Modals of: 1: SPEAKER OBLIGATION PERSONAL MUST SHOULD OUGHT TO HAVE TO NEED TO HAD TO NEEDED TO IMPERSONAL PAST PROHIBITION MUSTN’T SHOULDN’T OUGHTN’T CAN’T COULDN’T EXEMPTION (LACK OF OBLIGATION) NEEDN’T DON’T HAVE TO DON’T NEED TO 1. DIDN’T HAVE/NEE D TO 2. ____ (LATER) PERMISSION/ POSSIBILITY CAN COULD 2. SPECULATION: 100 % YES WILL MUST 50/50 MAY/MIGHT/COULD MAY NOT/MIGHT NOT CAN’T/COULDN’T 1. SIMPLE INF: DO/BE DONE GENERAL PRESENT/FUTURE 2. CONTINUOUS INF: BE DOING/--NOW 3. PERFECT INF: HAVE DONE/HAVE BEEN DONE PAST 4. 4. PERFECT CONTINUOUS INF: HAVE BEEN DOING/ --PAST + PROGRESS WON’T 100 % NO 3. ABILITY: PRESENT: can/can’t PAST GENERAL (REPEATED) + - SPECIFIC (ONCEACHIEVEMENT) Could Was/were able to Wasn’t/weren’t able to/couldn’t 4. SHOULD: PRESENT PAST FORMULA SHOULD (N’T) + V1 SHOUL (N’T) + HAVE + V3/ED MEANING ADVICE CRITICISM