Источник - Institutul de Energetica

ACADEMIA DE STIINTE A MOLDOVEI
Institutul de Energetica
Actionari Electrice Dirijate – Mijloc Eficient de
Economisire a Energie Electrice
Dr.Hab. Valentin Olesciuk
Chisinau
Moldexpo - Martie 2011
Reference
V. Oleschuk, “50 Years of Power Electronics: Its Importance
and New Dimensions”, Invited Lecture at the University of
Bologna (Italy), February 1st, 2011
What is subject of Power Electronics?
Power Electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the control
and conversion of electric power.
Power Electronics is the technology associated with the efficient conversion,
control and conditioning of electric power by static means from its
available input form into the desired electrical output form.
Power electronic converters can be found wherever there is a need to modify a
form of electrical energy (i.e. change its voltage, current or frequency).
The power range of these converters is from some milliwatts (as in a
mobile phone) to hundreds of megawatts (e.g. in a high voltage
transmission system). With "classical" electronics, electrical currents and
voltage are used to carry information, whereas with power electronics,
they carry power. Thus, the main metric of power electronics becomes
the efficiency.
What is subject of Power Electronics?
Energy saving by means of Power Electronics
CONTROL AND CONVERSION BY ELECTRONIC SWITCHING ARE HIGHLY EFFICIENT
THAN BY RHEOSTATIC CONTROL
• NEARLY 60% OF GRID ENERGY IN USA AND EU IS CONSUMED IN MACHINE DRIVES –
MAINLY FOR FLUID FLOW CONTROL BY PUMPS AND FANS
• TRADITIONALLY, FLUID FLOW IS CONTROLLED BY THROTTLE OR DAMPER OPENING
WITH INDUCTION MOTOR RUNNING AT CONSTANT SPEED
• VARIABLE SPEED DRIVE WITH FULLY OPEN THROTTLE OR DAMPER CAN IMPROVE
DRIVE EFFICIENCY BY UP TO 30% AT LIGHT LOAD
• LIGHT LOAD FLUX PROGRAMMING CONTROL CAN FURTHER IMPROVE DRIVE
EFFICIENCY BY 20% • VARIABLE SPEED LOAD-PROPORTIONAL AIRCONDITIONER/HEAT PUMP CAN SAVE ENERGY UP TO 30%
• NEARLY 20% OF GRID ENERGY IS CONSUMED IN LIGHTING
• HIGH FREQUENCY FLUORESCENT LAMPS ARE 4-TIMES MORE EFFICIENT AND HAVE
10-TIMES LONGER LIFE THAN INCANDESCENT LAMPS
• EMERGING SOLID STATE LED LAMPS ARE 8-TIMES MORE EFFICIENT AND HAVE 50TIMES LONGER LIFE THAN INCANDESCENT LAMPS
Power electronic converters: DC-AC (inverters)
Topology of
. a three-level
neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverter
High-power converters
High-power converters: application examples
Power Electronics – energy saving potential
Power Electronics – energy saving potential (drives)
Power Electronics – energy saving potential (drives)
Power Electronics – energy saving potential (drives)
Motor drives
use 50-60% of
all electrical
energy
consumed in the
developed
world. By using
power
electronics
controlled
motor drives a
potential
reduction in
energy
consumption of
20-30% is
achievable
Частотно-регулируемые электроприводы насосных станций
Начиная с 80-х годов прошлого века по
разработкам и рекомендациям Института
энергетики АНМ внедрено более 50 систем
регулируемого электропривода в мелиорации,
жилищно-коммунальном хозяйстве и в
промышленности Республики Молдова, с
диапазоном мощностей от 1,5 до 300 кВт, в том
числе на базе разработанных в Институте
транзисторных и тиристорных
преобразовательных устройств. Средняя
экономия электроэнергии за счет использования
регулируемых электроприводов составляет 25%,
срок службы электродвигателей увеличивается
при этом в 2 – 3 раза. В частности, в перечень
базовых внедрений входят:
- 6 опытно-промышленных образцов систем
управления электроприводами многоагрегатных
насосных установок на насосных станциях
оросительных систем;
-автоматизированные тиристорные
электроприводы главной и районной
канализационных насосных станций г Яловены
мощностью соответственно 300 и 250 кВт,
суммарная экономия электроэнергии на которых
составляет 220 000 кВт-час в год;
Транзисторные преобразователи для систем электропривода
Транзисторные преобразователи
частоты мощностью 1.5 – 5 кВт для
регулируемых в широких пределах
асинхронных электроприводов
различного функционального
назначения
Транзисторные многофункциональные
преобразователи частоты с гибкими
алгоритмами управления для
автоматизации сложных
технологических процессов
в области химических технологий
Power Electronics in renewable energy systems
The global electrical energy consumption is still rising and there is a steady
demand to increase the power capacity. It is expected that it has to be doubled
within 20 years.
Nowadays one of the basic concepts is to change the electrical power
production sources from the conventional, fossil based energy sources to
renewable energy resources.
Between the most emerging renewable energy sources there are wind energy,
photovoltaic, wave generators, fuel cells, small hydro.
The main advantages of using renewable energy sources are the elimination of
harmful emissions and the inexhaustible resources of the primary energy.
The main disadvantage, apart from the higher costs, e.g. photovoltaic, is the
uncontrollability.
Power Electronics in wind power systems
The forecast for worldwide
total installed capacity
The key to reduce price is to increase the
power level and today turbines of 4-5 MW
are used around the world. It is expected 10
MW wind turbines will be in practice soon.
Power Electronics in wind power systems
The countries with the highest total installed capacity are Germany, Spain and Denmark. A
number of other countries, including Italy, the UK, the Netherlands, China, Japan and Portugal
have also reached the 1,000 MW mark of installed capacity. Europe is still leading the market.
Power Electronics in photovoltaic systems
Photovoltaic (PV) based solar power is like the wind turbines a technology for a
booming industry; since 1980, when the terrestrial applications began. The annual
installation of PV power has increased to above 7 GWp leading to cumulative installed
PV power by the end of 2009 reaching to approximately 15 GWp according to EPIA
which actually is 10 % of the wind power capacity.
Development and prognosis of specific cost
and production quantity for the PV inverter
of nominal powers between 1 and 10 kW
during two decades (¦ indicates specific
prices of products on the market).
Power Electronics in photovoltaic systems
Historically the main market segments for PV were the
remote industrial and developing country applications
where PV power over long term is often more
costeffective than alternative power options such as
diesel generator or mains grid extension.
Worldwide, the cumulative share of off-grid to
gridconnected applications is approximately 1:4
at the present time. However, this is not the case in
every reporting country. In Sweden, Norway and
Finland, the most common applications are for
vacation cottages, while in Australia, Mexico, and
France achieving rural electrification is a key
objective. In Canada, Israel and Korea, commercial
and telecommunications applications dominate.
Power Electronics in photovoltaic systems
Example of implementation: Department of Electrical Engineering of the
University of Bologna (G. Grandi et al., IEEE Tr. on PE, 2009)
PV panels on the roof of the Department
Experimental set-up
Why Power Electronics is so important to-day?
INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT ROLE OF POWER ELECTRONICS IN ENERGY SAVING
(CONTROLLED ELECTRIC DRIVES, ETC.) THAT HELPS TO SOLVE GLOBAL
WARMING PROBLEM
• FAST GROWTH OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES (WIND, PHOTOVOLTAIC AND
FUEL CELLS) THAT ARE HIGHLY DEPENDENT ON POWER ELECTRONICS
• GROWTH OF ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES AND OTHER GREEN TRANSPORT
SYSTEMS, WHICH ARE POWER ELECTRONICS INTENSIVE
• IMPROVES PRODUCTIVITY AND PRODUCT QUALITY IN AUTOMATED INDUSTRIAL
SYSTEMS
• ENABLES VERY EFFICIENT POWER CONVERSION AND CONTROL IN MODERN
ELECTRICAL ENERGY PROCESSING SYSTEMS (HVDC, FACTS, UPS, ETC.)
• VERY IMPORTANT ELEMENT IN BULK ENERGY STORAGE (BATTERY, FLYWHEEL,
PUMPED STORAGE, ULTRA CAPACITORS, FUTURE HYDROGEN ECONOMY)
• SMART GRID OF TOMORROW WITH INTENSIVE POWER ELECTRONICS WILL PERMIT
OPTIMUM RESOUCE UTILIZATION AND ENERGY SAVING IN THE GRID
Thank you for your attention!