Russian Grammar: Participles (Прича́стия)

RUSSIAN GRAMMAR:
PARTICIPLES
Present Active Participles
OVERVIEW
•
In this tutorial we will cover the following topics:
• What is a present active participle?
• How is this participle used?
• How is this participle formed?
• Quiz on present active participles
WHAT IS A PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE?
•
Participles are verbs that behave like adjectives in that they describe nouns
•
English examples include:
• Running water > cf. English verb to run
• Sleeping children > cf. English verb to sleep
• Hired hands > cf. English verb to hire
• Arrested thieves > cf. English verb to arrest
• Participles are helpful because they allow us to express a lot of meaning in fewer
words. For example: The arrested thieves stood trial. Instead of The thieves who
were arrested stood trial. It doesn’t save a lot of space, but it gives utterance a
higher, more erudite style.
EXAMPLE OF A PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
FROM TOLSTOY’S WAR AND PEACE
• Элен была так хороша, что не только не было
в ней заметно и тени кокетства, но, напротив,
ей как будто совестно было за свою
несомненную и слишком сильно и
победительно действующую красоту. Она как
будто желала и не могла умалить действие
своей красоты.
• ‘Helen was so beautiful, that not only was no shadow of
coquetry noticeable, but, rather, it was as if she were
ashamed of her indisputable and incredibly powerful and
conquer-inducing beauty. Is seemed as if she wanted, but
could not diminish the effect of her beauty.
WHAT ARE PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES?
• Present active participles are participles that describe present-tense actions
and they are in active voice
• English examples of these types of participles are:
• I see the sleeping child.
• I see the burning house.
• I see the moving car.
WHAT IS ACTIVE VOICE?
•
Active and passive voice differ in how they view the subject and/or the direct object of a
sentence.
•
Consider the following example:
•
The car hit Bob.
•
This is an active sentence. It has a subject, a verb, and a direct object.
•
The subject of the sentence is the person actually performing the action.
WHAT IS PASSIVE VOICE?
•
We can make this this sentence passive by switching word order.
•
Bob was hit.
•
This is a passive sentence.
•
The subject of the sentence is not actually the person/thing performing the action.
•
We can also say Bob was hit by the car and it will still be passive.
ACTIVE VOICE AND PRESENT ACTIVE
PARTICIPLES
• Present active participles in Russian can only be used to describe something
that is actually performing the action, thus it can be used with active
constructions, not passive ones.
• Я поговорил с покупающей женщиной.
• I talked with the shopping woman.
• The woman is the one who is shopping so we use a present active
participle.
HOW ARE PARTICIPLES USED?
•
In Russian participles are typically used in writing, not in speaking. If you are looking to
get more practice using participles, I would definitely recommend reviewing how to use
который since it will help you immensely in using and understanding participles.
•
In Russian participles are used in three ways
• Like adjectives to describe a noun: Это работающий мальчик or Это работающий
на заводе мальчик.
• Like relative pronouns to describe a noun: Это мальчик, работающий на заводе.
• Like nouns when the noun is left out because it is understood: Работающие готовы.
Present Active Participles
HOW ARE PARTICIPLES FORMED?
MAKING PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLES
•
These participles are formed from verbs in the present tense that are imperfective
•
(Remember that perfective verbs do not have a present tense form)!
1. Form 3rd person plural of verb (они form): читают, готовят, идут
2. Remove final -т: читаю-, готовя-, иду3. Add -щ- : читающ-, готовящ-, идущ4. Add the ending -ий and then decline it to agree with the word it is describing (in number,
case, and gender)
5. If verb is reflexive, add –ся to the end (participles never end in the –сь ending)
читающая девушка, готовящий мальчик, идущие люди, занимающийся студент
ЗАЧЕТ
Answer the following questions about present active participles
•
T or F - Present active participles can only be formed from past-tense verbs
• FALSE - They are formed from present tense verbs
•
T or F - Present active participles can only be formed from imperfective verbs
• TRUE - They are only formed from imperfective verbs
•
T or F - Present active participles are formed using the letter -ш
• FALSE - They are formed using the letter -щ (e.g., пишущий студент)
PRACTICE FORMING PRESENT ACTIVE
PARTICIPLES
Use the following example to practice forming present active participles:
1. Start with слушать
2.
Form the 3 rd person plural form of present tense verb
• слушают
3. Remove the final -т
• слуша4. Add the participial ending and adjective suffix
• слушающий
5. Decline the participle so it fits in the following sentence: Я видел ________ людей.
• Я видел слушающих людей.
ПОВТОРЕНИЕ
•
Form present active participles for the
following verbs
1. гулять
1. гуляющий
2. смотреть
2. смотрящий
3. любить
3. любящий
4. говорить
4. говорящий
5. сидеть
5. сидящий
6. давать
6. дающий
7. играться
7. играющийся
CONGRATULATIONS
• You have now finished this tutorial on present active
participles. If you have further questions, consult a
Russian grammar book or talk with your Russian
instructor.