶ. – 2020. – ʋ 9. – ɋ. 35-44.
193
8. ɋɭɥɢɦɨɜ Ɏ.Ɉ. ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɊɄɌ // ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. –
2019. – ɋ. 129-133.
9. ɋɥɸɫɚɪ ȼ. ɐɢɮɪɨɜɵɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɢ-ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ
//ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ: ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɛɢɡɧɟɫ. – 2001. – ʋ 3. – ɋ. 42-47.
10. Ɍɨɜɩɟɤɨ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ⱦɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɚɦɢ ɇɉɈ ɂɌɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ //ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ 2018. – 2018. – ɋ. 39-43.
11. ɒɨɲɢɧ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɬɟɥɟɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɨɜ. / Ⱥ.ȼ. ɒɨɲɢɧ, Ⱥ.ȼ.
Ɇɭɯɢɧ, ɂ.Ⱥ. ɒɨɲɢɧ // ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ-2021. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ XIV ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ
Ƚɨɫɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ
«Ɋɨɫɤɨɫɦɨɫ»,
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɟɬɫɹ 55-ɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɳɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȺɈ «ɇɉɈ ɂɌ». (22 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2021 ɝ.)
- 2021. - ɋ. 183-190.
194
ɍȾɄ 338.012
ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ȺɋɉȿɄɌɕ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə
ɊȺɄȿɌɇɈ-ɄɈɋɆɂɑȿɋɄɈɃ ȾȿəɌȿɅɖɇɈɋɌɂ
ȿ.ȼ. ɉɚɪɮɟɧɨɜɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɇ.ə. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɷɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɥɟɝɥɨ
ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ.
Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ
ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 500 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ
– ɜɫɟɝɨ 1,5 – 2%.
Ɋɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ.
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ,
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT ROCKET AND SPACE
ACTIVITIES
E.V. Parfenova, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Management
Scientific adviser – M.Y. Veselovsky, Doctor of Economic sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Management
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The paper describes in detail the evolution of the economic component of
rocket and space activities, the development of which formed the basis for the
transformation of national space economies and the world space market into the
world space economy.
Many countries have come to the conclusion that space activities are a
national policy priority and one of the key factors in global competition. Over the
195
past decade, the global space market has grown fivefold and today stands at about
$500 billion. However, Russia's share in this market is only 1.5 - 2%.
Rocket and space activities, space economy, global space market.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ʉ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɫɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɥ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ [1, 2].
ɋɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɢ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɧɟ ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ, ɝɞɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɤɢɩɚɠ, ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɥɭɧɧɨɣ
ɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ Ʌɭɧɵ. Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ: ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ,
ɤɚɤ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ:
ɫ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ;
ɫ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ;
ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɜɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ.
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ.
ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɢɥɨɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɟ ɜɵɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɟɣɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɤɥɚɞ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ196
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɊɄɌ): ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ [3].
Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɊɄɌ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɵ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɯ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ
ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ (ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ) ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚɯ (ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɤɥɚɞ, ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ,
ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɋɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɜ ɬ.ɱ.
ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ) ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ – ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ «ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ-Ȼɭɪɚɧ» ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ 1,2 ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɨɱɬɢ 100 ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ. Ⱦɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɊɄɌ –
ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɥɟɬ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɪɨɤ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɢ
ɥɟɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɋɇ ɋɨɸɡ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ 1957 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ
ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Ɋɇ ȼɨɫɬɨɤ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ Ɋɇ ɋɨɸɡ
[4].
ȼ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɊɄɉ) ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɊɄɌ ɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ
ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – Ɍɗɉ) ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɊɄɌ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɵ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɗɉ ɊɄɌ ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɣ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
197
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɊɄɌ,
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ
ɩɥɚɧ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ:
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ Ɍɗɉ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɊɄɌ;
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ;
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɤɥɚɞɚ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ «ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ», ɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ.
ɂ ɭɠɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɆɄɊ) ɜ
ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – ɆɄɗ).
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɆɄɗ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɟɦ ɆɄɊ ɢɥɢ Ʉɗ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɢɥɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɆɄɗ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɂ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ
ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ – ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɢ. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɹɞ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ:
198
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ;
ɜɵɡɨɜɵ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɧɤɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ;
ɪɨɫɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ;
ɪɨɫɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ;
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɆɄɗ.
Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ
ɪɵɧɤɚ ɜ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ, ɢ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ
ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɋɒȺ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɆɄɗ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ
ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɆɄɗ,
ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɧɞɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɫ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 120 ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɢ
ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɬɭ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ – ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɞɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ, ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ: ɋɒȺ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ȿɋ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ, ɂɧɞɢɹ, Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ,
ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ – ɋɒȺ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣ –
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɢɥɨɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ [5].
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɆɄɗ. ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ XXI ɜɟɤɚ
60-70% ɆɄɗ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɤɟɬ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ,
ɡɚɩɭɫɤɢ
ɪɚɤɟɬ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɢ
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 30 – 40% ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ.
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɭɫɥɭɝ (ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɜɢɝɚɰɢɢ, ȾɁɁ,
ɦɟɬɟɨɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 80%, ɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ 15% ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ
ɟɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ [5].
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɆɄɗ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɵ ɫɬɪɚɧ
199
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɥ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɛɵɬɚ ɆɄɗ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ. ȼ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɵ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɜ 38 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ.
ɋɒȺ, ɚ ɜ 2020 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 90 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɜɲɭɸɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɇɂɈɄɊ,
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ
ɤɨɦɦɟɪɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɧɚ ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ:
ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ;
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ,
ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ,
ɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɆɄɗ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɧɨ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ɉ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ: Ɂɚɤɨɧ ʋ5663-I-ɎɁ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ƚɚɪɚɧɬ. - 1993. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://base.garant.ru/136323
(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 25.03.2023).
2. Ɉ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ «Ɉ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ»: Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ʋ 147-ɎɁ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ƚɚɪɚɧɬ – 1996. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://base.garant.ru/135080 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 25.03.2023).
3. ɉɚɪɮɟɧɨɜɚ ȿ.ȼ., Ⱦɨɤɭɤɢɧɚ ȿ.ȼ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ // ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. 2021. ʋ
2 (47). ɋ. 77-84.
4. ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ «ɗɧɟɪɝɢɹ-Ȼɭɪɚɧ» ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɥɢ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ɊɂȺ-ɧɨɜɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɭɤɚ. - 2020. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://ria.ru/amp/20181114/1532734373.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 25.03.2023).
5. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development «The
Space Economy at a Glance 2020» [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. – Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/content/book (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 03.04.2023).
200
ɍȾɄ 005
ɆȿɌɈȾɕ ɍɅɍɑɒȿɇɂȿ ɋɍɓȿɋɌȼɍɘɓɂɏ ɂɇɋɌɊɍɆȿɇɌɈȼ
ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂə ɊɂɋɄȺɆɂ ɉɊɂ ɉɈɆɈɓɂ ɉɊɂȼɅȿɑȿɇɂə
ɗɄɋɉȿɊɌɈȼ
Ʉ.Ⱥ. ɉɟɪɟɩɟɥɢɰɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɋ.ɇ. ɒɭɥɶɠɟɧɤɨ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ.
ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɪɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ.
THE CONCEPT OF CREATING AN AUTOMATED MANIPULATOR
PROSTHESIS BASED ON THE USE OFAN ANALOG COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM AND MACHINE LEARNING
K.A. Perepelitsa, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Information
technologies and control systems
Scientific adviser – S.N. Shulzhenko, Doctor of Technical sciences, Associate
professor, Associate professor of the Department of Information technologies and
control systems Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher
Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article presents some risk management methods and ways to improve
risk management methods by involving users of various processes as experts.
Experts, risk management, scenario analysis, cause-and-effect analysis, roleplaying game.
ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɇɟ ɭɱɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɦɵɣ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɡɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ,
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ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ. Ʉɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɶ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ, ɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ. ȼ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ.
Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 í Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ
Ɉɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɯɟɦɵ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ
ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɹɜɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ
ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɢɫɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɭ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ.
ɋɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ í ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ. ɗɬɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɢ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɹ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɟ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. ɗɬɨ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ
ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ. ɋɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ,
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ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɚ [3]. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɷɬɨ:
1) ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ
2) Ɉɬɛɨɪ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ
3) ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ
4) Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ
5) ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɩɭɳɟɧɢɟ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ, ɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɷɬɚɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɢɯ ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ, ɢɯ
ɪɨɥɶ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ, ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨ ɢɯ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɩɵɬɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɢɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ
ɩɪɨɲɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɹɬɨɦ
ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɭɠɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ
ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɹ.
Ʉɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɨɜ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ
ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ, ɬɪɟɛɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɧɵɣ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ.
Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ
ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ, ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɟɧ, ɞɟɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ í ɷɬɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
(ɉɋȺ) - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɉɋȺ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ [1]. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɉɋȺ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɲɚɝɢ:
203
1) Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ
ɯɨɬɢɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ.
2) ɋɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɋɨɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. ɗɬɨ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɨɛ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚɯ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ,
ɨɬɱɟɬɵ ɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɯ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.,
3) ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɢɥɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ.
4) Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ: ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɛɵɬɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ,
ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ.
5) Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ: ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɲɚɝɨɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɬɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ, ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɋȺ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ. Ɉɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ, ɜɬɨɪɨɦ, ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢ ɞɚɬɶ ɟɺ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɨɬ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɫɪɨɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɛɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɪɵ ɤ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ.
ɇɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɨɫ. ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɹɜɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɷɬɚɩɚ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɺɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɵɟ,
ɩɨ ɢɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
ɇɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɥɢ ɜɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɛɨɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɧɭɠɧɨ
ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ/ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɵɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ,
ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ,
ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ.
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ɇɚ ɩɹɬɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ, ɱɟɝɨ ɢɦ ɧɟ
ɯɜɚɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɨɧɢ
ɫɚɦɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɯ, ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɇɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɧɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɤɚɪɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɢɦ.
ȼɬɨɪɨɟ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ [4]. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ
ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɭɯɭ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ
ɞɟɥɨ.
Ɍɪɟɬɶɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ
ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ. Ⱦɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɟɺ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ, ɧɨ
ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ, ɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ,
ɞɨ ɫɚɦɵɯ “ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ”. Ɉɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɭɛɪɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ,
ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ, ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɚ ɟɞɢɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɺ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɢ
ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɡɧɚɬɨɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɪɨɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬ ɟɝɨ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ
ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɨɬ “ɧɨɜɢɱɤɨɜ”, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ. ȿɳɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɫɟɫɫɢɣ.
Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ — ɷɬɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɨɞɫɜɟɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ,
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɮɬ ɢɥɢ ɯɚɪɞ ɧɚɜɵɤɚɦ,
ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɰɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɡɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɭɪɫɨɜ, ɛɚɡɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɲɬɚɬɧɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ «Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ».
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Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ - ɷɬɨ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ. ȼ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ
ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɟɧ ɞɥɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɵ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ [2].
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɪɢɫɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɢɛɟɪɚɬɚɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ,
ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɟ, ɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɱɥɟɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɶ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ.
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɞɢɧ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ - ɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ.
ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɨɥɶɸ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ - ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ɢɝɪɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ,
ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɱɬɨ - ɧɟɬ, ɢ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɭɪɨɤɢ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɡɜɥɟɱɶ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɦ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɜ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ
Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɪɨɥɟɜɨɣ ɢɝɪɵ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɡɚɞɚɱ:
ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ: Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɢ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ.
Ʉɨɦɚɧɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ: Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ
ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɭɱɚɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ: Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ.
206
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɟɜ: Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɢ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɝɪɵ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ: Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ, ɱɟɦ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɧɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɭɱɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɢɝɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɛɟɡ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ.
Ɇɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɹ: Ɋɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɢɝɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ
ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɥɭɱɲɟɦɭ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ,
ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɨɞɜɨɞɹ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɯ.
ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ
ɢɦɟɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɲɬɚɬɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɢɫɤɢ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ
ɢɡɜɧɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ
ɫɩɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦɢ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɤɚɤ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɜɵɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɚɦ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ, ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɭɸ
ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ
ɜɵɲɟ ɫɬɨɹɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɜ ɥɢɰɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɞɟɥɨ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ɇɚɬɚɥɶɢɧɚ Ɍ.ȼ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨ-ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ [Ɍɟɤɫɬ] / ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ
ɋɢɛȺȾɂ. - ʋ5(45). 2015. – ɋ. 178-184.
2. ɋɬɪɢɠɚɤɨɜɚ ȿ.ɇ. ȼɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɚɦɢ
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ / ȿ. ɇ. ɋɬɪɢɠɚɤɨɜɚ, Ⱦ. ȼ. ɋɬɪɢɠɚɤɨɜ
207
Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ: ɜɫɟ ɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɚɦɢ, ɤɚɞɪɚɦɢ. - ʋ3. 2006. - ɋ.112-117.
3. Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ.Ʌ., ɒɟɜɟɥɟɜɚ Ɉ.Ƚ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɜ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ // Ɉɦɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ. ɋɟɪ. Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. 2019. Ɍ. 4. ʋ 2. ɋ. 140–145.
4. ɓɟɪɛɚ ɂ.ɂ., Ƚɨɧɱɚɪɨɜ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. ɉɪɟɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] /
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. - ʋ9(9). – 2015. ɋ. 118-120. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/premirovanie-kak-faktor-povysheniyamotivatsii-sotrudnikov-bankovskoy-sfery/viewer (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 12.03.2023).
208
ɍȾɄ 621.3.035.2
ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾ ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾɇɕȿ ɄɈɆɉɈɁɂɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɕ
ȾɅə ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂə ȼ ȻɂɉɈɅəɊɇɕɏ ɉɅȺɋɌɂɇȺɏ ȾɅə
ɌɈɉɅɂȼɇɕɏ ɗɅȿɆȿɇɌɈȼ ɋ ɉɊɈɌɈɇɈɈȻɆȿɇɇɈɃ
ɆȿɆȻɊȺɇɈɃ
ɂ.Ⱦ. Ɋɚɣɰɢɫ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȿ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɝɚɱɟɜ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ.
Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ (Ɍɗ) ɫ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ (ɆɗȻ)
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Ɍɗ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɵɦ ɟɝɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɡɚɦɟɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɭ ɜ Ɍɗ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ (ɍɍɄɆ) ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ
ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ®,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɤɚɤ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ
ɦɢɤɪɨɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɍɍɄɆ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧɚ®, ɟɝɨ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ
«ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ – ɝɚɡɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ». ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ,
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 200-250 Ɇɉɚ, ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɚɤɬɭɚɥɟɧ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ Ɍɗ ɫ ɆɗȻ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ).
Ȼɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ,
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ.
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ,
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ
209
CARBON-CARBON COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR USE IN BIPOLAR
PLATES FOR PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELLS
I.D. Raitsis, third-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
management and standardization
Scientific adviser – E.A. Bogachev, Candidate of Technical sciences, Lecturer of
the Department of Quality management and research in the field of new materials
and technologies Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher
Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
Fuel cells (FCs) with a membrane-electrode unit (MEA) are the most
popular in the transition to alternative energy sources. One of the main structural
elements of fuel cells are bipolar plates, which are currently made of corrosionresistant steel or much lighter high-density graphite. However, the low physical
and mechanical characteristics of graphite make its widespread use problematic.
A promising replacement for graphite in fuel cells is a carbon-carbon composite
material (CCCM) based on the Ipresscon® organomorphic carbon framework,
which is characterized both by directions of predominant reinforcement
orientation and by a high degree of microhomogeneity of the structure. The
microstructure of CCCM based on Ipresscon®, its physical-mechanical and
thermophysical properties, gas permeability and contact resistance at the "bipolar
plate-gas diffusion layer" interface are studied in this work. It is shown that the
tensile strength of the material significantly exceeds the strength of graphite, the
compressive strength reaches 200–250 MPa, and there is no contact resistance
and gas permeability. The material is especially relevant when creating fuel cells
with MEA for applications where a low specific gravity of products is required (for
example, an electric aircraft).
Bipolar plates, fuel cells, carbon-carbon composite material.
Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɧɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɨɣ (ɉɈɆɌɗ)
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ (ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɹ) ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ. ɂɦ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɷɧɟɪɝɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ [10, 12, 15,
18]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɜ
ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ [11,
19], ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬɚ (Ɍɉɗ) [5] ɢ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ (Ȼɉ) [17]. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɦɟɦɛɪɚɧɧɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɨɤ(ɆɗȻ);
ɷɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɜɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ
210
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɆɗȻ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ [2, 3] ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 40 % ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɢ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ
80 % ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ [9]. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɨɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ. Ȼɉ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɪɹɞ
ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɛɥɨɤɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ
ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɛɥɨɤɚ.
Ɉɧɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɬɨɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɆɗȻ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ
ɩɭɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ-ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ (ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ), ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɬ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨ- ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶɸ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɫɵɪɶɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ [3].
ɉɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɉɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɆɗȻ. (1) ɉɪɢɠɢɦɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ;
(2) Ɍɨɪɰɟɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ; (3) ɉɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ; (4) Ƚɚɡɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ;
(5) ɋɥɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ; (6) Ȼɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ; (7) Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚ
ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɚɬ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɭ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚɛɨɪ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ Ȼɉ. Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ Ȼɉ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 [2, 3].
211
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ޓ100 ɋɦ/ɫɦ
ɉɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɭ
ޒ2 × 10-6 ɫɦ3/ɫɦ2/ɫ
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ
ޒ16 × 10-6 Ⱥ/ɫɦ2
Ɇɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ޒ20 ɦɈɦ·ɫɦ2 ɩɪɢ 150 ɇ/ɫɦ2
ɉɪɟɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ
ޓ41 Ɇɉɚ
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ
ޓ59 Ɇɉɚ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ޓ10 ȼɬ/ɦ.Ʉ
Ɍɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
Ⱦɨ 120 ºC
ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ
ɇɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɦ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ
ɞɢɤɬɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɟɝɤɢɦɢ, ɬɨɧɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ
ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ,
ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ; ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɨɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ, ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ.
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɟɥɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ [16]. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɜ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɉɈɆɌɗ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɦɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ, ɝɞɟ ɥɟɝɤɢɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɚɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɝɞɟ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ
ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ [16, 17]. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɥɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɏɨɬɹ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɩɥɨ- ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɨɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɜ,
ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɜ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ ɉɈɆɌɗ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ. ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɥɢɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɨɣ
ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɹ ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ (Fe3+, Cr3+, Ni2+ ɢ ɬ.
212
ɞ.), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɟ
ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ICR) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɝɚɡɨɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. Ȼɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɪɹɞ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ; ɨɧɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɧɤɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɢ ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ, ɧɟ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɜɵɲɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ [8, 14].
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. Ɉɧ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɜ ɬɪɟɯ ɚɥɥɨɬɪɨɩɧɵɯ
ɮɨɪɦɚɯ: ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɚɦɨɪɮɧɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɢ ɚɥɦɚɡ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɚɥɦɚɡ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɦɹɝɤɢɣ ɢ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɤɢɣ. ɗɬɨ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɬɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ
ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɲɟɫɬɢɱɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɥɢɫɬɵ. ȼɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥ ɪɚɜɟɧ 120°, ɢ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ
ɚɬɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɧɟɫɩɚɪɟɧɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ
ɚɬɨɦɚɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ
«ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ» ɫɟɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɚɬɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɩɚɪɟɧɧɵɣ) ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɤ
ɩɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɹɦ ɚɬɨɦɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɜɚɧ-ɞɟɪ-ɜɚɚɥɶɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɥ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ
ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2% ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɟɣ
(620-720 ɤȾɠ/ɝɪɚɦɦ-ɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 5,0-17,0 ɤȾɠ/ɝɪɚɦɦ-ɚɬɨɦ) [16].
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ
ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ [6, 7]. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɪɚɧɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɟ - ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɟɝɨ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɯɪɭɩɨɤ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɩɥɨɯɢɦɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɧɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɝɨ ɢ
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ [2, 6, 7]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɚ ɫɦɨɥɨɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɯ
213
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɨɜ-ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɹ ɢɯ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɞɨ 4–6 ɦɦ
[13]. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɝɪɚɮɢɬ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɥɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɟɱɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
Ȼɢɩɨɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ (Ȼɉ), ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɝɪɚɮɢɬ, ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
(ɍɍɄɆ), ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɢɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɝɚɡɨɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ [1]. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɍɍɄɆ ɧɚ
ɬɤɚɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɢ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɜ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ [4].
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɭ, ɜɫɟ ɱɚɳɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɍɍɄɆ. Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Snecma (ɝɪɭɩɩɚ SAFRAN) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɜ ɫɥɨɢ
ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɚɤɪɢɥɨɧɢɬɪɢɥɚ (ɉȺɇɚ) (ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ
Novoltex), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɧɭɸ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɨɜ (ɂɉɄ) ɬɢɩɚ Naxeco ɢ Novoltex ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ (0,40,45) ɝ/ɫɦ3, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ
ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ 0,5-0,6 ɝ/ɫɦ3. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɂɉɄ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ (ɞɨ 0,5-0,7 ɦɦ) ɩɭɫɬɨɬ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɍɍɄɆ-ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ® ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ,
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵ ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
214
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ, ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɚɹ ɫ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ® ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 10-30 ɦɤɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ
ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ 63,5% (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɚ) ɢ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ (ɛ) ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪ
ɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɟ ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.
ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ®,
ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ
Ɉɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɫ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɡɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ.
Ɉɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɭɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ. Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɫɯɨɠ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɩɨɪ ɜ
215
ɤɚɪɤɚɫɟ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 10-30 ɦɤɦ. ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɷɬɨ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɍɍɄɆ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2%.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɥɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɍɍɄɆ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ® ɫɨ ɫɯɟɦɨɣ ɩɫɟɜɞɨ 2D ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɩɟɤɚ, ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ȼɉ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɍɍɄɆ-ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝ/ɫɦ3
Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ, %
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢ 20 oC, Ɇɉɚ (X-Y)
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ 20 oC, Ƚɉɚ
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɟ ɜ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
20oC, Ɇɉɚ
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɢ ɩɪɢ 20oC, Ɇɉɚ
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ (ɌɄɅɊ), Ʉ-1 (20-400°ɋ)
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ⱦɚɪɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɚɞɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(5,5-4,5)·105 ɉɚ, ɦ2
Ⱦɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚɹ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ra, ɦɤɦ
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ, Ɉɦ·ɦ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
1.90-1.95
ɦɟɧɟɟ 2.0
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 70
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 40
90-140
180-230
(0÷1.1)·10-6
8.6·10-19
0,13
(2.2÷2.4)·10-5
ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ 5 ɫɦ2. Ƚɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɢ ɫɢɥɢɤɨɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɢ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 200 ɦɤɦ. ȼ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɹɱɟɣɤɢ (Ɍɗ) ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ
ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɨ 1 × 105 ɉɚ. ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨ ɦɚɧɨɦɟɬɪɭ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 í Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ
1 (ɍɍɄɆ)
2 (ɍɍɄɆ)
3 (ɍɍɄɆ)
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ (ȽȾɋ)
ɋɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɦɈɦ ɫɦ2
11,0
12,5
11,8
10,3
ɂɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 3, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɍɍɄɆɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ® ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɟɣ ɧɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɯ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɟɺ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ.
216
Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɵɟ Ȼɉ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɦ ɢ
ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɥɟɝɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɉɈɆɌɗ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɍɍɄɆ ɧɚ ɬɤɚɧɨɣ
ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɪɠɧɟɜɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɱɟɦ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɵ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɍɍɄɆ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦɨɪɮɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɦɚɪɤɢ ɂɩɪɟɫɫɤɨɧ®
ɥɢɲɟɧ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ Ȼɉ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
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ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤ /ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ ɋɨɫɟɞɨɜɚ ȼ ɉ – Ɇ: Ɇɟɬɚɥɥɭɪɝɢɹ, 1975 – 335 ɫ.
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cathodes,” Carbon, 2008, vol. 46, no. 15, P. 2034–2045
19. S. M. Rao and Y. Xing, “Simulation of nanostructured electrodes for
polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells,” Journal of Power Sources, 2008, vol.
185, no. 2, P. 1094–1100
218
ɍȾɄ 678
ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ȼɕəȼɅȿɇɂə ɂɋɄɍɋɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ ȼɄɅɘɑȿɇɂɃ
ȼ ɉɅȺɋɌɂɇȺɏ ɂɁ ɍȽɅȿɉɅȺɋɌɂɄȺ ɋ ɂɋɉɈɅɖɁɈȼȺɇɂȿɆ
ɇȿɊȺɁɊɍɒȺɘɓȿȽɈ ɆȿɌɈȾȺ ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅə ɍɅɖɌɊȺɁȼɍɄɈɆ
Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɫɬɨɪɝɭɟɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ʉ.ȼ. Ɇɢɯɚɣɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɟ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɚ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫ
ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ
ɧɚ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɍɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ, ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤ, ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ.
FEATURES OF DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL INCLUSIONS IN
CARBON FIBER PLATES USING A NON-DESTRUCTIVE
ULTRASOUND CONTROL METHOD
G.A. Rastorguev, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
management and standardization
Scientific adviser – K.V. Mikhailovsky, Candidate of Technical sciences,
Associate professor of the Department of Quality management and standardization
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The features of detecting inclusions in carbon fiber based on a thermoplastic
binder using ultrasound are determined. Several groups of samples with foreign
inclusions from foil were made for ultrasound diagnostics. As a result of
experimental studies, all artificially created defects have been identified. It is
established that the sizes of defects determine the accuracy of determining the
depth of their occurrence in the material.
Carbon fiber, non-destructive testing, ultrasound, defects.
219
ɉɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ, ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɭɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ
ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɪɹɞɨɦ
ɢɯ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ: ɜɵɫɨɤɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɠɺɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɭ; ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ; ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ; ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɬɨɣɤɢɦɢ ɤ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ, ɱɟɦ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɉɄɆ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ, ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ
ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɺɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɜ ɉɄɆ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɺɫɬɤɨɫɬɢ [1].
Ɏɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɫɯɟɦɵ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ,
ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɤɪɨ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɢɧɮɭɡɢɹ, ɪɭɱɧɚɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɤɚ
ɩɪɟɩɪɟɝɨɜ, ɧɚɦɨɬɤɚ, ɩɪɟɫɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɟ, ɚɜɬɨɤɥɚɜɧɨɟ
ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɥɢɬɶɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ.
ɋɚɦɵɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɚɞɢɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɤɚɤ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤ ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ
ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ, ɞɟɲɺɜɨɝɨ ɢ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɫ
ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɦ,
ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ [3]. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ
ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɵ: ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹ,
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɚɹ
ɬɨɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ,
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ
ɧɚ
ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ, ɲɢɪɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ
ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɬɟɪɦɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ, ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
220
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ:
ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɤɚɤ: ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɥɨɟɧɢɟ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɦɢɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ [2]. ɋ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɰɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɛɪɚɧ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ. ȼɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɟɣ.
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɢɡ
ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɫɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩ 38DL PLUS. ɉɪɢ
ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ Ɇ106 ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 2,25 ɆȽɰ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩ 38DL PLUS
221
Ȼɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɚ
38DL PLUS ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɨɞɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɭ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɜ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ 38DL PLUS ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɨɬ 0,08 ɦɦ ɞɨ 635 ɦɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɦɢɧɭɫ 20 °ɋ ɞɨ ɩɥɸɫ 50 °ɋ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩ
38DL PLUS ɞɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɯ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ.
ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɢɡ
ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɫ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɢɯ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ 4 ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɩɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ 3 ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɩɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
ʋ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
1
2
3
4
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɋɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ, ɦɦ
10ɯ5ɯ0,03
5ɯ5ɯ0,03
5ɯ3ɯ0,03
3ɯ2ɯ0,03
ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɞɧɚɹ ɮɨɥɶɝɚ
ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 0,03 ɦɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚɯ. Ɇɟɞɧɚɹ ɮɨɥɶɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ 8900 ɤɝ/ ɦ³, ɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɜɧɚ 1500 ɤɝ/
ɦ³. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɫɤɚ ɢɡ
ɮɨɥɶɝɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɩɨ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1. ɉɥɨɳɚɞɶ
ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 50 ɦɦ², ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɦ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ 3 ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɨɣ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɞɟɮɟɤɬ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧ
ɦɟɠɞɭ 9 ɢ 10 ɫɥɨɹɦɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ, ɦɟɠɞɭ 6 ɢ 7 ɫɥɨɹɦɢ, ɜ
ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ 3 ɢ 4 ɫɥɨɟɦ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ
150ɯ150 ɦɦ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ UMT 42
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ȺɈ «ɇɉɄ «ɏɢɦɩɪɨɦɢɧɠɢɧɢɪɢɧɝ». Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧ
222
ɩɭɬɟɦ ɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ 15 ɫɥɨɟɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ
ɬɤɚɧɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɭ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɚ 3,15 ɦɦ. ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɷɮɢɪɤɟɬɨɧ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɤɢ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɭ ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɤɚɧɢ
ɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɨɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɩɨɥɢɷɮɢɪɷɮɢɪɤɟɬɨɧɨɦ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ
ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɫ ɧɚ 7 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨ 400°ɋ. Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ
ɜɵɪɟɡɚɧɵ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ 50ɯ40 ɦɦ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɫ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ
ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɚ 38DL PLUS. ɂɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɞɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɥɚɜɢɲɚ
«XDCR RECALL». ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ Ɇ106
ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ 2,25 ɆȽɰ. ȿɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 0,5 ɦɦ
ɞɨ 20 ɦɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɭ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ. Ʉɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɜɭɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 1,5 ɢ 3 ɦɦ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɜɭɤɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 2840 ɦ/ɫ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɲɚɝɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ
ɨɞɧɨɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɝɥɢɰɟɪɢɧ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɥɢ ɥɸɛɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ
ɫɯɨɠɚɹ
ɩɨ
ɤɨɧɫɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɚɯ ɢɡ
ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ
10ɯ5ɯ0,03 ɦɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚɯ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ. ɒɚɝ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɪɚɜɟɧ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɲɚɝ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɤɪɨɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ
223
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ 2 ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ
ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɉɪɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɺɦɚ
ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 65 ɞȻ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 1,19 ɦɦ. Ⱦɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɱɺɬɤɢɣ, ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɲɭɦɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɨɛ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ
ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ ɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
ɉɪɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ 5ɯ5ɯ0,03
ɦɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ 1 ɢ 3
ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ
ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ɒɚɝ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɵ ɪɚɜɟɧ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1 ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
224
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɟ 65 ɞȻ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ. Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ
ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 1,40 ɦɦ. Ⱦɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɱɟɬɤɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ
40,8 ɞȻ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɭɦɨɜ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɲɭɦɨɜ. ȼ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ.
Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ 5ɯ3ɯ0,03
ɦɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ
ɬɪɟɯ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ. ɉɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ
ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ
ɢ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1 ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ 1,37 ɦɦ. Ⱦɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɦ ɜ ɲɭɦɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 44,3 ɞȻ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ
ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɫɤɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɭɦɨɜ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɹ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɲɭɦɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɟ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ 3ɯ2ɯ0,03 ɦɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɞɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ
ɧɚ ɫɤɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ
ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ 1 ɩɨɞɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɨ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6).
225
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 6 – Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɱɟɬɜɺɪɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
Ƚɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɚ ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ. Ⱦɨɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ
ɥɸɛɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ. Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɺɬɫɹ
ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɍɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ
ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɫ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɫɤɨɩ 38DL PLUS
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ 0,03 ɦɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɞɨ 25 ɦɦ². ɉɪɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɢ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɤɚɤ
ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ. Ɇɟɬɨɞ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɵɯ
ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ɇɭɪɚɲɨɜ ȼ.ȼ., Ɋɭɦɹɧɰɟɜ Ⱥ.Ɏ. Ⱦɟɮɟɤɬɵ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɑɚɫɬɶ 2. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɯ
ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ // Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ. Ⱦɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɤɚ. 2007. ʋ5. ɋ. 31-42.
2. ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.ɇ., ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ, ȼ.ȼ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ //
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ȼɍɁɨɜ. ɋɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ. 2014. ʋ 3. ɋ. 118-124.
3. Meng Qifenga, Song Kaia, Zhang Lipana, Ning Ning, and Huang
Huabin. Study of Defects in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites Visualized by
Magnetic Induction Tomography [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2019. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340472404_Study_of_Defects
_in_Carbon_Fiber_Reinforced_Composites_Visualized_by_Magnetic_Induction_
Tomography (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 06.04.2023).
226
ɍȾɄ 004.3
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɈɋɈȻȿɇɇɈɋɌȿɃ ɊȺȻɈɌɕ ȻȿɋɉɊɈȼɈȾɇɕɏ
ɋȿɇɋɈɊɇɕɏ ɋȿɌȿɃ ȼ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɇɕɏ ɋɎȿɊȺɏ ɂɏ ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə
Ⱥ.Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɢɱɤɢɧɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɋ.ȼ. ɒɚɣɬɭɪɚ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɜ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ.
Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ, RFID-ɦɟɬɤɢ.
ɫɟɬɢ,
ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ,
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ,
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ,
STUDY OF THE OPERATING FEATURES OF WIRELESS
SENSOR NETWORKS IN VARIOUS FIELDS OF THEIR APPLICATION
A.D. Sinichkina, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Information
technologies control systems
Scientific adviser – S.V. Shaitura, Candidate of Technical sciences, Associate
professor of the Department of Information technologies control systems
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
This article discusses the main areas of application of wireless sensor
networks. The technology in question is a relatively new phenomenon, therefore, in
this work, the features of functioning, some problems and disadvantages when
using wireless sensor networks are identified. As a result, some conclusions have
been established regarding the application of the technology in question in the
future.
227
Wireless sensor networks, sensors, surveillance, applications, monitoring, RFID
tags.
Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ (Ȼɋɋ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɪɚɫɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ [1]. ɋɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ
1), ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɨɬɨɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɡ:
1) ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ;
2) ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ;
3) ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ);
4) ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ (Ⱥɐɉ)
5) ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɛɥɨɤ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 í Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ
ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɹɯ
ɋɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɚɬɱɢɤ (ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ) ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ. ɗɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɛɥɨɤɚ Ⱥɐɉ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ ɭɡɥɚ. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɟɦɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɭɡɟɥ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪɨɦ,
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɭɡɥɚɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ.
Ȼɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2), ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ
ɫɟɛɟ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ
ɫɟɬɶɸ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ-ɥɸɞɹɦ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɟɬɹɦ [2].
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 í Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɚɹ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ Ȼɋɋ
ɋɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ
ɭɡɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ Ȼɋɋ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ
ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ. ɇɟɞɨɪɨɝɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɬɢɩɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ
ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ. ɉɨ
ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ Ȼɋɋ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ
ɰɟɥɹɯ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɣ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ [3].
Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ (Ȼɋɋ) — ɷɬɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ, ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ,
ɦɚɥɨɦɨɳɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɦɢ
ɭɡɥɚɦɢ. Ȼɋɋ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ
ɭɡɥɨɜ ɫ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɣɧɵɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɟɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɛɨɪɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ, ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ
ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ [4].
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 í Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɭɡɥɚ Ȼɋɋ
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ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢɱɟɦ ɢɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ
ɦɢɤɪɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ, ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ,
ɬɚɣɦɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ). ȼ
ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɤ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɞɭɥɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɟ.
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ
ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ. Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɚɹ
ɫɜɹɡɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɬɪɚɧɫɢɜɟɪɨɜ [6].
Ɇɨɞɭɥɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ȼɋɋ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ,
ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɭɡɥɚɦɢ. ɋɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ, ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɦɨɞɭɥɶ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ
ɨɛɦɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɦɢ
ɭɡɥɚɦɢ [1-2].
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ Ȼɋɋ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɋɋ:
1. Ɉɬɤɚɡɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ
í
ɷɬɨ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɛɨɟɜ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ
ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ.
2. ɇɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɡɥɨɜ. Ⱦɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ Ȼɋɋ.
3. Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɜ Ȼɋɋ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɬɧɹɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ.
4. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ. Ⱦɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨ
ɨɬɤɚɡɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ [5, 6].
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ (ɜɵɛɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ) ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ «ɠɟɥɟɡɚ»
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4) (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɭ) ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɭɥɹ ɫ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ (ɬɪɚɧɫɢɜɟɪɨɦ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ȼɋɋ ɩɨɞ
ɦɧɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ [7].
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ Ȼɋɋ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɬɢɩɨɜ
ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɢ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ [3].
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 í ȼɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼɋɋ
1. Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ (ɫɟɬɟɣ). Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ (ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɚɹ/ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɧɚɹ) ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ [5].
2. Ȼɋɋ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ
ɩɨɞ ɡɟɦɥɺɣ ɯɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɡɚɬɭɯɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɢ. Ɉɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɨ [3].
3. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ȼɋɋ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ [8].
4. Ɉɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɟɞɢɣɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ [3].
5. Ȼɋɋ ɜ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ.
Ȼɋɋ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɹɯ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɫɟɬɢ
[6]:
1. ɋɟɬɶ «Ɂɜɟɡɞɚ». Ɂɜɟɡɞɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ – ɷɬɚ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɜ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɞɧɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ [2].
ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
í
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɟ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɱɟɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɨɣ Ȼɋɋ [1].
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ.
2. ɋɟɬɶ «ɹɱɟɣɤɢ». ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ
ɜ ɫɟɬɢ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ.
3. Ƚɢɛɪɢɞɧɚɹ ɡɜɟɡɞɚ – ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɚɹ ɢ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɫɟɬɶ,
ɩɪɢ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɢ [6].
231
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ Ȼɋɋ
ɇɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ȼɋɋ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ȼɋɋ
ɫɨɩɪɹɠɟɧɚ ɫ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɯ
ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ [7]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ
ɩɨɦɟɯɚɦ ɢ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ ɢɡɜɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɭɡɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɪɨɱɧɵɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɫɭɪɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ Ȼɋɋ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɟɪɩɢɦ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɭɡɥɨɜ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɚ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɜɟɥɢɤ, ɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ, ɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ȼɋɋ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɭɡɥɨɜ [2].
ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ Ȼɋɋ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɯ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɸ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ
ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɚɬɚɪɟɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɡɚɪɹɠɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
ɬɪɭɞɧɨ
ɢɥɢ
ɞɚɠɟ
ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ
ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɞɥɹ Ȼɋɋ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɹɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɫɬɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɜ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ
ɭɡɥɨɜ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɋɋ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɫɟɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɩɚɤɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɬɢ.
ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ [5].
Ɍɚɤɠɟ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɭɡɟɥ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɡɡɚ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɡɥɵ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɯɜɚɬɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɟɬɢ [1].
ɂ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ: ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ WSN ɞɚɧɧɵɟ,
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɬɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ
ɧɟɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ [4].
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ Ȼɋɋ ɫ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɢɩɨɜ, ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ,
232
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ȼɋɋ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ (ɬɨɩɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬ.
ɞ.). ɗɬɨɬ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɝɞɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɬɚ Ȼɋɋ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɋɬɚɬɶɹ
ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ Ȼɋɋ, ɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
Ȼɋɋ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ȼɋɋ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɭɠɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ
ɭɡɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ, ɚ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨ
ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɪ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ Ȼɋɋ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ
ɪɚɫɬɢ.
Ʉɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ,
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ Ȼɋɋ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ
ɭɹɡɜɢɦɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɟɧɤɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ȼ., ɒɚɣɬɭɪɚ ɋ.ȼ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ
ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɟ // Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. -2015 - ʋ5. - ɋ. 105-106.
2. Ⱥɪɬɸɲɟɧɤɨ ȼ.Ɇ., Ⱥɛɛɚɫɨɜɚ Ɍ.ɋ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ //
ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2014. ʋ5. ɋ. 52-56.
3. Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜ ɇ. Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ //
Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. 2014. ʋ1. ɋ. 10–15.
4. Ȼɚɥɨɧɢɧ ɇ.Ⱥ., ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜ Ɇ.Ȼ. Ȼɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ZigBee. ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ. // ɋɉɛ: ȽɍȺɉ, 2015. ɋ. 25.
5. ȼɢɲɧɟɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.Ɇ., Ʌɹɯɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɩɨɥɨɫɧɵɟ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ
ɫɟɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ // Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ: Ɍɟɯɧɨɫɮɟɪɚ, 2005.ɋ. 31-37.
6. ȼɚɪɝɚɭɡɢɧ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɞɢɨɫɟɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɛɨɪɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɨɜ,
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ IEEE 802.15.4 //
ɌɟɥɟɆɭɥɶɬɢɆɟɞɢɚ. 2015. ʋ 6. – ɋ. 32-36.
7. Ⱦɭɪɢɲɢɱ Ɇ.ɉ., Ɍɚɮɚ Ɂ., Ⱦɢɦɢɱ Ƚ., Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɢɱ ȼ. Ɉɛɡɨɪ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɟɬɟɣ // ɋɪɟɞɢɡɟɦɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹɦ (MECO), 2012, ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɢɹ. ɋ.
196–199.
8. ɒɚɯɧɨɜɢɱ ɂ.ȼ., ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɟɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɫɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ IEEE
802.15.3 ɢ 802.15.4 // ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɚ: ɇɌȻ., 2004. ʋ6. ɋ 30-41.
233
ɍȾɄ 661.665
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɉȺɊȺɆȿɌɊɈȼ, ȼɅɂəɘɓɂɏ ɇȺ ȺȻɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ
ɋȼɈɃɋɌȼȺ ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾ-ɄȿɊȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɄɈɆɉɈɁɂɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ
ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ
Ⱦ.ȼ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ. ɑɬɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɧɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɢɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɜ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ.
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ.
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ,
ɚɛɥɹɰɢɹ,
ANALYSIS OF PARAMETERS INFLUENCING THE ABLATIVE
PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES
D.V. Smirnov, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Engineering and Technology
Scientific adviser – A.N. Timofeev, Doctor of Technical sciences, Head of the
Basic Department of Quality management and research in the field of new
materials and technologies Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of
Higher Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet
Union, Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
In article the analysis of literary sources in the field of ablative properties of
ceramic matrix materials with the purpose to reveal the basic laws influencing on
oxidative stability in the high enthalpy gas streams is spent. That is justified by
increase of tactical-technical characteristics of spacecraft, which leads to increase
234
of thermal and physical-chemical loads on materials, from which elements of their
hull are made, especially on front edges and nose part.
Ceramic matrix composite, ablation, oxidation resistance.
ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
(ɍɄɄɆ)
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɯ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ.
Ɉɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɝɞɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ. ȼ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ.
ȿɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɨɬɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ
ɍɄɄɆ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ: ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɍɄɄɆ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɨ
ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɤɪɨɦɤɢ ɢ ɧɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ.
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɯ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ
ɫɥɨɹ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ.
Ɂɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɚɞɝɟɡɢɢ ɤ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɭ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɨɫɬ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɯ
ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɨɣ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
235
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ
ɞɨɥɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜ ɍɄɄɆ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɭ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ (~4×10-6 Ʉ-1 ɩɪɢ 1800 °ɋ) ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɭ
ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 10×10-6 Ʉ-1 ɩɪɢ 1800 °ɋ). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɦɭ
ɛɚɪɶɟɪɭ ɢɡ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɩɨɪɵ ɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Siɋ.
Ʉɚɪɛɢɞ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɞɨ 1800 °C, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ
ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ [1, ɋ.100082]. ɇɨ SiO2 ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ 1800 °C, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɡɴɟɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ɍɄɄɆ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ Zrɋ [11, C.109377].
ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(2715 °ɋ) ɢ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 5,4×10-4
ɦ2/ɫ). ɇɨ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɵɯɥɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɪɢɫɬɭɸ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤ
ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɸ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɜɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɫɚɦɨɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɪɛɢɞ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɧɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɨɣ ɨɬ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɟɧɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦɭ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɧɚɱɧɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɵ ɢ, ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ. ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ SiO2 ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ZrO2 ɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɫɚɦɨɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ZrO2
ɫɤɚɥɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɭɫɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɭɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɝɨɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɣ, ɧɟ
ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɣ SiO2 ɢ ɰɢɤɥ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ-ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɬɫɹ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɨɦɚɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ZrC-SiC ɛɵɥ
ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ «Ⱥɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ C/ZrC-SiC ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ ɫ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ
ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.».
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
236
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɡ ZrO2 ɩɪɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɭɸ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɩɪɟɬɟɪɩɟɜɚɟɬ
ɮɚɡɨɜɨɟ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɢ
ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ
ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ, ɢ ɨɛɚ ɷɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɥɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ SiC ɫɤɥɨɧɟɧ ɤ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ, ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ 1700 °C ɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨ
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ SiO ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɠɟɥɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ SiO2. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ SiO2, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (La, Nd, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, Ce) ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ.
ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ Jia ɢ ɞɪ. ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ RE2Zr2O7, ɝɞɟ (RE = La, Nd, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, Ce), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɢ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɵ RE
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɤɢ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɬɤɟ Si-O ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɹ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɬɢɨɧɚɦɢ RE, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ
ɫɟɬɢ Si-O, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɪɢɫɤ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ SiO2.
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [8, C. 1352] ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ZrO2, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ZrC, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɚɪɚ. ɋɥɨɣ SiO2,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ SiC, ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɵɲɟ 1175 °C ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɭɸ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɝɨ.
ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ [9, C. 100270] ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɵ Cf/C-ZrC-SiC ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɢ ɛɟɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ (Y2O3 ɢ CeO2) ɢɫɩɵɬɚɥɢ ɫ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɨɤɫɢɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ~2500 qC ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 60
ɫ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ.
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɮɚɡɧɨɦɭ ɫɩɟɤɚɧɢɸ
ZrO2 ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɣ RE2Zr2O7,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɦ. Ɋɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ SiO2, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ, ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥɢɤɚɬɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɋɬɨɤɫɚɗɣɧɲɬɟɣɧɚ:
ൌ
்
గȘ
(1)
237
ɝɞɟ D – ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ (ɦ2/ɫ), k – ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɚɹ Ȼɨɥɶɰɦɚɧɚ (Ⱦɠ/Ʉ),
T – ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ (Ʉ), Ș – ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ (ɦ2/ɫ) ɢ r – ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
(ɦ), ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ,
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ: 1) ɡɚɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɧɨɫ SiO2, 2) ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢ 3)
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ.
ɉɪɢ ɜɫɟɦ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɞɤɨɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ ɧɟ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɥɟɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [7, C. 12878]
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɥɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɍɄɄɆ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ Y2O3 ɢ La2O3. Ʉɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ C/ ZrC-SiC-Y2O3 ɜ
ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ – ZrO2 ɢ
Y2O3, ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɵ. Ɏɚɡɚ SiO2 ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɚɪɢɥɚɫɶ
ɢɡ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Y2Zr2O7 ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɢɡɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɨɝɨɥɟɧɵ. Ⱥ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ C/ZrCSiC-La2O3 ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɡ
ZrO2 ɢ La2Zr2O7. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ C/SiC-ZrC-Y2O3.
Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ. ɐɟɥɶɸ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ
ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [3, C.109347] HfC, TaC ɢ SiC ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɭ Cf/LaB6 ɞɥɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ C/C-ɍȼɌɄ (ɍȼɌɄ – ɭɥɶɬɪɚɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ). ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɩɥɚɡɦɵ ɩɪɢ 2400 °ɋ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 120 ɫ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɧɚ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ
C/C-LaB6-HfC (CLH), C/C-LaB6-HfC-TaC (CLHT),
C/C-LaB6-HfC-SiC (CLHS) ɢ C/C-LaB6-HfC-TaC-SiC (CLHTS)
238
ɋɚɦɵɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɢɦɟɥ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ C/C-LaB6-HfC-TaC-SiC,
ɱɬɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɬɨɱɤɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ HfO2. Ɉɤɫɢɞɵ La2O3 ɢ
La2Hf2O7, Ta2O5ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɜɹɡɤɢɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɧɨ ɨɧ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɜ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɢ ɩɨɪɵ. Ⱥ SiO2, La2Si2O7 ɢ LaTaO4 ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɩɥɨɬɧɟɟ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɫ
ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɨɣ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɧɚ ɚɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ C/CLaB6-HfC-TaC-SiC ɛɵɥ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ SiO2La2Si2O7-Ta2O5-LaTaO4-La2Hf2O7-La2O3-HfO2. ɗɬɨɬ ɫɥɨɣ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ
ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ ɨɬ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ.
Ʉɪɚɣɧɟɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ
ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ
ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ
ɷɤɜɢɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɦɢ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɚɹ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɚ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ – ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɦɨɞɭɥɟɦ ɭɩɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɢ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɍɄɄɆ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɪɨɩɢɣɧɵɦɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɦɢ [2, C. 5863; 4, C.
2295].
ȼ
ɨɛɟɢɯ
ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ
ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɥɢ
ɍɄɄɆ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ
C/(Ti0,2Zr0,2Hf0,2Nb0,2Ta0,2) C-SiC. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ: ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ,
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ Zr, Hf ɢ, ɜɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɛɥɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɦɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɬɨɤ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ
(ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɭ TiC – 4.363 Å, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɭ ZrC – 4,733 Å), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɗȾɋ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ,
ɱɬɨ Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta ɢ C ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɧɚɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɵɦ
ɡɟɪɧɚɦ (180-300 ɧɦ).
ȼ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɋ/ZrC ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ ɫ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ ɢɦɟɥ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ
(1,2 ɦɝ/ɫ ɢ 0,8 ɦɤɦ/ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 9,5 ɦɝ/ɫ ɢ 12,3 ɦɤɦ/ɫ). ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
C/(Ti0,2Zr0,2Hf0,2Nb0,2Ta0,2) C-SiC ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɮɚɡɵ:
Ti5,1Ta4,9O20, Hf6Ta2O17, Nb2Zr6O17 ɢ TaZr2,75O8.
Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɹɯ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɋ/ZrC. ȼ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɤ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɦɤɚɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
C/(Ti0,2Zr0,2Hf0,2Nb0,2Ta0,2) C-SiC ɜɢɞɧɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɡɵɪɟɣ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ
– ɥɨɩɧɭɜɲɢɟ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2). ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɚɹ ɮɚɡɚ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬ.ɤ. ɪɚɫɬɟɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɡɚɤɭɩɨɪɢɜɚɹ ɩɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɚ, ɢ ɪɜɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɚɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɍɄɄɆ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɯɭɞɲɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɧɨɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ
239
ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ "ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɡɜɟɧɨɦ" ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ti
– ɟɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ (ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ SiO2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɋɧɢɦɨɤ C/(Ti0,2Zr0,2Hf0,2Nb0,2Ta0,2)C-SiC ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɍɄɄɆ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɚɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ
ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɦɨ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ. ɇɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɭɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ
ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ C/C-ZrC-SiC ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [12,
C.11912]. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɤɚɧɨɜɵɤɥɚɞɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɧɭɸ, ɩɥɟɬɟɧɭɸ
ɫ ɩɪɨɲɢɜɤɨɣ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɟɬɟɧɢɹ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɧɚɹ
ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɤɢ
ɨɛɪɟɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɬɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɩɨɲɚɝɨɜɵɦ ɢɝɥɨɩɪɨɛɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ
ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚɯ C/C-ZrC-SiC ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɵ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ, ɧɢɡɤɨɣ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɦɟɠɫɥɨɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɞɜɢɝ. Ɉɫɨɛɨ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɢɩ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɟɬɤɢ, ɤɚɤ ɪɟɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɬɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ C/CZrC-SiC, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2130 °C,
ɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɤɚɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ – ɞɨ 2370 °C. ɗɬɨ
ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɩɥɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɚɛɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɨ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ
ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɪ ɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɟ
ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
240
ɨɤɫɢɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɢɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɯɚɨɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ, ZrC-SiC ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ
ZrO2 ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ.
Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦ
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɭɱɲɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜ ɧɟɬɤɚɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɍɄɄɆ ɧɚ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [5, C. 551].
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɟɬ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɸ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ, ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ,
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɨ-ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ. Ɋɵɯɥɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɯɪɭɩɤɨɣ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ, ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɫɥɨɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɨɪ. ɗɬɢ ɩɨɪɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɍɄɄɆ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ
ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ
ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɪ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɥɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ
ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɸ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧ.
ɇɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [10, C. 109545]. Ɇɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɨɟ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ Zr-Ta-B-SiC ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ/ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɫɩɟɧɡɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɬɠɢɝɨɦ. Ȼɵɥɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (Zr,Ta)B2 ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɚɧɬɢɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ. Ⱥɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ 2300 °C. ɉɪɢ
ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɛɵɥɨ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ,
ɱɬɨ
ɦɢɤɪɨɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ Zr-Ta-O ɜ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ
ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ Zr ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɵɯɥɨɟ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɥɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɪɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ
241
ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ Ɍɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɢɡɥɢɲɟɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɮɚɡɵ Zr-Ta-O, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɪɢɜɚɥ ɜɫɟ
ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ
ɡɚɩɟɪɬɵ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɜɫɩɭɱɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ
ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3 ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɫɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɧɨɫɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ Zr:Ta – 70:30 ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɛɵɥ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɤɚɪɤɚɫ ɢɡ ɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ
ɡɟɪɟɧ ZrO2, ɚ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɨɣ Zr-Ta-O, ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɨɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ TaC
(MAR – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ, ɦɝ/ɫ;
LAR – ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ, ɦɤɦ/ɫ)
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [6, C.3601] ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ZrC-LaB6 ɧɚ C/C ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɟ
ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ SiC. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɫ
ɨɤɫɢɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɨɣ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 30 ɫ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ 2,4
Ɇȼɬ/ɦ2. ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ LaB6 ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 20 ɨɛ.%. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ LaB6
ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɟ
B2O3 ɢ SiO2. ɉɪɢ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɟ LaB6 – ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɧɢɡɤɨɜɹɡɤɨɣ ɮɚɡɵ LaBO3, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɪɵ, ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɫɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ
ɨɬɪɵɜɭ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ LaB6 ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ~15 ɨɛ.% ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫ ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ B2O3.
ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɜ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ
ɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
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ɉɪɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɵ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɧɨɣ
ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɭɧɨɫɹ ɫ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ, ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɞ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɣɧɨɝɨ
ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɨɪ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɍɄɄɆ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɉɪɢ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ. Ɉɬɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɬɢɩ
ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɜ ɍɄɄɆ. Ɂɚɳɢɬɭ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɷɧɬɚɥɶɩɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɡ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɮɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɤɚɫɚ ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɥɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ
ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɬɨɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Basha M. R., Udayakumar A., Sankaranarayanan S. R. Synthesis and
characterisation of Cf/SiC composites with modified silicon carbide matrix
//Carbon Trends. 2021. ʋ. 5. P. 100082-100084.
2. Cai
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Cf/(Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2) C-SiC high-entropy ceramic matrix composites
via precursor infiltration and pyrolysis //Journal of the European Ceramic Society.
2021. ʋ. 41. ʋ. 12. P. 5863-5871.
3. Fang C. et al. Effects of LaB6 on composition, microstructure and
ablation property of the HfC-TaC-SiC doped C/C composites prepared by
precursor infiltration and pyrolysis //Corrosion Science. 2021. ʋ. 184. P. 109347109349.
4. Guo W. et al. A novel strategy for rapid fabrication of continuous carbon
fiber reinforced (TiZrHfNbTa) C high-entropy ceramic composites: high-entropy
alloy in-situ reactive melt infiltration //Journal of the European Ceramic Society.
2023 ʋ 43. P. 2295-2305.
5. Huang D. et al. Ablation mechanism of C/C–ZrB2–ZrC–SiC composite
fabricated by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis with preform of Cf/ZrB2
//Corrosion Science. 2015. ʋ 98. P. 551-559.
6. Jia Y. et al. Effect of LaB6 content on the gas evolution and structure of
ZrC coating for carbon/carbon composites during ablation //Ceramics
International. 2017. ʋ 43. 4. P. 3601-3609.
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7. Luo L. et al. Multiple ablation resistance of La2O3/Y2O3-doped C/SiC–
ZrC composites //Ceramics International. 2015. ʋ 41. P. 12878-12886.
8. Sun Q. et al. Fabrication of C/C–SiC–ZrB2 Ultra-High Temperature
Composites through Liquid–Solid Chemical Reaction //Crystals. 2021. ʋ. 11. P.
1352-1355.
9. Tammana S. R. C. M. et al. Ablation behaviour of Cf–ZrC-SiC with and
without rare earth metal oxide dopants //Open Ceramics. 2022. ʋ 10. P. 100270100275
10. Tong K. et al. Ablation behavior of (Zr, Ta) B2-SiC coating on
carbon/carbon composites at 2300° C //Corrosion Science. 2021. ʋ 188. P.
109545-109549.
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carbon fiber reinforced ZrB2/SiC composites at 2000 and 2200° C //Corrosion
Science. 2021. ʋ 184. P. 109377-109381.
12. Xie J. et al. Effects of surface structure unit of 2D needled carbon fiber
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ɍȾɄ 621.371
ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ɂ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɋɌȿɅɋ-ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ
ɉ.Ʌ. ɋɩɢɜɚɤɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ɇ. Ɍɢɦɨɮɟɟɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȿɳɟ ɜ ɚɧɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɭɠɟ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɤɪɵɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ 1904 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɲɭɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ
ɫɬɚɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ
ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. Ɍɚɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ,
ɚ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ – ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ,
ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ, ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ.
Ɋɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ.
HISTORY OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF STEALTH
TECHNOLOGY
P.L. Spivakov, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
Management and Standardization
Scientific adviser – A.N. Timofeev, Doctor of Engineering, Head of the Basic
Department of Quality management and research in the field of new materials and
technologies Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
Even in ancient times, when military confrontations already occupied a
strong place in the life of society, mankind understood that one of the main
advantages in a clash with the enemy is the ability to camouflage and stealth. With
the advent in 1904 and the use of radar technologies, create less noise when
moving and try to merge as much as possible with the surrounding terrain to the
troops was clearly not enough. So, there was a need to reduce the visibility of
245
military equipment in the radar region of the spectrum, and subsequently in other
frequency ranges - infrared, acoustic, optical.
Radar visibility, radar-absorbing materials, camouflage.
ɋ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɋɬɟɥɫ»
(ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ stealth – «ɬɚɣɧɵɣ», «ɫɤɪɵɬɧɵɣ»). ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɥɫɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɩɵɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɬɶ [5]. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɵ ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɨɥɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ. Ɂɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.
ɂɋɌɈɊɂə ɉɊɂɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɊȺȾɂɈɉɈȽɅɈɓȺɘɓɂɏ ɆȺɌȿɊɂȺɅɈȼ
ɂ ɊȺȾɂɈɉɈȽɅɈɓȺɘɓɂɏ ɉɈɄɊɕɌɂɃ
Ɋɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɟɥɫɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɨɬ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ.
Ɉɬɥɢɱɢɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɚ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɋɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚɯ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɟ
ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɵɦ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɧɟɜɢɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚɯ ɨɛɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ:
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ; ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ;
ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɚɧɬɟɧɧ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
246
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɝɨɞɚɦ
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
Schornsteinfeger («ɒɨɪɧɲɬɟɣɧɮɟɝɟɪ») ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɸ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɧɟɦɰɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɞɨɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ
ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɨɜ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚɯ [11]. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧɨɦ Interessen-Gemeinschaft
Farbenindustrie AG (IG Farben) ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ
Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɚ ɢ ɏɟɯɫɬɚ. Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɨɟɧɧɨ-ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɞɢɨɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ȼɆɎ. ɉɨ ɤɨɞɨɜɨɦɭ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ
Schornsteinfeger ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɟɦɰɚɦɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɜ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɚɪɤɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɟɝɤɭɸ ɫɥɨɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ ɨɤɨɥɨ 75 ɦɦ ɢ ɛɵɥ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɟɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ
ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɫ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ. ɗɬɢ ɫɥɨɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ
ɫɥɨɹɦɢ
ɞɢɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
ɢɡ
ɩɨɥɢɜɢɧɢɥɯɥɨɪɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɧɨɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɚ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɛɵɥ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 30 ɫɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɧɨɪɤɟɥɹ
(ɩɟɪɢɫɤɨɩɚ) ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɥɨɞɨɤ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɥɚ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɝɥɨɬɢɬɟɥɹ əɭɦɚɧɚ (Jaumann Absorber),
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɚɤ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɹ – ɂɨɝɚɧɧɚ əɭɦɚɧɚ (ɝ. Ȼɪɸɧ) [2].
ȼ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɩɢɨɧɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
Horten Ho IX (ɇɨ-229), ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ [2]. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɢɦɟɥ ɞɟɪɟɜɹɧɧɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ, ɩɪɢ
ɷɬɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɮɚɧɟɪɵ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɚɧ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ
ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ.
ȼ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɜ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1950-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɦ
ɪɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɟ
Lockheed
U-2.
ɐɟɥɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜɡɚɢɦɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɯ. ȼ 1958 ɝɨɞɭ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ
ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ ɋɒȺ
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ɢɥɢ DARPA). ȼ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 1970-ɯ
247
ɝɨɞɨɜ DARPA ɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɥɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ
Lockheed Have Blue, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɨɥɟɬ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1977 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɨɡɞɧɟɟ
ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ F-117A – ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Iron Ball Paint, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɟ
ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɜ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢɥɢ
ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɮɟɪ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɜ
ɋȼɑ-ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬ. ɋȼɑ-ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨ. Ɍɟɩɥɨ ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ Iron Ball Paint ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɟ-ɪɚɡɜɟɞɱɢɤɟ SR-71 Blackbird ɢ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɟ F-117 Nighthawk.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɥɢɫɬɨɜ
ɧɟɨɩɪɟɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɚɭɱɭɤɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ. ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɟɪɧɚ ɮɟɪɪɢɬɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 30% ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɚ.
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ F-22 Raptor.
Ɋɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ
ɨɫɬɪɵɯ ɤɪɨɦɨɤ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɡɥɨɦɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ.
Ɋɚɧɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ȼȼɋ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɫɚ
ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ Raptor ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ,
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ F-22 ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɜɟɫɚ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ [10].
ɂɋɌɈɊɂə STEALTH-ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ ȼ ȺȼɂȺɋɌɊɈȿɇɂɂ
Ȼɪɚɬɶɹ ȼɚɥɶɬɟɪ ɢ Ɋɟɣɦɚɪ ɏɨɪɬɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɚ
ɩɥɚɧɟɪɚ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ «flying wing» ɢɥɢ «ɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɪɵɥɚ». ɋɜɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɪ
ɨɧɢ ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ 1931 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ «Horten I». ȼ 1936 ɝɨɞɭ
248
ɛɪɚɬɶɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɜ Ʌɸɮɬɜɚɮɮɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɥɨɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ
ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɛɪɚɬɶɹ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥɢ
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ «ɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ
ɤɪɵɥɚ». Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ Horten Ho IX (ɬɚɤɠɟ Gotha Go
229). ȼ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ 1944 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɧ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɟɬɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ ɏɨɪɬɟɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɩɥɨɬɢɬɶ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɧɢɡɢɥɢ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ [9].
1 ɦɚɹ 1960 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɟɥ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ – ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ Lockheed U-2 ɛɵɥ ɫɛɢɬ ɧɚɞ
ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɟɣ ɋɋɋɊ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɵɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (ɐɊɍ) ɋɒȺ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɚɜɢɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɪɯɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ-ɪɚɡɜɟɞɱɢɤ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ
ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɚɦɢ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ Ⱥ-12, ɚ ɩɨɡɠɟ –
ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ-ɪɚɡɜɟɞɱɢɤ Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ
ɢɦɟɥ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɛɨɤɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɟɧɢɹ (ɤɢɥɢ) ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɵ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɭɝɨɥ. ɇɚ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɭ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ, ɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɥɫɹ ɰɟɡɢɣ ɫ
ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɵɯɥɨɩɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ, ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼ 1998 ɝɨɞɭ SR-71 ɛɵɥ ɫɧɹɬ ɫ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧ ɢɡ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ,
ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ
ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɟɧ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ
F-117,
ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 1975 ɝɨɞɭ. F-117,
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ Lockheed Martin ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ Have Blue ɢ Senior Trend ɩɨ
ɡɚɤɚɡɭ ɆɈ ɋɒȺ, ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ [3]. ȼɨɟɧɧɵɟ
ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɢ ɯɨɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɞɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ
ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦ ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ
ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɥ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ: ɤɪɵɥɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɫɬɪɟɥɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ; ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɢɥɢ;
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɞ ɤɪɵɥɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɪɨɞɤɢ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɋɚɦɨɥɟɬ
ɛɵɥ
ɫɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ «ɥɟɬɚɸɳɟɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ», ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɟɝɨ ɮɸɡɟɥɹɠ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɢɡ
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ,
ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɧɚɧɨɫɢɥɨɫɶ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɫɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ
249
ɫɨɛɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɤɥɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɛɵɥ
ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɟɝɨ ɚɷɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦ.
ȼ ɢɸɧɟ 1981 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɟ ɜ ɇɟɜɚɞɟ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ F-117 ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɨɞɧɹɥɫɹ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ. Ⱥ ɜ 2006
ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɨ ɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ F-117 Nighthawk, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ
ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɫɧɹɬɢɹ ɫ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ 2008 ɝɨɞɚ.
ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ
ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɤɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɰɟɥɟɜɨɝɨ
ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ F-22 Raptor.
ȼ 1981 ɝɨɞɭ ȼȼɋ ɋɒȺ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɦɭ
ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɸ (ATF), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ F-15 Eagle. ɇɨɜɵɣ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɥ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɭɸ ɚɜɢɨɧɢɤɭ, ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɚɥɭɸ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ ɢɸɥɟ 1986 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ATF ȼȼɋ ɋɒȺ
ɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚɦɢ Lockheed Martin YF-22 ɢ Northrop YF-23.
Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɨɫɧɚɳɚɥɫɹ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ Pratt & Whitney, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ – General Electric YF 120. ȼ ɚɩɪɟɥɟ
1991 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɚ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶ. ɂɦ ɫɬɚɥ YF-22
ɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ F 119. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɤɚɤ F-22 Raptor, ɩɪɢɧɹɬ
ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ȼȼɋ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨ [10].
ȼȼɋ ɋɒȺ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɹ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ: ɫɦɟɪɬɨɧɨɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ [10]. ɗɬɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɪɢɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɵɫɤɚɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ F-22 Raptor:
x ɫɬɟɥɫ (ɢɥɢ ɦɚɥɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ),
x ɫɜɟɪɯɡɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɤɪɟɣɫɟɪɫɤɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ (ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɬɶ ɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɟɪɯɡɜɭɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɟɫɮɨɪɫɚɠɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ),
x ɦɚɧɟɜɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
x ɩɪɨɞɜɢɧɭɬɚɹ ɚɜɢɨɧɢɤɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɢɥɨɬɭ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ
ɨɛɡɨɪ ɧɚ 360 ɝɪɚɞɭɫɨɜ),
x ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
(ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ 2-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ).
Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɣ ɜɵɡɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ F-22 ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɫ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ
F-22 ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɢɝɨɧɟ Lockheed Martin ɜ ɏɚɥɥɟɧɞɟɣɥɟ. Ɍɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɫ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ,
250
ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɨɩɥɚɦɢ, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ
ɫ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɬɟɤɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɤɪɵɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɛɢɧɵ ɩɢɥɨɬɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɫɬɵ, ɬɟɫɬɵ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɚɧɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ
ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɨɜ F-22 Raptor, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ Lockheed Martin Aeronautics,
Ȼɪɟɬɬ ɏɚɢɫɬɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɹɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ F22 ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɟɬɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ.
ȼ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ, ɚ ɜ ɹɧɜɚɪɟ
2003 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ F-22 ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥ ɧɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ȼȼɋ ɋɒȺ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɨ 187 ɫɟɪɢɣɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɢɬɫɹ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬ
ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɚɹ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ (ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 400 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ) ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
ɋɒȺ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɤɭɩɨɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɟɲɟɜɨɝɨ F-35.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ F-22 Raptor ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ
ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɢ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ
ɟɝɨ ɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɧɚ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.
ɂɋɌɈɊɂə STEALTH-ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ ȼ ɄɈɊȺȻɅȿɋɌɊɈȿɇɂɂ
ɇɚɞɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ Sea Shadow (ɩɪɨɟɤɬ IX-529) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Lockheed Martin ɩɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ
DARPA (ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɆɈ
ɋɒȺ). ȿɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 1980 ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɬɨɥɱɨɤ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ. ȼɆɋ ɋɒȺ
ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ
ɤɚɤ: ɮɨɪɦɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɜɚɬɟɪɥɢɧɢɢ (ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɝɨ
ɫɨɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ);
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ
ɢ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ; ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɲɭɦɧɵɯ ɝɪɟɛɧɵɯ ɜɢɧɬɨɜ.
ɇɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɚ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɝɥɚɞɤɭɸ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ. Ȼɨɪɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɜɚɥɟɧɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ, ɚ ɡɨɧɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɞɜɭɯɝɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɭɝɨɥɨɤ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɨɣɤɚɦɢ ɝɨɧɞɨɥ ɢ ɧɚɞɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɱɚɫɬɶɸ), ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɦ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɢɩɚɠɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 12 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ.
ȼ 1985 ɝɨɞɭ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɛɵɥ ɫɩɭɳɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɟɥ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ
[7]. ȼ 1994 ɝɨɞɭ ɬɟɫɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɚɹ ɰɟɥɶ ɩɨ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɚɬɟɪ ɢɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ ɧɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɫɫɢɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ȼɆɋ ɋɒȺ ɪɟɲɢɥɨ ɫɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ.
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ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɩɨ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Sea Shadow ȼɆɋ ɋɒȺ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ
Sɋ-21 (Surface Combatant for the 21st Century). Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɟɣɫɟɪɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ
(ɲɢɮɪ CG-21). Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
Stealth-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ Sea Shadow, ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɟɦ ɷɫɦɢɧɰɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ DD-21, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ. Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɤɚ
ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨɫɶ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 18-19 ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ 2017 ɝɨɞɚ
ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɪɟɣɫɟɪɵ ɬɢɩɚ Ticonderoga. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ
ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ 2010 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɟɧɚ.
Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɆɋ ɋɒȺ
ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɫɤɚɞɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɢɧɨɧɨɫɰɵ ɬɢɩɚ Arleigh
Burke (ɩɪɨɟɤɬ DDG-51) ɫɟɪɢɢ Flight III ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɦɢ ɫ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɨɜ, ɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɬɨɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟɫɬɢ
ɷɫɦɢɧɟɰ ɫ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɦ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɆɈ ɋɒȺ
ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ Arleigh Burke ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɫ
ɜɨɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɶɦɭɬ ɧɚ
ɫɟɛɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɟɣɫɟɪɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ.
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɇȺɌɈ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɫɹ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ: ɮɪɟɝɚɬ Type 23 Norfolk (ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ), ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɟɪ
Saettia (ɂɬɚɥɢɹ), ɷɫɦɢɧɟɰ Cossard (Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ), ɮɪɟɝɚɬ Meko-360 (Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ).
ȼ 1992 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɒɜɟɰɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɟɪɚ ɧɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɭɲɤɟ Smyge, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɫɬɟɥɫɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ [7]. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɝɨ
ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɫ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɩɟɧɨɩɨɥɢɭɪɟɬɚɧɚ
(ɞɢɜɢɧɢɫɢɥɚ). Ʉɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɢɦɟɥ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɫɝɥɚɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɢɥɭɷɬ ɢ ɡɚɜɚɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɪɬɚ,
ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɚɥɭɛɵ.
Ⱥɧɬɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɢ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɚɱɬɟ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɢ ɩɚɥɭɛɧɵɟ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɨ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ. ȼɨɡɞɭɯɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɵ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɤɨɣ, ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ,
ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦɢ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɟɪɯɲɢɪɨɤɨɩɨɥɨɫɧɵɯ
ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ AntiStealth, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɹɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɭɸ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ
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ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ ɛɵɥ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɪɜɟɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ
Visby (ɤɨɧɰɟɪɧ Kockums, ɒɜɟɰɢɹ). Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɢ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɹɦ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɛɨɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɭɞɚɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ
ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɦɨɪɟ. ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [12] ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɜɟɬ
ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝɨ ȼɆɎ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Goteborg, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ 50 ɤɦ. ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɜɟɬɚ ɤɥɚɫɫɚ Visby
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 22 ɤɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 13 ɤɦ ɩɪɢ ɜɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ
ɦɨɪɹ. ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɷɬɢ ɰɢɮɪɵ
ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ.
Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɤɨɪɜɟɬɚ Visby ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɫɟɤɰɢɣ
ɩɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɯ ɩɚɧɟɥɟɣ ɚɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ
ɦɨɞɭɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ [7]. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɲɢɜɤɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ
ɜɵɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɪɦɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɜɚɬɟɪɥɢɧɢɢ. Ʌɸɛɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɜɵɞɜɢɠɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ
ɭɛɪɚɧɵ, ɥɢɛɨ ɠɟ ɫɩɪɹɬɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɭɤɪɵɬɢɹ.
ȼ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ Sea
Wraith ɫ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Vosper
Thomycroft, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫ ɫɭɞɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥ
ɫɤɨɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɟɧɨɣ ɧɨɫɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɯɨɠɟɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɧɨɪɟɡ. ɇɚɞɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɚɫɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨ – ɝɪɨɬɦɚɱɬɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɚ ɤ ɥɟɜɨɦɭ ɛɨɪɬɭ, ɚ ɮɨɤɦɚɱɬɚ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɟɣ – ɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɦɭ. Ɉɛɲɢɜɤɢ ɦɚɱɬ ɛɵɥɢ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɩɥɚɫɬɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɚɧɬɟɧɧɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɵ
ɜ ɦɚɱɬɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ ɦɨɪɨɫɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɚɤɭɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢɫɶ
ɝɪɟɛɧɵɟ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ, ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɝɚɡɨɬɭɪɛɢɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɋɒȺ ɜɫɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ ɜ ɢɸɧɟ 2005 ɝɨɞɚ ȼɆɋ ɋɒȺ ɢɧɢɰɢɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɛɨɟɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɪɚɛɥɹ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɭ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ
ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɞɜɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ – Lockheed Martin ɢ General Dynamics.
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Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɚɛɟɥɶɧɨɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɪɚɤɟɬɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɛɵɥɨ
ɭɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɤɪɨɦɤɚɦ ɢ ɭɝɥɨɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ. Ⱥɪɬɢɥɥɟɪɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɟ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ, ɦɚɱɬɵ, ɫɩɚɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɛɵɥɨ
ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ɭɛɪɚɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɶ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ. Ⱥɧɬɟɧɧɵ
ɛɵɥɢ ɭɛɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɫɭɥɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɛɢɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
ɦɚɱɬ. ɇɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɥɨɫɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ, ɚ
ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɪɚɫɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɢɦɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɞɥɢɧ ɜɨɥɧ. Ʉɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɥ ɦɚɥɨɣ
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶɸ ɜɚɬɟɪɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɩɚɥɭɛɨɣ.
ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɢ ɧɚɞɫɬɪɨɟɤ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɚɬɟɪɥɢɧɢɢ,
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɤ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚ. Ʉɨɪɩɭɫɧɵɟ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɚɡɦɟɫɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚɯ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ
ɡɚɛɨɪ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɫ ɛɨɪɬɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɲɚɯɬɵ,
ɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚɦɢ.
ȼ 2006 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ LCS ɛɵɥ ɫɩɭɳɟɧ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɭ, ɚ ɤ 2018
ɝɨɞɭ ȼɆɋ ɋɒȺ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɨɣ ɭɠɟ 18-ɣ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɶ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ.
ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɣ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ stealth, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɚɬɨɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɪɟɣɫɟɪ «ɉɟɬɪ
ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ», ɤɨɪɜɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ 20380 ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɐɆɄȻ «Ⱥɥɦɚɡ», ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɰɟɥɟɜɵɟ ɮɪɟɝɚɬɵ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ (ɩɪɨɟɤɬ 22350,
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɉɄȻ).
ɂɋɌɈɊɂə STEALTH-ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɃ ȼ ɇȺɁȿɆɇɈɃ ɌȿɏɇɂɄȿ
ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ 1916 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɚɯ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɬɚɧɤɨɜ –
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ – ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ
ɩɨɢɫɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ʉ 1939 ɝɨɞɭ ɬɚɧɤ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɟɯɨɬɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɭɞɚɪɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ
ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɛɪɨɧɟɬɚɧɤɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɥɢ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɚ ɠɟ ɪɨɥɶ ɨɬɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɢɦ ɢ ɜ
ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɬɚɧɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɣ ɞɟɧɶ. ȼ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɬɚɧɤɨɜ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɝɧɟɜɨɣ ɦɨɳɢ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ [4].
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ
ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɭɠɢɹ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɬɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɢɧɨɣ
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ
ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ, ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ, Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɟ ɢ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɧɚ
ɍɤɪɚɢɧɟ. Ɇɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɟ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɤɪɵɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ
ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɡɚɛɥɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɢɥɟ ɢ
254
ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɛɨɪɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ: ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚɠɟɣ,
ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɞɪ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰ.
Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɛɪɨɧɟɬɚɧɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
[1]. ȼ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɜ 1989 ɝɨɞɭ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɨɩɬɢɤɨ-ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ
ɨɪɭɠɢɸ ɒɬɨɪɚ-1. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɸ ɨɩɬɢɤɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɦɨɞɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ
ɩɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɭ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɪɚɫɫɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɬɚɧɤɨɜɵɯ
ɪɚɤɟɬ ɬɢɩɚ Milan, BGM-71 TOW, HOT, M47 Dragon ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɢɯ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯ ɩɚɪ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɵɯ ɝɨɥɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɯ ɞɥɹ
ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɨɜ ɫ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɢɩɚ AGM-114 Hellfire,
AGM-65 Maverick, M712 Copperhead ɢ ɞɪ. Ⱥɷɪɨɡɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɥɚɤɨ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɟ
ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɚɬɵ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɫɜɟɬɤɭ ɬɚɧɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦ
ɥɭɱɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɬɚɤɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɛɨɟɩɪɢɩɚɫɚ ɨɬ ɰɟɥɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɚɧɤ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ 4-5 ɪɚɡ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɸ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɧɤɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ 50% [8]. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɜ
ɉɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɟ ɜ 1990-1991 ɝɨɞɭ ɂɪɚɤ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥ ɦɚɤɟɬɵ
ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ, ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɵɯ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɢ ɬɚɧɤɨɜ. Ɇɚɤɟɬɵ ɪɚɤɟɬ
ɋɄȺȾ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɚɬɚɤɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɹɤɨɛɵ
ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɹɬɶ ɪɚɡ [8].
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɭɮɥɹɠɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɚɹ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ SAAB Barracuda ɜɟɞɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɫ 1957 ɝɨɞɚ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɚɤɨɣ
ɤɚɦɭɮɥɹɠ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɫɨ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɜ
ɜɢɞɟ
ɝɟɤɫɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɹɱɟɟɤ, ɫɤɥɟɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ.
əɱɟɣɤɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɬɪɟɯɰɜɟɬɧɵɟ ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ ɫ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
– ɩɭɫɬɵɧɹ, ɝɨɪɢɫɬɚɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɡɟɥɟɧɚɹ ɪɚɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɧɟɝ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ
ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɭɸ
ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɹɯ.
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Ɇɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ Barracuda ɞɥɹ ɡɢɦɧɟɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɰɜɟɬɭ
ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɛɟɥɵɣ ɫɧɟɝ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɮɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɫɢɧɬɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɤɚɧɶ ɫ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹɦɢ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ. ȼ 1990-1991 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɜ
ɉɟɪɫɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɟ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɥɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ
ɨɞɟɠɞɭ [8]. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɣ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ
ɩɭɫɬɵɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɦɭɮɥɹɠɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɭɯɨɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɥ ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ, ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɵɠɢɣ ɰɜɟɬɚ,
ɦɹɝɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ SAAB Barracuda ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɟɣ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɚɪɦɢɹɦɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ, Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɢ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɂɧɞɢɢ.
ɁȺɄɅɘɑȿɇɂȿ
ɇɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɯ ɛɨɟɜɵɯ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ,
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ.
Ȼɟɧ Ɋɢɱɢ – ɛɵɜɲɢɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Lockheed Martin – ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ F-117 ɜɟɞɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɸ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫ 1975
ɝɨɞɚ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɹ ɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɦ [5]. ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɠɟ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɵ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɢɦɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹɦɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɚɬɚɤ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɥɨɞɤɢ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɫɤɨɩɵ ɢ ɪɭɛɤɢ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɶ
ɪɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɟɥɤɨɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɵɯ ɮɟɪɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɯ
ɧɚɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɜɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɬɟɥɫɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. Ɉɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɏɨɤɚ ɩɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ 1924-1944 ɝɨɞɚɯ. ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɏɨɤ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ, ɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɥ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ ɤɪɢɜɢɡɧɵ
[6].
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ ȿ.ȼ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɚ ɩɨ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥ.
ȼ 1962 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɧɵɣ ɉ.ə. ɍɮɢɦɰɟɜ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥ
ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ ɩɨɞ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ «Ɇɟɬɨɞ ɤɪɚɟɜɵɯ ɜɨɥɧ ɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɞɢɮɪɚɤɰɢɢ».
ɂɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɞɢɨɥɨɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɍɚɤ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝɢ ɉ.ə. ɍɮɢɦɰɟɜɚ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ Lockheed Martin, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɦɚɥɨɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ F-117 Nighthawk.
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Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɟɜ Ⱥ.Ƚ., ɒɬɚɝɟɪ ȿ.Ⱥ., Ʉɨɡɵɪɟɜ ɋ.ȼ. Ɏɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ Stealth. – Cɉɛ.: ȼȼɆ, 2007. 284 ɫ.
2. Ɋɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ].
ȼɢɤɢɩɟɞɢɹ:
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ
ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢɹ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ɋɚɞɢɨɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɳɢɟ_ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ_ɢ
_ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ
(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 12.04.2023).
3. Ƚɥɚɡɭɧɨɜ, ȼ. Ɇ. Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ: ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ /
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ. –
2016. – Ɍ. 10, ʋ S2. – ɋ. 15-17.
4. ȿɜɞɨɤɢɦɨɜ ȼ.ɂ., Ƚɭɦɟɧɸɤ Ƚ.Ⱥ., Ⱥɧɞɪɸɳɟɧɤɨ Ɇ.ɋ. ɇɟɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɚɹ
ɡɚɳɢɬɚ ɛɨɟɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. – ɋɉɛ.: Ɋɟɧɨɦɟ, 2009. 176 ɫ.
5. Ʌɚɝɚɪɶɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɇ., ɉɨɝɨɫɹɧ Ɇ.Ⱥ. Ɏɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ / ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ.– 2003. – Ɍ.
73, ʋ 9. – ɋ. 779-787.
6. Ʌɚɝɚɪɶɤɨɜ Ⱥ. ɇ., Ɏɟɞɨɪɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ. ɂ., Ʉɢɫɟɥɶ ȼ.ɇ. [ɢ ɞɪ.] Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɬɟɥɫɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ɂɧ-ɬ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɊȺɇ: ɨɮɢɰ. ɫɚɣɬ. 2014. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
http://www.itae.ru/science/topics/ʋ4%20(ɫɬɟɥɫ).pdf
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
12.04.2023).
7. ɋɟɪɬɚɤɨɜ Ⱦ.ȼ., ɋɬɨɥɹɪɨɜ ɋ.ɉ. ɋɬɟɥɫ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɦ
ɤɨɪɚɛɥɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ / Ⱥɥɶɦɚɧɚɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɦɛɨɜ:
Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɚ, 2008. ʋ 12 (19). C. 151-153.
8. Ɏɢɥɢɧ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ɇɨɥɨɯɢɧɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ
ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ). – Ɇ.: ɂɇɂɐ Ɋɨɫɩɚɬɟɧɬɚ, 2003. 215 ɫ.
9. Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Wings: World War II in the Air. New York:
Simon & Schuster, 1994. 415 ɪ.
10. Haisty, Brett S. Lockheed Martin’s Affordable Stealth. Lockheed Martin
Aeronautics, Washington, D.C., National Press Club, November 15, 2000. 7 ɪ.
11. The Schornsteinfeger Project. CIOS Report XXVI-24, CIOS Target
Number 1/549 Radar, 1945. 34 p.
2. Truker S. Revolution on the surface of sea. Jane’s NAVY International,
July/August, 1998, Vol.103, ʋ.6.
257
ɍȾɄ 159.9.
ɊɈɅɖ ɎȺɄɌɈɊɈȼ ɎɍɇɄɐɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɄɈɆɎɈɊɌȺ ȼ
ɉɊɈəȼɅȿɇɂɂ ɈɋɌɊɈȽɈ ɍɆɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɍɌɈɆɅȿɇɂə
Ʉ.Ɋ. ɋɩɢɰɵɧɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɋ.ɋ. Ʉɨɫɬɵɪɹ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɩɫɢɯɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ
ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
(ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (N=493)
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ
ɩɫɢɯɨɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɫɬɪɨɟ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ, ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ.
THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL COMFORT FACTORS AS A
MANIFESTATION OF ACUTE MENTAL FATIGUE
K.R. Spitsyna, third-year postgraduate student of the Department of Humanitarian
and social disciplines
Scientific adviser – S.S. Kostyrya, Candidate of Psychological sciences, Associate
professor of the Department of Humanitarian and social disciplines
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article touches upon the topic of preferences in the choice of objective
(ergonomic) characteristics of a virtual organization, the results of an empirical
study of the specifics of the manifestation of acute mental fatigue of a virtual
organization employees (N=493) among men and women. On the basis of the
revealed patterns, the validity of the applied psychodiagnostic program for
258
assessing fatigue of the leading function in the study of the factors of functional
comfort of a virtual organization employees is confirmed.
Acute mental fatigue, virtual organization, functional comfort.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ (ȼɈ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɮɨɪɦɨɣ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ [5, ɋ.150]. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɺɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ȼɈ ɤɚɤ
ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ XXI ɜɟɤɚ [1, ɋ.127].
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ [5,
ɋ.152-158] ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ȼɈ, ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ȼɈ, ɜɢɞɵ ȼɈ, ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼɈ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪ «ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ» [5, ɋ.157]
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɺɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ,
ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɤ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɨɣ ɭɜɨɥɶɧɟɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ȼɈ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ «ɧɨɜɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɮɨɪɦɚ,
ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɚɹɫɹ
ɧɚ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɢ
ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ» [3, ɋ.57]. ɍɱɺɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ «ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ» [3, ɋ.55],
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ: ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɵ, ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɪ. ȼ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ» [1, C.62] ɢɥɢ «ɫɟɬɟɜɨɟ
ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ» [4, C.37], ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬ-ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɧɨɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
«ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɯ» ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɚɤ «ɧɨɜɵɣ
ɬɢɩ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ» [4, C.39], ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɟ ɨɪɭɞɢɟ» ɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ
ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɵ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ «ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɫɟɛɹ» [4, C.39]. Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɥɶ ɦɟɬɚɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ [2, C.118].
ȼɟɞɭɳɢɟ
ɭɱɺɧɵɟ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ [8, C.103]. ɗɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ «ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ»
[7, C.33]. Ɉɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɷɪɝɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ [10,
ɋ.128]. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ)
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ
ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ȼɈ.
259
Ɋɚɧɟɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ
ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ȼɈ: ɩɨɥ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ,
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ [9, C.88].
ɑɚɫɬɧɵɟ
ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɦɢ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚɦɢ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɝɪɭɩɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ
ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ȼɈ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ: (1) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ȼɈ; (2) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ; (3) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧ
ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ; (4) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɺɧ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ȼɈ (N=493) (ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ «əɧɞɟɤɫ Ɍɨɥɨɤɚ»), ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ,
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ (N=261; 53%) ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ (N=232; 47%) ɜ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɨɬ 20 ɞɨ 60 ɥɟɬ
(ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬ 37 ɥɟɬ).
ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ȼɈ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ
ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ, ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɨɜɭɸ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ (ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɛɢɪɚɥ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ: ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ,
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɬɟɦɩ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ: ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
(Ⱥ.Ȼ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ, Ɇ.ɋ. Ʉɚɩɢɰɚ, 2003) [6, C.108], ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɚɹ ɚɧɤɟɬɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (Ʉ.Ɋ. ɋɩɢɰɵɧɚ, 2021).
ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ
IBM SPSS Statistics (ɜɟɪɫɢɹ 26), Microsoft Excel (ɜɟɪɫɢɹ 2303).
ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ȼɈ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨ ɧɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ: ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ (ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ / ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ), ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ (ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ / ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ), ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ (ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ / ɧɨɭɬɛɭɤ / ɩɥɚɧɲɟɬ / ɫɦɚɪɬɮɨɧ)
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1).
260
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɉɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ)
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ
ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ȼɈ ɧɚɪɨɱɧɨ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɨɛɟ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ (ɫɩɥɨɲɧɚɹ) ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (ɩɭɧɤɬɢɪ).
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ «ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ» (84%),
ɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɥɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (16%). ȼ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ «ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ» ɢ «ɞɪɭɝɢɦ»
(47% ɢ 50% ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). Ʉɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ «ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɣ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ»,
«ɧɨɭɬɛɭɤ»
ɢ
«ɫɦɚɪɬɮɨɧ»
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ
ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (36%, 34% ɢ 29% ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ),
«ɩɥɚɧɲɟɬ»
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ
(1%).
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɚɦɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ (ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ) ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ȼɈ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ,
ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɜ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ «ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ».
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2). ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɚɧɤɟɬɟ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɣ ɬɢɩ: ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɵ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɸ ɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ
ɧɚ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɩɨ
ɬɢɩɭ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ȿ.Ⱥ.
Ʉɥɢɦɨɜɚ.
261
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ƚɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɩɨ ȿ.Ⱥ. Ʉɥɢɦɨɜɭ) ɫɪɟɞɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (24%), ɫɢɝɧɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ (41%) ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
(25%) ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ, ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɚɪɬɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ (3%), ɛɢɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ (4%) ɢɥɢ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ
ɭɤɚɡɚɧɵ (4%). Ɂɧɚɱɢɦɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ: ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ
ɥɸɞɶɦɢ (16% ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ 34% ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ), ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ (34% ɦɭɠɱɢɧɵ ɢ 12% ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ).
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ ɫɢɝɧɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɟ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ (39% ɢ 42% ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜɧɟ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɭɸ ɫ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ
ɥɸɞɶɦɢ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
(ɂɍɍ) ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (N = 493) ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɢ
ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
262
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɂɍɍ,
ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚɦɢ
ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɂɍɍ (30%): ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ
(17%) ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ (13%). Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ (ɂɍɍ) (34%), ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɂɍɍ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ (11%). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ (56%)
ɧɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɟ ɤ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ
ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ
(ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ȼɈ.
Ɉɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɂɍɍ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – ɋɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (N = 493) ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ
«ɥɺɝɤɨɟ», ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
(ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ 16% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ). Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ȼɈ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɥɢ
ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ «ɬɪɭɞɧɨɟ», ɜ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ
ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ (ɜɫɟɝɨ 6% ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ), ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ
ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ (4%). ȼ
ɰɟɥɨɦ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɲɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ «ɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɟ» (59% ɨɬ
ɨɛɳɟɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ), ɢɦɟɟɬ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫ
ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɷɬɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ (21%).
ɇɭɥɟɜɵɟ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɵ ɨɛ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ (ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ: ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɩɨɥ
ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɚ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ), ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢɫɶ
ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɹɯ:
263
(1) ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ
ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɢ ȼɈ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɭ
ɤɚɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ
ɢ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɜ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ.
(2) ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɜɵɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɢɩ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜɧɟ ȼɈ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ȼɈ.
(3) ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ȼɈ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɫɢɯɨɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ.
(4) ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɢɝɪɭɩɩɨɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ
ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɦ ȼɈ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ
ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɫɢɯɨɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ (ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ
ȼɈ ɤɚɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ȼɈ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ (ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ,
ɪɟɠɢɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ)
ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ «ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ – ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪ». ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɚɬ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɢ) ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ: «ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ».
264
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɛɞɭɪɚɯɦɚɧɨɜ Ɋ.Ⱥ., Ⱥɥɞɚɲɟɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ., Ȼɚɛɢɣ Ʌ.ȼ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ,
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ʌ. ɀɭɪɚɜɥɟɜɚ, Ɍ.Ⱥ. ɀɚɥɚɝɢɧɨɣ, Ⱥ.ɇ.
Ɂɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ,
ɇ.ɇ.
Ⱦɟɦɢɞɟɧɤɨ.
Ɍɜɟɪɶ:
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ
Ɍɜɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. – 2021. – ɋ. 434.
2. ȼɟɥɢɱɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ȼ.Ȼ. Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
//ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ 14. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ. – 2019. – ʋ. 1. –
ɋ. 108-122.
3. ɀɭɪɚɜɥɺɜ Ⱥ.Ʌ., Ɂɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ɇ. ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ: ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ //ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ: ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ,
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ. – 2017. – ɋ. 52-57.
4. ɀɭɪɚɜɥɺɜ Ⱥ.Ʌ., ɇɟɫɬɢɤ Ɍ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ: ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ //ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ. – 2019. – Ɍ. 40. – ʋ. 5. – ɋ. 35-47.
5. Ʉɚɫɶɹɧɟɧɤɨ Ɍ.Ƚ., Ɏɢɥɢɦɨɧɨɜ Ɉ.ɂ., Ʉɭɯɬɚ Ɇ.ȼ. ȼɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ: ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ
//ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. – 2021. – ʋ. 2-3. – ɋ. 150-162.
6. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.Ȼ., Ʉɚɩɢɰɚ Ɇ.ɋ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ // ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨɣ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɘ.Ʉ. ɋɬɪɟɥɤɨɜɚ. Ɇ.: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ. – 2003. –
ɋ. 136-167.
7. Ɇɟɞɟɧɤɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɉɫɢɯɨɮɢɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɱɬɟɧɢɣ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ Ƚ.Ɇ.
Ɂɚɪɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 26 ɦɚɪɬɚ 2019 ɝ. / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɇɟɞɟɧɤɨɜɚ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ:
ɉɨɥɺɬ. – 2019. – ɋ. 31-39.
8. ɇɚɡɚɪɟɧɤɨ ɇ.Ⱥ., ɉɚɞɟɪɧɨ ɉ.ɂ., ɋɨɩɢɧɚ Ɉ.ɉ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ //
ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɧɚɭɤ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ. – 2019. – Ɍ. 4, ʋ 1. – ɋ. 87-110.
9. ɋɩɢɰɵɧɚ Ʉ.Ɋ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɬɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ
//
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ
ɂɪɤɭɬɫɤɨɝɨ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ. 2023. Ɍ. 43. ɋ. 76-92.
10. ɑɚɣɧɨɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱦ., ɇɚɡɚɪɨɜɚ Ʉ.Ⱥ., ɑɚɣɧɨɜ ȼ.ɂ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɪɝɨɞɢɡɚɣɧɚ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɊȽȽɍ. ɋɟɪɢɹ «ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ɉɟɞɚɝɨɝɢɤɚ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ». 2015. ʋ 1. ɋ. 125-133.
265
ɍȾɄ 681.52
ȺɇȺɅɂɁ ɊȿɀɂɆȺ ɄȼȺɁɂɋɌȺɌɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɇȺȽɊɍɀȿɇɂə
ɇȺ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋȺɅɖɇɈɆ ɋɌȿɇȾȿ ȾɅə ɄɊɍɉɇɈȽȺȻȺɊɂɌɇɕɏ
ɂɁȾȿɅɂɃ
ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɍɢɯɨɧɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜɚ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɫɬɟɧɞ, ɜ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ: ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ, ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɫɢɥɵ, ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ,
ɦɚɫɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞ,
ɫɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɩɚɧ,
ɦɚɫɥɨɧɚɫɨɫɧɚɹ
ɫɬɚɧɰɢɹ
ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ 300000
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ ɰɢɤɥɨɜ ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ.
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɬɟɧɞ, ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.
ANALYSIS OF THE QUASI-STATIC LOADING MODE ON A
UNIVERSAL STAND FOR LARGE-SIZED PRODUCTS
V.A. Tikhonov, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
management and standardization
Scientific adviser – T.N. Antipova, Doctor of Technical sciences, Professor of the
Department of Quality management and standardization
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
To implement quasi-static loading, a stand is considered, which includes:
power transmission equipment, a force sensor, a hydraulic cylinder, an oil
pipeline, a servo valve, an oil pump station and an automated control system.
More than 300,000 cycles of alternating cyclic loading implemented at the stand
have been analyzed, in which deviations from a given load level have been
266
identified. Based on the results of the analysis, the dependence of the error of the
realized force on the time of cyclic loading is constructed and possible causes of
disturbing factors in the implementation of a given level of loads in the process of
resource loading are identified.
Universal stand, quasi-static loading, cyclic loads.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ (ɪɚɤɟɬɚ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ,
ɪɚɡɝɨɧɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ, ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ) ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ [1,
7, 10]: ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɨɩɵɬɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
(ɈɄɊ), ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ɇɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɈɄɊ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɗɬɚɩ ɈɄɊ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɺɦɤɢɦ, ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɺɦ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɫɭɳɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɸɫɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ,
ɜɵɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɧɚɞɺɠɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ, ɭɡɥɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɞɵ (ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ), ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɬɨɪɵ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ȼ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɢ/ɢɥɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ
ɫɵɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɬɨ ɟɝɨ
ɨɬɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɥɺɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ ɫ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɫɬɟɧɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɞɥɹ ɪɚɤɟɬɵ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɹ ɤ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ)
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɨ-ɬɚɤɟɥɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɫɬɨɹɧɤɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɟ, ɫɬɚɪɬ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɚɪɲɟɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ), ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ
ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ, ɨɬɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ,
ɨɪɛɢɬɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɥɺɬɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɭɫɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɫɬɢ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɭ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɢ ɢɦɢɬɚɰɢɸ
ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɟɧɞɵ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
(ɫɢɥɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨ-ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ) ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ
ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
267
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ
ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬɫɹ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɥ. ɉɪɢ ɤɜɚɡɢɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɚɹ (ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɧɚɹ) ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ [14].
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɟɬɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ
ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɟɧɞɨɜ (ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɩɟɪɟɦɨɧɬɚɠɢ) ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɫ ɭɱɺɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ
ɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
ɋɢɥɨɜɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɢɡ: ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ, ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɫɢɥɵ,
ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ, ɦɚɫɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɫɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ, ɦɚɫɥɨɧɚɫɨɫɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɢ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (ɋȺɍ). ɂɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɋȺɍ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ: ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨ-ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ,
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɢ ɰɢɮɪɨɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ
[3, 5, 8, 13, 17]. ɋɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ
ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ: ɋȺɍ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɥɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ
ɝɢɥɶɡɟ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ
ɫɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ. ȼɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɫɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ
ɫɢɥɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɭ. Ɂɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɹ
ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɲɬɨɤ ɫ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟ ɩɨ
ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɟ. Ɂɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɣ ɜ ɰɟɩɶ ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
ɞɚɬɱɢɤ ɫɢɥɵ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɺɬɫɹ ɜ
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ɋȺɍ. ɉɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɋȺɍ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɫɢɥɭ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (1) ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɯ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ
ɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɫɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɩɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɠɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ [11, 13, 16].
ܨɢɡɦ ൌ
ܨɜɩɢ כሺܷɢɡɦ െ ܷ ሻ
ܷɩɢɬ כ
,
(1)
ɝɞɟ
ܨɢɡɦ – ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɤɝɫ;
ܨɜɩɢ – ɜɟɪɯɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ, ɤɝɫ;
ܷɢɡɦ – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ, ɦȼ;
ܷ – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɦȼ;
ܷɩɢɬ – ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ, ȼ;
– ܭɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ.
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ
ɜ ɟɺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɬɟɥɢ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ
ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɫ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ (ɪɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1) ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɞɟɲɟɜɢɡɧɨɣ,
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɨɣ, ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɬɤɚɡɟ [9, 12]. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ
ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ: ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ, ɦɚɧɠɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɲɧɟ, ɲɬɨɤ, ɝɢɥɶɡɚ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ
ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɤɪɵɲɤɚ, ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɵɲɟɤ, ɲɬɭɰɟɪɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ
ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ (ɜɢɥɤɚ, ɭɯɨ ɢ ɬ.ɩ.). ɉɪɢ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɢ
ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ (ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɶ ɝɢɥɶɡɵ,
ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ, ɲɬɨɤ, ɦɚɧɠɟɬɵ ɢ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɚ), ɬ.ɤ. ɞɥɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɥɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɞɚ [1, 2, 4, 15, 18].
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ
ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚɯ
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2). Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɺɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɺɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ (ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɚ 2 ɧɚ 2) ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɚ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɯ
ɫ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɂɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɦ (ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ – 2 Ƚɰ), ɬ.ɤ. ɨɧɨ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ
ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ.
269
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɂɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ (ɡɚɛɪɨɫɨɦ) ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɫɞɜɢɝɨɦ (ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɨɣ)
ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
ȼɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ,
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ (ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ),
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ
ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ), ɞɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɤ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɭ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ (ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɢɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɨɟ ɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ).
ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ
270
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɦɚɧɠɟɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɺɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɪɲɧɹ. Ʌɢɛɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ
ɦɚɧɠɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɬɟɪɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɱɟɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɩɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɩɪɨɫɚɞɤɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɟɣɫɹ
ɫɢɥɵ.
ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ 45 ɱɚɫɨɜ (ɛɨɥɟɟ 300000 ɰɢɤɥɨɜ)
ɡɧɚɤɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɺɧɧɵɯ ɨɩɵɬɨɜ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4) ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɯ
ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ȼɫɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɨ 19 ɨɩɵɬɨɜ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ
ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ~2,4 ɱɚɫɚ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɭ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ
ɢɡ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɚ 4, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ
ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɨɩɵɬɚ: ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ
ɭɩɪɭɝɢɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɩɮɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɵ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɝɨ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ:
- ɞɥɢɧɚ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɪɜɨɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ;
- ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ (ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ);
- ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɲɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɜ
ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ);
- ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ;
271
- ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ, ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɫɢɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɚɫɬɤɢ.
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɜ ɋȺɍ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɚɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɦ ɫɛɪɨɫɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚɝɪɭɠɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɭɱɚɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɨɬ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɟɭɱɬɺɧɧɵɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɈɄɊ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɛɞɪɚɯɦɚɧɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ., ɇɚɬɚɥɟɧɤɨ ȼ.ɋ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɢ ɢ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ / Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2013. ʋ 6. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22561041 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 20.04.2023).
2. Ⱥɤɭɥɨɜɢɱ Ʌ.Ɇ., ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜ Ʌ.ȿ., ɋɟɧɱɭɪɨɜ ȿ.ȼ., Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɢɱ ȿ.Ƚ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɡɧɨɫɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ
ɲɬɨɤɨɜ
ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ // Ⱥɝɪɨɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɚ. 2016. ʋ 1. ɋ. 14–17.
3. Ȼɟɥɨɭɫɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɉɪɢɫɟɤɢɧ ȼ.Ʌ., Ɋɚɫɬɨɪɝɭɟɜ Ƚ.ɂ., Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜɚ Ɉ. Ɋ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɚ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ // ɜɟɫɬɧɢɤ ɆȺɂ. 2009. ʋ 3. ɋ. 20.
4. Ȼɹɤɨɜ Ɇ.Ⱥ., Ȼɭɹɥɢɱ Ƚ.Ⱦ., Ȼɭɹɥɢɱ Ʉ.Ƚ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ // ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ: ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɬɪɭɞɨɜ X Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, Ɍɨɦɫɤ, 23–25 ɦɚɹ 2019 ɝɨɞɚ. 2019. ɋ. 153–156.
5. ȼɚɫɸɤɨɜ ȿ.ȼ., Ƚɚɣɜɨɪɨɧɫɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ɂ., Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜɚ Ⱦ.Ⱥ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɉɩɵɬ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ // Ʉɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɤɟɬɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ. 2014. ʋ 3. ɋ. 29–32.
6. ȼɨɥɨɰɭɟɜ ȼ.ȼ., Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ ɂ.ɋ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɤɟɬ. - ɋɚɦɚɪɚ: ɋȽȺɍ, 2017. 88 ɫ.
7. Ƚɪɢɛɚɧɨɜ ȼ.Ɏ. Ɋɟɦɛɟɡɚ Ⱥ.ɂ., Ƚɨɥɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɂ. ɢ ɞɪ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ. - Ɇ.:
Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 1995. 352 ɫ.
8. Ⱦɪɹɧɢɰɵɧ Ⱦ.ȼ., Ɂɟɥɟɧɨɜ ɇ.ɋ., ɘɪɚɧɟɜ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɪɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ // Ʉɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɚ ɢ
ɪɚɤɟɬɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ. 2013. ʋ 2. ɋ. 34.
9. ɀɞɚɧɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ., Ɇɭɤɭɲɟɜ ɒ.Ʉ., ɍɝɪɸɦɨɜ ɂ.Ⱥ., Ʌɟɜɚɧɨɜ ɋ. ȼ.
Ɇɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ
272
ɋɢɛɢɪɫɤɨɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ-ɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ. 2008. ʋ 4.
ɋ. 66-69.
10. Ʉɭɪɟɧɤɨɜ ȼ.ɂ., ɘɦɚɲɟɜ Ʌ.ɉ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɪɚɤɟɬ-ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɣ. - ɋɚɦɚɪɚ: ɋȽȺɍ,
2005. 240 ɫ.
11. Ʌɚɩɟɪɞɢɧ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɘɪɤɟɜɢɱ ȼ.Ⱦ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɟɧɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ //
Ⱥɜɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. 2017. ʋ 4. ɋ. 51-58.
12. Ɇɚɪɭɬɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ., ɉɚɜɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɋ.Ⱥ. Ƚɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɪɚɫɱɟɬ. - Ɇ.: Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ, 1966. 172 ɫ.
13. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɦɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ
ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɨɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ
ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ //
Ʉɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɪɚɤɟɬɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ. 2012. ʋ 2. ɋ. 158-164.
14. Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ ɋ.ɂ., Ɍɤɚɱɟɧɤɨ Ɉ.Ⱥ., ɋɚɦɫɨɧɨɜ ȼ.ɇ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɵ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ. - ɋɚɦɚɪɚ: ɋȽȺɍ, 2007. 194 ɫ.
15. ɒɨɥɶ ɇ.Ɋ., Ȼɭɪɦɢɫɬɪɨɜ ȼ.Ⱥ., Ȼɭɞɟɜɢɱ ȿ.Ⱥ., Ɍɢɦɨɯɨɜ Ɋ.ɋ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɣ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ // ɇɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɜ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ:
ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨ ɢɬɨɝɚɦ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ, 30–31 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2019 ɝɨɞɚ. 2019. ɋ. 131-134.
16. ɘɪɤɟɜɢɱ ȼ.Ⱦ., ɋɭɧɹɣɤɢɧɚ ɉ.Ⱥ., ɋɵɪɟɧɨɜ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɪɟɥɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɫɬɚ
ɞɥɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ
ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɫɬɟɧɞɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ // Ⱥɜɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɹ. 2019. ʋ
4. ɋ. 29-36.
17. Laperdin A.I., Yurkevich V.D. Experimental study of dynamical
properties of a stand loading channel for strength tests of aircraft structures //
Science Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State Technical University. 2016. ʋ 1. P. 168180.
18. Tarakhovskiy A.Y. Prospects of development of seals for power
cylinders // ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science. 2019. ʋ 10. P. 481-485.
273
ɍȾɄ 006.013
ɋɌȺɇȾȺɊɌɂɁȺɐɂə ȼ ɎɈɌɈɇɂɄȿ ɉɊɂɆȿɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɈ
Ʉ ɅȺɁȿɊɇɕɆ ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɕɆ ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂəɆ:
ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆɕ ɂ ɉȿɊɋɉȿɄɌɂȼɕ
Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɍɨɥɤɚɱɟɜɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜɚ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ȼɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ,
ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
STANDARDIZATION IN PHOTONICS. LASER INDUSTRIAL
TECHNOLOGIES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
A.V. Tolkacheva, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
management and standardization
Scientific adviser – T.N. Antipova, Doctor of Technical sciences, Associate
professor, Professor of the Department of Quality management and standardization
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article analyzes the dynamics of the photonics market and the state of
the standardization system in the industry. Existing problems are revealed and
perspective directions of standardization for realization of new developments and
expansion of application of laser industrial technologies are offered.
Industry, technical modernization, laser technologies, advanced standardization,
laser products, efficiency.
274
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ – ɥɚɡɟɪɚ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɜɲɟɟ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɮɢɡɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ
ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ.
Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɣ, ɚ
ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ
ɧɚɭɤɨɺɦɤɭɸ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɫ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ í ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɚ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ [1]:
- ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ;
- ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ;
- ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ;
- ɮɨɬɨɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɤɚ;
- ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ;
- ɛɢɨɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɚ;
- ɮɨɬɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ;
- ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ.
ɉɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɸ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ,
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ.
ȼ 80-90 ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɩɵɬɧɨ-ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ (ɇɂɈɄɊ) ɩɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱥ ɜ 2021 ɝɨɞɭ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɟɤɨɪɞ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 21 ɦɥɪɞ ɞɨɥɥ. [4]. ɗɬɨ
ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
ɉɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1). ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɨ ɞɥɹ 2020 ɝɨɞɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ 2021 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɤɨɜ, ɨɧɨ
ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ – ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 1-2% ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ
ɝɪɭɩɩɟ [4]. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ.
275
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ɉɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ 2020 ɝɨɞ ɫ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚɦɢ ɧɚ 2021 ɝɨɞ)
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɞɜɚ
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ – ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɤɪɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ 75% ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 25% ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɨɛɴɺɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ [4].
ȼ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɪɟɡɤɢ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ (ɬɟɪɦɨɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɚ) ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɨɜɤɢ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɤɥɨɧɧɨɟ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ 2022
ɝɨɞɭ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɫɜɚɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɡɨɲɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɡɤɢ.
ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ
ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɱɢɩɨɜ, ɫɜɟɬɨɞɢɨɞɨɜ, ɩɟɱɚɬɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɬ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɨ-ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ
(Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
276
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ 2022 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ
ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɛɴɺɦɵ ɜɵɪɭɱɤɢ.
ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 2023 ɝɨɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ,
ɬɚɤ
ɢ
ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɟɝɨ
ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɟɣ/ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ
ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɢɮɪ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɱɬɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ (ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɪɵɧɤɚ) ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ
ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɭ ɞɨ 2027 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ
ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 7,5% [7]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɸɸ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɭ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɉɨ ɬɢɩɚɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ (52% ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ
ɜ 2021 ɝɨɞɭ [4]). ȼɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɜɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ
ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ CO2-ɥɚɡɟɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɞɥɢɧɵ ɜɨɥɧ, ɧɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ
ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɯ
Ɇɢɧɩɪɨɦɬɨɪɝɨɦ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɨ 2024 ɝ., ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ
ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ
2024 ɝ. ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɨɛɴɟɦɚɦɢ,
ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1).
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ (ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɎȽȻɍ
«Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ» [3])
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
ɋɬɚɧɤɨɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɍɹɠɟɥɨɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ
Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɩɢɳɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɨɣ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ,
ɥɟɫɨɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ
ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɚɷɪɨɞɪɨɦɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ
ɜ 2021/2024 ɝɝ., %*
15/45
10/30
5/35
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɦɚɤɪɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ: ɫɜɚɪɤɚ,
ɪɟɡɤɚ, ɬɟɪɨɦɨɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ,
ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɚ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ,
ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ
10/40
10/30
277
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ
ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
Ɋɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɢ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ
ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ
ɜ 2021/2024 ɝɝ., %*
10/30
10/35
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɦɚɤɪɨɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ: ɫɜɚɪɤɚ,
ɬɟɪɨɦɨɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ,
ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɚ
ɦɢɤɪɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ: ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ,
ɫɤɚɣɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɹ,
ɦɢɤɪɨɫɜɚɪɤɚ, ɪɟɡɤɚ,
ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2) ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɟɬ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ (ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ)
ɢ,
ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɦ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʌɸɛɚɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɪɟɡɤɚ
(ɫɜɟɪɥɟɧɢɟ
ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɤɨɥɤɚ,
ɫɤɪɚɣɛɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ,
ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɪɢɫɨɤ ɢ
ɞɪ.)
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ
ɬɟɪɦɨɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ
ɛɟɡ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
(ɡɚɤɚɥɤɚ)
278
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɪɨɜɧɵɣ ɢ ɝɥɚɞɤɢɣ ɲɨɜ
ɛɟɡ «ɩɨɞɪɟɡɨɜ» ɢ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɣ;
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɵ
ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ
ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ;
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɲɜɚ, ɜ
ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɫɜɚɪɧɵɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ;
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɦ;
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ
ɢɡ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɢ
ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ
ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɰɢɤɥ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ;
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ;
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɫɜɚɪɤɢ;
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɝɪɭɡɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɣ;
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ;
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ;
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ
ɡɚɤɚɥɺɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ
Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɥɚɜɤɚ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ
(ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɟ
ɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɭ;
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ)
ɞɚɠɟ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢ
ɬɟɩɥɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ;
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɣ
ɡɚɩɚɫ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ;
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɚɥɤɢ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ;
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ;
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ;
ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ;
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɧɨɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɊɎ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ
ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɩɭɬɺɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. ȼ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ʋ162-ɎɁ «Ɉ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɊɎ».
ɐɟɥɢ,
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɢ
ɡɚɞɚɱɢ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ʋ162-ɎɁ «Ɉ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɊɎ»,
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɡɚ
ɫɱɺɬ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɥɚ
ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ
ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɚɧɟɟ, ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɪɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ,
ɧɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ
24 ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ.
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ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ
ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
ȼɟɤɬɨɪ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɢ
ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɟɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ [5].
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɟɟ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ [2].
Ɉɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɚɹ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɜ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɭɪɨɜɧɸ, ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɢɦɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ
ɫɜɨɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɯ ɧɨɪɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɞɥɹ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɟ,
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɟ –
ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ – ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɇɂɈɄɊ, ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɨɜ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɚɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ.
Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɨɬ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ [3]. Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɚɹ
280
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɵ
ɧɟɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɭɧɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ:
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ;
ɧɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ.
ɇɟɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɢɦɨɣ ɩɨɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɪ.
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɩɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɩɨ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɌɄ 296 «Ɉɩɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɚ» ɫ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ «ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ»
ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ, «ɥɚɡɟɪɵ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ» ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɌɄ 019 «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ»,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɌɄ 303 «ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ» ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ, ɧɨ «ɥɚɡɟɪɵ» ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɡɚ
ɌɄ 296.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚɦ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚ ISO (ɜ ɌɄ 019), ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ (ɜ ɌɄ 296).
Ⱥɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɢ «ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ»
ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɭ ɌɄ 296 ɉɄ-8 «Ʌɚɡɟɪɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ». Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɫɜɚɪɤɚ, ɪɟɡɤɚ, ɬɟɪɦɨɭɩɪɨɱɧɟɧɢɟ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɢ
ɞɪ.) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɄ 364 «ɋɜɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ». Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɱɬɟɧɢɸ
ɢ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɢɥɢ ɤ ɢɯ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɌɄ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 2019-2022 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ,
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ISO ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ EN ɢ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
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ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ISO ɢ EN ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɫɜɚɪɤɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ, ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ȽɈɋɌ ɢ ȽɈɋɌ Ɋ [6].
ɂ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɇɋɋ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɯɨɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɭɸ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ,
ɤɚɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɟɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ, ɩɨ
ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ «ɥɚɡɟɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ» ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɭɡɥɨɜ ɢ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ,
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.
ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ,
ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɚɹ ɫ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ (ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ), ɢ
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ – ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ. Ⱦɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ
ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɦɵɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ȼɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ:
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ, ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ;
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ;
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɟ;
ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɲɟɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɢ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ
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ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ. ɇɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ
ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɉɥɚɧ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɉɇɋ) ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ, ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɥɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ
ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɡɚ 2021-2022 ɝɝ. ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ
ɜɵɜɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɟ
ɦɚɤɪɨɛɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. ȼ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ.
Ɉɩɟɪɟɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɊɎ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ,
ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɦɢ,
ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɝɨ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ȽɈɋɌ Ɋ 70212-2022 Ɉɩɬɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɨɬɨɧɢɤɚ. Ɏɨɬɨɧɢɤɚ.
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ
ɮɨɧɞ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ. - Ɇ. 2022. 12 ɫ.
2. Ȼɟɥɨɛɪɚɝɢɧ ȼ.ə. ɂɦɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ // ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ. 2022. ʋ8. ɋ. 92–97.
3. Ȼɭɞɤɢɧ ɘ.ȼ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ // ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ. 2022. ʋ10. ɋ. 46–48.
283
4. Ɇɚɣɟɪ Ⱥ. Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɚɡɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ // Ʌɚɡɟɪ ɢɧɮɨɪɦ. 2023. ʋ 3 (738). ɋ. 3-5.
5. Ɇɟɥɶɤɨɜ ɘ.Ɉ., ɋɚɦɤɨɜ ȼ.Ɇ. ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ // ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ. 2017. ʋ 10. ɋ. 28–32
6. ɒɚɧɱɭɪɨɜ
ɋ.Ɇ.
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ
ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɥɚɡɟɪɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ // Ɋɢɬɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. 2019. ʋ 2. ɋ. 24–28.
7. Fretty P. Optimism remains despite headwinds. Laser Focus World,
January 2023. ʋ.1. P. 32-37.
284
ɍȾɄ 004.01
ɉɊɈȽɊȺɆɆȺ ȾɅə ɈɐȿɇɄɂ ɍɊɈȼɇə ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȺ ɈȻɊȺɁɐɈȼ
ȺȼɂȺɐɂɈɇɇɈɃ ɌȿɏɇɂɄɂ
Ⱦ.ȼ. ɍɫɚɱɟɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȼ.ɂ. ɉɪɢɜɚɥɨɜ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɫɬɚɪɲɢɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɪɚɤɟɬɧɨ-ɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ
ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ
ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ»,
ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋ#, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɰ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ - ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚ Windows
Presentation Foundation (WPF), ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɫɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ
ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɪɢɫɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ
ɨɲɢɛɨɤ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ.
PROGRAM FOR ASSESSING THE QUALITY LEVEL OF AIRCRAFT
SAMPLES
D.V. Usachev, fourth-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
Management and Standardization
Scientific adviser – V.I. Privalov, Candidate of Technical sciences, Associate
professor of the Department of Quality management and standardization, Head of
the Institute of Rocket and space technology and mechanical engineering
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The program, developed in the C# programming language, allows us to
evaluate the quality level of aircraft models. It is easy to use for both decision
makers and implementers involved in the evaluation process. The program is
285
based on the Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) platform which provides a
user-friendly interface. The program helps to save time and reduce costs in the
evaluation of sample quality levels, reducing the risk of possible errors and
improving the quality of the evaluation.
Sample of aviation equipment, assessment of the quality level, quality indicator,
program.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ
ɫɬɚɬɶɢ [1] ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨɣ
ɥɸɛɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ
ɷɬɚɩɚɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
1. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ) - ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ
ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ.
2. Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɤ ɟɞɢɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦ.
3. Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ (ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ) ɢ
ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ.
4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
5. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ
ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
6. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɗɬɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ, ɢ ɟɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɰɚ,
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ [2, ɋ. 128].
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ – ɷɬɨ ɦɨɳɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ȼ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɛɵɬɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ȼ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɨɩɵɬɧɵɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ.
ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɶ.
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ
ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ
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ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ
ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɜɟɞɟɬ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɜ ɭɞɨɛɧɨɦ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɨɧ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɦɢ.
ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɋ# ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ
ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ Windows Presentation Foundation
(WPF), ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɤɨɞ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɟɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɭ ɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɉɧ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɮɚɣɥɚ:
1. ɂɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ exe, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɚɣɜɟɪɵ, ɧɭɠɧɵɟ
ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ. ȿɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɥɸɛɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ
ɫɟɦɟɣɫɬɜɚ Windows.
2. Ʉɨɧɮɢɝɭɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɮɚɣɥ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ config, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɉɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ [3].
3. Ɏɚɣɥ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ pdb, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. Ȼɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɯɪɚɧɹɬ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɚɣɥɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɭɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢ
ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɞ. ɗɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ
ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ.
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
–
ɷɬɨ
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ
ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧ ɞɟɥɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ:
1. Ʌɟɜɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ – ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ (ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ) ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɜɵɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ (ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 - ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɉɄ (ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ)). Ɉɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɟ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɱɬɨ
ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɵɦ.
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2. ɉɪɚɜɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ – ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɡɚ ɜɜɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɭɡɤɨɮɸɡɟɥɹɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ (ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 – ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɟ). Ɉɧɚ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɥɨɝɢɤɢ, ɫɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɢɧɬɭɢɬɢɜɧɨ
ɩɨɧɹɬɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ.
Ɉɛɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ
ɝɢɛɤɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥ,
ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɰɚ,
ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɢ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɜ
ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ:
- ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɪ ɞɜɭɯɴɹɞɟɪɧɵɣ Intel Celeron 1,6-1,8 GHz;
- ɨɩɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ 1 Gb ɢ ɜɵɲɟ;
- ɠɟɫɬɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤ ɨɬ 80 GB (ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɨɥɨ 130
Ʉɛɚɣɬ);
- ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɢɞɟɨɤɚɪɬɚ;
- ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɮɚɣɥɚ *.exe ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɶɸɬɟɪɚ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɛɟɡ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫɚ
ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɛɥɨɤ – «Ƚɪɭɩɩɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ»,
ɹɱɟɣɤɢ:
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ,
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ -0,03 ɞɨ +0,03. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɢɡ 8 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ.
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ʽ̨̨̛̣̭̯̪̭̯̬̖̦̍̌̽́
̨̨̡̛̭̯̬̥̥̪̯̖̣̖̜̐̐̌̌̌̚
̸̡̖̭̯̌̏̌
ʽ̨̣̭̯̍̌̽̏̏̔̌
̵̵̵̨̛̭̦̼̦̦̼̔̔̌
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɭ «ȼɜɟɞɢɬɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɉɄ» ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ 1-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ) ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ: «1.1 Ʌɟɬɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ». ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɰɢɮɪɚ
ɜ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɜɬɨɪɚɹ
ɧɨɦɟɪ ɉɄ ɩɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ȼ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɥɟɬɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ʋ 1. ȼ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ «Cɜɹɡɶ» ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɷɬɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɤɨɮɸɡɟɥɹɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ (ɹɱɟɣɤɚ –
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɍɉɋ).
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ
ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
«1.1
Ʌɟɬɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ» ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɝɨ ɜɟɫ W. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ
ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 10.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ: ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ Sx (ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ – 0,08, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ – 0,04, ɦɚɥɨɟ – 0,01), ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ: X1=0,4 ɢ X2=0,8, ɢ Ɇɤɪ=0,4.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɜɧɨɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ:
289
1. ɑɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ (ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ, ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ,
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ,
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ,
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ,
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ).
2. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ.
3. ɑɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɨɜ (ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ).
4. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ.
5. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ Ɇɤɪ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 1-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 1-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɬɨ ɜ ɹɱɟɣɤɟ «ȼɯɨɞɧɨɣ» ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɝɚɥɨɱɤɚ, ɟɫɥɢ ɉɄ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ, ɬɨ ɝɚɥɨɱɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɮɟɣɫ ɉɈ
ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ:
1. ɑɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ – dM ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
(ɹɱɟɣɤɢ: ɷɤɨɧɨɦ., ɪɵɧɨɱ., ɬɟɯɧɨ., ɦɧ., ɩɨɥɢɬ., ɤɨɧɤ., ɫɨɰ.).
2. ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɉɄ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪ – 1.4.2 – ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɣ).
3. ɑɢɫɥɨɜɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɫɨɜ (ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ) ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 10.
Ɂɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ.
290
4. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
(ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 1-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ).
5. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɞɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ mx – ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 1.
6. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ X1=0,4 ɢ ɏ2=0,8 ɢ Ɇɤɪ=0,4.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 2ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ɂɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɜɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 2-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ
ɡɚɞɚɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɠɢɦɚɟɦ ɤɧɨɩɤɭ
«ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ». Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɬɟɪɚɰɢɣ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɯ
ɱɢɫɟɥ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɬɪɟɡɤɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɹɦɨɭɝɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ, ɱɟɦ ɢɯ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɝɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɫɹ.
ɉɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɚɥɝɨɪɢɬɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ:
1. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 1-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɦɨɞɵ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ) ɫ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɢɫɬɨɝɪɚɦɦ.
2. Ɉɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 1-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 4.
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Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – ȼɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ 1-ɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ
ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ:
1. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɭɸ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ.
2. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ,
ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
3. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ
ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɟɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɛɚɡɚɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɛ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ɍɫɚɱɟɜ,
Ⱦ.ȼ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚ
ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫ-ɨɰɟɧɤɢ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɡɤɨɮɸɡɟɥɹɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɫɫɚɠɢɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɚ Ɇɋ-21 //
ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ɋɵɛɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɜɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɉ.Ⱥ. ɋɨɥɨɜɶɟɜɚ. 2022. ʋ 2 (61). ɋ.43-50.
2. əɤɨɜɥɟɜɚ, ȿ.ɇ. Ɋɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ:
ɞɢɫɫɟɪɬɚɰɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɧɢɟ ɭɱɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ:
05.02.23 / əɤɨɜɥɟɜɚ ȿɥɟɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ. – Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, 2005. – 171 ɫ.
3. CFG & CONFIG Ɏɚɣɥɵ (ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ) [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2023. -Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://ru.go-travels.com/95005-cfg-config-files4157662-5944931 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ 13.04.2023).
292
ɍȾɄ 339.137.22
ɄɈɇɄɍɊȿɇɌɇɕȿ ɉɊȿɂɆɍɓȿɋɌȼȺ ɄȺɄ ɈɋɇɈȼȺ
ɗɎɎȿɄɌɂȼɇɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɗɄɋɉɈɊɌȺ ɉɊɈȾɍɄɐɂɂ
ɆȺɒɂɇɈɋɌɊɈɂɌȿɅɖɇɈɃ ɈɌɊȺɋɅɂ ɈɌȿɑȿɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɏ
ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɕɏ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂɃ
Ɋ.ȼ. Ɏɚɬɞɚɤɨɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ – ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ, ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪ ɞɥɹ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ.
Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES AS THE BASIS FOR THE EFFECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT OF EXPORTS OF MACHINE-BUILDING PRODUCTS
OF DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
R.V. Fatdakov, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Management
Scientific adviser – A.V. Fedotov, Doctor of Economic sciences, Associate
professor, Professor of the Department of Management
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
At the moment, domestic production is facing a huge number of challenges –
sanctions, logistical restrictions, production problems. To solve the problems that
have arisen, it is necessary to find an effective method of development, a basis and
a guideline for maximum economic benefit. The development of competitive
advantages will allow production to obtain the most product that will be able to
compete with leading enterprises in the world market.
Competitive advantages, exports, mechanical engineering products.
293
Ɉɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ,
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ. Ɂɚɜɨɞɚɦ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ
ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɳɭɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ
ɧɭɠɞ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ
ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɟɛɨɣɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɛɥɚɝ.
ɇɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ? ɂ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ?
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ
ɢɡ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ – ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ
ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ ɩɨ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2022 ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɨɤɨɥɨ 174 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛɥɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ 6% ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2021 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɉɬɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ ɧɚ 19% ɢ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 168 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛɥɟɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. Ɂɚ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 2022 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɵɜɨɡ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 18% ɞɨ 14,2 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛɥɟɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ,
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ
ɜ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɸ, ȿɝɢɩɟɬ, Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɸ ɢ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɜ
Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧ ɢ ɘȺɊ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɜ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɸ, ɉɨɥɶɲɭ, Ʌɢɬɜɭ ɢ Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɸ.
ɇɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ
ɚɝɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɚɤ:
1) ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɩɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ
ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ;
2) ɫɚɧɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɥɹ
ɦɚɲɢɧ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɟ;
3) ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɝɪɭɡɨɜ.
Ȼɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ.
ȼ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɵ.
ɇɚɣɞɟɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɟɪɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɚ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ 2022 ɝɨɞɭ
294
ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɨɫɶ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɜɵɡɨɜɚɦɢ - ɨɬ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɨ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɨ ɧɚ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦɢ
ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ [6].
Ȼɟɡ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɟɬɫɹ ɫ
ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɨɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ
(ȼȼɉ) ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.
ȼ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ȼȼɉ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ [5].
Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ȼȼɉ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ
ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɜ
ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ȼȼɉ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɫ
ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɫ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫ
ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɋɟɣɬɢɧɝ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ȼȼɉ
ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ 2021 ɝ. (ɦɥɧ $)
ɉɨɡɢɰɢɹ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
ɋɬɪɚɧɚ
ɋɒȺ
Ʉɢɬɚɣ
əɩɨɧɢɹ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ
ɂɧɞɢɹ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ
ɂɬɚɥɢɹ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ȼȼɉ (ɜ ɦɥɧ. $)
22 939 580
16 862 979
5 103 110
4 230 172
3 108 416
2 946 061
2 940 428
2 120 232
2 015 983
1 823 852
1 647 568
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɤɚɡɚɥ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.
295
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – ɗɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ
ȼɨɯɪɚ ȼ. (ɩɨ:
UNCTAD, 2017)
Ƚɨɞ
2001
Ⱥɯɦɟɞ Ⱦ. ɢ ɞɪ. (ɩɨ:
UNCTAD, 2017)
2008
Marcelin I., Nanivazo M.
2019
Benkovskis K. et al
2020
Kim K. M.
2020
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞ, Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ, Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ, ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ,
ɂɧɞɢɹ
(1973–1993
ɝɝ.):
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ
ɜɧɟɫ
ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ
ɋɬɪɚɧɵ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ (ɜ ɧɚɱ. 1990-ɯ
ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ): ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ
ɘȺɊ ɢ Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ (1980–2016 ɝɝ.): ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ,
ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ
ɜ
ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ȼȼɉ ɧɚ 3 ɩ.
ɩ.
Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ (2006–2015 ɝɝ.) ɢ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ (1995–2014 ɝɝ.):
ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ «ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ»
ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ,
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ
Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ (1971–2014 ɝɝ.): ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ (ɫ 1960ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ) ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ
ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢɞɭɳɟɣ ɧɚ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɗɤɫɩɨɪɬɟɪɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɟɣɲɢɦ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ.
ɇɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɶ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ [1].
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɡɚɩɱɚɫɬɟɣ.
ȼ
ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ
ɩɨɥɟ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ
ɢ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɹɦɢ, ɝɪɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɢ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɨ
ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ
296
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɤ
ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɛɪɟɧɞɚɦ, ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɢ ɨɬ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɵ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɚ ɛɟɡ
ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ – ɬɹɠɟɥɨ
ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ,
ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɤɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɢ ɞɨ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɯ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɨɫ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ,
ɟɝɨ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ
ɬɚɤɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ.
Ȼɭɞɭɳɢɣ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶ ɢɡɭɱɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ,
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. ȼ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɟ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɯ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɟɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɜɫɟɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ.
ȼɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ –
ɷɬɨ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ, ɪɵɧɨɤ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɭɸ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ.
Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɛɵɬɚ
ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ.
ȼɵɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɚɹ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ
ɢ
ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ
ɭɫɩɟɯɚ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɥɚɛɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ,
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɥɹɦɢ
ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ. ɋɨɛɥɸɞɚɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ
ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɵ.
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Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦɢ ɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɵɧɤɚ,
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ «ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ» ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.
ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɯɨɬɶ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɢ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢɬɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ, ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɜɫɟɦɟɫɬɧɨɟ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɱɟɬɚ,
ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. ɉɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɟɬ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɸ
ɩɪɨɞɚɠ. Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɥɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ:
1) ɚɫɫɨɪɬɢɦɟɧɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
2) ɰɟɧɚ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ;
3) ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ;
4) ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ;
5) ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝ;
6) ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤɚɦɢ;
7) ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ;
8) ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ.
9) ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ;
10) ɷɪɝɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ [2].
ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɜɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɢɞɟɬ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɬɨɝɨɜɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ. Ʉ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ, ɜ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɟɡɨɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɚɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ.
ɉɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɹ ɢɯ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɫ
298
ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. ȿɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ
ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɜ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ
ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ. ȼ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ.
ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ
ɦɟɪɚ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ:
1) ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ
ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ;
2) ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɭɤɨɟɦɤɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɫɬ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ;
3) ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ,
ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ȼ
ɩɟɪɜɭɸ
ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɶ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ
ɰɢɮɪɨɜɭɸ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ
–
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɢɧɤɭɛɚɬɨɪɵ,
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɚɪɤɢ,
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ [3].
Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ
ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ – ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɚ
ɫɱɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɫɛɵɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ
ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɸɬ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ
ɜɵɯɨɞ
ɧɚ
ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɛɵɬɚ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ
ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɡɨɜɵ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
299
Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ, ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ [4].
Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ,
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦɭ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɵ
ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. ɂɡ-ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɢ
ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɇɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ
ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɨɞɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɦ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ
ɢɦɩɨɪɬɨɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɋ ɨɩɨɪɨɣ
ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɭɸ
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ. ɋɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɵ, ɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɡɚɣɦɟɬ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ
ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜɚ ȿ.Ʌ., ɉɨɩɨɜɚ Ⱥ.ɋ., Ɋɚɬɧɟɪ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ. 2021. ʋ4. – ɋ. 547-558. Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovatelskie-podhody-k-analizuvliyaniya-eksporta-na-ekonomicheskiy-rost (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 13.04.2023).
2. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜɚ ɇ.Ʌ. Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] // ɇɚɭɱɧɨɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ «Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ». 2016. ʋ 1 (ɹɧɜɚɪɶ). ɋ. 66–70.
- Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: http://e-koncept.ru/2016/16014.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
15.04.2023).
3. Ɂɭɧɬɨɜɚ ɂ.ɋ. ɂɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ - ɨɫɧɨɜɚ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ / ɂ. ɋ. Ɂɭɧɬɨɜɚ, Ⱥ. ɋ. Ɍɪɨɲɢɧ, Ɇ. ȼ. ɉɚɲɤɨɜ //
ɇɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɧɢɟ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ. 2022. Ɍ. 12. ʋ 2(90). ɋ. 190-202.
4. ɂɡɦɚɣɥɨɜ Ɇ.Ʉ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]// Beneficium. 2022. ʋ2 (43). – ɋ.41-49. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sovremennye-tendentsii-tehnologicheskogoobnovleniya-predpriyatiy-mashinostroitelnoy-otrasli-rossii (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
15.04.2023).
5. Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
13.04.2023).
6. RB.RU: Ⱦɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɟɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ: ɤɚɤ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ
ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ
https://rb.ru/opinion/sanctions-and-engineering/?ysclid=ld8jv3h4
ea520705439 (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 20.04.2023).
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ɍȾɄ 621.3
ɈȻɈɋɇɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅȿɃ ɄȺɑȿɋɌȼȺ
ɁȺɄɍɉȺȿɆɕɏ ɗɅȿɄɌɊɈɊȺȾɂɈɂɁȾȿɅɂɃ ɇȺ ɈɋɇɈȼȿ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ
ɊȿɄɅȺɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɊȺȻɈɌ
Ɇ.ɂ. ɐɨɣ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ
ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɍ.ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɢɩɨɜɚ, ɞ-ɪ ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.
SUBSTANTIATION OF THE SYSTEM OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF
PURCHASED ELECTRICAL AND RADIO PRODUCTS BASED ON THE
ANALYSIS OF COMPLAINT
M.I. Tsoi, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Quality
Management and Standardization
Scientific adviser – T.N. Antipova, Doctor of Technical sciences, Associate
professor, Professor of the Department of Quality management and standardization
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The quality of electrical and radio products is called a set of product
properties that determine its ability to meet certain needs in accordance with the
purpose. At the same time, quality is defined as the degree of perfection of
products, which is fixed by requirements that take into account consumer needs
and production capabilities.
Electrical and radio products, quality indicators, conplaint.
ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ «ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ» ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɠɟ
ɞɚɜɧɨ, ɧɨ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɧɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ. ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ (Ɋɗɂ) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɪɹɞɨɦ
301
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ, ɦɚɫɫɚ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ [1, C.162].
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɥɟɟ.
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ - ɷɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ
ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ, ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɉɨɤɭɩɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɯ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ.
ɇɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɧɨ-ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɺɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɭɸ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɟɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɡɚ 2019 ɝɨɞ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ 579 ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ (ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɹ), ɜ 2020 ɝɨɞɭ 833 ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɣ
(ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɣ), ɜ 2021 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ 342 ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɟ (ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɹ), ɜ 2022
ɝɨɞɭ 254 ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɣ (ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɣ).
ɂɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 2019 ɩɨ 2022 ɝɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɭɜɟɞɨɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ
ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ 2008 ɲɬ. (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1).
833 ɲɬ.
579 ɲɬ.
342ɲɬ.
254 ɲɬ.
2019
2020
2021
2022
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɣ ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɡɚ 2019-2022 ɝɝ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ
ɜɵɩɭɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɤɚɡɵ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ
ɫɬɚɞɢɹɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ:
1) ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ – 211 ɲɬ.;
2) ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ – 1592 ɲɬ.;
3) ɨɬɤɚɡ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (ɉɄɂ) - 480 ɲɬ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɤɨɜɚɧɨ 1592
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ 480 ɨɬɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ
302
ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (480 ɲɬɭɤ), ɛɵɥɨ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1),
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɡɚ
2019-2022 ɝɝ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɉɬɤɚɡɵ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɡɚ 2019-2022 ɝɝ.
Ƚɨɞ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɵ
Ɇɨɞɭɥɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɩɨɦɟɯɨɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
Ⱦɢɨɞɵ
ɂɡɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɢ
ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ
Ɍɪɚɧɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ
ɋɬɚɛɢɥɢɬɪɨɧɵ
ɋɬɚɛɢɫɬɨɪɵ
Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɋɚɡɪɹɞɧɢɤɢ
Ⱦɪɨɫɫɟɥɢ
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ
Ɋɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɵ
Ɋɚɡɴɟɦɵ
Ɂɚɝɥɭɲɤɢ
Ɋɟɡɨɧɚɬɨɪɵ
Ɋɟɥɟ
Ɍɭɦɛɥɟɪɵ
ȼɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɪɵ
Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɬɨɪɵ
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɚ
ɂɬɨɝɨ
2019
Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ
13
2
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
43
37
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
1
123
2020
Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ
75
1
7
3
3
0
3
2
2
1
2
1
15
27
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
5
161
2021
Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ
15
1
3
3
2
1
3
2
1
2
1
3
25
21
1
1
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
97
2022
Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ
9
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
3
3
1
1
37
22
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
0
1
99
ɂɬɨɝɨ
112
5
12
11
7
5
9
6
7
7
5
6
120
107
5
7
6
7
5
7
5
7
4
8
480
Ⱦɥɹ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ
ɜɢɞɨɜ,
ɨɬɤɚɡɚɜɲɢɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɩɨɜɥɟɤɲɢɯ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ.
Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ (ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ, ɤɚɤ
«ɉɪɚɜɢɥɨ 80/20»). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ, ~80% ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɫɱɟɬ ~20% ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ (ɢɥɢ ~80% ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɵɦ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɜɚɲɢɯ ~20% ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.).
ɋɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ 80/20 ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ, ɧɨ ɢɞɟɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɢɡ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ/ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɟɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ. ɗɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ
303
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
ɑɬɨɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ ɜ Microsoft Excel, ɷɬɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ. ɗɬɚ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2).
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɺɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ 24
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɛɪɚɤɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – Ⱦɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɉɚɪɟɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ
ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɤɚɡ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ (ɉɄɂ):
-Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ Ʉ58-28 ȺɀəɊ.673623.006Ɍɍ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ;
-ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɚ 1533 Ʌȿ 1 ɛɄ0.347.364-05Ɍɍ;
-Ɋɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɋ2-33 - Ɉɀ0.467.093Ɍɍ.
ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ
ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ — ɷɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɟɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɟɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ȽɈɋɌ 15467-79).
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɗɊɂ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ
ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɢ
ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɜɫɟɣ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
304
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɚ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ.
ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ
ɨɬɤɚɡɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɤɭɩɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɨɬɤɚɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ
ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɧɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2)
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɢɨɡɞɢɟɥɢɣ:
-ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ Ʉ58-28 ȺɀəɊ.673623.006Ɍɍ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ;
-ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɚ 1533 Ʌȿ 1 ɛɄ0.347.364-05Ɍɍ;
-ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪ ɋ2-33 - Ɉɀ0.467.093Ɍɍ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɗɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɚɦɭ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ.
ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ
ɤ ɗɬɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
ɋɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɟ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ,
ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ
ɢ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. (ȽɈɋɌ 27.002-89)
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɗɬɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ,
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞ
ɫɵɪɶɹ
ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ
ɩɪɢ
ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɢ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ
ɗɬɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɡɚ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ: ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ.
Ⱦɚɥɟɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ
ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ
Ʉ58-28
ȺɀəɊ.673623.006Ɍɍ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɵ
1533 Ʌȿ 1 ɛɄ0.347.364-05Ɍɍ, ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɋ2-33 - Ɉɀ0.467.093Ɍɍ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚɯ 3- 5.
305
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 - ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɨɜ Ʉ58-26
ȺɀəɊ.673623.006Ɍɍ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ [2, ɋ. 4]
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, U ɧɨɦ
ȼ, ɤȼ
Ɉɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ, %
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜ, ɤɜ
U ɧ.ɪ.
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ, ɝɰ, ɤɝɰ
F
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ ɜ Fɰ
ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɝɰ
Ɍɨɤ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ, ɦɤȺ
Iɭɬ
ɋɚɦɨɪɚɡɪɹɞ, ȼ
Uɫɪ
ɗɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ Rɷɤɜ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɟ, ɦɈɦ
ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ, ɤɝɰ
F n. ɋ
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, Qɧɨɦ
ɤɜɚɪ
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɜɚɪ
Qmax
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɦɦ, ɞɥɢɧɚ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ, L.b.h.d
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɝɪ
M
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɦɤɮ
Cɧɨɦ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɫ
Tɜ
ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɫ
Ɍɧ
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ, ɧ
Ⱥɜɚɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɤɜ
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ȼɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɡɚ P(t)
ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ (ɝɨɫɬ 27.002—83)
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ (ɝɨɫɬ 27.002—83), (ɱ, Tɪ
ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ-ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ)
ɋɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ (ɝɨɫɬ 27.002—83), ɥɟɬ (ɱ, Ɍɫɥ
ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜ-ɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ)
ɋɪɟɞɧɟɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɍɜ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ
(ɝɨɫɬ
27.002—83), ɱ
ɋɪɨɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɜɜɨɞɚ ɜ Ɍ.ɫ
ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ (ɝɨɫɬ 27.002—83), ɥɟɬ, ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɇɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɚɡ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ Ɍɨ
(ɝɨɫɬ 27.002—83), ɥɟɬ, ɱ, ɡɚɪɹɞɨɜɪɚɡɪɹɞɨɜ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɵɪɶɹ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
Ɍɚɧɝɟɧɫ ɭɝɥɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ, ɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ
Tg6
306
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 – ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɵ 1533 Ʌȿ 1 ɛɤ0.347.364-05Ɍɍ [3, ɋ.4]
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
Ⱥɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ
ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ
ɜɵɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜ
Ⱥɩɟɪɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɚ, ɧɫ
ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ
ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ
ɩɨɥɨɫɵ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɹ (ɝɨɫɬ 19480-89), ɤɝɰ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ), ɦɤɫ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ (ɝɨɫɬ 19480-89)ɦɤɫ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ (ɝɨɫɬ 1948089) ɧɫ
ȼɪɟɦɹ
ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɢ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ
(ɝɨɫɬ 19480-89) ɧɫ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɦɤɫ
ȼɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ - ɚɰɩ), ɦɤɫ
ȼɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜ,
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɨɦ
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ, ɨɦ
ȼɵɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɦ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɩɮ
Ɍɨɤ ɭɬɟɱɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɟ, ɧɚ,
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɚ, °ɫ
Ɋɚɛɨɱɟɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ:
ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɤɚɡɨɜ (ɝɨɫɬ 25359-82), ɱ
ɇɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ (ɝɨɫɬ 25359-82), ɱ
Uɜɵɯ, ɚ
T/a
Fɜ
t (ɜɤɥ) t (ɜɵɤɥ)
t.ɜ
tɡɞ
t 1.0/ɡɞ.ɪ
T
Tɩɪɛ
Uɜɯ
Uɜɵɯ
Rɨɬɤ
Rɢɡ
ɋɜɵɯ
Iɭɬ.ɜɵɯ
Ɍɤ
Uɪɚɛ
Ʌ(ɷ)
Ʌ(ɢ)
T(ɧ)
ȽɚɦɦɚT(ɯɪ)
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ (ɝɨɫɬ
21493-76), ɥɟɬ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ; ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɣ Pɩɨɬ, i ɩɨɬ
ɬɨɤ (ɝɨɫɬ 19480-89) ɦɜɬ, ɦɚ
ɉɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ P(ɩɨɬ)
ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ, ɦɜɬ
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ, ɦɜɬ/ɲɬ·ɱ
Ʉ (ɭ.ɷ)
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɦɦ, ɞɥɢɧɚ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ, L.b.h.d
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɝɪ
M
307
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 4 – ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɵ 1533 Ʌȿ 1 ɛɤ0.347.364-05Ɍɍ [3, ɋ.4]
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɫ
Tɜ
ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɫ
Ɍɧ
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 5 – ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɡɢɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɋ2-33 - Ɉɀ0.467.093Ɍɍ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ, ɜɬ
(ɪɧɨɦ)
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɋɭɞ
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ Umax
ɬɨɤɚ)
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ Ɍɤɫ
ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɲɭɦɨɜ, ɦɤɜ/ɜ,
ȿɬ
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ %
ɨɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨ-ɜɟɫɨɜɵɟ
Ƚɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ, ɦɦ, ɞɥɢɧɚ, ɲɢɪɢɧɚ, L.b.h.d
ɜɵɫɨɬɚ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ.
Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɝɪ
M
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ
Ɍɟɩɥɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɚɣɤɟ
ɋɢɧɭɫɨɢɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɢɛɪɚɰɢɹ
ȼɥɚɝɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɫ
ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, °ɫ
Ʉɨɪɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɪɪɨɡɢɢ.
ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɚɞɺɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɪ ɪɧɨɦ.
ɋɪɨɤ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɢ
ɇɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ
(260 ± 5) °ɫ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ (5±1) ɫ
G
ȼɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ 98 % ɩɪɢ 35 °ɫ
Tɜ
Ɍɧ
ɥɟɬ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ
ɤ ɜɵɯɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɨɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ȽɈɋɌ 27.002-2015. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ.
308
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɵ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. - Ɇ.: ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɧɮɨɪɦ, 2015. 22 ɫ.
2. ȽɈɋɌ 4.172-85. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɵ ɫɢɥɨɜɵɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ. ɇɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ. – Ɇ.: ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɧɮɨɪɦ, 2021. 11 ɫ.
3. ȽɈɋɌ 4.465-87. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ.
Ɇɢɤɪɨɫɯɟɦɵ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ.
ɇɨɦɟɧɤɥɚɬɭɪɚ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.
Ɇ.:
ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɧɮɨɪɦ, 1987. 37 ɫ.
4. Ɏɨɦɢɧ, ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɞɢɨɢɡɞɟɥɢɣ / ȼ.Ⱥ. Ɏɨɦɢɧ //
Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɪɚɞɢɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ: ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ
ȼɫɟɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɋɚɦɚɪɚ, 21-23 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2020
ɝɨɞɚ. – ɋɚɦɚɪɚ: ȼɟɤɬɨɪ, 2020. ɋ. 161-163.
309
ɍȾɄ 001.90
ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɋɄȺə ɂɇɎɊȺɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ. ɉɊɂɑɂɇɕ
ɂɁɆȿɇȿɇɂə ɄɈɇɐȿɉɐɂɂ ȿȬ ɉɊɈȿɄɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɒɚɣɤɢɧ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɏɟɞɨɬɨɜ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ,
ɟɟ
ɦɧɨɝɨɝɪɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɨɬ
ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɹ ɞɨ ɛɚɡɢɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɥɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼɵɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɨɜɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ
ɧɨɜɵɯ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
ɂɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɬɟɯɧɨɩɨɥɢɫ, ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɰɢɮɪɨɜɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɹ, ɛɥɨɤɱɟɣɧ.
RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE. REASONS FOR CHANGING IN ITS
CONCEPT DESIGNING
A.Ⱥ. Shaykin, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Management
Scientific adviser – A.V. Fedotov, Doctor of Economic sciences,Associate
professor, Professor of the Department of Management
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The text of the article discusses the general terminology of the research
infrastructure, its versatility, from tools to the basis for the development of an
integrated system for conducting research. The modern requirements of society for
infrastructure and their impact on the principles of research infrastructure design
are discussed. The background of thinking for changing the approach in the design
and use of new infrastructure in the context of modern development of
informatization and new digital technologies are considered.
Infrastructure, technopolis, resources, digitalization, ecology, blockchain.
310
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ, ɬɟɪɦɢɧ «ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ» (ɞɚɥɟɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨ – «ɂɂ») ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ «ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ,
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɜ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ» [3]. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ
ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ:
x Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ;
x Ɋɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɰɢɢ, ɚɪɯɢɜɵ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ;
x ȼɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɶ; ɢ
x Ʌɸɛɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ.
ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɞɥɹ ɜɢɡɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ
ɢ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɫɬɚɬɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɣ
(ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, «ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ» ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɭɞɚ,
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ).
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɚɞɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ,
ɚɪɯɢɜɚɬɨɪɵ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɩɨ ɛɚɡɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. ȼ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
"ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ" ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ (ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ) ɡɞɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ,
ɚ
ɜ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ
«ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ» ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɛɢɨɛɚɧɤɚɦ,
ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳɚɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɟɧɞɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɜ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɬɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ,
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɚɯ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɯ
ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ).
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɟɫɬɶ «ɫɟɪɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ». ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɂɂ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ
ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ,
ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɋɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɢ ɂɂ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɫɜɟɧɧɨɣ (ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ
ɧɚ ɪɟɩɭɬɚɰɢɸ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɛɨɪ
ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ
311
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɬɨɧɤɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɂɂ ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɵ - ɧɚɛɨɪ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɹ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɡɤɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɦ.
Ʉɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ,
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɢ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
ɇɂɈɄɊ
ɐɟɧɬɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ (ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɵ, ɛɚɡɵ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɞɵ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.)
ɋɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ, ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ
ɩɨ ɛɚɡɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɨɛɳɟɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɋɥɭɠɛɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ
ɐɟɧɬɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɂɂ ɦɨɠɟɬ:
1) Ȼɵɬɶ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɯ;
2) Ɉɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ (ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ)
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ, ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ (ɨɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ), ɫɥɭɠɛɵ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; ɢɥɢ
3) Ɉɬɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɂɂ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ
ɇɂɈɄɊ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ
ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɥɢɲɶ
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɂɂ.
Ʉɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɪɭɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɣ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ, ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɬɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ.
ɂɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ, ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɦɵ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɫ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɬ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɂɂ.
Ɇɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɂɂ, ɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨ-ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɪɨɞ Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɂɂ
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɟɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɩɨɜɥɢɹɜɲɢɦ ɧɚ ɫɦɟɥɨɟ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ «ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ» ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ, ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɤɨɥɶ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ, ɜɵɪɨɫɲɟɦ ɧɚ
312
ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɜɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɨɜ. Ƚɨɪɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ
ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɦɚɥɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɟɲɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ
ɝɨɪɨɞ
ɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɣ,
ɬɨ
ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ 950
ɝ.ɧ.ɷ. [6], ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɜ 19
ɜɟɤɟ. ɋ 2009 ɝɨɞɚ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɬɚ, ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɜ 2015. Ȼɵɥɢ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɬɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ,
ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 1200 ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɛɵɜɲɢɯ ɡɚɥɚɯ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɬɚ
[4]. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɛɢɨ-ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ, ɱɢɫɬɵɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ,
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɚɤɫɟɥɟɪɚɬɨɪɵ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ
ɩɨɞɫɩɨɪɶɟɦ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ - ɭɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ ɜ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɬɨɜɨɦ
ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ
ɦɟɫɬɨɧɚɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɢ.
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɂɂ ɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ (ɜɨɟɧɧɨɟ, ɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ
ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɵ.
ɇɚɭɤɨɝɪɚɞɵ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɦɨɧɨɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɜ ɋɋɋɊ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ
ɨɛɪɚɡɟɰ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ, ɮɚɧɬɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɡɚɛɨɥɨɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɵɛɨɪ
ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɟɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ
40ɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɥɢ ɥɸɛɵɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ.
ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɥɹ. Ɉɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɪɢɝɝɟɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɂɂ,
ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɬɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ, ɟɫɥɢ
ɭɝɨɞɧɨ ɫɢɥɭ, ɷɬɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ (ɜ ɬ.ɱ. ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ).
ɇɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɂɂ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬ, ɤɚɤ
ɞɨɥɝɨɥɟɬɢɟ ɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɂɂ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɟɟ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ.
Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɭɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɤɭɩɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ,
ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɞɚɠɟ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ
313
ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ – ɢɡɥɢɲɧɟ ɨɛɧɚɞɟɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ
ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ
ɜɢɞɵ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɫɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ,
ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɝɨɫɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ, «ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɟɱɚɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɨ
ɟɟ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ – ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ» [2].
ɉɪɟɫɬɢɠ, ɤɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ʌɸɛɨɩɵɬɧɵɣ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɭɠɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɂɂ – ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ
ɩɪɢɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɞɢɣɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɂɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ
ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɋɤɨɥɤɨɜɨ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ
ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɣ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ, ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɨɛ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ, ɜ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɟ
ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ, ɡɚɜɟɞɨɦɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɫɨɢɫɤɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. ɗɬɨ ɧɢɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɟ ɭɦɚɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɫɥɭɝ ɋɤɨɥɤɨɜɨ, ɚ
ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɦɚɪɤɟɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɜɟɞɶ ɭɡɧɚɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ.
ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɂɂ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɸɛɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ
ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ
ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɜɢɞɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɨɤ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ «ɭɦɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ» (ɬɟɯɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɵ),
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɥɢɤ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɜɢɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ/ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɜɟɳɟɣ. ɐɢɮɪɨɜɚɹ
ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ (ɞɚɥɟɟ – «ɐɂ»), ɬɚɤɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɚɱɧɵɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ,
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ
ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɣ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ.
ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ «ɡɟɥɟɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɤɢ» ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ
ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɯɨɞɨɜ (ɩɨɛɨɱɧɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɨɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ) ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɪɟɲɚɥɫɹ ɨɧ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ
ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ (ɜɵɫɚɞɤɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɦ). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ
ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ Ʉɨɪɠɟɜɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ – ɦɚɫɫɢɜ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɣ,
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 50ɯ ɝɝ. ɜ ɝ. Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɧɝɪɚɞɟ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɬɟɩɟɪɶ –
314
ɝɨɪɨɞ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ). ɉɨ ɡɚɦɵɫɥɭ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɳɢɤɨɜ, ɷɬɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɤɢ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ
ɪɟɤɪɟɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɢ ɛɭɮɟɪɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɹ ɨɬ
ɩɨɫɟɬɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɵɟ ɥɟɫɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɟ «Ʌɨɫɢɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ»
[1].
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɫɚɦɭ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ
ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɭɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ
ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɂɂ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. Ɉɧ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɮɨɪɬɧɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ
ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ
ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɬɟɣ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
«ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ» ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ.
Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɂɂ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɧɚɭɤɢ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɂɂ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɇɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɇɂɈɄɊ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɞɪɨɧɚɦɢ), ɧɨ ɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɬɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɵɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚɦ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ
ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɇɂɈɄɊ, ɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɠɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ. Ɋɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɯ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢ ɮɢɤɫɚɰɢɢ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ
«ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ», ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɨɜ
ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɩɪɨɫɬɢɥɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ
[5]. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɬ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɹɸɬ
ɬɟɦɩ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ, ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ. ɍɠɟ
ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ȿɞɢɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɟɠɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ
ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ
ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
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Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɐɂ.
ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɨɤɱɟɣɧ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɤɪɭɝɥɨɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
(ɨɬɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɦɚɥɟɣɲɢɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɛɥɨɤɱɟɣɧɟ). ɇɚ ɢɯ
ɛɚɡɟ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɯɪɚɧɢɥɢɳ,
ɪɟɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɚɡ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɂɂ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɦɢɧɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɸɬ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ (ɤɚɤ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɝɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ) ɤ ɧɢɦ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ
ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɇɂɈɄɊ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ,
ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɇɂɈɄɊ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ, ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɹɯ. Ⱥɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ «ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ
ɢɡɥɢɲɤɨɜ» ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɬɚɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɭɠɟ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ – ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ
ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɰɟɧɟ (ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ), ɱɟɦ
ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ, ɚ ɰɟɥɟɜɚɹ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɹ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɲɢɪɟ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ
ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɚɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɟɦɤɢɟ,
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ (ɪɟɱɶ
ɨ ɦɚɫɫ-ɦɚɪɤɟɬ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɪɵɧɤɚ).
ȼɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɂɂ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ, ɧɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ
ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɂɂ ɢɡ ɤɥɚɫɬɟɪɧɨ-ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɝ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ɇɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɚɫɬɶ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɢ
ɰɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨ
ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɵɲɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ, ɫ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɨɦ, ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ, ɫ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɢɯ ɫɢɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɹɯ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɂɂ ɚɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɰɢɣ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ʌɟɜɢɧ ȼ.ɋ. Ɋɵɫɢɧ Ʌ., Ɋɵɫɢɧ ɋ. ɍɪɛɨɥɟɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ. - 1963. - ɋ. 195.
316
2. ɇɨɫɤɨɜ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ: ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɧɚɭɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɟɣ // ɗɄɈ. 2011. ʋ1. ɋ. 56.
3. Ɉɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɚɣɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/funding/fundingopportunities/funding-programmes-and-open-calls/horizon-europe/researchinfrastructures_en (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 17.02.2023).
4. ɉɨɪɬɚɥ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.aivp.org/en/good-practices/rotterdam-makers-district-thefuture-is-being-invented-today/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 10.03.2023).
5. Ɋɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɊɎ ɨɬ 17 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2009 ɝ. N 1993-ɪ
«Ɉɛ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɋɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ
ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɊɎ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɊɎ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢɩɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ» (ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɸ ɧɚ 28 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2011 ɝ.) [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ƚɚɪɚɧɬ.
2009. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://base.garant.ru/12171809/ (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
11.03.2023).
6. Ɋɨɬɬɟɪɞɚɦ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. Wikimedia - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 11.03.2023).
7. Smart city Rotterdam: a leading light in smart innovation [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫ] / bee smart city. 2020. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://www.beesmart.city/cityportraits/smart-city-rotterdam-a-leading-light-in-smart-innovation
(ɞɚɬɚ
ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 11.03.2023).
317
ɍȾɄ 332.05
ɉɊɈɐȿɋɋɇɕȿ ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɂ ɄȺɄ ɎȺɄɌɈɊ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ
ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɉɊɈɆɕɒɅȿɇɇɈȽɈ ɉɊȿȾɉɊɂəɌɂə
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɘɪɶɟɜ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – Ɇ.ə. ȼɟɫɟɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɞ-ɪ ɷɤɨɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ, ɡɚɜɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɨɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ, ɤɚɤ
ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ. Ⱦɚɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ. ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɜɡɹɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ. ȼɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɹɜɧɨɝɨ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɨɫɬɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ,
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ,
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ
PROCESS INNOVATIONS AS A FACTOR OF ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE
A.A. Yurev, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of Management,
Scientific adviser – M.Y. Veselovsky, Doctor of Economic sciences, Professor,
Professor, Head of the Department of Management
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The article discusses the impact of process innovations as a separate factor
in the economic development of an industrial enterprise. The terminological
characteristics of economic development and process innovations are given and
their statistical indicators in the industry over the past few years are considered.
The life cycle of products manufactured by an industrial enterprise was taken as
an indicator of economic development. It was not possible to reveal the clear
influence of process innovations as a separate factor in stimulating the growth of
the life cycle of industrial enterprise products.
318
Process innovations, economic development, industrial enterprise, life cycle of
goods, works and services.
ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ
ɧɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɜ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɚɞ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ
ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ [4].
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɇɚɭɱɧɵɦɢ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ [2,
3]. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ. Ʉ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
x ɋɥɚɛɚɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ;
x ɇɟɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ;
x ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ;
x Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ;
x ɇɢɡɤɢɣ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ;
x ɉɪɨɱɟɟ.
Ʉ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
ȼɵɩɭɫɤ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɬɨɣɤɢɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɚɦɢ,
ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɪɟɧɞɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɟɬ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɫɹ ɫ
ɪɹɞɨɦ ɜɵɡɨɜɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡ-ɡɚ
ɪɚɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɫ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɠɟɧ ɪɢɫɤɭ.
Ɋɚɡɪɵɜ ɫ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦ ɪɢɧɤɨɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɠɚɬɢɸ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɗɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ,
ɧɨ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɢɫɤɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɛɵɬɶ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ: ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦɢ
ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɬɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ
ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɤɨɩɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɨɝ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ. Ⱦɥɹ
319
ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɜɥɚɞɟɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ. Ɋɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ: ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ȼ
ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɞɥɹ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɝɢɩɨɬɟɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ
ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ, ɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ. Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɚɸɬ
ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ. ɍ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɤɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪ
ɢɥɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɭ ɧɟ ɭɩɚɞɟɬ, ɬɨ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ.
ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. ȿɫɬɶ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɣ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ, ɤɚɤ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɢɞɵ [1].
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɦɢ
ɧɟɬ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɚ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ,
ɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɢɞɨɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɨɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɜɢɞɨɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɛɚɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ [5]. Ʉ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɦ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:
x ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝ;
x ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɤɢ;
x ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ;
x ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ;
x ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɢ
ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ;
x ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɦɢ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ;
x ɇɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ
ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɟɧɞ
ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɝɧɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ. ȼ 2017 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ
320
ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ (4-ɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ
ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ɉɫɥɨ) ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɧɹɥɫɹ [6].
20,0%
15,0%
10,0%
5,0%
0,0%
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
˄̶̨̨̨̨̡̨̛̛̛̛̬̖̦̦̦̦̦̜̯̦̭̯̏̽̏̌̌̏
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ 2011-2020 ɝɝ.
ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ — ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ,
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ, ɤɚɤ
ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɫɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɧɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ. ɂ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɟɦ
ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ.
ɑɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɢɯ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ. ȿɫɥɢ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɢɲɟɜɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ
ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ
ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɬɟɦ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ, ɬɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦ
ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
ɇɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ [7].
Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɜ
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɡɚ 2015-2020 ɝɝ. 2019 ɝɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɰɟɫɫɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɫɩɥɟɫɤ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.
321
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2015
2016
1̨̐̔
2017
̨̯2̨̔5
̨̯6̨̔10
2018
̨̯11̨̔20
2019
2020
ʥ̨̣̖̖20̣̖̯
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɀɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ
ɂɡ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ 2019 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ
ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɡɨɜ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɍɪɟɧɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɟɧ ɭ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɡɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɂɡ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 10 ɥɟɬ ɭɩɚɥ ɧɚ 13,1% ɜ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 2015 ɩɨ 2018 ɝɝ. ɢ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɧɚ 9,2% ɜ 2019 ɝ. ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 2018 ɝ.
Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 5 ɥɟɬ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɧɚ 8,8% ɜ
2019 ɝ. ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 2018 ɝ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ɍɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɡɟ ɢɯ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
1 ɝɨɞ
0,00%
8,11%
-1,88%
177,07%
2,99%
ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 5
ɨɬ 6 ɞɨ 10
ɨɬ 11 ɞɨ 20
Ȼɨɥɟɟ 20 ɥɟɬ
-1,10%
-8,21%
3,35%
-0,23%
-3,70%
3,05%
6,05%
4,68%
0,38%
-8,09%
1,02%
3,13%
93,68%
65,24%
85,89%
66,16%
8,80%
9,22%
0,54%
2,74%
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɭ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɦɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɯ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɰɢɤɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ. ɇɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 3 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ.
322
600000
68
66
500000
64
400000
62
300000
60
58
200000
56
100000
54
0
52
2015
2016
2017
̶̶̨̨̛̛̛̯̬̯̼̦̪̬̖̭̭̦̼̖̦̦̥̣̦̬̱̌̌̌̏̌̍̚
2018
2019
2020
̶̶̨̨̛̛̛̱̖̣̦̼̜̖̭̯̬̯̦̪̬̖̭̭̦̼̖̦̦̔̽̏̌̌̌̏̌̚
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3 – Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɥɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ
ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
Ɍɪɟɧɞ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ, ɡɚ
ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ 2019 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɞɚɥ ɞɨ
2017 ɝɨɞɚ.
Ⱦɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɶ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɚ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɟɫɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ,
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɲɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ (Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4).
62,0%
61,0%
60,0%
59,0%
58,0%
57,0%
56,0%
55,0%
54,0%
2013Ͳ2015
2014Ͳ2016
2015Ͳ2017
2016Ͳ2018
2017Ͳ2019
2018Ͳ2020
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4 – ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɟɫ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɜɲɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɂɡ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɨɜ 3 ɢ 4 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ, ɚ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɫ
2015 ɝ. ɩɨ 2017 ɝ. ɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɫ 2018 ɝɨɞɚ.
323
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɭ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ
ɩɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ
ɤ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɣ. ɇɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 5 ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɚ
ɞɨɥɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ
ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɢɯ
ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ 2018 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɜɫɟɣ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɩɚɞɚɥɚ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɥɟɬ. ɉɨɫɥɟ 2018 ɝɨɞɚ ɭ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɡɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɨɦ ɨɬ 20
ɥɟɬ.
ɂɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ. ȼɨɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɭ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫɪɨɤ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɥɢɧɧɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ
ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɜɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ. ȼɨɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɢɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɭɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟɦ. ȼ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɨɦ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ
ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɚɫɶ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɥɚɫɶ
ɞɨɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɫ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ.
ɇɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɧɟ
ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ, ɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ.
30,00%
25,00%
20,00%
15,00%
10,00%
5,00%
0,00%
2015
2016
1̨̐̔
̨̯2̨̔5
2017
̨̯6̨̔10
2018
̨̯11̨̔20
2019
2020
ʥ̨̣̖̖20̣̖̯
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5 – Ⱦɨɥɹ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ
ɨɛɳɟɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ
ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɟɡɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ
ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ
ɟɫɬɶ, ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɚɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ
324
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬ ɛɵɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɨɥɸ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ȼɥɢɧɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɉ., Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɚ Ɉ.ɋ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫɧɵɟ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ // Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ: ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. 2011. ʋ6-1. ɋ. 321-326.
2. Ƚɨɥɨɜɤɨ Ɇ.ȼ. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɜɟɤɬɨɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ
ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɚɬɨɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɲɢɧɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ // Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ
ɹɞɟɪɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. 2016. ʋ2 (19). ɋ. 83-97.
3. Ʉɚɩɥɚɧ Ⱥ.ȼ. ɉɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɝɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ // ȽɂȺȻ. 2011. ʋ5. ɋ. 288-294.
4. ɉɚɬɪɟɟɜɚ Ɉ.ȼ., ɋɭɫɥɨɜɚ ȿ.Ɇ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ // ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. 2010. ʋ3-2. ɋ 151-155.
5. ɋɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤɢ ȼɒɗ: ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - 2023. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.hse.ru/primarydata/ii (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 15.04.2023).
6. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ: ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - 2023. Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/science (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
15.04.2023).
7. Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ: Ɏɨɪɦɚ ʋ 4ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɹ «ɋɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ»
[ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. - 2023. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ: https://rosstat.gov.ru/
storage/mediabank/4-innov.html (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 15.04.2023).
325
ɍȾɄ 661.6
ɈȻɁɈɊ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɕɏ ɉɈȾɏɈȾɈȼ Ʉ ɎɈɊɆɂɊɈȼȺɇɂɘ
ȼɕɋɈɄɈɌȿɆɉȿɊȺɌɍɊɇɕɏ ɄȿɊȺɆɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɆȺɌɊɂɐ
Ⱥ.ɇ. əɝɨɜɤɢɧɚ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɢ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ȿ.Ⱥ. Ȼɨɝɚɱɟɜ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɬɟɯɧ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɶ
ɛɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ
Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ
ɢ ɩɪɟɤɭɪɫɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɠɢɞɤɨɮɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɢ
ɝɚɡɨɮɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɪɟɧɬɝɟɧɨɮɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɫɪɟɞɵ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ,
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ.
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɵ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ
ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ.
ɫɦɟɫɟɣ,
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ,
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
THE HIGH-TEMPERATURE CERAMIC MATRIX FORMATION:
REVIEW OF NEW APPROACHES
A.N. Yagovkina, second-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Engineering and technology
Scientific adviser – E.A. Bogachev, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Teacher of
the Basic Department of Quality management and research in the field of new
materials and technologies Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of
Higher Education «Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet
Union, Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
This article provides information about the formation of ceramic composite
material with various powder mixtures and precursors by reactive melt infiltration,
chemical vapor infiltration, precursor infiltration and pyrolysis methods. The
technological parameters of the process of obtaining a carbon-ceramic composite
material are shown. The results of ablation tests and phase analysis of ceramic
matrix are presented. The powder compositions for the formation of a carbon326
ceramic composite material being applied in the high temperature oxidizing
environments are proposed.
Various powder mixtures, ceramic matrix, oxidation resistance.
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɥɚɜɨɜ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɜ
ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ (ɞɨ 1200 °ɋ), ɚ
ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɟɟ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ [1, C. 120]. ɍɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɟ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ (ɍɍɄɆ) ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ
ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ,
ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ
ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɞɚɪɭ [7, C. 551]. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɍɍɄɆ ɜɵɲɟ
500 °ɋ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ
ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. ȼɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ, ɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɚɦ.
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɮɢɡɢɤɨɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɫ
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɡ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚɦɢ (RMI). ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɢ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɤɭɪɫɨɪɨɜ (PIP),
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɪɟɞ (CVI) ɩɪɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ.
Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɟɥ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ
ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ-ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
(ɍɄɄɆ)
ɫ
ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɦɢ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 1800 °ɋ ɢɡɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ [3, C. 16115]. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ,
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹɯ
1-2 [10, C. 1217].
2SiC x (ɬɜ) + 3O2 x (ɝ) = 2SiO2 x (ɠ) + 2CO x (ɝ)
(1)
SiC x (ɬɜ) + O2 x (ɝ) = SiO2 x (ɠ) + CO x (ɝ)
(2)
Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ. Ɍɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɥɶɮɪɚɦ, ɜɚɧɚɞɢɣ,
ɬɢɬɚɧ, ɦɨɥɢɛɞɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɨɛɢɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ
327
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ WO3, MoO3 ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɝɨɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ 500
°ɋ ɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɧɢɠɟ 1800 °C. TiO2 ɩɥɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ 1830 °ɋ,
ɱɬɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɭ SiO2, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɵ ɧɢɠɟ, ɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ
ɬɟɤɭɱɟɫɬɶ. ȼ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɫ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ
Zr-Ti-O ɢ (Zr,Ti)O2. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɧɢɨɛɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ NbO, NbO2, Nb2O5, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɣ – NbZr-O, Nb2Zr6O17 ɢ ZrNb14O37. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɧɟ
ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɬ 1550 °C [6, C. 7058]. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ VC ɢ
ZrC ɜɵɲɟ 2535 °ɋ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ V2O3 ɢ ZrO2. Ɂɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɣ ɢ ɟɝɨ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɚɧɚɞɢɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɩɪɟɠɞɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ [14, C.30340]. Ɉɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ
ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɜɵɲɟ 2000 °C, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɬɚɤɢɯ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ (ZrO2) ɢ ɝɚɮɧɢɹ (HfO2),
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɥɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢ 2600 °ɋ ɢ 2800 °C ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. ɉɪɢ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ HfC ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ HfO2, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ
ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ [11, C. 3]. ZrO2 ɢ HfO2
ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɦ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚɦ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ
ɩɨɥɡɭɱɟɫɬɢ, ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ZrSiO4 (ɰɢɪɤɨɧ), HfSiO4
(ɝɚɮɧɨɧ), Hf(Zr)–Ta–Si–O ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ [19, C.
5480]. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɍɄɄɆ ɨɬ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ
ɩɨɪɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɪɟɳɢɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ, ɩɪɢ
ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɚɹ ɜɹɡɤɚɹ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɮɚɡɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɯ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ,
ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, HfB2, ZrB2, HfC, ZrC, TaC, HfN, ZrN ɢ TaN. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ZrB2 ɢ ZrC
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ (3250 ɢ 3540 °C
ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). Ʉɚɪɛɢɞɵ ɢ ɛɨɪɢɞɵ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Hf ɢ Zr
ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ,
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɜ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɨɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ
ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ, ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɜ.
Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
Zr-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ RMI, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ
ɩɢɪɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ (Cf/C). ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ
ɫɩɥɚɜɵ Zr-Cu, Zr-Al, ɷɜɬɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ Zr–B, Si-Zr10, ɩɨɪɨɲɤɢ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ,
ZrSi2 [10, C.1217, 15, C.209, 16, C.20373, 23, C.205]. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɞɢ ɢ ɛɨɪɚ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ PIP ɢ RMI, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ
ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ZrC ɢ ɮɟɧɨɥɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɧɚɹ
ɫɦɨɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ Zr0,912Si0,088 ɢ ɩɨɥɢɫɢɥɚɡɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ SiC, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
328
ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ZrSi2 [9, C.336]. ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [13, C. 3054] ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɭ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɮɨɪɦ Cf/B4C-C ɢ Cf/SiC ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ ZrSi2.
Ⱦɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɍɍɄɆ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɲɥɢɤɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɤɢ
ɫɩɥɚɜɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɧɵ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɦ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜ ɜ ɩɟɱɢ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 2000 oC ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 1–3 ɱ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ
ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ (ȼɌɈ). ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫ ɩɢɪɨɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ, ɧɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɞɟɝɪɚɞɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɥɚ, ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɧɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1 [20, C. 1280].
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɜɵɲɟ 30 ɦɢɧɭɬ
ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1950 °C ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ
ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 1 – ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ
ɍɍɄɆ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɨɦ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ [20, C.1280]
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ RMI ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɢɡ ZrC–ɋu, ZrC, ZrB2,
SiC, ZrSi2 ɢ ɢɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɢ
ɮɚɡ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɍɄɄɆ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬ 4,0 ɞɨ 9,9 %.
Ʉɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ
ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ. Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ C/ZrC ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨ-ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 2,5 ɞɨ 5 ɦɤɦ/ɫ,
ɱɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚɦɢ
SiC ɢ SiC-ZrB2 (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1) [20, C.1281]. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ZrO2
ɦɨɧɨɤɥɢɧɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɬɪɚɝɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɧɝɨɧɢɢ.
329
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1 – Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɭɧɨɫɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ
[20, C.1281]
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ, ɦɦ/ɫ
C/C-ZrC
C/SiC-ZrB2
C/SiC
ɋ/ZrC [5, C.2298]
0,002േ0,001
0,041േ0,002
0,032
0,012
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ,
ɝ/ɫ
0,004േ0,001
0,009േ0,0001
0,0052
0,0095
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [15, C. 210] ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɛɨɪɚ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ZrB2, ɨɬɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ
ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɷɪɨɡɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɭɧɨɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɍɄɄɆ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚɯ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ
(Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2) [10, C. 1218]. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ZrC ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɭɧɨɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɞɨ 22 ɦɤɦ/ɫ, ɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɞɨ 13 ɦɝ/ɫ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ZrC. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɍɄɄɆ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɨɦ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2 – ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟɣ [10, C.1218]
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɉɪɟɞɟɥ
ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɇɉɚ
C/SiC-ZrB2-ZrC
C/SiC
C/ZrB2-SiC
C/SiC-ZrB2-TaC
380േ9
350േ15
237േ30
225േ15
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ,
ɦɦ/ɫ
0,002േ0,001
0,042േ0,012
0,066
0,026
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɝ/ɫɦ3
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ,
%
2,23
2,07
2,10
2,35
10,0
10,0
11,5
Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ Hf-ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɭɸ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ
ɩɪɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ CVI ɢ RMI ɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ PIP. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
ɨɫɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ SiC ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɚɦɢ
HfSi2 ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ 1600-1700 °ɋ. ȼɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɤɭɪɫɨɪ HfC
ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɤɚɪɛɨɫɢɥɚɧɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɨɣ-ɤɚɪɛɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣȼɌɈ [3, C.16115]. Ƚɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ PIP, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ HfC ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɢ
ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɭɧɨɫ RMI ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ – 22 ɦɤɦ/ɫ ɢ 2,9 ɦɝ/ɫ, PIP ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ – 4 ɦɤɦ/ɫ ɢ 1,5
ɦɝ/ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ). ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ
ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [22, C.108886] ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 1,06 ɦɤɦ/ɫ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɨɬ 13,2 ɞɨ 17,4% ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɍɍɄɆ ɨɫɚɠɞɚɸɬ
ɦɧɨɝɨɫɥɨɣɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ SiC + HfC-HfO2, SiC + HfC ɢɥɢ
HfC-SiC/HfC [17, C. 1196] ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɫɜɟɪɯɡɜɭɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɡɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɟɧɢɹ
330
(SAPS). Ȼɵɥɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ,
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ HfSiO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɥ ɧɚ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɭɧɨɫɚ.
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ HfC ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ZrC,
TaC ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ RMI. ȼ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɥɚɜ 50Hf10Zr40Si, ɫɦɟɫɶ
ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɜ Hf, Zr, Si ɢɥɢ HfSi2 ɢ ZrSi2 [2, C.4686, 18, C.1497, 19, C.5479].
Ɉɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɣɧɟɪ ɢ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ
ɛɪɢɤɟɬɚɦɢ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɵɩɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɨɲɤɨɦ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɨɦ ɞɨ
2000 oC ɜ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ,
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɢɡ HfC, SiC, ZrC, ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ HfSi2, ZrSi2. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 8 %.
Ƚɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɞɨ 2500 oC. Ɉɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɢɡ (Hf,Zr)O2 ɢ SiO2; HfO2, ZrO2, SiO2.
ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɦ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ HfSiO4 ɢ ZrSiO4. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ HfC ɜ ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɨɣ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ (Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3) [2,
C.4689]. Ɉɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ
ɛɟɡɭɧɨɫɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 3 – Ⱥɛɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ
[2, C.4689]
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɨɟ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ
HfC, %
0
1,9
C/HfC-ZrC-SiC
4,5
8,8
Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ
ɉɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɝ/ɫɦ3
ɉɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ,
%
2,49
2,52
2,83
3,04
8,1
3,3
4,3
5,4
Ʌɢɧɟɣɧɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɭɧɨɫɚ, ɦɦ/ɫ
3,34േ0,22
0,43േ0,13
0,75േ0,1
-1,10േ0,17
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɭɧɨɫɚ, ɝ/ɫ
2,68േ0,16
3,01േ0,25
2,93േ0,21
1,50േ0,18
ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ [5, C. 2298] ɨɛɪɚɡɰɵ ɍɍɄɆ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɵɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɨɤɭɧɚɧɢɹ ɜ
ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɥɚɜɟ TiZrHfNbTa ɜ ɜɚɤɭɭɦɟ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶ
ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɬɤɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 31,2 ɞɨ 1,0 %, ɚ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɚ
ɞɨ 3,85 ɝ/ɫɦ3. Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ (TiHfZrNbTa)C ɢ
ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɥɚɜɚ. Ƚɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ–ɚɰɟɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ
ɞɨ 2000 °ɋ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ
Ti5,1Ta4,9O20, Hf6Ta2O17, Nb2Zr6O17 ɢ TaZr2,75O8. Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɟ ɭɧɨɫɵ
C/(TiHfZrNbTa)C ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 1,2 ɦɝ/ɫ ɢ 0,8 ɦɤɦ/ɫ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨɮɚɡɧɚɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɚ.
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ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɧɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɥɚɧɬɚɧɚ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɡɚɝɨɬɨɜɤɭ
ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ PIP ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ.
Ɂɚɦɟɱɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɹɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɚɪɛɨɫɢɥɚɧ, ɚ
ɩɪɟɤɭɪɫɨɪɚɦɢ – HfC, TaC, ZrB2, LaB6 La(NO3)3×6H2O ɢ ɫɩɥɚɜ Ta0,78-0,80Hf0,200,22C [4, ɋ.109347, 8, C.3602, 12, C.12880, 21, C.6186]. ɉɨɞɛɨɪ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ LaB6
ɜ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɫ ZrC ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ ɞɨ
2100 °ɋ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ LaB6 (ɨɤɨɥɨ 10 ɨɛ. %)
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ
ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ B2Ɉ3 ɢ SiO2 [8, C.3606]. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ LaB6 ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɨɛ. %
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ LaBO3 ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ, ɦɟɲɚɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɸ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɬɫɥɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɢ LaB6 ɜ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ~15 ɨɛ. % ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫ
ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɂɚɦɟɧɚ LaB6 ɧɚ La2O3
ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
La2Zr2O7. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɬɪɢɰ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ HfO2, La2O3 ɢ
La2Hf2O7, Hf6Ta2O17, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ta2O5 ɢ LaTaO4. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ 3000 °ɋ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɭɧɨɫ ɩɪɢ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ TaC ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ C/SiC-ZrB2-TaC – 26 ɦɤɦ/ɫ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ C/SiC-ZrB2 – 66 ɦɤɦ/ɫ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɚɧɬɚɧɚ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 10 ɦɤɦ/ɫ. ɇɚ Ɋɢɫɭɧɤɟ 2 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ
ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɍɄɄɆ [12, C.12880]. Ɉɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɣɫɹ
ɜɹɡɤɢɣ LaZr2O7 ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɭ ɰɢɪɤɨɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɚɪɹɬɶɫɹ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɹ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɝɚɪɚ.
Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 2 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɚɛɥɹɰɢɢ: a – C/SiC–ZrC;
ɛ – C/SiC–ZrC- La2O3 [12, C.12880]
ɉɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɧɬɚɥɚ, ɞɨ 2200 °ɋ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɣ ɭɧɨɫ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1,18 ɦɤɦ/ɫ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ
332
73% ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɟɦ ɭ ɍɍɄɆ [21, C.6187]. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɬɚɧɬɚɥ,
ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɬɪɟɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ, ɚ ɥɚɧɬɚɧɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɫɢɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɜɥɢɹɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ [4, ɋ.109347].
ȼɵɜɨɞɵ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɨɣɤɨɣ
ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ
ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɜ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɵ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɣ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɬɭɝɨɩɥɚɜɤɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ ɍɄɄɆ ɜ
ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɬɚɧɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɥɚɧɬɚɧɚ ɜ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɭ
ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɭɸ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɭɧɨɫɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɹɡɤɨɫɬɢ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ.
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ɍȾɄ 159.9.072
ɊȿɎɅȿɄɋɂə ɍȼɅȿɑȿɇɇɈɋɌɂ ɊȺȻɈɌɈɃ ɋɉȿɐɂȺɅɂɋɌɈȼ
ȼ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɊȿɄɅȺɆɕ
Ɂ.ɋ. əɧɱɢɰɤɚɹ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶ – ɋ.ɋ. Ʉɨɫɬɵɪɹ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɩɫɢɯɨɥ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ, ɞɨɰɟɧɬ
ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧ
Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ
ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ «Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ Ƚɟɪɨɹ
ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɋɨɸɡɚ, ɥɟɬɱɢɤɚ-ɤɨɫɦɨɧɚɜɬɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɨɧɨɜɚ», ɝ.ɨ. Ʉɨɪɨɥɺɜ,
Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
Ɋɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɜɵɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɟ. Ɇɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɟɱɶ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɭɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɨɛ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɨ
ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ. Ɉɛɳɚɹ
ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ ɨɛ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤ
«ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ». ɉɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ.
ɍɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɪɭɞ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ.
REFLECTION OF THE WORK ENGAGEMENT OF ADVERTISING
SPECIALISTS
Z.S. Yanchitskaya, first-year postgraduate student of the Department of
Humanitarian and social disciplines
Scientific adviser – S.S.Kostyrya, Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate
professor, Associate professor of the Department Humanitarian and social
disciplines Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
«Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union,
Pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov», Korolev, Moscow region
The advertising business is built on the human resource. The mental health
of specialists affects the quality of their work and productivity. So it comes to
continuous in creative activity. The issue of work engagement is becoming more
acute in connection with the social upheavals during several years. A general
reflection on the enthusiasm for work leads to an assessment of such a
phenomenon as «emotional burnout». That is why, understanding the theoretical
basis of this problem will help to understand the psychology of the profession.
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Work engagement, labour, professional activity.
ɉɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ – ɷɬɨ
ɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ:
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɦɚɪɤɟɪ
ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɛɹ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɸɸ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ
ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɨɜ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɡɪɟɥɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɧɟɞɟɥɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɚɤɨɟ
ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɚɤ «ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ» ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ
ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ
ɛɢɡɧɟɫ-ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ
ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ.
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɚɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ: ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ work engagement (ɜ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɟ «ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ»), ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɤɚɤ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɩɟɥɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ Ⱥ.
Ȼɷɤɤɟɪɚ ɢ ȼ. ɒɚɭɮɟɥɢ. ɂɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫ
ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ [4]. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ Ⱥ.
Ȼɷɤɤɟɪɚ ɢ ȼ. ɒɚɭɮɟɥɢ work engagement ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ
ɤɚɤ: ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɗɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ
ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ «ɍɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ: ɤɚɤ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɸɛɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ», ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɜ 2015 ɝɨɞɭ
ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ – ɞɨɤɬɨɪɨɦ ȼɢɥɶɦɚɪɨɦ ɒɚɭɮɟɥɢ, ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɦɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɉɢɬɟɪɧɟɥɶ Ⱦɢɣɤɫɬɪɚ ɢ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɦ Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɨɦ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɨɣ.
Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ
ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ [2]:
x ɗɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɭɜɥɟɱɺɧɧɵɣࡅ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ
ɛɨɞɪɵɦ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɫɢɥ. Ɉɧ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɧɚ
ɪɵɜɨɤ, ɝɨɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨ ɫɛɢɬɶ ɫ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ.
x ɉɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɥɭ. ɍɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɧɚɰɟɥɟɧɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦ ɜɚɠɟɧ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ɂɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ, ɨɧɢ ɝɨɪɞɹɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɣࡅ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣࡅ.
x ɉɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɍɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ
ɜɵɡɨɜ, ɭɩɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɸɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ.
ɉɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ «ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ» ɢ
«ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ» ɦɨɠɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɤɭ ɫɥɨɜ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɱɶ ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ
ɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ. ȼɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɝɞɟ ɪɟɱɶ
336
ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɨ ɮɨɤɭɫɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦɢ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɨ
ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚɦ.
Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ
ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɦɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɨɮɢɫ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɥɹ
ɪɚɫɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɝɟɪɨɟɜ. «ɑɟɝɨ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ?» (2000 ɝɨɞ), «Ʉɚɤ
ɨɬɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɧɹ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɞɧɟɣ?» (2003), «ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ» (2010).
ȼ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɧɭɥɟɜɵɯ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɢɫɬɨɜ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ Ɇɟɥɚ Ƚɢɛɫɨɧɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɏɟɥɟɧ ɏɚɧɬ.
ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɤɚɪɶɟɪɧɨɣ ɥɟɫɬɧɢɰɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ.
Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɦɵ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ – ɇɢɤɚ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɥɨ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɦ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɟ,
ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ
ɫɟɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɨɛɪɚɡɟ Ⱦɚɪɫɢ
Ɇɚɤɝɭɚɣɪ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ, ɜɟɪɭ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ɇɨɬɢɜɵ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɢ ɏɟɥɟɧ ɏɚɧɬ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɢɟ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɧɚ ɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɪɟɜɧɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚ
ɩɨɫɬ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɟɟ ɨɩɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ
ɤɨɪɵɫɬɧɨ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɲɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɪɨɦ (ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɠɟɧɫɤɢɯ
ɦɵɫɥɟɣ).
ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɧɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ
ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɦɟ «Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɧɹ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɞɧɟɣ?». ɉɨ
ɫɸɠɟɬɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɚɹ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ ɗɧɞɢ Ⱥɧɞɟɪɫɨɧ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ
ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ. ȿɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɟɱɬɚ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚ
ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɦ, ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. Ɂɪɢɬɟɥɶ
ɜɢɞɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɟɟ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɟɣ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɟɪɨɢɧɹ Ʉɟɣɬ ɏɚɞɫɨɧ ɫɬɚɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɟɣ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ, ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧɚ ɫ
ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɡɦɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ «Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɧɹ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ
ɞɧɟɣ?», ɜɞɨɯɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɢ ɢ
ɩɨɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɦɭɠɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɮɢɥɶɦɚ ɜ
ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ Ɇɷɬɶɸ ɆɚɤɄɨɧɚɯɢ. Ɋɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɣ ɚɝɟɧɬ Ȼɟɧ Ȼɷɪɪɢ
ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɨɫɱɢɬɚɥ ɧɭɠɧɵɦ ɨɬɞɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɣ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɛɪɢɥɥɢɚɧɬɨɜ
ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɧɵɦ ɠɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɚ. Ƚɟɪɨɣ Ɇɷɬɶɸ ɆɚɤɄɨɧɚɯɢ ɡɚɯɨɬɟɥ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ
ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɨɝɨ
ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɢɥ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɫɩɨɪ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ.
Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɭɸ ɥɢɱɧɭɸ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ,
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɦɟ «ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ». Ȼɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɪɚɦɚ
ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ Ɇɚɪɤ ɐɭɤɟɪɛɟɪɝ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɫɦɨɝ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɚɣɬ ɜ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɫɟɪɜɢɫ ɞɥɹ
ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɦɚ,
337
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɶɟ ɞɪɭɡɶɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɪɚɝɚɦɢ, ɨɛɜɢɧɹɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɜ ɫɭɞɟ ɜ ɤɪɚɠɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ
ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. «ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɟɬɶ» ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ
ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɢɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɭɸ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɳɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɛɡɨɪ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɦɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ
ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɹɪɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ, ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ:
x Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ
ɧɟɬɪɢɜɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ;
x Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɥɨɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ;
x Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɪɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɜɵɡɨɜɵ;
x ɇɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ;
x Ɉɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ;
x ȼɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫ ɷɧɬɭɡɢɚɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɜ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ.
Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ.
ȼ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɜ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ə ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ.
Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɪɭɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ, ɫɚɦɨɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɢ,
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɱɟɲɫɤɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɜ ȼ. ɋɦɟɣɤɚɥɚ ɢ Ɇ. Ʉɭɱɟɪɵ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɨɛɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɟɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ,
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɢɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ:
x Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɫɟɛɟ;
x Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɟɝɨ ɥɸɞɹɦ;
x Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɣࡅ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɬɢɩɵ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɸ ɨɛ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ.
ȼɢɥɶɦɚɪ ɒɚɭɮɟɥɢ, ɉɢɬɟɪɧɟɥɶ Ⱦɢɣɤɫɬɪɚ, Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ.
ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ (ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ), ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ - ɫ
ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.
Ʉ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɤɨɥɥɟɝ,
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ, ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ,
ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɥɢɦɚɬ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɧɵɣ ɞɭɯ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ
ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣࡅ ɪɨɥɢ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.
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ɋɪɟɞɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɦ, ɫɚɦɨɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɫɬɪɟɫɫɨɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ, ɠɢɡɧɟɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ,
ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɚɞɚɩɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼɢɥɶɦɚɪ ɒɚɭɮɟɥɢ, ɉɢɬɟɪɧɟɥɶ Ⱦɢɣɤɫɬɪɚ, Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ
ɫɸɞɚ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɭ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɟɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɷɤɫɬɪɚɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɜɚɠɧɵɦ, ɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɢ ɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ. Ɉɛ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ Ɉ.ɇ. Ɇɨɥɱɚɧɨɜɨɣ «Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɋɰɢɥɥɨɣ
ɢ ɏɚɪɢɛɞɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɚɦɨɨɰɟɧɤɢ».
ɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɛɵɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ
ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɨɦ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧɨɣ Ɇɚɫɥɚɱ. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ
ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɢ: «ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ) ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ
ɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ
ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ» [1]. Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧɚ Ɇɚɫɥɚɱ
ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɨɣ ɋɶɸɡɚɧ Ⱦɠɟɤɫɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɨɩɪɨɫɧɢɤ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɣ
ɞɢɚɝɧɨɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ
ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɜ 2019
ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɚɝɧɨɡ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɨ ɜ
Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ
ɤɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɸ
ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ
(ɆɄȻ-11)
ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ
ɦɢɪɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɟɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɣ «ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ-ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ», ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ
ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ, ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ Ɇɚɫɥɚɱ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦ
ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɚ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ: ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
– ɷɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɚɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ
ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ: ɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ,
ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ
ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ – ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ
ɫɬɨɪɨɧɨɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ (ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɟɦɭ) [3].
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɟ ɜ
ɧɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ Ɉɥɶɝɢ ɉɨɥɭɧɢɧɨɣ (2009 ɝɨɞ). ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɛɵɥɨ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɨ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
339
ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɜ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ
Ɉɥɶɝɢ, ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɠ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɯ [5].
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ
ɫɟɪɜɢɫɨɦ «Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɪɹɞɨɦ» ɢ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɧɥɚɣɧ-ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɧɝɚ hh.ru ɜ 2021
ɝɨɞɭ, 92% ɪɨɫɫɢɹɧ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ
ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ (48%) ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ [7].
ɗɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɨɫɟ 2600 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɚ
ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɚ
ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦ
ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɩɹɬɶ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ:
x ɗɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ (57%);
x Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦɢ (27%);
x Ʌɢɱɧɚɹ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ (27%);
x Ɉɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ (18%);
x ɋɫɨɪɵ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɫ ɤɨɥɥɟɝɚɦɢ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ (17%).
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ
ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɱɬɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ
ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɜ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɵ – ɦɚɪɤɟɬɨɥɨɝɢ ɢ PR-ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɵ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɛɨɥɟɟ 80% ɦɚɪɤɟɬɨɥɨɝɨɜ ɢ PR-ɦɟɧɟɞɠɟɪɨɜ
ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɟɫɫ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭ 6% ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɟɫɬɶ
ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɭ, ɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 15% ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɚ. Ʉ 2021 ɝɨɞɭ, ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɣɞɠɟɫɬɚ «Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɣ ɜ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ», ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɟ ɢ ɦɚɪɤɟɬɢɧɝɭ
(20%) ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ (15%) – ɷɬɨ
ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ [6].
Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɹ ɩɹɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɹɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ
ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɜɢɫɚ
«Ⱦɨɤɬɨɪ ɪɹɞɨɦ» ɢ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɨɧɥɚɣɧ-ɪɟɤɪɭɬɢɧɝɚ hh.ru, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɷɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ.
ȼɢɥɶɦɚɪ ɒɚɭɮɟɥɢ, ɉɢɬɟɪɧɟɥɶ Ⱦɢɣɤɫɬɪɚ, Ɍɚɬɶɹɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɭ. ɂɡ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ
ɩɟɪɟɱɧɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɫɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ
ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɠɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ:
x ɇɟɯɜɚɬɤɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ;
x ɋɜɟɪɯɭɪɨɱɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ;
x ɑɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;
x ɗɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ;
340
x ɍɦɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɟ;
x Ʉɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣࡅ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣࡅ ɠɢɡɧɶɸ;
x Ɋɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɦɟɠɥɢɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɟ;
x ɇɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɫ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣࡅ.
ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ, ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɭ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ – ɷɬɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ
ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ-ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ (The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) model). ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɭ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ
ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ.
Ʉɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɨɦ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ
ɧɚɞ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɹ (EVP). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ HR-ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ
ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɞɢ ɱɟɝɨ
ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɢɥɢɫɶ(ɸɬɫɹ) ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ.
ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɵ ɢ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɢɦɵ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ
ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ
ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ
ɧɚɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ
ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɟɣ-ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɸ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ
ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ. ɉɨɧɢɦɚɹ ɫɭɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ,
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɚɝɭɛɧɵɯ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ
ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɣ. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɫɬɪɟɫɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɭɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢ
ɩɪɨɱɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɯ
ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. ȼɨɞɨɩɶɹɧɨɜɚ ɇ.ȿ. ɋɢɧɞɪɨɦ «ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ» ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ
«ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ-ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ». // ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦ ɩɨ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɦɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ƚ. ɋ. ɇɢɤɢɮɨɪɨɜɚ, Ɇ. Ⱥ.
Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɟɜɨɣ, ȼ. Ɇ. ɋɧɟɬɤɨɜɚ, ɋɉɛ., 2001. ɋ. 175-180.
2. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ Ɍ. ɍɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɥɸɛɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ
ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɭɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ / ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ Ɍ., ɒɚɭɮɟɥɢ ȼ., Ⱦɢɣɤɫɬɪɚ
ɉ. – Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ʉɨɝɢɬɨ-ɐɟɧɬɪ, 2015. 137 ɫ.
341
3. Ɂɪɚɠɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɂ.Ⱥ., Ȼɵɤɨɜ Ʉ.ȼ., Ɍɨɩɤɚ ɗ.Ɉ., ɉɟɲɤɢɧ ȼ.ɇ., ɂɫɚɟɜ Ɋ.ɇ.,
Ɉɪɥɨɜ Ⱥ.Ɇ. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɨ ɫɢɧɞɪɨɦɟ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ɉɫɢɯɢɚɬɪɢɹ. 2020. Ɍ. 18(4). ɋ. 127-138.
4. Ɇɚɧɞɪɢɤɨɜɚ ȿ.ɘ., Ƚɨɪɛɭɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ȼɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɭɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ //
Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɹ. [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. 2012. ʋ4. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vzaimosvyaz-uvlechennosti-rabotoylichnostnyh-resursov-i-udovletvorennosti-trudom-sotrudnikov (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ:
28.03.2023).
5. ɉɨɥɭɧɢɧɚ Ɉ.ȼ. ɍɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ
ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ: ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɟɣ // ɉɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ. 2009. ʋ
30(1). ɋ. 73–85.
6. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɣ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ: ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɵ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɞɚɣɞɠɟɫɬ ʋ1 [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. ɇɂɍ ȼɒɗ. 2021. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.hse.ru/data/2021/08/05/1425538088/Human_Capital_
NCMU_Digest_1_Creative_Industries_2021.pdf (ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 28.03.2023).
7. Ɋɨɫɫɢɹɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɤ ɤɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ [ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ]. ɋɟɬɟɜɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ «ɊȻɄ». 2021. - Ɋɟɠɢɦ
ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ:
https://www.rbc.ru/society/06/12/2021/61abaf289a79473cd08b4f08
(ɞɚɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ: 28.03.2023).
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ɇɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɟ
XIII ȿɀȿȽɈȾɇȺə ɇȺɍɑɇȺə ɄɈɇɎȿɊȿɇɐɂə ȺɋɉɂɊȺɇɌɈȼ
«ɌȿɏɇɈɅɈȽɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌȺ»
«ɂɇɇɈȼȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ȺɋɉȿɄɌɕ
ɋɈɐɂȺɅɖɇɈ-ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɊȿȽɂɈɇȺ»
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ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ
11 ɦɚɹ 2023 ɝ.,
ɧɚɭɤɨɝɪɚɞ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ
ɋɞɚɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɛɨɪ 18.05.2023.
Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ 60×88/16.
ɍɫɥ.ɩɟɱ.ɥ. 21,5
ɉɨɞɩ. ɜ ɩɟɱ. 25.05.2023.
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123007, ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɏɨɪɨɲɟɜɫɤɨɟ ɲ., 35ɤ2, ɨɮɢɫ 508.
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