ivrit A final

‰ Á „ ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ß‡ I ËÈÈÁ ˙ÈÓÂÏ˘ ÈÏ‡¯˘È ‰¯˘ ¯ÈÏ·Â˜ ‰ÏÈ‰ ‫מ‬$‫אקדמון בע‬ [YY] VK [YY[ C []Z\YK U Q U UU R P U c c U U ‰Ó„˜‰ U c KK WP PcW UU c W W W ÌÈÈ¯È·Á˙‰ ÌÈ·Ó‰Â ˙ÂÈ˜Â„˜„‰ ˙ÂÈ·˙‰ U W U U W W W ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ W W W W W U ÌÈÚ·Ó‰ Ê‡V WW W U ¨ÈÈ· ‰ÏÏ‡È c ÌÈÚË˜‰ W ˙ÂÁÈ˘ Æ± W ‰‡È¯˜ ÈÚË˜ Æ≤ W U W U W V W W ÌÈÈÂËÈ·Â ÌÈÂÓÊÙ ¨‰¯È˘U ÌÈÓ‚˙ÙÂ ÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ Æ≥ W W U W U U W U U U W U U U W W W W W˙È·≠ÛÏ‡‰ W WÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ W ·È˙Î‰ W W ÌÂ‚¯˙ W U c ‰Ó¢ W U ÚÓ˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜ W‰¯ÂÓÏ ÍÈ¯„Ó W V¢ÚÓ˘ ÆÙÂ¯Ù U‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W‰˜ÏÂ˜≠ÌÂÏ· ‰˘Â˘ c ˜ßˆÈ·Â¯ Ï·ÂÈ W W·„ ÌÚ W W ¯Ù˘ ÌÈ¯Ó „È¯Ù ¯Ó˙ W È¯‡· ÈÂ¯ W ˜¯Ù Ê¯ÈÏ WÈ¯‡Ï ˜ÁˆÈU K ÌÏÂ˘Ó ‰ˆÏ Á˙ÙÈ ·˜ÚÈUÔÂÓ„˜‡‰ W ± ˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ QZ ‰„ÈÁÈ Cjukfcyst v y ´ V h V b V VÌV V ÔV n V ‡ ‰ È UÓ U ˙ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ V V V V V V Q UR P Ukfcyst b Pyfr Ø a j,jpyfxftn cjukfcye/ Ckjdfhm ´ qfqy I qfv ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰„ÈÁÈ 1 vf vb vf́bv f́ vfnfyf ÔÈÈ ÌÈ ø‰Ó øÈÓ ÌÈÓ ‰˙Ó ˙ÂÚÂ˙ ³ © h h ¿ ´ bvf fyb b́ f́n fnf f́ hfq hb ‡ÓÈ‡ È‡ ˙‡ ‰˙‡ °ÈÁ ‡È‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ µ J ‫ה‬ ‫י‬ Ó ‫ת‬ !qjl@ !vtv@ ´ f v f ´ f !nfd@ n  ‫נ‬ ‫ת‬ !fkta@ f f !htq@ h f !yey@ y f ‫נ‬ ‫י‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ .I ‫מ‬ .II a WZ ª ¶ © µ Q ¿ J³ J ª Q ‰„ÈÁÈ ‫י‬ ˙ ‫ת‬ ‫ת‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ת‬  ‫נ‬ ‫א‬ ˙ Ó ‫מ‬ ‫י‬ È ‫י‬ ‫מ‬ ‫א‬  ‰ ‫ה‬ ‫א‬ Ó ‡ ‫א‬ ‫מ‬ ‫נ‬ I ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‫א‬ .III 2 W[ Q] .IV ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú I 3 Q^ Ø W\ º ® Æ¥ ;.h. Æ v.h. ˙‡ U º È‰ J È‡ J ÆÊ º ¿ Ghjxnbnt bvtyf b yfgbibnt b[. ÆÌ˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æμ ©U ³UU© ¨‰ÈÓ © ¶ U U ª ³ º Yfgbibnt gj rhfqytq vtht 5 ghtlkj;tybq c bvtyfvb bp egh. 5. ‰È˙Ó ‰˙‡ ÆÆÆ‰˙‡ Æμ ÏÈ‚¯˙Ó ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ÌÚ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó μ ˙ÂÁÙÏ Â·˙Î Æ‰ÈÓ ˙‡ ÆÆÆ˙‡ Æ∂ :‫דוגמה‬ ‰„ÈÁÈ .V Q_ i ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú I 4 Æ∑ ¹ ¹ È˙ ¨È˙ Q È‡U ‰ÓÈ‡U ‡È‰U øÈÓh Q Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ ;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h. º ¿ Ghjxnbnt lbfkju b yfgbibnt tuj. Æ‰˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ∏ øÈ‡ ÈÓ Æπ ø˙‡ ÈÓ h W h hW hhhhhhU c c ¿ c c ¹ c ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú I 5 WhV WhV W³hV WhV Æπ ÏÈ‚¯˙· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂÂÓ Â¯Ó‡ Æ±∞ Ghjbpytcbnt dcke[ vjyjkjub d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbtq. Gjkmpeqntcm lkz ’njuj egh. 9. ‫ן‬ Ô Ì !vtv cjabn@ v ‫ם‬ !yey cjabn@ y ‫ן‬ ‫ם‬ .VI ‫ן‬ f f ‫ם‬ ‫ם‬ Æ±± ¶ ¹ ¹ Q ¿ ³ Q ‫ם‬ ‫ן‬ Ì ‰„ÈÁÈ Ô Ô ‫ן‬ ≤∞∞∞ ·È·‡ Ï˙ ‫ם‬ Ì Ì ‫ן‬ ‫ם‬ ‫ם‬ I ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ô 6 Æ±≤ ¨ ¨ ¨ Æ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ¨ Æ±≥ Ljgjkybnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz> ds,hfd gjl[jlzott ckjdj. W____________Q\ QXXR W_____________QZ QXXR W____________Q] QXXR h_____________Q[ QXXR °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ¯ÂÈˆ‰ „ÈÏ Ì˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ‚ÏÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ· ˙‡ ¯ÓÂ‡ ÈÓ Â¯Á· Gjl,thbnt r rf;ljve bpj,hf;tyyjve yf bkk/cnhfwbb nbgf;e gjl[jlzott cktyujdjt ckjdj b yfgbibnt tuj hzljv c cjjndtncnde/obv bpj,hf;tybtv. J ª ªJ U ³ ³ UW J J ³ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú I 7 ÈÂ˘Ï‰ ¯ˆÂ‡‰ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhm Kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz Ceotcndbntkmyst QWUWR z ns !;.h.@ QWR vfnm QWR vjht QWR ¿ ns !v.h.@ jyf kUQWR k«UQWRª dbyj QWR³ QWWR djlf QWR ¿ gjlfhjr Hfpyjt Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf J Ghbdtn^ Æ‡ h h xnj* rnj* ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ c Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Cbynfrcbc% Æ· Endthlbntkmyst b djghjcbntkmyst bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz Ghbvths% Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf ø‰˙‡ ÈÓ Æ ÆÆÆ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ øÈÓ ø‰ÓV ‰„ÈÁÈ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ W W QZ <erdf d rjywt ckjdf yt ghjbpyjcbncz. Nfrfz ,erdf yfpsdftncz $htq ytvfz$ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú I 8 ‡W U ‡ W Q\ <erdf ‡ yt ghjbpyjcbncz d rjywt bkb d cthtlbyt ckjdf> tckb jyf yt jukfcjdfyf. W ‡Ï ÔÎ WVøÈ‡È ‰˙‡W VÆÈ‡È ‰˙‡c Q] Djghjcbntkmyst ghtlkj;tybz> nht,e/obt jndtnf $lf$ bkb $ytn$> jnkbxf/ncz jn endthlbntkmys[ njkmrj bynjyfwbtq. Yfghbvth% W - ’nj endthlbntkmyjt ghtlkj;tybt> f h - djghjcbntkmyjt. W c W W U U Q^ Pyfr yfpsdftncz $idf$. Ceotcndetn ldf nbgf $idf$% $idf$ gjldb;yjt b $idf$ gjrjzottcz. D ’njv hfpltkt vs dcnhtnbvcz njkmrj c $idf$ gjrjzobvcz. Jyj yt ghjbpyjcbncz rfr ukfcysq pder b j,jpyfxftncz pyfrjv Ø. W W $Idf$ gjrjzottcz ,sdftn d yfxfkt b d cthtlbyt ckjdf. D rjywt ckjdf jyj j,sxyj yt j,jpyfxftncz. WQiR QyR È <erdf j,jpyfxftn b cjukfcysq pder $q$ b ukfcysq $b$. ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú I 9 Q_ ‫ד‬ ‫ש‬ „ ‫ר‬ ‫ד‬ „ ◊ ‫ג‬ ‘q ‰„ÈÁÈ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ Cjukfcyst ‫ג‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ג‬ ≤ ‘ ‫ג‬ u l k h i c ‫ר‬ ‫ש‬ V V V V V V ‚ „ Ï ¯ ˘ ◊ Ukfcyst Ckjdfhm ´ vtfqy vfhufhb́yf ibh itkm ifv it́vti n’ nfkvb́l nfkvblf´ ÔÈ‡Ó ‰È¯‚¯Ó ¯È˘ Ï˘ Ì˘ ˘Ó˘ ‰˙ „ÈÓÏ˙ ‰È„ÈÓÏ˙ ./ ¹ ¸ ¿ ¸ · ¶ ¶ bi> bif´ ukblf´ ufv lt́utkm hf hbytt́ hfh t́ qtktl> qfklf´ vb # vt ´ !‘nj yjhvfnbdyjt elfhtybt> d hfpujdjhyjv bdhbnt% ukblf@ ‰˘È‡ ¨˘È‡ ‰„ÈÏ‚ Ì‚ Ï‚„ ÆÆÆ‰ Ø ÆÆÆ‰ ‰È‰ ¯‰ ‰„ÏÈ ¨„ÏÈ ÆÆÆÓ Ø ÆÆÆÓ V V V V V Vx ˙ÂÚÂ˙ ÌÈÏÈÓ ¿ U WWWXWWW « U ª ¬ WWWXWWW ‰„ÈÁÈ II ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ 10 !ubvtk@ u f !lfktn@ l f !kfvtl@ k f !hti@ h f !iby@ i f !cby@ c f x .I WZ ¹ x ¿ . ¹ .x ¶ ¶ * Q ¹ x º º x ¶ U ¶ ¿ U ¿ *x ¿ .x ¿ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II I 11 Q Æ≤ ¯ÂËÓ ¯ÊÂÁ Ì˘ Â¯Ó‡Â ± ¯ÂËÓ Ì˘ Â‡¯˜ Æ≤ Ghjxnbnt bvtyf d rjkjyrt 1 b gjl,thbnt r ybv hbave/obtcz bvtyf bp rjkjyrb 2. ‫ג‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ש‬ „ ‫ד‬ ‫ד‬ ˘ ± ³ ¹ . * * ¿ * *x µ * ³ * ¯ ‫ר‬ ‫ל‬ ‚ ‫ל‬ „ Ï ‫ל‬ ‫ג‬ ≤ ‚ ‫ג‬ ‫ש‬ .II ˘ ‫ש‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ד‬ W\ ‰È¯‚¯Ó ‚„ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ‰„ÈÁÈ ÏÓ‚ ¯‰ ¯È˘ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II 12 Æ˙ÂÓÈ˘¯ È˙˘· Ì˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ˙Â„ÈÓÏ˙‰Â ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt ve;crbt b ;tycrbt bvtyf b pfgbibnt b[ d ldf jnltkmys[ cgbcrf. ÈÓ˙ ÏÈ‚ :‫דוגמה‬ * . ¿ ³ ¿ * f. Æ m. ÆÊ ‰È@ÈÓ œ ÏŸ×˙ „ÈÓ œ ÏŸ˙ × ¿ ª ³ ³ Æ‰ÏÈÓ ‚ˆÈÈÓ ÆÒÙ‡ ‚ˆÈÈÓ ÔÓÈÒ‰ ÔÓÈÒ‰ ‰fi Pyfr Pyfr j,jpyfxftn ckjdj. j,jpyfxftn yjkm. Æ˙ÂÓÈ˘¯ È˙˘· Ì˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ˙Â„ÈÓÏ˙‰ Ï˘Â ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt ve;crbt b ;tycrbt bvtyf b pfgbibnt b[ d ldf jnltkmys[ cgbcrf. ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II I 13 .¿x . .¿ ³ ¿ ** ¹ . ¿ ³ ¿ * ³ . ¿ x * ¹ Æ¥ .III ®± ‘ ‘q , ¬ ¸ Q Æμ · x ¬ ¸ ¨˘ ¨„ Ï‚„ „ÏÈ „ÏÈU¬ ‰È‰U« ‰„ÈÏ‚U ‰˙U · Ï‚„U Ï‡¯˘ÈU* x º ‰˙ ‰„ÈÁÈ II ¸ ¸ ¸ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰„ÈÏ‚ Q 14 ®≤ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II I 15 ÆÆÆÕÓ Ø ÆÆÆÓ œ ÆÏ‡¯˘ÈÓ È‡ Æ„Ï¯È‡Ó ‰˙‡ ®‡ Æ∂ Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz. WWW Gthe Ujkkfylbz WWW WWW Vtrcbrf WWW WWW Ijnkfylbz Ufbnb ®· WWW WWW ‰„ÈÁÈ II Abykzylbz Fhutynbyf WWW WWW Fvthbrf WWW ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ym/-Qjhr ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ 16 Æ∑ JWWWU ∫˙¯ÓÂ‡ ‰„Â„‰ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt> xnj ujdjhbn ntnz% JWWWU Æ∏ °ÈÕ‰ ÆÆÆÓ øÔÈ‡ Ã Ó Õ J c hJ c hW c W/ c h c W³ c hh ‰„ÈÁÈ °ÈÃ‰ ®≥ ÆÆÆ‰ Ã ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II I 17 hhJ h W h Wh h c c c c c Q Æπ ÆÌ˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ¨Â‡¯˜ ®· Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz> crf;bnt b[ b yfgbibnt. øÔÈÈ‰ ÔÈ‡Ó WWWQZ WWWQ\ WWW :‫דוגמה‬ WWWQ[ WWWQ] ÔBYÈ ‰ÈÏ ² ‚ŸŸ‡ Ã ‰È²C Ÿ „Ï¯È‡ ‰È²ŸÃÓY‚Œ ‫היין מאירלנד‬ ÆÂÚÂ UUUU · ∫ÏÚ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs j UUU · b jndtnmnt yf yb[. :‫דוגמה‬ h W Q °‰ÏÈ fi ‚œ Æ±∞ Ï˘ c c c c c h ³ Q[\R ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ ‰„ÈÁÈ II ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W h W ³ W³ WWW 18 Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le lbfkjufvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Æ±± °ÔÈ‡ Ã Ó Õ hU WW³/ c c Q hU WW/ c c Q hU c W* x º W* x º c* º Q hU Wx c c ¸ Q h W c c Q ®‡ Æ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ È‡ Æ‰È²ŸÓY Ã ‚ŒœÓ È‡ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II I 19 Yfgbibnt d ye;yjq ajhvt - ve;crjuj bkb ;tycrjuj hjlf. Æ‰·˜‰ ˙‡ Â‡ ¯ÎÊ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ ;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h. Æ±≤ „ÏÈ Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ‰·ÈÁ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ Â‡ˆÓÂ ± ¯ÂË· ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ±≥ Ghjxnbnt bvtyf d cnjk,wt 1 b yfqlbnt cjjndtncnde/obt evtymibntkmyst bvtyf d cnjk,wt 2. ≤ ± .x ¿ x x ¹ ‰„ÈÁÈ ¿ / ³ ¸ II ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 20 Crf;bnt> xnj ds dblbnt yf hbceyrf[. Æ‰ÂÓ˙· ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ±¥ UUUUUUUUUU ÆÆÆÏ˘ Ï‚„‰ ‰È‰ ∫Â¯Ó‡Â ‰Ï˘ Ï‚„‰ ÏÚ ÂÚÈ·ˆ‰ ¨‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ‰È„Ó Ì˘ Â¯Á· Q Æ±μ Ds,thbnt yfpdfybt cnhfys bp cgbcrf> gjrf;bnt akfu ‘njq cnhfys b yfpjdbnt tt% / ³ *x º ³/ · ³/ ª ÆÆÆÏ˘ Ï‚„‰ ‰È‰ ‫ירדן‬ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II I 21 Yfhbceqnt b crf;bnt. WWW ∫Â¯Ó‡Â Â¯ÈÈˆ Q Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds> rjnjhst ds pyftnt. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∂ U?UkUU U U ³ UVUV UV U5UV UVUV,U ¹ kUUEU U3 UVlUVUV V ¿ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II 22 Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÈÂ˘Ï‰ ¯ˆÂ‡‰ Ckjdfhm Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf h Jnrelf* ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Xfcnbws Ceotcndbntkmyst WWW WWWXWWW bp ¸ !hjlbntkmysq gflt;@ !Jghtltktyysq fnhbrkm@ ¹ UQWR xtkjdtr> k/lb ¹ UQWR ¿ ;tyobyf#s> ;tyf QWR vjhj;tyjt UQWR akfu#b QWR ujhf Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz vfkmxbr> ht,tyjr> ltnb Ujhjlf Cnhfys ³ ¶ Bhkfylbz gtcyz # cnb[jndjhtybt Fyukbz Uthvfybz Lfybz Bjhlfybz Bphfbkm Qtvty / ³/ ³ /ª * x º · UQWR ® ¬ kUQWR ® ª ltdjxrf#b QWR ¹ QWR ¸ cjkywt Ytnfybz Æ‡ QWR ¶ UQWR ¶ exfobqcz !extybr> extybwf@ Hfpyjt ¿ nfr;t djn !$djn Hen$@ nfv Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf ‰„ÈÁÈ II I ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú vfhufhby 23 xfq QWR./ QYWWR · Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Vjhajkjubz% U Tlbycndtyyjt xbckj ceotcndbntkmyjuj - ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl Ghbvths% ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ ¨„ÈÓÏ˙ :‫דוגמה‬ c Æ· ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz V QZ D cjdhtvtyyjv bphfbkmcrjv bdhbnt gjldb;yjt $idf$ ghjbpyjcbncz ldjzrbv j,hfpjv% c yektdsv ukfcysv pderjv% ukblf Vc Q c rhfnrbv ukfcysv $t$% Ytnfybz Vc $t$ Q cU WWWV WWWQ[ cUWWW V QUUUUR Ghtlkju !xfcnbwf@ j,sxyj cyf,;ftncz jukfcjdrjq $[bhbr$ b cktle/ofz ,erdf ghbj,htnftn lfuti. Yfghbvth% c Rjulf ‘njn pder ghtlitcndetn pflytyt,yjq cjukfcyjq - UUUU jy cyf,;ftncz jukfcjdrjq $wtht$. Yfghbvth% c V Q\ Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz> pltcm ghtlcnfdktyf njkmrj tuj yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyfz jukfcjdrf . ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú II 24 ≥ ‰„ÈÁÈ Cjukfcyst ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ ˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ ‫ט ח‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ט‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ו‬ Ê ‫ט‬ Â Â ‫ז‬ d p [ n ‫ט‬ ‫ח‬ k kj ´ kthbnhfjn ´ kjvtl ´ kt[tv ´ kbvjy ´ vjhf´ vjht> ´ vfqjytp ‰„ÈÁÈ III II I ´ vtkf[ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ´ vtynf 25 ´ hflbj ´ hjvfybn ´ ifkjv ifh njlf´ ˘È„ÈÈ ‡Ï ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï „ÓÂÏ ÌÁÏ ÔÂÓÈÏ ‰¯ÂÓ ¨‰¯ÂÓ ÊÂÈÓ ÁÏÓ ‰ËÓ ÂÈ„¯ ˙ÈÓÂ¯ ÌÂÏ˘ ¯˘ ‰„Â Ukfcyst Â Ê Á Ë V V V V ˙ÂÚÂ˙ Â o ´ blbi V V ≠ V i k* º k k *kU-k k k+ k k ¿ ¿ k Ckjdfhm j ’´ kt ´ fntv ´ fnty ´ fyukbn ufh ´ uthvfybn htv hty dt... ´ dblt´j pj́n pt pjjkjubz [fkf´ ´ ntktdbpbz ´ !‘nj yjhvfnbdyjt elfhtybt> d hfpujdjhyjv bdhbnt% [fkf@ «‡ ‰Ï‡ Ì˙‡ Ô˙‡ ˙ÈÏ‚‡ ¯‚ ˙ÈÓ¯‚ Ì‰ Ô‰ ÆÆÆÂ «‡„ÈÂ ˙‡Ê ‰Ê ‰È‚ÂÏÂ‡ÂÊ ‰ÏÁ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË ÌÈÏÈÓ k ¸ ¸ / WWW® k Â ³kkk ³ ‫ח‬ ![tn@ [ f !dfd@ d f !ntn@ n f !pfby@ p f Â ‫ז‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ז‬ .I Æ± ® ª Q « ³ ³ ®± Q ÆÆÆ Â½ ‰„ÈÁÈ III ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ë ‫ו‬ 26 Æ‰Â˙ÁÏ ˙ÂÓÊ‰· ÌÈ¯ÒÁ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ≤ Bcgjkmpeqnt cktle/obt bvtyf> xnj,s pfgjkybnm ghbukfitybz yf cdflm,e. ³ ‰Ï‡¯˘È Â Â Ô@ :‫דוגמה‬ Â „ÈÂ„ ³ ² Â Ï‡È„ Â ÏË Ã ‰²ÂÈœÊÂ ‫ח‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ז‬ Â Ë ‫ט‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫ח‬ Ê Á ‫ח‬ ‫ז‬ Ê ‫ז‬ ‫ט‬ Ë .II ‫ז‬ Â ‫ו‬ ‫ח‬ Æ≥ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III II I 27 ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ Æ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ ‰ÙÓ· ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰ x º Qa Qb ¿ QZY . Q^ ¹ QZ * Q_ . Q[ ¶ Q` º Q\ . Q] Gjcvjnhbnt yf rfhne. Gjvtcnbnt yf rfhne utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz bp cgbcrf> bcgjkmpez cjjndtncnde/obt ‘nbv yfpdfybzv wbahs. ÌÁŒÏŒ Æ∏ Æμ Æ±∞ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ Æ∂ Æ≤ ¢ıW‡ fi fi‰ ÔœÓ ÌÁ Œ ŒÏ ‡Èˆ«n œ ‰¢ Ã Q R Æ∑ Æ± Æ≥ Æπ ‰„ÈÁÈ Æ¥ ÌÁÏ‰ ÏÚ ‰Î¯· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III 28 k o .III Â kkkk Â Â kk Â kk Q Æ¥ k1kkkk Â Â ki ¨Â‚ ¨Â‡ ‡ÏUi ÔÂÓÈÏUk ÊÂÈÓUk Q ‰¯ÂÓU-k ;.h. Æ v.h. °ÌÂÏ˘ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ÆÊ Â °‰„Â˙ Lj,fdmnt ceotcndbntkmyst. ÆÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ Æμ ‰„ÈÁÈ III II I ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰Ê 29 ˙‡Ê ÌÁÏ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË Q]]R ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ ø‰WÂÓ ‰Ê hV W UV hV WUV W V W V Q h V WW UV Q hV WV Q Q h Æ∑ ÆÆÆ‰Ê Q Æ∂ ø‰Ê ‰Ó ÆÆÆ˙‡Ê hUV WWUV Q hUV UV Q Æ∏ ÆÆÆ‰Ê hV Q ÆÆÆ˙‡Ê W V hV ø‰Ê ÈÓ ø˙‡Ê ÈÓ Q Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> rfr gjrfpfyj d ghbvtht. Æ‰Ó‚Â„· ÂÓÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ k+k -kk k WU U :‫דוגמה‬ WWWUU WWWUU WWWU U WWWUU WWWU U WWWU U QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ ‰„ÈÁÈ III ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W V 30 k®® Æπ k ¶ ¶ k k kk.k Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ ;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h. ‰ÏŒ‡ Õ ;.h. tl.x. ÆÈ vy. x. Æ¯ Æ ˙«„ÈÓ œ ÏŸ˙ × ˙« v.h. ÆÊ ÌÈDÈÓ œ ÏŸ˙ × ÌÈ tl.x. ÆÈ vy. x. Æ¯ ø‰Ï‡ ÈÓ W1 ¸ V Â ø‰Ï‡ ÈÓ Q ÌÈDÏfiÈ½ h¿khV W UUV Q Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz gjl[jlzobvb erfpfntkmysvb vtcnjbvtybzvb. ‰Ï‡ Â‡ ˙‡Ê ¨‰Ê ≠ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ W‰Ï‡W ˙‡Ê W ‰Ê ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III II I 31 W_________Q_ W _________Q` W _________Qa Wx _________Qb Æ±± :‫דוגמה‬ W- _________QZ W_________Q[ W _________Q\ W_______ U_________Q] W_________Q^ W W Æ±∞ h Q Æ±≤ Æ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ø‰Ê ‰Ó Â‡ ø‰Ï‡ ÈÓ ø˙‡Ê ÈÓ ø‰Ê ÈÓ ≠ ‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î bkb b jndtnmnt yf yb[. hhhh Q Pflfqnt djghjcs ______________________ ______________________ h ______________ h W :‫דוגמה‬ __________________ __________________ ______________________ ______________________ h ______________ ‰„ÈÁÈ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III 32 ÆÌÈ·¯‰ ˙‡ Â‡ „ÈÁÈ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±≥ Yfgbibnt ajhve tlbycndtyyjuj bkb vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf. vy. x. Æ¯ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ tl.x. ÆÈ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ øÌ˙‡ ÈÓ Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ ;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h. Ô˙‡ Ã Ô‰ Õ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III II I 33 Q tl.x. Ì˙‡ Ã Ì‰ Õ vy. x. Æ¯ ÆÈ Æ±¥ ‰„ÈÁÈ Æ˙ÂÈ„Ó‰Â ÌÈ˘‡‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ¨ÛÂ‚‰ ÈÈÂÈÎ ˙‡ ÂÙÈÏÁ‰ ª˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bt lbfkjub& bpvtybnt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz> bvtyf k/ltq b cnhfys. ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III 34 øÌ˘ ¯‚ ÈÓ Æ ‰Tfi‚ ;.h. v.h. ÆÊ h ¿ hw h* Q ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®‡ ®≤ ¯‚fi ‰ ‰T'˘ ‰ÈË J c JJ Æ±μ Q c h c WWW c ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III II I 35 Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzobq ukfujk b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz. X X X X W‰¯˘ W__________QZ WWW __________Q[ W___________ Q\ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ±∂ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ‰ÂÎ‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙¯Âˆ ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®· Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve ukfujkf b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz. X X W______U______U______U______U______U______U¯‚ W______U______U______U______U______U______U ˙„ÓÂÏ ¨„ÓÂÏ W k Æ ˙CŒÓ«Ï ;.h. ˙ « ®‡ Æ±∑ ÆÊ „ÕÓ«Ï v.h. « W k Wk Wk ‰„ÈÁÈ Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve ukfujkf b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz. W„ÓÂÏ „ÈÂ„V :‫דוגמה‬ W______W______W______W______ W______ W______W______W______W______ III ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ˙„ÓÂÏ Ø „ÓÂÏ Â¯Á· 36 ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó ‰ÂÓ˘ Â·˙Î ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ±∏ Crf;bnt rfr vj;yj ,jkmit ghtlkj;tybq. Yfgbibnt djctvm ghtlkj;tybq. ø‰Ó ÈÓ *k 1 ³kkk ¸ Â k k ¿ / W :‫דוגמה‬ ®‡ °ÌÂÏ˘ ÌÂÏ˘ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III II I 37 W h W WkU h h W U hW hW UU W U W W U h Q\ h Q] h QZ hQ[ ‰È„Ï ‰˘Â˘ ÔÈ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bq lbfkju vt;le b . c c c c c c c c c c ®· Æ±π Æ˙„ÓÂÏ ‰ÂÁ ‰ÓÂ „ÓÂÏ Ì„‡ ‰Ó ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ D cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb% crf;bnt> xnj bpexftn b xnj bpexftn . Æ˙ÈÏ‚‡ ˙„ÓÂÏ ‰ÂÁ Æ≤∞ :‫דוגמה‬ ‰„ÈÁÈ h wV · UV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III 38 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds> rjnjhst ds pyftnt. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±π UVUV ³ UVUV UV U5UV UEU U3 UlUVUV U?UVkUVUV ‰„ÈÁÈ III II I ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú V UV ¿ ¹ UV, UkU 39 ÈÂ˘Ï‰ ¯ˆÂ‡‰ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhm Ukfujks Xfcnbws ghj;bdftn bpexftn gjtn k ¿ bkb b k WWW® Ceotcndbntkmyst QYWWR fyukbqcrbq zpsr QYWWR/ ytvtwrbq zpsr QWR [fkf ![kt,@ QYWR blbi QWR [kt, Kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz QWRk kbvjy QWR*kUQWR-k exbntkm#ybwf QWWR ¸ ds QWWR ¸ ds Æ‡ QYWWR cjkm QYWWRk hevsycrbq zpsr QWWR jyb QWWR jyb Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz Erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz Ujhjlf Lheubt QWR Lbvjyf QWWWR Qthb[j ‘njn> ‘nj QWRÂ ‘nf ‘nb Njhjynj Kjyljy k kkk k.® kk Ujkfys Vthndjt vjht k ª ‰„ÈÁÈ Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf i lj cdblfybz KJk*º plhfdcndeqnt # lj cdblfybz Kk ¿ cgfcb,j Kk ytn dbltj pjjkjubz ntktdbpjh vfqjytp vznf hflbj QYWWRk QYWWR³kkk QWR³ QYWWRk QYWWR QYWWRk+ III ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Hfpyjt 40 Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· vyj;tcndtyyjt xbckj ceotcndbntkmyjuj - ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl t U c ˙Â„ÈÓÏ˙ ¨ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ :‫דוגמה‬ Ghbvth% UU U KUQERc Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) > rjhyb nbgf K> yfcnjzott dhtvz> tlbycndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl Ghbvth% ‰¯‚ ¨¯‚ :‫דוגמה‬ V UU UUQER Vjltkm cghz;tybz gffkm (E)> $wtkst$ rjhyb *> yfcnjzott dhtvz> tlbycndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl Ghbvth% Cbynfrcbc% endthlbntkmyst b jnhbwfntkmyst bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz !ghjljk;tybt@ QR Ghbvth% Endthlbntkmyst b djghjcbntkmyst ukfujkmyst ghtlkj;tybz Ghbvth% Erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz Yfpdfybz zpsrjd Ghbvth% Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz c ÆÔÂÓÈÏ ®‡Ï© ‰Ê :‫דוגמה‬ Æ˘È„ÈÈ ˙„ÓÂÏ ®‡Ï© ˙‡ Æ„ÓÂÏ ®‡Ï© È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ Cjtlbybntkmyfz xfcnbwf $dfd$ - Hfpyjt% ˙„ÓÂÏ ¨„ÓÂÏ :‫דוגמה‬ m® V UUV ˘È„ÈÈ ¨˙ÈÓÂ¯ ¨˙ÈÓ¯‚ ¨˙ÈÏ‚‡ :‫דוגמה‬ ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ WWWW V QZ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú III II I 41 Xnj,s eghjcnbnm djghjc j cjtlbybntkmyjq xfcnbwt $dfd$> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt ghtlcnfdktyf njkmrj tt yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyfz jukfcjdrf. W U UVQ[ Tckb ukfujk cktletn pf djghjcbntkmysv ckjdjv > nj jy j,sxyj egjnht,kztncz d ve;crjv hjlt b tlbycndtyyjv xbckt> lf;t tckb jndtn lftncz d ;tycrjv hjlt bkb vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. ÆÌ˘ ‰¯‚ ‰¯˘ øÌ˘ ¯‚ ÈÓc *Jcj,tyyjcnm $wtks[$ !yf bdhbnt $iktvbv$@ rjhytq cjcnjbn d njv> xnj rf;lfz bp nht[ cjukfcys[ rjhytds[ ajytv xtnrj ghjzdkztncz d k/,jq bp ceotcnde/ob[ ajhv cghz;tybz> ybrjulf ghb ‘njv yt $ghjgflfz$ b yt vtyzzcm d cvsckt ghjbpyjitybz. ˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ ‫ע‬ ‫ ˜צ ס‬ı ‫ע‬ ‫ץ ק‬ ‫ק‬ ‫צ‬ ‫צ צ‬ Cjukfcyst ‰„ÈÁÈ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ c V Ò V ´ V Ú V Ò w V ı V ¨ˆ V r V ˜ V Ukfcyst l Ckjdfhm ´ vfntvfnbrf ´ vtjl ´ yfbv ´ cneltyn> cneltynbn ´ cfkfn ckb[f´ ´ cthtn euf´ jct´ ´ jct´ [fbv bh bv ‰˜ÈËÓ˙Ó „Â‡Ó ÌÈÚ ˙ÈË„ÂËÒ ¨Ë„ÂËÒ ËÏÒ ‰ÁÈÏÒ Ë¯Ò ‰‚ÂÚ ‰˘ÂÚ ÌÈÈÁ ‰˘ÂÚ ¯ÈÚ ÌÚ · k lU l - l xk ¸ xk ¸ ˙ÂÚÂ˙ j-rtq ´ ekfq ‘ktrnhjybrf ´ fyf[ye ´ ‘htw he kt... ´ ktfy Vf ybivf vbw ´ vtweqzy vbcflf´ ÌÈÏÈÓ "k ÈÈ˜ Â‡ l ÈÏÂ‡ ‰˜ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡ k % ÂÁ‡ l ı¯‡ - ‡Â‰ l ÆÆÆÏ WWW øÔ‡Ï h øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó h º ıÈÓ ÔÈÂˆÓ l ³ ‰„ÚÒÓ ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú e ¥ 42 ´ hecbn hjwt´ hfr ´ hfr htuf ´ ijrjkfl ijn’´ l k + -+ kk k ¸ ˙ÈÒÂ¯ ‰ˆÂ¯ ˜¯ Ú‚¯ ˜¯ „ÏÂ˜Â˘ ‰˙Â˘ ‫צ‬ ı rjvveybrfwbz ‰Èˆ˜ÈÂÓÂ˜ rjywthn rjrf rjkf rbjcr rwfn ´ htuf !cfvt[@ c !fqby@ ´ ˜ !wflb cjabn@ w ‫ס‬ ‫צ‬ !wflb@ w ‫ע‬ !rfd@ r ‫ק‬ Ë¯ˆÂ˜ ‰ÏÂ˜ ‰˜Â˜ ˜ÒÂÈ˜ ˙ˆ˜ Ú‚¯ ³! lk /k k k k% % - ‫ס‬ f f f f f .I ‫צ‬ ‫ץ‬ ‫ע‬ Æ± k $ ! k Q # k $k Q ³ k ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 43 a UÚ W <erdf Ú yt ghjbpyjcbncz b yt gjkexftncz ybrfrjq jukfcjdrb> tckb tq ghtlitcndetn ukfcyfz f. Ghbvth% h :‫דוגמה‬ Q Ú‚¯ ˜¯ Wk- ∫Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ k.®/ªkkkk%k ³ k ³ / ³ / Æ≤ Q ·³#+ ³ ¶ k % +k k* x º W W :‫דוגמה‬ øÔÂÓÈÏ ıÈÓ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‰˙‡ ¨ÔÂÈˆ Æ≥ h UkV W U UV h UkV Wkk W UV Æ ‰fiˆ«¯ ;.h. ‰ « ÆÊ ‰ˆ«¯ Œ v.h. ‰ « ÌÚœ ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h UV W UkV 44 ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ¯ÂË· ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ÔÓ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ÌÎÂˆ¯Î Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ¥ Cjcnfdmnt djghjcs gentv gjl,jhf cjjndtncnde/ob[ ckjd d lde[ cnjk,wf[. ÔÂÈˆ Ï˘ ‰@fiÚÒ Ÿ Ó œ ‰ Ã ➠ X h Vh :‫דוגמה‬ ®· Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. h h J,dtlbnt rhe;rjv ctvfybxtcrb xe;thjlyjt ckjdj. ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 45 ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚ h h ÆÍÈÈ˘ ‡Ï ‰Ó ÏÂ‚ÈÚ· ÂÓÒ XX X ®‡ Æμ :‫דוגמה‬ XX X Q_ X X X QZ XX X Q` XXXw Q[ XXX Qa XXX Q\ XXX Qb X XX Q] XXX QZY XX X Q^ ‫ס‬ ‫צ‬ ‫ץ‬ ˜ ‫ק‬ ‫ץ‬ Ú ı ‫ץ‬ ‫ע‬ ‫צ‬ ı ˆ ‫צ‬ Ú ‫ע‬ ‫ע‬ ‫ס‬ ˜ Ò ‫ס‬ .II ‫צ‬ ‫ק‬ ®‡ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ Æ∂ ¨ ˜¯ÈÚU* ÌÈ¯ˆÓU+ Â˜ÈÒ˜ÓUk% Q ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ∑ ‰„ÈÁÈ Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmysq ukfujk b yfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz. IV W_____________ W___________ W ___________ W _________ W ___________ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ W‰˙Â˘ :‫דוגמה‬ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Æ˙„ÓÂÏ Â‡ „ÓÂÏ ¨‰ˆ«¯ fi ¨‰ˆ«¯ Œ ¨‰˙«˘ ' ¨‰˙«˘ 46 øÔ‡Ï ®± ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 47 ÆÆÆÏŸ øÔ‡ fi ÏŸ ®‡ Æ∏ Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. WWW h ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ h h h h ®· ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h 48 Ljgjkybnt lbfkjub> bcgjkmpez cktle/obt ckjdf b ahfps. ÌÂÏ˘ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ÚÓ˘ ‰Ó Ú‚¯ ˜¯ „Â‡Ó ÌÈÚ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú hUV hU V h U V WV W___________V Q ‰ÁÈÏÒ Q hV WV W____________UV Q W V W______________V Q Q hU V WV W___________U V IV I 49 ‰„Â˙ W V W____________V W„Â‡Ó ÌÈÚUV W U V h V hV W__________U UV W V ‰„ÈÁÈ Æ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ÌÈÈÂËÈ·‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Q Æ±≥ .III e l Æ±∞ lllll0ll Q llll l Kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz. Æ Æ Ø ÆÊ ÆÊ ;.h. ;.h.#v.h. v.h. ‡»‰ tl.x. l ¿ ® l l Q ÆÛÂ‚‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ®‡ Æ±± ÆÈ »Á Ÿ Ã‡ ⁄ Ì˙‡ Ì‰ vy. x. Æ¯ ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ô˙‡ Ô‰ 50 ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ÛÂ‚‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®· Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz. W __________W QZ W _________W Q[ W ___________W Q\ W__________W Q] W __________W Q^ h V Q_ W __________V h________UV Q` WV h ___________U V Qa W UV h ____________U V Qb W UV h__________UV QZY ;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ W ³ V ÆÈ tl.x. ˙«¯‚fi ÌÈX‚fi ˙« ÌÈ ;.h. Æ vy. x. v.h. Æ¯ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 51 « tl.x. ÆÈ hV W h V Wl V vy. x. Æ¯ øÌÈDÓ«Ï Ÿ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ÆÊ ˙«„Ó«Ï Ÿ ÌÈDÓ«Ï Ÿ ˙« øÌ˘ ¯‚ ÈÓ ÌÈ « hU W U h U W h W U h c c c c c c ®‡ ®· Æ±≤ Æ®· ±≤≠Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‚ Bycwtybheqnt lbfkjub> gj[j;bt yf lbfkjub d 12 ! > bcgjkmpez lheubt bvtyf b ckjdf> rfr gjrfpfyj yb;t% Crf;bnt% Dvtcnj% Crf;bnt% UU U UUlU ¹ U W U ∫ÌÂ˜Ó· ∫Â¯Ó‡ ∫ÌÂ˜Ó· ∫Â¯Ó‡ QZ Q[ øÌÈ¯˘ Ì‰ ‰Ó hW W Ul ³ h W h W W ®‡ Æ±≥ c c c c c c Æ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®· Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bq lbfkju> bcgjkmpez lheubt bvtyf. Dvtcnj% Crf;bnt% UU U ∫ÌÂ˜Ó· UUlU ¹ ∫Â¯Ó‡ ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Dvtcnj% 52 ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨˙Â‚ÂÊ· Â‡¯˜ Æ±¥ Ghjxnbnt cktle/ott eghf;ytybt dvtcnt c lheubv extybrjv> pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÏÚÕÈ² Ï˘ @ÚfiÒ Ÿ Ó œ ‰ Ã ;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ ˙«ˆ«¯ ÌÈˆ«¯ œ ˙« « ÌÈ « tl.x. ÆÈ vy. x. Æ¯ h X h X h X h X ˜ÁˆÈ Ï˘ ˜Ò«ÈO‰ Ã :‫דוגמות‬ øÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ≠ Æ„ÏÂ˜Â˘ ≠ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 53 ø˙Â˙Â˘ Ô‰ ‰Ó ≠ Æ‰ÏÂ˜ ‰˜Â˜ ≠ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. W V hx W x V h x Q Q ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Æ±μ W V h x W U V hx Q Q ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÛÂ‚‰ Ì˘ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®‡ Æ±∂ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> dcnfdbd cktle/obt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz% Ô‰ Â‡ Ì‰ ¨Ô˙‡ ¨ÂÁ‡ W ________W h _________U c h ________U c W________W W _________V h UV Yfgbibnt% :‫דוגמה‬ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ » Â‡ » Â·˙Î llkk ll ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W Ì‰W 54 ‰È²ˆKÈ»Ó«˜ Ÿ ½Â ‰‚»Ú Wl h W h W U hU U WW h W h U h W h W W W W U h W W W Æ±∑ c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c U c W :‫דוגמה‬ Yfgbibnt> xnj ds pyftnt j% Ghbvth% ÆÌÈ¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Dcnfdmnt ytljcnf/obt ukfujks% ;.h. vy.x. Æ¯ ÆÊ UU v.h. vy.x. Æ¯ ÆÊ UU ;. h. Æ UU ÆÊ v.h. UU Q ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 55 UU UU UU UU Q k ¿ k kxk UU UU UU UU Q Æ±∏ ÆÌÈËÏ˘ ≤ „ÂÚ Â·˙ÎÂ Â‡¯˜ Æ±π ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ghjxnbnt kjpeyub b yfgbibnt tot ldf kjpeyuf. 56 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÂ‰˘Ó Â‰˘Ó ‡È‰ Æ˙Ú‚Â˘Ó ‡È‰ ÆÂ‰˘Ó ‡Ï ‡È‰ ø˙‡Ê ÈÓ ø‰˘È‡ Â‡ ˘È‡ ‰Ê Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds> rjnjhst ds pyftnt. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î UVUV ³ UVUV UV U5UV ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 57 UVlUVUV U?UVkUVUV UVUV,UVkUV ¹ UEUVUV3 V UV ¿ ¹ x Æ±∂ ÈÂ˘Ï‰ ¯ˆÂ‡‰ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhm Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Ceotcndbntkmyst k % QYWWR · QWR l QWRl QWR QYWWR³! lk QWR/ k QYWWRk k QWRk% QWRkk "k vfntvfnbrf cneltyn#rf cfkfn rjvveybrfwbz rjywthn rjrf-rjkf rbjcr ijrjkfl j-rtq l h º Kl ³ k kx % + xnj cksiyj*#rfr ltkf* ghtrhfcyj jxtym ghbznyj bpdbybnt # ghjcnbnt dtctkbnmcz ytvyjuj njkmrj QWR htcnjhfy QWRl rtrc .UQWR ujhjl#f * UQWR - abkmv#s QWR- vjvtyn QWRl heccrbq zpsr Kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf vs vj;tn ,snm QWR cjr Hfpyjt k*UQWR - cnhfyf#s QWWWRl h relf* QWRl jy Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz Ujhjlf Lheubt k%k Bthecfkbv l ¿ Lbcytqktyl Njrbj Cbyfq Ukfujks Cke;t,yst ckjdf ltkftn [jxtn gmtn Cnhfys xk ¸ k k ¸ r c WWW Tubgtn Vt[brj Rbnfq Bhfr Rtybz + k% * # ³ ‰„ÈÁÈ IV ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú QYWWR ‘ktrnhjybrf Æ‡ 58 Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· U U UQERc Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz gffkm (E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott dhtvz> vyj;tcndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl Ghbvth% c ˙Â„ÓÂÏ ¨ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ :‫דוגמה‬ V U U KU Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz f - gffkm (E) > rjhyb nbgf K > yfcnjzott dhtvz> vyj;tcndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq b ;tycrbq hjl Ghbvth% ˙Â¯‚ ¨ÌÈ¯‚ :‫דוגמה‬ V UKU Vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) > rjhyb nbgf K > yfcnjzott dhtvz Ghbvth% ˙ÂˆÂ¯ ¨ÌÈˆÂ¯ ¨‰ÀˆÂ¯ ¨‰ŒˆÂ¯ :‫דוגמה‬ Cbynfrcbc% ghtlkjub ghtabrcs - Djghjcbntkmyjt ckjdj - Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ÌœÚ ¨ ÆÆÆÏŸ V c øÔ‡ÏV ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ WmV Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve j ghtlkjut-ghtabrct m> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt ghtlcnfdktys njkmrj tuj yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jukfcjdrb. ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV I 59 ˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ μ Cjukfcyst , r g ‰„ÈÁÈ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ V a V5 V k V ? V t V E Q UR P ´ vtlf,th ´ veptjy vbigf[f´ ´ cerfh cegthvfhrtn ´ jkfv fkm gj gjkbnbrf ´ gjkfybn ´ gjhneutpbn ´ ntfnhjy ´ nfgep ¯·„Ó ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ¯ÎÂÒ Ë˜¯Ó¯ÙÂÒ ÌÏÂÚ ÏÚ ‰Ù ‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ ˙ÈÏÂÙ ˙ÈÊ‚ÂË¯ÂÙ ÔÂ¯Ë‡˙ ÊÂÙ˙ 5 kl E º ?l #//El k E Â kE kE l/kE k · lE ¶ ´ S !’nj yjhvfnbdyjt elfhtybt> d hfpujdjhyjv bdhbnt% ,fyfyf@ ´ f,f ‡·‡ ´ ekmgfy ÔÙÏÂ‡ ‘qy ÔÈ‡ ´ ‘irjkbn ˙ÈÏÂÎ˘‡ ,t.. # ,f.. ÆÆÆ· Ø ÆÆÆ· ´ ,fqbn ˙È· S ,fyfyf´ ‰· ´ ,tctlth ¯„Ò· hfh,t´ ‰·¯‰ ´ zgfybn ˙ÈÙÈ qti ˘È rty ÔÎ rbnf´ ‰˙ÈÎ ´ ktqfl „ÈÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ 5 El k? º WWW5XWWW5 5 5 5 / Á Eª « ? ¿ ? ª ‰„ÈÁÈ V ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ckjdfhm 60 ‫בּ‬ ? ‫פּ‬ t !,tn@ , ‫כּ‬ !rfa@ r !g’@ g ‫בּ‬ ‫פּ‬ ‫כּ‬ f f f 5 ? E ‫בּ‬ E .I ‫כּ‬ ‫בּ‬ Æ± k5? Â 5 5 ? E? E5 ?5 kE Q 5 EÂ?l5?kE 5 ¿ ? El #//El Q Q ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV 61 °Ú‚W ˜U h W hKK W WWW-+U 5 Æ ;.h. v.h. ˙«¯aA Ÿ ŸÓ ˙« Ÿ Ã Ó Ÿ ÆÊ ÌÈ¯aA Ÿ Ó Ÿ ÌÈ œ Ÿ Æ ;.h. Ã Ó Ÿ ˙WaA Œ ŸÓ Æ¯ vy. x. v.h. ˙Œ Œ Ã ŸÓ c5 c E c c c ÆÊ ¯aA Õ ŸÓ Õ Æ≤ Ã Ó Ÿ ÆÈ tl. x. ‰„ÈÁÈ V ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏkfiœÓ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ ®‡ Wl/kEW 5 * ? ® k/ Wk? W WkE Wk WEª WEª k.k W ¿ ? El WkEWkE kE WE º 5 Æ≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÏÚÃ 62 ÆÌÈÓÂ„ ÌËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz> gj[j;bt yf ghbdtltyyst dsit. 1. Bpvtybnt yfpdfybz cnhfy b zpsrjd. Æ˙ÂÙ˘‰ 2. Bcgjkmpeqnt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz. ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡Â ˙Âˆ¯‡‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â˘ ÆÛÂ‚‰ ˙ÂÓ˘· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ®· Æ± Æ≤ WXXXXX XX ‫כ‬ ‫פ‬ ‫ב‬ Ù t ‫פ‬ ‫פ ב‬ ‫ב‬ Î k ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫ב‬ .II Ù a ‫ב‬ ‫ב‬ ‫פ‬ Æ¥ ¨ ‰„ÈÁÈ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV 63 øÆÆÆ˘È ®‡ Æμ ˘È ‰„ÈÁÈ Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs cj ckjdjv ¢˘È¢ . Æ¢˘È¢ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ h V WUV :‫דוגמה‬ ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú V 64 Æμ ÏÈ‚¯˙·˘ ˙ÂÏ‡˘Ï ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ˙Â·Â˘˙ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ Æ∂ ∫‰Ï‡ ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÌÚ ®‡ ∂≠Â ¨μ ÌÈÏÈ‚¯˙· ÂÓÎ ˙Â·Â˘˙Â ˙ÂÏ‡˘ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Yfgbibnt jndtns> rjnjhst lfkb ghjlfdws yf djghjcs d eghf;ytybb 5. ÔÈ‡ Õ °ÌÁÏ ÔÈ‡ :‫דוגמה‬ _____________ ÔÈ‡ _____________ ÔÈ‡ _____________ ÔÈ‡ _____________ ÔÈ‡ _____________ ÔÈ‡ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV 65 Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt djghjcs b jndtns> gjlj,yst ghbdtltyysv d eghf;ytybz[ 5 b 6f@> bcgjkmpez cktle/obt ceotcndbntkmyst% U U U U U U ÆÁÏÓ ˘È ¨ÔÎ øÁÏÓ ˘È ÆÁÏÓ ÔÈ‡ ¨‡Ï :‫דוגמה‬ °ÈÙÈˆ ÌÂÏ˘ °‰ÈÙ ÌÂÏ˘ ®‡ Æ∑ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ¨‰ÈÙ ÌÂÏ˘ øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó È‡Â ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ‰¯‚ È‡ ÆÏ‡¯˘ÈŸ· È‡ Æ˙È¯·Ú ˙„ÓÔÏ ‰Ù ˘ÈÂ ¨¯ÈÚ· ÔÙÏÂ‡· ˙„ÓÂÏ È‡ ÆÌÈË„ÂËÒ ‰aY Õ ‰Ã ¨ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ Ì‚Â ¨ÔÂ¯Ë‡˙ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˘È ÆÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘ÈÂ ÆÈÙÈˆ ¨˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ˙ÏÈ‡ ¨ÈÙÈˆ ÌÂÏ˘ „ÈÏŸ ÆÆÆaŸ Æ‰ÈÙ ¨˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ¨ÈÈ· ‰„ÈÁÈ V ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¯„Ò· È‡ øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó ÆÌÈ‰ „ÈÏ ‰¯‚ È‡ Æ˙ÏÈ‡· È‡ Æ˙„ÓÂÏ ‡Ï È‡ ÆÔÂ¯Ë‡˙ ÔÈ‡Â ÔÙÏÂ‡ ÔÈ‡ ˙ÏÈ‡· Æ˘Ó˘Â ÌÈ ˜¯ ˘È ‰·¯‰ ˘ÈÂ ˙ÏÈ‡· ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ ˘È ÆÌÈË¯ˆÂ˜ ÆÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘È ‰Ù Ì‚ 66 ÆÈÙÈˆ Ï˘Â ‰ÈÙ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂÏ‚‰ ÈÙÏ ‰Ï·Ë‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfgjkybnt nf,kbwe d cjjndtncndbb c jnrhsnrfvb> yfgbcfyysvb b . ÔÙÏÂ‡ ÌÈ ÌÈ ÔÙÏÂ‡ ®· °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV 67 ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz. ÔÂ·ÒÈÏ ÂÈ˜ÂË ‰˘¯Â Ô‚‰ÙÂ˜ lE Eª x / kE 5k 5 lkE Æ∏ ¿ª k5 kk5 V ³ 5 5 kk Ek kl5 5 ÏÈÊ¯· Ï‚ÂË¯ÂÙ ˙È¯·‰ ˙Âˆ¯‡ ÔÙÈ Gthtcnfdmnt ‘nb ghtlkj;tybz nfr> xnj,s gjkexbkcz lbfkju. U5 U Æ‰ÁÈ˘Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò h Æπ °ÈÈa ÆÆ°È‰ WU W U h ‰„ÈÁÈ V WU h WU h U ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Æ‰ÈÙ ÈÓ˘ ¨È‰ ≠ 68 ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÂ˜Ó‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Ghfdbkmyj ds,thbnt ujhjl bkb cnhfye b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz. ÔÂ„ÂÏ· Ô·≠‚È·‰kkX/ 5V 5 WlX/E WX WkX³¬ W.EX k ¹ ª X/kl Xk.® « ?X/ ª ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV 69 :‫דוגמה‬ kEk% ? ¹ ³ lEkEk l 5 ¬E k? ¸ * E QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Æ±∞ Dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ±± „Â‡Ó ÌÈÚ W c W___________ c W___________ W c W c W___________ c h c h___________ W c W c h___________ c h ___________W c W___________ c W c W___________ c øËÏfiÒ fi Ãa ˘È ‰Ó Æ±≤ c c c c c c c c h W ÆÆÆa Ÿ c Rjulf ghtlkju a Ÿ ghtlitcndetn jghtltktyyjve fhnbrk/> jy gjkexftn jukfcjdre jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz> f cfv jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm jgecrftncz. a V 5 fTWWW5c ‰„ÈÁÈ V ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W U WU h5 Wk? º ® lE ¶ h WUWWW W% U5W h?l WU ®‡ 70 Æ‡±≤ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ‰ÁÈ˘· ÂÓÎ ¨ÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®· Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[ d ajhvt lbfkjuf> rfr d eghf;ytybb 12. h · 5 h Bcgjkmpeqnt ckjdf% Ghblevfqnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ckjdf> yfgbcfyyst yf rfhnt. ¯ÎÂÒ ¨ÁÏÓ ¨ÔÂÓÈÏc Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ 5 55 El 5 ¿ ?5 #//El 5 Æ±≥ Æ‰„ÚÒÓ· ÌÈ˘‡ ˘È :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰ÙÓ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b utjuhfabxtcrbvb yfpdfybzvb d cjjndtncndbb c rfhnjq. øÌ'˘ ˘È ‰Ó Ã ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú IV 71 l ¿ ® W W ¸ k® W ¹ W W k/ W k W ª W ¸ kk. Æ±¥ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Jc hU U« k ∫· Â˘Ó˙˘‰Â ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÂÒ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Ghblevfqnt jrjyxfybz lkz cktle/ob[ lbfkjujd> bcgjkmpez dshf;tybz> ghbdtltyyst dsit. Yfgbibnt gbcmvtyyst ,erds fkafdbnf. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±μ UVUV ³ UVUV UV UV 5UV UVlUVUV UV?UVkUVUV UVUV,UVkUV ¹ UVEUV UV3 ‰„ÈÁÈ Q_V^RK Fkafdbn ltntq !5-6 ktn@ V ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú V UV ¿ ¹ x 72 Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÈÂ˘Ï‰ ¯ˆÂ‡‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhm Ceotcndbntkmyst Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf kUQWR5 jntw> jnws QWREl cnelbz !ekmgfy@ kk? º UQWR k? º uhtqgahen ¹ 5UQWR5 ljv#f QYWWREª zgjycrbq zpsr QWR ¿ ? rkfcc> rkfccyfz rjvyfnf QWR5 ,fyfy QWRkl veptq QWR?l cf[fh kE QWRk · ntfnh Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz QYWWRkE gjkmcrbq zpsr QYWWR gjkbnbrf kkUQWRl vbh#s QWR#// El cegthvfhrtn QWRE º ctvmz QYWWRl/kE gjhneufkmcrbq zpsr QWRlE ¶ fgtkmcby Cnhfys .5k/ ³5 * 5 / Eª kE l/kE lE C.I.F. Cke;t,yst ckjdf Ukfujks d e # jrjkj j # ghj WWW5 ª hfpujdfhbdftn Gjhneufkbz Gthe ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú K 5 k? KUK/ Á « WUKJ« Wk? ? KE Â Ujhjlf ytn> ytne !xtuj-k.> rjuj-k.@ dct d gjhzlrt 73 Lfybz Gjkmif IV <hfpbkbz Zgjybz Hfpyjt ‰„ÈÁÈ <tkmubz 5 dct vyjuj tcnm> bvttncz tcnm^ Ehf^ dtcm vbh lf pltcm Æ‡ <e’yjc Fqhtc <jcnjy <h/cctkm <fn Zv Dfhifdf Kbvf Kbccf,jy Rjgtyufuty -®k l5 kk5 . 5 ³ 5 / ¿ ª k5 k Á Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· UUc Vjhajkjubz% c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gb’km ( E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott dhtvz ˙Â¯·„Ó ¨ÌÈ¯·„Ó ¨˙¯·„Ó ¨¯·„Ó:‫דוגמה‬ Ghbvth% XVQR Cbynfrcbc% c Endthlbntkmyst b jnhbwfntkmyst bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz !ghjljk;tybt@ X Bvtyyjt ghtlkj;tybt !ghjljk;tybt@ Ghtlkjub b ghtlkjub-ghtabrcs Ghtlkju-ghtabrc Ï‡¯˘È· È‡VQR „ÈÏ ¨ÏÚÃ ¨ÆÆÆaŸV ÆÆÆa } jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm Ã‰ Ω Ãa Ω Ã‰ ≠ ÚÂ„ÈÈÈ ´ÆÆÆaŸV Ghbvth% Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ÆÔÙÏÂ‡Ã· ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ‰·¯‰ ˘È :‫דוגמה‬ ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ c WKK VEU?U5 QZ ,> r> g rbnf WVEUV?UV5cUW gj ,fqbn ‘i-rjkbn UV k? º UV hfh-,t 5/cU W WV º vbi-gf[f KK WVlE ¶ cer!r@fh ?lUV UV Á UV ¶ vtlf,!,@th Á cU nfg!g@ep if,!,@fn WWW Q[ 2@ Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve j ghtlkjut 5 > d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt ghtlcnfdktys njkmrj tuj yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jukfcjdrb. WWW Q\ W 3@ > ghtlitcnde/otv ceotcndbntkmyjve c Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve j ghtlkjut 5 jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt ghtlcnfdktys njkmrj tuj yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jukfcjdrb. ‰„ÈÁÈ V ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 1@ <erds EU?U5 >,> r> g bvt/n lfuti !dphsdyjq pder@ b ghjbpyjczncz $ndthlj$. Jyb gjzdkz/ncz% f@ D yfxfkt ckjdf> yfghbvth% 5 - ,fbqn> ? - rbnf> EÂ - gj. ,@ D yfxfkt ckjuf> cktle/otuj pf cjukfcyjq ,tp ukfcyjuj pderf> yfghbvth% 5/ hfh,t> º - ‘i-rjkbn> Eº - vbi-gf[f. Lheubt ckexfb $ndthljuj$ ghjbpyjitybz cdzpfys c ntv> xnj cjukfcyfz eldfbdftncz gj uhfvvfnbxtcrbv ghbxbyfv> yfghbvth% 5 vtlf,!,@th> 5 ¶ - if,!,@fn> l Á - cer!r@fh. 74 ˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ ‫· כפ ב‬ ‫פ‬ ‫כ‬ ‫פ ב‬ ´ vtjl ´ vf ikjvt[* ´ vf ikjv[f* ´ vepbrf ´ vfpfkm njd ´ vf[itd ´ vb[nfd ´ vfkjy ´ ctath ´ cafhflbn ´ bdhbn ´ f[ifd ‰„ÈÁÈ VI II I ´ ‘htd njd ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ´ fhfdbn 75 ´ afkfatkm ´ ghjatcjh ´ wfhafnbn rjht´ rfat´ ´ ibeh „Â‡Ó øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ ·ÂË ÏÊÓ ·˘ÁÓ ·˙ÎÓ ÔÂÏÓ ¯ÙÒ ˙È„¯ÙÒ ˙È¯·Ú ÂÈ˘ÎÚ ·ÂË ·¯Ú ˙È·¯Ú ÏÙ‡ÏÙ ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù ˙È˙Ù¯ˆ ‡¯Â˜ ‰Ù˜ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Î Î ‫ב‬ ∂ ‰„ÈÁÈ Cjukfcyst ‫פ‬ ‫כ‬ , r g ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ V · V V Î V V Ù V Ckjdfhm ÌÈÏÈÓ ´ fdjrflj k k Â„˜Â·‡ k ´ fdfkm Ï·‡ h3k º ´ jhtd k ·‰Â‡ h2k º ´ eybdthcbnf / l ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡ l ´ bynthytn / Ë¯ËÈ‡ k ‘qaj´ Â ‰ÙÈ‡ · ,f 5 ‡· ¿ ,tdfrfif´ ¿ 5 ‰˘˜·· k ´ ´ ,jrth njd k#k5 ·ÂË ¯˜Â· ,fyr 5 ˜· + ´ ´ hfItv ,fhe[ · l 5 Ì˘‰ ÍÂ¯· . ´ ´ hf,fbv 5 l5 °ÌÈ‡·‰ ÌÈÎÂ¯· J ¿ ,he[bv ´ ´ ifkjv lhbifn k ¿ . ¶ ÌÂÏ˘ ˙˘È¯„ k- ´ hjkt[ k ÍÏÂ‰ * ´ [fkfd ·ÏÁ njd k ·ÂË kk E ´ qjab Jk ÈÙÂÈ ¹ / ´ !hf@ rytcctn ?Q R ˙ÒÎ®‰© ,k ´ rjntd k? · ·˙ÂÎ l ¹ ‫ב‬ Î Ù ‫ב‬ ‫פ‬ ‫כ‬ !dtn@ d ![fa@ [ !atq@ a ‫כ‬ f f f ‫ב‬ ‫ב‬ .I ‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ Q Æ± ¿ 5 J Jk k Q · ¿ ø˙·ŒŒ‰«‡ ˙‡ ‰Ó ø·Õ‰«‡ ‰˙‡ ‰Ó ®‡ Æ≤ W Wk k ‰„ÈÁÈ W W VI ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W 76 Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®· W. W W W W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. h h Bcgjkmpeqnt ‘nb ckjdf% ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ h h WWWUU UU U U ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ø‰ÙÈÕ‡ h W h W U h W W U ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI II I 77 ®‚ ®‡ c c c c c c c h Æ‰ÁÈ˘Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Gthtcnfdmnt ‘nb ghtlkj;tybz nfr> xnj,s gjkexbkcz lbfkju. ®· Æ≥ ÆÌÈÈÂÈ‚‰ ÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈ˜ÏÁ‰ È˘ ˙‡ Â¯·Á Æ¥ R xfcnzv ghtlkj;tybz> yf[jlzobvcz d ghfdjv cnjk,wt> gjl,thbnt cjjndtncnde/ obt xfcnb d ktdjv cnjk,wt> xnj,s gjkexbkjcm pfrjyxtyyjt ghtlkj;tybt. Ï·fi‡ ⁄ W U W U W U W U W U WV U W U Æ¯„Ò· ‡Ï ‡Â‰ Ï·‡ ¨·˘ÁÓ ‰Ù ˘È :‫דוגמה‬ Gthtcnfdmnt cktle/obt ckjdf nfr> xnj,s gjkexbkbcm pfrjyxtyyst ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò X XXXXX Æμ :‫דוגמה‬ ‰„ÈÁÈ Æ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÚÂ ˙È·‰ ÏÚ ˙¯·„Ó ÏÎÈÓ XX XX X QZ XXXX X Q[ XXX X X Q\ XXXX X X Q] ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI 78 XXXX Q^ XX XX Q_ X XXX Q` XXXX Qa XXXXX X X Qb XXX X XXX QZY X XXX QZZ ‫ך‬ Û ‫ף‬ ‫ך‬ Í ![fa cjabn@ [ !atq cjabn@ a ‫ף‬ ‫ף‬ ‫ך‬ f f .II ‫ף‬ ‫ך‬ Æ∂ ¨ ¨ °ÌÈ‡ œ a fi Ã‰ ÌÈœÎ»¯Ÿa ¨ÛÒ«ÈÂ Õ _»¯a fi ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI II I 79 ¨ ¨ øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó øÍÓÂÏ˘ ‰Ó ®‡ W h3k º W W h2k º W Æ∂ Æß‡ ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÂÎ‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ „ÈÏ ✔ ÂÓÒ ®‡ Æ∑ Jnvtnmnt ufkjxrjq ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz> d cjjndtncndbb cj cgbcrjv extybrjd gthdjuj rkfccf> ghbdtltyysv yb;t. ‰·˜ÒÂÓ ÔÂËÒÂ· ÔÂ„ÂÏ Ì„¯ËÒÓ‡ Ô¯‰Ë ‰··‡≠ÒÈ„‡ ÏÂ·ËÒÈ‡ ‚¯Â·Ò‰ÂÈ ÈÂÏ ÍÂ¯· Ô‰Î ‰È¯ ÔÈÈË˘ ÌÈ¯Ó ˙ÈÓÒ ·˜ÚÈ ıÈ·ÂÈ·¯ ‰Á Ï‡¯˘È Ì‰¯·‡ ÔÂÓÂÏÒ ÛÒÂÈ ÔÈÈÏ˜ ˙Â¯ W W W W W W W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‰˙ÈÎ‰ ÔÓÂÈ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Ì‰ ÔÈ‡Ó ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÏ‡˘ ®· Cghjcbnt e dfib[ cjextybrjd> jnrelf jyb ghbt[fkb> b yfgbibnt cgbcjr extybrjd dfituj rkfccf. hhh hU W h W h W J J · 3l5 h W W hh W U UU l5c h WU J h c c c c c c c c c c c c c c Æ∏ ‰„ÈÁÈ VI ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÌÈ‡ œ afiÃ‰ ÌÈÎ»¯ œ aŸ 80 Æπ ÆÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt. ø‰Ó øÈÓ !kE kk !kE ! !l º 5 kE3l º 5 5ª 5 k .$. k * k ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÌÈÂ˘ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó· ÌÈ˘‡ È˘ ÔÈ· ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ≥ Â·˙Î Æ‰Ó‚Â„· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ ®‡ Yfgbibnt 3 gj[j;b[ lbfkjuf vt;le ldevz k/lmvb d hfpys[ vtcnf[ Bthecfkbvf> d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb. Djcgjkmpeqntcm ghbvthjv. ÌÈœÙ«ˆÃ‰ ¯‰a Ã :‫דוגמה‬ ®≤ h Wªk W h W V V V V ®± ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI II I 81 ®≥ ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó ÏÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt lbfkju> gjlj,ysq ghbdtltyyjve dsit> j lheub[ bpdtcnys[ dfv vtcnf[. ®· Æ±∞ ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó· ‰Ù˘‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±± Dgbibnt yfpdfybt zpsrf d cjjndtncnde/ott ghtlkj;tybt. kE ª l+ . * ¹ / W˙ÈÒÂ¯K K :‫דוגמה‬ W__________K K W__________K K W__________K K W__________K K W__________K K W__________K K QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ ®≤ ®± ®≥ ‰„ÈÁÈ ®¥ ®∂ ®μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI 82 ÌÈ·œ˙ ' ÎŸÓ œ ®‡ ·È·œfi‡ ≠ Ï˙aŸ QZ h U ¿ x UV W ¿ WV h V Wk + 5V Â˜ÒÈÒ¯Ù ÔÒ Ã aŸ Q[ hx U V W³ V hV WVV ;.h. Æ ˙‡V«˜ ˙«‡Y«˜ v.h. ÆÊ ‡V«˜ ÌÈ‡Y«˜ œ ÆÈ vy. x. Æ¯ tl. x. Ë¯ËÈ‡afi W ÏÃ Q\ 3k ºU Wk ¿ kE U/ l 5 WE º k ¿ . ¶ W/ 5 h W U h ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI II I 83 U U ÆÆÆÏŸc WQ^ RÆÆÆaŸ Ghtlkjub-ghtabrcs WWW5 b WWW > ghtlitcnde/obt ceotcndbntkmysv c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv> gjkexf/n jukfcjdre jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz> f cfv jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm jgecrftncz. ?Ï V? f?TWWW Yfgbibnt jndtn> rjnjhsq lfkf . Æ‰ÙÈ Ï˘ ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®· Æ±≤ øÌÈ‡ œ fia Ì˙‡ ÔÈ‡Ó ‰ Ã Ó Õ Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c hbceyrfvb. ®‡ Æ±≥ h ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®· Æ˙È·‰Ó ‰‡· È‡ h :‫דוגמה‬ h QZ h Q\ h h Q[ h Q] Q^ ‰„ÈÁÈ h Q` Q_ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h VI 84 øÔ‡ÏÂ ÔÈ‡Ó Æ‰Ó‚Â„‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ±¥ ®‡ Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz> d cjjndtncndbb c ghbvthjv. ÆÔÙÏÂ‡Ï ‰„ÚÒÓ‰ÃÕÓ ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ Lj,fdmnt tot ytcrjkmrj ghtlkj;tybq gj dfitve ;tkfyb/. :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÂÚ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ øÌ˘ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì‰ ‰Ó ®· ÆÔÙÏÂ‡· ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ì‰ :‫דוגמה‬ QPP UR ¢_ÕÏ«‰ ‰˙ ' Ã‡ Ô‡ fi Ï» Ÿ ˙‡ ' fia ÔÈ‡ Ã ÕÓ ÚA¢ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ‰„ÈÁÈ Dgbibnt ytljcnf/obt ckjdf d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI II I 85 ‰ÙÈÁ ≠ ·È·‡ Ï˙ ≠ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È W_____________ WÌÈ¯‰ _______________ QZ W_______________ _______________ Q[ ____________ _______________ Q\ Æ±μ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Yfgbibnt bdhbncrbq fkafdbn gbcmvtyysvb ,erdfvb. ÆÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡˘ ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∂ ˙È·≠ÛÏ‡‰ ˙ÂÈ˙Â‡ UVUV ³ UVUV UV UV 5UV UVlUVUV UV?UVkUVUV UVUV,UVkUV ¹ UVEUV UV3 V UV ¿ ¹ x ‰„ÈÁÈ VI ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÓ QcK R Zb[bU ¢·«Ë Ï«kÃ‰ ·«Ë Û«Ò¢ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú V UV UV UV UV 86 ÈÂ˘Ï‰ ¯ˆÂ‡‰ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhm Ceotcndbntkmyst Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf QYWWR vjkjrj QWR · rjvgm/nth QWR ¿ gbcmvj kkUQWR k ujcnbybwf> jntkm .UQWR rybuf QYWWR+ bcgfycrbq zpsr QYWWR* fhf,crbq zpsr ahfywepcrbq zpsr QYWWR ¹ / Æ‡ eybdthcbntn k/ lUQWR/ l QWRk k QWR/ QWR QWR l QWR QWWRkk E QYWWR fdjrflj bynthytn ,fyr vepsrf afkfatkm ghjatccjh rjat QWRl ¹ ehjr Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz Hfpyjt ¿ 5 WJk#k lj,hjt enhj W · 3l5 ckfdf <jue 5 l5 lj,hj gj;fkjdfnm WJ ¿ . ¶ ghbdtn !gthtlfnm ghbdtn rjve-kb,j@ Wk QWR ? rytcctn Kk [jhjij KJk ghtrhfcyj^ Kk jxtym QWRh3k º rfr gj;bdftnt* QWRh2k º rfr gj;bdftnt* K ¿ ntgthm WJk- lj,hsq dtxth gj;fkeqcnf ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VI II I 87 Ujhjlf Cnhfys Fllbc-F,t,f {fqaf Zaaj Cfy-Ahfywbcrj Ntkm-Fdbd 55 k³ k + V · Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf Cke;t,yst ckjdf ult* h Â yj Bcgfybz Ahfywbz Hjccbz Ukfujks k/,bn ghb[jlbn “abjgbz bltn # [jlbn gbitn xbnftn k 5 k k? · ,k ³Ek º + / ³l ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs V UKUQERc Vjhajkjubz% c E)> rjhyb nbgf K > yfcnjzott dhtvz Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gb’km ( Ghbvth% ˙Â‡¯Â˜ ¨ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ ¨˙‡¯Â˜ ¨‡¯Â˜ :‫דוגמה‬ TmUmV Cbynfrcbc% Ghtlkjub-ghtabrcs Ghbvth% WWWWWW } jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm% c ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰Ó ‡· È‡ Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘ÃÏ ÍÏÂ‰ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ Cj/p Djghjcbntkmyjt ckjdj Ï·À‡⁄t ø‰ÙÈ‡t Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ d> [> a WEU?U5 QRVUU QZ c ctath W U vb[nfd µ U. bdhbn U fdfkm cU Q W º U [fkfd cU Q Qjcta kUh3 vf ikjvt[* k UU W^QZ W WE U U cU 1@ <erds - UU d> [> a !,tp lfutif@ erfpsdf/n yf ahbrfnbdyjt ghjbpyjitybt cjukfcys[ UU. Jyb gjzdkz/ncz% f@ D cthtlbyt ckjdf gjckt ukfcyjq> yfghbvth% fdfkm - > bdhbn -. > ctath - > vb[nfd - µ ,@ Dctulf d rjywt ckjdf> yfghbvth% mV Q[ mc > ghbcjtlbytyyjuj r ceotcndbntkmyjve c Xnj,s eghjcnbnm ntve ghtlkjuf WWW jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv> d yfcnjzotv hfpltkt ghtlcnfdktys njkmrj tuj yfb,jktt hfcghjcnhfytyyst jukfcjdrb. ‰„ÈÁÈ VI ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú [fkfd -> vf ikjvt[* - h3k º > Qjcta -k . Byjulf> gj bcnjhbxtcrbv uhfvvfnbxtcrbv ghbxbyfv> cjukfcyst EU?U5 dct ;t gjzdkz/ncz c lfutitv d cthtlbyt ckjdf gjckt ukfcyjq !eldjtybt@. Cv. ghbvth d pfvtxfybb $1$ hfpltkf 5. 88 ∑ ˙È· ÛÏ‡‰ ‫מנצ'סטר מנצ'וריה‬ ‫צ'כיה‬ ‫ג'ורג'יה‬ ‫ז'ראר‬ ‰„ÈÁÈ Cjukfcyst l; ‫אלג'יריה‬ ‫צ'ילה‬ Ô‡ßÊ ‫לוס אנג'לס‬ ; x ÌÈ¯ÂˆÈÚ V P V P V P Ckjdfhm ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VII II I 89 ÌÈÏÈÓ ´ xtkj ÂÏßˆ kP fp Ê‡ ´ xtv,fkj ÂÏ·Óßˆ k5P ´ f[fn ˙Á‡ ´ rjyxthnj ÂË¯ßˆÂ˜ k/Pk ´ ‘cht´ f[fn ‰¯˘Ú ˙Á‡ ,x º ´ rtnxjg ÙÂ˘Ë˜ Ek# ´ ´ ‘qpt vfpfkm °ÏÊÓ ‰ÊÈ‡ J ´ htdf Ú·¯ ´ fh,f Ú·¯‡ 5/ ´ itdf Ú·˘ ¸ ´ [flfijn ˙Â˘„Á k ´ ifkji ˘ÂÏ˘ k ¿ ´ [fvti ˘ÓÁ ´ ivjyt ‰ÂÓ˘ k º ´ [twb ÈˆÁ iff´ ‰Ú˘ ¿ ´ qjltf Ú„ÂÈ k ´ ifjy ÔÂÚ˘ k ¿ ´ cjyfnf ‰ËÂÒ k ´ itrtn Ë˜˘ # ¸ ´ cbybn ˙ÈÈÒ iti ˘˘ · ´ c’yldbx ßıÈÂÂ„Ò P ´ infbv ÌÈÈ˙˘ ¶ º ´ ’cth ¯˘Ú x ¸ º · º ‰¯˘Ú ÌÈ˙˘ ,x xbgc ÒÙÈßˆ EP ¶ · ´ xt[bn ˙ÈÎßˆ P ´ intbv ’cht´ ´ ntif Ú˘˙ ß‚ ßˆ P '‫ג‬ zˇ '‫ז‬ '‫צ‬ '‫ז‬ f P f P f P g ch '‫ז‬ '‫צ‬ P .I '‫ז‬ '‫ג‬ Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ‰·ÈÁ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘Ï ± ¯ÂË· ˙ÂÓ˘‰ ÔÈ· ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Æ± Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le bvtyfvb d rjkjyrt 1 b bvtyfvb d rjkjyrt 2. øÈÓ ‡Â‰ ÈÓ Z kP * 5 ¿ k P, k ³ )¯ ³ Á k ¹ kP l³/ kE l º # kP *k P P k ½ ® ¸ ‰„ÈÁÈ VII ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú [ 90 ·Ï ¯‰Ë Ì¯ÂÈ Ø Ú·Ë· ˙Â·‰ ¯ÂÊÁÓ ³l º k ³k ³ E ³l ,%³ ³P ³l5 · , ® 5, ® 5 ³l 5 « . ¿ x.k . ¹ E /k . / ¹ ¹ W® k ¿ Wki k /k* ³* ³ *kl ¹ *® ® / ® /ª® Æ‰Ï·Ë· Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎ ˙˘·È ÂÊÈ‡· Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt yfpdfybz rjynbytynjd> d rjnjhs[ yf[jlzncz erfpfyyst yb;t cnhfys> b yfgbibnt b[ d dblt nf,kbws. ø‰Ê ‰ÙÈ‡ /P ³ P P 5kPk.P/lP ³ P * º ³P k P ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VII II I 91 ³+ k . . ³ Ek ≠aŸ Ï‡¯˘È Æ‰ÈÒ‡· Ï‡¯˘È :‫דוגמה‬ Æ≤ Crf;bnt lheu lheue% h ∫‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯Ó‡ $ kP /k Pk k Pk « lP kk kPk kPk k5P k/P k Æ≥ Æ˜ßÊ¯Â·„ Ï˘ «Ï·ÓßˆÏ «Ë¯ßˆÂ˜ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ˙ÈÈÒ Ú„ÂÈ ‡È‰ ÆÔÈÒÓ ‡Â‰ Wk WPk Wk Wkk W W³P WP W/P ³ Q Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®· Æ ˙ÚA«È Ã ˙«ÚE«È v.h. ÆÊ ÚB«È Ã ÌÈÚE«È œ tl. x. ÆÈ vy. x. Æ¯ h h hP h h ‰„ÈÁÈ VII ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ;.h. Æ¥ 92 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ˜ßÃˆ ˜Èßˆœ ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VII II I 93 ®I© ø‰Úfi˘ ' Ã‰ ‰Ó Ã h UV WV hUV WV Q Q hV W V W JV Q ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ hUV WV W V Q hUV W UWWWUV Q h U V WWW J V Q ‰„ÈÁÈ VII ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncdbt vt;le lbfkjufvb b bkk/ cnhfwbzvb. Æμ 94 ®‡ ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ¨‰ÁÈÏÒ ±≤≠± ˙Á Ã ‡ Ã Æ± ÌÈÈ˙ × ˘ " Æ≤ ˘«Ï˘ ' Æ≥ ÚaY Ã ‡ Ã Æ¥ ˘Ó Õ Á fi Æμ ˘˘ Æ∂ Ú·Ã˘ Æ∑ ‰«Ó Œ ˘ " Æ∏ Ú˘ × ˙ Æπ ¯◊ÚŒ Æ±∞ ‰V◊ " ŒÚ ˙Á Ã ‡ Ã Æ±± ‰V"◊ÚŒ ÌÈ˙ ˘ " Æ±≤ hUV W ³ V QZ hV W ³ V Q[ UV h WUV Q\ ÆÔÂÚ˘ ÏÎ· ‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Æ‰Ú˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ ®Æ© Ghjxnbnt dcke[ dhtvz yf xfcf[ b yfgbibnt tuj. ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VII II I 95 Crf;bnt dhtvz b yfgbibnt tuj. ±±∫≥∞ 10:15 ∞¥∫∞∞ 2:45 ZcZ^ Æ∂ ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó Ú„ÂÈ ‰˙‡ ®‡ h V W V JU h hV W UUV JW W V QZ hUV hV h V W WV WWW V W UUV WPU V Q[ W U V hV W V W V Q\ Æ∑ ‰„ÈÁÈ hV W V W k V WUV J#WWWV ¸ Q] ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VII 96 h V hV WV WV h V WV W V Q^ ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ˙ÂÚ˘‰ ˙‡ Â˘ Æ®‡ ∑ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®· Bycwtybheqnt lbfkjub bp eghf;ytybz 7 fkta. Ds vj;tnt bpvtybnm dhtvz gj dfitve ;tkfyb/. °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ hUV WWWV ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VII II I 97 hU W³ V WhV ÈÂ˘Ï‰ ¯ˆÂ‡‰ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ckjdfhm ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Xbckbntkmyst Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf jlyf ldt nhb xtnsht gznm itcnm ctvm djctvm ltdznm ltcznm jlbyyflwfnm ldtyyflwfnm ¶ º k ¿ 5/ · ¸ k º ¶ · x ¸ ,x º ,ºx · º Æ‡ QWRk cjyfnf QWR rbnfqcrbq zpsr QWRP xbgcs !gjl;fhtyysq rfhnjatkm@ QWREP QWRP xticrbq zpsr QWRkP xtkj QWRk5P dbjkjyxtkm QWRk/P k rkfdtcby QYWWREk# rtnxeg ,enth,hjl Ceotcndbntkmyst QWWRk yjdjcnb UQWR gjkjdbyf Ukfujks /UQWR xtndthnm pyftn k QWR ¿ xfc k ºUQWRk ¿ xfcs QYWWR# ¸ nbibyf> gjrjq ‰„ÈÁÈ VII Hfpyjt njulf rfrfz elfxf^ rjnjhsq xfc* K WJ h ¿ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 98 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz V UK KUQERc c E) > ujhnfyysq P@ b rjhyb nbgf K > Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gb’km ( yfcnjzott dhtvz Ghbvth% ˙ÂÚ„ÂÈ ¨ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ¨˙ÃÚAÂÈ ¨ÚBÂÈ :‫דוגמה‬ Hfpyjt% Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz hc ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ l;> ;> x vUvUv QZ W L;jhl; v v vcv U U UV v vUV :fr Xthxbkkm WV vv v Cjukfcyst P !pdjyrjt l;> rfr d fyuk. George@> P !;@ b P !x@ d lhtdytv bdhbnt yt ceotcnde/n. “nb ,erds cyf,;f/ncz fgjcnhjajv b ghbvtyz/ncz d byjcnhfyys[ ckjdf[> bvtyf[ k/ltq> utjuhfabxtcrb[ yfpdfybz[ b n.l. $f$ $t$ U KQ[ qjlt-f k W W D ajhvt ve;crjuj hjlf ukfujkjd ¥ !nhtnbq ujhnfyyjuj nbgf@ d yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb ,erdf > cktle/ofz pf ukfcysv $t$> ghbj,htnftn cjtlbybntkmysq ukfcysq pder $f$ - qjlt-f. “njn ukfcysq pder yfpsdftncz $crhsnsq gfnf[$ !gfnf[ uyedf@. Crhsnsq gfnf[ gjzdkztncz d rjywt dct[ bdhbncrb[ ckjd vt;le ukfcysvb e> t> b> j> b cktle/obvb pf ybvb ujhnfyysvb cjukfcysvb UU . Yfghbvth% cfvt-f[ - µ > ifnb-f[ -µ > kbcvj-f[ -kº > yj-f[ - k. ‰„ÈÁÈ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú VII II I 99 $f$ ¥ qjlf-fn -kW D ajhvt ;tycrjuj hjlf tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf ukfujkjd ¥ !ujhnfyyjuj nbgf@ d yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb bvt/ncz ldf ukfcys[ pderf $f$> j,eckjdktyys[ ujhnfyyjq cjukfcyjq % k - qjlf-fn. ‡ ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ ÏÏÈ Õ ‰ œ ®‡ Æ± W9 ¶ W º W3K ¶ Wh W · K5+ c UUW W® *xU µ UU ª , WW U h ¾ h ∫‰Ï‡ ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ Æ‰ÂÓ˙ ÏÎÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt gjl[jlzott ghtlkj;tybt lkz rf;ljq bkk/cnhfwbb. Bcgjkmpeqnt cktle/obt ckjdf% ‰ÏŒÕ‡ Ø ˙‡›Ê Ø ‰ÊŒ ÆÏÏÈ‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙‡Ê :‫דוגמה‬ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ QZ Q[ Q] ‡ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Q\ 100 ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®‡ Æ≤ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ceotcndbntkmysv b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. Æ‰Ï‡ ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰Â ÌÈ·¯· ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ Â¯Ó‡ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Æ˙‡Ê Â‡ ‰Ê ≠ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt ˙‡Ê bkb ‰Ê > gjnjv crf;bnt rf;ljt ghtlkj;tybt d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf b bcgjkmpeqnt - ‰Ï‡ ÆÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙ ‰Ï‡ W ‰Ê :‫דוגמה‬ W* VVV QZ WVVV Q[ WVVV Q\ W VVV Q] W VVV Q^ W VVV Q_ WVVV Q` WVVV Qa WVVV Qb WVVV QZY W VVV QZZ WVVV QZ[ WVVV QZ\ WVVV QZ] WVVV QZ^ WP VVV QZ_ Ô„ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‡ 101 U©95$ Wh W U d U$ ² W W#¸U W W W ¾ W¾ h ¾ h Æ≥ Yfgbibnt d cjjndtncndbb c rfhnjq - ÔÈ‡ Ø ˘È ≠ ‰ÙÓ‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ®‡ W Æ¥ ˘È , ÔÈ‡ :‫דוגמה‬ WVVV UVVV QZ WVVV UVVV Q[ WVVV UVVVV Q\ WVVV UVVV Q] WVVV UVVV Q^ WVVV UVVV Q_ WVVV UVVV Q` WVVV UVVVV Qa W VVVV Qb ÆÂÏ˘ ‡ÓÈ‡ ÔÈ·Â ÂÊÂ¯˜ ÔÂÊÈ·Â¯ ÔÈ· ÔÂÙÏË‰ ˙ÁÈ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ¯ÂÈ‡·˘ ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ®· Yfgbibnt ntktajyysq hfpujdjh vt;le Hj,bypjyjv Rhepj b tuj vfnthm/. Bcgjkmpeqnt ceotcndbntkmyst> bvt/obtcz yf bkk/cnhfwbb> b lj,fdmnt r ybv lheubt gj dfitve ;tkfyb/. ³ÂÊe¯O Ô³ÂÊÈaœÂ¯ ³ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ Djn yfxfkj hfpujdjhf% ∫‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙ÏÁ˙‰ ˙‡Ê h h¾ U V W UUV hWWmmmV ∫‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÛÂÒ ‰ÊÂ Djn rjytw hfpujdjhf% hV WWU#V ¸ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‡ 102 ‰È„ Æμ hW h h h W W U W9? W U W W² © ¾ WW J9 ¸ 9 ¸ U ¾ W U5 U9² d W hW W WWWUU Wh h ∫‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÂ‰· ‰ÈÈË‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ Ghjcghzufqnt dcke[ cktle/obt ukfujks d yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb% WW XX WW XX WW XX WW XX ˙«„Ó«Ï Ÿ ÌÈDÓ«Ï Ÿ ˙CÓ«Ï Œ „Ó«Ï Õ · ² ?U² c ∫‰ÈÈ‚‰· ÌÈÈÂÈ˘ ˘È ¨ÈÂ¯‚ ¯ÂˆÈÚ ‡Â‰ ˘¯Â˘‰ È¯ÂˆÈÚÓ „Á‡ ¯˘‡Î Rjulf jlyf bp cjukfcys[ rjhyz - ujhnfyyfz> ghjbpyjitybt ytcrjkmrj bpvtyztncz% ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‡ 103 X² /² U/² U,² U,² X² ² U ² U ² U ² ² ² U ² U ² U ² ˙Â◊ ³ ÂÚ ³ ÌÈ◊ ! ³ÂÚ ‰◊ − ³ÂÚ ‰◊³ÂÚ ¸ ² U² V ˙Â¯ ³ ‚À ÌÈX‚À ‰T‚À ¯‚À U µ 5t ˙³Â¯aA Ÿ Ó Ÿ ÌÈXaA Ÿ Ó Ÿ ˙WaA Œ Ó Ÿ ¯aA Õ Ó Ÿ Æ∂ ÆÔ‰ ¨Ì‰ ¨Ô˙‡ ¨Ì˙‡ ¨ÂÁ‡ ¨‡È‰ ¨‡Â‰ ¨˙‡ ¨‰˙‡ ¨È‡ ∫ÛÂ‚‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∑ Dcnfdmnt gjl[jlzobt kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz !cv. dsit@ h ˙‡UV :‫דוגמה‬ W WV h¾ VVVUV QZ W ¾ VVVV hVVVU V Q[ W UUUVVVUV h VVVU V Q\ W VVVWV h V Q] W VVVWV h xV Q^ W VVVV h V Q_ W VVVV h ¾ V Q` WWW U U d h ¾ VVVV ÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Dgbibnt gjl[jlzobt ukfujks. ‰ÁÂ „ÈÂ„ Æ∏ ®‡ X XXXX X VVVWVVV VVVW¾ ÌÈ¯‚ W UVVVW VVV W ®· ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ QZR UVVVWVVV WVVV KVVV WUU VVVUK ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú XX¾ X X X ‡ 104 øÌÈ˙Â˘ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ®‚ X X X hVVVUU c WU c hU c W VVV c h c W U c h c W c h c WVVV c Gthtcnfdmnt ckjdf> xnj,s gjkexbkbcm ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò XX X X XXQZ X XXX X XQ[ hXXXX X XQ\ XXX X X X Q] XXX XXX X Q^ XX XXXX Q_ hXXXX¾ Q` X XX XXQa ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‡ 105 ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ ˙ÒÎ Æπ ‰˜·¯ Æ±∞ U UUWh W m UU Uh ¾ W ² 5 U W UW W h h Dgbibnt d ntrcn gjl[jlzobt ghtlkjub b ghtlkjub-ghtabrcs% ∫˙ÂÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÂÏÈÓ ˙‡ ËÒ˜Ë· Â·˙Î Æ±± ÌÚ Ø ÆÆÆÓ Ø ÆÆÆ· ØÆÆÆÏ Ø ÏÚ Ø Ï˘ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ‰È¯ËÙ˜· VVV W VVV VVV VVV W VVVVVV VVV W VVV W VVVVVV W VVV W ®‡ W WWh Wh Wh Wh W h W h W h ¾ h Æ±≤ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‡ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ï‚ 106 Ï‚ . øÏ‚ ‡Â‰ ÈÓ ÂÓÒ ®· Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ˘ÂÏ˘ „ÂÚ Ï‚ ˙‡ ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚ ∫‰Ï‡‰ ‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰Â Â˜· ˙Â˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ Â·˙Î ®‡ J,dtlbnt rhe;rjv hbceyjr> yf rjnjhjv bpj,hf;ty Pflfqnt Ï‚ tot nhb djghjcf. Æ±≥ Pflfqnt djghjcs r gjlxthryensv ckjdfv. Lkz ‘njuj djcgjkmpeqntcm cktle/obvb djghjcbntkmysvb ckjdfvb% ÈÓ Ø ‰Ó Ø ÔÈ‡Ó Ø Ô‡Ï Ø ‰ÙÈ‡ U W W W W ¾ W U øÏ‚ ÔÈ‡Ó :‫דוגמה‬ Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq f,pfw j Ds ghjxkb j ‰ÏÈ‚ . ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 107 ®· ÆÌÎÓˆÚ ÏÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ÚË˜ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ Â·˙Î ÆÏ‚Â ‰˜·¯ ¨‰„ ¨Ô„ ¨ÏÏÈ‰ ÏÚ Ì˙‡¯˜ ‰˜·¯ ¨‰„ ¨Ô„ ¨ÏÏ‰ b Ï‚ . Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq f,pfw j ct,t. Æ‰ÂÓ˘ ‰Ú˘‰ ÆÚ·¯Â Ú˘˙ Æ‰¯˘Ú ˙Á‡Ï Ú·¯ ‰Ú˘‰ ÆÈˆÁÂ ‰¯˘Ú ÌÈ˙˘ … ‰Ú˘‰ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‡ Æ‰ÏÈ‚ ÏÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î Crf;bnt > rjnjhsq xfc d rhegys[ ujhjlf[ vbhf. ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ÆÌÏÂÚ· ˙ÂÏÂ„‚‰ ÌÈ¯Ú· ‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ ZZcYY Z[cYY ZYcYY ^cYY [YcYY ZbcYY Z\cYY [cYY Æ±¥ Æ±μ øÍÏ˘ ¯ÈÚ· ‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ¨±≤∫∞∞ ‰Ú˘‰ ·È·‡ Ï˙· ¯˘‡Î ®· Rjulf d Ntkm-Fdbdt 12%00> rjnjhsq xfc d dfitv ujhjlt* Crf;bnt dcke[ b yfgbibnt ckjdfvb dhtvz. hV ÆÌÈÏÈÓ· ‰Ú˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ hUV hUV J[\cZ^ J V hUU V hV ®‡ U VVVWU W VVV VVVUVVVV W W W W UVVV ¾ W VVV WVVV h V ² ² U VVVh hVVVh WVVV U Yfgbibnt jndtn yf gbcmvj> rjnjhjt È„ yfgbcfk ÈÒÂÈ . ÆÈÒÂÈÏ È„ Ï˘ ‰·Â˘˙ ·˙ÎÓ Â·˙Î ®· Æ±∂ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‡ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Dgbibnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. 108 ÌÈÏÈÓ ¨ÌÈÏÈÓ Crf;bnt% Nhb ckjdf> yfxbyf/obtcz c ,erds Æ±∑ ∫Â¯Ó‡ c‰‚ÂÚc WV \ QZ ÌÂÏ˘c ˙È¯·Úc ¯·Ác WV \ Q[ W ^\ Q\ W \ \ Q] Nhb ckjdf> jrfyxbdf/obtcz yf ,erde c Nhb gznb,erdtyys[ ckjdf% Nhb nht[,erdtyys[ ceotcndbntkmys[% °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le lbfkjufvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‡ 109 ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ hWWW º UV J5W W?V QZ h2 U V J · 39 5V h V J · 395U · 395V Q[ hV W V hV W W V Q\ h9U2 V hhV h U V WV Q] hU V Q^ h U?V WUV Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz Ceotcndbntkmyst Cnhfys 9² 99² ² 5 5 Bylbz Ujyjkeke Pfypb,fh Nb,tn KQWR* UQWR lheu # gjlheuf Vbiyf QWR º rb,,ew QWR95$ QWR5 ¶ Ce,,jnf QWR9 ¶ Nfkvel tQWRK ¶ <b,kbz 9? U U*² Gznbryb;bt> Ghjhjrb> Gbcfybz Ujhjlf Lheubt utjuhfabxtcrbt yfpdfybz Fynfhrnbrf Ufkbktz QWR ² QWR² QWR² QWR© QWR© ² ² QWR% E QWR/ © lbcrjntrf ntktajy qjuf vtlbnfwbz abkjcjabz gbrybr rfatnthbq %/ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‡ hfpyjt dct 9? ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ² º ² % º ¸ Á Filjl Firtkjy <th-Itdf Wafn Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf 110 ± ÆÆÆÈ‡ ¨ÌÂÏ˘ Jk ª Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ h h h h h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ®‡ WU c hWW c W U W c h c W c h W c Jk ª c h Uh c WW c h c W c h c W UU U c Jk ª c Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs. 111 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®· QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Æ‰È¯Â ‰È„ ∫˙Â¯ÂÁ· È˙˘ ÔÈ· ®‡ Æ± ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ Ghtj,hfpeqnt lbfkju ®‡ Æ± rfr lbfkju vt;le ldevz ltdeirfvb% ‰È„ b ‰È¯ . ®‚ ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈË¯Ù Â˘ Æ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®„ Hfpsuhfqnt gj hjkzv c[jlysq lbfkju. Bpvtybnt gjlhj,yjcnb gj cdjtve ecvjnhtyb/. Æ± Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf ±∞≠± ‰·˜· ÌÈÂÓ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Æ≤ ®Æ© ±∞≠± ˙Á Ã ‡ Ã Z ÌÈÈ˙×˘ " [ ˘«Ï˘ − \ ÚÃaY‡ Ã ] ˘Ó Õ Á À ^ ˘˘ _ Ú·Ã˘ ` Œ ˘ ‰«Ó " a Ú˘ × ˙ b ¯◊ÚŒ ZY ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®± h h W W h\^]bZ`]h W\^\bZ`^W W W V V V V V V ®‡ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± ‰ÁÈÏÒ 112 ±¥¥ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ W W* E W h Wkk/U h W WY\Vb\Y]Za^c W W V V V V V V V V V ±∏∏ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ W UkPk.5 k PP/k P P/kP W W WYYVZV^^VZ[V_]a`b\cJ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± 113 ®≥ V V V ø‰¯ÈÓ ‰ÙÈ‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®≤ hW cx WW c h cx W WJWWW c h cx W c h cx W c h cx W_\`bâ c hY\ cx Y\V_\`bâW c W cx ®¥ Yfpjdbnt b yfgbibnt yjvthf ntktajyjd. ÆÔÂÙÏË‰ È¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· fY μπ∞≥±∑∑VUUU UUU:‫דוגמה‬ UU UUUU UU U U UUU U UU UUUU UU UUUUUUU U QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Æ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈË„ÂËÒ Ï˘ ÔÂÙÏË È¯ÙÒÓ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ Yfpjdbnt b yfgbibnt nhb ntktajyys[ yjvthf extybrjd dfituj rkfccf. ÆÆÆ· øÈ˙Ó ¯M«aaÃ ÌÈÈU‰ fl ˆÀaÃ ·WÚŒaÃ ‰ÏÀÈ½ÏÃaÃ Æ≥ W#k55 W ¸ 5k W+5 QZ øÈ˙ × Ó À ˙Á‡aŸ ˘ÂÏ˘aŸ ÆÆÆaŸ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W W W #k55 5 W · 5W-5 W ®5 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± 114 Ï‡¯˘È· ÂÈ„¯ ®‡ ¯˜Â· FM 955 UUc _cYY c `cYY Q[ -5 acYY bcYY V ZYc\Y ZZc\Y ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ AM 576 c V Q\U Uc c Z[cYY Z\cYY Z\c\Y Z]cYY ·¯Ú ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ ≠ FM 913 P c ZbcYY ^ c [YcYY ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± 115 ·È·‡≠Ï˙ ÂÈ„¯ Zbc\Y [ZcYY Æ¥ Æ¢Ï‡¯˘È· ÂÈ„¯¢ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯„˘Ó‰ ÁÂÏ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®· Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c ghjuhfvvjq hflbjdtofybz $Hflbj Bphfbkz$. h V :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ· ÌÈÈ˙˘· V h h h h h h h h WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa ÆÔ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚÂ ÌÈ¯„˘Ó‰ ÁÂÏ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ „ÂÚ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚ Pflfqnt lheu lheue lheubt djghjcs j ghjuhfvvt hflbjdtofybz b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘Â ‰·˜· ÌÈÂÓ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ ˙Á‡ ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ ˙Â˙Ó È˙ ˘ " ˙ÂÈË„ÂËÒ ˘ÂÏ˘ ˙ÂÈÂÁ Ú·¯‡ ˙ÂÈÊÈÂÂÏË ˘ÓÁ ˙Â„ÚÒÓ ˘˘ ˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó Ú·˘ ˙Â¯ÂÓ ‰ÂÓ˘ ˙Â„ÏÈ Ú˘˙ ˙ÂÈÓÁÏ ¯◊Ú W WZ Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ghtlitcnde/n ceotcndbntkmysv> pf bcrk/xtybtv xbckf jlby> rjnjhjt cktletn pf ceotcndbntkmysv. ˙Á‡ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó Xbckj ldf cjrhfoftncz> rjulf jyj ghtlitcndetn ceotcndbntkmyjve. :‫דוגמה‬ W[ ˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó È˙ "˘ ≠ ÌÈÈ˙˘ :‫דוגמה‬ ± ≤ ≥ ¥ μ ∂ ∑ ∏ π ±∞ Æμ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf } ceotcndbntkmyst 116 ®‡ Æ±∞≠± ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÌˆÚ Ì˘ Â¯Á· ®· Ds,thbnt ceotcndbntkmyjt bp cgbcrf> pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[> bcgjkmpez xbckf jn jlyjuj lj ltcznb gj dfitve ;tkfyb/. UU U U UU UUUUU WU U ø˙Â‚ÂÚ ‰ÓÎ ≠ Æ˙Â‚ÂÚ È˙˘ ≠ .Crf;bnt xbckf dcke[ b yfgbibnt b[. ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Z ˙Á‡ [ \ Z h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± 117 ] _ ^ b a Hfccrf;bnt lheu lheue% :‫דוגמה‬ h h ∫‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯ÙÒ Q[ Q\ QZ ®‚ Æμ ÌÈ˙»¯È ! ˘ QZ ®‡ Æ∂ h UV WV hV WU µ V © W V ÈX»aÈœˆ ÔÂÙÏË V µ ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ h V U U V W WWW h UV WUV hÌÈÎÏÂ‰ÍÈ‡V W © V W U V øÍÈ‡ Õ ©f © ˙»Á ⁄ ÌÈÂ˜ h V U U V W WWW hÌÈÚÒÂUV W]]_ V h V Wºx UV ÌÈÚÒÂ h V U U U V W WWW h ÌÈÂ˜UV W V h V Wx º V W V WV xf º x º ÒÂ·ÂËÂ‡ Q\ Q] ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú <tpkbxysq Q[ 118 Æ®‡ ∂ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ˙ÂÁÈ˘Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®· Ghblevfqnt lbfkjub> fyfkjubxyst lbfkjufv d eghf;ytybb 6> b pfgbibnt b[. Q[UQZ ≠ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ≠ ÌÂ˜Ó· D lbfkjuf[ crf;bnt dvtcnj - Q\ ≠ ‰ÁÈ˘· ≠ Â¯Ó‡ V ≠ ÌÂ˜Ó· D lbfkjut crf;bnt dvtcnj - Q] D lbfkjut - ≠ ‰ÁÈ˘· ≠ ÌÂ˜Ó· ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó Â¯Ó‡ crf;bnt lheujt utjuhfabxtcrjt yfpdfybt dvtcnj Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯·˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰Â ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ ®‡ Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs> bcgjkmpez ukfujks bp cgbcrf. Ukfujks% ÌÈÚÒÂ Ø ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ø ÌÈÂ˜ Ø ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ Ø ÌÈ˙Â˘ c h x hx hx hx h x h x ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± 119 Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ h h ®· Æ∑ Ì‚Â Ì‚ ± Æ∏ h U c WU c h c W c W c W U c WW c h U c W WWWUU c Pfrjyxbnt ‘ne ,tctle hfpkbxysvb ÆÆÆÚÈ˙ÙÓ ÛÂÒ ¨ÈËÓÂ¯ ÛÂÒ ∫˙ÂÂ˘ cgjcj,fvb% hjvfynbxtcrjt jrjyxfybt> ytj;blfyyjt jrjyxfybt... . ÌÈÎ¯„· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÈÒ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h c W h W c W UVW c h c h U WU c W W c h c W UU c h c W U c ÔÈ·œÓ Õ h U c À œ·Ó ‰È Ÿ W c ÌÈÈ Ÿ œ ·œÓ Wh c ˙«È·œÓ Ÿ h W WWWWWW c 120 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± 121 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst UQWR yjkm> yekb . 5UQWR#k5 enhj> enhf QWRl vfufpby © ² UQWR ® QWRE QWR. © QWRk * UQWR- QWR+ ² ² /UQWRk/ QWWR9 ¹ · QWR ,ekjxrf yjxm xbckj ,b,kbjntrf hf,jnf dtxth#f dhtvz gjckt gjkelyz ekbwf#s nefktn # e,jhyfz Ukfujks k k k k k ujdjhbn gjybvftn cj;fkttn tltn hf,jnftn gjregftn cksibn Ghbkfufntkmyst Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf .95U.95 j,otcndtyysq#fz QWR95kk ghbdtn> fkkj fh[tjkju ljrnjh bcnjhbz cbvajybz hjr !vepsrf@ k QWRkk/ UQWRkk/ QWXWRk%k QYWWR/k © QWRk © QYWWRk Hfpyjt ytdf;yj W rjytxyj K b nj b ‘nj Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf yfghfdj K ghzvj K byajhvfwbz rfr* crjkmrj* rjulf* h h? h ¶ W QWR ghfdbkmyj # dthyj K yfktdj K ldf !;.h.@ 5 ® © µ © ² ² Â x º t · º ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú fdnj,ec 122 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ˙ÂÈÂÁ ¨˙ÂÁc QRV UU Æ· c Vjhajkjubz% Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf tlbycndtyyjuj b vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf !ghjljk;tybt@. Ghbvth% ˙ÂÈÂÁ ¨˙ÂÁ ÌÈÎÏÂ‰c t t c Cbynfrcbc% <tpkbxyfz rjycnherwbz - ukfujk d nhtnmtv kbwt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf ,tp vtcnjbvtybz. Ghbvth% ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf% Hfpyjt% rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf øÈ˙Ó ø‰ÓÎ øÍÈ‡c ZYVZc Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz c ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ W Wm È˙Ó Jndtn yf djghjc È˙Ó gjxnb dctulf yfxbyftncz c ghtlkjuf Lheubt ckexfb ,elen hfccvjnhtys d lfkmytqitv. ÆÆÆ· QZ . ‘nf cnhfyf ! Bphfbkm@f- Wf Q[ U[]Z\V WZ[VZ Q\ ‘njq cnhfyt !d Bphfbkt@f-5 fd ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ± 123 Xfcs gjckt gjkelyz j,sxyj pfgbcsdf/ncz xbckfvb jn 13 lj 24> yj d ecnyjq htxb bcgjkmpe/ncz xbckf jn 1 lj 12. ≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ± ‰¯ÈÓÂ ·˜ÚÈ ÈÂÏ ·È·‡ Ï˙· ≥ ÔÂÈ¯Â‚ Ô· ·ÂÁ¯· ‰¯È„ W9· U5 U ² Y\Vâab]Z[W Æ‰¯È„· ˘È ‰Ó ËÂË¯˘· Â·˙Î Æ≤ Yfgbibnt xnj bpj,hf;tyj yf gkfyt rdfhnbhs. ·È·‡ Ï˙ ¨≥ ÔÂÈ¯Â‚ Ô· ·ÂÁ¯ ¨μ ‰¯È„ ÌÈ˙Â¯È˘ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÌÈ˙Â¯È˘ ˘È ‰¯È„· :‫דוגמה‬ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 124 ø‡Ï Â‡ ÔÎ Æ≥ h² c h`][^YY]W c W c W*# ¸ 5 c W ¬ W c 9 h.? c W U² c h c WW 5 c W U h U c W9 9U c h c W U c W U c h U c W W W c W c Yfgbibnt htrkfvyjt j,(zdktybt lkz ‘njq rdfhnbhs yf jcyjdfybb ghbdtltyyjuj dsit lbfkjuf. Æ‰¯È„‰ ÏÚ ‰Ú„ÂÓ ¨‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î QbR ¯ÙÒÓ·Â Cjukfcjdfybt ceotcndbntkmys[ b ghbkfufntkmys[ d uhfvvfnbxtcrjv hjlt b xbckt. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 125 ÔÈÓ· ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ÔÈ·Â ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰ Æ¥ ;.h. Æ ‰·«Ë À v.h. ÆÊ ·«Ë tl. ÆÈ ‰À ˙«·«Ë ÌÈ·«Ë œ vy.Æ¯ ˙« ÌÈ œ kkU U k kUk c kw µ ®U w µ U ® w µ U ® w µ © k%U %U %U kU © U © U © © ÌÈ¯·Á ÌÈ„ÁÂÈÓ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ ˙CÁeÈ Œ Ó Ÿ ˙Œ „ÁeÈ À Ó Ÿ ˙Â„ ³ Á»È À Ó Ÿ ÌÈDÁ»È À Ó Ÿ ˙« ÌÈ œ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 126 Q R ¢˙«·«Ë ˙«¯«˘ & ŸΔ· »ÏÀ ¯˘ & ·ÃÈ½Â¢ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®‡ W QZ W Q[ WQ\ WQ] WQ^ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghbdtncndbzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 127 ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÎ¯·‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ J² - J² + J J ®· Æμ ÆÌÈÂÎ‰ ¯‡Â˙‰ ˙ÂÓ˘· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Q Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> dcnfdbd ghfdbkmyst ghbkfufntkmyst. W ·ÂË QZ W P Q[ W 5 Q\ U Q] Q X X X R Q XXXR Q XXXR W Q XXXR W U Q^ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Q XXXR 128 ÌÈ˙ ! aÀ ≠ ˙È· «ÎÈœË ˙ÈaÕ ®‡ Æ∂ « c µ U W V ¹ 5 W ² ² U U V W .9 W ² UV d W ² ¹ ² ?9 W U W U W W P UW W W W % W W UU U W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 129 ÆÂÎÈË ˙È·· ˘È ‰Ó Â·˙Î Cltkfqnt jgbcfybt ljvf Nb[j. ®· Q\ Q[ ÏÂ„‚ QZ Q_ Q^ Q] Qb Qa Q` WQZ[ QZZ QZY V ZbaYVZab] ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ≠˙È· ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®‚ Æ∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Yfgbibnt j, bpdtcnyjv dfv veptt. 130 ckV ● ● Vyjubt ceotcndbntkmyst ve;crjuj hjlf d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf ghbj,htnf/n ceaabrc ;tycrjuj hjlf k Yfghbvth% c Æ˙«Á À ŸÏ»˘ ≠ ÔÁ À ŸÏ»˘ ¨˙««ÓYÃ‡ ≠ Ô«ÓYÃ‡ ¨˙«·«ÁY ≠ ·«ÁY ¨˙««ÏŸÓ ≠ Ô«ÏÀÓ WV ● Yfghbvth% ÌÈXÀÚ ≠ ¯ÈœÚ ¨ÌÈ˘ ! À ≠ ‰˘È − ‡ œ c W ● ● Ytrjnjhst ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf ghbj,htnf/n ceaabrc ve;crjuj hjlf W ● Ghbkfufntkmyjt cjukfcetncz c ceotcndbntkmysv d hjlt> ghb ‘njv ceaabrc yt ghbybvftncz dj dybvfybt. Yfghbvth% ˙ÂÙÈ ÌÈ˘ ¨ÌÈÏÂ„‚ ˙ÂÂÏÓ c Æ„ÈÁÈ· Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt d ajhvt tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf. W :‫דוגמה‬ Æ·ÂË Ï·‡ Ô˘È ÔÁÏÂ˘ ‰¯È„· ˘È ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 131 W WZ W W[ W W\ W W] W W^ W W_ W W` W Wa ®‡ Æ∑ Æ¯‡Â˙ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ Lj,fdmnt ghbkfufntkmyst. ;.h. Æ ®· ‰Ë˜ ÌÈ·ÂË ˙ÂÙÈ Æ Ø ÆÊ ‰Ë˜ ˙Â˘È »ÏÈ‡ Õ ÏÂ„‚ WZ W[ ÌÈÙÈ h V Wkk V ÆÊ ‰ÊÈ Œ ‡ Õ ;.h. # v.h. v.h. «ÊÈ‡ Õ ˘„Á ®‡ Æ∏ tl.x. ÆÈ vy.x. Æ¯ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ h V W V h V W V ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 132 Yfgbibnt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb cj cktle/obvb ghtlkj;tybzvb. ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î W ¦ Q :‫דוגמה‬ øÏÎÂ‡ ‰˙‡ P ıÈÂÂ„Ò ‰ÊÈ‡ W W_ W WZ W W` W W[ W Wa W W\ W W] W W^ ‰ÈYÒÈL À ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W Ullk· V ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 133 U W W k · lk 5 W U µW QZ]VK_\R W k? ®‡ Æπ Æ‰È¯ÒÈ˜· ˘È ‰Ó ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt> xnj tcnm d Rtqcfhbb> d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. :‫דוגמה‬ ÏÂ„‚ ÔÂÓ¯‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 134 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤ 135 Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ V Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf Ghbvths Ceaabrcs UU © U Q ‰À 9 U ?U % . U U. 9 ˙Œ ˙Ã ˙È œ ˙e ˙ W U˙V Byjulf ceotcndbntkmyst jrfyxbdf/ncz ,erdjq ˙ > rjnjhfz yt zdkztncz ceaabrcjv> f d[jlbn d cjcnfd jcyjds. “nj ceotcndbntkmyjt vj;tn ,snm ve;crjuj hjlf> yfghbvth% ˙ÈÊcU ˙·˘cU bkb ;tycrjuj hjlf> yfghbvth% W Tcnm ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf> yt bvt/obt ceaabrc ;tycrjuj hjlf. ˘Ó˘ ¨¯ÈÚ ¨ı¯‡c V Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf Ghbvths U U U U U Q ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ceaabrcs vy. xbckf Ceaabrcs tl. xbckf ˙« ˙« ˙« ˙«È œ ˙«È» l ≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Yfghbvth% 136 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Ceotcndbntkmyst QWR² fvabntfnh ,fktn ujcnbyfz # cfkjy bvgthfnjh bvgthfnhbwf cjdhtvtyysq#fz rkfccbxtcrbq#fz · QWR 5 QWR² QWR" QWR." /² U/ ² %U % Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf QWRh rfrjq* QWRh² QWRh9 rfrfz* rfrbt* / gfhtym> ltdeirf QWR*95UQWR95 cfl QWR rdfhnbhf QWR* rjvyfnf#s .UQWR {fyerfkmysq cdtnbkmybr QWR©?9 ntnhflm QWR-5 re[yz QWR5 lei QWR % lthtdj QWR rfhnbyf # hbceyjr QWR9 ² 9UQWR9 cnjk pfvjr> pfvrb ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤ rfr ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú yfghbvth 137 byjulf yfpdfyysq d xtcnm ² ² /UQWR ² Hfpyjt yfcxtn> xnj rfcftncz QWR k/,jdm Ghbkfufntkmyst Wm# ¸ 5 ² ? µ § · ² U ² yjdsq#fz µ U [jhjibq#fz ² U² rhfcbdsq#fz U © © cnfhsq#fz> cnfhbyysq#fz µ U ® µ © cgtwbfkmysq> jcj,tyysq#fz 9U 9 jnkbxysq#fz 9 ¬ U 9 © ghbznysq#fz U ¹ U ¹ lhtdybq#zz %U vfktymrbq#fz ,jkmijq#fz ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs c c Vjhajkjubz% Ghbkfufntkmyst ˙Â·ÂË ¨ÌÈ·ÂË ¨‰·ÂË ¨·ÂË :‫דוגמות‬ ÆÆÆ ‰ÏÂ„Ÿ‚ ¨ÏÂ„‚ ÆÆÆ ÌÈÙÈ ¨‰ÙÈ À ¨‰ÙÈ Œ Æ· Cbynfrcbc% Cjukfcjdfybt ceotcndbntkmys[ b ghbkfufntkmys[ d hjlt b xbckt. ˙Â˘È ˙Â¯È„ ÌÈ·ÂË ÌÈ¯ÂÓ ˘„Á „ÈÓÏ˙ :‫דוגמות‬ ‰ÙÈ ‰¯ÂÁ· øÂÏÈ‡ øÂÊÈ‡ ø‰ÊÈ‡ Djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf% Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf Ceaabrcs ceotcndbntkmys[ ;tycrjuj hjlf tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf ∫ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz WU U WZ W Dj vyjub[ ckjdf[ ghb lj,fdktybb ckjuf lkz j,hfpjdfybz ajhvs vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf elfhtybt gthtvtoftncz yf gjcktlybq ckju. D nfrb[ ckjdf[ ukfcyfz> yfb,jktt elfktyyfz jn elfhyjuj ckjuf> ectrftncz. ´ - Uljkf> ´ ´ Uljkjn ´ Yfghbvth% Ufljkm Uljkbv> ˙«Ï«„Ÿ‚ ¨ÌÈÏ«„Ÿ‚ ¨‰Ï«„Ÿ‚ ¨Ï«„‚Àc W U U UU U W[ h h h c D cjdhtvtyyjv bdhbnt d ,snjds[ hfpujdjhf[> d ufptnf[ b byjulf d rybuf[> lkz j,hfpjdfybz ajhv ;tycrjuj hjlf b vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf bcgjkmpetncz !cv. ghbvths dsit@. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤ D bvtyys[ ghtlkj;tybz[> rjulf d hjkb crfpetvjuj dscnegftn ceotcndbntkmyjt> vt;le gjlkt;fobv b crfpetvsv bvttncz ukfujk-cdzprf. c Yfghbvth% crfpetvjt cdzprf gjlkt;fott Æ‰˜È˙Ú ¯ÈÚ ‡È‰ ‰È¯ÒÈ˜ W VÔ‰ ¨Ì‰ ¨‡È‰ ¨‡Â‰V Ukfujk-cdzprf - Ô‰ ¨Ì‰ ¨‡È‰ ¨‡Â‰ dctulf cjukfcetncz c gjlkt;fobv d hjlt b xbckt. ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W U U W\ 138 ≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∞≠± ¯ÎÊ· ÌÈÂÓ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst - ve;crjq hjl 5 º 95 º ® „Á À ‡ Œ ÌÈÈÃ˘ " ‰˘ − ÂÏ ³ ˘ " ‰ÚÀaY À ‡ Ã ‰˘È − Ó œ Á ⁄ ‰˘È − ˘ ! ‰ÚÀ·Ÿ˘ ! ‰À ÂÓ ³ ˘ " ‰ÚÀ"˘˙ ! ‰T˘ − Ú⁄ ± ≤ ≥ ¥ μ ∂ ∑ ∏ π ±∞ Q]P R ¢ÌÈDÒÀ⁄Á ˙»ÏÈÓ œ Ÿ‚ ÏÚÀÂ½ ‰@«·Ú⁄‰Ã ÏÚÃ ¨‰T«˙‰Ã ÏÃÚ ¨„ÕÓ«Ú ÌÏ«Ú À ‰À ÌÈX·E À ‰÷«Ï − ÷ " ÏÚ¢ Ã QPP UR ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ±∞ „Ú ±≠Ó ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ÌÈ·¯· ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ 139 Ghjbpytcbnt dcke[ cktle/obt ceotcndbntkmyst dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt& pfntv yfgbibnt b[ c xbckbntkmysvb jn 1 lj ltcznb. UU U UU U UUUUU UUU U U ¨ÌÈÂÓÈÏ È˘ ¨„Á‡ ËÏÒ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ± ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt b yfpjdbnt dcke[ xbckbntkmyst. ®‡ Æ≤ ø‰ÏŒÂÚ ³ ‰Ê ‰ÓÎ h WUh W^- WU99 µ EV h9 ¸ ² V h W UV WbV ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®· Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obq djghjc b jndtnmnt yf ytuj. ø‰ÏÂÚ ‰Ê ‰ÓÎ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÌÈÏ˜˘ ∂ ≠ ZY _ ^ ` V V V P V b V QIIRø‰Ú À ˘ − Ã‰ ‰Ó Ã Æ≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W W Z[c^YV ≥ ®‡ h V W¾ ZcZYV W ¾ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W \c^^V W hUV W ]cY^V W² 140 ÆÂÚÂ ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ≠ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨‰Ú˘ Â¯Á· Ds,thbnt rfrjt-nj dhtvz> pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjc ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó > b jndtnmnt yf ytuj [c^^ [c^Y [cZY [cY^ bcZY ac^^ `c^Y _cY^ ^c^Y ZZcY^ ]c^^ \cY^ Q ¹ ª ² ¶ º R ±πμ∞≠· ·È·‡ Ï˙· ‰¯È„ ®· ®‡ Æ¥ W dW U VW W W ˙ÈÏœ‡Y Õ ˘ "& È ¨ÈÏœ‡Y Õ ˘ "& È Jgbibnt gj rfhnbyrt ljv d Rtqcfhbb. Q ¶ · ® º k ¹ ¶ º R ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ‰È¯ÒÈ˜· ‰ÏÈÂ ÏÚ ‰ÂÓ˙‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙ Î ®· ±πππ≠· ‰È¯ÒÈ˜· ˙È· Bcgjkmpeqnt d cdjtv jgbcfybb cktle/obt ckjdf% mU U ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≥ 141 c ? + tlbycndtyyjt xbckj ceotcndbntkmyjuj ≠ÏkÀ #² 5 ² ÏkÀ ˙aÀ×˘ ÏkÀ h W h WUW „ÈÁÈ· ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ´ ÏkÀ Æμ ®‡ - - …·¯Ú ÏÎ ¨¯MÂa ³ ÏÎ W ? W W*² 5 W W W« ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≥ QcUU R ¢ÌÈX· Õ ⁄Á Ï‡T Õ ◊ " È Ïk¢ À ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ckjdj 142 Æ˙·˘ ÏÎ ¨ÌÂÈ ÏÎ ¨¯˜Â· ÏÎ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt> xnj ds ltkftnt rf;ljt enhj> rf;lsq ltym> rf;le/ ce,,jne. W ®‡ ÌÈÏ˜˘ ≤ – ¯ÙÒ ÏÎ h W c Wt c W h 5 c W c W W5+ c ÆÌÈ˘ÓÂ˘Ó ÌÈ˜ÒÈ„Ï ˙ÂÁ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≥ 143 Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq lbfkju> ghjbc[jlzobq d vfufpbyt gjlth;fyys[ lbcrjd. ®· Æ∂ ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÛÂ¯Èˆ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Pfgjkybnt ghj,tks d ghtlkj;tybz[> gjkmpezcm ckjdfvb bp cktle/otuj cgbcrf% XX XXXX W ¯˜Â· ÏÎ W :‫דוגמה‬ U WZ W U U W[ WbcYYV W acYYV W\ WPK W Ghjxnbnt lbfkju dcke[> yfpsdfz xbckbntkmyst Æ∑ W] W^ ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ÏÂ˜· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ∏ W W ‰È¯ËÈÙ˜ ¨‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË ¨‰ËÈÓ c Gjvybnt% ‰È¯ËÈÙ˜ ¨‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË ¨‰ËÈÓ - ‘nj ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf. Dct jcnfkmyst ceotcndbntkmyst d ‘njv lbfkjut - ve;crjuj hjlf. ‰ÈŸÒ Ã Ÿ Î‡ Ã aÀ h c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h U hW W` WZ _U _WÛ[W h WZ Û ]U h WZ W U h W [W hh W. µ¾ 5ZV Zc [J h W WZY h Wa Ub W\V ]Vd ` W W 144 ÚÂ„ÈÈ· ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ÔÈ·Â ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰ Cjukfcjdfybt vt;le ceotcndbntkmysv b ghbkfufntkmysv d gjcnfyjdrt jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz. W WWW ÆÒÙÈPˆ ·‰Â‡ ÔË˜‰ „ÏÈ‰ ÆÆÆ ÔË˜‰ „ÏÈ‰ ®‡ Æπ ‰ÁÈÏÒ h² E ?U W U W W - Æ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È˙˘ Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt ldf c[jlys[ lbfkjuf> egjnht,kzz cktle/obt ckjdf% c Uc[ UcZ Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz b ljgjkybnt yjdst ghtlkj;tybz> egjnht,kzz jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm. ÆÏÂ„‚‰ ÔÁÏÂ˘‰ W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≥ 145 W ÆÚÂ„ÈÈ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ W Æ±∞ :‫דוגמה‬ W WZ W W[ W WW\ W W W] W W W^ W WW_ W W W` W W Wa W U W U Wb ÆÆÆ ‰¯ÂÓ ‡ÒÈÎ ÔÁÏÂ˘ ‰ËÈÓ QZYVaPR ®‡ ‰ÊŒ‰ Ã ˙‡Ê›‰ Ã ‰ÏŒ‡ Õ ‰ Ã Æ±± ‰Ê‰ ‡ÒÈÎ‰ hV WV h V W V ˙‡Ê‰ ‰¯È„‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú hV WV h V W V 146 ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ h W- øÈÓ Ï˘ ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs b lfqnt jndtns gj cktle/otve j,hfpwe. hV WV Ô‰Î Ô„ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≥ 147 :‫דוגמה‬ ®· ·‚ŒŒÃa ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ ®‡ Æ±≤ W+ t 5UU W ² d * W ² W W U W W .d W U W ÆÈÂÂ„· Ï‰Â‡· ®X© ÔÈ‡ ‰ÓÂ ®V© ˘È ‰Ó ÂÓÒÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Yfpjdbnt dcke[ b jnvtnmnt yf ,evfut> xnj tcnm !V@ d ,tlebycrb[ gfkfnrf[> b xtuj d yb[ ytn !X@. ÆÔ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚÂ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚ Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs gj ntrcne b jndtnmnt yf yb[. øË‰¯ ‰ÙÈ‡ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÚ·˘ ¯‡· „ÈÏ ·‚· Ë‰¯ ≠ WUUUU ∫‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ μ Â·˙Î ®„ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Yfgbibnt 5 djghjcjd gj ntrcne> bcgjkmpez cktle/obt djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf. 148 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≥ 149 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst gfkfnrf#b ujcnbybwf cbyfujuf#b ve;xbyf#s vbyenf#s ltym#lyb cnek#cnekmz rhjdfnm ckjdj#ckjdf vtcnj#vtcnf gbnf !dbl [kt,f@ vt,tkm rjdth#rjdhs itrtkm#b ² UQWR ² QWR© ? · 5UQWR ? 5 .UQWR ² UQWR UQWR © ² ² ?UQWR ? QWR UQWR ² ² UQWR ² QWR µ E QWR* UQWR º µ UQWR º # ¸ ² · ² « ² tcn cblbn uekztn cnjbn Ghbkfufntkmyst lheujq#fz> byjq#fz - U vzcyjq#fz .x µ 5U.x µ 5 vjkjxysq#fz U bphfbkmcrbq#fz * xU º * x º Xbckbntkmyst - ve;.hjl Hfpyjt dct#rf;lsq#k/,jq xnj-nj#xnj-yb,elm tot ,jkmijt cgfcb,j V? 9 ¸ ² 5+² Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf [evec rfcgjvfn ,tleby#rf QWR 99 QWRkE ? 5U 5 jlby ldf nhb xtnsht gznm itcnm ctvm djctvm ltdznm ltcznm nsczxf#nsczxb gznmltczn cnj#cjnyb ltdzyjcnj VºU º µ ² º 5/ µ µ ¹ ¹ ² º º ¹ *x µ UQWR ¹ ² QWR º ¹ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 150 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Cbynfrcbc% V Jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm ljk;ty ,snm b e ceotcndbntkmyjuj> b e ghbkfufntkmyjuj. ¨ÔË˜‰ „ÏÈ‰ ‰Ê‰ ˙È·‰ + ceotcndbntkmyjt d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt Æ· c :‫דוגמות‬ tT ÌÂÈ ÏÎ :‫דוגמה‬ c Hfpyjt% rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ve;crjuj hjlf ±∞≠±V Rjnjhsq xfc* QIIR ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz c[ U ZU WZ Nfr ;t> rfr b d ;tycrjv hjlt> d ve;crjv rjkbxtcndtyyjt xbckbntkmyjt jlby cnfyjdbncz gjckt ceotcndbntkmyjuj> f ldf - cjrhfoftncz% W º t º c Ceaabrc ´ egjnht,kztncz lkz ghtdhfotybz ceotcndbntkmyjuj d ghbkfufntkmyjt W UUU W U U U c U W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≥ 151 Yj tuj ytkmpz lj,fdkznm fdnjvfnbxtcrb> nfr rfr pfxfcne/ ceotcndbntkmyjt ghb ‘njv vtyztn cdj/ ajhve. Yfghbvth% WVUVU V c W W D nfrb[ ckexfz[ d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf egjnht,kztncz njkmrj jlby qel. Yfghbvth% WUU Uc W[ ¥ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ ˙ÂÁ· W ¾ E W m W? U m m m W UU W h W W U W ®‡ Æ± c c c c c c c c c c h Æ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ ˙ÂÁ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Ghblevfqnt fyfkjubxysq lbfkju d vepsrfkmyjv vfufpbyt - ghjbpytcbnt tuj dcke[ b pfntv pfgbibnt. WUW ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W W² ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ Œ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 152 h*?V W WV ®‡ ·‰Â‡ W˙‡ ¯ÈkœÓ Ã ÌÈ·‰Â‡ W ˙‡ ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ …˙‡ ·‰Â‡ È‡ ÆÌÈÂ ˘Ó˘ ·‰Â‡ È‡ ÆÌÁ ÏÙ‡ÏÙ ·‰Â‡ È‡ ¨‰ÈÁËÂ ÒÂÓÂÁ ·‰Â‡ È‡ Æ‰È¯ ÆÆÆ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ È‡Â Yfgbibnt> xnj ds k/,bnt. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÆÆ˙·‰Â‡ È‡ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 153 ÆÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ÆÆÆ·‰Â‡ È‡ ®· Æ≤ ÆÍÈ¯ˆ Ì‡ ¢˙‡¢ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt cktle/obt ahfps> bcgjkmpez> rjulf ‘nj ye;yj> ghtlkju $ $. ˙‡ ˙Â‚ÂÚ ·‰Â‡ ‡Â‰ Æ‰ÙÈÁ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמות‬ U U h ®‡ Æ¥ WWWJh ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¥ W5 W² WEP /P WE ? U W W ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ghbvth% QR Æ≥ 154 Pflfqnt lheu lheue yfgbcfyyst yb;t djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®· h h hm hm hm h h hm h Yfgbibnt> xnj ds k/,bnt% ÆÆÆÏ˘ ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ‰ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ È‡ ∫ÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®‚ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz. W‰‚ÂÚ‰ ˙‡ U :‫דוגמה‬ W U WZ W² ² P W W[ U Æμ W\ W U W U W] W² W W^ Æ¢˙‡¢‰ ˙‡ ÔÈ·Ó È‡ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ W W_ W W W` ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 155 ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ Æ‰È¯ËÙ˜· ÌÎÈÈ· ÂÁÁÂ˘ Gj,tctleqnt lheu c lheujv d rfatnthbb. Bcgjkmpeqnt bkk/cnhfwbb. :‫דוגמה‬ hP V WP WV WP W V ®· ¢ÏÃÚ≠ÏŒ‡¢· Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ ˜¯³ÂÈ≠eÈÓ Q Æ∂ cK K K K V KVK U U t W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú cK K K KKVK W$ ¹ W WK K W W ² m 156 W W UK K W U WV9 ¢ÆÆÆÌÎÈÏÚ ÌÂÏ ˘ Â‡·‰¢ Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. h W` h Wa h Wb ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®· h WZ h W[ h W\ h W] h W^ h W_ h h² c ∫Â·˙Î ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ˙‡ Œ ®‚ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ¨ÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Æ∑ Cjcnfdmnt bp ckjd ghtlkj;tybz> lj,fdkzz d gjl[jlzob[ vtcnf[ ghtlkju $ ˙Œ‡ $. XX X :‫דוגמה‬ Æ¯È˘‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ X XXX X W_ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ X X X X WZ XXXXX W` X X XX W[ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 157 XX XX Wa XXXX X \ X X PX X Wb XXX² ² XX W] X X XX WZY XX XXX W^ Æ‰·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ Â‡ ‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ∏ Crf;bnt dcke[ b gjnjv yfgbibnt djghjc bkb jndtn. h W WZ W[ h W W\ W] h W^ h W_ W W` h Wa h Wb W WZY ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ÔÈ·Â ÒÁÈ ˙ÈÏÈÓ ´ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÔÈ· ‰Ó‡˙‰ Æπ Cjukfcjdfybt ceotcndbntkmyjuj c ghtlkjujv b ghbkfufntkmyjuj. ÏÂ„‚‰ ˙È·aÃ ‰ÏÂ„‚‰ ‰¯È„ÏÃ ÌÈÏÂ„‚‰ ÌÈ˙·‰ Ã Ó Õ Q[ È·T œ Ú⁄Ó Ã Ã‰ Ï˙Âk ³ ÏÃ h U c Wc hc W c h ®‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ®≤ 158 ø˘„Á ‰Ó °ÔÏÀ‰ ⁄ ‡ Ã hhJ WU UUW h h² W hU U U W W c c c c c W X ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÓÒ Jcyjdsdfzcm yf dsitghbdtltyyjv lbfkjut> yfgbibnt cktle/ob[ endth;ltybq. X X X X ®· ®‚ X jrjkj WWZ c W W[ WW\ WW] Æ˙ÂÁ ÏÎ· ˘È ‰Ó ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ Jcyjdsdfzcm yf bkk/cnhfwbz[> crf;bnt> xnj bvttncz d rf;ljv vfufpbyt. W d WWW WWW ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 159 ÆÌÈÁÈË˘ ˘È ‰ÏÂ„‚‰ ˙ÂÁ· :‫דוגמה‬ Æ˙Â‚ÂÚ ˘È ‰Ë˜‰ ˙ÂÁ· Æ±∞ ˙‡ ÂÚ„ÈÈ ¨¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ´ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÛÂ¯ÈˆÂ ÏÚÂÙ ˙ÂÓÈ˘¯‰Ó Â¯Á· ¨ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÈË¯Ù Ì˘ Â‡ ÛÂ‚ Ì˘ Â¯Á· Æ®ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ‰¯˘Ú ˙ÂÁÙÏ© ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÛÂ¯Èˆ‰ ®‡ Æ±± Ds,thbnt kbxyjt vtcnjbvtybt bkb bvz> pfntv ds,thbnt ukfujk b rjv,byfwb/ ceotcndbntkmyjuj c ghbkfufntkmysv> lj,fdmnt jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm b yfgbibnt yt vtytt ltcznb ghtlkj;tybq. ÆÔ˘È‰ ˙È·‰Ó ‡· ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ˘„Á‰ ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓÏ ˙ÎÏÂ‰ ‰È¯ ÌÈÓÈ ‰Ú·˘ Ω ÚÂ·˘ ² .² · ² ¹ º ² / ² ¹ ² ¹ ¹ ² 5 ¶ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ukfujk m m m m m m m m „·ÂÚ ¨„·ÂÚ¨„·ÂÚ W W W W W W W ®‡ Æ±≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¯‡Â˙ ˙ÂÓ˘ ´ ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ceotcndbntkmyjt } ghbkfufntkmyjt 160 ÌÈÈÁ ‰˘ÂÚ ®· W W WP W W W W ¯Á À ÀÓ ≠ ÌÂÈ ³ ‰ Ã Æ±≥ m W ∫ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt b pfrjyxbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz% W WZ W W[ W W\ W W] ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ®‡ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÂÓÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó μ „ÂÚ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ ®· Ghblevfqnt tot 5 ghtlkj;tybq gj j,hfpwe ghbdtltyys[ d eghf;ytybb Q . ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 161 QR U U Wl UU QZR W² ? U ¸ ,W© µ W" t K9² © 9² K ®‡ V 3 ¸ ² ® ² V ² ?® , ©UV U ¸UV V tV 5V ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Crf;bnt dcke[> xnj cjplfk <-u d rf;lsq bp lytq. ÆÌÂÈ ÏÎ· ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡ ‡¯· ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®· ÆÍ˘ÂÁ‰ ˙‡Â ¯Â‡‰ ˙‡ ‡¯· ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ÌÂÈ· :‫דוגמה‬ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 162 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf Cjxtnfybt ceotcndbntkmyjuj c ghtlkjujv } ghbkfufntkmyjt Jghtltktyysq ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ´ ÒÁÈ ˙ÏÈÓ ÌÚ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Ú„ÂÈÓ TmTTm Xm5 WWWXWWW W + ceotcndbntkmyjtm+ WWW + ghbkfufntkmyjt TmTTm Ytjghtltktyysq Ú„ÂÈÓ ‡Ï TTmXm 5Xm WWW/WWW5/WWW + ceotcndbntkmyjt + ghbkfufntkmyjt WWW + ceotcndbntkmyjt + WWW + ghbkfufntkmyjt ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 163 5 55 5 RTmXm 5Xm TmTQ WWWXWWW 5XWWW + bvz cj,cndtyyjt !xtkjdtr bkb vtcnj@ + WWW + ghbkfufntkmyjt 5 5 5 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst QWRkUQWRk ?UQWR ? QWR- ² UQWR² QWR k ² 9UQWR µ l µ QWR ¹ Hfpyjt Ghbkfufntkmyst ckjdj> jpyfxf/ott ghzvjt ljgjkytybt ctujlyz k Cntyf Gkfxf * k? ¸ djn bvtyyj l pfdnhf Lyb ytltkb djcrhtctymt gjytltkmybr dnjhybr chtlf xtndthu gznybwf E ? kE k botn pyftn> pyfrjv dcnhtxftn dblbn k.k k · ¹ k º /k ¹ k ¹ k ¹ ltitdsq#fz dthysq#fz> ghfdbkmysq#fz kUk kUk Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf QYWWR. 9 yt j,kfuftvsq nfvj;tyyjq gjikbyjq QYWWRP Nfq-xb QWR n[byf gfcgjhn QWR/kE E cbufhtnf QWR. © Cktyu Ghbdtn^ J ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú lzlz> ntnz ltymub ghjlfdtw> ghjlfdobwf ufptnf ytltkz#b cevrf> gfgrf 164 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Cbynfrcbc% Ghtlkju - V Æ· c c Æ¯È˘‰ ˙‡ ‡¯Â˜ ‡Â‰ Æ‰ÂÂÁ ˙‡ ·‰Â‡ Ì„‡ tT Cjukfcjdfybt ghbkfufntkmyjuj b ceotcndbntkmyjuj } ghtlkju - Ô˘È‰ ˙È·· Hfpyjt% Lyb ytltkb c ∫˙ÂÂ˘ T ∫ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf% cjxtnfybt ceotcndbntkmyjuj c ghtlkjujv } ghbkfufntkmyjt Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ hmc U U h c hmc U U h c QZ Tckb ds cghfibdftnt j xtv-nj> xnj zdkztncz ljgjkytybtv d ghtlkj;tybb> nj djghjc cnfdbncz nfr% hWWW !cv. ghbvth dsit@. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¥ 165 Tckb ds cghfibdftnt j rjv-nj> rnj zdkztncz ljgjkytybtv d ghtlkj;tybb> nj djghjc cnfdbncz nfr% hWWW !cv. ghbvth dsit@. U U WmUmUmV Ceotcndbntkmyst b ghbkfufntkmyst cjukfce/ncz d hjlt> xbckt b d b[ jghtltktyys[ fhnbrkz[> lf;t rjulf r ceotcndbntkmyjve lj,fdkz/ncz ghtlkj;yst xfcnbws mUmUm . Q[ Æ‚ μ ø‡Â¯˜Ï ‰Ó ®‡ Æ± ø˘Â·ÏÏ ‰Ó ®‚ ®· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú øÏÂÎ‡Ï ‰Ó ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 166 ÏÃÚtÀ cghz;tybt - $wtkst$ rjhyb - byabybnbdyfz ajhvf ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚ Ã tÀ ÔÈÈ· ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ Byabybnbdyfz ajhvf Yfcnjzott dhtvz « Ÿ Ïœ Â² ⁄ ÏÃ Á Â² ¤ ÏŒ ‡ „ÂÓ ³ ÏŸÏœ ·³Â˙ÎŸÏœ ˘Â‚ ³ ÙŸÏœ ˘Âa ³ ÏŸÏœ ‡Â¯O ³ Ïœ ÚÂÓ ³ ˘ " Ïœ ÚÃÂÒ ³ ŸÏœ „Â· ³ Ú⁄ÏÃ ·Â˘ ³ Á ⁄ ÏÃ ÏÂÎ ³ ‡ ¤ ÏŒ ·Â‰ ³ ‡ ¤ ÏŒ ¯ÓÂ¿ Ã ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Dgbibnt byabybnbdyst ajhvs gjlxthryens[ ukfujkjd . Æ˘Â·ÏÏ WV ¸ P :‫דוגמה‬ W WZ W W W[ W ¸ ² W W\ W W P W] μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ®‡ W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 167 Æ≤ QZR Æ≥ W W W^ W W W_ W W W` WU W Wa W W*/! ¬ Wb W W KK WZY W U WZZ W Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Q h h h h hmm ÆÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks. ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ Æ¥ ‰ÂÂ‰ Æ¯ Æ ÆÈ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ , μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 168 Ukfujk } byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ´ ‰ˆÂ¯ Æμ „ÂÓÏÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ W W h U W U hW W hU W t „ÂÓÏÏ k k k kk Dgbibnt d ghtlkj;tybz gjl[jlzobt djghjcs bp cgbcrf. c c c c c c c ∫˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ∂ Xh2 ² Xh2 º Xh3 ¹ ² Xh3 º º W W WZ W W[ W W W\ W W] Æ‰Ó‚Â„· ÂÓÎ ¨ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú μ 169 Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb> rfr gjrfpfyj d ghbvtht. øÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì‰ ‰Ó W U W :‫דוגמה‬ Æ∑ m W\ m WZ m W[ m W_ m W] mU W^ mU Wa ¯ÂÚÈ˘ m P W` m Wb ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú μ 170 Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. h h h h h h J ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®· h h h h h h ®±≤∞∞ ≠ π∞∞© ¯È‰J œ aŸ ‰ÊÈ À œ‚Ÿ‰ Ã ®‡ Æ∏ cW W² ® UU W W W UU9® c UU W5+ W U h c W h W KcW W 5Kc Kh W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú μ 171 UV¾Kc Kh W Kc W· KW c5V ZZV 5 W V Yfgbibnt d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv - ÔÂÎ bkb ÔÂÎ ‡ÏÆ ÆÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ ≠ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î W W W W W W ®· WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ Æ„ÈÁÈ· ‰ÂÂ‰‰ ˙¯Âˆ ˙‡ ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙Î ÆÌ˙Â‡ Â˜È˙Ú‰Â ËÒ˜Ë· ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ ®‚ Gjlxthrybnt d ntrcnt dct ukfujks d byabybnbdt b dsgbibnt b[. Hzljv c rf;lsv ukfujkjv d byabybnbdt yfgbibnt ajhve yfcnjzotuj dhtvtyb tlbycndtyyjuj xbckf. „ÓÂÏ ≠ „ÂÓÏÏ ∫ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®„ ®≥∞∞∞ ≠ ≤∞∞∞© ¢˙È¯„ÂÓ ‰ÊÈ‚¢ h h h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Yfgbibnt dfit vytybt% :‫דוגמה‬ 172 Yfhtxbz ÏÚÂÙ È¯‡˙ ËM˘Ÿa ‰aY Õ ‰ Ã ‰ÙŒÈ Ë‡ Ã ÏŸ ¯‰ Õ Ó Ã ÔÈeˆÓ Ÿ ‰˘J ‰ÙŒÈ Æπ ®± ø… ÌÈ·˘ÂÈ ¨ÌÈ„·ÂÚ ¨ÌÈÏÎÂ‡ ¨ÌÈ¯·„Ó ¨ÌÈˆ¯ Ì‰ ÍÈ‡ Q W W W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W WK K ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú μ 173 W U W ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ¯‡Â˙ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt ghfdbkmyjt yfhtxbt b pfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz wtkbrjv. Æ¯‰Ó Æ¯‰Ó Æ¯‰Ó W :‫דוגמה‬ WWWWWW WWWWWW WWWWW W WZ WWWWWWWWWW WWWWW W W[ WWWWW WWWWWW 9 W\ WWWWW WWWWW W . /! ¬ W] e‰˘ÈœÓ Ø e‰˘Ó Ã ®‡ Æ±∞ Â‰˘Ó Ã ≠ ø‰Ó Â‰˘ÈÓ ≠ øÈÓ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ hx ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú μ 174 ÆÂ‰˘Ó Â‡ Â‰˘ÈÓ ∫Â˜· ÂÓÒ Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ jn ckjd r Â‰˘Ó bkb Â‰˘ÈÓÆ ÆÂ‰˘ÈÓ œ Â‡ Â‰˘Ó Ã Âˆ·˘Â ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub b ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz ckjdfvb bkb . h U W c h c W c hUU c W c h c μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 175 Q Q WZ W[ W c J W h U c h c W c Q\ Q °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ‚ÏÒ· Ì‰Ï ÌÈÏÈ·˜Ó‰ ÌÈÚ·Ó‰ ÔÈ·Â ± ¯ÂË· ÌÈÚ·Ó‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ ÂÓÒ Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le dshf;tybzvb d cnjk,wt 1 b cjjndtncnde/obvb cktyujdsvb dshf;tybzvb d cnjk,wt 2. [ Z Wm - m V J V h-P P V J - h V h - h V h V J5U V h - ¯ÂÚÈ˘ μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú J V 176 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst fkafdbn jlt;lf ve;> ve;mz fh[bd dhtvz tdhtq#rf cnj !cjnyz@ hf,,b> hfddbys bvz> bvtyf ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú μ 177 QYWWR5 5UQWR5 5UQWR 5 QWR QWR ² U·k ² 5U ² 9U* ² º U ² levftn> levfnm jltdftn> jltdfnm ,t;bn> ,tufnm cghfibdftn> cghfibdfnm QWR 9 © ® UQWR 9® QWR 5+UQWR+ ² ·UQWR · Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Hfpyjt QWR ‘ktrnhjyyfz gjxnf QWR 9UQWR 9 vepsrfkmysq#fz l;bycs QWRP rfhmthbcn#rf QWR . /!UQWR ¬ ./! ¬ aen,jkrf QWR/ V ¸ rehc QWR/9 rfhmthf QWR*/! ¬ cgjrjqyj> nb[j tot> b ,jktt vtlktyyj ,scnhj rnj-nj nz;tksq> ;tcnrbq Rfr nt,z pjden* !;.h.@ Rfr nt,z pjden* !v.h.@ Vjt bvz .K# ¸ 5 ² ® WK .K 9 ¸ .K ¸ QRh3 º QRh2 ¹ º ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% UUQÁRc Æ· c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) > rjhyb nbgf K > byabybnbd c ‡«¯OœÏ ¨„«ÓÏŸÏœ Ï«Î‡¤ÏŒ ² k ·«˘Á⁄ÏÃ ² „«·Ú⁄ÏÃ Ú«Ó˘"Ïœ ² ² T c Cbynfrcbc% Byabybnbdyfz rjycnherwbz% ukfujk c } byabybnbd „ÂÓÏÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ Ô„ c Yfhtxbz - Ë˜˘· ¨ ¯‰Ó t ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz Æ‚ W Vyjubt ghbkfufntkmyst bcgjkmpe/ncz b rfr jghtltktybz> b rfr yfhtxbz. ‰˘˜ ¨„ÓÁ ¨ÔÈÂˆÓ ¨‰ÙÈ ¨·ÂË c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Yfghbvth% 178 ∂ E cghz;tybt - K rjhyb nbgf - byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ – Â¢Ú ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÃtÀ ÔÈÈ· ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Byabybnbd Yfcnjzott dhtvz » ÏÀ È œ ÏÀ c Ghjbpytcbnt dcke[ fyfkjubxysq lbfkju d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbtq% ÌÂ˜Ï ‰ŒˆÂ¯ ‡Ï Q ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ± ¯e‚ÏÀ Ìe˜ÏÀ ıe¯ÏÀ ¯È˘ ! ÏÀ ‡Â· ³ ÏÀ ÌÂ˜Ï ‰ÀˆÂ¯ ‡Ï hJ U W W h W-5 W W WW ®‡ c c c c c c h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∂ 179 ‡Â·Ï ‰ŒˆÂ¯ ‡Ï hWU WW h W W W h² W h W h c c c c c c c c ®‚ ¯È˘Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ ®‚ h c W c WU c W c c h Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt. ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ®‡ Æ≤ ‰ÂÂ‰ Æ¯ Æ ÆÈ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ WV¯Â‚Ï U W W W UV WZ W W[ W W W\ W_cYYV W] WZYcYYVU_cYYV W :‫דוגמה‬ W^ W W_ ®· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz ghfdbkmysv ukfujkjv d byabybnbdt. 180 ®‡ …Èkœ ø … ‰Ó À ÏÀ ø‰ÓÏ ¨‰ÓÏ ¨‰ÓÏ h V W V h V W V hV W V hV W V Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzobt jndtns r djghjcfv. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∂ 181 W W ¬ 5 W W W W W W V V V V V V V V Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘Ï ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ h h h h h hP h h ø¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ¯‚ ‡Ï Ì˙‡ ‰ÓÏ ≠ ÆË˜˘ ÌÈ·‰Â‡ ÂÁ‡ ÈÎ ≠ V V V V V V V V :‫דוגמה‬ Q Æ≥ Pflfqnt tot jlby djghjc r rf;ljve jndtne d eghf;ytybb 2> 4. Æ≤¨ ¥ ÏÈ‚¯˙·˘ ‰·Â˘˙ ÏÎÏ ‰Ï‡˘ „ÂÚ Â¯Ó‡ ø¯ÎÂÒ ÈÏ· ‰Ù˜ ‰˙Â˘ ˙‡ ‰ÓÏ ≠ ®‚ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰Ë‡È„· È‡ ÈÎ ≠ Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ®„ h h h QR hQR ıÂ·È˜‰ Æ¥ ÌÂÈ‰ ±πμ∞≠· W- W ª 9% W.² W W W 5 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h h h QR hQR ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ 182 ®‡ Ûe„YÃ‰ ıÂ·È˜ W U UU W W W º ² 9 ² ² ² © ² ² W W©/ ² W U U² W 5 V/ 5 ² 9% W UU U U U W W² $ x ¶ U W ² U W U U U U W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∂ 183 Yfgbibnt htrkfve lkz rb,,ewf {fhlea. ÆÛÂ„¯‰ ıÂ·È˜Ï ˙ÓÂÒ¯Ù Â·˙Î ®· Æμ ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ W WV W W WZ W[ W\ W] W W W W W WZ W[ W\ W] W W W W W WZ W[ W\ W] W W W W W WZ W[ W\ W] W W W W W WZ W[ W\ W] W W W U W W WZ W[ W\ W] W W ∫˙Â‚ÂÊ· ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ W Gjgfhyj bycwtybheqnt% jlby extybr - xkty rb,,ewf {fhlea> dnjhjq extybr pflftn tve djghjcs j rb,,ewt> gthdsq extybr jndtxftn. ø‰Ê‰ ıÂ·È˜· ¯‚ ‰˙‡ ‰ÓÏ :‫דוגמה‬ ®‚ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∂ ®„ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Jnvtnmnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. 184 Q Æ∂ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Æ∑ Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt hfccrfp b egjnht,bnt d ytv ukfujks bp cktle/otuj cgbcrf d ghfdbkmyjq ajhvt. X X XX XX XX X XX X X X XX c ıÂ·È˜· ·„˙Ó U W/ © WWWW W² ‡· W U UWWWWU WWWWW WWWW WWWW U WWWW W WWWW WWWW ² 9U WWWWW U W W WWWW WWWW UWWWW W W WWWW W! WWWWU W W WWWW Xbckf ≤∞≠±∞∞ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∂ 185 V V V m m ÌÈX˘ & ÚŒ ≤∞ ÌÈ˘ ! ÂÏ ³ ÷ " ≥∞ ÌÈÚœÀaY‡ Ã ¥∞ ÌÈ÷È ! Ó œ Á ⁄ μ∞ ÌÈ÷È ! ÷ ! ∂∞ ÌÈÚœ·Ÿ÷ ! ∑∞ ÌÈœÂÓ ³ ÷ " ∏∞ ÌÈÚœ÷ " ˙ ! π∞ ‰‡ À Ó Õ ±∞∞ ®± Crf;bnt dcke[ htpekmnfns buh. ZZYVZ[Y baVZY\ `_VbZ a_Va` `_Vb[ ^^V__ ]]V^\ Ghjxnbnt dcke[ xbckf b pfntv yfgbibnt b[ ckjdfvb. ÆÌÈ˜Á˘Ó‰ ˙Â‡ˆÂ˙ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ∏ V V V VP V V V ÆÌÈÏÈÓ· Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· ÆÚ·¯‡Â ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ Ì‰ ˙Á‡Â ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘ „ÂÚÂ ˘ÂÏ˘Â ÌÈ¯˘Ú ^]f\ZT[\ :‫דוגמה‬ baf^[T]_ WZ `\fbT_] W[ „ÂÚ ³ Â½ ˙ÂÁ ³ tÀ ´ – Ì‰ Õ f ZY[f^Tb` W\ _[f[_Taa W] ]_fabVZ\^ W^ Z_af\ZVZbb W_ ®‡ Æπ ‰˜ÈËÓ˙Ó· ˙ÂÏ ³ ‡ Õ ˘ " ß· ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W _Y W ^Y W h ∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W 9 V W W]Z[ \`Z h 186 W\YW Z[Y h W [ W [Y h W W Æ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ¯·Á ÂÏ‡˘Â Ô˙Â‡ Â·˙Î Æß· ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ‰˜ÈËÓ˙Ó· ˙ÂÏ‡˘ È˙˘ „ÂÚ ÏÚ Â·˘Á ®· Ghblevfqnt tot ldf vfntvfnbxtcrb[ djghjcf lkz exfob[cz dnjhjuj rkfccf. Pfgbibnt b[ b pflfqnt cdjbv cjextybrfv. ® III © ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ®‡ hUWx ^c[Y- hUW `c\_V W x h W x ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∂ 187 Z[c]YV Wx ÆÂÚÂ ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ≠ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨‰Ú˘ Â¯Á· Ds,thbnt vjvtyn dhtvtyb bp ghbdtltyyjuj yb;t cgbcrf> cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf> rjnjhsq xfc> b lfqnt jndtn. [Yc\] Zc\Y \c[a Z]c[] ]c^Y Z_c[^ Z\c]Y bc^Z ®· Æ±∞ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h h 188 ÌÈÏÈˆ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst QYWWR ² QWR9 nhfgtpf · 5UQWR 5 irjkf#s !hjlbntkm@ hjlbntkb QWR.² Q-² R QWR gthtvtyf !gththsd@ ctkmcrjt [jpzqcndj QYWWR9% QYWWR ghbhjlf QWR9 ‘rcrehcbz # ghjuekrf QWR² vfibyf> vt[fybpv QWR º UQWR º lj,hjdjktw QWR º djghjc QWR ¶ ghbghfdf> ghzyjcnm gbof> tlf Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∂ 189 QYWWR xtkjdtr kk © bltjkjubz lbtnf [bvbrfkbb ©/k vjlthybpfwbz vbrhjdjkyjdfz gtxm Vk% rbkjvtnh k$ jhufybrf> jhufybxtcrbq /kU /k fynhjgjcjacrbq#fz UkkEk º kkEk º Vfntvfnbrf Ukfujks djpdhfoftncz> djpdhfofnmcz buhftn> buhfnm dcnftn> dcnfdfnm nfywetn> nfywtdfnm Ghbkfufntkmyst Djghjcs ghbznysq#fz kturbq#fz U !U! QTR² ® V² E f gjxtve* h Hfpyjt $ltncrfz rjvyfnf$ !d rb,,ewt@ ® · 5QWR ® 5 ,tp 5 dvtcnt K Q ª 5R gjnjve xnj K? d cjjndtncndbb c K rfr ltkf* xnj cksiyj* Whm rfyey ce,,jns !dtxth gznybws@ 5 ¶ / UQWR 5¶ Xbckbntkmyst 20 ldflwfnm 30 nhblwfnm 40 cjhjr 50 gznmltczn 60 itcnmktczn 70 ctvmltczn gk/c !}@ vbyec !-@ hfdyj !]@ ² U ² x ¶ U x ¶ 9U ² /U" ² 80 djctvmltczn 90 ltdzyjcnj 100 cnj . ¾ ¹ ² º 5/ ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ² º º ¹ ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs U KUQERc Vjhajkjubz% Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E)> rjhyb nbgf K> byabybnbd Ghbvth% Cbynfrcbc% Ghblfnjxyst ghbxbys% Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz c 9 ÆÆÆÈÎ øÆÆÆ‰ÓÏV c ZYYV[Yt c Hfpyjt% xbckf 20-100 Rjnjhsq xfc* ¯e‚ÏÀ c ¯È˘!ÏÀ ‡«·ÏÀ Æ· QIIIR ø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ WU UWZ D bdhbnt xbckf> rjnjhst yt ghtlitcnde/n ceotcndbntkmyjve> dctulf ;tycrjuj hjlf. Wb W c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Yfghbvth% 190 · ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ ø‰ÂÓ˙· ‰Ó ● ● ● Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le fynjybvfvb. ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú · 191 ● ● ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‰¯È„· ˘È ‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt> f pfntv yfgbibnt - rfrbt ghtlvtns tcnm d dfitq rdfhnbht. ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ Æ± Æ‰ÂÓ˙Ï ‰ÏÈÓ‰Ó Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le ckjdjv b cjjndtncnde/obv hbceyrjv. ● ®‡ ®· ÆÌÈÎÙ‰‰ ˙‡ Â˜· Â¯·Á Æ≤ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ®‡ Æ≥ øÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì‰ ‰Ó W W W W W W W W W W Lj,fdmnt tot jlyj ckjdj r rf;ljve ghtlkj;tyb/. ÆËÙ˘Ó ÏÎÏ ‰ÏÈÓ „ÂÚ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ®· Æ‰ÈÈÓÁÏ ˙ÏÎÂ‡ ‡È‰ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰ÓÏÂ ¯Â‚Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ ‡Ï Â‡ ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ Â·˙Î ÆË˜˘ Ì˘ ˘È ÈÎ ¨Ú·Ë· ¯Â‚Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ˙È· ‡Ï ‰Ê ÈÎ ¨ÔÂÏÓ· ¯Â‚Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ‡Ï È‡ Æ¥ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ≤· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Yfgbibnt> ult ds [jnbnt bkb yt [jnbnt ;bnm> j,(zcybnt gjxtve. 192 ¯˜Â·· ‰·ÂË ‰ÁÂ¯‡ ®‡ U U V U U W U W W c W Uc W W c W V U U c KK W / W W/² ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ Â‡ , ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt hzljv c rf;lsv ghtlkj;tybtv c jnhsdrjv. , V Æ‰˘˜·· ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú · 193 ®· > d cjjndtncndbb bkb ËÏÒ „ÂÚ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ¨‡ÓÈ‡ :‫דוגמה‬ h V WWV W hU V W WW UV h W U J V W UV Wv W V h V WV W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Æ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙Âˆ¯‡· ·¯Ú·Â ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ· ¨¯˜Â·· ÌÈÏÎÂ‡ ‰Ó ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯ÙÒ Hfccrf;bnt lheu lheue> xnj j,sxyj tlzn enhjv> lytv b dtxthjv d hfpys[ cnhfyf[. ®‚ Æμ Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzott ckjdj b ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybt. X X X X X X X ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· WVVVUVVV W VVV W VVV h VVVV W VVVV WVVV VVV/ ² / hVVVJh V W UV hVVV V W V WUV c WV WVVVV WVVVV h V WVVV U V h V WVVV V Æ∂ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ X WVVV VVV X hVVVW V W V WVVVWV Qa Qb ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤· 194 Yfgbibnt gjl[jlzobt ceotcndbntkmyst d tlbycndtyyjv bkb vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. ÆÌÈ·¯· Â‡ „ÈÁÈ· ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ∑ X XX X XXX X W VVV W ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ· W VVV W Uc VVV Wt UVVV V U c VVV W UVVV W W hVVVUV W UV QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Æ‰·˜· Â‡ ¯ÎÊ· ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ¯‡Â˙‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt gjl[jlzobt ghbkfufntkmyst d ve;crjv bkb ;tycrjv hjlt. X XXXX X XX ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú · 195 W˙È¯„ÂÓ W :‫דוגמה‬ W VVV WUVVV WVVV W WVVVWZabYV W V WVVV WVVV W WVVV W Uh hU V QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Æ∏ Hfcghtltkbnt ghbdtltyyst yb;t ckjdf gj djcmvb rfntujhbzv. Æ˙ÂÈ¯Â‚Ë˜ h h ·˙ÎÓ ÔÈÈ ∏≠Ï ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÈÈÓ h h ˙ÈÏÂÎ˘‡ Ï‰Â‡ ‰ÊÈ‡ ˙ÈÏ‚‡ ‡·‡ ÔÂ¯‡ Æπ XXXXXXX Xc X X XXXXX X X X XXXXXXXX X XX XXXXXX X XXX XXXXXXX X X X XXXXX XX X X X XXX X X X X Dgbibnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∞ ¯ÙÒ ÌÚ ‰Ù˜ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ≤· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú UUU c VVV W VVV W U WVVV WVVV W VVV U U U VVVW W VVV U 196 Ghjbpytcbnt b yfgbibnt djghjcs r ghbdtltyysv yb;t jndtnfv. Bcgjkmpeqnt yfgbcfyyst yb;t djghjcbntkmyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ∫‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ WUUUUUUUU Gjvybnt> byjulf ∫Ï˘ÓÏ ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙ÏÈÓÏ ÒÁÈ ˙ÏÈÓ ÛÈÒÂ‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ÌÈÓÚÙÏ ¨Â¯ÎÊ r djghjcbntkmyjve ckjde ljk;ty ,snm ghb,fdkty ghtlkju% hUU øÌ˘Ï ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ ÍÈ‡ øÌÈÎÏÂ‰ Ì‰ Ô‡Ï ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú · 197 W :‫דוגמות‬ W W W W W W W W W W WUU W U W W W W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa Qb QZY QZZ QZ[ QZ\ QZ] QZ^ QZ_ Æ±± ÆÌÏÂÚ· ÌÈÂ˘ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ·¯Ú· Ú·˘· ÌÈ˘ÂÚ ‰Ó Â¯ÙÒ Æ±≤ Crf;bnt> xnj ltkf/n d ctvm xfcjd dtxthf d nht[ hfpkbxys[ vtcnf[ Ptvkb* ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ˙Â¯Ê ÌÈÏÈÓ Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Ceotcndbntkmyst QWR Ghbkfufntkmyst bltfkmysq#fz yjhvfkmysq#fz htfkmysq#fz> frnefkmysq htajhvbcncrbq#fz U /² U/² ,U, / ² -U/ ² - ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ≤· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú QWR©/ ‘ythubz ctvtcnh 198 ∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ± ‰Ù˜Â Ë¯Ò h U W9 h W U h9 h 5U W W U h Jh W Jm º c c c c c c c c c c c c h W b blen d Cbytvfntre. Xnj jyb nfv ltkf/n* cghz;tybt - rjhyb nbgf QKRK s- byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Byabybnbd ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙Â³ Ÿ Ïœ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∑ 199 ˙Â³ K K QUR ⁄ ÚÏÃ ˙Â ³ ·ŸÏœ ˙ÂO ³ Ïœ ˙ÂˆY ³ Ïœ ˙Â‡Y ³ Ïœ ˙Â˙ ³ ˘ " Ïœ ˙Â³˘ & Ú⁄ÏÃ ˙ÂÏ ³ Ú⁄ÏÃ ˙«ÈŸ‰Ïœ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ – ®‰¢Ï© È¢Ï ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÙ ÔÈÈ· Æ≤ Yfcnjzott dhtvz ¾ ÆÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ‰ˆÂ¯ – ‰Ó‚Â„‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ®‡ Yfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz gj cktle/otve j,hfpwe - } ukfujk d byabybnbdt. W˜È˙Ú ‡ÒÈÎ ˙Â˜Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ W :‫דוגמה‬ WWW W² ² WZ WWW W W[ W\ WWW W WWW W W] W W^ WWW W W_ WWW˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ W W` WWW W+ Wa WWW W Wb WWW W WZY ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WWW 200 Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt. ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ®· ‰ÂÂ‰ Æ¯ Æ ÆÈ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ ¾ ®‡ ‰Ù˜· ‰‡Â¯ È‡ W W V W V W W V W « V m² V ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W U U - ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∑ 201 Ì‰ ‰Ó ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙Ï Â¯Ó‡ …Â‡ ÙÂ˜ÒÂ¯Â‰‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ Â‡ ‰Ù˜· ÌÈ‡Â¯ Ì˙‡ Ì‚ … ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ¨„Â·ÚÏ ¨ÏÂÎ‡Ï ¨˙Â˙˘Ï ¨‡Â¯˜Ï ¨·Â˙ÎÏ ¨˙Â˜Ï ¨¯Â‚Ï ¨„ÂÓÏÏ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌÈˆÂ¯ Ds nj;t ghtlcrfpfntkb celm,s bkb cjcnfdbntkb ujhjcrjgf bkb... Ghtlcrf;bnt lheubv exfobvcz dfituj rkfccf b[ celm,e. Bcgjkmpeqnt ajhvs byabybnbdf> ghbdtltyyst dsit. ®· Æ≥ ‰È·‡ Ï˘ ıÈ˜‰ ‰˘Â„˜‰ ‰¯Ï˜ È˙·˘ Á‡ÏÒ ‘‚ ÔÂÎÈ˘Ó ‰·‰‡ ‰ÏÂÁ ‰Ó‡ ‰ÈÈ¯˜ ÌÈÈÏ‡¯˘È ÌÈË¯Ò· ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ˙Â· ®‡ Æ¥ W9 © ² EU* ² ² W W 5 ² ?U © ? W W U WQZb^bVZb^YR² º W ² ² U .9 ² U W ? º c % ² W W * U U U+9 W U9 Uc² 5.9E U² 9W U U c W9E² U W W U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W U W W 202 Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ∂ Â¯Ó‡Â ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®· Ghbdtlbnt d cjjndtncndbt c ntrcnjv> f pfntv ghjbpytcbnt itcnm ghtlkj;tybq bp nf,kbws. ø‰Ó W W W W W W W W W W øÈ˙Ó ÆÌÈ„˜Â¯Â ÌÈ¯˘ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ‰ ˙Â˘ Ï˘ ÌÈË¯Ò· :‫דוגמה‬ + djghjc ‰Ï‡˘ ËÙ˘Ó ´ ˙Ú„Ï W W øÚ„ÂÈ ‡Ï Â‡ Ú„ÂÈ ®‡ Ú„ÂÈ W h V W V W V ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∑ 203 W Æμ Crf;bnt dcke[ ltcznm ghtlkj;tybq bp nf,kbws. W W W W W W W W W W Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ±∞ Â¯Ó‡ ®· ÆÈ¯ÈÓ ˙‡ ÌÈ˘‚ÂÙ ÂÁ‡ È˙Ó ˙Ú„Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ W µ U W l lk 5 E 5k%k 5 k 5 W W l© lÁ / .E l ®‡ Æ∂ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÆÆÆ„ÃÚ ÆÆÆÓ 204 Ghjxnbnt> f gjnjv crf;bnt dcke[> xnj b rjulf bpexftn È„Æ ÆÈ˙ÓÂ „ÓÂÏ È„ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ ®· W V W ac^YVacYY bc]YVac^Y ZYcZYVbc]Y K ZZcYYVZYcZY ZZc^YVZZcYY Z[cYYVZZc^Y Z[c^YVZ[cYY Æ˙È¯·Ú „ÓÂÏ ‡Â‰ Ú˘˙Ï ‰¯˘Ú „Ú ‰ÂÓ˘Ó :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰˜ÒÙ‰ ˘È ‰¯˘ÚÂ ¯˘Ú „Ú ¯˘ÚÏ ÌÈ¯˘ÚÓ Hfccrf;bnt dfitve cjextybre> xnj ds bpexftnt b d rfrbt xfcs. ? + ceotcndbntkmyjt c jghtltktyysv ÆÈ˙ÓÂ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â¯ÙÒ ®‚ „ÈÁÈ· Ú„ÂÈÓ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ´ Ïk À fhnbrktv d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt. ÔÓÊ‰ ÏÎ „ÓÂÏ ‡Â‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∑ 205 ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ m‰ ÏÀk h U W h W h W h W W W J U c c c c c c c c c Æ∑ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d cktle/ob[ ghtlkj;tybz[. Bcgjkmpeqnt Æ∏ -X X X XXXT V XXX UU cÔÓÊ‰ ÏÎ W :‫דוגמה‬ W mU U W U W W WZ W W W[YYY[YYY W[ V U W W\ W Wm U U W W U U W] W W UU W^ W W W W_ WW W W W` ¢ÆÏÏÀŸk „ÁÕÙÃÏŸ ‡¿ ¯JÈÚœ‰À½Â ¨„«‡Ó Ÿ ¯ˆÃ ¯˘ ‚Œ «Ï»k ÌÏ«Ú À ‰Ã Ïk¢ À QPR °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∑ 206 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ghbkfufntkmyst Ukfujks º U ? º firtyfpb !tdhtq tdhjg. ghjbc[j;ltybz@ ©? ¬ ¬ U « 9 U 9 + © U+ ©* U * ² U² bynthtcysq#fz cevfcitlibq#fz bcgfycrbq fhf, cbjybcncrbq Hfpyjt /vjh QYWWR² 9 rfrfj QYWWR² ² rtabz !fhf,crbq ujkjdyjq e,jh@ QWR©? cbytvfntrf QWR cktyu QYWWR ghfplybr QWR rjyakbrn QWR% k ljrevtynfkmysq#fz .9 ² U.9 ² nhfubxtcrbq#fz * U * ² QWR5 ² ? ifgrf yjdj,hfywf m? dct ! nb@... KE ljcnfnjxyj K lj QWR ² bvvbuhfyn 9 ybxtuj ¹ ² w º gznbltcznst !ujls@ w ¹ w ¹ kw º itcnbltcznst !ujls@ w ² QYWWR9E Ceotcndbntkmyst ‘rpfvty ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∑ 207 ghj,ktvf Vtczws ujlf ifgrf l fduecn lk ctynz,hm 5 E jrnz,hm 5k%k yjz,hm 5 k ltrf,hm 5 b/km ,bktn zydfhm atdhfkm vfhn fghtkm vfq b/ym K² gjdctlytdyfz ;bpym Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf ¯ÂÚÈ˘ K [dfnbn^ # gthtcnfym^ jgnbvbpv ² U ² 5 ² ,snm U ² gjlybvfnmcz # blnb ddth[ ² cnhjbn> cnhjbnm l© l5 / .E l djqyf hfccrfp cfylfkbz fhvbz#b yt,j ujl QWR 5 QWR©5 QWR ² ? QWR/? QWR QWR9E QWR ² U QWR QWWR µ wU µ QWR µ ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% V U KUc c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) > rjhyb nbgf K > byabybnbd ˙«˙˘"Ïœ ˙«◊&Ú⁄ÏÃ c ÌÂÈ‰ ÏÎc t TÏÎ ÆÈ‡ ÈÓ Ú„ÂÈ È‡c t Cbynfrcbc% Æ· ÏÎ ˙³Â Ÿ Ïœ ˙³Â ⁄ÚÏÃ c } ceotcndbntkmyjt d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv Yfghbvth% ÌÂÈ‰ ÏÎ Ghblfnjxyst ljgjkytybz c djghjcbntkmysvb ckjdfvb Yfghbvth% Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz È‡ ÈÓ Ú„ÂÈ È‡ ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ UaVßÏ ,aV ‰ Á ¨Ú ßÙ Æ‚ QZ W² Rjulf ßÙ ukfujkf - ‘nj Á ¨Ú bkb ‰> jyf jukfcjdsdftncz [fnfa-gfnf[ !f@> f ghbcnfdrf ßÏ jukfcjdsdftncz gfnf[ !f@> pf bcrk/xtybtv ukfujkf ² . W W ˙ÂÈ‰Ï Q[ yfcnjzott dhtvzcc ghjitlitt dhtvz:c ,eleott dhtvz:c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ukfujk ˙ÂÈ‰Ï !,snm@ d yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb gjxnb ybrjulf yt cghzuftncz. “njn ukfujk cghzuftncz dj dct[ kbwf[ d ghjitlitv b ,eleob[ dhtvtyf[. 208 ∏ Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz ÆÌÈ!˘J ÌÈ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ Æ˙ÂË˜ ˙Â˙ÈÎ‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ÆÔ˘È ¯ÙÒ‰ Æ‰ÏÂ„‚ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ È„Ï ‰ÈeÏ ‚Ÿ ®‡ ¨È„ ÌÂÏ˘ ÆÌÈ·˘ÁÓÏ Ò¯Â˜· È‡ øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó ÆÌÈ„ÓÁ ‡Ï ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ Ï·‡ ¨‰ÙÈ ÌÂ˜Ó‰ ÆÌÈÈÈÚÓ ‡Ï ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‰Â ¨‰ÏÂ„‚ ‰˙ÈÎ‰ ‡Ï ÌÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ¨ÌÈ˘˜ „ÈÓ˙ ÌÈ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ ÆÌÈÓÓÚ˘Ó ÌÈÏÈ‚¯˙‰Â ÌÈ·ÂË ˙ÈaÃÃÏ Ω ‰˙ − È½aÃ‰ Ã Æ‰˙È·‰ ¯ÂÊÁÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ Ô‰Î È„ ÌÈ‰ ·ÂÁ¯ ‰ÙÈÁ ÆÈÒÂÈ ¨˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï Yfgbibnt lheue/> ,jktt dtctke/ jnrhsnre. Bcgjkmpeqnt ckjdf% Æ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ÁÓ˘ ¨˙¯Á‡ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Â·˙Î ®· X X XX Xc ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz. ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∏ 209 Æ‰ÏÂ„‚ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ‰ :‫דוגמה‬ ®‚ Æ± øÏ‡¯˘ÈÏ ‡· ÔÂß‚ ‰ÓÏ ®‡ Æ≤ W W W W W W² · ? W 95$ W W" µ ® 5 W Æ®ß‡ ÈÙÏ© Ï‡¯˘È ÏÚ ¯ÓÂ‡ ÔÂß‚ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt> xnj ujdjhbn L;jy j, Bphfbkt !cjukfcyj ß‡@. W W W W W‰·ÂË W W W ®· W W W P ÆÏ‡¯˘È ÏÚ ˙¯ÓÂ‡ ‡È‰ ‰Ó Â·˙Î L;byf yt [jxtn ghbt[fnm d Bphfbkm. Yfgbibnt> xnj jyf ujdjhbn j, Bphfbkt. WÌÈÈÈÚÓ ‡Ï ÌÈÈÁ‰ Ï‡¯˘È· ®‚ :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Yfgbibnt xtnsht fyfkjubxys[ endthlbntkmys[ b jnhbwfntkmys[ ghtlkj;tybz. m m m ∏ ®„ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÆÌÈÈÏÈÏ˘Â ÌÈÈ·ÂÈÁ ÌÈÓÂ„ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ¥ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î 210 ÁÏÓ‰≠ÌÈ ˙ÂÂÏÓ ®‡ W² UW W W#¸ U W"µ U 5 ² d U² º E U² c U U m E Uª U² *· h 5K Kc W W K9 .© ¶ U U-² 5 W * W W U W# ¸ Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ h WZ hWKKc a W[ hWKK ZY W\ h W] ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∏ 211 V V ®· Æ≥ ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ¯‡Â˙‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> dcnfdbd ghfdbkmyjt ghbkfufntkmyjt> d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ®‚ :‫דוגמה‬ WÏÂ„‚ W Q^ W Q_ W Q[ W Q` W Q\ Q] ÆÁÏÓ‰ ÌÈ „ÈÏ ÔÂÏÓ‰Ó ¯·ÁÏ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Â·˙Î ®„ W W QZ ÁÏÓ‰ ÌÈ Yfgbibnt lheue jnrhsnre bp ujcnbybws yf Vthndjv vjht. ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Byabybnbd ˙ Œ Œ ÏÀ ˙ŒÎÏŒÏÀ ˙CWÏÀ ˙·Œ˘ÏÀ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ – È¢Ù ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÙ ÔÈÈ· Æ¥ Yfcnjzott dhtvz ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú cghz;tybt - nbg rjhyz K > byabybnbd 212 ˙ÎÏÏ ·‰Â‡ È‡ h h hE W W W W W U W UW J ®‡ Æμ c c c c c c h Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt. ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ®· ‰ÂÂ‰ Æ¯ Æ ÆÈ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ k °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ °øÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Ó ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∏ 213 ®‡ ¯·„ ÌÂ˘ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‡Ï È¯ ¯À·@ Ìe˘ WWW ‡Ï h U W W h W W h W h W h ² JJU h J ®‡ Æ∂ c c c c c c c c c c c c h Yfgbibnt j : ÆÆÆ‡Ï ‡Â‰ Æ¯·„ ÌÂ˘ ÏÎÂ‡ ‡ÏÈ¯cÈ¯ ÏÚ Â·˙Î Æ‰·ÈÒÓ· ˙Â¯·Á Â‡ ÌÈ¯·Á È˘ ÔÈ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î WP U V U U ®· Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq lbfkju vt;le lhepmzvb yf dtxthbyrt. Bcgjkmpeqnt hfpkbxyst ukfujks> yfghbvth dvtcnj U V U b n.l. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Æ∑ Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmysq ukfujk bp cgbcrf b crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz dcke[. Ukfujks:XXXc hWWW V W[ W WV J V W\ WWWWWW WV hWWW V W] hWV ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú hWWW V WZ hUV 214 Â„ÓÏ˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÏÎ ÏÚ ‰¯ÊÁ J,pjh dct[ bpextyys[ ukfujkjd Æ∏ Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙Â¯Âˆ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ÔÂÎ‰ ÌÂ˜Ó· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ¨˙¯·ÁÓ· ˙ÂÏ·Ë ÂËË¯˘ Yfhbceqnt nf,kbws d cdjb[ ntnhflz[. Gjvtcnbnt ukfujks d yflkt;fott vtcnj b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ukfujkmyst ajhvs. U U U U U U UU U U U U U U U U U U U U ¾U U UU UUU ¯Æ Æ¯ÆÊ Æ c ÆÊ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∏ 215 ‰˙‡ °˙Â‡È¯·Ï ø‰ÏÂÁ °˙Â‡È¯·Ï ° ÔÈÂˆÓ ÍÏ˘ ËÏÒ‰ °˙Â‡È¯·Ï ø„ÂÚ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‰˙‡ °øÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Ó ÆÆÆ¯·„ ÌÂ˘ ‰Ê ®· ·È·‡≠Ï˙· ÔÈ˜È˘ ·ÂÁ¯· hWW º U h U W W J h J55 hÂ h J ? ®‡ Æπ cx c cx c cx c cx Ø ÌÈßˆÈÂÂ„Ò Ø ÒÂÓÂÁ ÌÚ ‰˙ÈÙ Ø ËÏÒ Ø ‰ËÒÙ Ø ‰ˆÈÙ Ø ÒÙÈßˆ Ø ıÈÓ Ø ‰˙ Ø ·ÏÁ ÌÚ ‰Ù˜ ˙Â‚ÂÚ Ø ÔÂÓÈÏ ‰„ÈÏ‚ Ø „ÏÂ˜Â˘ ‰„ÈÏ‚ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ‰Ù˜· c cx c cx c cx cx c cx c cx c cx c cx c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h Wk h UW ¶ ?5 h U W kE WU W . uuu hU U W h Jh U © h U W U U hk º Eh h h Ù˜ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ‰P W U W© # U U9k U©k5 KUb h ‰ˆÈÙ WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW ÒÙ Ë h W Jh WWWWWWÂËÒÙ ‰ ÈÏ‚ „ ‰ WW JU Um WWWWWWWWWWWWWW „È‚œ×˙ ÈDÈœ‚×˙ e„È‚œ˙ × 216 hx UWZ Rnj ujdjhbn yf cktyut> bkb x ? ø˙È¯◊ ˙‡Ê ÈÓÂ ¨Ì¯ÂÈ ‰Ê ÈÓ ∫ÂÓÒÂ Â¯Á·W[ Ds,thbnt b gjrf;bnt% rnj x bkb j ? ø˙È¯◊ ÏÚ Â‡ Ì¯ÂÈ ÏÚ ¨‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ „È‚‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ÈÓ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt% j rjv crfpfys ‘nb ahfps> j x b rnj ? W W] W WZ W W^ W W[ W W\ ¨‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÒÏ ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙ÂÈÂ¯˘Ù‡ ˘È ÆÌ¯«ÈÂ ˙È¯◊ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ®‚ Ghjljk;bnt hfpujdjh vt;le b x . Bvt/ncz hfpkbxyst djpvj;yjcnb pfrjyxbnm ‘njn hfpujdjh. ø»„«‰Ó Â‰˘Ó ‰ˆÂ¯ ‰˙‡ Æ‰˘ „ÂÚ· ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï Æ·ÂËcx c °¢ÏÚ≠Ï‡¢· ¯ÁÓ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï Ê‡c ¾ c ÆÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ Â‡ ‰ÂÂ‰ ˙¯Âˆ – ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®‡ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst ajhvs ukfujkjd - yfcnjzott dhtvz bkb byabybnbd. ·È·‡ Ï˙· ÌÈ˘‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∏ 217 W UU U d K W x U U WWWWK W U!-95UEUU99WWWWW WWWW K W UUUWWWW W WWWW U¸V PWWWW K WWWW W WWWWW WWWW K WWWWWW UU WWWW WWWWU WWWWW WWWW K W W WWWW U WWWWUWWWW Hfccrf;bnt j k/lz[ d lheujv ujhjlt. Æ˙¯Á‡ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ˘‡ ÏÚ Â¯ÙÒ ®· Æ±∞ Cdjlrf uhfvvfnbxtcrb[ ntv ÈÂ˘Ï ÔÈÈÚ ÌÂÎÈÒ Vjltkb bvtyys[ ghtlkj;tybq T X XX W Ceotcndbntkmyst c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv # bvtyf cj,cndtyyst # kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz # erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz } ceotcndbntkmyst. W QR W QR W QR W QR T X XX W Ceotcndbntkmyst c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv # bvtyf cj,cndtyyst # kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz # erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz } ghbkfufntkmyst. W QR W QR W QR ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W QR 218 T X XX W Ceotcndbntkmyst c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv # bvtyf cj,cndtyyst # kbxyst vtcnjbvtybz # erfpfntkmyst vtcnjbvtybz } ghtlkj;yst j,jhjns. WQR XXX X X X X XX XXX XX TX Ceotcndbntkmyjt TX W W W X W˙ÈË„ÂËÒ ‰È¯c PV UP WPV P ÆÌÈ„ÁÂÈÓ Ì˙‡ Æ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ ˙‡Ê D vjltkz[ v b v gjlkt;fott b crfpetvjt cjukfce/ncz% Æ˙ÈË„ÂËÒ ‰È¯ ÆÌÈ„ÁÂÈÓ Ì˙‡ Æ‰„ÈÓÏ˙ ˙‡Ê Yj d vjltkz[ v b v jyb yt cjukfce/ncz. W Æ˙„ÁÂÈÓ ˙‡Ê Ï·‡ ¨˙„ÁÂÈÓ ‡ÏÂ ‰ÙÈ ‡Ï ‰˙Ó ˙‡Êc ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∏ 219 Xfcnm vjltkmys[ ghtlkj;tybq egjnht,kztncz b njkretncz njkmrj d cgtwbabxtcrb[ rjyntrcnf[. Yfghbvth% ˙„ÁÂÈÓ ˙‡Ê Ï·‡ ¨˙„ÁÂÈÓ ‡ÏÂ ‰ÙÈ ‡Ï ‰˙Ó ˙‡Ê W ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks jnrhsnrf genm#b> ljhjuf#b ,jkmyjq#fz pbvf jryj> jryf cxtn#f> xtr#b gecnsyz jabwbfyn#rf bcnjxybr#b> hjlybr#b dbl zpsr eghf;ytybt nehbcn#rf 5 QWR9 © *UQWR- QWRkUQWRk QWR-k kkUQWR k kk5 º UQWR k5 º k.5UQWR 5 QWR . U QWR k© UQWR © QWRk QWR µ x QWR/ ¶ QWR-¬U ¶ QWR© ¶ cgecrftncz> cgecrfnmcz -U,k Ghbkfufntkmyst U cbybq#zz 9?Uk ? rjithysq#fz * · ?U · ? crexysq#fz ¶ U ¶ [jkjlysq#fz * U! ndthlsq#fz µ U ¸ cgjrjqysq#fz> nb[bq#fz "U" º µ ujhzxbq#fz Cktyu Hfpyjt ghtrhfcyj^ 5 k5 dj dhtvz> xthtp !yfgh.> xthtp vtczw@ µ ®5 ljvjq -9fK9 pfuhfybwf ? e;t l. <elmnt pljhjds^ Jhk º E Xnj dlheu* Ybrjbv j,hfpjv^ Kk º E dytpfgyj> dlheu µ dctulf J¶ crf;b^ !v.h.@ J ¶ crf;b !;.h.@ J9 ¶ crf;bnt^ d cthtlbyt c eljdjkmcndbtv^ d cfvjv ltkt^* # ghfdlf ?5 © ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ∏ Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf ,ehtrfc !tlf@ gjgenyfz vfibyf vbythfk gbwwf vfrfhjys gtcnj ‘ktufynysq#fz QWR!-95 QWRE QWR * QWR E QWRk E E U ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú · 5UQWR rfatnthbq 220 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs V UKUc Vjhajkjubz% ( E ) Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm > rjhyb nbgf K> byabybnbd Cbynfrcbc% Cjukfcjdfybt d bvtyyjv ghtlkj;tybb gj hjle b xbcke c ˙·Œ˘ÏÀ ˙ÚA Ã ÏÀ Ghbvth% c V Æ‰˘˜ ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ Æ‰ÏÂ„‚ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ÆÌÈ˘È ÌÈ¯ÙÒ‰ Æ˙ÂË˜ ˙Â˙ÈÎ‰ Jnhbwfntkmyst ghtlkj;tybz Æ· c c ¯·„ ÌÂ˘T ∫ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf% j,hfpws bvtyys[ ghtlkj;tybq Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ cU WZ ÆÏÂ„‚ ˙È·‰ W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ∏ 221 Cjxtnfybt jghtltktyys[ ceotcndbntkmys[ b ytjghtltktyys[ ghbkfufntkmys[ j,hfpetn d bdhbnt ghtlkj;tybz> yfghbvth% ÆÏÂ„‚ ghbkfufntkmyjt ˙È·‰ ceotcndbntkmyjt J,hfnbnt dybvfybt yf cjukfcjdfybt ceotcndbntkmys[ b ghbkfufntkmys[ d hjlt b xbckt. π E cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ ≠ ÏÕÚÈt ÔÈÈ· ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Byabybnbd Yfcnjzott dhtvz Õ Ã ŸÏ ¯aA Õ ÏŸ ◊tÕÁ Ã ÏŸ ÏÈÈË Ã ÏŸ ÏÕaKÏŸ ÌÏÕ÷ × ÏŸ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ± x hP W« ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W5! W 5 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú π 222 ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓÏ ·È·‡≠Ï˙Ó ÒÂ·ÂËÂ‡· ®‡ Æ≤ h c W x U WW c h W hV U c WU c W U h U c W c W h WW c W WlU c W W 5 c Zbbb Gjxtve crfpfk KK * hKK W W Crf;bnt dcke[ # yfgbibnt lbfkju. Æ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®± ÆÛÒÂÈÂ È¯ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È˙˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú π 223 W W W W Bycwtybheqnt ldf lbfkjuf> gj[j;b[ yf lbfkju vt;le b . D gthdjv lbfkjut hfpujdfhbdftn c . - exbntkm fyukbqcrjuj zpsrf.Dj dnjhjv lbfkjut hfpujdfhbdftn c. - exbntkm buhs yf ubnfht. ®· Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt nf,kbwe bcgjkmpez ukfujks d byabybnbdt. ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Q Æ≥ ‰ÂÂ‰ Æ¯ Æ ÆÈ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ x ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt. W¯·„Ï U W W Q :‫דוגמה‬ WZ W W[ W W Wc W\ W W] W Jnvtnmnt ghfdbkmysq dfhbfyn pfdthitybz cktle/ob[ ahfp. U Æ¥ :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ π W W W U WZ W W W UKK W[ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W W W Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ 224 h h h W\ W W W U W] W W W U W^ ¨ÏÏÕ‰ÃŸÏ ¨˙«„«‰ŸÏ ÌÈœ·ÈÈÃÁ »ÁŸÃ⁄‡ _ÀÎÈÙœŸÏ¢ ¨_V·ÀŸÏ ¨¯B‰ÃŸÏ ¨ÌÕÓ«¯ŸÏ ¨¯‡ÕÙÀŸÏ ¨ÁÃaÕ˘ × ÏŸ »ÀÏ½Â »È˙«·‡⁄ŸÏ ‰◊ − ÚÀ÷ ÈÓ œ ŸÏ ÒÏK Õ ŸÏ» ‰ÏÕÚ⁄ÏŸ ¢‰ÏŒ‡ÕÀ‰ ÌÈÒœœÃ‰ ÏÀk ˙‡Œ QPUPUU R ÆÏÚÈÙ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ‰˘Ó· ÂÓÒ Æ± ˘Â„˜Ï ÌÈ„ÂÓ∫·Â˙Î‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ≤ Æ‡Â‰ ÍÂ¯· ˘Â„˜‰ ˙‡ …… ¨ÌÈÏÏ‰Ó ¨‡Â‰ ÍÂ¯· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú π 225 1. 2. Z`ZbU V Gjlxthrybnt dct ukfujks d ÏÚÈÙ cghz;tybb d jnhsdrt bp Vbiys. Yf jcyjdfybb ‘njuj jnhsdrf> crf;bnt xnj cktletn ltkfnm. Ï‡¯˘È· È˘È˘ ÌÂÈ Æμ W W U · 5U Wk ! 9U W U U W W U U W U V W c U W ZbbbW UU W U W W U U W c W U U U U hK K W W c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ π ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú U Q U Q UQ UQ 226 ≤∞≠±± Xbckbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf. ‰·˜· ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ ‰V◊ " ŒÚ ˙Á Ã ‡ Ã ‰V◊ " ÚŒ ÌÈ˙˘ " ‰V◊Ú " ˘ÂÏ ³ ˘ " ‰V◊Ú " ÚÃaY‡ Ã ‰V◊ " ŒÚ ˘Ó Õ Á ⁄ ‰V◊ " ÚŒ ˘˘ ‰V◊ " ÚŒ Ú·Ã˘ " ‰V◊ " ÚŒ ‰ŒÂÓ ³ ˘ " ‰V◊ " ÚŒ Ú˘ × ˙ " ÌÈX◊ " ÚŒ ±± ±≤ ±≥ ±¥ ±μ ±∂ ±∑ ±∏ ±π ≤∞ ¢‰V◊ " Ú¢ Œ À‰ ÏkÀ Ghjxnbnt xbckf b crf;bnt b[ dcke[. ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ ®‡ ‰ÏÂ„‚ ‰ÁÂ¯‡ U [YW5 U U ¹ w º ª W U Z\V ¹ Z_U Z^ x W Z[V ZaU9 Z] WkE W. Zb U ZZ W ¹ w º ª W Z`x h h c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú π 227 h U h Rfr ds levftnt* Xnj tot [jnzn lhepmz tcnm> b crjkmrj* Æ∂ Htibnt fhbavtnbxtcrbt ghbvths b crf;bnt b[ dcke[. ÆÌ˙Â‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ÌÈÏÈ‚¯˙‰ ˙‡ Â¯˙Ù ®· ø‰Ê ‰ÓÎ Æ‰¯˘Ú Ú·¯‡ Ì‰ ˘ÂÏ˘ „ÂÚÂ ‰¯˘Ú ˙Á‡ZZT\fZ] :‫דוגמה‬ QIVRø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ®‚ ZbV`f bTaV\f ZYTbV_f Z]T\V\f ZaTYVZf [YVZ_TZZf WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ ˙È¯·Ú· ÏÂÎ‰ ≠ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË· Ghjxnbnt b pfrjyxbnt% ZbcZa [[cZ^ [\c]_ Z\cZ` Z^cZ\ Z_c\Y Z`cZ_ ø‰Ó À Ãk ˙aÃ ø‰Ó À Ãk ÔaŒ ∫ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â Â‡¯˜ hu h Uu W u hu u ®„ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ˘ÓÁ Ô· ‡Â‰ u h u W__________u WZ h______u W[ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ π W__________u hu W__________u W\ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú *Ek K 228 QKU¦U R Ghjxnbnt xbckf b crf;bnt b[ dcke[. ‡TOn œ ÏÃ ÌÈœ÷ − ˘Ó Õ ÀÁ ÔaŒ ‰À÷ " Ó œ ÏÃ ¯◊ ÕÚ ÔaŒ ˙«ÂˆŸn œ ÃÏ ‰V◊ " ŒÚ ÷«Ï"÷ ÔaŒ ‡TÓ À bŸÏÃ ‰V◊ " ŒÚ ÷Ó Õ ÀÁ ÔaŒ ‰tÀÁ‹ÏÃ ‰V◊ " ŒÚ ‰«Ó Œ "÷ ÔaŒ ÆÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ ø˙ÏÎÂ‡ ˙‡ ‰ÓÂ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú π 229 h W h W² E ² * ® hW W.5W U Z] h W W U ZZ h Wk Z\ hP U JJ h Q[ c c c c c c c c c c c c h QZ Æ∑ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú π 230 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst cfljdybr QWR jkbdf ¹ UQWR jdjo#b ² *UQWR ® -¬ dtxthbyrf QWR5 gjvbljh QWR © wdtnjr#wdtns * EUQWR +E ahern#s ² EUQWR .E njhujdsq gfccf; QWRk ! hsyjr#hsyrb $ © UQWR º 9 QWR csh ghbybvftn> ghbybvfnm rkfltn> gjkj;bnm Ghbkfufntkmyst Elfxb^ Crjkmrj ktn..* Crjkmrj ktn..* ytdf;yj rjytw ytltkb ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ckflrbq#fz Xbckbntkmyst gznyflwfnm J 5 h? 5 h? 5 9i 9 µ ² pljhjdsq#fz xtnshyflwfnm Hfpyjt ¶ U ¶ x ¹ Ux µ gkfnbn> gkfnbnm nhbyflwfnm 5! U5! gjkexftn> gjkexfnm itcnyflwfnm ctvyflwfnm djctvmyflwfnm ltdznyflwfnm ldflwfnm ,x º k º ,x º 5/ ,x º ,x º · ,x º º ,x º k º ,x º ¶ º .x º Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs .5U. 5 lUk Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf QWR*Ek jgthf QWR 9 neytw ctkmlthtq QYWWR. QWRP xtr ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú π 231 Vjhajkjubz% t UUc Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gb’km ( E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> byabybnbd ¯aA Õ ÏŸc Hfpyjt% Rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf ZZV[Y ø‰ÓÎ ˙· Ø ø‰ÓÎ Ô· c c QIVRø‰Ú˘‰ ‰Ó ±∞ cghz;tybt - $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott dhtvz ;.h. .  ‰−˘Èœ ‚YÓ Ã ‰À Èœ Ÿ Ó Ã ˙Â˘È ³ ‚Y œ Ó Ã v.h. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÂÂ‰ ÔÓÊ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÈÚÙ‰ ÔÈÈ· Æ± ÆÊ ˘Èœ ‚YÓ Ã Èœ Ÿ Ó Ã ÌÈ˘È ! ‚Y œ Ó Ã ˙« È œ Ÿ ÓÃ ÌÈ œ È œ Ÿ Ó Ã ÆÈ tl.x. Æ¯ vy.x. º U U U5 U c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W ! 5U h W º 3?W Kc5 , W W / W h ±∞ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‚È‚œ³Âß‚ 232 ÆËÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ ÌÚÙ ÏÎ Â˘ Æ≤ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz ytcrjkmrbvb hfpkbxysvb cgjcj,fvb b crf;bnt b[ dcke[. X XX X Æ„Â·ÚÏ ÏÈÁ˙Ó È‡ Æ·Â˘ÁÏ ÏÈÁ˙Ó È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ„ÂÓÏÏ ÏÈÁ˙Ó È‡ Æ¯·„Ï ÏÈÁ˙Ó È‡ XX X X X X XX X9X XX X+X XX X XKVK XX XXX X X XX X X XXX XXXX X X XX XX X??X X X X X XXX X W XX ^ X WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb WZY WZZ WZ[ WZ\ WZ] ‰·ÈÒÓ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∞ 233 Jh c hUU c W W?? c h* c W c h W c hW c W c h c W h c ®‡ Æ≥ h W h W m WWW² E5 UUU c c c c c c ∫…˘ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰¯Â˘ ÂÊÈ‡· Â¯Ó‡Â ËÙ˘ÓÏ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰¯Â˘‰ ˙‡ ‰ÁÈ˘· Â‡ˆÓ ®· Yfqlbnt d lbfkjut cnhjrb> cjjndtncnde/obt ‘nbv ghtlkj;tybzv> b crf;bnt d rfrjq cnhjrt §WWW ¥ !$ujdjhzn xnj...$@. WWW*9 WWW WWW WWW WWW W WZ W W[ W W\ W W] W W^ Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Dgbibnt ukfujk d ye;yjq ajhvt. QR :‫דוגמה‬ W U µ ®5 WZ QR h U W[ QR WU W\ QR QR W W W] U W^ QR W W W_ QR W U W` QR h Wa QR W Wb ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∞ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú QR h ‰ÏÈÁ˙Ó Æ¥ 234 cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ≠ ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÈÚÙ‰ ÔÈÈ· Æμ byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Byabybnbd È œ Ÿ ‰ÃÏŸ ÔÈÓ œ ÊŸ‰ Ã ÏŸ ¯ÈaœÒ Ÿ ‰ Ã ÏŸ ˜ÈÒ œ ÙŸ‰ Ã ÏŸ ÷Èœ ‚Y‰ Ã ÏŸ ÏÈÁ œ ˙ " ‰ Ã ÏŸ Yfcnjzott dhtvz Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez byabybnbd cktle/ob[ ukfujkjd. ∫ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∂ XXXXXX ı¯‡Ï ‰ÏÂÚ ÒÈ¯Â· ®‡ WWWWW W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∞ 235 W w ¹ kW WWWW WWWW U WWWW W WWWW W W W WWWW h c ÆÌÎ˙Ú„ ‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÒÈ¯Â· Ï˘ ‰ÈÚ·‰ ÏÚ ‰Ê ÌÚ ‰Ê ÂÁÁÂ˘ Gj,tctleqnt lheu c lheujv j b yfgbibnt cdjt vytybt. ®· Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt. ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Æ∑ ‰ÂÂ‰ Æ¯ ÆÈ Æ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs. ®‡ Æ∏ h h h h ÌÈ¯ÙÒ ÈÏ· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ®· U W 5U t U W W WK KW 9% U U.kk c U² U U UJc W W W U 9kk W W U Uc UQ][`V\]`RU © ® U W U U W U Vh ¹ Q V² E R K K Kh ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∞ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h h h h Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ 236 Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®‚ h WZ h W[ Hfp,tqntcm yf gfhs b j,celbnt erfpfyye/ yb;t ntve. ∫˙Â‚ÂÊ· ÂÁÁÂ˘ ®„ h hh °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÌ˙È‡ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ „ÈÏ ÂÓÒ Â‡ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®‡ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bkb gjvtnmnt ufkjxrjq nt ghtlkj;tybz> c rjnjhsvb ds cjukfcys. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∞ 237 WmX WZ W m W[ Jm W\ mX W] m W^ W X W_ WX W` W Wa W X Wb W X WZY ÆÌ˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ ‡˘Â· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ≥ „ÂÚ ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt lheu lheue tot nhb ghtlkj;tybz j rybuf[ b pfntv pfgbibnt b[. ®· Æπ ÌÈ·¯· Ú„ÂÈÓ ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ´ ÏÎ Æ±∞ ÏÎ+ ceotcndbntkmyst c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. W QR W ‰ ‰ ‰ ‰ m‰ ÏÎ Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰˜ÒÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á·Â Â‡¯˜ W W ! W ! W ! WZ W W ! W ! W ! W[ W W ! W ! W ! W\ W W ! W ! W ! W] ®‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∞ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ghjxnbnt b ds,thbnt ghfdbkmysq dsdjl. 238 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∞ 239 W W ! W ! W ! W^ W [YVZY U W ! W[Y ! W [Y ! W_ W W ! W ! W ! W` W W ! W ! W ! Wa ∫ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt b pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz% ®‡ Æ±± TÏÎ °øÔ˙È‡ ˙‡ ¯ÈÎÓ ‡Ï ÈÓ ˙Â¯ÂÁ·‰ ÏÎW W W ___ U W ___ W ___ Wkk ___ h U___ Ds,thbnt yfb,jktt gjl[jlzott jgbcfybt . ∫‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó ÈÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®· c W .9EkE W W W ÆÌÈ·¯· ÌÈÚ„ÂÈÓ ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ´ ÏÎ ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÔ˙È‡Ï ‰ÓÂ„ ‡Ï Â‡ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰¯ÂÁ· ÏÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ Â·˙Î ®‚ Yfgbibnt hfccrfp j vjkjljq ;tyobyt> gj[j;tq bkb yt gj[j;tq yf . Bcgjkmpeqnt ÏÎ + ceotcndbntkmyst c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ QPUP R ÆÔ«¯Á ⁄ ‡Ã Ô«¯Á⁄Ã‡ ÏÚÃ½Â Ô«˘‡X Ô«˘‡X ÏÃÚ ¯Ó«‡ Õ Â½ QR ·È·œÀÁ Ô«¯Á⁄‡Ã Ô«¯Á⁄‡Ã ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∞ 240 ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ Uhfvvfnbxtcrfz cdjlrf ÏkÀ ÏÎ+ ceotcndbntkmyjt d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt TÏÎ WZ TÏÎ ÏÎ+ ceotcndbntkmyjt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt TÏÎ ÏÎ+ ceotcndbntkmyjt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt Ukfujk cjukfcetncz c ceotcndbntkmysv% ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∞ 241 W[ ∫ÌˆÚ‰ Ì˘Ï ÌÈ‡˙Ó ÏÚÂÙ‰ W W W W W\ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ghbkfufntkmyst Ukfujks k Â Uk df;ysq#fz 9U9 uhtxtcrbq#fz © U ® © ® bpevbntkmysq#fz - U gjcktlybq#zz ghbukfiftn> ghbukfifnm U j,(zcyztn> j,(zcyznm 5 U 5 ghtrhfoftn> ghtrhfofnm U lj,bnmcz ecgt[f> ghtecgtdftn> ghtecgtdfnm QmR U xedcndetn> xedcndjdfnm / U/ yfxbyftn> yfxbyfnm QmR º U º gjybvfnm> gjyznm Hfpyjt djn rfr... # nfr Xnj ckexbkjcm* , 3? h* Ceotcndbntkmyst vtczw ufptnysq htgjhnth ,eleott cjnjdsq ntktajy ktnj Cktyu nfr ct,t QWR cfl # gfhr ?? QWR² QWR ² U QWR² QYWWR¹ QWR² E "UQWR ! ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf ±∞ byntkktrnefkmysq#fz QWR9% U QWR9% ,tu nhecwjq gjcnvjlthybcncrbq#fz abkjcja gjgekzhysq#fz QKR/k ² QYWWRkP EU/k kE QWRkkU QWRkk QKR.9EkEU.9EkE ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú gjckt 242 Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ V UUc Vjhajkjubz% Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - hbabkm ( ) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott dhtvz b byabybnbd Ghbvth% Cbynfrcbc% ÏÎ ´ ceotcndbntkmyjt dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz ÔÈÓÊÓ :‫דוגמה‬ ‰ÈÓÊÓ ÔÈÓÊ‰Ï t T ÏÎ Ghbvth% ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Gjckt ckjdf ÏÎ, ceotcndbntkmyst dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt dctulf egjnht,kz/ncz c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv. ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∞ 243 c ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰ ÏÎ :‫דוגמה‬ W ÏÎ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ c QZ Æ‚ Æ· ±± ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¯‡ Ã Â„ ³ aÃ Æ± /? ? / * k ² E 95 ¯ÈÂ µ Â‡ ¯‡ Â„ k l © k · ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∞≠±± ¯ÎÊ· ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Xbckbntkmyst ve;crjuj hjlf 11-20 P $E ¯◊ − ÚÀ ‰˘È − ˘ ! ¯◊ − ÚÀ ‰ÀÚ·Ÿ˘ ! ¯◊ − ÚÀ ‰ÀÂÓ ³ ˘ " ¯◊ − ÚÀ ‰ÀÚ˘ " ˙ ! ÌÈX◊ " ÚŒ Z_ Z` Za Zb [Y ¯◊ − ÀÚ „Á Ã ‡ Ã ¯◊ − ÀÚ ÌÈÕ˘ " ¯−◊ÀÚ ‰˘«Ï − ˘ " ¯◊ − ÚÀ ‰ÚÀÀaY‡ Ã ¯◊ − ÚÀ ‰˘È − Ó œ Á ⁄ Æ≤ ZZ Z[ Z\ Z] Z^ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 244 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±± 245 ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ¨˙ÂÈÂÏ‚ ¨ÌÈÏÂ· – ¯‡Â„· Crjkmrj gkfnbn yf gjxnt * Æ≥ c$E c c c c c c c c h W W h W W W W² 9E U U W h W h WWWWW c c c c c c c c c h Crjkmrj gkfnbn yf gjxnt ? ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÈÏ Ô˙ ÈÏ Èœ˙ " W WU W h k º h W W h Wkkx hW WWWWW ®‡ 246 a ÌÈ˜¯·Ó ≠ ¯‡Â„· J W W J h J h W 5Ullk U W K h UK K W K K K K h J W WWK W J Crjkmrj gkfnbn yf gjxnt ? c c c c c c c c c h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 247 ®· ˙ÂÏÈ·Á ≠ ¯‡Â„· W W W h W W W W WWWWW c c c c c c c h ˙Â ³ Âa ³ ˘ " Á Œ – ¯‡Â„· hW U W W UUtW Wh W U UU h WP Crjkmrj cxtnjd jgkfxbdftn ? ®„ c c c c c c c c h W U ∫¯‡Â„· ‰ÁÈ˘ „ÂÚ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‰ Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bq lbfkju yf gjxnt% ds [jnbnt gjckfnm gbcmvj> ntktuhfvve bkb ,fylthjkm b jgkfnbnm cxtnf. J,celbnt% gbcmvf> afrcs> ‘ktrnhjyyst gbcmvf% WVUU∫ÏÚ ‰Ê ÌÚ ‰Ê ÂÁÁÂ˘ h hE Â h h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±± ®‡ Æ¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Crjkmrj gkfnbn yf gjxnt h ®‚ 248 øÏÈÈÓ≠È Õ œ‡ Â‡ Ò˜ÃÙ ¨·˙ÎÓ ®· V W U W . lEkEV W VWK U Kc% V kE WV c W aU hV V W klº U W x ¹ U V U xV W9fc U xfc µ W V V UUU U Wk W *x º µx U W hh hV c Jnrelf jnghfdkz/n afrcs* Rnj gjkexftn b[* Rfr ds levftnt> gjxtve k/lb gjcskf/n cjj,otybz gj afrce> f yt gj ‘ktrnhjyyjq gjxnt* ø‰ÓÏ øÏÂ· ÌÚ ‰ÙËÚÓ ÍÂ˙· ·˙ÎÓ Â‡ ÏÈÈÓ È‡ ¨Ò˜Ù øÏ·˜ÏÂ ·Â˙ÎÏ ÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ∫Â·˙Î ®‚ Yfgbibnt% xnj dfv yhfdbncz jnghfdkznm b gjkexfnm* Afrcs> ‘ktrnhjyyst gbcmvf bkb j,sxyst gbcmvf* Gjxtve* ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 249 Yfgbibnt afrc lkz . ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡Ï ÌÈ„ÏÈ È·˙ÎÓ Æ± ÆÏ˙ÂÎÏ Ò˜Ù Ì˙‡ Ì‚ Â·˙Î Æ≤ ®„ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÌÈ·˙ÎÓ· ÌÂÈÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ·Ï ‰ÁÈ˙Ù‰ ÈÈÂËÈ· ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ÆÌÈÈ˘È‡ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓÏ ÂÏÈ‡Â ÌÈÈÏÓ¯ÂÙ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó ÌÈÈÂËÈ· ÂÏÈ‡ Â·˙Î ,@ Ghbdtlbnt d cjjndtncndbt dcnegbntkmyst ghbdtncndbz b pfrk/xbntkmyst ghbdtncndbz d ghbdtltyys[ yb;t gbcmvf[. Yfgbibnt% rfrbt ghbdtncndbz gjl[jlzn lkz jabwbfkmys[ gbctv b rfrbt - lkz kbxys[ gbctv. ÌÈÓÂÈÒ ˙ÂÁÈ˙Ù Pfrk/xbntkmyst ckjdf X Dcnegbntkmyst ckjdf U m m Xm U9 QZ„ÈÁÈ Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz d tlbycndtyyjv xbckt. WWW WWW ˙Ã ‰À ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ c ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ıÚ ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙‚ÂÚ m. ÆÊ f. Æ Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ÌÈÙÂ¯ÈˆÏ ± ¯ÂË· ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ®‡ Ghbdtlbnt d cjjndtncndbt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz d cnjk,wt 1 c dshf;tybzvb d cnjk,wt 2. [ Æμ Z ®· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú f@ ®‡ ®· 250 Crf;bnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz dcke[ b pfgbibnt b[. Æ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ ·¯Ú ÔÂ˙ÈÚ ≠ X :‫דוגמה‬ X X X X X X X X X X X X ÌÈ·¯ ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. WWW ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ÈˆÚ ÌÈ œ ÆÆÆÈ Õ WWW ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙Â‚ÂÚ ˙« ÆÆÆ˙« m. ÆÊ f. Æ Yfgbibnt ajhve vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf. ‰˜ÈÊÈÙ È¯ÙÒœ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ ˙Â·ÈÒÓ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 251 5 ÆÌÈ·¯· Â·˙Î ≠ :‫דוגמה‬ ≠ ®‡ Æ∂ Ghjxnbnt ntrcn b gjlxthrybnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz. Æ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ Â‡¯˜ ®· ÔÂ¯˘ W W W U W W W Uc W W W h h c Rfr ds levftnt> xnj yfgbitn * Rjve jyf gbitn* Æ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ÈÙÂ¯Èˆ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz. ®‡ Æ∑ 5 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 5 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 5 252 Æ‰Ê ‰ÙÈ‡ Â‡ ‰Ê ‰Ó ∫Â¯Ó‡Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®· Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz b jndtnmnt% xnj ‘nj bkb ult ‘nj. U :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÈÂÂ‡ ¯‡Â„W K W W U WP W W W W U W UU WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa ®‡ Q\ Q] ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 253 Q[ QZ ·5 Æ∏ ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt tot ytcrjkmrj cjghz;tyys[ cjxtnfybq. ÏÎÂ‡ Q[ È¯È˘ ÌÈ„ÏÈ Q] ®· QZ ÏÂÈË Q\ Æ˙ÂÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· Â·˙Î ®‚ Bcgjkmpeqnt ghbdtltyyst yb;t ghfdbkmyst cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz lkz pfdthitybz ghtlkj;tybq. X X X X X X X XX c WWWWW W WZ W WWWWW W[ WWWWWWW W U W\ h WWWWWJ W] W WWWWW W^ WWWWWW W_ W WWWWWW Wa W UWWWWW Wb ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W U WWWWW W` 254 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst QWR*k fujhf ! 1#100 itrtkz@ k vfhrf QWRl5 ,jkmybwf#s ² · 5UQWRk5 ,enskrf QWR95%5 gjxnf QYWWRk fdbfgjxnf QYWWR k ,fylthjkm # gfrtn # cdthnjr QWR ltym hj;ltybz QWR 9k cj,frf QWR5 ?U QWR? ntktuhfvvf QWR * gjujlf QYWWR rjydthn QWR jabc QWR*x º rkthr $EU QWR$E hfpujdjh QWRx ¹ ljvfiybt pflfybz !gj ext,t@ QWWR5,9 ¹ gjxnjdsq zobr QWRk · z,kjrj#b 9E UQWR ¶ 9E ¶ jndtn QWR9 º QWWR <ju ¯ÂÚÈ˘ gjcskfnm gj afrce gtht[jlbn> gtht[jlbnm jnghfdkztn> jnghfdkznm % U % kU k º U k Ghbkfufntkmyst * U ® © 9Ul gtxfkmysq#fz 9EU9 E ghjcnjq#fz *%U rjhjnrbq#fz xU º x µ hfljcnysq#fz> cxfcnkbdsq#fz ljhjujq#fz> ljhjujcnjzobq Hfpyjt lfq vyt^ !r ;tyobyt@ lfq vyt^ !r ve;xbyt@ QWRJ · QWRJ º ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 255 ukfujk#s Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt nthvbys Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf EU QWR kE ufp QWR k% U k% QWR/? ntktajyyfz rfhnjxrf QWR% afrc ‘ktrnhjyysq#fz Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ t U Cbynfrcbc% W c Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt d tlbycndtyyjv b vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt> ,tp jghtltktyyjuj fhnbrkz ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙‚ÂÚ ¨ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ıÚ :‫דוגמה‬ ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ˙Â‚ÂÚ ¨ÌÈÊÂÙ˙ ÈˆÚ Hfpyjt% rjkbxtcndtyyst xbckbntkmyst ve;crjuj hjlf Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz [YVZZ c ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ W Q R WQW^ R U U WQW` R WQR W WZ Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz - ‘nj cjxtnfybz lde[ !bkb nht[@ ceotcndbntkmys[> cjcnfdkz/ob[ jlyj gjyznbt. Vt;le ceotcndbntkmysvb ytn ybrfrb[ ghtlkjujd> b vt;le ybvb vjuen ,snm hfpkbxyst cdzpb !cv. eghf;ytybt 5 fkta@. Pyfxtybz hfpkbxys[ ceotcndbntkmys[ d cjghz;tyyjv cjxtnfybb j,sxyj cj[hfyz/ncz> b gj’njve cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq blbjve> pyfxtybt rjnjhjq yt dsdjlbncz bp pyfxtybq cjcnfdkz/ob[ tt ceotcndbntkmys[ !cv. eghf;ytybt 7 fkta@. Blbjvfnbxtcrbt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz vj;yj yfqnb d ckjdfht gj gthdjve ckjde. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±± 256 ±≤ cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÂÂ‰ ÔÓÊ ≠ ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ ≠ ÏÚÙ˙‰ ÔÈÈ· dhtvz ;.h. Æ v.h. ÆÊ ˙˘ aŒÏÃ˙ " Ó œ ˘aÕÏÃ˙ " Ó œ ÆÈ œ ˙Œ Œ Ã ˙ " Ó œ Õ Ã ˙ " Ó tl.x. ˙Â˘ ³ aŸÏÃ˙ " Ó œ ÌÈ˘ ! aŸÏÃ˙ " Ó œ ˙« Ÿ Ã ˙ " Ó œ ÌÈ œ Ÿ Ã ˙ œ " Ó Æ¯ vy.x. + º U + º U E º U · º c øÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì‰ ‰Ó WE º ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≤ 257 W º º W² + º W ¸ + º W ¹ 5 º ®‡ Æ± Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst ajhvs ukfujkjd. Æ¯‰Ó ˙˘·Ï˙Ó Æ¯‰Ó ÌÈ˘·Ï˙Ó Æ¯‰Ó ˙Â˘·Ï˙Ó Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ W ®· :‫דוגמה‬ WWWW WWWW WWWW WWZ WWWW WWWW WWWW W W[ WWWW WWWW WWWW W W\ WWWW WWWW WWWW W W] Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®‚ Dcnfdmnt ghfdbkmyst ajhvs gjl[jlzob[ gj rjyntrcne ukfujkjd. Ï˙ÂÎ· ‰Â˙Á ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h U c W U c W WWWW h c U W c W WWWWUWWWW hWWWW c W 5 c h µ c W c h? c J??WWWWU c 258 cghz;tybt - $wtkst$ rjhyb> ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ≠ ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ ≠ ÏÚÙ˙‰ ÔÈÈ· byabybnbd ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ Byabybnbd Yfcnjzott dhtvz Õ Ã ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ Ô˙ Á Ã ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ ˘aÕÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ ÏÏÕtÃ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ ˘‚U Õ ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ ıÁU Õ ˙ " ‰ œ ÏŸ øÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Ó ÆÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Ó ÈÂËÈ·‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘Â ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚ ¨‰Ï‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[> bcgjkmpez dshf;tybt . hW U c :‫דוגמה‬ ø‰ÈÁ· ÈÙÏ ÏÏÙ˙‰Ï ÌÂ‡˙Ù ‰Óc ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≤ 259 hJ hU c hW Uc hJ[_Uc W c h WZ W[ W\ W] ®‡ Æ≤ Æ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÏÚÙ˙‰· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ „Á‡· ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®· Bcgjkmpeqnt ghfdbkmye/ byabybnbdye/ ajhve ukfujkf d cghz;tybb ÏÚÙ˙‰> d cjjndtncndbb c rjyntrcnjv. W___ W W U ___ WK KV ___ U U W [^ W___ h UW*² V W U___V WZ W[ W\ W] W^ Æ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt. ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ®‚ ‰ÂÂ‰ Æ¯ Æ ÆÈ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 260 ø‰˘ÂÚ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ¨‡·‡ ıÁ¯˙‰ÏV ˘·Ï˙‰ÏV ·˙Î˙‰ÏV °‡T³Â ‡Ï ‰Ê ø‰ÈÚ· ˘È W U U W U W W ÌÈ˘‡‰ ÂÏ·È˜˘ ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ¨ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ¨Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈÂ˘ ÌÈÂ˙ÈÚÏ Â·˙Î˘ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓÏ Ghjxnbnt gbcmvf> gjckfyyst d hfpkbxyst ufptns> b yfgbibnt jndtns> rjnjhst> gj dfitve vytyb/> gjkexbkb k/lb> gjckfdibt ‘nb gbcmvf. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≤ 261 Æ≥ U hW UW\Y WZ U U U W h W W[ U+ U W U º h h W\ U U W W WW h W] Æ¥ ÌÈ¯Ú˘ ‰‡Ó ÏÚ ˙ˆ˜ ®‡ Æμ W W WZa`]V WZbV ZaV W5+ W E W ¬ % W Wk¹® W W W t5 ¹ U [YYYU W W W Uk9 W UUKc ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú U Wkk W c W c W c W W ¸ 262 ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Ø ÔÂÎ ∫Â¯Ó‡Â Â‡¯˜ ®· Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b crf;bnt X d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. W W W W[Y W W W Cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz } ghbkfufntkmyst QZ ‰ ˙ ˙Â Yfgbibnt ghfdbkmyst dshf;tybz hzljv c rf;lsv hbceyrjv. WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` V ¯‡Â˙ Ì˘ ´ ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ ÌÈ ÆÂÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÛÂ¯Èˆ‰ ˙‡ ¯ÂÈ‡ ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙Î ®‡ X X X X X WZ W[ W\ W] W^ :‫דוגמה‬ Ô˘È ÌÈ„ÏÈ ¯ÙÒ ˘„Á ÌÈ„ÏÈ ¯ÙÒ μ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≤ 263 Æ∂ ÆÌÈ·¯· ®‡ ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt dshf;tybz bp eghf;ytybz Q d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf. Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ckjdf b cjcnfdmnt bp yb[ ghtlkj;tybz. :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Ì‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ XX X X X hXX X XX XXXXX X X XXXXX XX XX X X XXX X X X XX XX XX hXX XX X X ®‚ WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Æ± ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≤ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÌÈ˘˜ ‰˜ÈËÓ˙Ó È¯ÂÚÈ˘ 264 ÆÌÈ„ÈÓÏ˙‰ È¯ÂÈ‡ ÔÈ·Â Ì‰ÈÈ· Â˜ ÂÓÒ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó È˘ „ÈÓÏ˙ ÏÎ ÏÚ ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰¯ÂÓ‰ Exbntkm ujdjhbn ldt ahfps j rf;ljv cneltynt. Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le ‘nbvb ahfpfvb b bpj,hf;tybzvb cneltynjd. ø‡Â‰ „ÈÓÏ˙ ‰ÊÈ‡ U PP W W U W W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≤ 265 W W Æ≤ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst QWR djphfcn µ UQWR ¸ lj;lm#b QWR ghfplybr QWR9 cdflm,f QWR µ ;tyb[ ² UQWR nfkbc UQWR © © herf#b QWR ¹ ® tibdf QWR? ytdtcnf ¹ U ¹ ;tybnmcz # ds[jlbnm pfve; QR · º U · º gthtgbcsdftncz> gthtgbcsdfnmcz QR · ?ºU ·?º jltdftncz> jltdfnmcz 5 º U 5º vjkbncz> vjkbnmcz !j@ QmR E º UEº djkyetncz> djkyjdfnmcz QmR+ º U + º regftncz> regfnmcz # vjtncz> vsnmcz + ºU+ º vjtn> vsnm k/Uk ghjljk;ftn> ghjljk;fnm QWR² QWR9 ² © %UQWR ¬ % EUQWR E QWR º vtpepf vbrdf jlby hfp vjkbndf Ghbkfufntkmyst htkbubjpysq#fz vjkjljq#fz pltcm rfr §¥ Hfpyjt xthysq#fz nfr # yfcnjkmrj lj> ght;lt xtv> gthtl cnhfiyj> e;fcyj ?? K*² ©U ¹ ¹ *U + *kwUk º µ w ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≤ Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf gcb[jkju byntkkbutyn#rf QWRkk EU QWRkk E U ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú j,(zdktybt 266 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% t UUc Æ· c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - hbngf’km (E º ) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> yfcnjzott dhtvz b byabybnbd Ghbvth% Cbynfrcbc% Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt } ghbkfufntkmyjt Ghbvth% ˘·Ï˙Ó :‫דוגמה‬ ˘·Ï˙‰Ï t T c ‰·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ ˙¯·Á ¨·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ ¯·Á :‫דוגמה‬ ˙Â·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ È¯·Á ¨ÌÈ·Â˘Á ˙ÒÎ È¯·Á ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz W U WU Ghbkfufntkmyjt> cktle/ott pf cjghz;tyysv cjxtnfybtv> j,sxyj cjukfcetncz c gthdsv ceotcndbntkmysv> yj d ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ - cj dnjhsv. U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≤ 267 :‫דוגמה‬ WZ Æ‚ ‚ ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ W UV h UV W V hV ¢ÌÈ‡È·· ‡˘ − ÂÊ¢ ³ VV Æ± ¢ÌÈ‡È·· ‡˘ÂÊ¢· ÈÓÚ Ï‡ È˘ W EU U WK Kt U U W © W UU W U W K K KW U U UKU K KWK9K K W c W KK V ¶ W U U W W W QZbba UKK R ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‚ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¢‡˘ÂÊ¢· ÌÈÏÎÂ‡Â ÌÈ¯·„Ó ¨ÌÈ¯˘ ¨ÌÈ‚Ó ®‡ 268 Yfgbibnt ldf lbfkjuf> rjnjhst ghjbc[jlzn d% ¢ÌÈ‡È·· ‡˘ÂÊ¢ ∫· ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È˙˘ Â·˙Î ®· W QZ W Q[ J,dtlbnt rhe;rjv ctvfynbxtcrb xe;thjlyjt ckjdj. Æ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó· ÍÈÈ˘ ‡Ï ‰Ó ÂÓÒ XXXX X Æ≤ :‫דוגמה‬ XX XXX QZ XX XXX Q[ XXXX X Q\ X XXXX Q] XXX XX Q^ XXX XX Q_ XXXXX Q` XXXXX Qa XXXXX Qb XXX X X QZY XXXXX QZZ XXX X X QZ[ Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmyjt pfdthitybt. Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Q X X RWÌÈÁÂÏÓ :‫דוגמה‬ QXX RW UVVV QZ Q X X RWVVV Q[ ˜ÒÙ Q X X RW VVV Q\ ÔÓÊ Q X X RWVVV U Q] Q X X RW UVVV Q^ QXXRWVVV Q_ QXXRW VVVU Q` Q XXRWVVV Qa Q X X RWVVV Qb W VVV U QZY QmXXR ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‚ 269 Æ≥ Cjcnfdmnt pfrjyxtyyst ghtlkj;tybz bp yb;tghbdtltyys[ ckjd. ÆÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Æ¥ X XXXXXX QZ XXXX X XX X Q[ XX X XK X XX X X Q\ XXXXXX Q] X X XX X XX X Q^ XXXX X Q_ XX X XXX Q` X XX X XX X Qa XX XXXX X Qb X X X X X XX QZY Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt djghjcs. ®‡ Æμ ø‰ÏÂÚ ‰Ê ‰ÓÎW :‫דוגמה‬ W QZ W Q[ W Q\ W U Q] W Q^ W U Q_ W Q` W Qa W Qb W QZY ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ K K Yfgbibnt tot gznm dkghjcjd b jndtnjd. Æ˙Â·Â˘˙Â ˙ÂÏ‡˘ μ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‚ 270 Ghjxnbnt jnhsdjr b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â Â‡¯˜ ®‡ ø‰¯ÈÈ¯˜ ˙Â˘ÚÏ Â‡ ‰¯ÂÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï c - U* VK- W* t - W- t- U* V U V WVVV W VVV U W W VVV U WVVV VVV W . /! ¬ W U UVVVW W U WVVV VVVW W h W ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰Ï·Ë‰ ˙‡ Â‡ÏÓ Pfgjkybnt nf,kbwe d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‚ 271 ˙ÈËÒÈ¯ÈÈ¯˜ ·¯Ú „Ú ¯˜Â·Ó ˙„·ÂÚ ‚Á·Â ˙·˘· Ì‚ ÌÈÓÚÙÏÂ ®· ‰¯ÂÓ ÌÈÓÈÂ ˙ÂÚ˘ ÛÒÎ ÌÈ„ÏÈÂ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó Æ∂ ±≥ °·ÂË ¯˜Â· W U m hU UmW h µ !U W J9hU U WWUU Yfgbibnt gj[j;e/ ,tctle vt;le b . ®‡ Æ± c c c c c c c c Æ‰È„Â ‡·‡ ÔÈ· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î cghz;tybt> rjhyb nbgf K > ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®· ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – Â¢Ú ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÙ ÔÈÈ· Æ≤ ghjitlitt dhtvz. Æ Ìe˜ÏÀ ÏÀ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ Æ È˙ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ È˙ ! ÓK Ÿ QR ˙ " Ÿ Ã − ˙ " ÓK ˙ Ÿ QR − ÓK ˙ Ÿ QR ‰À À ‰ÓJ À ÌJ eÓK Ÿ Q R e Ÿ ÃŸ Ô˙ Ÿ Ã Ì˙ Ÿ Ã e Ì˙ ÓK Ÿ QR Ô˙ ÓK Ÿ QR eÓJX WU*U µ UUU5c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú e 272 ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ÔÓ Æ≥ ÆÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ‰˜È˙Ú‰ ¯ÈÚÏ ‡· È˘‰ ÌÏ‰ÏÈÂ ¯ÒÈ˜‰ ±∏π∏ ÆÏ‚ŒŸeß‚· ÌÈ˘ ˘ÂÏ˘ ‰TÀ‚ ‰ÈË‚¯‡Ó ‰„ÏÈ ±π±∞ ÆÏ«‚≠‰C ÌÚ ¯·„Ï ÊÈ¯ÙÏ ÒË À ÏÈßˆYß œ ˆ Œ ±π¥¥ Æ·È·‡≠Ï˙ Ô«˙TÀÓ· ÚÂ·˘‰ Âˆ¯ ±∞ È· ÌÈ„ÏÈ È˘ ±π∂μ ÆÔ«˜YÈ‰ ˜¯‡ÃÙ· ÏÂÓ˙‡ ‰¯˘ ‰À«„Ó À ±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤ ÆÌÂÏ˘ ÌÈˆÂ¯ ÂÁ‡ ÈÎ Ï‡¯˘ÈÏ È˙‡· ∫˙‡„‡Ò ±π∑∑ ¯·Ó·Â ÆÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÒW‚ŸŸ«˜Ï ÚÂ·˘ ÈÙÏ Â‡· ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙ ±πππ ¯·Ó·Â· ≥∞ Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Crf;bnt ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b gjnjv pfgbibnt b[. WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW ¯ÂÚÈ˘ WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW ±≥ WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú X WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW 273 WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW Æ¥ ∫Ï˘ÓÏ Æ˙‡Ê‰ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈÏÚÙ „ÂÚ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈË‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì˙‡ ÂÈ˘ÎÚ ®· Ntgthm ds pyftnt cghz;tybt lheub[ ukfujkjd ‘njq uheggs. Yfghbvth% WWWW UWWWWUWWWWUWWWWQRUÈ˙ÊÊQR WWWW UWWWWQ RUWWWWQRUÌˆ UWWWWQR Æ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ·Â ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ· ÂÓÈ‡˙‰Â ®· ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â˘ÙÁ ®‚ Gjbobnt d ckjdfht pyfxtybt ukfujkjd bp eghf;ytybz Q b ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybtv b bkk/cnhfwbtq. W ‰È¯·ËÓ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ®‡ ¨‰¯˜È ‰È¯ ÆÌÏÂÎ ÌÚ ‰Ù È‡ Æ‰È¯·Ë· ÂÁ‡ ÏÂÓ˙‡ ÒË ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ¨‡· ‡Ï Ï‡ÂÓ˘ ˜¯ ¯˜Â·· Æ‰ÏÈÏ‰ ÏÎ Â¯˘ ÏÂÓ˙‡ Æ˙ÏÈ‡Ï È¯Á‡Â ¨ÂÁ ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ· ÆÌÈÏ Âˆ¯Â ÂÓ˜ Æ‰Ù ÛÈÎ ÆÌÈÏ Âˆ¯ ·Â˘ ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ‰ ÆÏÁ¯Ó ˘¢„ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ÆÈÓ˙ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≥ [YYYU ÁÂÏ ¨ÌÂ˜Ï ¨ıÂ¯Ï ¨ÒÂËÏ ¨‡Â·Ï ¨¯Â‚Ï ∫ÌÈÏÚÙ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ Æ¯·ÁÏ ‰ÈÂÏ‚ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt jnrhsnre cdjtve lheue bcgjkmpez ukfujks% U U U U U Æμ ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W 274 ÆÔÂ˙‰ ÛÂ‚· ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∂ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b d lfyyjv kbwt. Æ‰ÙÈÁ· Â¯‚ WWWW WWWWQ R WWWW WWWWQR WWWW WWWWQR WWWW WWWWQR WWWW WWWW W :‫דוגמה‬ WKVK W W W W h W W W W WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb WZY Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Dcnfdmnt ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. U È˙ˆ¯ W W :‫דוגמה‬ W WWWW² WWWWW W WZ WWWWW U W[ WWWWW UWWWWWWWWW W W\ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≥ 275 hUt W] WWWWWJh V W WWWWW W^ WWWW U W_ W Æ∑ ˜³Â¯ È˜Â¯ ³ ®‡ Æ∏ W W W k/ª E W 9 W ÆÏÂÓ˙‡ ‰˘Ú ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ÔÂÙÏË· ¯·ÁÏ ¯ÙÒÓ ˜Â¯ È˜Â¯ ∫Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt% ˜Â¯ È˜Â¯ hfccrfpsdftn lheue gj ntktajye> xnj jy ltkfk dxthf. ÆÆÆ ˘˘· È˙Ó˜ ÏÂÓ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ Æ®¯·Ú ¨¯ÎÊ ¨È˘ÈÏ˘ ÛÂ‚© ÚË˜· ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó· ˙ÂÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ ,@ ®‡ ®· Yfgbibnt ukfujks> dsltktyyst d yb;tcktle/otv ntrcnt d b[ ckjdfhyjq ajhvt !nhtnmt kbwj> ve;crjq hjl> ghjitlitt dhtvz@. Yfqlbnt pyfxtybz ‘nb[ ukfujkjd d ckjdfht b pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb ckjdfvb b dshf;tybzvb> ghbdtltyysvb yb;t. XX X X c XX ˙¯ÈÎÏ ÏÂÈË c c U ˙Â·Â˘Á ˙ÂÏ‡˘· È˙„ hh h U U WWWWWÔÂÏÏ W WWWW‚„ UWWWWÂË˘ W W KÂÙÚKWWWWW W UWWWWÂ·˘ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú f@ Æπ 276 Ï˘ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÈ˘„Á‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯È·ÒÓ Ì˙‡ ÆÌÎÏ ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ „ÈÏ ˙¯ÈÎÏ ÏÂÈË ≠ ÚË˜· ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ®‚ Ds j,(zcyztnt yjdst ukfujks c gjvjom/ ukfujkjd> rjnjhst ds e;t pyftnt. Yfgbibnt byabybnbdye/ ajhve ukfujkjd> dsltktyys[ d jnhsdrt > hzljv c ntvb ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt> rjnjhst dfv bpdtcnys. WWWW WWWW W] W^ ÔÂ„ÏV :‫דוגמה‬ WWWW WWWW WWWW WZ W[ W\ ÌÈ¯„ÂÒ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ Gjhzlrjdst xbckbntkmyst ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≥ 277 ‰V◊ " ŒÚ ˙Á Ã ‡ Ã ‰ À ≠ ¯◊ − ÀÚ „Á Ã ‡ Ã ‰ À … … ÌÈX◊ " ÚŒ‰ À ≠ ÌÈX◊ " ÚŒ‰ À … „Á À ‡ Œ ½Â ÌÈX◊ " ÚŒ‰ À … ‰«˘‡X À ‰ÈÈœ˘ " ˙È˘È ! Ï˘ œ ˙ÈÚÈ œ ·Y œ ˙È˘È ! Ó œ Á ⁄ ˙È˘È ! ˘ ! ˙ÈÚÈ œ ·œ˘ " ˙ÈÈ œ Ó œ ˘ " ˙ÈÚÈ œ ˘ ! ˙ " ˙ÈXÈ◊ ! Ú⁄ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ ≠ Ô«˘‡X Èœ˘ È˘È ! Ïœ˘ " ÈÚÈ œ ·Y œ È˘È ! Ó œ Á ⁄ È˘È ! ˘ ! ÈÚÈ œ ·œ˘ " ÈÈ œ Ó œ ˘ " ÈÚÈ œ !˘˙ " ÈXÈ◊ ! Ú⁄ Æ±∞ ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ‰˙Â‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ‰Ú„ÂÓ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt j,(zdktybt b pfrjyxbnt tuj gj dfitve ;tkfyb/. ®‡ ÛÈÎ Ï˘ ˘„ÂÁ ≠ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ ıÈ˜ ‰ÕÁ ⁄ Ó Ã W W W W m m Æ‰Ó‚Â„· ÂÓÎ Ì‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ ÏÚ ËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡Â ‰Ê ¯Á‡ ‰Ê ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÏÚ ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰ ®· Gjcvjnhbnt yf bpj,hf;tybt> cnjzob[ lheu pf lheujv> b crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybt j rf;ljv bp yb[> rfr d ghbdtltyyjv yb;t ghbvtht. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Æ¯·Á ÌÚ ¯·„Ó È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ˘È‡‰ Æ‰ÈˆËÈ„Ó ‰˘ÂÚ ˙È˘ÈÓÁ‰ ‰˘È‡‰ 10 :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ XX XX Xc X X X ÆÌÈÈÚÂ·˘ Ï˘ ‰Ë‡È„ ÏÚ Â‡ ÌÈÈÚÂ·˘ Ï˘ ‰˘ÙÂÁ ÏÚ Â‡ ÏÂÈË ÏÚ Â·˙Î m U Yfgbibnt j lde[ytltkmyjq gjtplrt> rfybrekf[ bkb lbtnt. Xnj ds ltkfkb d gthdsq ltym> dj dnjhjq ltym... ®‚ ±≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Bcgjkmpeqnt ‘nb ckjdf% 278 ‰Èt«È˙ " Œ‡ ÈBe‰È½ ®‡ Æ±± -² W U · ² ? W º W Â iº W ¶ c t ·w µx W . W W tµx W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≥ 279 U W . W . ² U WQ² ® KKUK Kc R U Zba] QZbbZR K K QZba^ t Zba]R K K W W 9 KK U W W ² KK UZbbZ W55 WKVK W² ² VK t U U W 9 ª WU ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÍÈ¯‡˙‰ ˙‡ ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙Î ®· Hzljv c rf;lsv ghtlkj;tybtv yfgbibnt ghfdbkmye/ lfne> d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ZbbZUZba]VUZba]UZba]UVZYYYc V‰·ÂË ‰˘È‡ W W c W W W Vc h V W U Vc W W W c h Vc W W V W W . ² "xU Vc U c W W W Wc h V W U W Q U R ®‡ Æ±≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb c W W W W U W W W W V 280 Gjlxthrybnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c hfccrfpjv. W W ∫¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÂÎ‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ W W Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs. h Â¯‚ hÂ‡· h ‰Ó˜ U h ‰Á ÂÁ h Ì˘ & Yfgbibnt% xnj ds levftnt j, ‘njv hfccrfpt* Hfccrf;bnt lheu lheue rfre/-yb,elm bpdtcnye/ dfv bcnjhb/ bp ajkmrkjhf. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≥ 281 ‰ ‰ ®‚ WZ W[ W\ W] W^ ø¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ∫Â·˙Î ®„ ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ¯Á‡ ÌÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯ÙÒ ®‰ Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv ‰ ‰ ®· ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ÚÂ„ÈÈ ˙Â˜¯ÈÂ ˙Â¯ÈÙ h U W h h VW W h U W hk% W h U W W W cP c cP c cP c cP c cP c cP ÆÌÈÂ˙ÈÚÂ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ ˙ÂÁ ÏÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Bycwtybheqnt gj[j;bq hfpujdjh j ryb;yjv vfufpbyt. Æ±≥ ‰È¯ËÙ˜· W ‰ W‰ ®‡ Æ±¥ W c W t c W U c ‰·ÂË ‰ÀeÎ˘ " ?/ U W W W W W ¹ ? W UU W U Pfrjyxbnt d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®· m¨¯ÙÒ ˙È·h WZ ÆÔÈÂˆÓ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·c h W[ Æ≤ ®· ÏÈ‚¯˙· ÂÓÎ ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ˙¯Á‡ ‰ÂÎ˘ ÏÚ Â‡ ¯ÈÚ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®‚ Yfgbibnt j lheujv ujhjlt bkb hfqjyt> rjnjhsq ds pyftnt> rfr d eghf;ytybb Q[Q . Rfrbt pfgf[b ds k/,bnt* h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú X ÌÁ Œ ÏŒ‰ Ã ÁÈV Ã Æ˙aÀ˘ × Ÿa ÌÁ Ã Ã‰ ÌÁ Œ ÏŒ‰ Ã ÁÈV Ã ÆÂ˙ − Ò Ÿ Ãa ÌÈÒÈNY œ Ã‰ Ã ÁÈV Ã ÆÌÈÊet œ ˙ × ‰ Ã ÁÈV Ã ≠ ÁÒ Ã ÙŒŸa ÌÈ˘@ ! Á ⁄ Ã‰ ÌÈD‚ÀaŸ‰ Ã ÁÈV Ã Â½ ÆÌÏÀ‹k ÏÃÚ ‰ÏŒÂÚ ³ 282 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks QYWWR. fv[fhcrbq zpsr QYWWR Ut’p QWR hs,f QWR ldthm QWRk lshf ² ² UQWR k vtxnf#ns QYWWR9 ª belfbpv ldbuftncz> ldbufnmcz ktnbn> ktnfnm yfdtofnm> gjctqofnm jnls[ftn> jnls[fnm gjcnbncz> gjcnbnmcz j[hfyznm> cj,k/lfnm lU 9U "U" 9U 9U k º U ² QWR ? ljhjuf QWR? lthtdyz k UQWR kfuthm#z Ghbkfufntkmyst QWRk cfvjktn rjhjkm> rjhjktdf QWR?U QWR nhflbwbz QWR-k drecysq#fz gfkrf#rb ctvbncrbq#fz k%UQWR " ,kbprbq#fz U k%Uk wU · w · QWR?/ wtynh QWR pyfr QWRl º hfqjy> jrheuf ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≥ 283 Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Cktyu l;eyukb eljdjkmcndbt> hfpdktxtybt ? vfhfajy cgjhn gfhr rjyuhtcc QWR9P QWRk* QYWWRkE QWR/E QWR- k Gjhzlrjdst xbckbntkmyst Hfpyjt k. k. dnjhjq#fz © º · nhtnbq#fz ¹ º ¹ º xtndthnsq#fz / / gznsq#fz ¹ ¹ itcnjq#fz ¹ ¹ ¹ ¹ ctlmvjq#fz º º djcmvjq#fz º º ltdznsq#fz ¹ ¹ º ltcznsq#fz .x ¹ .¹x jlbyyflwfnsq#fz ,x º Vx µ ldflwfnsq#fz .x º V.x º ldflwfnm gthdsq#fz ® .x º gthdsq#fz Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% k º ghbdtn !gthtlfdfnm ghbdtn r.-k.@ Q RK 9E?k Qjv Rbgeh !Celysq ltym@ QmRk · ,jktt !xtv@ QKR9 gjplyj WK-9U9 gjplybq#zz K c nt[ gjh K ¶ ldtcnb K ¸ Â K $jgthfwbz Vjit$ Ki Â º K $jgthfwbz Ikjvj$ K9 cyjdf> jgznm dxthf ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ tU KUc Æ· c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) > rjhyb nbgf K > ghjitlitt dhtvz Ghbvth% ¨È˙¯‚ :‫דוגמה‬ t Cbynfrcbc% c Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv Ghbvth% ˙ÒÎ‰ ˙¯·Á ¨˙ÒÎ‰ ¯·Á :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt c jghtltktyysv fhnbrktv d hjkb gjlkt;fotuj d bvtyyjv ghtlkj;tybb Ghbvth% Hfpyjt% W˙¯„‰ ‰È·‚‰ ˙‚ÂÚ:‫דוגמה‬ Gjhzlrjdst xbckbntkmyst c ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±≥ 284 ±¥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ± Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf m . ‰ÈÈË· …Ï ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±¥ 285 ÈÏœ _ÏÀ ‰ÏÀ ^ÏŸ ³ ÂÏ ÆÈ ÌÎŒÏÀ Ì‰ Œ ÏÀ Æ¯ eÏÀ ÔŒÎÏÀ ÔŒ‰ÏÀ ‰Ù˜ ¨‰Ù˜ ¨‰Ù˜ h2 c W W c h 3 c WU c h® c W c hc Wh c ÛÈÎ· ÌÈ¯‚ Ô‡Î „ÈÂ„Â È˙Â¯ ÌÈ‡·‰ ÌÈÎÂ¯· °‰·ÈÒÓÏ ®‡ WU U W W h hUxW W W h W®%k x U h h JW U U h W©E ¶ h WUU W W Crjkmrj k/ltq yf dtxthbyrt* Æ≤ c c c c cx c c c c c c c c h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰·ÈÒÓ 286 Æ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡Â ‰Ï·Ë· ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰ ®· Gjcvjnhbnt yf nf,kbwe b crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c ghbdtltyysv dsit lbfkjujv. ø‰Ó ÈÓÏ Ô˙ ³Â ÈÓ m ÆıÈÓ ÂÏ ˙˙Â ‡Ï ‡È‰ ÆÏÈË˜«˜ ˜ÈˆÈ‡Ï ˙˙Â È˙Â¯ :‫דוגמה‬ Gjbuhfqnt d buhe $bcgjhxtyysq ntktajy$. Æ¢¯Â·˘ ÔÂÙÏË¢ ˜Á˘Ó· Â˜Á˘ ®‡ ¯e·−˘ ÔÂÙÏË ≠ ˜Á À ˘ "& Ó œ ®· W W W W W W W W U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±¥ 287 Æ≥ … ÂÏ ¨ÍÏ ¨ÈÏ ∫˙¯ÊÚ· Ì˙Â‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b ljgjkybnt b[ WWW UU ®‡ Æ¥ ˜Á À ˘ "& œÓ ≠ ËtÀ˘ " œÓ ÏÎ U V5 ² 5UÍÏ :‫דוגמה‬ WUV ÈÏ UV U · ___ WZ W Uc ___ UU t ___ W[ W Uc ___ U VU © ___ W\ W c5+5 ___ U tU ² E___ W] W c ___ UpostVU___ W^ W c___ UtU · ___ W_ Wt" ___ UtU___ W` Wt ² · ___ ÆÂ˙Â‡ Â˜Á˘Â ‰˙ÈÎÏ Â˙Â‡ Â¯È·Ò‰ ¨®„Á‡ ËÙ˘Ó© ®‡ ÏÈ‚¯˙Ó „Á‡ ˜Á˘Ó Â¯Á· ®· Ds,thbnt jlye buhe bp eghf;ytybz Q > !jlyj ghtlkj;tybt@> j,(zcybnt tt rkfcce b csuhfqnt d ytt. ®‡ W U U ¹ hW W# ? -5 / W U U W W² µ W W W U W59? ! KW ? ¸ 9 , Kc 5 W 9 Kc k/k ® k / k Kc V KW W UU Æμ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ˙È„Â‰È ‰Â˙Á 288 ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ˙ˆ·˘Ó· x ÂÓÒ ®· Cltkfqnt jnvtnre d ye;yjv cnjk,wt> d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. W W W KWWW Kc KWWW Kc W ÌÈÈ„Â‰È ‰Â˙Á È‚Õ‰ ⁄ ŸÓ œ ®‚ V W WK K U U t W W V x 9 t W © ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±¥ 289 Æ‰Â˙Á È‚‰Ó „ÂÚ ÏÚ Â¯ÙÒ Hfccrf;bnt j ljgjkybntkmys[ cdflt,ys[ j,sxfz[. Q\ R ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ¯ÂÈ‡Ï Â˜· Ô˙Â‡ Â¯·ÁÂ ‰Â˙ÁÏ ˙ÂÓÊ‰‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®„ Ghjxnbnt ghbukfitybz yf cdflm,e b ghjdtlbnt kbybb> cjtlbyz/obt b[ c cjjndtncnde/obvb bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ‰¢Ú· ÁÓ ˘ ˘ ‡ ¯ Ï Ú ÌÈ Ï ˘Â¯È ˙ ‡ ‰ Ï Ú ·ÂË ÏÊÓ·Â ·ÂË ÔÓÈÒ· Ô·‰Â ˙·‰ ·˜ÚÈ ‰‡Ï ÌÈ˙Á˙Ó ¨ß‰ ÌÂÈ· ‰¢È‡ ‰Â˙Á‰ ±π∫∞∞ ‰Ú˘· ¨¯ÓÂÚ· ‚¢Ï Ô˙Á‰ È¯Â‰ ‰ÏÈ‚Â ÏÈ‚ °„ÁÈ· ÂÁ‡ ¨Â‰Ê Æ‰Â˙Á· ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ˙Â‡¯Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ ÂÁ‡ μ∫∞∞ ‰Ú˘· μÆμ È˘ÈÓÁ ÌÂÈ· ‰Â˙Á‰ ‰ÏÎ‰ È¯Â‰ WX‰Ú À Â¯ ³ ½Â ‰ÚŒÂ¯ ³ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ . 5 / µ W. ² ® ² U9U² U · º U9U² W · º ±¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Â˙ 290 klk k ® k W* x º 5ll¬ Q\] R Dcnfdmnt WWWU UU d ‘nb ghtlkj;tybz. Æ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· … ¨ ÂÏ ¨ÍÏ ¨ÈÏ ≠ Âˆ·˘ WU ÈÏW :‫דוגמה‬ W___ W WZ W___ W W[ W c W\ h ___ c hK K___ Kc W] hh___ Uc W^ W___ h c W_ W ___ h U W` J U___ h Wa W ___ h ___ Wb W ___ WZY ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±¥ 291 Z\YYUUKK Æ∂ ÈÏ ¨ÈÏ ¨ÈÏ Æ∑ W .V ÈÏÈX œ Ÿt ¨ÈÏœˆÈ Ÿ œÓ ¨ÈÏœŸÈN ¨ÈÏœŸÒÈœa ¨ÈÏœ‚ŸÂ„ ³ V ÈÏÈ œ œÓ ¨ÈÏœŸ³Â¯ ¨ÈÏÈ œ œ‰ ¨ÈÏœÀ‚ ¨ÈÏÚ œ Ë Ã Œ ¨ÈÏYÈ œ !÷ ¨ÈœaÈœÏ ¨˙‡È À œÏ ¨¯Â‡È ³ Ïœ W hPP hKK ² h 9 W PP h tUtUW h U W² / © ² · ÆßÈÏß ÌÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ≥ „ÂÚ Â‡ˆÓ øßÈÏß ÌÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ‰·¯‰ Ï‡¯˘È· ˘È ‰ÓÏ ¨ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó 1. 2. Æ± Æ≤ Yfqlbnt tot nhb bvtyb c PP . Rfr ds levftnt> gjxtve ceotcndetn vyjuj bphfbkmcrb[ bvty c PP ? …Ï ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ Æ∏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs. Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ h h h m h ±¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h 292 øÌ‰Ï ¯ÓÂ‡ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó øÂÏ ˙¯ÓÂ‡ ‡È‰ ‰Ó ø‰Ï ¯ÓÂ‡ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ∫Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt% W Æπ h h h W W W W W °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ‰·‰‡ ¯ÂÙÈÒ h UU c W h U c h c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±¥ 293 W W c h c W c W ‰·‰‡‰ ¯ÂÙÈÒ ÛÂÒ ÆÂ„¯Ù˘ ‚ÂÊ‰ È· ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt hfpujdjh vt;le ‘njq hfccnfditqcz gfhjq. ®· ®‚ ®‡ WW c W W c ®· ÌÈÊÂÙ˙‰ ıÚ „ÈÏ Ult fgtkmcbyjdjt lthtdj* Crf;bnt dcke[ djghjc b jndtns bp nf,kbws. Æ±∞ c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c h Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ˙Â·Â˘˙Â ˙ÂÏ‡˘ Â¯Ó‡ ®· QR øÌÈÈÏÚ‰ ˙ÂÁ ‰ÙÈ‡ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÌÈÈÏÚ‰ ˙ÂÁ ˙‡ ‰‡Â¯ ®‡Ï© È‡ ≠ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W‰ ÆÌÈÊÂÙ˙‰ ıÚ h hW WU hh h W W h W h W h W h W W U W WU ®‡ 294 U Q fR W P ´ Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt !$cvb[en$@ cxbnftncz jghtltktybtv b jghtltktyysq fhnbrkm ´ !gjcktlytt ckjdj d $cvb[en$@ ´ d ytv yt cnbdbncz> tckb $cjvt[$ zdkztncz bvtytv cj,cndtyysv. ‰ l ® 5 UV U5Uc ˙ÂÓ‚Â„ „ÂÚ Æ¯˘Ù‡˘ ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎ· ˙ÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÚ„È ÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Æ±± Dcnfdmnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz d ye;yst ghtlkj;tybz. Ult ‘nj djpvj;yj> cltkfqnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz jghtltktyysvb. X X X X X ∫˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ X W ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È· U :‫דוגמה‬ WWWWW W WWWWW W WWWW WWWWW U WWWWWW Ghjxnbnt ntrcn b gjlxthrybnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz. W˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ Â‡¯˜ WZ W[ W\ W] W^ ®‡ Æ±≤ øÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ·‰Â‡ È‡ ‰Ó QWZbb]V U PR W U W W U[\ U W W U U h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W U W W U W U U U W ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±¥ 295 hPc Æ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· Â‡ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt> xnj dfv yhfdbncz d Bthecfkbvt bkb d k/,jv lheujv vtcnt. ®· ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst csy # vfkmxbr#b U5UQWR5 ljxm # ltdjxrf#b ² 5UQWR5 ,kfujckjdtybt QWR*5 dtom#b .UQWR vtl QYWWR gfhf#s ² 9UQWR9 cdj,jlf # rfybreks QWR ² rjkmwj QWR 5 wthtvjybz#b UQWR # ,hfxysq rjynhfrn QWR59? elfxf> cjpdtplbt ² UQWR fdnjvj,bkm QWR² j,sxfq QWR buhf QWR º¾ neakz#b> ,jnbyjr#b UQWR gjplhfdkztn> gjplhfdkznm hfccrfpsdftn> hfccrfpsdfnm jcdzoftn> jcdzofnm yfltdftn> yfltdfnm !j,edm@ gflftn> gflfnm lftn> lfdfnm cnjbn> cnjznm pjdtn> pdfnm cvtiyjq#fz 9U ² U QmRE U E QR!U! QR² U² ² EU² QmR · U · ² ² U ² QmR² %U, ² Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf ² U ² {tyyf QWR rjycthdfnbdysq !tdhtq@ / ² U / ² rjrntqkm QWR ®% ² ifvgfycrjt QWR © E ¶ ntjhbz QWR/k © · ‘ujbcn Ghbkfufntkmyst rhfcysq#fz QR,U, ,kfujckjdkztn> ,kfujckjdkznm ±¥ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt nthvbys ve;crjq hjl> ;tycrbq hjl tlbycndtyyjt xbckj vyj;tcndtyyjt xbckj bvz ceotcndbntkmyjt bvz ghbkfufntkmyjt ¯ÂÚÈ˘ "U QWR QWR U ® QWR © QWWR5+ QWR · QWR ² · QWR ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ² ¹ ² UQWR² ,erdf#s 296 Hfpyjt · / fK j,sxyj ?- 5 c <j;mtq gjvjom/ · + 5fK xkty ctvmb QWRE º 5 bltn r... m² $bcgjhxtyysq ntktajy$ !buhf@ 9 µ ² Ehf^ J« Kfu-,f-Jvth !33-q ltym cxtnf jvthf> tdhtqcrbq ghfplybr@ ² 5K cnhjbn !rjve-nj@ ukfprb m ¸¾ ² lfqnt !rjve-nj@ m9 º tckb <jue eujlyj Ns j,hextyf cj vyjq cjukfcyj pfrjye Vjbctz b Bphfbkz Ns j,hexty... K* º¾ ® ¸ Â ? 9 ¸ , K m ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf WWWtm Ghbvth% ÆÆÆ ÍÏ ¨ ÈÏ :‫דוגמה‬ t Cbynfrcbc% Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt d hjkb ljgjkytybz ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±¥ 297 Ghbvth% ÆÌÈÊÂÙ˙‰ ıÚ ˙‡ ‰‡Â¯ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ Cjghz;tyyjt cjxtnfybt> d rjnjhjv dnjhjt ceotcndbntkmyjt - bvz cj,cndtyyjt Ghbvth% c ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È È˘‡ :‫דוגמה‬ c ±μ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ² U² 5 9 U © ª U E © 1 +U U ¹ · ² º¾ Dct ckjdf> gjvtxtyyst cbvdjkjv;tycrjuj hjlf. W QKUKR Crf;bnt> xnj ds dblbnt yf hbceyrf[. Æ± ¢·ÏÕÃa „ÁÀ‡Œ½Â ‰tŒÃa „ÁÀ‡¢ Œ Æ˙ÂÂÓ˙· ÌÈ‡Â¯ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ÆÔÈÚ ‰‡Â¯ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ≤ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 1 298 Æ‰Ó‚Â„· ÂÓÎ ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ ÛÂ‚‰ È¯·‡ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ Æ≥ Crf;bnt yfpdfybz xfcntq ntkf> gjrfpfyys[ yf bkk/cnhfwbz[. Æ˘‡¯‰ :‫דוגמה‬ WWWQ[ WWWQ_ WWWQ] WWWQ^ WWWQ\ WWWQZ ÆÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ· ÌÈ¯ÎÊÂÓ‰ ÛÂ‚‰ È¯·‡ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ ÌÈÏÈ‰˙ ¯ÙÒÓ ÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt cnb[b Gcfkvjd b gjlxthrybnt yfpdfybz xfcntq ntkf> rjnjhst d yb[ egjvzyens. Q`V] KR Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz[% crf;bnt b[ dcke[ b pfntv pfgbibnt. Æ¯ÒÁ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ Æ¥ øÛÂ‚· ˘È ‰Ó ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 299 W WWWW W WWWW W WWWW W WWWW W WWWW W WWWW W WWWW WWWWW W WWWW WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb 2 c W øÌÈÈÏÃŸ‚UÀa ‰Ó Ã h+ 5 J² U² h159 ² ? ¹ ² ¶ º ² WQ9 R. ? - h ∫¯È˘‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ h Crf;bnt b pfgbibnt> d cjjndtncndbb cj cnb[jv% Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf% Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Æμ h h h h UU X h U X h X ÆÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ· ÌÈ¯ÎÊÂÓ‰ ÛÂ‚‰ È¯·‡ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ ÌÈ¯È˘‰ ¯È˘Ó ÌÈ˜ÂÒÙ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt cnb[b bp Gtcyb Gtcytq b gjlxthrybnt yfpdfybz xfcntq ntkf> rjnjhst d yb[ egjvzyens. c QZ^R QZR Q[R ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Q^R Q[R QZZR QZ[R QZ_R c Q_R ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ Q]R 300 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Æ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‚ÏÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ· ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst cktyujdst dshf;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c rjyntrcnjv. Dshf;tybz%X XXVXXX c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 301 4 ¨ÌÈÈÏ‚U Ã Ÿ ‰ÃÂ½ ÌÈÈA È‰ÃÂ½ ‰tŒ‰Ã ∫Ì@À‡ Ï÷ «˙»˘Yaœ Ì‰Õ ÌÈX·E À ‰˘«Ï − ˘ " À Õ‡ ‰˘«Ï ÆÛ‡Ã‰ÀÂ½ ÌÈÈ Ãœ Ê«‡ Ÿ ‰À½Â ¨ÌÈÈÈ Ãœ ÚÕ‰À ∫«˙»˘Yaœ ÌÈ − ˘» " Q R X ÌÈÈÁ À ŸÏe ¯Ë Õ ŸÒ Ã Û‡ Ã ª9 · º ² º ² · º © · º / ² E ² 5 h µ h t E ² t E ² W º ² ? ® ÆÆÆÆÏ ÔÈ‡ Ø ˘È … ÔÈ‡ Ø ˘È …Ï Æ¯ÙÒ È„Ï ˘È Æ¯ÙÒ È„Ï ÔÈ‡ Æ¯ÙÒ ˘È È„Ï Æ¯ÙÒ ÔÈ‡ È„Ï Æ∂ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b gjvtnmnt nj bp yb[> rjnjhjt cjjndtncndetn bkk/cnhfwbb. · ‡ WQ W Q 5 :‫דוגמה‬ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ Æ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ 302 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WZ W Q WQ W[ Q W Q W Q W\ ˙ÂÎÈÈ˘ ÈËÙ˘Ó ®‡ Æ∑ ±μ 303 W Q W Q ¯·Á ‰¯·Á ÌÈ¯·Á ˙Â¯·Á 3 2 ² ˘È ÔÈ‡ 9 6 Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Ghjbpytcbnt ghtlkj;tybz bp yb;tcktle/otq nf,kbws. X X X X ®· X Æ‰·ÂË ‰¯·Á ÈÏ ˘È :‫דוגמה‬ Crf;bnt% xnj e yb[ tcnm b xtuj e yb[ ytn. ÆÌ‰Ï ÔÈ‡ ‰ÓÂ Ì‰Ï ˘È ‰Ó Â¯ÙÒ ®‚ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ï‡¯˘È ÔÂ‡ÊÂÓ ÈÙÒÂ‡ 7 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 304 Crf;bnt b pfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz> ghjnbdjgjkj;yst ghbdtltyysv yb;t. ÆÍÙ‰‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ∏ Æ‰¯È„ ÈÏ ÔÈ‡W :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰·ÂË ‰„Â·Ú ÂÏ ˘ÈW W W W W W W` Wa Wb WZY WZZ W h h W W W ‚@‰Â ÛÒÂÈ ÏÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ ®‡ Æπ W W W² W W U E W " ² mU U UU U W W W U W9 m U U W W Yfgbibnt jrjyxfybt ‘njuj hfccrfpf. Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt> xnj ds dblbnt yf bkk/cnhfwbb. Æ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÛÂÒ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®· Æ¯ÂÈˆ· ÌÈ‡Â¯ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Æ±∞ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 305 8 ÌÈ¯ÈÈˆÓ ÌÈ„ÏÈ ®· !W-5 ¶ º « W 9W ?9 W WW W U W WUUUc W UU W W U h W Uc ² 5 W c UW U U U W . © U U U W W W/9 U c W U cKK U ² E U W U W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ c\W_W c]W_W c[WZZ QU¯ÂÈˆ· ÏÓÒÏ ÌÈÏÈÁ˙Ó ÌÈ„ÏÈ c R h Rfrjds hfpkbxbz vt;le hbceyrfvb> cltkfyysvb ltnmvb hfpyjuj djphfcnf* 9 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 306 Æμ≠≤ ÏÈ‚Ó ‰ÏÂÚ ¯„Ò· ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰ È¯ÂÈˆ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Hfcgjkj;bnt hbceyrb gj djphfcne ltntq> rjnjhst b[ yfhbcjdfkb - jn 2 lj 5 ktn. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 307 Ò‡‰ ‰ÎÏÓ ¯ÂÈˆ· ÏÓÒÏ ÌÈÏÈÁ˙Ó ÌÈ„ÏÈc W ®‚ ÂÏÒ¯Ó Ï˘ ÔÓ À ÂÈ‰ ³ Ljgjkybnt lbfkju d cjjndtncndbb c ntv> xnj ÂÏÒ¯Ó yfgbcfk d tuj lytdybrt. ˙ÈÈËÏ ∏∫∞∞ ‰È¯ËÙ˜· ÏÎÈÓ π∫∞∞ ≠ ÒÂ˜¯Ó ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù ±∞∫∞∞ ÁÂ¯‰ ÈÚ„Ó ¥≥±μ ¯„Á ‰‚ÂÈ ±¥∫∞∞ ‰Â˙Á ˙ÈÓÂÏ˘Â ÌÂÏ˘ ±∏∫∞∞ Ë¯ˆÂ˜ ≤∞∫∞∞ ‰·ÈÒÓ ≤≤∫∞∞ ÆÂÏÒ¯Ó Ï˘ ÔÓÂÈ‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ øÔÓÊ ÍÏ ˘È È˙Ó U c h hWc W c m Wc h c mWc hc mc Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le cnjk,wfvb F b D. W W W W W W W Ghjxnbnt hfccrfp b yfgbibnt tuj jrjyxfybt. Æ±± Æ· ¯ÂËÏ ‡ ¯ÂË ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ Æ±≤ W W W W W W W Æ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÛÂÒ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â‡¯˜ Æ±≥ ·ÏÎ‰Â ·‡ Õ Ê‰ Ÿ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W W W h Vc W UVc h Vc WWU Vc ² W d h Vc © -/ ¸ ¶ WWVc _________UU Vc 308 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst e[j> eib yjc ghfdlf ;bdjn cgbyf ntkj djkr> djkxbwf lytdybr cthlwt cbvdjk rheu ukfp#f hjn itz ,tlf # ytelfxf kbybz ujkjdf yjuf#b pe,#s djkjcs ¯ÂÚÈ˘ wtgjxrf> wtgm ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±μ 309 ² UQWR² QWR QWR QWR 5 QWR QWR9 QWR UQWR QWR² ² UQWR QWR QWR9 UQWR QWRE QWR © QWR* QWR ! QWR1 +UQWR ¹UQWR · QWR² º QWR-/ ¸ ¶ ! U" ² «U « QmR² U ² QmR² U ²E ,thtn> ,hfnm hbcetn> hbcjdfnm jndtxftn> jndtxfnm ,jbncz> ,jznmcz Ghbkfufntkmyst lkbyysq#fz Hfpyjt ghb,kbpbntkmyj dyenhb # d pfvtnbnm # j,hfnbnm dybvfybt gjcnfdbk gjlyj;re !d gthtyjcyjv cvsckt@ ldf ujlf 3-5 3² 5 Â µ Â -m µ ¶ º Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf QWR. © cbvvtnhbz eybdthcfkmysq#fz cbvvtnhbxysq#fz Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Cbynfrcbc% ?9U3 ² / 9U / 9 . U. ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Ghbnz;fntkmyst ghtlkj;tybz Ghbvth% ÆÆÆÏ ÔÈ‡ Ø ˘ÈV Æ¯ÙÒ È„Ï ˘Èc c Æ· ±∂ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ± ² ?9 ² Â º Â ² % ² ² 9? * øÈÓÏ ÌÈ‡ œ ˙ " ÃÓ ÈÓ Æ≥ Æ∂ D cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv j,(zdktybq> crf;bnt> rnj rjve gjl[jlbn b gjxtve. ®‡ Æ≤ Æ± Æμ Æ¥ Æ‰ÓÏÂ ÈÓÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ÈÓ ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Æ‰‰Â·‚ ‡È‰ ÈÎ ¨®μ ¯ÙÒÓ© ‰¯ÈÚˆÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ®≥ ¯ÙÒÓ© ‡ÙÂ¯‰ :‫דוגמה‬ Yfgbibnt tot ldf $gthcjyfkmys[$ j,(zdktybz. 1 ÆÔÈÎÂ„È˘ ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ È˙˘ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®‚ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 9 310 øÈÓ ‡Â‰ ÈÓ ∫‰Ê ÈÓ Â˘Á Ljuflfqntcm> rnj tcnm rnj% Æ≤ ®‡ - ©U ¹ ² %² EU9 $U k U 9 W W WZ W9 W W W[ WW W\ W W W W] W WWW W^ W W W W_ … ˘È …Ï ∫˙È·˙‰ ÌÚ ®‡ ≠· ˙Â„ÈÁ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ Cajhvekbheqnt pfuflrb d eghf;ytybb !‡> bcgjkmpez gjcnhjtybt … ˘È …Ï % ®· Æ˙ÂË˜Â ˙ÂÓÂÁ ÌÈÈÈÚ ˘È ‰ÊÈÏÂÓÏ :‫דוגמה‬ Yfgbibnt tot ldt pfuflrb.Æ˙Â„ÈÁ È˙˘ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®‚ ÆÌÈ·‰Â‡ Ì˙‡˘ Â‰˘ÈÓ Â¯‡˙ ®„ Jgbibnt rjuj-kb,j bp nt[> rjuj ds k/,bnt. ÌÈÚœ·ÀˆŸ ®‡ Æ≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∂ 311 ² ² ² © ² µ 9 ² ? ² 2 Pfgjkybnt nf,kbwe. Æ‰Ï·Ë‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ W W kl® WWW WWW kl? WWW WW $l® WWW 5l WWW WWW l® l WWW WWW WWW k© k k k? k WWW WWW WWW WWW WWW WWW *k º l k µ l WW ø®È‡ Ú·ÃŒˆ ‰ÊÈ‡© È‡ ÈÓ W UU W9 ² U W © W² 5UU W* ² /² UU W U U W V % U W T W² ² U U W T W ² Crf;bnt dcke[ b pfntv yfgbibnt - rfrjuj wdtnf ‘nb akfub* ®· Æ¥ WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa ∫‰Ï‡ ÌÈÏ‚„· ˘È ÌÈÚ·ˆ ‰ÊÈ‡ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æμ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 3 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∂ 312 ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz. Æ‰ÓÂ„‡ :‫דוגמה‬ WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW WWWWW ² · WWWWW WWWWW Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs. Æ∂ Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Æ∑ hXXX h X h X °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∂ 313 ÆÌÈÚ·ˆ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÂËÈ·Â ÌÈÓ‚˙Ù ÏÚ ˙ÂÒÒÂ·Ó‰ ˙Â˜·„ÓÏ ˙Â‡ÓÒÈÒ ˘ÂÏ˘≠ÌÈÈ˙˘ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt tot ldf bkb nhb kjpeyuf-yfrktqrb yf jcyjdt gjujdjhjr b dshf;tybq> bcgjkmpe/ob[ wdtn. 4 ÆÛ¯ÂÁ ¨ÂÈ˙ − ŸÒ ¨ıÈ˜ ¨·È·œ‡ À – ‰˘· ˙Â ³ ³ÂÚ Ú·¯‡ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le yfpdfybzvb dhtvty ujlf b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf% ®‡ Æ∏ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÂÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ hh ∫‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ÂÈ˙ − Ò Ÿ ®· W W U ² W ² 9* E U W W W W U W W ?U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙ÈÂÂ˙Ò W V Wt ·ˆÁ 5 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∂ 314 c W U c W µ t Æ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ È˘· Â‡ Ï‡¯˘È· ¨‰ÙÂ¯È‡· ≠ ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ ÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ Yf jcyjdfybb ntrcnf crf;bnt> ult ujdjhzn ‘nb ghtlkj;tybz - d Tdhjgt> d Bphfbkt bkb b nfv> b nfv. WW W J W J W W W W WW WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` ÆÛ¯ÂÁ Â‡ ıÈ˜ ¨·È·‡ ≠ ˙¯Á‡ ‰ÂÚ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®„ Yfgbibnt j hfpkbxys[ dhtvtyf[ ujlf - j dtcyt> j ktnt> j pbvt. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∂ 315 WUW ÌÈ„ÏÈ ¯È˘ W² ² U ! W² ? µ µ W.² E² ² U² º ² 9 W. © 9² 6 Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ghfdbkmyst yfpdfybz wdtnjd. ˙ÂÏÂ„‚Â ˙ÂË˜ ˙ÂÓ ³ ÏÈD Œ UW ÆÌÈ˜Â¯È Â‡ ÌÈÓÂ„‡c WWWWWc U WWWWWc WWWWcUWWWWc U WWWWWc U UWWWWc U WWWWWc 9 Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf% ÌÈÚœ·ÀˆŸÏÃ ˘W & ŒÚ ¯È˘ ! W©9 ² µ ® ² 59 ² © W ² ® 99² W² 9² ® 9 U² ® 9 ¸ ² ¸ ² 9² µ ® W² µ ® 9 ² 1. 2. Rfrbt wdtnf egjvbyf/ncz d gtcyt* Yfgbibnt cj,cndtyye/ gtcy/ j wdtnf[. h WZ W W[ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú X 316 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst QWR dtcyf Ukfujks QYWWR ptvkz # gjxdf QYWWR jujym gjlcyt;ybr !hfcntybt@ QWR ² UQWR cdtxf#b jctym QWR µ dhtvz ujlf> ctpjy QWR² wdtn#f UQWR [jkjcnzr #ytpfve;yzz ;tyobyf QWR © +UQWR © + ljrnjh # dhfx QWR ² UQWR ² ds,bhftn> ds,bhfnm cjjndtncndetn> ² U ²5 º U º cjjndtncndjdfnm QWR² rjytw Ghbkfufntkmyst ² U ² 9U9 *.%U. *U* U º µ dscjrbq#fz ybprbq#fz ghj[kflysq#fz [eljq#fz Wdtnf njkcnsq#fz 9U9 9U ® ² © U 9U ² 59U ² rjhbxytdsq#fz ptktysq#fz ,tksq#fz abjktnjdsq#fz ;tknsq#fz ntvgthfnehf Cktyu ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∂ 317 cbvgfnbxysq#fz> ‘aatrnysq ¹ U ¹ Hfpyjt lf;t !d dsh. lf;t jyf crfpfkf@ d ‘njv ujle lheu lheue gjxnb Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf lbktvvf ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 9 µ ? nfrcb QWR QWR*9-E QWR% ² gfyr QWR $ E UQWR$ E rjvveybpv QYWWR ² 9 frfltvbxtcrbq#fz U ‘rjkjubxtcrbq#fz ² ² U ² ² ,kjylby#rf ² 5U ² 5 ktufkmysq#fz U vjrrj QYWWR ±∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ· WZ W U W9 ¶ © ¹ ¶ U 9/ U º ? W ¹ ¹ V µ E cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ ≠ ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ ≠ ÏÚÃÀt ÔÈÈ· ghjitlitt dhtvz ·«˙ÎŸÏœ « Ÿ Ïœ Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ È˙ ! ·Ÿ˙ × kÀQR È!˙ Ÿ Ã À " Ÿ Ã À ˙ − Ÿ Ã À ˙ ˙·Ÿ˙ × kÀ QR − ·Ÿ˙ ˙ × kÀ QR ‰À Ÿ À Ã À ‰À·˙ " kÀ ·˙ × kÀ e Ÿ Ã À »·Ÿ˙ × kÀ Ì˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ Ô˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ e Ÿ À Q R Ô˙ ·Ÿ˙ × kŸQR Ì˙ ·Ÿ˙ × kŸ e·˙ " kÀ QR X ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ? ?c h? ? 1 U 5U UU c U¶U+ © © U ©U ¶ UU UU UU!U U UEU UUU ¶ U U U!*U µ *U* U E U U µ U µ µ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∑ 318 Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙¯Âˆ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve ukfujkf. W ‰˘‚Ù QXX X R Q X XX R QXXX R QX X X R QX XX R Q X XXR Q XX X R Q X XXR QX XXR Q XX X R Q X XX R Q X XXR Q XXX R QX XXR Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW ¯ÂÚÈ˘ WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW ±∑ WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WWWW 319 WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW Æ≥ WWWW WWWW WWWW ®‡ WWWW WWWW :‫דוגמה‬ hWWWWU Z hWWWWU W[ hWWWW W\ h WWWWU W] hWWWW W^ hZ[cYYVWWWWU W_ W WWWW U WWWW W` WWWW Wa WWWWW U h WWWWU Wb U WZY WWWWW W WWWW WZZ WWWWW U WZ[ Pfgjkybnt nf,kbwe ukfujkfvb d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. X Æ≤ 2 Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÂÊ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ „ÂÚ Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt dcke[ b yfgbibnt lheubt bpdtcnyst dfv ukfujks ‘njq uheggs d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. ÆÆÆ˙„·Ú ¨È˙„·Ú :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÂÊ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ¯‡˘ ÂÓÎ ¨¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÒÂÚÎÏ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ Crf;bnt # yfgbibnt ukfujk d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb> f nfr;t lheubt ukfujks ‘njq uheggs. UWWWWUWWWW UWWWWQRUWWWWQRUÈ˙ÒÚÎQR WWWWWXUWWWWQRUWWWWQRUWWWWQ R ®‡ hU U c W« U W c h c W c h c W U W c h c h W W c h c W U W W c h U9 c W U 5 U hJ c W m U U h c W W c W U c ² U W c W W W W WU c 3 Æ¥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÁÏÓ‰ ÌÈ· ‰˘È − ‚œtŸ 320 Bc[jlz bp lbfkjuf> yfgbibnt> rnj xnj cltkfk. Æ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÈÓ Â·˙Î W ÈÒÂÈÂ È¯Â‡ ¨ÏÁ¯ ®· :‫דוגמה‬ W WWWW WZ W WWWW W[ W WWWW W\ W WWWW W] W WWWW W^ WWWWW W_ W WWWW W` W WWWW Wa WWWWW Wb W WWWW WZY W WWWW WZZ W WWWW WZ[ W WWWW WZ\ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz. WWWW WWWWQR W Æμ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ˘„Á‰ ¯È˘‰ ˙‡ ˙·‰‡ Æ˘„Á‰ ¯È˘‰ ˙‡ ‰·‰‡ ‡È‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∑ 321 WWWWQR WWWW WWWWQR WWWWQR WWWW WWWWQR WWWW WWWWQ R WWWWQR WWWWQR WWWWQ R WWWWQR WWWWQR WWWWQR WWWWQR WWWW WWWWQR WWWW WWWWQR WWWW WWWW WWWWQ R WWWWQR WWWWQR W W W W W W W h W W h W WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb WZY WZZ WZ[ 4 Q[[KR ÔÂÏÈÓ Ì˘ ˙‡Â ¨®¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· „ÈÁÈ ¯ÎÊ È˘ÈÏ˘ ÛÂ‚© ÂÏ˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ËÙ˘Ó· ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙‡ˆÓ˘ ÏÚÂÙÏ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó· ·Â¯˜‰ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ ¯·Î Ì˙‡˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯Ó Â¯Á· ÆÂ˙¯ÊÚ· ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ·Â˘ Â·˙ÎÂ f@ ,@ Æ∂ ®‡ ®· Gjlxthrybnt ukfujk d ghtlkj;tybb b crjgbheqnt tuj ckjdfhyjt jghtltktybt !tlbycndtyyjt xbckj> ve;crjq hjl> nhtnmt kbwj> ghjitlitt dhtvz@ b ajhve byabybnbdf. Ds,thbnt bp cgbcrf e;t bcdtcnys[ dfv ukfujkjd nfrjq> rjnjhsq ,kb;t dctuj gj cvscke r ukfujke> yfqltyyjve dfvb d ckjdfht> b gthtgtibnt ghtlkj;tybt> bcgjkmpez ‘njn ukfujk. Ukfujks% X X XX Xc Â Q W :‫דוגמה‬ ÛÂ˘ÁÏt !d ckjdfht@ Û˘Át !,kb;fqibq ukfujk@ ‡ÂˆÓÏt Q !yjdjt ghtlkj;tybt@Æ‰˜È˙Ú ¯ÈÚ Â‡ˆÓ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡ÈÎ¯‡‰V !bya.@ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ WWWW WWWW WWWW Q W WZ WWWW Q W h h W 5 W[ W\ W] W^ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∑ 322 ÁÏÓ‰ ÌÈ ˙ÂÏÈ ³ ‚œÓ Ÿ ®‡ Æ∑ Zb]`VWE W W+9² UK UWK c WKU W U E º U U U9² W K WK U W ² W* U W W¸ ² ² ² ©/² UW% 5 Í˘ÂÁ È·· ¯Â‡ È· ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙ÏÈ‚ÓÓ ÚË˜ * W W · U Uk ² ² ² ² Â d c Â W U K Uhd h h .² U d ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W W U W U ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∑ 323 Q^R 6 Jndtnmnt / !dthyj#yt dthyj@ d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Ø ÔÂÎ ÂÚ ®· W[YYY W c W c W _]V W W U Â W Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt djghjcs. W WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Æ∏ :‫דוגמה‬ ø˙ÂÏÈ‚Ó‰ ˙‡ ¯˜Á ÈÓ ˙˘ÂÁ‰ ˙ÏÈ‚ÓÓ Û„ Ghjxnbnt jnhsdjr b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ÚË˜‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æπ ˙˘ÂÁ‰ ˙ÏÈ‚Ó 7 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W % ² P « Zb__ W cWWWW WWWWWW© WWWW c W W WWWWc W P U WWWW W W c WWWW W c P U^cYYV U W WWWWW WWWWW U WWWWW WWW 324 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÀkÈÊœ ÆÈ„Ï Ô« Ú ÔÂÏÁ‰ Ï È˙·˘È Â Ï Ô«¯ÀkÈœÊ „ È Î ÆÈ˙·˙ ÌÂ‡˙Ù À  À Ù Ï ‰ À Â Ô«¯tÈÚœ ÛÂÒ Â‰Ê ‰ Ê œ È k À ÆÔ«¯ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈ„ÏÈ QcR ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∑ 325 8 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst cjrhjdbot> pfgfc#s cdtn {hfv pjkjnj gkz; # ,thtu ntvyjnf cdbnjr gtothf [hbcnbfyby#rf vtlm dcnhtxf Ukfujks ² ² UQWR² ² ² UQWR² QWR% 5 QWR QWR ² QYWWR ¸ ² QWR QWR* QWR. © ² UQWR.² QYWWR ¸ ² QWR µ E bccktljdfnm pkbncz> cthlbnmcz yf[jlbn> yf[jlbnm ghbdjlbnm d gjhzljr hjlbnmcz gjvjuftn> gjvjufnm Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf bcnjhbr QWR ² /² U QWR² ² abkjkju QWR² ² U QWR² ² afynfpbz QWR© rjvveyf QWR 9² ,jujckjd # ntjkju QWR² ² UQWR · ² ² · Ghbkfufntkmyst «U « *U+ gkj[jq # pkjq#fz QWR© / ² byajhvfwbz ecnfksq#fz ² U" ² QR² U ² ? ² U ² U © U ² QmR² U ² Hfpyjt gtirjv y.’. !j lfnt@ ±∑ tUUEc Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz gffkm (E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> ghjitlitt dhtvz Ghbvth% 9 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% E 5 * ÆÆÆ ˙·˙Î ¨È˙·˙Îc c Æ· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ldt nsczxb 326 ±∏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ± Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf . ‰ÈÈË· Ï˘ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ ÈÏœ˘ ÍÏÀ˘ ^ÏŸ˘ ‰ÏÀ˘ ÂÏ˘ ÆÈ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 327 eÏÀ˘ ÔÂ˘È ³ Ïœ W ‰À ˘ È½ ˙Â ³ ˘ È½ W Ô˘ ÈW ÌÈœ ˘ È½ W ÔÎŒÏÀ˘ ÌÎŒÏÀ˘ ÔŒ‰ÏÀ˘ Ì‰ Œ ÏÀ˘ Æ¯ WQ R ÆÌ‰Ó μ Â·˙Î Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ Æ≤ Crf;bnt ghtlkj;tybz bp nf,kbws. Yfgbibnt 5 bp yb[ !gjvybnt> xnj ceotcndbntkmyst b ghbkfufntkmyst ljk;ys cjukfcjdsdfnmcz lheu c lheujv@. QR ÆÌÈ˘˜ ÂÏ˘ ÌÈÈÁ‰ :‫דוגמה‬ œ Õa ‰cÀœÓ «Ê ¨_ÏÀΔ˘ ÆÌ«„ŸÒ ˙cÃœÓ «Ê ÌÈXŸÓ«‡ ˘È½Â ¨˙È«È – _lÀ˘ ½Â ¨Èlœ˘ ≠ ÈÏœΔ˘ ∫¯Ó«‡ Õ À‰ ÆÌ@‡ÀÀa ˙«cœÓ ÚaY Ã ‡Ã ÆÚ−˘T ¨ÈÏœ˘ – Èlœ˘ ½Â ¨Èlœ˘ ≠ _lÀ˘ Æ„ÈœÒÀÁ ¨_ÏÀ˘ – _lÀ˘ ½Â ¨_lÀ˘ ≠ ÈÏœ˘ ÆıW – _lÀ˘ ½Â ¨_ÏÀ˘ ≠ ÈÏœ˘ › ‡ÀÀ‰ ÌÃÚ ¨ÈÏœΔ˘ QU R W c W 99 c W c WU99 c W9² ² c W^cYY c W V c W © c W.9E c W 5² c² E W K K c WU ® c ®‡ Æ≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÔÁ Õ 328 Æ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚÂ ¨ÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÁ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®· Pflfqnt lheu lheue djghjcs j , b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ø‰Ï˘ ˙„ÏÂ‰‰ ÌÂÈ È˙Ó ≠ :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÏÈ¯Ù‡· „Á‡· ≠ øÔÁ Ï˘ ¯·Á‰ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ¨ÌÎ˙Ú„Ï ÈÓ Â¯Ó‡Â ˙ÂÂÓ˙· ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰ ®‚ Gjcvjnhbnt yf ajnjuhfabb b crf;bnt> rnj> gj dfitve vytyb/> [jxtn ,snm lheujv ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ˙ÂÏÁ˙‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÒÂÙÈË‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®„ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz j rf;ljv bp gthcjyf;tq b ghblevfqnt yjdst ghtlkj;tybz. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 329 m m m m m t WZ m m m m m V² /² E W[ m m m m m V W\ Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf% ®‰ h h h m Yfgbibnt j ct,t bkb j cdjtv lheut. ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‰¯·Á Â‡ ¯·Á ÏÚ Â‡ ÌÎÓˆÚ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ®Â ÆÆÆ ÈÏ˘ ˙„ÏÂ‰‰ ÌÂÈ :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÆÆ ÂÏ˘ ÌÂÏÁ‰ ÆÆÆ ‰Ï˘ Ú·ˆ‰ ˘„Á ÌÂ˜Ó Æ¥ W W W U Æ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÏ˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ È·Â ÂÏ˘ ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÔÈ·Â È„ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‡ Hfpsuhsdfybt hjktq% bycwtybheqnt lbfkju vt;le b tuj lhepmzvb b ctvmtq> bc[jlz bp bkk/cnhfwbb. øÍÏ˘ ·˘ÁÓ‰ ‰ÙÈ‡ ≠ :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÔÁÏÂ˘‰ ÏÚ ÈÏ˘ ·˘ÁÓ‰ ≠ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 330 ÆÆÆ ‰Ï˘ ¨ÂÏ˘ ¨ÍÏ˘ ¨ÈÏ˘ ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ Æ‰Ï‡˘‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt # yfgbibnt> rfrjds ,skb djghjcs r ‘nbv jndtnfv. WWV Æμ :‫דוגמה‬ øÍÏ˘ ˙·‰ ˙‡Ê ≠ W UV W UV W UV W WUV ø‰„ÏÈ ¨˙‡ ÈÓ Ï˘ W^ W UV W_ W ?UV W` W+ ² UV Wa W UV ‫הפגישות‬ ?‫של מי החיים האלה‬ WZ W[ W\ W] c ‫שלנו‬ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 331 ‰ÁÙ˘Ó Æ¯ÂÈˆ‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ Lfqnt jndtns d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbtq. ÆÌ‰¯·‡ h ‰‡e À ˘ & Ÿ – Èe˘ & À ®‡ :‫דוגמה‬ h h U h 5 h h² 5h5 h hk h ² h µ 5 h h Â hl h h ˙Â ³ aÀ – ˙aÃ Æ∂ WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb WZY WZZ WZ[ WZ\ WZ] k ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰Â ‰Ï‡‰ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Pflfqnt lheu lheue ‘nb djghjcs b lj,fdmnt yjdst. h h h m ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 332 ÂÈ·‡ ·˜ÚÈ ®‡ Æ∑ W t U t W W t W µ t U c U U U UU UUc Â Â WV · UU² 9U µ U Yfhbceqnt hjljckjdyjt lthtdj Zfrjdf ()W Gjlxthrybnt ghfdbkmyst bynthghtnfwbb gjckjdbw. KW Q fm?R Q f R Q f R ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 333 Q f U f R Æ·˜ÚÈ Ï˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ıÚ ˙‡ Â¯ÈÈˆ ®· ÆÏ¢ÊÁ ÔÂ˘ÏÓ ÌÈËÙ˘ÓÏ ÔÂÎ‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ Qc R¢ÆÌÈœ· À Ÿk Ì‰Õ ÌÈœaÀ ÈÕa¢ Ÿ QZ W W W W W W W W › Ÿa ‡TOœ Ì@‡À Ï˘ › Ó Q R¢ÆÂ Â„È œ ÏŸ˙¢ × Q[ W W W W W W W W À › ‰À˙ − Ó Ã – ‰·ÂË À › ‰˘È − ‡¢ œ Q\ Qc R¢Æ‰·ÂË W W W W W W W W › ˘ › a¢ " ‡œ ÂÊ³ Â˙È Õ Q] QW R¢ÆÂ˙ W W W W W W W W W /9 5 W U © ¬ º W ®‡ Æ∏ ˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ÔÓ‚¯· ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ≠ ¢¯„Ò·¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Â ‰È„ÂÂ˘ ≠ ÔÂÒ¯Ï Ï¯˜ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W W U W U KK U W W ?. ¶ W º 9E W ¶ µ 5*c W U W U U W UU W U$ ² W W W/² U ² / WKEK W + U Kc W W9 KmU Kc KWJhJ Kc Kh UK K UKK c WKK KJ Kc KJ Kc UKJ h K c UK KUKKUK Kc WK9 5K U U W 334 W U W U $ W W² K K U .² W QZbbbUKK R Æ˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ¢Ú‚¯ ˜¯¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÂÓÎ ‡È‰˘ ¨˙È˜ÏËÈ‡‰ ÈÈÏÙ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ÂÁÁÂ˘ ®· Gjujdjhbnt d rkfcct j, bnfkmzycrjq ctvmt Atkkbyb> gj[j;tq yf bphfbkmcre/ ctvm/ KK. ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· Â‡ ¨˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ÔÓ‚¯· ˙ÁÙ˘Ó – ¢¯„Ò·¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· ¨‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ Â¯Ó‡ Æ˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ÈÈÏÙ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó – ¢Ú‚¯ ˜¯¢ ®‚ Crf;bnt dcke[% ult ,skb crfpfys cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz - d ctvmt KK bphfbkmcrjv fyfkjut ctvmb <thuvfy> bkb d ctvmt KK - bphfbkmcrjv fyfkjut ctvmb Atkkbyb* ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W U JUh W W U W U W hW W UV W UV W U h V W W U V WV WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 335 Æ¢Ú‚¯ ˜¯¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· Â‡ ¢¯„Ò·¢ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· ÔÁÏÂ˘Ï ·È·ÒÓ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®„ Hfpsuhsdfybt hjktq% ghblevfqnt lbfkju pf j,tltyysv cnjkjv d ctvmt KK bkb d ctvmt KKW ÆÌÎÏ˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÚ Â·˙Î øÌÎÏ˘ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ÂÊÈ‡Ï Yf rfre/ ctvm/ gj[j;f dfif ctvmz* Yfgbibnt j cdjtq ctvmt. ÆÌÈœ‡ ÌÈÏœÎÕ½Â ‰‡ À ‰y − ‡œ½Â ‰À‡ ‰TÈD ∫Ì@À‡ Ï÷ «˙ŸÚA ÌÈ·È œ ÁY œ ÃÓ ‰˘¿ − ÷ " QW R ®‰ ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ˘È·Î‰ ®‡ Æπ U mUU c 5+ W U W U UK U W U W W UV W U Q WUÊÂ‚‰ ¯Â‡V R Yfgbibnt lheujq hfccrfp. h ÆÆÆ ÌÚÙ ÆÆÆ ˙‡Ê‰ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰ ¨‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰ ¨ÈÂ‡ ÆÆÆ ÌÚÙ ÆÆÆ ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¨ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¨ÈÂ‡ ÆÆÆ ÌÚÙ ÆÆÆ ‰Ê‰ ·˘ÁÓ‰ ¨·˘ÁÓ‰ ¨ÈÂ‡ ∫¯ÂÙÈÒ „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®· ±ππ∏≠· Ï‡¯˘È· ˙ÂÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ‰JÈË œ ŸÒÈË œ Ë À ŸÒ ˙ˆ˜ W 5[Wb Q f RW9 W \WbZb^YV Q9fNRW Z]W]NV W [`WbNV W _W]NV c9 W []W^c² 9 ® W [ZW]c² 9 W [_W_c W [^W\c WZ` Q WZ W[ W\ WZ[^ZbaZ µ " W] W U- àNV W^ W ]]NV W _WZNV W_ Æ˙‡Ê‰ ‰˜ÈËÒÈËËÒÏ ÚÈ‚‰Ï È„Î ÂÏ‡˘˘ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ μ Â·˙Î ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±∏ ®· Yfgbibnt gznm djghjcjd> pflfyys[ lkz gjkextybz ‘njq cnfnbcnbxtcrjq byajhvfwbb. ÆÏ‡¯˘È· ‰˜ÈËÒÈËËÒ ÏÚ ÌÎ˙‡ ˙ÂÈÈÚÓ˘ ˙ÂÙÒÂ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ μ ÂÏ‡˘ Pflfqnt tot gznm djghjcjd j, bynthtce/ob[ dfc cnfnbcnbxtcrb[ afrnf[ ghj Bphfbkm. ®‚ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Xnj ds levftnt j ckjdf[ hf,,b Vtyltkz* 336 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ghbkfufntkmyst Ukfujks edthtyysq#fz> ,tpjgfcysq#fz 95U 95 /9 U /9 Â Â ;tyfnsq # pfve;yzz 9Ul ghjcnjq#fz> j,sxysq#fz /U* pyfvtybnsq#fz ² U ² ² U ;bdtn> ;bnm cgbn> cgfnm ² U · © e,bhftn> e,bhfnm # xbcnbnm ² U# cgktnybxftn> cgktnybxfnm QR+ U + cvttncz> cvtznmcz !yfl@ QR² U ² pfrfyxbdftn> rjyxfnm Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Ceotcndbntkmyst QYWWR 5² qjuehn QWR/9² cgjhncvty#rf QWR /² E UQWR/ ² E f’hj,brf Hfpyjt pltcm Gehbv !ghfplybr@ hfddby ldf xfcf ? .9E 5+ ¶ º ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±∏ 337 QWR+² UQWR, ² ,hfn> ctcnhf> ctcnhs ² U QWR² UQWR ht;bccth QWR5UQWR 5 vzcj QWR µ 5 he,firf QWR9 ghbzntkm#ybwf QWRU ® QWR© cjcel> ,k/lj # bycnhevtyn ?UQWR ? pfyznbz> ext,f QWWR9 juehtw QWRk ceg QWR* dyer> dyexrf QWR UQWR ltleirf> ,f,eirf QWR µ QWR5 nfhtkrf QWR rfhnjirf 9E UQWR ¶ 9E ¶ ujcnm#z ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf Ghbvth% ¸ c ¨ÍÏ˘ ¨ÈÏ˘c Æ· „ ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ ‰Ë˜ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ¨‰ÏÂ„‚ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó h W h W h W h h WU h W W W W h U UW W W d W W W ®‡ Æ± c c ¾ c c ¾ c c ¾ c c c ¾ c c ¾ c c ¾ c h¾ ÆÆÆ Ì‚ ÂÏ ˘È ¨ÆÆÆ ˘È Ô˙ÂÈÏ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò hX XX XX X X X XX XX XX X X XXX X XX XXX X X X X X XX XXµXX XXXXX Æ≤ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ „ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Hfccnfdmnt ckjdf nfr> xnj,s gjkexbkbcm pfrjyxtyyst ghtlkj;tybz. 338 Æ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ Gjlxthrybnt gjl[jlzott ckjdj. Æ≥ ø‰Ê ÈÓ ø‰Ê ‰Ó XX X W XXX XXX X XX X XX XXX X X X ¾ X X X XX X X XX XX X X X X :‫דוגמה‬ W U QZ W Q[ W Q\ W µ Q] W Q^ W Q_ W µ Q` W Qa W Qb W QZY W QZZ ÆË¯ÎÏË ÌÎÏ ÔÈ‡Â ‰˙È·‰ ÏˆÏˆÏ ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ¨˙È·‰Ó ˜ÂÁ¯ ÌÈ‡ˆÓ Ì˙‡ Æ‰Èˆ‡ÂËÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ øÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ®‡ Ds yf[jlbntcm lfktrj jn ljvf b [jnbnt gjpdjybnm ljvjq> yj e dfc ytn ntktajyyjq rfhnjxrb. Xnj ltkfnm* Bycwtybheqnt ‘ne cbnefwb/. W Ë¯Î ÔÂÙ‡ ³ ÏŒŒÙÂ Ã W ÏŒË Œ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú „ 339 hU W UE9 h U h U h W h W W W W W ®· c c c c c c c Æ¥ ÆÏ‡Ó˘ „ˆ· ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó ÈÎ‰ ‰¯„‚‰‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ X XXXf :‫דוגמה‬ XXXXf XXX Xf X X X X f XX¾XX f XX XX ¾ ¾ f. X XXXf XXXXf QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` ÌÈÂÚ˘‰ ˙È· ®‡ WU U W WZbY^V W t W U W W W W U d W U V U W ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ ®· h h h h QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. Æμ Æ∂ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ „ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Gjlxthrybnt yfb,jktt gjl[jlzott jghtltktybt cktdf jn pyfrf hfdtycndf. 340 U c W ®‚ È˙Ú„È ‡ÏÂ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯ÈÏ È˙‡· ‰Ù È˙ÏÎ‡ ¨‰Ù È˙¯‚ ÌÈ˘‡ ‰·¯‰ Æ¯Â‚Ï ‰ÙÈ‡ ÆÌÈ¯·Á ‰·¯‰ È˙˘‚ÙÂ Æ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÏÓÏ ˙ÎÏÏ ÈÏ Â¯Ó‡ °ÌÎÏ ‰·¯ ‰„Â˙ ÚÂÒÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‡Ï È‡Â È˙‡· Æ‰ÙÓ ßıÈ·ÏÒÂÈ ‰˘Ó Ô‰Î Ï‡È„ øÌÈÁ¯Â‡‰ ¯ÙÒ· Ì˙·˙Î ‰Ó ÆÔÈÈÚÓ ÔÂÏÓ· Ì˙¯‚ Ì˙‡ Ì‚ ®„ Ds nj;t jcnfyfdkbdfkbcm d bynthtcyjv jntkt. Xnj ds yfgbcfkb d ujcntdjq rybut* ≠ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó· ‰ÈÈË· Â‡ „¯Ù· ‰˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Ds,thbnt ghtlkju bkb ghtlkj;ye/ xfcnbwe> d ghjcnjq bkb cjghz;tyyjq ajhvt> b dgbibnt tuj d gjl[jlzott ghtlkj;tybt. UUUmUmUmU W ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú „ 341 ÂÏ˘ W Ï˘ :‫דוגמה‬ UW VVV QZ WVVV WVVV WVVV Q[ h VVV Q\ W VVV VVV P Q] WVVV VVV W U Q^ WVVV U WVVVVVV U WVVVVVV U VVV VVV Q_ WVVV W Q` WVVVW Qa WVVV UVVV Qb WU VVVW QZY W VVV QZZ W VVV QZ[ Æ∑ Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· Â¯Á· Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve. X X X X X X X X X X X W‰˜È˙Ú‰ :‫דוגמה‬ WVVV QZ WVVV Q[ WVVV P Q\ WVVV Q] hVVV Q^ WVVVZ_Z[ Q_ W VVV Q` W VVV W Qa WVVV Qb WVVV W QZY ∫˙ÂÓÈ˘¯ È˙˘· Ì˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ÌÈ‡·‰ ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ‰ ˙‡ ÂÈÈÓ Æ¯‡Â˙ ˙ÂÓ˘ ´ ÌˆÚ ˙ÂÓ˘ ≠ ‰È˘‰Â ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ ≠ ˙Á‡‰ ÆÌÈ·¯· ÛÂ¯Èˆ ÏÎ Â·˙Î ÆÛÂ¯Èˆ ÏÎ· ÚÂ„ÈÈ‰ ß‰ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ 2@ 3@ ®± Æπ ®≤ ®≥ Cjcnfdmnt bp cktle/ob[ rjv,byfwbq ckjd ldf cgbcrf% gthdsq cgbcjr - cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz bvty> dnjhjq cgbcjr - ceotcndbntkmyst } ghbkfufntkmyst. Yfgbibnt rf;le/ rjv,byfwb/ ckjd dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. Lj,fdmnt r rf;ljq rjv,byfwbb jghtltktyysq fhnbkm $ ‰ $. c X X XXX9¾X X X XX X X X X XX X X X¾X X PT T ÌÈ¯‚Â·Ó‰ ÌÈÁ¯Â‡‰ ÌÈ¯‚Â·Ó ÌÈÁ¯Â‡ ¯‚Â·Ó Á¯Â‡ PT ·‰Ê‰ È‚„ ·‰Ê È‚„ ·‰Ê ‚„ :‫דוגמה‬ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ „ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 1@ Æ∏ 342 Æ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· Ds,thbnt gjl[jlzott ckjdj. X XXX XX XX XXXX W Æ±∞ ÛÈÈÚ :‫דוגמה‬ WVVV h VVVU WVVV QZ Q[ Q\ X X X X W W VVV X X X X WVVV W WVVV W XX XX Q] Q^ Q_ X XXX XX X X WVVV Q` Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‡ Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. ˙„ÏÂ‰ ÈÓÈ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú „ 343 ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰ Ô‚· ‰·ÈÒÓ ∫≠≠≠ Ô· ‰ÏßÈ„ J WVVV W W UP c WVVVW cP W ¾ c W VVV h VVV cP W W c h h² Á W cP cVVV c W U U h cP U VVV W c W J cP W Æ±± WP U U W W,k WP ÌÈ¯·Á ÌÚ ˜ËÂ˜ÒÈ„Ï ∫≠≠≠ Ô· È„ c c c c c c c c c ÌÈ„Î‰ ÌÚ ÏÂÈË ∫≠≠≠ Ô· Ô„ WVVV W U hh V h W hVVV Wh UVVV W W W h h h h WVVV U WWhh ®‚ c c c c c c c c ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ „ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WVVVW U U Wm U hU W h W W WVVVW U hUVVV h h WVVV U h h h h W WU U ®· 344 Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf. h h h h hh ®· ● ● ● ● ∫˙¯ÓÂ‡Â ˙·˘ÂÁ ÈÂß‚ Ï˘ ‡ÓÈ‡ ®‡ U U U P U U U WWW U U U W ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú „ 345 Ljgbibnt gbcmvj> rjnjhjt gbcfk cdjtq vfnthb. ÈÂß‚ ÆÂÏ˘ ‡ÓÈ‡Ï ÈÂß‚ Ï˘ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®· ÆÆÆ· ¯‚ È‡ Æ¯‚ È‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ ˙Ú„Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ÁË· ˙‡ ¨‡ÓÈ‡ Crf;bnt # yfgbibnt> xnj ds [jnbnt pyfnm j... … ÏÚ ˙Ú„Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ Æ±≤ ±π ¸ ÍÈXˆÀ ‰ÎÈX À ˆŸ ÌÈÎÈX œ ˆŸ ˙ÂÎÈX ³ ˆŸ # mm ÌˆÚ Ì˘ ´ ÍÈ¯ˆ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙Â ³ ÎÕ˘ " h W U ¸W U W W ² $UWE9 U h W W m W# Wm h W W U J W ² W5 ®‡ c c c c c c c h WZ Xnj ye;yj lkz njhnf* W W W W 1 Æ± W W[ Ds,thbnt ldf ghfdbkmys[ ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c lbfkjujv. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±π ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ukfujk } ceotcndbntkmyst ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 346 ∫˙Â˘ÚÏ ÌÈˆÂ¯ Ì˙‡ ‰‚ÂÚ ÌÂ˜Ó· Æ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ≤ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®· Bycwtybheqnt ldf fyfkjubxys[ lbfkjuf. Dvtcnj njhnf ds [jnbnt ghbujnjdbnm% W\W[ WZ Bcgjkmpeqnt ckjdf% U UUUUU UU∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ mUEEU U U U5UU ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â XXX ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ®‡ Æ≤ Lj,fdmnt ckjdf XXX b pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz gj dfitve ;tkfyb/. ÆÏÎÂ‡Â ÌÈÓ ¨Ú·ÂÎ ÌÈÎÈ¯ˆ ÂÁ‡W :‫דוגמה‬ m W mW mW mW h V Â U UUV Wm 9 WZ W[ W\ W] hV Wm UU V ®· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±π 347 Cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf. h h Æ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ h h h ®‚ 2 ÌÈÎ˘ h W h W WU h W U UU U U h W U U t W WW h W Jh Jh9 Æ≥ c c c c c c c c c c c c c h WZ W W[ Xnj ye;yj Ifkjve* Ds,thbnt ldf ghfdbkmys[ ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c lbfkjujv. W ² W Ukfujk } ukfujks d byabybnbdyjq ajhvt ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ÍÈ¯ˆ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ÍÈXˆÀ ‰ÀÎÈXˆŸ ÌÈœÎÈXˆŸ ˙³ÂÎÈXˆŸ mm 3 Æ¥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±π ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W W 348 Ô‚ Ø ‡ÓÈ‡ Ø ‰¯ÂÓ Ø ‚ÂÏÂÎÈÒÙ Ø È‡˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ ≠ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ¯Ó‡ ÈÓ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt> rnj crfpfk ‘nb ahfps - XX X X ®‡ Ô‚ ≠ W :‫דוגמה‬ W W J W W ÈœË À ³Âa‰ Ô‚‰ WZ W[ W\ W] ®‡ Æμ W U U c U W U U c U U W Ì¯ ˙Ú·‚ ¨ÈËÂ·‰ Ô‚· ‰ÓÓÁ E² U UW W W ² 5 .%² U cK K W W hW WK ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W U W ² U W ² 9%d K U W ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±π 349 4 ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ Jndtnmnt d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. h h h Â h h WZ W[ W\ W] ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ ÂÓÒ Yfgbibnt ®· ®‚ X !dthyj#yt dthyj@ d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. W W W W W W W WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` W U P U U ®„ ÆÈËÂ·‰ Ô‚· Ì‰ÈÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î > cneltyn-vfntvfnbr> hfpujdfhbdftn c P > djkjynthjv ,jnfybxtcrjuj cflf. Ghblevfqnt lbfkju vt;le ybvb d ,jnfybxtcrjv cfle. Ghbvth yfxfkf lbfkjuf% c ‫דוגמה‬ ø‰Ê‰ ÁÓˆ‰ Ï˘ Ì˘‰ ‰Ó ÈÏÂ‡ Ú„ÂÈ ‰˙‡ ¨‰ÁÈÏÒc ÆÆÆ Ú‚¯ ˜¯ Æ¯ÙÒ· ˜Â„·Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ È‡c P ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ghbvth jrjyxfybz lbfkjuf. c ‫דוגמה‬ ø‰Ù „Â·ÚÏ ‡Â·Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ‰˙‡ ÈÏÂ‡ øÔÂÎ ¨˙Â˘ÚÏ ‰Ó ‰·¯‰ ‰Ù ˘È ø‰‡Â¯ ‰˙‡c P Æ‰„Â˙ ¨‡Ïc 5 ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±π 350 ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ XXX≠ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt - XXX } ghfdbkmysq ukfujk d byabybnbdt. W W Æ∂ :‫דוגמה‬ W ˙Â˘ÚÏ ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ W WWWW W WWWWWW WWWWW W WWWWWh W WWWW W W U WWWWW WWWWW W WWWWWh WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ıÎ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ∑ Ghjxnbnt hfccrfp j b pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb rjycnherwbtq } byabybnbd ukfujkf bp yb;tcktle/otuj cgbcrf. ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ≤ ¯ÙÒÓ ¢ÛÂÒ¢·Â ± ¯ÙÒÓ ¢ÛÂÒ¢· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ≥≠≤ Â·˙Î ÆÌÈÂ˘ ¢ÌÈÙÂÒ¢ ˘È ¯ÂÙÈÒÏ Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó T ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ Hfccrfp bvttn ldf dfhbfynf jrjyxfybz. Yfgbibnt 2-3 ghtlkj;tybz lkz dfhbfynf 1 b lkz dfhbfynf 2 d cjjndtncndbb c bkk/cnhfwbzvb. Ghbvtybnt rjycnherwb/ } byabybnbd ukfujkf bp cgbcrf. X XÂ X XX X X X c ıÎ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÏÚ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±π 351 ®‡ W W c WWWWU W WWWWUW U W² W UW* WWWWUW² WWWWU W WWWW W 6 ÌÈÂ˘‰ ÌÈÙÂÒ‰ ®· h \ [ Z ÌÈ˘˜ ÌÈÈÁ ®‡ Æ∏ ÍÀk ¯Á Ã Ã‡ ≠ ÌC³Â˜ Crf;bnt> xnj ltkftn W W W] W\W[ WZ Æ‰¯·Á ÌÚ Â‡ ¯·Á ÌÚ ÔÂÙÏË ˙ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Æ¢Ú‚Â˘Ó ÚÂ·˘¢ ˘È ÌÎÏ Ì‚ E dfc nj;t $cevfcitlifz$ ytltkz. Pfgbibnt ntktajyysq hfpujdjh vt;le dfvb b jlybv bp dfib[ lheptq. 7 ®· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±π ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h UUhW UU W W WU W ² W² W U WW ? W W UUW U h W U W W h h W W W WW UU 352 ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ ®‡ Æπ ÌÈ·„˙Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰„Â·Ú ˙ÈœÎ Ÿ Â˙ ³ Æ˙ÂÈ³Á Ã Ã‰ ÔÃ‚ ÈVÚ ⁄ ×˘ ˙‡ Á˙ÂÙ ÈÂß‚ Æ˙³ÂÙTÈßœ‚ÏÂ ÌÈÙ œ ³Â˜Ï ÏÎÂ‡ ˙˙Â ‰È„ ¯˜Â· ∏∫∞∞ ∏∫≥∞ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚· ÁÂ ˙·È˙ ÌÈÈ¯‰ˆ ÆÌÈÊœŸt Ã ÓÈ Ÿ !˘‰ ÌÚ ˙ÏÈÈËÓ ÈÊÂÒ ±≤∫∞∞ ÆÌË À Ât ³ ÂtÈ ³ œ‰ÏÂ ˙Â¯ ³ aŸŒÊÏ ÌÈÓ Ô˙Â Ì‰¯·‡ ±≥∫∞∞ ·¯Ú ÆÌeÈYÂÂOÃ‡· ÌÈÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰¯ÂË¯ÙÓË‰ ˙‡ ˜„Â· ÔÁ ±π∫∞∞ ÆÌÈÙÂ˜‰ ˜¯‡Ù ˙‡ ˙Â˜Ó ÏÁ¯Â ‰È¯ ±π∫≥∞ ‰ÏÈÏ Æ‰ÈYÃ‡Ï ¯ÂÙÈÒ ¯ÙÒÓ Ô˙ÂÈ ≤≤∫∞∞ ÆÌÈ‚„Ï ‰¯˘ ‰ÏÂ˘ ≤≤∫¥∞ ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ÁÂÏ ÌÈÙÂ˜‰ ÈÈÁ· ‰ÁÙ˘ÓÂ ‰·‰‡ ÏÚ ≠ ÏËÈœÏe„ ¯ÂË˜Â„ ≠ ±∂∫∞∞ ˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ È„·ÂÚ ÌÚ ‰ÁÈ˘ ø˙ÂÈ³ÃÁÏ ‰˘ÂÚ ‰˜ÈÊÂÓ‰ ‰Ó ≠ e¯e‚‡¿ ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù ≠ ≤∞∫∞∞ ÌÈ·„˙ÓÏÂ ÌÈË„ÂËÒÏ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ®‡ μ ≠ ÈËÂ·‰ Ô‚‰ ÏÚ ÚË˜‰ Ï˘ Ï„ÂÓ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ ÏÚ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î Æ®‡ π ≠· ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÏÓ ‰ÈˆÓ¯ÂÙÈ‡ Â·‡˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±π 353 ®· Yfgbibnt pfvtnre j pjjkjubxtcrjv cflt d Bthecfkbvt> jcyjdsdfzcm yf jnhsdrt j ,jnfybxtcrjv cflt bp Q 5.Bcgjkmpeqnt byajhvfwb/ bp ljcrb j,(zdktybq d Q 9. ÆÆÆ „ÈÏ ¨˙ÁÓ ˙ÂÎ˘· ¨ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· Æ®‡ π ≠· ‰ÈˆÓ¯ÂÙÈ‡‰ ÈÙÏ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ¨Ì„Â˜ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â·˙Î ®‚ Yfgbibnt ytcrjkmrj ghtlkj;tybq cj ckjdfvb U bcgjkmpez byajhvfwb/ bp ljcrb j,(zdktybq Q 9. ÆÌÈÙÂ˜Ï ÏÎÂ‡ ˙˙Â ‰È„ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ¨˙ÂÈÁ‰ Ô‚ ˙‡ Á˙ÂÙ ÈÂß‚ Ì„Â˜ :‫דוגמה‬ 8 Æ¯˜Â· ÏÎ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Â‡ Ì„Â˜ ÌÈ˘ÂÚ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt> xnj ds ltkftnt rf;ljt enhj bkb . ®„ Æ˘·Ï˙Ó ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â ıÁ¯˙Ó È‡ Ì„Â˜VX :‫דוגמה‬ X X X X X X WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le bkk/cnhfwbzvb b ghfdbkmysvb ghtlkj;tybzvb. W W W W W - ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±π 9 354 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst ktd> kmds ker vjhrjdm pjjgfhr#b bccktljdfntkm ;bdjnyjt nthgtybt gthtw hfcntybt#z uheggf j,tpmzyf verf cjtlbytybt # cdzpm cjctl> cjctlrf vfckj !hfcn.@> vfckf djhjnf ghjuhfvvf # gkfy#s Ukfujks ² *UQWR/ « ghjdthztn> ghjdthznm 5UQWR5 ds[jlbn> ds[jlbnm .UQWR jnrhsdftn> jnrhsdfnm ² UQWR² QWR-#² UQWR"² QWR© QYWWR9 QWRE E UQWR QWR9% QWR² QYWWR# .%UQWR µ # ¸ QWR º UQWR µ ºUQWR ¸ .ºUQWR ¶ ² ² UQWR ² ljk;ty> ye;lftncz Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf frdfhbev ,jnfybxtcrbq#fz ,jnfybrf ubnfhf ;bhfa ubggjgjnfv pt,hf nhjgbxtcrbq#fz rbkjuhfvv ibvgfypt ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ±π 355 Hfpyjt ? yt pf xnj> gj;fkeqcnf !gjckt $cgfcb,j$@ 5 vyjuj> jxtym ² crjhj> tot ytvyjuj ² cyfxfkf # hfymit # dgthtlb ² gjp;t> gjckt> gjnjv ² U ²5 U² ² U · ²E . QWR9/ ª % ² 5U² 5 QYWWR ² 5 QWR* QWR*P QWR² E² E QWR*5 E² U E² QYWWR² $ QWRE ¹ Cbynfrcbc% Hfpyjt% TÍÈ¯ˆ Ghbvth% ‰·‰‡ ÍÈ¯ˆ ‡Â‰c TÍÈ¯ˆ Ghbvth% „ÂÓÏÏ ÍÈ¯ˆ ‡Â‰c c V c ÍÈ¯ˆ } ceotcndbntkmyjt ÍÈ¯ˆ } byabybnbd Æ· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ±π ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs 356 ≤∞ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ „È˙Ú Ø ‰ÂÂ‰ Ø ¯·Ú· ËÙ˘Ó ´ …˘ ´ „È˙Ú Ø ‰ÂÂ‰ Ø ¯·Ú· ËÙ˘Ó ∫ÛÈ˜Ú ¯Â·È„ Æ± Rjcdtyyfz htxm% Ghtlkj;tybt d ghjitlitv # yfcnjzotv # ,eleotv dhtvtyb } ghtlkj;tybt d ghjitlitv # yfcnjzotv # ,eleotv dhtvtyb. Æ…Ï ÚÒÂ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˘‡¯˘ ÆÆÆÏ ÚÒ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˘‡¯˘ ¯ÓÂ‡ È‡ ·˘ÂÁ ‰˙‡ ÂÚ„È Ô‰ Ô˙ÚÓ˘ Ô˙‡ Ô˙ÚÓ˘ Ô˙‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰Ó ˙Â˘„Á ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∞ 357 Crf;bnt dcke[ yt vtymit ltcznb ghtlkj;tybq bp nf,kbws. Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ‰¯˘Ú ˙ÂÁÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ W Z[˘ W ˘ W ˘ W ˘ W E˘ ÏÓÈ Œ œ‚ Æ‡ Ï˘ ˘„Á‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ®‡ Æ≤ Æ≥ W‰˙‡Â È‡VW W c² WU c W W c W c W U c W U c© W² U c W c W c Crf;bnt> xnj rf;lsq xtkjdtr crfpfk j rybut. Æ¯ÙÒ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ˘‡‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ ¯Ó‡ ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®· Æ„ÁÂÈÓÂ ·ÂË ¯ÙÒ ‰Ê˘ ¯Ó‡ È‡Â˙ÈÚ‰ :‫דוגמה‬ XcXJhXWXUX¥¥c QZ W W Q[ hh Q\ w µ 5 58 ,k ¹ ÂE?i* 7k E Â I/ ¹ w µ k µ I l* w µ kI º lI/ ¹ ,® 7lwk w* µ ÂEkI º lI/ ¹ l k ÂE* ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∞ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÚÂ·Ï‚ ¯ÈÓ‡ 358 Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ W c Æ¥ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰ÏÈÏ· ÌÈ„ÁÂÙ ‡Ï Ì‰˘ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ Ì‰ W Byjulf kbxyjt vtcnjbvtybt ljk;yj bpvtyznmcz> tckb ghzvfz htxm pfvtyztncz rjcdtyyjq. W c QZ W c Q[ Wc Q\ W c Q] W c Q^ W c Q_ W c Q` W c Qa Wc Qb W c QZY W U U c QZZ ®‡ ±π∞¥≠±∏∂∞ ÏÕˆY‰ Œ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∞ 359 WZa_Y W WK K W9 · W W ¸# W W ø˙È„Â‰È‰ ‰È„Ó‰ «‡ ÌÈ„Â‰È‰ ˙È„Ó ≠ ‡È‰ ˙‡Ê‰ ‰È„Ó‰ Ê‡ Æμ ÆÂÚ„È ¨Â·˙Î ¨Â·˘Á ¨Â¯Ó‡ Ì‰ ‰Ó ≠ ‰ÓÂ„ ÚË˜ Â·˙ÎÂ ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ÌÈÓÒ¯ÂÙÓ ÌÈ˘‡ È˘ Â¯Á· ®· Ds,thbnt lde[ pyfvtybns[ k/ltq bp cgbcrf b yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq jnhsdjr - xnj jyb ujdjhbkb> levfkb> gbcfkb b pyfkb. U P U PUUPPU PU UU W U ‰ÈÈË· ˙‡ Œ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf ˙‡ Œ . Æ Æ ØÆÊ Æ∂ ÆÊ È˙ ! Â‡ ³ Í˙ − Â‡ ³ ‰˙ − ³Â‡ ^˙ " Â‡ ³ ³ Â‡ Â˙ ³ ÆÈ ÌÎŒ˙ " ‡ Œ Ì˙ − Â‡ ³ Æ¯ e˙ − Â‡ ³ ÌÎ˙³Â‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ‰ÓÏ Ê‡ øÔÎ˙‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· ÔÎ˙³Â‡ ¨ÌÎ˙‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· ÔÎŒ˙ " ‡ Œ Ô˙ − Â‡ ³ øÈ˙Â‡ ·‰Â‡ ‰˙‡ Xnj k/,bn * h ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∞ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h U c W W WW c h h c W Wh c U c W W U W hU c W W v W c 360 Dcnfdmnt ytljcnf/obt ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∞ 361 ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡. ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡ ≠ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ¯˘˜ ÔÈ‡ ®‡ … ˙‡ ¯ÂÎÊÏ hVVV U c WVVV U c W h c hhh c ®± … ˙‡ ÚÂÓ˘Ï hU c WVVV c h W VVV c h c J9 c ®≤ …˙‡ ÁÂÎ˘Ï ¨ … ˙‡ ÏÂ‡˘Ï h c W WVVV cW U U c W U h WVVV ¹ µ ®≥ …˙‡ ÔÈ·‰Ï ¨ … ˙‡ ·Â‰‡Ï WVVV W c hVVV c W WVVV h c ®¥ … ˙‡ ¯ÈÎ‰Ï W U c h W WVVVhh c W U c WVVV VVVUUU c ®μ Æ∑ ¯˘˜ ˘È Æ· ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÈ·Ó ‡Ï ¨ÌÈ¯ÎÂÊ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÚÓÂ˘ ‡Ï ‰ÏÚÓÏ Ì˙‡¯˜˘ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ÆÌÈÈ·ÓÂ ÌÈÚÓÂ˘ ¨ÌÈ¯ÎÂÊ ¨ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ ÔÎ Ô‰·˘ ¨˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î D dsitghbdtltyys[ lbfkjuf[ k/lb yt cksifn> yt gjvyzn>yt gjybvf/n> yt pyf/n. Yfgbibnt lheubt lbfkjub> d rjnjhs[ k/lb> yfj,jhjn> cksifn> gjvyzn> gjybvf/n b pyf/n. øÂ˙Â‡ ˙Â¯ÎÂÊ Ô˙‡ ÆÔÙÏÂ‡‰Ó ÂÁ‡ ¨È‰Ã ∫Ì‰ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰Á ‰¯ÂÓ‰ ÌÚ ’‡ ‰˙ÈÎ· ıÈ˜· „ÁÈ· Â„ÓÏ ÆÔÎ˙‡ ˙Â¯ÎÂÊ ÂÁ‡ ÁË· ¨ÔÎ ∫Ô‰ Dcnfdmnt ytljcnf/obt ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡. ÆÆÆ ¨Â˙Â‡ ¨Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡ ∫ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ∏ øÈ˙Â‡ W hU :‫דוגמה‬ QZ W___ h U Q[ W___ hU Q\ h___ W Q] W ___ W Q^ W___W Q_ W___ W Q` W___ ___ W Qa W___ Qb W ___ W QZY W___W QZZ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∞ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W ___ hU 362 ˙ÂÓ ³ ÂÒY ³ tœ Æ˙¯·ÁÓ· Ô˙Â‡ Â·˙ÎÂ …· Â‡ ¨·ÂÁ¯· ¨ÂÈ„¯· ¨ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· – ˙ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Â˘ÙÁ Æπ ®‡ Gjbobnt htrkfvyst j,(zdktybz d ufptnf[> gj hflbj> yf ekbwf[ bkb ... b gthtgbibnt b[ d cdj/ ntnhflm. ÆÔÈÂˆÓ ˜· – ÈÙœΔÒŸÃk ˜· °°°ÈœÏÈNÀ Ô« aÃÒ ÂÓÎ Ô È‡ ®· ÌÏÂÎ ‡ Â ‰ · È ‰ ˙‡ Ì ‚ ß È  Ò ˘ ‚ ÍÏ ˘È  Ô ø Æ‰Èß‚ Ï ÈÏ È ˘ ‚ °Ô‡Î ‡Â‰Â ¨Ô Æ‰‡È¯·Â ‰ÓÈÚË – ÏÈÏ‚‰ ˙È·‚ ≠ ø·ÕÚT ‰˙‡ Æ·Â‰ˆ‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÍÈ¯ˆ ‡ÏÂ ¨·ÂË „Á‡ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ ˙ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Ï˘ ÌÏÂÚ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∞ 363 U U U K K W U W U W W c W KkK W h hW UkE ¶ W U U U Wk? W U U U U ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ Jnvtnmnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. W W W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] W W W U W U W U QZ Q[ Q\ Q] W m W QZ W Q[ W WK Kc ^ Q\ QZ V Q] Q[ W W W Q\ Q] ø‰·ÂË ˙ÓÂÒ¯Ù ˙‡Ê ‰Ó ®‚ ®‡ c U W W c! ² E W c!* W c² ² ² c W ² c W W W W U c Æ±∞ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®· Xnj jndtnbk rf;lsq xtkjdtr yf djghjc> xnj nfrjt [jhjifz htrkfvf. ÆÆÆ˘ ¯Ó‡ È‡˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ Yfgbibnt htrkfvyjt j,(zdktybt lkz% ∫˙ÂÓÂÒ¯Ù Â·˙Î m UU Q m U U Q m UUQ ®‚ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∞ Æ‰·ÂË ˙ÓÂÒ¯Ù ˙‡Ê ‰Ó ÂÏ‡˘˘ ÌÈ˘‡‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ ¯Ó‡ ‰Ó 364 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Ecnfyjdbnt cjjndtncndbt vt;le ghtlkj;tybzvb b bkk/cnhfwbzvb. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰Â ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ· ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ W W WZ h h h QW fR hu W u J u W[ J QW U fR W W\ W QW fR ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∞ 365 hu W u W Uu W QW R W] ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst cbkf # vjom ujcelfhcndj # cnhfyf ghfdbntkmcndj ghtpbltyn htrkfvf gjregfntkm#ybwf ukfdf ghfdbntkmcndf v’h> ukfdf ujhjlf pf,fcnjdrf kk?UQWRk? QWR QWR µ QWRx ¹ UQWRx ¹ QWRk/ E QWRkUQWR k QWXWR µ 1 QWXWR QWR µ º cjwbjkju gjkbnbr ifvgeym Ghbkfufntkmyst /U * ujkjlysq#fz Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Cke;t,yst ckjdf QWR QYWWR9 · * U QWR!* kkUQWRk QWRk5 QWRkkkUQWRkk k QWR kEUQWR! kE QYWWR² E ¶ [elj;ybr-uhfabr vskj fynbctvbnbpv njyyf#s k?U k crfpfnm pfrhsdftn> pfrhsdfnm k U k pf,sdftn> pf,sdfnm k? º U k gjvybn> gjvybnm WWW ¸ xnj # rjnjhsq ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∞ Hfpyjt yf ‘njq ytltkt jlyf;ls> rjulf-nj l µ E ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú QWR ¬U QWR© cjklfn#rf Ukfujks 366 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf . Ghbvth% Æ· c È˙Â‡ :‫דוגמה‬ t c Cbynfrcbc% Rjcdtyyfz htxm - ghblfnjxyst ghtlkj;tybz-ljgjkytybz Ghbvth% Æ‡· ‡Â‰˘ ¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬ ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz QU R W KWÈ˙„ÓÏKc W„ÓÏ QZ c KW·‰Â‡Kc W·‰Â‡ D ghtlkj;tybz[ c rjcdtyyjq htxm/ dhtvz ghblfnjxyjuj ghtlkj;tybz yt cjukfcetncz c dhtvtytv ukfujkf d ukfdyjv ghtlkj;tybb !d jnkbxbb jn lheub[ zpsrjd> yfghbvth fyukbqcrjuj@. Cv. ghbvths dsit. W Yfcnjzott dhtvz ukfujkf yt egjnht,kztncz. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∞ 367 Q[ Æ‚ ≤± Ukfujk² ©+ byabybnbd ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ÏÂÎ ³ È ÏÚÂÙ‰ Æ± Ï«ÎÈ È‡ ‰˙‡ ‡Â‰ ‰Ï«Î À È½ È‡ ˙‡ ‡È‰ ÌÈÏ«Î œ È½ ÂÁ‡ Ì˙‡ Ì‰ ˙«Ï«ÎÈ½ ÂÁ‡ Ô˙‡ Ô‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WWWWWWWWWW 368 ıÈ˜· ®‡ hW U c m m c h c U U c W W hUJh c W U W c W J² + c Æ‰Ï·Ë‰ ÍÂ˙Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ¥≠· Ï·ÂÈÂ Ô¯ Ï˘ ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÎÒ ®· Gjlsnj;mnt dsitghbdtltyysq lbfkju xtnshmvz ghtlkj;tybzvb bp nf,kbws. W QR ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤± 369 ÆÏÎÈÓ ÔÈ·Â Ô¯ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Â‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Bycwtybheqnt bkb yfgbibnt lbfkju vt;le b . ÆÆÆ ‡Â·Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ˙‡ ¨ÏÎÈÓ ®‚ ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡Â ‡ ¯ÂËÏ ˙ÂÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ˙ÂÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ · ¯ÂË· Â‡ˆÓ Æ≤ Yfqlbnt d cnjk,wt ghfdbkmyjt pfdthitybt ghtlkj;tybq bp cnjk,wf . · ‡ W … ÈÎ U W … ÈÎUZ[cYY W … ÈÎU W W W W … ÈÎU … ÈÎU … ÈÎ U … ÈÎU Æ„Â‡Ó ¯‰Ó ¯·„Ó ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ¯ÓÂ‡ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ÔÈ·‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï ˙‡ :‫דוגמה‬ ®‡ Æ≥ °‰Ê‰ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¨ÈÂ‡ u u ¯ÂÚÈ˘ u u u u u ≤± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WU K5K W W W h h2 W\]^_Z[\ hW U W U W\]^_Z[\ W W 370 Jnvtnmnt ghfdbkmyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c hfpujdjhjv. Æ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÂÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ÂÏÈ‡ ÂÓÒ W W\]^_Z[\ W W ¯ÙÒÓ· ˙eÚË À ®· m h h W h W W U u u u u u u u ÆÏ‡¯˘È· ÌÈ¯·Á Ï˘ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ‰Ó ±¥¥ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ· ÂÏ‡˘ ®‚ Cghjcbnt d cghfdjxyjq ntktajyyjq cke;,t 144 yjvthf dfib[ lheptq d Bphfbkt. ÆÆÆ Ï˘ ¯ÙÒÓ‰ ‰Ó ÈÏ „È‚‰Ï ÏÂÎÈ ‰˙‡c ÆÆÆ Ï˘ ÔÂÙÏË‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ Ï·˜Ï ÏÂÎÈ È‡c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤± 371 ˜Â˘· ‰ÁÈ˘ ÏÎ· ÌÈÂ˜‰ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ ÏÎ‡Ó ‰ÊÈ‡ ÏÚ Â‡ˆÓ Æ˜Â˘· ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈÂ˜‰ ÔÈ· ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ∫‰ÓÈ˘¯·˘ ÌÈÏÎ‡Ó‰Ó ˜ÏÁ· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ Æ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â Æ¥ ®‡ Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub vt;le gjregfntkzvb b ghjlfdwfvb yf hsyrt. Yfqlbnt d rf;ljv lbfkjut ghjljdjkmcndtyysq njdfh> bynthtce/obq gjregfntkz> b cjjndtncnde/obv j,hfpjv ljgjkybnt lbfkjub. Bcgjkmpeqnt yfpdfybz ghjljdjkmcndtyys[ njdfhjd bp ghbdtltyyjuj yb;t cgbcrf. U xUU U U U h W c Wc hc m U UU c hU‰ÈÁËc W‰ÈÁË‰ÈÁË ËÏÒ W c :‫דוגמה‬ ®± h W WW h m 9 5U² -² UUUU hUVVV WVVVVVV W U u u u u u u ®≤ u u u u u u ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú h W W W h m UU UU hUVVV WVVVVVV W W 372 ®≥ h W W W h m UU UU hUVVV WVVVVVV WU Bycwtybheqnt fyfkjubxyst lbfkjub. u u u u u u ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÁÈ˘Ï ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁÈ˘ „ÂÚ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®· Æ¢ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï¢ Ø¢ÏÂÎÈ¢· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ¨ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ· ÌÈ˘‡‰ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt> xnj ujdjhzn k/lb yf bkk/cnhfwbz[> bcgjkmpeqnt ÏÂÎÈ Ø ÏÂÎÈ ‡ÏÆ :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤± 373 Æμ Pflfqnt lheu lheue cktle/obt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. ÆÂÚÂ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ h X h X h X h X h X h X h X h X Æ∂ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa h Æ‰T−◊ ‰T−˘ ÁÃÓÕ−◊ ¯È!˘ ¨ÁÃÓÕ−◊ ¯È!˘ ‰T−˘ ‰T◊− ÆÔ‚ÃÃa ÏAÀ‚ Ï«„À‚ ÔÀ‚@ ¨Ô‚ÃÃa ÔÀ‚@ ÏBÈœ‚ ÔÀ ‚Ã ÆÌÈX‰⁄ÓÃÓŸ‰ÃŸÓ ‡¿ Èœ ‡⁄ Æ˘ÁÀÀ _˘×À ˘ÁÀÀ U W t WK W W W? K U ² ·K U W WK K $9E K U cK K K U µ U © /cUW 9E ¶ d K K W º WV h Q[ h QZ Æ∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÌÈœÓe„O ˙Â‡ ³ Ÿ 374 QZ`R QZb R Q\ZR Q[\ R Q\R QZZ¦ R QZZ¦ R øÌÈÚÈ‚Ó ÍÈ‡ ÆÌÈˆÈÁ· Í¯„‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒÂ ˙ÂÙÓ· ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰ ¨˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Æ∏ ®‡ Ghjxnbnt lbfkjub> gjcvjnhbnt yf rfhns b yfhbceqnt cnhtkrb> jnvtxf/obt vfhihens. Æ®ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·© ˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒÏ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ÔÂËÏÈ‰ ÔÂÏÓÓ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤± 375 h U W W h Wb W W U? W W x W W u u u u u u ®± ®≤ ÌÈ‰ ÛÂÁÏ ·È·‡ Ï˙· ˙ÈÊÎ¯Ó‰ ‰Á˙‰Ó U u h W] U u h u W V u U U W ² E W W W u W u ®≥ ÆÌ‰ÈÈ· Í¯„‰ ˙‡Â ‰ÙÓ· ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó È˘ ÂÓÒ ÆÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ì˙‡˘ ¯ÈÚÓ ˜ÏÁ Ï˘ ‰Ë˜ ‰ÙÓ Â¯ÈÈˆ ÆÈ˘‰ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ „Á‡ ÌÂ˜ÓÓ ÌÈÚÈ‚Ó ÍÈ‡ ¯‡˙È ‰˙ÈÎ· ¯·Á ®· Yfhbceqnt yt,jkmijq gkfy bpdtcnyjq dfv xfcnb ujhjlf. Jnvtnmnt yf gkfyt ldf geyrnf b vfhihen vt;le ybvb. Jlby bp dfib[ cjextybrjd gecnm hfccrf;tn> rfr gjgfcnm bp jlyjuj geyrnf d lheujq. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÔÙ‚‰ ˙È·Ï ‰ÙÈÁ· ˙ÈÊÎ¯Ó‰ ‰Á˙‰Ó h U u W W u h u U u W W U U W W u WUi u 376 ÆÛÂÒ ÂÏ Â·˙ÎÂ ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt hfccrfp b yfgbibnt tuj jrjyxfybt. ÌÈÓ œ ÎÀÁ ⁄ Ã‰ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È È„ÏÈ ®‡ W U W 9 W h 5Vc W UVc h ___ WVc QUR ÌÎÁ K ‰ÓÎÂÁ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È È„ÏÈ ˙ÓÎÂÁ ®· U W KW xU UUKc W W Kc KJh U Kc WK x QPUR V x ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤± 377 Gjxtve ht,tyjr evty> f ;bntkm Fneys ukeg* ø˘ÙÈË È‡Â˙‡‰ ‰ÓÏÂ ¨ÌÎÁ „ÏÈ‰ ‰ÓÏ Æπ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst cfkfn !hfcntybt@ jib,rf yferf cdtnbkmybr !Vtyjhf@ ghjhjr djlbntkm rjpf> rjps jnhsdjr # cnb[ bltz#b cnfywbz # jcnfyjdrf z,kjrj gtne[> rehbwf 5U QWR5 QWR QWR9 QWR QWR*² QWR U QWR QWR U QWR U QWR $9EU QWR9E ² ² +U QWR² + QWR ¶ QWR9E ¶ QWR ² / U ¶ QWR² / ¶ ² © ? U ² U ² E vjxm pyfnm ghb,sdfnm gjdjhfxbdfnm Ghbkfufntkmyst U ?/U ?/ evysq#fz wtynhfkmysq#fz Hfpyjt QWRV Hfq Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf QWR² -² QWR9 5 QWR² QWR QWR©² E jhtufyj ,fpbkbr ljkkfh dbpf gtnheirf * º¾ 5 Jcnjhj;yj^ J9 ybxtuj 9? yt´ pf xnj !jnd. yf $cgfcb,j$@i Lhtdj Gjpyfybz QWR ifkatq !hfcntybt@ QWR © / Gtcym Gtcytq . ¹ ¹ by;bh> abuf QWR º abybr !ahern> lthtdj@ QWR µ Yfhjl Bphfbkz ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Cbynfrcbc% ² ² U ® ² U ® ² U ® ² © + ukfujk T² ² ®U² U ® ² ®U² © Ghbvth% c Æ‡Â¯˜Ï ÏÂÎÈ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤± ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú zqwj#f Ukfujks 378 ≤≤ Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb - Æ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ· ‰È‰ Æ˙W˘e‡ ŸÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÆÌÈ¯·Á ÂÈ‰ ÆÔ‡Àk ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï© ‡Â‰ ®‡Ï© ‡È‰ ®‡Ï© Ì‰ ®‡Ï© Ô‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰È‰ ≠ ¯·Ú· ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó U :‫דוגמות‬ W W W W W ‰È‚ŸÏŸË Ã Ò Ÿ Â ³ ®‡ W W W U W WK ¸ KW U W U U ¶ 9W U U W W.9 µ U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 379 ÆÌÈ·¯· ≠ ‚ ¯ÂËÂ ‰·˜· ≠ · ¯ÂË ¨¯ÎÊ· ÌˆÚ‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ≠ ‡ ¯ÂË ∫ÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®· Ljgjkybnt d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv% cnjk,tw - ceotcndbntkmyst ve;crjuj hjlf> cnjk,tw - ceotcndbntkmyst ;tycrjuj hjlf> cnjk,tw ceotcndbntkmyst dj vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt. ‚ W m Æ± · W m ‡ W m Æ≤ Ghjxnbnt jnhsdjr dcke[ d yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb. Æ‰ÂÂ‰· ÚË˜‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ ÆÌÈÏÂ„‚ ˙È·· ÌÈ¯„Á‰ Æ‰Ê‰ ˙È·· ÌÈ¯‚ ÈÏ˘ ‡˙·ÒÂ ‡·Ò Yfgbibnt jnhsdjr $yjcnfkmubz$ j lheujv vtcnt. Æ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÚ ‰È‚ÏËÒÂ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î ®„ Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. W Æ≥ :‫דוגמה‬ Æ„¯˘Ó· ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‡Â‰ ÏÂÓ˙‡ W W W. W W W Q` Qa Qb QZY QZZ QZ[ W W µ 9 W W W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ¨ÌÂÏ˘ ‰ÁÏ °Ï·À⁄Á Æ„ÂÓÏÏ È˙¯Ó‚ ÆÌÈÈÂˆÓ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‰ ÆÌÈ„ÓÁ ÂÈ‰ ‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ¯·Á‰ Æ‰ÁÂ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰ÈÈ¯ÙÒ‰ ÆÌÈÓÓÚ˘Ó ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ÌÈ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ ÆÌÈÚË ‰È‰ ‰È¯ËÙ˜· ÏÎÂ‡‰Â ¨˙Â˘˜ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ˙ÂÈÁ·‰ Æ¥ ®‡ ≤∞∞∞ ÈÂÈ ¨˙ÂÈÁ·‰ È¯Á‡ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï È¯Â‡ ‰Á yt nfr k/,bn pfyznbz> rfr È¯Â‡ . Jyf hfletncz rjywe pfyznbq. Yfgbibnt tt gbcmvj. Bcgjkmpeqnt% 1@ ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨ÂÈ‰ 2@ ghbkfufntkmyst – ÆÆÆÆ ¨Ú¯ ¨ÍÂ¯‡ ¨ÔÈÈÚÓ ‡Ï ¨‰˘˜ ≤≤ ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Æ„ÂÓÏÏ ¯ÂÓ‚Ï ‰ÁÓ˘ ‡È‰ ÆÈ¯Â‡ ÂÓÎ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ‰ ˙‡ ˙·‰Â‡ ‡Ï ‰Á Æ‰Ï˘ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î …¨Ú¯ ¨ÍÂ¯‡ ¨ÔÈÈÚÓ ‡Ï ¨‰˘˜ – ¯‡Â˙‰ ˙ÂÓ˘ ®≤ ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰È‰ ®± ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 380 ÌÈ„‚· ˙ÂÁ ≠ ˙ÈÙÈ ˜ÈËea X¬ ¬ X X xX ¹ 9X ?9 X. % X © 5X X X² ?X Crf;bnt dcke[> rfrfz jlt;lf tcnm d vfufpbyt KK. ∫Â¯Ó‡ ø˘·ÂÏ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó ø˙˘·ÂÏ ‡È‰ ‰Ó ø‰˙ÈÎ· ÌÈ¯ÂÁ·‰ ÌÈ˘·ÂÏ ‰Ó ø‰˙ÈÎ· ˙Â¯ÂÁ·‰ ˙Â˘·ÂÏ ‰Ó Crf;bnt% ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 381 Æ˙ÈÙÈ ˜ÈËÂ·· ˘È ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®· ®‡ Æμ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡Ï Ô˙Â‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰Â ÌÈ·¯· Ì‚Â „ÈÁÈ· Ì‚ Ô˙Â‡ Â¯Ó‡ Æ¢ÌÈÚ¢· ÌÈÏÈÓ‰Ó ˙ÂÈÂÎÈÓÒ Â· Æ∂ Cjcnfdmnt cjghz;tyyst cjxtnfybz bvty bp ckjd d $j,kfrf[$> crf;bnt b[ d tlbycndtyyjv b vyj;tcndtyyjv xbckt b ghbdtlbnt d cjjndtncndbt c bkk/cnhfwbzvb. :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ˜ÂÁ¯ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ‰ÚÈÒ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ„‚· ˙ÂÁ· Ô·Â ‡ÓÈ‡ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt lbfkju vt;le vfnthm/ b csyjv d vfufpbyt jlt;ls gthtl gjtplrjq d lfkmybt rhfz. Æ∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 382 ‰˘˜ ‰ÈÚ· ®‡ Æ∏ ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ·Â ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ ®· W W c m W QZ … ‡¿ „Á À Œ‡ Û ‡ Ã h Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le bkk/cnhfwbtq b cjjndtncnde/obv ghtlkj;tybtv. Æ¯„ÂÂÒ ˘·ÂÏ ‡Ï „Á‡ Û‡ :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 383 W W W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ ÌÈÈÎ¢˙ ÌÈÏ„ÒÂ ÏaŒÓ Ÿ ŒË Ú·ÂÎ ®‡ Æπ µk U V U W U$ W U t W W U V lx Uc W k9 . ^YV W9 x º W E² UxV9 º * x º x 9 º K U U c W t K KW U UK U W ² WW ² U t K U W c UU W W K K ¯ÂÚÈ˘ klx ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 384 ∫ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Â¯Á· ®· Ds,thbnt ghfdbkmysq dfhbfyn pfgjkytybz ghjgecrjd d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv% Q XXRQ XR QZ Q XXRQ XR Q[ WQXX R WQXXR UQ XR UQ XRc WQX R QKXR WQEX R Q XRUQXR Q\ Q] Æı¯‡‰ ÏÓÒ ‡È‰˘ ˙¯Á‡ ı¯‡Ó ˙ÂÓ„ Â¯‡˙ ®‚ Jgbibnt gthcjyf; bp lheujq cnhfys> zdkz/obqcz $cbvdjkjv$ ‘njq cnhfys. ÆÈÏ˘ Ú·ÂÎÏ ˙ÂÈÙ ˘ÂÏ˘ ¨˙«ÈœÙ ˘ÂÏ˘ ÈÏ˘ Ú·ÂÎÏ ÆÈÏ˘ Ú·ÂÎ‰ ‰Ê ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨˙ÂÈÙ ˘ÂÏ˘ ÂÏ ÂÈ‰ ‡ÕÏ»Ï ‰‡ˆÂ˙ ÈËÙ˘Ó Ghtlkj;tybz cktlcndbz W ËÙ˘Ó ÔÎÕÏÀ½Â Ø ÔÎÕÏÀ ÔÎÏÂ Ø ÔÎÏ Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈÈÂÈ‚‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 385 U ¨ËÙ˘Ó Gjcnhjqnt kjubxyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjjndtncndbb c nf,kbwtq b crf;bnt b[ dcke[. W W W W W ÔÎÏ U U U U U Æ‰Ù ¯˜ ÔÎÏ ¨˙Ï„‰ ˙‡ Ì˙¯‚Ò ‡Ï:‫דוגמה‬ ®‡ Æ±∞ ÆÔÎÏ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ‰ÈÈ˘ ÌÚÙÂ ÈÎ ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÌÚ ˙Á‡ ÌÚÙ ª˙Â¯Âˆ È˙˘· ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt rf;ljt ghtlkj;tybt d lde[ hfpys[ dfhbfynf[% cj ckjdjv b cj ckjdjv . W W :‫דוגמה‬ W Æ·ÂË ‡Ï Â‰˘Ó ‰ÏÎ‡ ‡È‰ ÈÎ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡È‰ Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘Ï ‰‡· ‡Ï ‡È‰ ÔÎÏ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡È‰ W W º W W W W W QZ W Q[ W Q\ W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤≤ W Q^ W W ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W W Q] 386 øÈ‡ ‰ÙÈ‡ ¨È‡ Æ±± c² W WE W W W.² W c ¸ E c² º E U W UW W c W c U U U W U hU W tW Q U R Gjlxthrybnt ghfdbkmyjt pfdthitybt hfccrfpf. Æ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ W c W W W W W W W W °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÌÈÙÂˆ¯ÙÏ ˙Â·Â˘˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ‡˙‰Â ˙Â·Â˘˙‰Â ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 387 Bycwtybheqnt djghjcs b jndtns> b ghbdtlbnt jndtns d cjjndtncndbt c dshf;tybzvb kbw. JXm h J V Xm h m XWVVV UXW XWVVV h JXmVVV h ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks [frb !pfobnysq wdtn@ rfybreks # jngecr /,rf ‘ktrnhbxtcndj $Bphfbkmcndj$ gjctktybt infys # ,h/rb rehnrf htitybt#z pfgbcrf#b gkfnmt#z © 5 UQWR © 5 QWR$ QWR µ 9 QWR QYWWR º QYWWR9 *ºx QWR µ ² QYWWR QWR kk º EU QWRk º E $ µ EU QWR ¸ E kxU º QWR x ¹ .² U.² cyb;ftn> cyb;fnm Ghbkfufntkmyst U ukegsq#fz> negjq#fz µEU E cdt;bq#fz ©.U. cxfcnkbdsq#fz -¸9U 9 µ elj,ysq#fz kUk <b,ktqcrbq#fz K U ¶ K ¶ cbkmysq#fz Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Cke;t,yst ckjdf ,enbr> vfufpby vjlyjq jlt;ls QWR95 jgnbvbcnbxtcrbq#fz EkU Ek gtccbvbcnbxtcrbq#fz EU E yjcnfkmubz QYWWR © k cdbnth QWR¬ ¬ rfhbrfnehf QWR*9 . vjltkm jgecrftn> jgecrfnm QWR² gj’njve ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤≤ Hfpyjt ybrnj ;fkm $Blbit vfvf$ !tdhtqcrfz vfnm@ KJ K ¸ K ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú regfkmysq rjcn/v 388 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÂÈ‰ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰È‰V Cbynfrcbc% Æ· c Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz Ghtlkj;tybz cktlcndbz Ghbvth% Æ¯ÂÚÈ˘Ï ‰‡· ‡Ï ‡È‰ ÔÎÏ ¨‰ÏÂÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡È‰:‫דוגמה‬ mV Hfpyjt% ckjdj $ybrnj$ Ghbvth% ÆÈ˙Â‡ ÔÈ·Ó ‡Ï „Á‡ Û‡:‫דוגמה‬ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz c ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ U U „Á‡ Û‡ WcUc Ahfpf vj;tn egjnht,kznmcz rfr d ve;crjv> nfr b d ;tycrjv hjlt& jlyfrj> d ckexft ;tycrjuj hjlf vj;yj nfr;t crfpfnm% > Yfghbvth% . ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≤ 389 QZ Æ‚ ≤≥ E cghz;tybt> rjhyb nbgf KU KUghjitlitt dhtvz ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ‰¢Ï ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÃÀt ÔÈÈ· ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®‡ Æ± k ˙«OÏœ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ È!˙ÈJ œ QR È˙È ! œ À "˙È œ À ‰˙ − Ÿ À −˙È œ À ‰À À eÈ œ À Ô˙È œ Ÿ Ì˙È œ Ÿ e Æ ØÆÊ À "˙Èœ JQR ‰˙ − Ÿ J −˙ÈJ œ QR ‰J À eÈJ œ Q R Ô˙Èœ OQR Ì˙ÈO œ QR eJX ÆÈ Æ¯ µ U µ *U*UEUx µ UUUU©U5 c ÆÔ˙ÈO ‡ÏÂ Ô˙ÈJ ¨ Ì˙ÈO ‡ÏÂ Ì˙ÈJ ≠ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ‰ÓÏ Ê‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ·‚Ï ÏÂÈË W W lº k?/? V W U W W ≤≥ ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Æ 390 Yfgbibnt ukfujks d nf,kbwt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ X VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV x VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV Æ¯·Ú· Â˙ÈÈË ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ¨˙«ÚË Ÿ œÏ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ Æ≤ ®· Yfqlbnt ukfujk d ckjdfht b pfgbibnt tuj cghz;tybt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú· ÏÚÂÙÂ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ≠ ÌÈÈÓÚÙ ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· Ì˙Â‡ Âˆ·˘Â ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â‡ˆÓ Yfqlbnt gjl[jlzobt gj rjyntrcne ukfujks b ghfdbkmyj dgbibnt b[ d ghtlkj;tybz ldf hfpf jlby hfp d byabybnbdt b jlby hfp d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. W ˙È˙˘W ˙Â˙˘Ï :‫דוגמה‬ W___W___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W___ W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W ___ h ___ WE ² ___ W___ W ___ W V W U JJ h ___h V W ___U___ ___ W ___ W ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≥ 391 QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa Æ≥ ÔÂÏÈÓ· ˘ÂÙÈÁ Æ¥ Â‡ˆÓÂ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â˘ÙÁ ¨Ì‰Ï˘ ÏÚÂÙ‰ Ì˘ ˙‡Â ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ¨± ¯ÂË· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ Æ≤ ¯ÂË· ¨‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰ÓÏ˘‰‰ ˙‡ Gjlxthrybnt ukfujks d cnjk,wt 1> yfgbibnt b[ ckjdfhye/ ajhve b ajhve byabybnbdf> gjbobnt b[ d ckjdfht b yfqlbnt gjl[jlzott pfdthitybt bp cnjk,wf 2. ≤ W W W W W ± m mU mU m U mU ² ®‡ Æμ ‰˘Ó ÔÈÓÈÂ ÌÈœÀ‡ ⁄ ×˘ ˙«kŸ˘ " Ó œ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Wk º 5 ZbV W$ W W Uw ¹ U WZa_YV k W W V c W 9 W U U W U ² /U º 5W U h W U W W9 9U*kV Za__V W W Wc ZabZV U W ² .² W W 392 Qa R Za_] ÆÌÂÈ‰ Â‡ ÌÚÙ ≠ ËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ „ÈÏ Â·˙ÎÂ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰ÂÂ‰· Â‡ ¯·Ú· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®· Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz[> bcgjkmpez ukfujks d ghjitlitv bkb yfcnjzotv dhtvtyb d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv> b yfgbibnt e rf;ljuj ghtlkj;tybz ÌÚÙt bkb ÌÂÈ‰. ÌÚÙ ÌÂÈ‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W W W U ___ W U ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___ W ___U___ W ___U ___ :‫דוגמה‬ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≥ 393 ÆÌÈ·˙ÎÓ È˘ Â·˙Î W UZa^` W UZaaY Yfgbibnt ldf gbcmvf% 1@ Ds ;bdtnt d Cnfhjv ujhjlt d 1857 ujle b gbitnt Vjyntabjhb j njv> rfr nz;tkj dfv ;bdtncz. 2@ Ds ;bdtnt ytgjlfktre d ‘njv hfqjyt d 1880 ujle b gbitnt Vjyntabjnb ,kfujlfhcndtyyjt gbcmvj. QZ Q[ ®‚ ‰ÏÂ„‚ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ¯ÈÈ˙ ®‡ Æ∂ h W ÌÈ˙Â˘W ÌÈ‡Â¯Â © 5 ÌÈÏÂÚ W ÌÈÂÙÂ UU W ÌÈÂ˜ U ÌÈÂÚW W KÌÈÂ·K ÌÈˆÂ¯ W W W W W ®· ÆÚË˜·˘ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÏÎ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎ· „Á‡ ÌÂÈ Â˘Ú Ì‰ ‰Ó Â¯ÙÒ Jgbibnt> xnj jyb ltkfkb d rf;ljv vtcnt. Bcgjkmpeqnt dct ukfujks bp jnhsdrf. :‫דוגמה‬ ÌÈ„‚· „ÂÚÂ ÌÈ„‚· h U WUUhh h W h W hh W W9 h W U ¹x W h U W h W W h* WW hWKK W Wv ¯ÈÚœÀÏ Ω ‰TÈÚœ‰ À c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c ®‡ Æ∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÆÆÆÏÙÈÈ‡‰ ÏÚ ‰ÏÚ ‡Â‰ ÆÊÈ¯Ù· ‰È‰ È„ 394 Jndtnmnt yf cktle/obt djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c lbfkjujv. ‫יפית‬ Æ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ h h h h h h h h ®· QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ∏ Æ‰ÙÈ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰W :‫דוגמה‬ W W W W W W W W Qb W QZY W QZZ W QZ[ h QZ\ h QZ] W QZ^ W Xbckf ve;crjuj b ;tycrjuj hjlf. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≥ 395 ˙Â‡ ³ ÕÓ ˘˘ ˙Â‡ ³ ÕÓ Ú·Ã˘ " ˙³Â‡ÕÓ ‰Œ³ÂÓ˘ " ˙Â‡ ³ ÕÓ Ú˘ × ˙ " ÛŒÏ‡ Œ ≠ ∂∞∞ ≠ ∑∞∞ ≠ ∏∞∞ ≠ π∞∞ ≠ ±∞∞∞ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa ±∞∞∞ – ±∞∞ ‰‡ À Ó Õ ≠ ±∞∞ ÌÈÈ˙‡ × Ó À ≠ ≤∞∞ ˙Â‡ ³ ÕÓ ˘ÂÏ ³ ˘ " ≠ ≥∞∞ ˙Â‡ ³ ÕÓ ÚÃaY‡ Ã ≠ ¥∞∞ ˙Â‡ ³ ÕÓ ˘Ó Õ Á À ≠ μ∞∞ ÏÈtœ‰ Ã ®‡ W "k W9² d W Wx W E Æπ ÔÂ·˘Á ÈÏÈ‚¯˙ ®· ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â·˙Î Yfgbibnt ckjdfvb% Æ˘ÂÏ˘Â ÌÈÚ·¯‡ ÌÈÈ˙‡Ó ÛÏ‡ Ì‰Ú˘˙Â ÛÏ‡ „ÂÚÂ Ú·¯‡Â ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘ ÌÈÈ˙‡ÓfZYYbT[\] :‫דוגמה‬ f[YYTZYY Q^ fZ^YT_`Y faZYT``` Q\ Q] Crf;bnt dcke[% Rnj ;bk> rjulf b crjkmrj ktn* f^_YT]]Y fb[YT\b^ QZ Q[ øÌÈ˘ ‰ÓÎ ¨È˙Ó ¨ÈÁ ÈÓ ∫Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ Z^Y_VZ]^Z :‫דוגמה‬ ˙Á‡Â ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ ˙Â‡Ó Ú·¯‡ ÛÏ‡· „ÏÂ ÒÂ·ÓÂÏÂ˜ ¯ÙÂËÒÈ¯Î ÆÌÈ˘ ˘ÓÁÂ ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ ÈÁ ‡Â‰ Æ˘˘Â ˙Â‡Ó ˘ÓÁ ÛÏ‡· ˙ÓÂ Zb\]VZa_` ZbabVZbY] Zaa^VZà] Z`bZVZ`^_ Q^ Q_ Q` Qa Zb`\VbaZa Zb`\VZaa_ ZbZYVZa[a Z]\ZVZ]Z[ v QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Æ‰È‰ ‰Ê ÌÈ˘ ‰ÓÎ ÈÙÏ Â¯Ó‡ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ÆÌÈÏÈÓ· ÌÈÎÈ¯‡˙‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®„ Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b crf;bnt ckjdfvb dshf;tyyst xbckfvb lfns> b gjnjv crf;bnt> crjkmrj ktn yfpfl ‘nj ckexbkjcm. :‫דוגמה‬ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· „Á‡· ‰È‰ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ Ï˘ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ÌÂÈ‰ ÆÚ˘˙Ô ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘ ˙Â‡Ó Ú˘˙ ÛÏ‡ WZbZ` 9 ² QZ W[WaWZbZ]V Q[ WZ``_ ]V Q\ WZàb Z]V© 5 Q] WZb]aZ]VQ^ ÆÆÆÈÚÈ˘˙Ï ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ∫ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ Ï·‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú WZWbWZb\bV 396 Æ‰È‰ ‰Ê ÔÓÊ ‰ÓÎ ÈÙÏÂ ÌÂÈ Â˙Â‡· ‰¯˜ ‰Ó ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ¨ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈÎÈ¯‡˙ „ÂÚ Â¯Ó‡ ®‰ Yfpjdbnt tot ytcrjkmrj pyfvtyfntkmys[ lfn> cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf> xnj ghjbpjikj d ‘nb lfns b crjkmrj ktn yfpfl ‘nj ,skj. Yfgbibnt nhb df;yst lfns d dfitq ;bpyb. ÆÌÎÏ˘ ÌÈÈÁ· ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈÎÈ¯‡˙ ≥ Â·˙Î ®Â Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®‡ Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz[. ˙ÂÈ¯‡‰ ¯Ú˘ U9U$/99xW U WZ^\` ___ W___Vk VVV W c W___ W W ___U W___ ___ KU UK ___K W ___ KW U ___U W W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≥ 397 Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚ h h h h h U]UÙZ^\`c QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ ®· Æ±∞ °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ®‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Ds jlby bp gbcfntktq bkb [elj;ybrjd> jcnfyjdbdib[cz d jntkt lkz df;ys[ ujcntq veybwbgfkbntnf d ctujlyziytv . Yfgbibnt ,kfujlfhcndtyyjt gbcmvj v’he> ghbukfcbditve dfc d ‘njn jntkm. Bcgjkmpeqnt xfcnm cktyujds[ dshf;tybq. ¨ÌÂÏ˘ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˘‡¯ „Â·Î ÆÆÆÌÈÈÁ ‰Ù È˙È˘Ú ®· ≤≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰ÈÈ¯ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈÁ¯Â‡Ï ÔÂÏÓ· ÌÈÁ¯‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÓÂ‡‰Ó Â‡ ÌÈ¯ÙÂÒ‰Ó „Á‡ ‰˙‡ Æ‰Ê‰ ÔÂÏÓÏ ÌÎ˙‡ ÔÈÓÊ‰˘ ¯ÈÚ‰ ˘‡¯Ï ‰„Â˙ ·˙ÎÓ Â·˙Î ÆÌÂÈ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡˘ ˙ÂÎ˘Ó· ÆÌÎÂˆ¯Î ‚ÏÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ·Ó ˜ÏÁ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ 398 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks U QWR ktutylf # crfprf QWR [elj;ybr> [elj;ybwf QWR² UQWR² plfybt QWR © 5 yfxfkj QWR º cntyf !d dsh. $cntys ujhjlf$@ QWR² ,jktpym QWR gjkj;tybt # cjcnjzybt QWR gbcfntkm#ybwf QWR- ² UQWR² ckjy#b[f QWREU QWRE rfhnbyf QWR9 º eckjdbt#z ºUQWR º rfvtym> rfvyb ,jkttn> ,jktnm vtxnftn> vtxnfnm evbhftn> evbhfnm dpdtibdftn#dpdtibdfnm> dtcbn#m Ghbkfufntkmyst $ © U$ * ¹ U ¹ µ ² %U² ² /U² * xbcnsq#fz ,jufnsq#fz cdznjq#fz lfktrbq#fz ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤≥ 399 d ujhjl lfdyj dyt djrheu tot hfp # cyjdf ² U ² ² U ² 9U ² º U" ² Hfpyjt Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf * K Km9 Km K E ² [jkthf nehtwrbq#fz vbkkbjy cbvgfnbxysq#fz ceknfy KQWR*k $/9U$/9 KUKQWRk E U E KQWR9x ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs tKtE Vjhajkjubz% Æ· c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gffkm (E) > rjhyb nbgf K > ghjitlitt dhtvz Ghbvth% Xbckf ve;crjuj b ;tycrjuj hjlf ±∞∞∞ – ±∞∞ c ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤≥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Hfpyjt% È˙È˜ :‫דוגמה‬ 400 ≤¥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®Í˘Ó‰© ¯·Ú· ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz. f c ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï© Ø ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ®‡Ï© Ø ‰È‰ ®‡Ï© c ®‡ W W W W W W W W W W W W Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb c gjvjom/ cktle/ob[ ckjd% ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®· XXV U XX QfR ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 401 QZ]R W ___ ___d___ ___W___ ___W ___ W ___ ___ ___ U ___ W ___ W ___ W x ¹ ___ U c U Æ± Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙ÎÂ Â¯Ó‡ Æ≤ Crf;bnt b pfgbibnt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ·ÂË ¯ÈÂÂ‡ ‚ÊÓ Ì˘ ‰È‰ W :‫דוגמה‬ W QZ W Q[ W Q\ h Q] h Q^ W Q_ h Q` W Qa W Qb W QZY W QZZ W QZ[ W % 9ºW KkK W WQf R ¹ k Wkkk 5 U kk ² / U *W 9 U U W 5 U W W.k9 ? U 9Z]b[W V W W Zb ®‡ Æ≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú „¯ÙÒ· ÌÈ„Â‰È‰ 402 ÆÔÈ‡ Â‡ ˘È ≠ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ‰Ó ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â¯Á· Æ‡ ÆÂ˙Â‡ Â¯Ó‡Â ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ËÙ˘Ó Â· Æ· f@ ,@ ®· Ds,thbnt˘È bkb ÔÈ‡ d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. J,hfpeqnt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b crf;bnt b[. W XV :‫דוגמה‬ Æ„¯ÙÒ· ÌÈ„Â‰È ÂÈ‰ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰‡Ó· W W W W XV XV XV XV ®Í˘Ó‰© ¯·Ú· ÌÈÈÓ˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz !ghjljk;tybt@ ÛÒÎ ‰„Â·Ú ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÛÒÎ ÈÏ ‰È‰ :‫דוגמות‬ Æ‰„Â·Ú Ì‰Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ÆÌÈ·ÂË ÌÈ¯·Á ÍÏ ÂÈ‰ Æ˙ÂÈÚ· ÂÏ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï QZ Q[ Q\ Q] ÌÈ¯·Á ˙ÂÈÚ· ÈÏ ÍÏ ÍÏ ÂÏ ‰Ï ÂÏ ÌÎÏ ÔÎÏ Ì‰Ï Ô‰Ï ®‡Ï© ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ®‡Ï© ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï© ÂÈ‰ ®‡Ï© ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 403 W k c W Q f R WQZ_R Æ¥ ø‰˙Â‡ ·‰‡ ‡Â‰ ‰ÓÏ h W U W W h m c Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. ®‡ u u u u Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®· W :‫דוגמה‬ W ___ QZ W ___ Q[ W ___ Q\ W ___ Q] W ___ Q^ W ___ Q_ W___ Q` W ___ Qa W ___ Qb W ___ QZY W___ QZZ W ___ QZ[ W m UU W © W hWU-U W h² ? Wb h W\`[Zâb h c ² c c c c c c c c ®‡ Æμ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰TË À ˘ " Ó œ aÃ 404 W h W W h WxW W W W W W W h W W h² 9º W W W h U x W WUU h . ¶ W W UU W W UU WWW U U U WJ h W W J J² ??J W W WW W c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c Æ¯ËÂ˘‰ ÔÈ·Â ÏÁ¯ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏ ‰¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÒÙÂË ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt gjkbwtqcrbq ,kfyr d cjjndtncndbb c hfpujdjhjv vt;le b gjkbwtqcrbv. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 405 __c __c __c __c __c __ ÆÌÎÏ „·‡˘ Â‰˘Ó ÏÚ ¯ËÂ˘ ÌÚ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Bycwtybheqnt hfpujdjh c gjkbwtqcrbv jnyjcbntkmyj rfrjq-yb,elm dfitq gjnthb. ®‚ Æ¯·Ú· Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ Crf;bnt b yfgbibnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ∂ Æ˙·˘Ï ÌÈÁ¯Â‡ ÂÏ ÂÈ‰ W :‫דוגמה‬ W W W W W W W h W W h h W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa Qb QZY QZZ QZ[ QZ\ QZ] ø‰È‰ ‰Ê ÈÓ ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ W² W W W U W W W W WZaY9 W UU W W W WW .W W W Æ∑ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤¥ Q^ Æ‰Ê ÈÓ ÌÎÈ¯·Á ˙‡ ÂÏ‡˘Â ˙ÂÙÒÂ ˙Â„ÈÁ È˙˘ Â·˙Î ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Crf;bnt - rnj ‘nj ,sk* Yfgbibnt tot ldt pfuflrb b cghjcbnt dfib[ lheptq> rnj ,skb ‘nb k/lb. 406 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÌÈÈÂËÈ·‰ Ï˘ ¯·Ò‰‰Â ÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ¨‚ÏÒ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ· ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ Cjtlbybnt kbybzvb cktyujdst dshf;tybz> cjjndtncnde/obt bv bkk/cnhfwbb b j,(zcytybz dshf;tybq. W U W W W J U W ø˙ÈÂ¯Ï ‰¯˜ ‰Ó ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 407 ®‡ h U c W c h c W W U ² ? c JW W c °‡ÈXÀa ‰È‰ Ÿ ˙ ! W W c °‰‡ÈX À Ÿa ÈÈ‰ Ÿ ˙ ! J ¹ c °ÌÈ‡ÈX œ Ÿa eÈ‰ Ÿ ˙ ! Q R °‰Ó À ÏÕ"˘ ‰À‡eÙY Æ∏ ˘‡¯‰ ÛÂ‚‰ ·‚‰ ≠≠≠≠ ÈÏ ÍÏ ÍÏ ÔË·‰ ÔÈÚ‰ Ï‚¯‰ ≠≠≠≠ ÂÏ ‰Ï ÂÏ ÌÎÏ ÌÈÈ„È‰ ÌÈÈÏ‚¯‰ ÌÈÈÈ˘‰ ≠≠≠≠ ÔÎÏ Ì‰Ï Ô‰Ï Gjlxthrybnt d nf,kbwt yfdth[e - h . Yfgbibnt - h ·‡ÂÎ ˙·‡ÂÎ ˙Â·‡ÂÎ ø˙ÈÂ¯Ï ·‡ÂÎ ‰Ó ≠ ‰Ï·Ë· ÂÓÒ ø‰Ï ‰È‰ ‰Ó ≠ Â·˙Î ®· ®‚ Æ˘‡¯ ·‡Î ‰Ï ‰È‰:‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W ?fW W fW WfW WV U Gjcrjkmre yfpdfybz xfcntq ntkf ve;crjuj hjlf d ajhvt vyj;tcndtyyjuj xbckf dcnhtxf/ncz htlrj> ajhvf § ¥ yt ,skf drk/xtyf d nf,kbwe. ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 408 ‰ÏÂÁ ˙ÈÂ¯ W W h W W U W h² W U hk W U U U? º W U W U h W k5 W W JW U ®„ cK c cK c cK c cK c cK c cK c cK h h W W u u u Æ„Â·ÚÏÂ „ÂÓÏÏ ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï ‡Â‰Â ˘‡¯ ·‡Î ˘È ‰ÏÂÁÏ Æ‰ÏÂÁ ÔÈ·Â ‡ÙÂ¯ ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 409 Yfgbibnt lbfkju vt;le dhfxjv b gfwbtynjv. Gfwbtyn cnhflftn ujkjdyjq ,jkm/ b yt vj;tn yb exbnmcz yb hf,jnfnm. QfR QZ\UKR ®‰ ÔÂÓÈÓ Ô· ‰˘Ó Â·¯ ≠ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ®‡ Æπ W K W W U ,² K c W 9/ WK² K UK ©K UK9 K ©K W K K W W 5 K W W W U U W Z[Y]VZZ\^K W K W W d W U W U U U Q fm?R Æ¢‰˘Ó › Ÿk Ì˜ ‡¿ ‰˘›Ó „Ú ‰˘Ó › Ó¢ œ c KK Cvsck ghtlkj;tybz $$ nfrjd% W95+ K W K W W W W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ®· ÆÌ‰ÈÈ· ¯˘˜‰ ÏÚ Ì¢·Ó¯‰ ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰Ó Â·˙ÎÂ ËÒ˜Ë· ‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ Ï˘ „Â‚È‰ ˙‡ Â‡ˆÓ QK Vfqvjybl@ ecnfyjdbk cdzpb vt;le ghjnbdjgjkj;ysvb cbkfvb d ;bpyb. Yfqlbnt nfrbt fynjybvs d ntrcnt b yfgbibnt> xnjKujdjhbn j cdzpb vt;le ybvb. Æ˙ÂÂÈÚ¯Â ˙Â˘‚¯ ¨‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ ¨˙Â‡È¯· ¨ÛÒÎ ∫ÌÈÂ˘ ÌÈ‡˘Â· ÌÎÏ˘ ÚˆÓ‡‰ Í¯„ ÏÚ ÂÁÁÂ˘ J,celbnt dfi $chtlybq genm$ d hfpkbxys[ djghjcf[% ltymub> pljhjdmt> gjkbnbrf> xedcndf> bltb. ®‚ ≤¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W K 410 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Æ‰ÏÂÁÏ ‡È¯·Ó ®≤ ‡È¯·Ï ‰ÏÂÁÓ ®± – ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ È˙˘· ÌÈÈÂËÈ·‰ ˙‡ Â¯„Ò Hfcghtltkbnt cktle/obt dshf;tybz d ldt uheggs% 1@ jn ,jkmyjuj r pljhjdjve& 2@ jn pljhjdjuj r ,jkmyjve. W W W W W W W W W ÆÛÂÒ ÛÂÒ ‡È¯· È‡ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ‰ÏÂÁ ‡¯Â È‡ ®± ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 411 Æ‰ÏÂÁ ‡¯Â È‡ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ÛÂÒ ÛÂÒ ‡È¯· È‡ ®≤ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks QWR htkbubz ghfdbkj # tdhtqcrbq pfrjy !htkbu.@ QWR ,jkm QWR? flhtc QWR² ? xtvjlfy QWR © gjkbwbz QYWWR* º leif QWR j,otcndj # j,obyf QWR% vtlbwbyf QYWWR9/ gjkbwtqcrbq#fz QWR-kUQWRk cxfcnmt # hfljcnm#b ² xU º QWR x ¹ lfnf QWR. ¶ ljrevtyn # eljcnjdthtybt QWR9 º gthbjl # ‘hf QWR9 º ;fh # dscjrfz ntvgthfnehf QYWWR² Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf 9%V ² QWR 9U QWR 9 ² ² ² U ² ² ² QYWWR fq-rm/ !bylbdblefkmysq rj aabwbtyn@ frfvjk !fyfkmuby@ vecekmvfyby#rf fdnjyjvysq#fz abpbrf ²? ,jkbn> ,jktnm !j, jhufyf[@ QmR² U ² 5U ? gj,t;lftn> gj,t;lfnm # pf[dfnsdftn> pf[dfnsdfnm dthbn> dthbnm gjrblftn> gjrblfnm kt;bn> kt;fnm U ² U² ? º U² Ghbkfufntkmyst ¹ ² U ¹ ² cdj,jlysq#fz Ghtlkjub vt;le 5 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤¥ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú QWR- ujcgj;f 412 Hfpyjt QWR55 xthtp !j ghjvt;enrt dhtvtyb> ,el.dh.@ ² 5 ‘nbv dtxthjv - ,hfdj^ vjkjltw#s^ J² ?? ytvyjuj ,kbprj> djpkt m² $<elm pljhjd$ # $gjghfdkzqcz$ !v.h.@ J.5¬ ¹ $<elm pljhjdf$ !;.h.@ J.5 ¹ $<elmnt pljhjds$ !v.h. vy. x.@ J. 59 ¹ $<elmnt pljhjds$ !;.h. vy. x.@ Jk.5l ¹ pfdctulfnfq !ctvmb@ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ UUVQR Cbynfrcbc% c Bvtyyst ghtlkj;tybz> ghjitlitt dhtvz !ghjljk;tybt@ Æ¯ÙÒ ˙È· ‰Ù ‰È‰ ÌÚÙc VX Æ¯ÙÒ ÈÏ ‰È‰c VX W W X d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb - ghbvth% .¯ÙÒ ˙È· ‰Ù ‰È‰ ÌÚÙ X d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb - ghbvth% Æ¯ÙÒ ÈÏ ‰È‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤¥ 413 Æ· ‰ ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ Æ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÏÎÏ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰È¯Â‚Ë˜‰ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰ ÍÂ˙Ó Â¯Á· Æ± Ds,thbnt bp ghbdtltyyjuj yb;t cgbcrf gjl[jlzoe/ rfntujhb/ lkz rf;ljq uheggs. ÌÈ„‚· UU c :‫דוגמה‬ UU U U UU UU U U U U UU UU UU U U UU UU U U UU Pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ckjdj bp cgbcrf. XXX XXX X X X XX X X X X QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa Qb QZY QZZ QZ[ QZ\ QZ] Æ‰ÓÈ˘¯‰Ó ‰ÏÈÓ ˙¯ÊÚ· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ˙È·≠ :‫דוגמה‬ WVVVÏ Ï W Ï VVVÏ WÏVVV Ï W Ï VVVÏ QZ Q[ Q\ Q] ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ Æ≤ ‰ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú XX XXXXX XX XXXX X 414 X XX XXX X XX X XX WÏ ÏVVV VVVÏ Ï VVVÏ Ï VVVÏ Ï Q^ Q_ Q` Qa ÏÂÎ‰ ÏÚ ‰ÂÚ ®‡Ï© ÛÒÎ‰ ®‡ W U W U U V U W W W WK K U WUU[Y WK W / t W t V c Wt W W U W W W U t W W ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰ 415 UU Et WV Æ≥ ˙Â„Â˜‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ ÏÂ‚ÈÚ· ÂÓÒÂ ÌÎÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ „ÈÏ ✓ÂÓÒ ¨ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®· ÆËÙ˘Ó ÏÎ· Ì˙Ï·È˜˘ Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz> gjvtnmnt nt bp yb[> rjnjhst ,jkmit dctuj dfv gjl[jlzn> b j,dtlbnt rhe;rjv xbckj jxrjd> gjkexty ys[ dfvb d rf;ljv ghtlkj;tybb. – ÌÈÎÈÈ˘ Ì˙‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÂÊÈ‡Ï ÂÚ„˙Â ¨ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÎ· Ì˙Ï·È˜˘ ˙Â„Â˜‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ Â¯·Á ÆÈÏË Ï˘ ÌÈ¯Â‰‰ ÂÓÎ ¨ÌÈt‡È Â‡ ÚˆÓ‡‰ Í¯„ È˘‡ ¨ÌÈËÒÈÎ¯‡‰ ®‚ Ckj;bnt dct ds,hfyyst dfvb jxrb b dszcybnt> r rfrjq uheggt ds jnyjcbntcm - fyfh[bcns> k/lb evthtyyjuj crkflf bkb zggb> dhjlt hjlbntktq ÈÏË . W Q [R W Q ZR W Q \R W Q [R W U Q ZR W Q \R W Q [R W Q ZR W U Q \R W V Q [R W V Q ZR W V Q \R W Q [R W Q ZR W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ h W V ^VZ W V ZYV^ WV Z^VZY ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Q \R 416 øÚÓ˘ ‰Ó Ljgjkybnt lbfkjub. ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰ 417 ÆÔ˙Â‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È‡ˆÁ ÌÎÈÙÏ hUV V h h V V JV QZ hUV V hW UV V W V Q[ hUV V W U W V V h W W V V WV Q\ hUV V hV V h W UV V W V Q] Æ¥ ø‰ÓÏ f ®‡ Æμ W W h Uc W c hUc U W c hc W U5Uc h h W Uc W U W UUc h Dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. Æ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ ®· ÌÈË˜‰ ÌÈ„ÏÈ‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÏÂ„‚‰ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ W ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú hV hvVVVc c U h h h c hVVV VVVc VVVU d W W c$ ² 99U WVVV WVVV VVVU W U U W W VVV 418 ·‰˘ ‰ÈÁ Ø ² ² 9E ² º ² c º ¸ ² º ² U. ² W ® UiU- ² Ui Wi ² hU h …˘ Ï·Á …˘ ÏÊÓ …˘ ·ÂË QZ Q[ ®‡ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰ 419 Æ˜˙Ù ÂÏ Â·˙Î Æ˙È·· ‡Ï ‡Â‰ Ï·‡ ¨Â˙È‡ „ÂÓÏÏ ¯·Á Ï˘ ˙È·Ï Ì˙‡· Ds ghbikb r dfitve lheue> xnj,s dvtcnt pfybvfnmcz> yj tuj ytn ljvf. Yfgbibnt tve pfgbcre. Bcgjkmpeqnt% …˘ ·ÂË ¨…˘ ÏÊÓ ¨…˘ Ï·Á ≠· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ®· Æ∂ Ø ÏÊÀÃÓ ‰ÊÈ Œ ‡ Õ µ 5 E5 ¸ W ¸ ¶ ® 9 º º ¸ W² ® 5. ¸ ² ¸ ² 9 ² ¸ W 5 ® 5 ® ¸ W 9 ¹ ² ¸ W ¸ 5 ª hh U ÆÆÆ˘ Ï·Á ‰ÓÎc ÆÆÆ˘ ÏÊÓ ‰ÊÈ‡ W QZ Q[ Cjxbybnt lheujt cnb[jndjhtybt. ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰ 420 ≤μ cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> ghjitlitt dhtvz ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÈÙ ÔÈÈ· Æ± 5 Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ Æ − Ÿ Ã Èœ ˙ Õ Èœ e Ÿ Ã È œ Ô˙ Ÿ Ã Èœ Ì˙ Ÿ Ã Èœ e Ÿ Èœ ÆÊ È˙Y ! ÃaÈDQR ˙Y − ÃaÈDQR ¯ÕaÈD ÆÈ eYÃaÈDQ R Ô˙Y ÃaÈDQR Ì˙Y ÃaÈDQR e¯ŸaÈDX Æ¯ È˙ ! Ÿ Ã Èœ "˙ Ÿ Ã È œ ‰ À Ÿ Èœ Æ ØÆÊ ˙Y " ÃaÈDQR ‰TŸaÈD QZE U U ¹ $U Á ÁU U «Ux ÁU" 5U" Á c :‫דוגמות‬ WKK¯tÈ Õ Ò œ W ¯tÕÒ Ã Ó Ÿ WeÏÈ Ÿ ÈË œ W »Á Ÿ Ã ‡ À ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤μ 421 W »¯OÈaœ W ˙«¯O·ÃÓ Ÿ W ‰@ÓÈ Ÿ ÏœW ˙CÓ Œ ÏÃÓ Ÿ WkkE »◊tÈ Ÿ Á œ W9 º ÌÈ◊ ! tŸÁ Ã Ó Ÿ hKK ø˙ − ÏŸÃaÈN ˙ − ˘KÈ " aœ W È˙ ! Ÿ tÃÏŸË œ U U ² 5 øÔtÏËÏ È˙tÏË ∫‡ÏÂ ÔÙÕÏŸËÃŸÏ ¨È˙ ! ŸÙÃÏŸœË ∫ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ‰ÓÏ Ê‡ Dgbibnt d nf,kbwe ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. X VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV ®‡ Æ≤ VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV Æ¯·Ú· ÂÏ˘ ‰ÈÈË‰ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ¨¯BÒ Ã ÏŸ ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ ®· Yfqlbnt d ckjdfht pyfxtybt ukfujkf b yfgbibnt tuj cghz;tybt d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜Â ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®‚ Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz ukfujkfvb d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb b ghjxnbnt. W V :‫דוגמה‬ m U UdÈ˙¯·È„V QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Qa Q` ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W___ dUV W___W h UV W ___V W9² ___ W W___ W W ___ h hUV W ___ W U U W W ___ 422 QaR W____ tKK W____ tKK ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÈÏ‡¯˘È ‰˘ÂÚ ‰Ó ®‡ Æ≥ W WQ R W U WUU W Ghjxnbnt jnhsdjr dcke[ d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. Æ¯·Ú· ÚË˜‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ó‡ ®· ÆÆÆÏÈÈË ‡Â‰ ø˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ· ˙ÈÏ‡¯˘È ‰˘ÂÚ ‰Ó ∫‰ÓÂ„ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î ®‚ Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxysq jnhsdjr d ;tycrjv hjlt. ÔÂÏÈÓ ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â˘ÙÁÂ ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ∫ÌÈÓÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰ ˙ÓÈ˘¯· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ ÆÔ‰ÈÏÚ ÂÚÂ ˙ÂÏ‡˘‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ f@ ,@ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤μ 423 Æ‡ Æ· Yfgbibnt dsltktyyst ukfujks d b[ ckjdfhys[ ajhvf[ b jnsobnt b[ d ckjdfht. Ghjxnbnt djghjcs b jndtnmnt yf yb[. Bcgjkmpeqnt cgbcjr pyfvtybns[ k/ltq. X XP X PX X K K¯ÈÈˆ hQZ^V R QZ ¯·ÈÁ hQZbV R Q[ QZ^V R ÏÒÈÙ Q\ h ÌÈÈ· KK˜ÁÈ˘ Q] hQK R Ô‚È Q^ Æ¥ øÏ˜ ÔÈÈ·· ˘¯Â˘ Â˙Â‡· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÔÈ·Â Ì‰ÈÈ· Ï„·‰ ˘È Ì‡‰ ÆÏÚÈÙ ÔÈÈ·· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ ÔÂÏÈÓ· Â‡ˆÓ Yfqlbnt d ckjdfht pyfxtybz ukfujkjd d ajhvt . Tcnm kb hfpybwf vt;le ybvb b ukfujkfvb c ntv ;t rjhytv> yj d ajhvt E * QZ\R ² QbR ² 5 º QbR QZ R 5 ¶ Q]R ² º ¶ Q[ R ² / Q]R ¶ X"+ Q[b R ² º¾ Q]R ø„ÓÃÏÀ ‰Ê ‰ÓÂ „ÓÈ Õ Ïœ ‰Ê ‰Ó Ê‡ W W U øÈÈÒ ¯‰ – ÌÂkY ³ Ãk ¯‰ ®‡ Æμ W ² 9 µ h h hV h.5 W 9? WKK*kU W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W ¹% WW 424 U. W . U U P UkkUk W [YYYU UK W W KW © W º 9 P W U9 U W P W % ¹ P V U WP W W 9º Jndtnmnt d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ h WZ[UZZUZYYYU]YYYYUZ^YY ∫ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ‰Ê‰ ËÙ˘ÓÏ ˙ÂÁÈ˙Ù μ≠¥ Â·˙Î ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤μ 425 ®± ®≤ W mmmmc W h h v c ®≥ ®¥ ®· ÔÂ˙ÈÚÏ ·˙ÎÓ ®‚ °·¯ ÌÂÏ˘ ≤∞∞∞ ËÒÂ‚Â‡ ßÙÂ¯Ù Ï˘ ˙ÈÈÚÓ‰ ‰È¯Â‡˙‰ ÏÚ È˙ÚÓ˘ Ò¯‚Â˜· ÆÏ¢ÂÁ· ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡‚ Ò¯‚Â˜· È˙ÈÈ‰ ÚÂ·˘ ÈÙÏ ı¯‡ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈ¯ˆÓ ı¯‡ ÔÈ· ‡Â‰ ÈÈÒ ¯‰ Í¢˙‰ ÈÙÏ ÈÎ ¨ÈÈÒ ¯‰ ‡Â‰ ÌÂÎ¯Î ¯‰˘ ·˘ÂÁ ‡Â‰ ÆÈ˙Ú ‡Â‰˘ ¯ÓÂ‡ È˙Ú ßÙÂ¯Ù ÆÔÈ„œÓ ı¯‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˜ÂÈ„· ‰ÙÈ‡ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ ‡Ï ÂÁ‡ ∫‰ÈÚ· ˘È Ï·‡ ¨ÔÈ„Ó È‡ øÍÎ ÏÎ ÌÈ˜È˙Ú ˙Ó‡· Ì‰˘ Ú„ÂÈ ‡Â‰ ÍÈ‡ Ï·‡ ¨ÌÈ˘ ÈÙÏ‡ È· ÌÈ˘„˜Ó ÌÂÎ¯Î ¯‰ ÏÚ ‡ˆÓ Æ‰ÏÂ„‚ ˙ÂÚË ˙‡Ê˘ ·˘ÂÁ Ô‰Î Ì‰¯·‡ ’ÙÂ¯Ù ÆÂÏ „‚˙Ó‰ ‚ÂÏÂ‡‚ ÔÈ·Â È˙Ú ’ÙÂ¯Ù ÔÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®„ Bycwtybheqnt lbfkju vt;le ghjatccjhjv b utjkjujv> rjnjhsq jcgfhbdftn tuj dpukzls. Æ∂ J J J h J ÆÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ÒÈ‚ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡È˘‰ ¯ÙÒ· Â˘ÙÁ ®‡ Pfrjyxbnt ghtlkj;tybz> gjcvjnhtd afrns d Rybut htrjhljd Ubyytcf. QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤μ X X XKX ∫‰ÓÏ˘‰Ï ÌÈËÙ˘Ó μ „ÂÚ ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt lheu lheue tot gznm ghtlkj;tybq> nht,e/ob[ pfdthitybz. ÆÆÆ‡Â‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ·ÂË ÈÎ‰ ÏÎÂ‡‰ :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÆÆ‡Â‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ‰ÙÈ ÈÎ‰ ÌÂ˜Ó‰ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÈÎœ‰ ⁄ W___ W___ W___ W___ W___ 426 X Ô‚ÃÃa ‰ÙÀÈ ÈÎœ⁄‰ ‰@ÏŸÈ‰ Ã 5 © ª 5k© « 5 © ® 5 © 9 k · 5 5 ¸ ® 5 ¸ k W5 © ª ¬ ¸ ? ¬ 9 ¸ 9 i 9k µ 3 W5 © ª ¸ ? 1@ Rfr ds levftnt - gjxtve ltdjxrf uhecnyf* 2@ Yfgbibnt lheue/ gtcy/... ÆÆÆ· ÆÆÆÈÎ‰ ÆÆÆ‰ h U QZ ÆÆÆ· ÆÆÆ ÈÎ‰ ÆÆÆ‰W Q[ Ghjxnbnt ntrcn b dcnfdmnt ghjgeotyyst ckjdf. ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ÚË˜‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ «ÁÈXÈ½ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤μ 427 W U W ___ Uwk µ W___ K U c ___ ___W ___ W ___ Q`_VZ\YR W W U UQ]V`\R9k W k,5 ___ Æ∑ ÆÂÁÈ¯È ÏÚ ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ®· Crf;bnt bkb d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv j Qthb[j. W W W W W W W W QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ Q_ Q` Qa ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤μ 428 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â‡ˆÓÂ ÌÈ¯È˘· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÒ Gjlxthrybnt d gtcyz[ ukfujks b yfqlbnt b[ d ckjdfht. ÔËJ À Ã‰ Ô˙ − ÀÂÈ ³ Æ‡ µ ² W#² 55* E9 WE ² U² ² ² ª ² W 5² ² E9 WE ² ÌÈÈ œ œÒ ÌÈÈÃ˘ " Æ· ² ² ? º W² ² 59 E 9 ? ª9 º © ² ?® µ ² µ ² 5 W² ² ? º ¯‰ À À‰ ÈVÂÁ ³ ‡ ⁄ Ó Õ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤μ 429 Ô‚ÕÃŸÓ Èœ‡ ⁄ W h µ U² /² 5 ² /² U/² U/² U/² ² /² U/² U/² U/² m Æ„ ,² ² µ ¶ º µ ² 9 º º © µ ² µ ¶ º 9i µ ® 9i ² µ ¶ º 9E 99 º + © W² µ ¶ º Æ‚ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst QWR² ghjcbn> ghjcbnm pdjybnm gj ntktajye exbn> exbnm !rjuj-nj@ kjvftn> kjvfnm Ghbkfufntkmyst U rbnfqcrbq#fz Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Hfpyjt CGBL utjkju gjkbjvbtkbn QWR² QYWWR ² U ² ² QYWWR² ²E "U" E UE U ² 5 º U ² 95 cfvsq !yfgh. cfvsq rhfcbdsq@ QWWR.5 ² 9 crhb;fkb pfdtnf QWWR² 9 º xtge[f> ,tccvsckbwf njxyj ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤μ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 5U QWR² 5 ,fcctqy QWR,5 cgjh QWR9? {hfv QWR% crfkf#s U QWR ghjitlitt dhtvz> ghjikjt QYWWR cnjk, QWR9 gktvz> hjl> gktvtyf U º QWR · ;bntkm#ybwf # htpbltyn QWR ¸ ² U µ ² ktrfhcndj QWR9 º repty> repbyf 430 ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Æ· tt c Vjhajkjubz% Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - gb’km ( E) > $wtkst$ rjhyb > ghjitlitt dhtvz Ghbvth% Hfpyjt% ÆÆÆ˙¯·È„ ¨È˙¯·È„ :‫דוגמה‬ Ghtdjc[jlyfz cntgtym -V Ghbvth% Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz Æ‰˙ÈÎ· ‰Â·‚ ÈÎ‰ ‡Â‰ :‫דוגמה‬ c ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ WQ R W9EU ¸ EU ¸ EU9 EU EU º EU µ EU ¹ Ec Ukfujk zdkztncz ghbvthjv ukfujkf c xtnsht[,erdtyysv rjhytv d cghz;tybb. D ghjitlitv dhtvtyb ‘njn ukfujk cghzuftncz> rfr gjrfpfyj dsit. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤μ 431 QZ ≤∂ <tpkbxyst ghtlkj;tybz d cjxtnfybb c ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Æ± ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ ¯˘Ù‡ ®È‡© ¯˘Ù‡ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ hU ÒÂ·ÂËÂ‡· ˜ÈœEe hU W h W h W h · W h W h U U Uk U U U W W º U u u u u u u u u u u u u ÆÆÆÂ‰˘ÈÓ „ÈÏ ·˘ÂÈ ‡Â‰ h ®‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ____ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ 432 ÆÔ‰ÈÈ· ‰ÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Æ˙È˜È„Â ‡È‰ Ô‰Ó ˙Á‡ Æ¯Â˙· ˙ÂÎÁÓÂ ˙Â·˘ÂÈ ÌÈ˘ È˙˘ ®· Ldt ;tyobys cblzn d jxthtlb. Jlyf bp yb[ - pfyelf. Bycwtybheqnt lbfkju vt;le ybvb. ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Ø ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó W W W W W Wk¹ WÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÈ˘‡ ˘Â‚ÙÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· Ghjxnbnt dcke[ ghtlkj;tybz bp nf,kbws. Ljgjkybnt ghtlkj;tybz ckjdfvb :‫דוגמה‬ Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ ≠ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Â‡ ¯˘Ù‡ ≠ ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡‰ ¯‡Â„·Â Ë¯ËÈ‡· W ¯˘Ù‡ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 433 :‫דוגמה‬ W ____ QZ W ____ Q[ W ____ Q\ W ____ Q] W ____ Q^ W ____ Q_ W ____ Q` W____ Qa W ____ Qb W____ QZY Æ≤ Æ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· Â‡ ‰· ÌÈ¯‚ Ì˙‡˘ ¯ÈÚ· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Â‡ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt> xnj !vj;yj@ b xnj !ytdjpvj;yj@ ltkfnm d ujhjlt> ult ds ;bdtnt> bkb d rfrjv-yb,elm lheujv vtcnt. ÆÏÓ˘Á ˙˜ÒÙ‰ ˘È˘Î ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‚ Crf;bnt # Yfgbibnt> xnj ltkfnm ghb jnrk/xtybb ‘ktrnhbxtcndf. Ø ¯M«aÃa ˙aÀ˘ × UkJ#k5 © 5 5 ¶ U k k µ kk ,k 5 Wk5kl ® U* 5 l µ Uk/ª w µ U* 59® k/k « k U9i ¸ ?U*Ek% µ µ ® 9wk/ ¸ ® W9 ¯Ó˙‰ ıÚ ®‡ ck ¹ * U U U U U* U U W k5 W W Æ≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÚ Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs d cjjndtncndbb c jnhsdrjv. h h h h QZ\R QZ Q[ Q\ Q] ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 434 ÆÂ‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò Â‡ ÌÈÈÁ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘Â Â‡¯˜ ®‡ Ghjxnbnt ntrcn b pfgjkybnt ghjgecrb d ghtlkj;tybz[> bcgjkmpez ckjdf bkb . Â‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò ‡Ï Ì‰ ÌÈÈÁ‰ h c W W ___W ___W U___W W *kU U ___W ___U UU W W U ___ UPP U ___ ___W ___W W U ∫ËÒ˜Ë‰ ÈÙÏ Â·˙Î ÆÌÈÈÁ· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡ ‰ÓÂ Â‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó Yfgbibnt d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 435 ®± øÂ‡„ÈÂ Ë¯Ò· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ È‡Â ÌÈÈÁ· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰Ó ≠ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ®≤ Rfr ds levftnt> xnj vj;yj ltkfnm d ;bpyb> yj ytdjpvj;yj d dbltjabkmvt* Æ¥ ®Í˘Ó‰© ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Æμ <tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb d cjxtnfybb c ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt !ghjljk;tybt@ ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ Ø ¯˙ÂÓ Ø ¯ÂÒ‡ ____ ¯˙»Ó − ¯»Ò‡ À U UUUUc TmU ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 436 KW V5 U KcK Æ˙È¯·Ú ¯ÂÚÈ˘· ˙Â˘ÚÏ ÌÈÚ ‰ÓÂ ‰˘˜ ‰Ó ¨·ÂË ‰Ó ¨ÍÈ¯ˆ ‰Ó ¨¯˙ÂÓ ‰Ó ¨¯ÂÒ‡ ‰Ó ≠ Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ Crf;bnt> xnj pfghtotyj> xnj hfphtityj> xnj ytj,[jlbvj> xnj [jhjij> xnj nhelyj b xnj ghbznyj ltkfnm yf ehjrf[ bdhbnf. U.® . t ¹ + k ¸ 9 ¹ µ ? Wk Ø ‰ÊŒÃ‰ ÍÈXˆÀ‰ Ã U+ º . U º . W.9 ¹ . U 9 . Wµ k . W ¹ . U k. U k . Wk µ 9 UE ¶ . U . W+5 9 . U . U k. W.kk5 k º . Æ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰‡¯Â‰‰ ÔÈ·Â ¯Â¯Ó˙‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ ®· Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le ljhj;ysv pyfrjv b cjjndtncnde/obv erfpfybtv. W W W W W W W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 437 W W W ^YV W V ß ÆÔÂ˜˙ Â·˙ÎÂ ÈÏ‡„È‡‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·· Â‡ ˙ÈÏ‡„È‡‰ ¯ÈÚ· ÌÈ˜ÂÁ‰ Ì‰Ó ÌÎÈÈ· ÂÁÁÂ˘ ®‚ J,celbnt pfrjys bltfkmyjuj ujhjlf bkb irjks b yfgbibnt lkz yb[ rjltrc. ®Í˘Ó‰© Ghblfnjxyst ghtlkj;tybz ljgjkytybz!ghjljk;tybt@ … Ì‡ ‡˘ÂÓ ÈËÙ˘Ó Æ∂ P W ∫˙ÂÏ‡˘ ‰·¯‰ ÌÈ¯ÈÈ˙Ï ÂÈ‰ ÏÂÈË‰ ÈÙÏ Æ˙¯ÈÎÏ ÏÂÈËÏ ‰‡ˆÈ Ï¢ÂÁÓ ÌÈ¯ÈÈ˙ ˙ˆÂ·˜ ®‡ W W v W W W W ÆÏ¢ÂÁ· Â‡ ı¯‡· ¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ÏÂÈË ÏÚ ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘ ®· Pflfqnt lheu lheue fyfkjubxyst djghjcs jnyjcbntkmyj gjtplrb d rfrjt yb,elm lheujt vtcnj d Bphfbkt bkb pf tuj ghtltkfvb. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 438 ˙¯ÈÎ‰ ÏÚ ¯ÂÓ˘Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ®‡ 9© ¶ , µ UW W U kº x U W U9ª c k d 9 k ? W W W © t * W U V UW UU U W U U W ¬ W U V U U W Wl W K K W UU ¯ÂÚÈ˘ U U W ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 439 [YYY ÆÚË˜· ·Â˙ÎÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®· Ghjbpytcbnt ghtlkj;tybz bp nf,kbws> cjjndtncnde/obt dsitghbdtltyyjve jnhsdre. W W W W ¯ÂÒ‡ ÍÈ¯ˆ m m l Æ∑ Æ˙Â¯ÈÈ˙‰ È˘‡ ÔÈ·Â Ú·Ë‰ ˙‚‰Ï ‰¯·Á‰ È˘‡ ÔÈ· ÁÂÎÈÂ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ ®‚ Bycwtybheqnt cgjh vt;le xktyfvb J,otcndf pfobns ghbhjls b k/lmvb bp bylecnhbb nehbpvf. Æ˙¯Á‡ ‰È„Ó· ¨¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó· ‰ÓÂ„ ‰ÈÚ· ÏÚ ÚË˜ Â·˙Î ®„ Yfgbibnt jnhsdjr j, fyfkjubxyjq ghj,ktvt d lheujv vtcnt> d lheujq cnhfyt. ®‡ Æ∏ ‰JŸÓA ≠ ‰ÎÏÓ‰ ˜Á˘Ó WU U5+U U WV c W W h U c c W U W W W W U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ V øÍÈ‡ Æ‡·‰ ÌÏÂÚ·Â ‰Ê‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ÂÓÎ ‡Â‰ ˜Á˘Ó‰ Buhf gj[j;f yf ;bpym d ‘njv vbht b yf ;bpym d vbht uhzleotv. Rfr* ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 440 ∫‰Ï‡‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ Ï˘ ¢ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˜Á˘Ó¢ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®· Yfgbibnt> rfrjdf $buhf ;bpyb$ rf;ljuj bp ‘nb[ gthcjyf;tq% Yfgbibnt> rfrjdf dfif $buhf ;bpyb$. ÆÌÎÏ˘ ¢ÌÈÈÁ‰ ˜Á˘Ó¢ ‡Â‰ ‰Ó Â·˙Î Q c R " ¶ i ki ki ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∂ 441 ©/ k ki i · ?k · ,i ,kEi 9K ©kk K ©kk K . © k kkV 5 k © k ¹ kk · ¸ /k © · 5k µ.k k µ 9K ©kk K ©/ k !/V 5 k ®‚ Ø ¯ÒÂÓÏ ¯¢„ ©/ k !/ V 5 k k ·k ! ? 9K ©kk K + k 9 9 µ 9K h 9 h 9 ´ Xnj nfrjt $’nbrf$ c njxrb phtybz Bjys Djkj[* Xnj nfrjt $’nbrf$ c njxrb phtybz Ljrnjhf* °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ 1@ Xnj ds levftnt j, ‘njv ghtlkj;tybb* 2@ Yfgbibnt fyfkjubxyst ghtlkj;tybz> bcgjkmpez ‘nb ckjdf% ø‰Ê‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ·˘ÂÁ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ®± ∫ÌÈÓÂ„ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÂÚ Â·˙Î ®≤ ÆÆÆÏ·‡ ÆÆÆÌÈÚ Ø ·ÂË Ø ·Â˘Á V J ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú V W ® 442 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks QWR µ vtcnj QWRk pfrjy QYWWR¬ ghjuekrf QWR © ghfdfz !cnjhjyf@ QWR© ? wthrjdm vjytnf#s vtxtnm [hbcnbfycndj cnjhjyf#s ktdsq nehbpv ujcgjlby kU yfuhtdftn> yfuhtdfnm# uhttn> uhtnm U rehbn> rehbnm · U · d[jlbn> d[jlbnm QmR? U dcnhtxftncz> dcnhtxfnmcz QRE U jcnftncz> jcnfdfnmcz QmR µ U º jcnfyfdkbdfnm#cz kU k gkfdftn> gkfdfnm kx º U kx hfcntn> hfcnb k5 U QWR5 QWR QYWWR9 U QWR x Â QYWWR9 © ¶ k Ghbkfufntkmyst U ©U ghbhjlysq#fz ,tlysq#fz Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf Bckfv ifirb Cktyu QYWWR QWR QWR$9U QWR9 pfyelf ≤∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Hfpyjt 443 J,otcndj pfobns ghbhjls Chtlbptvyjt vjht <kb;ybq Djcnjr pfuhj,yfz ;bpym Fhfdf !hfdybyf@ QWR * QWRk ¹ © QWRk ¹ * QWR5 k QWR*QR Yfhtxbt 9 §*k § § yfghjnbd !j vtcnt@ yfpfl ddth[ dgthtl Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Cbynfrcbc% <tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb c ukfujkjv d byabybnbdt t Æ· c T¯˘Ù‡ È‡ Ø ¯˘Ù‡ Ghbvth% ÆÔ˘ÚÏ ¯˘Ù‡ :‫דוגמה‬ T… Ø ·ÂË Ø ‰˘˜ Ø ÌÈÚ Ø Ï˜ Ø ÍÈ¯ˆ ®‡Ï© Ø ¯˙ÂÓ Ø ¯ÂÒ‡ XXXXQRX X + ukfujks d byabybnbdt Ghbvth% ÆÔ˘ÚÏ ¯ÂÒ‡ :‫דוגמה‬ Ghblfnjxyst ghtlkj;tybz-ljgjkytybz !ghjljk;tybt@ ÆÔ˘ÚÏ ¯˙ÂÓ Ì‡ ˙Ú„Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ :‫דוגמה‬ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∂ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Ghbvth% QR 444 ≤∑ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ <tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb c ukfujkfvb d byabybnbdt !ghjljk;tybt@ ®Í˘Ó‰© ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ TQR JZ[Yc ¦V ø‡Â·Ï È‡„Î ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 445 hU c h W c h- W c WWWW ®‡ È‡„Î ®‡Ï© Æ± Æ‰¯ÂÁ· ÌÚ ¯ÂÁ· Ï˘ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰˘È‚Ù· ˙Â˘ÚÏ È‡„Î ‡Ï Â‡ È‡„Î ‰Ó Â¯Ó‡Â ÌÈ‡·‰ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®· Ghjxnbnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz b crf;bnt> xnj vjkjljve xtkjdtre cktletn QR bkb yt cktletn QRltkfnm ghb gthdjv cdblfybb c ltdeirjq. ø‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰˘È‚Ù· È‡„Î ‡Ï Â‡ È‡„Î W WWWW WZ W WWWW W[ W cWWWW W\ W§¥ WWWW W] WWWWW W^ W WWWW W_ W% ¹ WWWW W` WWWWW Wa W WWWW Wb W WWWW WZY W WWWW WZZ W U WWWW WZ[ W l% ¹ U9 cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> ghjitlitt dhtvz ÆÊ Æ ÆÊ È˙ ! ˘ " Ã‚Y‰ œ QR " Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ ˙ −˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ ‰ " ˘ ˙ " Ã‚Yœ‰ ‰ À È œ Ÿ œ‰ È œ Ÿ œ‰ ‰˘È − œ‚Y‰ œ e Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ Ì˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ e È œ Ÿ œ‰ Æ ØÆÊ QR ˙ µ ˘ " Ã‚Yœ‰ ˘Èœ‚Yœ‰ e˘ " Ã‚Y‰ œ Ô˙ ˘ " Ã‚Y‰ œ QR Q R Ì˙ ˘ " Ã‚Y‰ œ e˘Èœ‚Y‰ œ QR QR X U º U ¹ U % U U ? U 5 U ¹ U U c QZ U c h% º UV WV V ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Æ ØÆÊ È!˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ Ô˙ Ÿ Ã Ÿ œ‰ Æ≤ ˘Èœ‚Y‰ Ã ÏŸ « Ÿ Ïœ Æ ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÈÚÙ‰ ÔÈÈ· 446 ˙ÚÃtÃ˘ × c W h WU d W W WC U t W W Æ …Â ‰ÏÂÁ È˙ÈÈ‰ – ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ¨ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®‡ . ®· ÆÌÈ‡˙Ó ‡Ï ËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ – Â ¨ÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ ´ ÂÓÒ Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz> lj,fdmnt WWW . Gjcnfdmnt !}@ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb> rjnjhst cjjndtncnde/n jnhsdre> b !-@ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb> rjnjhst yt cjjndtncnde/n jnhsdre. Æ„Â·ÚÏ È˙Î˘Ó‰Â ‰ÏÂÁ È˙ÈÈ‰ :‫דוגמה‬ W W W W W W W W W WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 447 Æ¯·Â„Ó ÈÓ ÏÚ Â·˘ÁÂ Â‡¯˜ Ghjxnbnt cktle/obq jnhsdjr b gjlevfqnt> rfrjq nbg kbxyjcnb d ytv jgbcfy. ø‰Ê ÈÓ W U U W W W t W W ®‚ Æ≥ Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ÂÏ ‰ÓÂ„ ‰˘È‡ ÏÚ Â‡ ®‡≠· ˘È‡‰ ÏÚ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®„ Gjujdjhbnt # yfgbibnt j ve;xbnyt bp Q bkb j, fyfkjubxyjq ;tyobyt> d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. ÆÆÆ·È˘˜‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÆÆ‰·È˘˜‰ ‡È‰ Æ¯·Ú· ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Ø Â¯Ó‡ ®‰ Crf;bnt dcke[ # yfgbibnt cktle/obt ghtlkj;tybz d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. W U :‫דוגמה‬ ÆÍÎ ÏÎ ÌÈÙÈÈÚ ÂÈÈ‰ ÔÎÏ ¨„Â·ÚÏ Â˜ÒÙ‰ ‡Ï W U h W h U W h U WZ_cYYV acYYV W W U W W W W U WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Wa Wb WZY WZZ WZ[ WZ\ ÔÂÏÈÓ f@ ,@ Æ‡ Æ· Yfgbibnt ckjdfhyst ajhvs dsltktyys[ ukfujkjd b jnsobnt b[ d ckjdfht. Ghjxnbnt ghbdtltyyst dsit rhbnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz b gjcnfdmnt !}@ jrjkj endthlbntkmys[ pfvtxfybq b !-@ jrjkj jnhbwfntkmys[. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Â‡„ÈÂ‰ ÈË¯Ò ˙ÈÈ¯ÙÒ· W W W W W W Æ¥ WZ W[ W\ W] W^ W_ ≤∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙Â‡ Â˘ÙÁÂ ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ˙ÈÏÈÏ˘ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ≠ Â ¨˙È·ÂÈÁ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ´ ÂÓÒÂ ˙¯Â˜È·‰ ÈËÙ˘Ó ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ 448 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Æ˙ÈÏÈÏ˘ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ≠ Â ¨˙È·ÂÈÁ ˙¯Â˜È· „ÈÏ ´ ÂÓÒ Gjcnfdmnt !}@ jrjkj endthlbntkmys[ pfvtxfybq b !-@ jrjkj jnhbwfntkmys[. J WJ JV JWmm J J J Dgbibnt d nf,kbwe ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. X ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 449 Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW WWWW Æμ ÌÈÈÙÏ‡‰ ˙Â˘· ÌÈ·˘ÁÓ h U U W%9 U U W h U W UU JJh h W² 5UW W W hh W h hU U WW Æ∂ c c c c c c c c c c h Crjkmrj xtkjdtr egjvzyens d hfpujdjht b xnj ltkfk rf;lsq bp yb[* Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ ®‡ Æ∑ Dgbibnt cktle/obt ukfujks d b[ gjl[jlzob[ ajhvf[. XXXXXc ¯ÂÚÈ˘ W U WWWWW WWWW U WWWWU U W c WWWW WWWWWUU W² ≤∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ‰ÎÂÁ Ï˘ ÔÂ˘‡¯ ·¯Ú 450 ‡ ≠ Ï‡¯˘È· ˙WÂÒ ³ ÀÓÂ ˙„ ÏÚ ¯JÁ Ÿ Ó Œ ®‡ ª ¸ 5 V² ² ² ² W W c U Z] 9 W U []NV W W [ZN c W _`NV U W _`NU^YNV W 9E? a[NV E àN W c9 _YNV ^YN W *% ² ^YN W ² ]ZN W ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 451 U W W W U Æ∏ Crf;bnt !dthyj@ bkb !ytdthyj@ d cjjndtncndbb c ntrcnjv. ÆÚË˜‰ ÈÙÏ ÔÂÎ ‡Ï Â‡ ÔÂÎ Â¯Ó‡ ®· WWZ W ² W[ W W\ W ² EW] W W^ W W_ WW` W Wa · ≠ Ï‡¯˘È· ˙WÂÒ ³ ÀÓÂ ˙„ ÏÚ ¯JÁ Ÿ Ó Œ ®‚ c UK ² K U W V U U UW W U V ©² U§ § W W W U WU V U W U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ˙ÂÈÁÏ ÍÈ‡ ıÈÏ¯‚ ÈÎ„¯Ó ˙‡Â ¯ÓÊ ‰Á ˙‡ ÂÏ‡˘ ÌÈÏ‡¯˘È ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ ÆÍÈ¯ˆ ¨È‡„Î ¨¯ÂÒ‡ ¨¯˘Ù‡ ∫ÌÈÏÈÓ· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ÆÌ‰ÈÈ· ˙ÂÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ Vjkjlst bphfbkmnzyt cghjcbkb e b rfr bv ;bnm. Bycwtybheqnt hfpujdjh vt;le ybvb. Bcgjkmpeqnt ckjdf% UU U ®„ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 452 Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf W ‰ÈÈË· ÌÚ ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÏÈÓ Æ ÆÊ Æ ØÆÊ È!˙È‡ œ _˙È − œ‡ ^˙È " œ‡ ‰˙È − œ‡ ³Â˙È‡ œ ÆÈ e−˙Èœ‡ W W E ÔÎŒ"˙È‡ œ ÌÎŒ"˙È‡ œ Ô−˙È‡ œ Ì−˙Èœ‡ Æ¯ WW ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 453 øÈÓ ÌÚ W h W h Jh c c c c c ®‡ Æπ Bcgjkmpeqnt - UU lkz pfdthitybz ghtlkj;tybq. … Â˙È‡ ¨Í˙È‡ ¨È˙È‡ ≠ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó· Âˆ·˘ ®· ÆÍ˙È‡ hU :‫דוגמה‬ WWWWWW hWWWW W c WWWWW W Uc W WWWWW hWWWW UWWWWU WWWWW U WWWWW W WWWWW WU Z W[ … Í˙È‡ ¨È˙È‡ ≠ ‰ÈÈË· ÌÚ Â‡ … Í˙Â‡ ¨È˙Â‡ ≠ ‰ÈÈË· ˙‡ Â¯Á· ÆÌÈ˜˙Ù‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰Â ®‚ W\ W] W^ W_ W` Ds,thbnt cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf WWW U V bkb cghz;tybz ghtlkjuf WWWUV lkz pfdthitybz pfgbcjr. ¨„ÈÂ„ Æ·Â˘Á Â‰˘Ó ÏÚ Í˙È‡ ¯·„Ï ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ È‡ øÍ˙Â‡ ˙Â‡¯Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ È‡ È˙Ó :‫דוגמה‬ ‰Á ¨È˙Â¯ ‰ˆÂ¯ ˙‡ Ì‡ ÆÆÆ ÏÂ‡˘Ï ÌÈˆÂ¯ ÂÁ‡ ø˙ÈÂÓ¯‰ÏÈÙ‰ Ï˘ Ë¯ˆÂ˜Ï ÆÆÆ ‡Â·Ï ø·¯Ú· ÔÙÏËÏ ‰ÏÂÎÈ ˙‡ ÈÏÂ‡ ÆÆ˙È·· ÂÁ‡ ‡ÓÈ‡ ¨‡·‡ ,‫רחל ושרה‬ ?‫ איפה אתן‬.... ‫כבר חצי שנה לא ראינו‬ .... ‫מחר יש מסיבה ואנחנו רוצים לרקוד‬ ?‫אתן באות‬ ‫שמוליק ורפי‬ ¨Ô¯ ‰ÏÈÏ‰ ÏÎ ÆÆÆ È˙‡¯˜ °¯ÙÒ‰ ÏÚ ‰„Â˙ ÏÚ ÆÆÆ ¯·„Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ Æ¯„‰ ‡Â‰Â Æ‰Ê‰ ¯ÙÒ‰ ‰Ù„ ¨‰„Â˙ ·Â˘Â ¨‰¯ÈÓ ¨ ÆÆÆ ·‰Â‡ È‡ ° ÆÆÆÆ È˙ÁÎ˘ ‡Ï È¯‰· ˙·˘· ÆÆÆ ÏÈÈËÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡Â ø·ÂË ÆÏÈÏ‚‰ ÆÈ„¨ÍÏ˘ W^ W_ ¨ÏÎÈÓÂ ÈÒÂÈ ÆÌÈÓÈ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ¯·Î ÆÆÆ ˙˘ÙÁÓ È‡ È˙ÓÊ‰ ÆÂÏ˘ ‰Â˙ÁÏ ÆÆÆ ÔÈÓÊ‰Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ÆÆÆ ÚÂÒÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ ‡Â‰ ÆÌ¯ÂÈ ˙‡ Ì‚ ø¯„Ò· ‰Ê ÆÌÎÏ˘ ˙ÈÂÎÓ· ÔÁ ¨‰„Â˙ WZ W] ¨‰˘Ó Ë¯ÒÏ ÆÆÆ ˙ÎÏÏ ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï È‡ Ï·‡ ¨˙¯ÚËˆÓ È‡ È˙ÚÓ˘ ÆÆÆÆ ˙Â‡¯Ï „Â‡Ó ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ÈÎ ¨Ï·Á ÆÌÂÈ‰ ÆÔÈÂˆÓ Ë¯Ò ‰Ê˘ ˙Â‡¯˙‰Ï ‰˜·¯ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∑ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú W[ W\ 454 ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ckjdfhysq pfgfc Ceotcndbntkmyst Ukfujks QWR9 ghjwtyn QWR9 dthf> ljdthbt rjvgfybz> j,otcndj QWR* $UQWR xfcnm#b QYWWR ª jnyjitybt QWR bccktljdfybt bycnbnen djkxjr> /kf xelj# xeltcf Rblei !jcdzotybt@ uhbgg QWR² QWR² UQWR QYWWR9$ QWR E ¶ U QR U htiftn> htifnm QmXR? U ? cjukfiftncz> pf;buftn> pf;bufnm cjukfifnmcz QmR% ¹ U ¹ % ´ ? cktletn> htrjvtyletncz> cnjbn ckeiftn> ckeifnm Ghbkfufntkmyst ² U ² ² U ¾ hfpkbxysq#fz> jnkbxysq#fz cdtncrbq Hfpyjt Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf {fyerf %9 vtymit xtv... m² E gfc[fkmysq e;by !ctlth@ QWR E yfrjytw ² V² ,jkmibycndj ² d ntxtybt 3 ¸ 5 hfyybq> hfyj ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 455 QWR?9 QWR ² 5UQWR² 5 ltvjrhfnbxtcrbq#fz *% ² U*% ² dbnfvby QWR cjwbfkbcn#rf ©² U ©² yfxfkmybr> [jpzby Cktyu $ht,znf$ !rjvgfybz lheptq@ - ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Æ· Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs tt Vjhajkjubz% c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - hbabkm ( ) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> ghjitlitt dhtvz Ghbvth% Cghz;tybt ghtlkjuf c mUc QR TQR Cbynfrcbc% c <tpkbxyst rjycnherwbb c byabybnbdjv !ghjljk;tybt@ TQR Ghbvth% Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz Wc ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ c UQXR U QZ Ukfujks Ubvt/n ujhnfyysq !gthdfz ,erdf d rjhyt@ gj’njve jyb ghjbpyjczncz byfxt% QXR t t U t t ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∑ 456 ≤∏ cghz;tybt> $wtkst$ rjhyb> ghjitlitt dhtvz Æ Æ ØÆÊ ÆÊ ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ – ÌÈÓÏ˘‰ ˙¯Ê‚ – ÏÚÙ˙‰ ÔÈÈ· Æ Æ ØÆÊ " Ÿ Ã Ã ˙ ˙ " ‰ œ − Ÿ Ã Ã ˙ ˙ " ‰ œ " ˘ ˙ " aÃÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ QR − ˘ ˙ " aÃÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ QR ‰À Ÿ Ã ˙ " ‰ œ Õ Ã ˙ " ‰ œ ‰˘ − aŸÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ ˘aÕÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ e Ÿ Ã Ã ˙ " ‰ œ Ô˙ Ÿ Ã Ã ˙ " ‰ œ Ì˙ Ÿ Ã Ã ˙ " ‰ œ e Ÿ Ã ˙ " ‰ œ e˘ " aÃÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ Q R Ô˙ ˘ " aÃÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ QR Æ± ÆÊ È˙ ! ˘ " aÃÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ QR È˙ ! Ÿ Ã Ã ˙ " ‰ œ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÈ Æ¯ Ì˙ ˘ " aÃÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ QR e˘aŸÏÃ˙ " ‰ œ X U? ¶ U + º U + º U E º U º U · ? º U · º U º c QZU ¶ º U ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 457 ‰ÏÁ˙‰ Ì‚ ÈÏÂ‡ ‡Â‰ ÛÂÒ U U 9 º ? º c W W? ¶ W© º W U µ + º U* W ≤∞∞∞ ˙˘ ≠ °ÔÈÓ‡Ó È‡ ®‡ Æ≤ ÆÌÈËÒÈÏ‡„È‡‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ ÔÈÓ‡Ó È‡‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡ÈÎ¯‡ Â‡ˆÓ ≤π∞∞ ˙˘· Æ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡ÈÎ¯‡‰ Â¯ÙÈÒ ‰Ó Â·˙Î ®· W U W W W W t W W WU W W U U W D 2900 ujle fh[tjkjub yfikb vfybatcn uheggs bltfkbcnjd. Yfgbibnt> xnj fh[tjkjub hfccrfpfkb j, ‘njq uheggt. Æ˙ÂÙÂ¯˙· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ‡Ï Ì‰ :‫דוגמה‬ øÌÎÏ˘ ÔÈÓ‡Ó È‡‰ ‰È‰ ‰Ó Æ‰ÈˆÊÈ¯„ÂÓ È·‰Â‡Â ¯ÈÚ È·‰Â‡ ∫˙¯Á‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈ¯·Á Ì˙ÈÈ‰ Ì˙‡ ®‚ Ds ,skb xktyfvb hfpkbxys[ uhegg% ghbdth;tywtd ujhjlf b ghbdth;tywtd vjlthybpfwbb. Rfrjd ,sk dfi vfybatcn* X VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰Ï·Ë· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ®‡ VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV VVV Æ≥ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Dgbibnt d nf,kbwe ukfujks d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. 458 ÔÂÏÈÓ ÆÔÂÏÈÓ· Ì˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ Â˘ÙÁÂ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂÏÈÓ‰ Í¯Ú‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ÆÌ‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÚÓ˘ÓÏ ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈ¯·Ò‰‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ Â¯È·Ú‰ f@ ,@ Æ‡ Æ· Yfgbibnt ckjdfhye/ ajhve cktle/ob[ ukfujkjd b jnsobnt d ckjdfht b[ pyfxtybt. Cjtlbybnt xthnjq ukfujks d ghfdjq rjkjyrt c cjjndtncnde/obvb bv j,(zcytybzvb d ktdjq. ¯·Ò‰ W W W W W ÈÂÏÈÓ Í¯Ú ÏÚÂÙ W W W W W Æ¯·Ú ÔÓÊ· ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Âˆ·˘ Dcnfdmnt ghfdbkmyst ajhvs gjl[jlzob[ ukfujkjd d ghjitlitv dhtvtyb. XXXXXX XXX c W ___ W QZ W W ___[Y W___ Q[ W² ___W Q\ U W ___ W Q] WVVV [YYY Q^ W U ___ U ___ Q_ W U___ Q` U ___ W Qa ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 459 Æ¥ Æμ Ì˙‡˘ ˙Â¯Á‡ ÌÈÏÈÓ ÈÙÏÂ ¯˘˜‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ˘‚„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ˙‡ Â˘ÁÂ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ÔÈ·Â ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ÔÈ· ÂÓÈ‡˙‰ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Æ˘¯Â˘ Â˙Â‡· ÌÈ¯ÈÎÓ Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b euflfqnt pyfxtybz dsltktyys[ ukfujkjd> bc[jlz bp rjyntrcnf b lheub[ ckjd njuj ;t rjhyz> rjnjhst dfv bpdtcnys. Pfntv cdz;bnt rf;ljt ghtlkj;tybt c cjjndtncnde/otq bkk/cnhfwbtq. ÌÈ‰ ÛÂÁ ÏÚ ˜È˜ÈÙ W‰ÓÓÁ˙‰ W ÁÏ˜˙‰ W ¯˘˜˙‰ W UÂ·¯˜˙‰ W Â˜Á¯˙‰x W U‰¯¯˜˙‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 460 ˘Ò ‰Á ®‡ U *%² . UZb[Z W W W 95/ ¶ U W ² UU W WZb\bW W UtZa Wk © ºx U V µW U U UW W c ZZWZYWZb]YV ˜ÈÙÒÓ È˙·˘Á ‡Ï ÆÔÂÎ ‡Ï È˙È˘Ú ‰Ó ·Â˘ÁÏ ‰Ò À ŸÓ È‡Â ¨¯ÂÙÈÎ ÌÂÈ ·¯Ú ÂÈ˘ÎÚ ‰ˆÂ¯ ˙Ó‡· ‡Â‰˘ ¨‡¯ÂÈ‚Ï È˙Ó‡‰ ‡Ï Æ‰È¯‚Â‰· ‰˙Â‡ È˙·ÊÚÂ ¨‡ÓÈ‡ ÏÚ ÆıÂ·È˜· ˙Â¯·Á‰Â ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÌÚ ˙È˙È ! Óœ⁄‡ ˜ÈÙÒÓ È˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï Ì‚ ÆÏ‡¯˘ÈÏ ˙ÂÏÚÏ È‡ Ï·‡ ¨¯˙ÂÈ ·ÂË Ì„‡ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÍÈ‡ Í¯„‰ ˙‡ ˘ÙÁÏ ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ‰˘„Á‰ ‰˘· ÆÁÈÏˆ‰Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ È‡˘ ‰ÁÂË· ‡Ï W W c [[WbWZb]ZV ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 461 ˙‡Ê Ï·‡ ¨„Â‡Ó ‰˘˜ ‰Ê˘ ˙Ú„ÂÈ È‡ Æ˙È¯·Ú· Í¢˙‰ ˙‡ ‡Â¯˜Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ¨˙Â‡È‚˘ ‰·¯‰ ÈÏ ˘ÈÂ Ô³ÂÏÈœÓ ÈÏ· ÂÈ˘ÎÚ ˙·˙ÂÎ È‡ Æ‰ÙÈ ÈÎ‰Â ˙È˙ÈÓ‡‰ ‰Ù˘‰ Æ˙È¯·Ú ˙Ú„ÂÈ È‡ ÈÎ ¨‰ÁÓ˘ È‡ Ï·‡ W Zb][V k W9E º W U Zb]] W 9µ UZb]] W W Æ∂ cZ\W\WZb]]V ¨ÌÈ¯˜È ÌÈ¯·Á ÆÌÈÈÁ· „ÁÂÈÓ „ÈNÙŸ˙ × ˘È „Á‡ ÏÎÏ Æ„Á‡ ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ÌÏÂÎ ÌÈÎÏÂ‰ ÂÁ‡ ÆÌÂÏ˘·Â ‰ÓÁÏÓ· ¨¯ÈÂÂ‡⁄·Â ÌÈ· ÆÁÂÎ ‰·¯‰ ÈÏ Ô˙Â ‰ÊÂ ¨ÔÓÊ‰ ÏÎ ÌÎ˙‡ ˙¯ÎÂÊ È‡ ‰ÓÁ ÌÈ¯·Á ˙Î¯·· ‰Á U W U W U U c ‰È¯ÒÈL À ŸÏ ‰ÎÈ À Ïœ‰ ⁄ ² i U ¸ U© ® ² U 9 ¸ º . U µ + 5 º []WZZWZb][ W Q Æ˘Ò ‰Ác R QZ W W 1@ Yf gthdjq cnhfybwt lytdybrf tcnm vyjuj uhfvvfnbxtcrb[ # jhajuhfabxtcrb[ jib,jr. Yfqlbnt ‘nb jib,rb. 2@ Xnj vj;yj epyfnm j bp ‘njq cnhfybws* ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Q[ h 462 ∫Ï˘ÓÏ ÆËÒ˜Ë·˘ ‰ÈˆÓ¯ÂÙÈ‡· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰ ÆÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ˘‡ ÔÈ·Â ˘Ò ‰Á ÔÈ· ˙ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÊÈÁÓ‰ W W W VU ®· QZ Q[ Q\ Bycwtybheqnt lbfkjub vt;le U b lheubvb k/lmvb. Bcgjkmpeqnt byajhvfwb/ bp ntrcnf. Yfghbvth% 1@ ujdjhbn vfnthb j cdjtv htitybb t[fnm d Bphfbkm. 2@ b xkty rb,,ewf. 3@ b tt ,hfn - jy ghbt[fk d Bphfbkm> f jyf etp;ftn d Tdhjge. Æ˙Á‡ ‰ÁÈ˘ Â·˙Î ®‚ Æ˘Ò ‰Á ÏÚ ÂÏ Â¯ÙÒÂ ‰Ø¯·ÁÏ ·˙ÎÓ Â·˙Î ®„ Yfgbibnt jlby bp ‘nb[ lbfkjujd. Yfgbibnt gbcmvj lheue # gjlheut b hfccrf;bnt tve # tq j ˘Ò ‰Á . ‫ בנובמבר‬8 ,‫רושלים‬ ÆÆÆ ‫ היקר‬ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ...?‫מה נשמע‬ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ÆÆÆ ,‫כל טוּב‬ ‫י‬ \ [ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 463 ^ ] Z Zb\bU W] Z]U W^ Zb]]U W[ W]U U\W\ K KU WZ Kbxyst ghtlkj;tybz c byabybnbdyjq ajhvjq. T ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ‡Ï ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Æ∑ mXmXm Xm ÈÏ ˙Â˙˘Ï ÍÏ ÏÈÈËÏ ÍÏ „ÂÓÚÏ ÂÏ ÏÎ˙Ò‰Ï ‰Ï ¯ÂÒ‡ ¯Â·ÚÏ ÂÏ ¯˙ÂÓ ÒÎÈ‰Ï ÌÎÏ È‡„Î ¯˜·Ï ÔÎÏ ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ Æ…… ÔÎÏ Ì‰Ï Ô‰Ï ¯ÂÚÈ˘ – ø‰Ê ‰ÙÈ‡ ≠ Â·˘ÁÂ Â‡¯˜ ®‡ W W W ø‰Ê ‰ÙÈ‡ – ‰Ê ˙‡ ‰Ê ÂÏ‡˘Â ®‡≠· ÂÓÎ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó ÌÂ˜Ó‰ ÏÚ Â·˙Î ¨¯Á‡ ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÚ Â·˘Á Gjlevfqnt j lheujv vtcnt> yfgbibnt j ytv ghtlkj;tybz gj j,hfpwe ghbdtltyys[ d Q b cghjcbnt lheu e lheuf - h . ®· ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ Ghjxnbnt b gjlevfqnt 464 ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ´ … ¨…Ï Ï˜ ¨…Ï ·Â˘Á ¨…Ï ·ÂË ¨…Ï ÌÈÚ ¨…Ï ‰˘˜ ∫Ì‚Â Ghjbpytcbnt ghtlkj;tybz bp nf,kbws. Æ‰Ï·Ë‰Ó ÌÈËÙ˘Ó Â¯Ó‡ ®‡ QR QR QR QR QR Æ‰ÂÓ˙· ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÈÏ ·Â˘Á :‫דוגמה‬ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ ♠ Â‡ ¨ÌÎÏ˘ ÌÈ¯Â‰‰Ó Ì˙ÚÓ˘˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó „ÈÏ ♣ ÂÓÒÂ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯˜ ®· ÆÌÎÏ˘ ÌÈ„ÏÈÏ Ì˙‡ Â„È‚˙˘ Ghjxnbnt ghtlkj;tybz b gjcnfdmnt pyfxjr ♣ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb> rjnjhst ds cksifkb jn hjlbntktq> bkb pyfxjr ♠ hzljv c ghtlkj;tybzvb> rjnjhst ds ,eltnt ujdjhbnm cdjbv ltnzv. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 465 W QZ W . Q[ W Q\ W Q] W Q^ W Q_ W Q` W Qa W Qb W QZY Æ∏ Æ¯ÂÙÈÒ‰ ÛÂÒ ˙‡ Â·˙ÎÂ ˙Â¯ÒÁ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æπ Ljgjkybnt ytljcnf/obt ckjdf b yfgbibnt jrjyxfybt hfccrfpf. f f55 Ô@ÈÕˆÓ ‚ÂÊ‰ U ___W ² 5 ² ¹ W___ W ___U c W ___ W___W c W___ hW___ h___c W c hcW___c ____________________________________ W QU‰·¯ ÌÈ¯È˘‰ ¯È˘R ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 466 °ÈÈ· ¨‰ÏÏ‡È Ê‡ Æ‰Èˆ‡ÂËÈÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯‡˙Ó‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰Â ¯ÂÈ‡‰ ¨¯È˘‰ ÔÈ· Â˜ ÂÓÒ Ghjdtlbnt kbyb/ vt;le gtcytq> bkk/cnhfwbtq b ghtlkj;tybtv> jgbcsdf/obv cbnefwb/. U W m W mU U W m k9 µ W © %¹ W m² 9k 9k W WWW99U9 U K K W WWW9U 9 ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 467 ÈÏ‡ ¨ÈÏ‡ ∫ ÌÈ¯˘Â ‰ÏÈÏ· ‰¯Â„Ó‰ „ÈÏ ÌÈ·˘ÂÈ :‫דוגמה‬ ÈÂ˘Ï ÌÂÎÈÒ UHFVVFNBXTCRFZ CDJLRF Ghtlkj;tybz b cbyabybnbdyjq ajhvjq ÏÚÂÙ Ì˘ ÌÚ ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ‡Ï ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ Kbxyst ghtlkj;tybz X X X X mm X X X X X X X X ÌÈÈÓ˙Ò ÌÈÙÂ¯Èˆ <tpkbxyst ghtlkj;tybz mm ÆÈÓ˙Ò ‡Ï‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â‡ ÈÓ˙Ò‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î Æ±∞ Yfgbibnt ,tpkbxyjt bkb kbxyjt ghtlkj;tybt. ÆÌÈÓ ‰·¯‰ ˙Â˙˘Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ W :‫דוגמות‬ ÆÂ„Â‰Ï ÚÂÒÏ ÂÏ È‡„Î ®ÂÁ‡© W mQR mQR mQR mQR mQ R ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ≤∏ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú mQR h QZ h Q[ W Q\ W Q] W Q^ W Q_ W Q` W Qa W Qb W QZY W QZZ W QZ[ 468 Ckjdfhysq pfgfc ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ¯ˆÂ‡ Ukfujks Ceotcndbntkmyst ² U,² j,toftn> j,tofnm QmR U gsnftncz> gsnfnmcz ² U cvjnhtnm QXmR? ¶ U ? ¶ dkbztn> dkbznm QRE º U E º gjkmpetncz> QmR ¶ º U ¶ º e,bdftn> e,bdfnm QYWWR djple[ vfnm gmtcf#s rjvgkbvtyn ljk;yjcnm> hjkm rekmnehf ² U QWR ² U QWR QWR QWR$ ¶ QWR95/ ¶ gjkmpjdfnmcz !xtv-k.@ QmR º U º hf,jnfnm lj,hjdjkmyj> QmR º U º dk/,kznmcz dspdfnmcz lj,hjdjkmwtv kjdbn> kjdbnm> gjqvfnm Ghbkfufntkmyst ¹ U ¹ yfcnjzobq> htfkmysq byjcnhfyysq#fz> xe;jq#fz ² E º U ² Hfpyjt *U c gjkyjq edthtyyjcnm/> µ 5 jn dctuj cthlwf ytvtlktyyj> chfpe yfwbcn ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 469 Byjcnhfyyst ckjdf QWR UQWR ² . UQWR*%² . fhbcnjrhfnbxtcrbq#fz QWR*% bltfkbcn#rf K© ÌÈÈÂ˘Ï‰ ÌÈ‡˘Â‰ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt ntvs Vjhajkjubz% tt Æ· c Ukfujk% vjltkm cghz;tybz - hbngf’km (E º ) > $wtkst$ rjhyb> ghjitlitt dhtvz Ghbvth% ˙˙Á˙‰ ¨È˙˙Á˙‰ :‫דוגמה‬ Cbynfrcbc% c Kbxyst ghtlkj;tybz c byabybnbdyjq ajhvjq Xm XmXmXmXm Xm TmXmXm Ghbvth% ÆÒÎÈ‰Ï ÂÏ ¯ÂÒ‡ :‫דוגמה‬ ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ï ˙Â¯Ú‰ Æ‚ W U˘ ¾ ¨˘ ¨Ò WtSc UtSc c QZ Uhfvvfnbxtcrbt pfvtxfybz D cghz;tybb% rjulf !gthdfz ,erdf rjhyz@ tcnm ¨˘ ¨Ò bkb ◊ djpybrftn vtnfntpf. WËV ˙ ˆ WtSc c Rjulf tcnm ˆ¨ djpybrftn vtnfntpf b ,erdf ˙ gtht[jlbn d Ë. W„ V ˙ Ê WtSc c Rjulf tcnm Ê¨ djpybrftn vtnfntpf b ,erdf ˙ gtht[jlbn d „. ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú ≤∏ 470 Â ÔÓÊ ˜ÒÙ ˙È¯·Ú‰ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Â 471 ®‡ UK U U W W W U W U Zb[[VZaâ Wk U U W U U K W W ZbV V K c W KW U W U W W WU W V W V K K WK K KK V U U U c W W W W W W d U W ± K W W W W U U UUc W© º Q f© R º Æ˙ÂÓÂÒÓ‰ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ÚË˜· ˙ÂÒÁÈÈ˙Ó ‰ÓÏ Â‡ ÈÓÏ Â·˙Î Æ· Yfgbibnt > r rjve bkb r xtve jnyjczncz erfpfyyst ckjdf. hKKWQ[ RKK :‫דוגמה‬ Æ Ï‡¯˘È· ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎ· ˙È¯·Ú Â¯·È„ „ÈÓ˙ ‡Ï WQa RK K h hWQZ^VZ] RK K WQZb RK K hQ[RKK UQZRKK hKKWQ[_V[^ RK K h WQ\Z RK K QZ Q[ Q\ Q] Q^ c W c f Q V R ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ UWX Zab[ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Â 472 ®˙ÂÂ¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘‰ ‰‡Ó·© ˙È¯·Ú· ˙Â˘„Á ÌÈÏÈÓ ÔÈÈˆÓ ✓ ÔÓÈÒ‰ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ· ÌÈ‡Â¯ Ì˙‡ ‰Ó ‰ÊÏ ‰Ê Â¯ÙÒ Hfccrf;bnt lheu lheue> xnj ds dblbnt yf hbceyrf[. Pyfxjr ✓ erfpsdftn yjdst bdhbncrbt Æ‚ ckjdf !gjcktlyb[ 100 ktn@. Q\ Q[ ✓ QZ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Q_ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Q^ Q] ✓ ✓ ✓ Qb Qa Q` ✓ ✓ ✓ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú 473 Yfgbibnt ghfdbkmye/ ajhve ukfujkjd pfrk/xtyys[ d crj,rb. Â QZZ ✓ ✓ QZY ✓ ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ QZ[ ✓ Æ‰ÂÎ‰ ‰¯Âˆ· ÌÈÈ¯‚ÂÒ· ÌÈÏÚÙ‰ ˙‡ Â·˙Î ±π≠‰ ‰‡Ó· Ï‡¯˘È ı¯‡· ÌÈÈÁ‰ ÏÚ Ì˘ÓÂ ‰ÙÓ Q R Q R U c[^YVVVZaYY c VVV W W U UU Q R W UVVV QU U R W VVV VVV U VVV Q R VVV U Æ≤ QR WVVVK U Q R c VVV Q R W VVV Q R VVV QR W U VVV Q U R W VVV VVV Q R W cVVV Q UUR VVV VVVUVVV QR VVV W W Q U R VVVUVVV Q R W VVVU Q U R VVV VVVZaa[V W U U Uc Q R WVVV Q R VVV d QUR VVV W VVV Q R W VVV Dcnfdmnt ghtlkjub d ghfdbkmyjq ajhvt. Æ‰ÈÈË· Â‡ „¯Ù· ÒÁÈ‰ ˙ÂÏÈÓ ˙‡ ÂÓÈÏ˘‰ Æ≥ ¢‰·ÂË‰Â ‰˘È‰¢ Ï‡¯˘È ı¯‡Ó ÌÈË˜ ÌÈ¯ÂÙÈÒ È˘ U VVV W W UVVV VVV W UVVVVVV W UVVVUWW VVV Kh U K cVVV V V V h K c K W W W WKK VVV WVVV VVV UKKVVV U U VVV WVVV W W ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Â 474 V WVVV hu WW u hu Wu øÌÈ„ÏÈ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈÙ˘Ó ‰Ù˘ ÍÈ‡ ®‡ Uc WW ¹ W W U W d W W U W U U U U W c z - vfkmxbr c U U - ltdjxrf UWz W W U U W c h ˜ÒÙ ÔÓÊ ‰ÏÁ˙‰‰ ÔÓ ˙È¯·Ú Â 475 Jndtnmnt yf djghjcs. 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Bplfntkmcrbq Ljv Tdhtqcrjuj Bthecfkbvcrjuj Eybdthcbntnf Bthecfkbv > Bphfbkm Yfgtxfnfyj d Bphfbkt Bkk/cnhfwbb% Yjfv Yflfd> ?dfkm Hj,bxtr Uhfabrf> yf,jh b gtxfnm% Frfltvjy Knl. J DK J <Y S TYY Q BDHBN yfxfkmysq rehc XFCNM 1 Ikjvbn {fzn Cfhf Bchf’kb Bkkf Rj,kbyth FRFLTVJY KNL. Bplfntkmcrbq Ljv Tdhtqcrjuj Bthecfkbvcrjuj Eybdthcbntnf Bthecfkbv> 2002

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