What do we mean by heavy and light? This is actually a state of letters due to one of its characteristics that we are going to discuss it thoroughly later إن شاء هللا. When we say Heavy(mufakham), we mean that the sound of the letter is bulky or magnified. While light(muraqaq) letters are not bulky at all, you will not feel any magnification in their sound. Let’s classify the letters خص ضغط قظ laam Ghunnah ikhfaa Alif Raa The rest of the letters First heavy letters (mufakhaam) What makes these letters heavy? As we have said it’s a characteristic of the letters. This characteristic is called Isti’laa’ إستعالءwhich means rising high. The back part of the tongue raises up to the roof of the mouth making the letters’ sound heavy. What is going to be raised? What are these letters? خــص ضــغــط قــظ These letters are always heavy (mufakham). Let’s take some examples to remember their sound: ُر َطـــبًـــــا ـــــر َج فَــــ َخ َ صــــبًــــا نَـ َ َمـــريـــ ً ضــــا ۡ َ عـــــ ﭐلــقـــار َِ ﭐ ۡلـــــغَـــــــاشِـــ ـــــيَــــــــــةِ نَ َظ َر V. imp. These letters are always heavy (mufakham) but their heaviness have degrees. We will take them in descending order. So, No.1 is the heaviest and the last one is the least heavy. 1- if the letter is carrying vowel Fat-hah & the next letter is Alif madd, This case is the heaviest: َخــــاشـــــعِــ َِ ــيـــــــن َطــــائــــف ــــةِ ﭐ ۡلـــعـــ َظِ ــــامِ ۡ صــــــا َّخــ ل ﭐ َّ ــــةِ تَ ۡ ــــرِ َ ضـــىِ ۡ َ ﭐلـــــغـــــــاشِ ــــــــيَــــــــــةِ ﭐ ۡلــقَـــــارِعَـ ـــــــــةِ 2- if the letter is carrying vowel Fat-hah & the next letter is not Alif madd: ﭐ ۡلــبَــــقــَ َِ ــــر يـــغَــــيِـــــ ـــروا بَـــــــ َطِ ـــــــرا ً َظـــلَــمِـــ ونَـــا قَــــيِـــــ ًمـــــا ۡ ۡ َ ـــــيــــ ﭐلخ ِ ـلِ صـــ يـــنـــ َِ ر َِ ون يَـــ َّ ضــــــ َّرعـ َِ ــــون 3- if the letter is carrying a dammah sign: خـــمــــــ لُغُوب ســـــــهِ َ تَـــصــو يَــنــظِــ مــواِ ر َِ ون يَ ۡ ــبـــســـ َوٱل ُّ ض َحى يــنــفِـــ ق َِ ـــون 4- if the letter is carrying a sukoon sign: ۡ ۡ َ َ َ أَظــــــــِلــ أ ِن ٱغ ُدوا فـــــــ ۡ ـــــــ َِم ضـــــــ ً ِۡ ل ۡ َ ۡ ت أصـــــــِبَــ ٱقت َ َربَ ِ ــــغـــــ بَ ِۡ بَـــطـــــــ ـــــــةً شــــا ً ـت َ ـــــ َِ ح ِ ۡ ُم ۡخت َ ِلفُ َ نُّ ۡطفةَ ون ِإطعَا ُم 5- if the letter is carrying a kasrah sign, and the least heaviness is applied here : عَـــظــــ يـــمِ يَ ۡ ـــعــــــقِـــــ َِ ـــــــون ــل بَــــخـــــ لـــواِ ــــرا ص َ طِ ضــــــ ارا َ ـر ً يَ ۡ ـــبــــــــ تَــــــغِ لَ ِطيف التفصيل التالي مناسب للطالب إذا كان مستواه يحتمل التفصيل أما إذا كان يستقبل المعلومات بصعوبة فاهتم بالنطق الصحيح فقط وال تتعرض التفاصيل You might feel that the sounds of the permanently heavy letters are not like each other , they are not with the same magnification You are right We are going to classify them now to understand better The permanently heavy letters are classified into two categories Letters musta’liyah munfatiha Letters musta’liyah mutbaqah Itbaq and infitah are both characteristics of letters , we are going to discuss them in details later إن شاء هللا What you need to know is : Itbaq increase the magnification of sound Infitah don’t cause any magnification or bulkiness So, consequently letters that are characterized with itbaq will have a bulkier sound Therefore even if they carry kasrah sign , they will not be very weak . What do you think these letters are? Good job! The letters of itbaq are: ظ ط ض ص Now , compare their sounds carrying kasrah with the other three letters: ِغ ِخ ِق ِظ ِط ِض ِص The other three letters ( ظ،ط،ض،) صin this case ( carrying kasrah sign )are said to have relative heaviness ( tafkheem nisbee) as their bulkiness is very weak Second: temporary light and heavy letters This letters are sometimes heavy and sometimes light. It’s adjusted according to rules. We will study each letter privately and study its cases. Alif madd 1 Alif madd: it Alif madd is affected by the letter preceding it not the letter after If the letter preceding alif is light, Alif will be light (muraqaq). Ex: If the letter preceding it is heavy, Alif will be heavy (mufakham). Ex: ِٱلت َّ َِكاثر ۡ َ ِعة َِ ٱلقار ِسآئحات َّ ٱل ِصِا ٓفَّات َّ ٱل Let’s have more examples to practice more: َ غــــا ِلــب صـــا ِدقُ َ ـــون َ َطـــﺂئِـــــفَـــة ۡ َ ـــريــ َ ـن س ــــا خ ل ﭐ ِ ِ ِعـــ َظـــا ًمـــــــا يُـــغَـــا ُ ث ۡ ۡ ـــاضــــيَـــةَ َ َ ل ـــيـــن ن ـــ ئ ـــا خ ــ ﭐ َ ِ ِ ﭐلـــق ِ ضــــﺂلُّ َ ﭐلـــ َّ ــــون َ ــــــون َظـــا ِلـــــ ُم صـــا ِلـــ ًحـــا َ َ ـــامـــر ض ِ Now, we will practice “Light Alif”: َجـــا َء شَـــا َء َر ۡيـــ َحـــــان أَفَ َ ـــال أ َ َحــا َط ِكـــتَــابُـــنَـــا َءايَـــاتُـــنَـــا ــر َكــا ُء ُ ش َ Ghunnah ikhfaa 2 The Ghunnah Ikhfaa’: Do you remember Ikhfaa’ haqeeqi rule (real hiding rule)? It’s one of the rules of Noon saakinah and tanween. We apply that rule when the letter after Noon saakinah or tanween is not one of Ith-haar rule letters ( )ء هـ ع ح غ خand not from Idghaam letters ()يــرمــلــون and not iqlaab letter ( baa letter ) ب. We’ve divided the Ghunnah of Ikhfaa’ into two groups according to the letter after it as follows: Heavy Ghunnah Light Ghunnah The Ghunnah will be heavy (mufakham) in case the letter after the Noon is heavy like with ()ص ض ق ط ظ The Ghunnah will be light (muraqaq) in case the letter after the Noon is light like with ( )س ش ت ث د ذ Ghunnah Ikhfaa’ is temporary heavy or light according to the letter after it. If the letter after Noon saakinah or tanween is light, Light(muraqaq) Ghunnah َأَنــــت If the letter after Noon saakinah or tanween is heavy, Heavy (mufakham)Ghunnah ــض َ َأَنــق Laam letter 3 Letter Laam “”ل: Letter Laam is actually one of the light letter but , we make it a heavy Laam in only one word; which is the name of Allah Question 1: Can I make Laam heavy in any other word? No, making a heavy Laam is a unique feature for the name of هللا Let’s remember some words that contains Laam to remember its sound: ً لُــو طــا َ َأ نــز ۡلــنَــا َ ـــجـــ ِيـــل س ل ـــ ــــــي ب ـــا ب َ ِ َ ِ ِ أ ۡ ََجـــع ـــلــنَـــا َ لُــــ َم ــــزة At the beginning, in the middle or at the end; it doesn’t matter, Laam will always be light. Question 2: No, Shall I make the Laam heavy whenever I see the name of Allah? Let’s this also have rules, in some places it will be heavy ,and in other places it will be light . take them in more details >>>>> The Laam in the name of Allah will be heavy when: first Ex: If I begin reading with the word allah, Laam should be heavy. َٰ ۡ ۡ َّ َ ٓ َ ِ يِٱلقَِيُّو ح ِٱل و ه ِ َل ِإ ه ل ِإ َِل ٱَّلل َ َّ َ ُّ َ َِص َم َِّ ٱَّللِٱل َّ ۡ ۡ ِك ٱلملك َِ ٱللَّه َّ ِ َٰ َمل Second: if the last letter in the word before the name of Allah carries fatha or dammah, Laam should be heavy(mufakham). Ex: for fat-ha َِٰ ِٱَّللِيَ َر ََِّ أَلَ ۡ ِيَعۡ لَ ِبأ َ َّن ِِٱَّللِيَِۡتلواِْصح ٗفا َّ َرسو ٌلِم َن َ ُّم ٌ ط َّه َرِة Ex: for dammah ۡ إذَاِ َجا ٓ َءِن ُِِو ۡٱلفَ ۡت َِ ِٱَّلل َّ َصر َِٰٓ ۡ ٓ َِو ۡٱلول ة ر خ ِ ِٱل ِٱَّللِنَ َكا َل َّ فَأ َ َخذَه َ َ The Laam in the name of Allah will be light when: If the last letter in the word before the name of allah carries kasrah sign ۡ ۡ َِّ إنَّ َماِنطعمكِ ۡ ِل َوجه ِٱَّلل Ex: َِّلل َِّ َو ۡٱل َ ۡمرِيَ ۡو َِمئذ ۡ َّ َ َٰ َ َٰ ۡ ِِوٱلرض ت و م ِ س ِٱل ر اط ف ِ ه َّ َّ قلِٱلل َ َ ََ Now, as an exercise, we will open any page in the Qur’aan and we will search for every ٱّلل ِ َّ word and then we will determine which one is heavy and which one is light Letter raa 4 Letter Raa Raa is a very special letter, as sometimes it is heavy(mufakham) and sometimes light (muraqaq) we will study some rules to decide when it’s light and when it’s heavy. First: The Raa will be light(muraqaq) in 4 cases: if Raa carries kasrah sign: ۡ َ ـــري ـــن ـــاج ه ـــ م ــ ل َ ُ ﭐ ِ ِ أ ُ ِريــــــــ ُد َم ِريـــــــــ ًدا if the Raa carries sukoon sign and the letter preceding it carries kasrah sign. or if I stop on the Raa, So, it becomes saakin and the letter preceding it carries kasrah sign ۡ ﭐ ۡلـــــ ِف ـــرد َۡو ِس ۡ ِم ــــريَـــــة َوأَنـــ ِذ ۡر ۡ ـــرع ۡ ِف َــــــو َن And in case of stopping ex : ﭐ ۡلــأ َ ِخــــــر * وضحي الفرق بين المثالين عاق ٌرِ َ صائ َرِ بَ َِ 3 when I stop on a Raa and the letter preceding it is Yaa saakinah: َخـــــ ِبــــــيـــــر قَـــ ِديـــــــــر َكـــــ ِبـــــيـــــر نَ ِذيـــــــر ﭐلــ َّ ط ۡ ــــيــــر ض ۡ َ ــــيــــر َخ ۡ ــــيــــر If I stop on the Raa and the letter preceding it is saakin and this letter is preceded by kasrah Ex: ح ۡجر س ۡحر So, cases of light raa are: ِر Raa with kasrah Raa with sukoon preceded by kasrah ۡ ِب ــــر فــــيـر Raa saakinah preceded by Yaa تركت حرف ال ف دون تشكيل لنقرأ اليا مرة على أنها مدية و مرة على أنها لينة Raa saakinah preceded by sukoon preceded by kasrah ۡ ِب ۡ ــــت ــــر Second: The Raa will be heavy in 9 cases: If the Raa carries fat-ha sign, Raa will be heavy: َخ َر َج ٱلر ۡح َم ُن َّ ُس َح َرة َّ ٱل تَبَ َر َك If the Raa carries Sukoon sign and preceded by a letter carries fat-ha sign. Or we stop on Raa so it becomes saakin and is preceded by letter carrying fat-ha: Saakin raa Saakin raa upon stopping أ َ ۡر ُج ِل ِهم ۡ َت ـــر َكـــن ۡٱلقَ َم ُر ۡ َوﭐ ۡنـــ َح ــــر ۡ َي َ ــــر ُم ـــون ۡٱل َك ۡوث َ َر ﭐ ۡلــأ َ ۡبـــتَــــــر ُم ۡز َد َجر If we stop on Raa so it become saakin and it’s preceded by a saakin letter which is preceded by a letter with fat-ha sign: َو ۡٱلفَ ۡج ِر ۡ ۡ َوٱلعَصر أ َ ۡمر ۡٱلقَ ۡد ِر If the Raa carries dammah sign: َخ ۡير َ ُ س ُر ُه ي ن س ِ َ َ ف ح ُ ٱلرو ُّ َو َكفَ ُروا If the Raa is saakinah (or become saakinah because we stop on it) and the letter preceding it carries dammah sign َ ُت ُ ۡـر َجع ـون سـر ُ ُد بُ ۡر َهان نُ ُكر Try these upon stopping so raa will be saakin When we stop on Raa so it become saakin and the letter preceding it is saakin and this letter is preceded by a letter carries dammah sign ُخ ۡسر ۡ ۡ ٱلعُس ِر ۡ ۡ ٱل ُكف ِر ۡٱر ِج ِعي َم ِن ۡٱرت َ َ ضى ُ ب ۡٱر َح ۡم ُه َما ر ل َوق َّ ِ If the Raa is saakinah and preceded by hamzat al wasl: *نقو ِبالتَريبِعل ِالبَءِبهمزةِ الوصلِوِبينِالكلمتين If we stop on the Raa and the letter preceding it is Alif or Waaw madd (natural madd): ۡ ۡ َ ٱۡلخيَ ِار ٱلد َِّار ۡ َ ار ُ ٱلق َر ور َّ ٱل ُ ش ُك ۡ ُ ور ُ ٱۡل ُم َ غفُور The last one is a special case for special words where Raa is saakinah and the letter preceding it carries kasrah sign but the letter after Raa is one of the permanently heavy(mufakham) letters ""خص ضغط قظ and this case occurs only in 5 words in Quráan: صا ًدا َ َو ِإ ۡر قِ ۡر َطاس ۡ ۡ صا ِد َ لَ ِبٱل ِمر صا ًدا َ ِم ۡر ِف ۡرقَة So, RAA will be mufakham in Raa with Fat-ha Raa saakinah preceded by fat-ha Raa saakinah preceded by saakin preceded by fat-ha َر َو ۡر أ َ ۡمر ُر Raa with dammah Raa saakinah preceded by dammah Raa saakinah preceded by saakin preceded by dammah Raa saakinah preceded with Alif madd بُ ۡر ُخ ۡسر د َِار Raa saakinah preceded with Waaw madd فُور Raa saakinah preceded with Hamzat al Wasl ۡٱر Now, we’re going to discuss some examples to gether to make sure we understand the lesson perfectly. Cases of Raa are so many but it’s easy to determine whether it’s heavy or light by: thinking, focusing, practice and stay strong. Let’s take these examples ٱلنَّا ِر In this word let’s think whether the Raa will be light or heavy? Here in this word the Raa carries kasrah sign so it will be light (muraqaq) But what if we are going to stop on this Raa? If we’re going to stop on this Raa , it will be saakin so we will look at the letter before it. It’s Alif madd; so, Raa will be heavy(mufakham) قوميِبتَريبِالطالبةِعل ِصوتِالراِفيِالحالتين Another example: Here َ ق ِدير we look at the Raa as it carries tanween damm so it has a dammah. As a result Raa will be heavy (mufakham). But, if we are going to stop on the Raa, Raa then will be saakin and the letter before it is Yaa saakinah so, the Raa will be light (muraqaq). قوميِبتَريبِالطالبةِعل ِصوتِالراِفيِالحالتين Another example: ۡ ۡ َ َوٱلفج ِر َو لَيَال Here is the Raa carries kasrah sign so if I’m going to continue reading, Raa will be light (muraqaq). But, If I’m going to stop I’ll make Raa saakin so, I’ll look at the letter preceding it, as it’s saakin, I’ll look at the letter preceding it, as it carries fat-ha sign so, Raa will be Heavy (mufakham). Now, I think everything is clear , but before going to other examples , let’s write our plan of thinking again Now, I think everything is clear. But before going to another example, let’s write our plan of thinking again: 1- look at the sign of the Raa: Fat-ha Dammah Kasrah Heavy Heavy Light 2- If the Raa is saakinah, look at the letter preceding it, If it’s carrying Fat-ha Dammah Kasrah Hamzat-ul-wasl ي ِاor و Heavy Heavy Light Heavy Light heavy 3- If you find the letter preceding Raa is saakin, look at the letter preceding it, if it carries: Fat-ha Dammah kasrah Heavy Heavy Light 4- If it’s one of the five words ِ مرصاَاِإرصاَاِِفرقةِِلبالمرصاَِِقرطاسRaa will be Heavy. ــذۡ ٱلــِنَّ ِ رِ يَ ۡ ــش َِ ـــر بِ أَســـ يــرا ً َــراِبًــا ش َ َز ۡمــ َِهــ يـــرا ر ًِ ۡ نَ ــرِ ِ ــض َ ِةً ۡ َوأقــرِ ضـــواِ Let’s take more examples: يــفَــجِــرو نَــ َهــا ٱلــ َّ طــريــقَــ ةِ تَــذَ ِۡر Now, we have 2 questions: First: Have you noticed in the previous example the word ســـيــ ًرا ِ َ أ, why the Raa is heavy? Because if we are going to continue (waslan) Raa has sign tanween bil fat-h so it’s heavy (mufakham). And if we stop (waqfan), tanween bil Fat-h will convert to Alif, so Raa still keeping sign fat-ha and it’s not saakin. Second: If the Raa is mushaddad like in the word ذُ ِريَّة what should we do? Don’t ever divide the Raa into 2 letters. Just look at the harakah. as it’s kasrah so Raa will be light. ق َ َِمن ش َِر َما َخل Another example: Look at the sign only. It’s kasrah so, Raa will be light (muraqaq). Important Note Rules of Raa are applicable to every word, except 6 words, they have special case. If I’m going to stop on them, in these words it’s correct to do both: making Raa heavy or making Raa light four words where lightness & heaviness of Raa both are allowed but the priority is for lightness (attarqeeq).this is only upon stopping waqfan. These words are: فَأ َ ۡسر يَ ۡسر ۡ ۡ ٱل ِقطر َونُذُر One word were both lightness and heaviness are allowed upon continuing (waslan), and the priority is for lightness ( at-tarqeeq) This word is: ۡ َّ انِك ُّلِف ۡرقِ َك ِ ٱلط ۡوَِِٱلعَظي َ فَ َك While if I am going to stop on it will be mufakham one word where both lightness and heaviness of Raa are allowed but the priority is to heaviness (tafkheem): ِم ۡ صر ل ِنضعِتشكيلِالحرفِالخيرِلنهِيجبِأنِتتأكَيِأنِالطالبةِتفه ِأنِهذاِالحك ِفيِحالِالوقفِفقط .أماِفيِحالِالوصلِفالراءِلهاِ حك ِواحَِفقط. Now, we will choose a random page from Qur’aan and we will find every word that contains Raa letter then we will determine if the Raa is heavy or light. Premanently light letters ALL OTHER LETTERS Revision on all letters