UNIVERSITY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SIW 2 Air pollution 20.858 Tourism Teacher: Tairova K. Student: Raiynbek M. Abstract 1 Original text: The air quality in cities in Kazakhstan has been poorly investigated despite the worsening conditions. This study evaluates national air pollution monitoring network data (Total Suspended Particle-TSP, NO2, SO2, and O3) from Kazakhstan cities and provides estimates of excess mortality rates associated with PM2.5 exposure using the Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM) concentrationresponse function. Morbidity rates associated with PM10 exposure were also estimated. Annual average (2015-2017) population-weighted concentrations were Kazakhstan cities was 157, 51, 29, and 41 μg m−3 for TSP, NO2, SO2, and O3 respectively. We estimated a total of 8134 adult deaths per year attributable to PM2.5 (average over 2015–2017) in the selected 21 cities of Kazakhstan. The leading causes of death were ischemic heart disease (4080), stroke (1613), lower respiratory infections (662), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (434), lung cancer (332). The per capita mortality rate attributable to ambient air pollution (per 105 adults per year) was less than 150 in nine cities, between 150 and 204 in nine cities, and between 276 and 373 in three industrial cities (Zhezkazgan, Temirtau, and Balkhash). Paraphrase text Despite the deterioration of conditions, the air quality in Kazakhstan has been poorly studied. This study examines data from the national air pollution monitoring network from cities in Kazakhstan and provides estimates of excess mortality rates. Morbidity rates associated with PM10 exposure were also assessed. The average annual concentrations (2015-2017), weighted by population, in the cities of Kazakhstan amounted to 157, 51, 29 and 41 micrograms m3 for TSP, NO2, SO2 and O3, respectively .A total of 8,134 deaths of the adult population per year associated with PM2.5 (on average for 2015-2017) in 21 selected cities of Kazakhstan were shown. The main causes of death were coronary heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory tract infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer. Mortality per capita caused by air pollution is less than 150 in nine cities, from 150 to 204 in nine cities and from 276 to 373 in three industrial cities such as Zhezkazgan , Temirtau and Balkhash. Abstract 2 Original text: Air pollution and exposure to weather conditions beyond certain thresholds have a serious impact on public health. However, there is a lack of information on broader aspects, including the role of some exposure modifiers and the interaction between air pollution and weather. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive review and summary of the literature on the relationship of air pollution and weather with mortality and hospitalization; as well as to identify gaps in the literature that require further research. We conducted a literature review. A search in two databases (PubMed and Webof-Science) from 2012 to 2020 using three conceptual categories “environmental factors”, “health outcomes” and “Geographical region” revealed a total of 951 entries. The descriptive synthesis included all original studies with time series, cohorts, or cross-case analysis; with ambient air pollution and/or exposure to weather conditions; and outcomes of mortality and/or hospitalization. The final review included 112 articles, of which 70 related to mortality, 30 to hospitalization, and 12 studies included both outcomes. It has been shown that air pollution consistently acts as a risk factor for mortality from all causes, cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular diseases and cancer, as well as hospitalizations. High and cold temperatures were a risk factor for a wide range of cardiovascular, respiratory and mental illnesses; nevertheless, in several studies, an increase in temperature reduced the risk of hospitalization for pulmonary embolism, angina pectoris, chest diseases and coronary heart disease. The role of effect modification in the included studies was investigated in terms of gender, age and time of year, but not in terms of ethnicity. Air pollution and exposure to weather conditions beyond certain thresholds negatively affect human health. The influence of modification of important sociodemographic indicators, such as ethnicity and the interaction between air pollution and weather, is often overlooked in the literature. Our findings highlight the need for further research into health and mortality behaviors related to air pollution and weather to guide the planning of effective environmental precautions. Paraphrase text Air contamination and openness to weather patterns past specific edges truly affect general wellbeing. Be that as it may, there is an absence of data on more extensive perspectives, including the job of a few openness modifiers and the collaboration between air contamination and climate. The motivation behind this article is a complete survey and outline of the writing on the relationship of air contamination and climate with mortality and hospitalization; as well as to recognize holes in the writing that require further examination. We directed a writing survey. A hunt in two data sets (PubMed and Web-ofScience) from 2012 to 2020 utilizing three theoretical classes "ecological elements", "wellbeing results" and "Geological locale" uncovered a sum of 951 passages. The graphic combination incorporated all unique investigations with time series, companions, or cross-case examination; with encompassing air contamination or potentially openness to atmospheric conditions; and results of mortality as well as hospitalization. The last survey included 112 articles, of which 70 connected with mortality, 30 to hospitalization, and 12 examinations included the two results. It has been shown that air contamination reliably goes about as a gamble factor for mortality from all causes, cardiovascular, respiratory, cerebrovascular infections and disease, as well as hospitalizations. High and cold temperatures were a gamble factor for many cardiovascular, respiratory and dysfunctional behaviors; in any case, in a few examinations, an expansion in temperature diminished the gamble of hospitalization for pneumonic embolism, angina pectoris, chest illnesses and coronary illness. The job of impact alteration in the included examinations was explored with regards to orientation, age and season, however not concerning nationality. Air contamination and openness to weather patterns past specific edges adversely influence human wellbeing. The impact of change of significant sociosegment pointers, like nationality and the connection between air contamination and climate, is much of the time neglected in the writing. Our discoveries feature the requirement for additional investigation into wellbeing and mortality ways of behaving connected with air contamination and climate to direct the preparation of successful ecological insurances.