Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан Павлодарский государственный университет

Министерство образования и науки Республики Казахстан
Павлодарский государственный университет
им. С. Торайгырова
Факультет иностранных языков
Кафедра практического курса иностранных языков
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Методическое пособие
для практических занятий студентов по специальности
“География”
Павлодар
УУДК 811. 111 (07)
ББК 81.2 Нем
А50
Рекомендовано Ученым советом ПГУ им. С.Торайгырова
Рецензент:
Демесинова Г.Х.. - кандидат филологических наук, доцент
Составители: Смагулова Г.Ж., Аипова А.К..
А50
Английский язык: методическое пособие. – Павлодар,
2006. –50 с.
В методическом пособии приводятся рекомендации по
выполнению практических работ по дисциплине «Английский язык»,
показаны цели выполнения контрольных заданий.
Методическое пособие предназначено для практических занятий
студентов 1 курса специальности «География», владеющих
определенными знаниями и навыками по английскому языку.
УДК 811. 111 (07)
ББК б 81.2 Нем
© Смагулова Г.Ж., Аипова А.К., 2006
© Павлодарский государственный университет
им. С.Торайгырова, 2006
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Введение
Основной целью обучения студентов английскому языку в
неязыковом вузе является достижение ими практического владения
этим языком, что предполагает при обучении формирование умения
самостоятельно читать литературу по специальности с целью
получения информации из иноязычных источников.
В условиях обучения такие виды речевой деятельности как
устная речь (чтение, говорение) и письмо используются на
протяжении всего курса как средство обучения.
Перевод используется: как средство обучения; для контроля
понимания прочитанного; в качестве возможного способа передачи
полученной при чтении информации. Практическая работа включает
грамматический и лексический материал, необходимый для овладения
умениями и навыками чтения литературы по специальности.
Практическая работа предназначена для студентов 1, 2 курсов 1, 2 и 3
семестров, изучавших английский язык и владеющих определенными
знаниями и навыками по английскому языку.
Методическое пособие
Цель практических занятий для студентов специальности
“География” – развить на основе предыдущих языковых знаний
необходимые речевые умения и навыки выражать свои мысли,
понимать услышанное и прочитанное. Эти целевые компоненты
определяют содержание практических занятий: направленность
текстов по специальности, составление терминологического словаря,
послетекстовых заданий.
Практические занятия характеризуются:
- рациональным объемом и сочетанием языковых заданий;
- коммуникативной направленностью, оптимальной репрезентацией по специальности и страноведческому аспекту.
Особый упор делается на развитие навыков индивидуальной
работы с текстами по специальности и страноведческой тематике, что
способствует систематическому расширению профессионального и
общеобразовательного кругозора студентов.
Словообразовательные, грамматические и речевые упражнения
служат для введения лексики по специальности, тренировки и
закрепления языкового материала. В то же время текстовой материал
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и задания служат цели обобщения и контроля знаний пройденного
материала и степени сформированности соответствующих речевых
навыков и умений. На первом этапе практической работы
выполняются лексические задания. Цели просматриваются в заданиях
– это тренировка и закрепление терминологического лексического
материала. Лексические задания могут выполняться индивидуально, в
парах или в маленьких группах. Далее обучающиеся читают и
переводят спецтекст с учетом отработанной лексики и
терминологического словаря, который следует после текста, что
предполагает обогащение словарного запаса студентов и развитие
профессиональной
компетентности
соответственно
профилю
обучения. Затем выполняются в письменной и устной форме
послетекстовые языковые и грамматические
задания, которые
направлены
на
развитие
интеллектуально–познавательных
способностей по специальности и практических навыков грамматики.
Работа над лексикой
Работу над закреплением и обогащением лексического запаса
рекомендуется проводить следующим образом:
- работая со словарем, ознакомьтесь по предисловию с
построением словаря и с системой обозначений, принятых в данном
словаре;
- слова выписывайте в исходной форме с соответствующей
грамматической
характеристикой
(неопределенная
форма,
единственное число).
Эффективным средством расширения запаса слов служит
знание способов словообразования в английском языке. Умея
расчленить производное слово на корень, префикс и суффикс, легче
определить значение неизвестного слова. Кроме того, зная значение
наиболее употребительных префиксов и суффиксов, можно без труда
понять значение семьи слов, образованных от одного корневого слова,
которое Вам известно, например: consequent (следовать) –
consequently (следовательно) – consequence (последствие).
Характерной особенностью языка специальной литературы
является наличие большого количества терминов. Термин – это слово
или устойчивое словосочетание, которое имеет одно строго
определенное значение для конкретной области науки или техники.
Трудность перевода заключается в выборе правильного
значения многозначного иностранного термина. Чтобы избежать
ошибок, нужно знать общее содержание отрывка или абзаца и,
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опираясь на контекст, определить к какой области знания относится
понятие, выраженное известным термином.
Работа над специализированным текстом
Поскольку основной целевой установкой обучения является
получение информации из иноязычного источника, особое внимание
следует уделять чтению текстов по специальности. Чтение
специализированного текста складывается из следующих умений:
- догадываться о значении незнакомых слов на основе
словообразовательных признаков и контекста;
- видеть интернациональные слова и устанавливать их значение,
- находить знакомые грамматические формы и конструкции и
устанавливать их эквиваленты в русском языке;
- применять знания по специальным предметам в качестве
основы смысловой и языковой догадки.
Точное и полное понимание текста осуществляется путем
изучающего чтения. Изучающее чтение предполагает умение
самостоятельно
проводить
лексико–грамматический
анализ,
используя знания специальных предметов. Проводя этот вид работы,
следует развивать навыки адекватного перевода специализированного
текста (устного и письменного) с использованием терминологических
словарей.
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1 Практические занятия в 1 семестре
1.1 Вариант 1
1.1.1 Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык
Seasons and Weather
There are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and
autumn. Each of them lasts three months.
Every new year begins in winter, on the first of January. This day is a
holiday in our country and people decorate their flats with New Year trees.
In our country winter is usually a cold season. It often snows, the
rivers and lakes are frozen over. The average temperature is about 15-20
degrees below zero. The most unpleasant thing about winter is that the sun
sets early and rises late - especially in December and January. The days are
short, the sky is often grey, nature is sleeping and sometimes it gets rather
boring.
But at the end of March the weather gets gradually milder. The sun
shines more brightly. The days become longer, snow begins melting.
Spring comes and nature awakens after a long sleep of winter. All kinds of
plants and flowers (snowdrops, tulips, primeroses, etc.) come out. The
grass is amazingly fresh. I can’t help loving it. The birds return from the
South and make their nests. They look so happy and cheerful. I feel happy
with them too listening to their pleasant songs. The farmers begin the
sowing campaign. They fertilize the soil, plough the fields, plant trees and
vegetables. Everybody is automatically much happier in spring. You feel as
if you were born anew.
Spring is followed by summer. The weather gets still warmer and
sometimes it is very hot. The sky is blue and cloudless. But sometimes
there are storms with thunder and lightning. The gardens are gay with
flowers all summer months. The corn gets golden in the fields. In summer
people spend much time in the open air. They find time to get to the forest,
to swim in the river, to sunbathe. Summer is a vacation time. I like it very
much, but my favourite season is spring. As the great Russian poet A.S.
Pushkin said: “Oh, summer, fine! I’d love you but for the heat, the
mosquitos and flies”.
Autumn comes in September with the beginning of the school year.
Early autumn is still the harvest time, the time when fruits and vegetables
become ripe. It is also a very beautiful time of the year, when the weather is
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still warm and the leaves change their colour from green to yellow and red.
Everything around is greenish-gold.
Late autumn is less beautiful. It gets colder, the days are shorter, in
the morning it often freezes. Last leaves fall from trees and cover the
ground. There’s much rain and fog. Birds fly away to warm countries. Low
and heavy clouds hang in the sky. The landscape gets rather dull. Nature
slowly falls asleep for winter.
In fact every season has its fine days and is pleasant in its own way.
And it is not difficult to see this beauty.
Глоссарий:
1) weather forecast - прогноз погоды;
2) right - яркий;
3) awaken - просыпаться;
4) melt - таять;
5) freeze - замерзать;
6) cover - покрывать;
7) become - становиться;
8) it gets - становиться;
9) strong - сильный;
10) dry - сухой;
11) mild - мягкий;
12) wet - мокрый;
13) thunder - гром;
14) lightning - молния;
15)landscape - пейзаж;
16) grass - трава;
17) ground - земля;
18) average - средний;
19) sowing campaign - посевная;
20) fertilize the soil - удобрять почву;
21) plough the fields - пахать поля;
22) harvest - урожай;
23) ripe - спелый;
24) grow – расти.
1.1.2 Составьте предложения, употребив выделенные слова и
словосочетания:
1) There are four seasons in the year;
2) Each season lasts three months;
3) Last winter was very snowy;
4) It often rains in autumn;
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1.1.3 Вставьте слова rainy, sunny, snowy или windy:
1) When it rains people say that the weather is …;
2) When it snows they say it is …;
3) When the wind blows, it is … ;
4) When the sun shines, the weather is …;
5) Winter is … in our Republic, but not in England;
6) There are many … days in autumn;
7) We had a … summer last year;
8) When it is … we take umbrellas.
1.1.4 Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1) Летом дни длинные, а ночи короткие;
2) Зимой мы носим теплую одежду, летом легкую;
3) В Англии не часто идет снег, но часто бывает дождь;
4) Весной становится теплей, а осенью холодней;
5) В середине лета бывает очень жарко;
6) В теплых странах зимы не холодные. Когда идет снег, он
сразу же тает;
7) Мне не понравилась зима в прошлом году. Было мокро и
сыро;
8) Начало осени часто называют «бабье лето» (Indian summer);
9) Когда идет дождь, я надеваю плащ или беру с собой зонт;
10) В Англии погода может меняться несколько раз в день.
1.1.5 Ответьте на следующие вопросы
1. How many seasons are there in the year?
2. What are they?
3. How long does each season last?
4. In what season of the year does nature return to life?
5. What is the nature like in spring?
6. Which season is the hottest in the year?
7. Why do people like to have their holidays in summer?
8. Do you like stay in town or do you go to the country in summer?
9. What season is the harvest time?
10. Is the weather pleasant in September?
11. Does it rain in autumn?
12. What is the shortest (longest) day of the year?
13.What is the busiest season of the year?
14. Which is your favourite season and why?
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1.1.6 Найдите в тексте предложения с конструкцией there is,
there are; выпишите их и переведите на русский язык
Например
There are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and
autumn.
Существуют четыре времени года: зима, весна, лето и осень.
1.1.7 Найдите в тексте прилагательные в положительной
форме и образуйте их сравнительную и превосходную степени
Например
Сold – colder - the coldest
Вeautiful - more beautiful - the most beautiful
1.2 Вариант 2
1.2.1 Прочтите текст и определите его главную мысль
London
London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and
commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world (together with
Tokyo and New York) and the largest city in Europe. Its population is
about 8 million.
London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has
more than a 20-century-old history. Traditionally it is divided into several
parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very
different from each other.
The city is the oldest part of London, its financial and business
centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are concentrated here, including
the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people
live in the City but over a million come to work here. Two masterpieces are
situated within the City: St. Paul’s Cathedral was built in the 17 th century
by Christopher Wren. The tower of London was built in the 11 th century. It
was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now it is a museum.
Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. It includes
Buckingham Palace where the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament
stretching for nearly 1000 feet along the north bank of the Thames.
The Clock tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big
hour bell, known as “Big Ben”. Westminster Abbey is the place where
coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them
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are buried here as well as some other famous people of the country (G.
Chaucer,I. Newton, Ch. Dickens, T. Hardy, R. Kipling, etc.).
The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is a
symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs,
parks and houses are situated there. English aristocracy lives in this
district. One of the busiest streets in the West End is Oxford Street. There
are many various shops here which attract customers from different
countries of the world.
Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named
in the memory of Admiral Nelson’s victory at the battle of Trafalgar in
1805. The tall Nelson’s Column stands in the middle of the square.
Opposite the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the
National Portrait Gallery. They contain the finest art collections in the
world. Not far from the National Gallery is the British Museum famous for
its rich library (about 7,000,000 books).
The East End is an industrial district of London there. The region is
densely populated by working class families, those people who have built
the palaces of the West End. Old residents of the East End are proud to be
called cockneys which means true Londoners, hereditary inhabitants of the
area. They love the district very much.
Глоссарий:
1) capital – столица;
2) centre – центр;
3) region – район;
4) palace - дворец;
5) royal - королевский;
6)fortress - крепость;
7) cathedral - собор;
8) victim - победа;
9) stretch - простираться;
10) residence - резиденция
11) masterpiece - шедевр;
12) wealth – богатство;
13) inhabit - населять;
14) resident - житель;
15) attract attention – привлекать внимание;
16) contain - содержать;
17) occupy – занимать;
18) the Bank of England – Английский банк;
19) the Stock Exchange – Лондонская фондовая биржа;
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20) the Old Bailey – Центральный уголовный суд, находящийся
на Олд-Бейли.
1.2.2 Составьте предложения, употребив следующие слова и
словосочетания:
-20 centuries old;
- business centre;
- official residence;
- in the memory;
- to contain.
1.2.3 Закончите следующие предложения
1) London is situated on the banks of the river … .
2) The oldest part of London is … .
3) The aristocratic official part of London is called … .
4) The symbol of wealth and luxury is … .
5) The industrial part of London is called … .
6) Most Government offices in London are situated in … street.
7) The official residence of the Prime Minister is in … .
8) The place where Monarch lives is called … .
9) The place of meetings and demonstrations in London is called ... .
10) The largest park in London is … .
11) Old residents of the East End call themselves … .
1.2.4 Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is the capital of Great Britain?
2. Is London a big city?
3. What is its population?
4. What river does London stand on?
5. What parts is London divided into?
6. What is the West End famous for?
7. What do you know about the British Museum?
8. Is London a city of big contrasts?
1.2.5 Спросите своего друга:
- if he has ever been to London;
- if it is possible to see anything of London in one day;
- whether he knows the history of Britain;
- what famous theatres he knows in London;
- what big university he knows in London;
- what places of interest he would like to see first.
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1.2.6 Вставьте предлоги и проверьте по тексту:
1) Two masterpieces are situated … the City;
2) The region is densely populated … working class families;
3) Westminster is the aristocratic official part … London;
4) The tall Nelson’s Column stands … the middle of the square;
5) It is a symbol …wealth and luxury. English aristocracy lives …
this region;
6) One … the busiest streets … the West End is Oxford Street;
7) It was named … the memory … Admiral Nelson’s victory at the
battle … Trafalgar in 1805;
8) … the Nelson monument is the National Gallery and the National
Portrait Gallery.
1.2.7 Выпишите предложения с глаголами в PassiveVoice
Например
London is situated on the river Thames.
1.3 Вариант 3
1.3.1 Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык
The Geography of the USA
The USA is the 4th largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada
and China). It is situated in central North America and stretches from the
Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders on Canada in the north and Mexico
in the south and has a sea-border with Russia. It also includes Alaska and
Hawaii. The total area of the country is 9,4 million square kilometers. The
enormous size of the country influences the diversity of landscape, climate
and even people.
The USA is a federal republic, union of 50 states. The capital of the
country Washington is situated in a special federal area called the District
of Columbia.
The population of the country is about 260 million people. They are
the people of all races and nationalities, either descendants of immigrants
or immigrants who have come to America from all countries of the world
in search of independence and self-realization. It’s impossible to generalize
about the weather, the landscape and the way of living because the nation
occupies nearly half of the continent, which is divided into 4 time zones
and has almost every type of climate. If you look at the map of the USA
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you’ll see snow-topped mountains and flat prairies, fertile valleys and
deserts, the areas of tropical heat and artic cold.
One of the most important geographical boundaries in the USA is the
50-centimeters rainfall line, which runs from north to south almost through
the middle of the country. East of the line farming is relatively easy and the
population is large. The are man-made irrigation systems, dry farming,
grazing and fewer people west of the line.
The West is a mountainous area of the Rocky Mountains, the
Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley in
Alaska (6,000 meters). As compared with the Appalachians in the east, the
Rocky Mountains are sharp and rugged, over 4,000 meters high, rich in
gold, copper, lead, silver and other minerals.
The USA has many thousands of streams. Some of them are mightily
rivers, which flow lazily across the valleys. Others rush swiftly down deep
canyons and steep gorges. The longest are the Mississipi (6,400
kilometers), “the father of waters”, the Missouri (1,600 kilometers), “too
thin to plough and too thick to drink”, the Colorado wild, restless and
angry, the Columbia full of quiet dignity and the Rio Grand (3,200
kilometers), a national boundary between the USA and Mexico. The
Colorado forms the Grand Canyon, which strikes one’s imagination as a
fabulous phenomenon of nature. Its perpendicular walls go up to 1,500
meters above the river level. The USA has thousands of lakes of all kinds
and sizes. The Great Lakes make up the largest group; they are the greatest
collection of fresh water lakes in the world with the total area equal to that
of Great Britain. Here the famous Niagara Falls precipitate from the height
of 50 meters. Among salty lakes the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Salton
Sea in California are the most famous. They are rich in salt (6,000 million
tons).
The climate of the country varies greatly from arctic in Alaska,
through continental in the central part to subtropical in the south. The
climate along the Pacific coast is warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.
The temperature changes little between winter and summer there. In the
eastern part the difference between summer and winter is distinct, but not
so extreme as in the north central part where the difference between winter
and summer is 36 degrees C and even more.
Among the largest cities of the USA are New York, Los Angels,
Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San Francisco and others. But a great
proportion of the country consists of open land marked with farm-houses
and small towns.
The USA is one of the greatest industrial and leading nations in the
world. With only about 5 % of the world’s population and about 6 % of its
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land area, the USA produces around 25 % of the world’s industrial
products, agricultural goods and services. It’s world’s leader in biochemical
and genetic engineering, aerospace research and development,
communications, computer and information services and similar hightechnology fields. One of the reasons is America’s vitality, its spirit of
enterprise and initiative as well as its size and natural resources.
Глоссарий:
1) boundary - граница;
2) copper - медь;
3) descendant - потомок;
4) desert - пустыня;
5) dignity - благородство, достоинство;
6) distinct - отличающийся;
7) diversity - разнообразие;
8) enormous - огромный, громадный;
9) enterprise - предприимчивость;
10) extreme - крайний;
11) fabulous - невероятный, сказочный;
12) fertile – плодородный;
13) generalize - обобщать;
14) gorge - ущелье;
15) grazing - выпас (животных);
16) irrigation - орошение;
17) mighty - могучий;
18) plough - пахать;
19) precipitate - низвергать(ся);
20) restless - беспокойный;
21) rugged - неровный, изрезанный;
22) rush - стремительно двигаться;
23) steep - крутой;
24) stretch - простираться;
25) strike - поражать, удивлять;
26) swiftly - быстро, скоро;
27) valley - долина;
28) vitality – жизнеспособность.
1.3.2 Вставьте пропущенные слова и проверьте по тексту:
1) The USA is situated in … North America and … from the Pacific
to the Atlantic Ocean;
15
2) It is impossible to … about the weather, the landscape and the way
of living because … occupies nearly half of a continent, which is … into
four time zones and has almost every type of … ;
3) West of the line there are man-made … systems, dry-farming, …
and fewer people;
4) As compared with the Appalachians in the east, the Rockies are …
and … , over 4,000 meters high, rich in …, …, …, … and other minerals;
5) The Colorado forms the … …, which strikes one’s imagination as
a fabulous … of nature;
6) Here the famous Niagara Falls … from the height of 50 meters;
7) The climate of the country varies greatly from … in Alaska,
through … in the central part to … in the south;
8) The USA is one of the greatest … and the leading … nations in
the world.
1.3.3 Закончите предложения, используя предложенные
варианты:
1) The USA borders on Canada in the north and Mexico in the south
and has a sea-border with
а) Great Britain;
б) Russia;
в) Japan.
2) The capital of the country Washington is situated
а) in a special federal area called the District of Columbia;
б) in the state of Washington;
в) in the centre of the country.
3) East of the 50-centimeters rainfall line
а) fewer people live;
б) the population is large;
в) there are thousands of streams.
4) The climate along the Pacific coast
а) is very cold;
б) is warmer than that of the Atlantic coast;
в) is mild.
5) Among the largest cities of the USA are
а) New York, Los Angeles and Washington;
б) Seattle, Miami and Santa Barbara;
в) Manchester, Liverpool,Dresden.
1.3.4 Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is the territory of the USA?
16
2. How many states are there in the USA?
3. What can you see if you look at the map of the USA?
4. What is the West like?
5. What are the longest rivers?
6. There are no lakes in the USA, are there?
7. Where is the difference between summer and winter temperatures
the most distinct?
8. In what fields of economy is the USA the world’s leader?
1.3.5 Выпишите из текста предложения с прилагательными
в превосходной степени
Например
Among salty lakes the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Salton Sea in
California are the most famous.
1.3.6 Выпишите из текста предложения с прилагательными
в сравнительной степени
Например
The climate along the Pacific coast is warmer than that of the
Atlantic coast.
1.3.7 Вставьте предлоги и проверьте по тексту:
1) The USA is situated in central North America and stretches …
the Pacific … the Atlantic Ocean;
2) It borders … Canada in the north and Mexico in the south and has
a sea-border … Russia;
3) The USA is a federal republic, union … 50 states;
4) The capital of the country Washington is situated in a special
federal area called the District … Columbia;
5) If you look … the map of the USA you’ll see snow-topped
mountains and flat prairies, fertile valleys and deserts, the areas … tropical
heat and artic cold.
1.4 Вариант 4
1.4.1 Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык
Kazakhstan
The Republic of Kazakhstan is an independent state in the center of
Eurasian continent. According to the most recent data, the population of
17
Kazakhstan at the end of 1997 was 15.5 million: 55% - urban, 45% - rural.
The territory of the country stretches 1600 km from north to south
and 2800 km from west to east: a total area is 2.7 mln. square km.
Kazakhstan borders on Russia in the North, China in the East, Kirghizia,
Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan in the South, and the Caspian Sea in the
West.
Kazakhstan relatively developed economic structure is based on its
vast deposits of natural resources such as ore, oil, natural gas. In addition
Kazakhstan is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products –
primarily grain, wool and meat. The main branches of industry are
metallurgy, production of heavy machinery, industrial equipment,
chemicals, textiles and processed food. National currency of Kazakhstan is
Tenge.
Kazakhstan is divided into 5 main zones, according to climatic and
economic conditions. They are: Eastern, Northern, Central, Southern and
Western Kazakhstan.
Eastern Kazakhstan is about 1.7 mln. people. The main cities are
Semipalatinsk, Oskemen, Zyryanovsk. The region is rich in polymetal ores,
containing lead, zinc, copper, gold, silver. The main branches of industry
are metallurgy and production of heavy machinery, non-ferrous metallurgy,
machine- building, timber cutting.
Northern Kazakhstan is the granary of the country, about three
quarters of agricultural land is used for grain production. The useful
minerals are deposits of iron, hard coal, limestone: industries include
machine – building, instrumental and food processing.
Central Kazakhstan covers the territory of 398 square km. The main
cities are: Karaganda, Jeskazgan, Temirtau. The population is
overwhelmingly urban – more than 80 per cent live in cities. The region is
famous for hard coal deposits; about 30 per cent of the Republic’s hard coal
stocks are concentrated in Central Kazakhstan. Highly developed industries
are: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and construction
industry.
The population density of Southern Kazakhstan is the highest in the
Republic. The main cities are: Almaty (the former capital of the state),
Kyzylorda, Aralsk, Taraz, Shymkent. The region is the main center of
irrigated agriculture with well-developed cotton, sugar, beet and rice
growing.
Western Kazakhstan is mainly famous for its mineral resources such
as oil, gas, chromate, copper. The Tengis oil field is one of the largest in
the world. The region attracts foreign investments to stimulate the
development of the industry in the region.
18
Глоссарий:
1) data – данные;
2) urban – городской;
3) rural – сельский;
4) deposits – запасы;
5) ore – руда;
6) currency – валюта;
7) lead – свинец;
8) copper – медь;
9) non - ferrous metallurgy;
10) granary – житница;
11) limestone – известняк.
1.4.2 Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов и
переведите их:
- to export;
- to import;
- to concentrate;
- to construct;
- to develop;
- to product;
- to calculate.
1.4.3 Закончите следующие предложения:
1) The population of Kazakhstan is …;
2) Kazakhstan borders on … to the North;
3) To the West Kazakhstan borders on …;
4) The main cities of Eastern Kazakhstan are …;
5) About 30 per cent of the Republic hard coal stocks are
concentrated in…;
6) Western Kazakhstan is mainly famous for …;
7) Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical industry and
construction industry are highly developed in ….
1.4.4 Составьте предложения со следующими глаголами:
- to stretch;
- to border;
- to develop;
- to divide;
- to concentrate;
- to attract;
19
- to stimulate;
- to live;
- to produce;
- to export.
1.4.5 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
1. What is the population of Kazakhstan?
2. What is the national currency of Kazakhstan?
3. Name the main cities of Kazakhstan?
4. Where is the highest population density in Kazakhstan?
5. What is Southern Kazakhstan famous for?
6. What kind of region is Northern Kazakhstan?
7. What countries does Kazakhstan border on to the North, to the
West, to the East, to the South?
8. Give the description of Central Kazakhstan?
1.4.6 Найдите в тексте предложения с глаголами в Passive
Voice и определите их видовременную форму
Например
Kazakhstan is divided into 5 main zones, according to climatic and
economic conditions. - Present Simple Passive
1.4.6 Запишите словами числительные:
1) 55 per cent;
2) 45 per cent;
3) 1600;
4) 2.7 mln.;
.
5) 1.7 mln.;
6) 398 square km.;
7) 1.7 mln.;
8) 1600 km..
1.4.8 Образуйте форму Participle I oт следующих глаголов и
переведите их
Например
to play – playing; играть – играющий
to live, to produce, to export to stretch, to border, to develop, to import
1.5 Вариант 5
1.5.1 Прочтите текст и переведите его на русский язык
20
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is
situated on the British Isles. It consists of four parts: England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland. England, Wales, Scotland occupy the
territory of Great Britain. Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of
Ireland.
The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244,000 square
kilometres, it takes the 75th place among other countries in the world. The
population is more than 57 million. About 80 per cent of the population is
urban. The capital of the country is London. Great Britain is separated from
the continent by the English Channel which is 34 km wide in its narrowest
point. The country is also washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea and the
Atlantic Ocean.
The surface of Great Britain varies greatly. The northern and western
parts of the country is mountainous and is called the Highlands. All the rest
(south, east and centre) is a vast plain which is called the Lowlands. The
mountains are not very high. The rivers are not long. The most important of
them are the Severn, the Thames, the Trent. There are many beautiful lakes
in the mountainous parts of the country.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf
Stream influence the climate of Great Britain. It is mild the whole year
round.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as
one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of iron and steel
products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and
navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is
shipbuilding. 7 per cent of the population is engaged in farming.
Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs.
The most famous educational centers are Oxford and Cambridge
universities. They are considered to be the intellectual centers of Europe.
The education is not free, it is very expensive.
The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of the
state. But in practice it is ruled by the elected government with a Prime
Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the
House of Lords and the House of Commons. It sits in the Houses of
Parliament in Westminster.
There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour,
the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The Labour party with Antony
Blair at the head is the ruling party nowadays. There’s no written
constitution in Great Britain only precedents and traditions.
21
Глоссарий:
1) country – страна;
2) power – держава;
3) be situated - быть расположенным;
4) wash – омывать;
5) island – остров;
6) urban – городской;
7) surface – поверхность;
8) vary – отличаться;
9) high – высокий;
10) low – низкий;
11) land - земля, страна;
12) plain – равнина;
13) vast – огромный;
14) lake – озеро;
15) navigation – судоходство;
16) shipbuilding – кораблестроение;
17)equipment – оборудование;
18) cotton – хлопок;
19) iron ore - железная руда;
20) rubber – резина;
21) heavy and light industry - тяжелая и легкая промышленность;
22) occupy – занимать;
23) border on – граничить;
24) density – плотность;
25) natural resources - природные ископаемые;
26) raw – сырье;
27) steel – сталь;
28) aircraft – самолеты;
29) political set-up - политическое устройство;
30) authority – власть;
31) belong (to) – принадлежность;
32) government – правительство;
33) chamber – палата;
34) ruling – правящий.
1.5.2 Составьте предложения, употребляя выделенные слова
и словосочетания:
1) The British Isles are washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the North
Sea;
2) On the continent the country borders on France;
22
3) It occupies the territory of about 244,000 square kilometers;
4) Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country;
5) The power in the country belongs to the Queen and the two
Houses of Parliament.
1.5.3 Закончите следующие предложения:
1) The United Kingdom consists of …;
2) The British Parliament consists of …;
3) There are the following political parties in Great Britain …;
4) There are some famous educational establishments such as …;
5) The United Kingdom is satiated on …;
6) The British Isles are washed by …;
7) The Queen’s rights are limited by …;
8) The territory of Great Britain is …;
9) The population is ….
1.5.4 Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is the official name of Great Britain?
2. Where is the U.K. situated?
3. What parts does it consist of?
4. What is the territory and the population of the United Kingdom?
5. What city is the capital of the U.K.?
6. What is the surface of the country?
7. Are there any big rivers and lakes?
8. Why is the climate of the British Isles milder than that of the
Continent?
9. What goods does the British industry produce?
10. Are there any big educational establishments in Great Britain?
11. Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy, isn’t it?
12. What is the name of the Queen of Great Britain?
13. Is her power limited by Parliament?
14. How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of?
What are they?
15. What are the main political parties in Great Britain?
16. Who is the Prime Minister of Great Britain?
17. Which political party does he represent?
1.5.5 Спросите своего друга:
- знает ли он официальное название Великобритании;
- знает ли он, почему страну часто называют Англия;
-знает ли он, кто является премьер-министром Великобритании;
23
- интересуется ли он политическим устройством страны;
- что он думает о системе образования в стране;
- что он думает о промышленном развитии Великобритании;
- что он думает об уровне жизни англичан.
1.5.6 Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1) Британские острова расположены на континентальном
шельфе (shelf);
2) Пролив Ла-Манш отделяет Великобританию от континента;
3) Пролив Ла-Манш неширокий, не более 32 километров;
4) Великобритания - одна из наиболее густонаселенных стран
мира;
5) Считается, что Шотландия такая же красивая, как и
Швейцария;
6)Туристы со всего мира приезжают в эти страны, чтобы
полюбоваться красотой пейзажа;
7) Уэльс - один из крупнейших шахтерских районов страны;
8) Великобритания получила большую прибыль (gain profit) от
эксплуатации своих колоний;
9) Северная Ирландия была первой колонией Англии;
10) Сегодня Великобритания – крупный производитель железа и
стали, электронного и машинного оборудования, текстиля.
1.5.7 Вставьте пропущенные предлоги
The United Kingdom … Great Britain and Northern Ireland is
situated … the British Isles. It consists … four parts: England, Wales,
Scotland and Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland occupy the
territory … Great Britain. Northern Ireland is situated … the northern part
… Ireland.
1.5.8 Преобразуйте предложения в Present Indefinite в
временные формы Future Indefinite и Past Indefinite:
Например
The education is not free, it is very expensive. (Present Indefinite)
The education was not free, it was very expensive. (Past Indefinite)
The education will be not free, it will be very expensive. (Future
Indefinite)
1)The Labour party is the ruling party nowadays;
2)The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of
Lords and the House of Commons;
3)It sits in the Houses of Parliament in Westminster.
24
2 Практические работы на 2 семестр
2.1 Вариант 1
2.1.1 Прочтите текст и передайте его главную мысль
Man and Environment
Part I
Human progress has reached the stage of intensive exploration of
nuclear and solar energy, the World Ocean and outer space. It is evident
now, however, that often man is adversely affecting the environment and
his activity is sometimes fraught with fatal consequences.
It becomes increasingly clear that man cannot and must not use his
tremendous power so carelessly, infinitely interfere in nature and radically
try to change it, without taking into account possible negative effects of his
economic activity. The more material wealth people create, the more they
realize that they cannot but be concerned about how the biosphere is
changing as a result of productive activity. Current ecological research
shows, that man, when over concerned with technicism, far from turning
deserts into oases, can turn oases into deserts, threatening to destroy
everything on Earth, if he continues exerting mostly uncontrolled impact on
the biosphere.
In the 19th century and even in the first half of the 20th century,
material production didn’t require taking into account the consequences
which man’s interference in nature may have in the distant future, and it
wasn’t considered an objectively essential condition for the existence of the
whole of mankind, whereas, in the second half of the 20 th century such as a
consideration is becoming vitally important.
Hence man should carefully study the impact of his activity on
various components of the surrounding nature. It is not only necessary to
transform the wild natural environment, which often has a disastrous effect
on the man (earthquakes, typhoons, hurricanes, floods, droughts, magnetic
and solar storms, as well as radioactivity, cosmic radiation, etc.) into a safe
environment suitable for man and meeting his needs. This means that the
ecological problem of environmental pollution and other adverse effects of
25
man’s uncontrolled impact on nature into purposeful and planned
interaction with the latter.
Of course, the biosphere as a complex system also possesses
enormous possibilities for self-regulation. Despite the fact that certain
biological species, i.e., individual elements of the biosphere, may become
extinct as a result of various impacts thereon, it is still capable on the whole
of existing and developing. The impact of industry on the biosphere is
compensated for by the inner resources of homeostatic self-organization.
Today, however, the impact has reached such proportions that the
biosphere’s inner resources can no longer compensate for society’s harmful
influence on the environment, both on individual species and on all of life
on earth without help from outside. Many ecologists consider that the
disappearance of particular living species constitutes the main ecological
and social problems of the day. The world’s famous biologists warn that
the present situation is fraught with the extinction of animals and plants on
a scale much greater than their both natural and man-caused extinction
during the preceding millions of years.
In this massive biological depletion of the Earth’s resources goes on
uncontrolled for several decades to come, the world environment will
change irreversibly.
All this means that at present there has arisen a pressing necessity to
change the character of the interaction between man and nature.
Глоссарий:
1) cannot but – не могут не;
2) overconcerned with – слишком занятый, обеспокоенный;
3) far from – далеко не, отнюдь;
4) on the whole – в целом;
5) homeostatic – гомеостатический;
6) no longer – больше не;
7) fraught with – чреватый;
8) massive – сильный, большой;
9) complicated – сложный, трудный;
10) unity – единство, целостность;
11) point of view, the world outlook – точка зрения;
12) insoluble – неразрешимый;
13) inevitable – неизбежный;
14) perish – погибать;
15) cause – вызывать, являться причиной;
16) ensure – обеспечивать, гарантировать;
17) approach – подход, рассмотрение;
18) provide – обеспечивать, давать;
26
19) improve – улучшать, совершенствовать;
20) living standards – жизненный уровень;
21) affect – воздействовать (на), влиять.
2.1.2 Прочтите и переведите данные интернациональные
слова
solar, energy, fatal, radically, negative, economic, biosphere, result,
ecological, technicism, oases, objectively, component, transform, typhoon,
magnetic, radioactivity, cosmic, system, biologica, compensate, ecologist
2.1.3 Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих сложных
существительных
self-regulation, self-organization, self-ignition, self-purification, selfpollution, self-help, self-monitoring
2.1.4 Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
слов и словосочетаний :
1)Чревата фатальными (неизбежными) последствиями;
2) человек, безгранично вмешиваться в природу;
3) безмерно ограниченный техницизмом;
4) угрожая уничтожить все на земле; учитывать последствия;
5) в отдаленном будущем; жизненно важный;
6) для существования всего человечества;
7) обладает огромными возможностями;
8) несмотря на тот факт что;
9) все же способна существовать.
2.1.5 Назовите английские глаголы, от которых образованы
следующие существительные и переведите их
exploration, interference, extinction, activity, depletion, radiation,
transformation, production, regulation, interaction, existence, consideration
2.1.6 Ответьте на вопросы
1. What is the main ecological and social problem of the day?
2. What are the differences in opinions about nature in the 19th
century, in the first half of the 20th century and in the second half of the 20th
century?
3. Can we state that the impact of industry on the biosphere is
compensated for by the inner resources of homeostatic self-organization?
27
4. Is the ecological problem the problem of environmental pollution
and other adverse effects of man’s economic activities?
5. What must we do to protect the environment?
2.1.7 Образуйте Simple Gerund Active от следующих глаголов
Например
to clean - cleaning
to affect, to provide, to improve, to study, to turn, to study, to surround, to
continue, to exert, to consider, to meet
2.1.8 Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами в Passive
Voice, определите их видовременную форму
Например
The impact of industry on the biosphere is compensated for by the
inner resources of homeostatic self-organization.
Видовременная форма - Present Simple Passive
2.2 Вариант 2
2.2.1 Прочтите текст, стараясь понять его содержание
Man and Environment
Part II
What are the major aspects and ways of solving this most
complicated problem of the 21st century – the restoration of the unity
between man and nature, the problem of turning the material production
from a purely technical and social element into a biosocial one, into a
means of the purposeful transformation of the biosphere?
A scientific understanding of the essence of the relation between man
and nature, correct from the point of view of the world outlook and the
methodology, can serve as a general theoretical foundation for solving
ecological problem.
The rational utilization of recourses and the conservation of nature
are a matter of general state policy in all countries. The Constitutions of all
countries not only formulate the necessity for the protection and scientific,
rational utilization of the environment, but also entrusts the state with the
task of realizing different measures on preserving a healthy environment.
All the problems concerning the interaction of man and nature are
now of international importance. The pollution of the Ocean by one
particular country affects fishing in other countries, often very far away.
28
Pollutants coming from industrial centers in Germany, Belgium and France
filter down in Scandinavia or even Eastern Europe and affect forests and
fish in ponds and lakes there.
The problem of “Man and the Biosphere” can and must be solved by
the efforts of all countries. Cooperation, long-term coordinated
development plans for all countries, or joint solution of pressing global
problems are possible only in the conditions of peace and détente.
It is clear that only the cooperation can provide the means needed for
the long-term programmes proposed and for the solution of global
problems.
Глоссарий:
1) reduce … to – сводить … к;
2) rather … than – скорее, чем;
3) per se – лат. само по себе;
4) exploration - исследование;
5) adverse – неблагоприятный;
6) affect - воздействовать, влиять;
7) take into account - принимать во внимание, учитывать;
8) be concerned – беспокоиться;
9) turn into – превращать;
10) threaten - угрожать, грозить;
11) destroy - разрушать, уничтожать;
12)essential - обязательный, необходимый;
13) exist – существовать;
14) existence – существование;
15) disastrous - гибельный, губительный;
16) safe - безопасный, губительный;
17) suitable - пригодный, подходящий;
18) meet the needs - удовлетворять потребности;
19) purposeful – целенаправленный;
20) self-regulation – саморегулирование;
21) harmful - вредный, опасный, губительный;
22) warn - предупреждать, предостерегать.
2.2.2 Прочтите и определите значения следующих слов по
сходству со словами того же корня в русском языке
restoration, biosocial, methodology, theoretical, global, ideologist,
civilization, urban, demographic, optimization, optimistic, fact, rational,
formulate, sphere, filter
29
2.2.3 Найдите в правой колонке слова, близкие по значению
словам в левой колонке
1. protection
2. harmful
3. essential
4. present
5. realize
6. exploration
7. influence
8. tremendous
9. complex
10. consider
11. interpret
12. ten years
13. result
14. pure
1. understand
2. impact
3. complicated
4. effect
5.normous
6. explain
7. decade
8. egard
9. clean
10. conservation
11. research
12. adverse
13. necessary
14.current
30
2.2.4 Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих пар слов,
обращая внимание на слова с отрицательными префиксами и
суффиксами. Проверьте перевод по словарю
soluble – insoluble; careful – careless; finite – infinite; pure –
impure; harmful – harmless; appearance – disappearance; controlled –
uncontrolled; balance – unbalance; equilibrium – disequilibrium; suitable –
unsuitable.
2.2.5 Назовите английские глаголы, от которых образованы
следующие существительные и переведите их
restoration, formulation, optimization, cooperation, protection,
improvement, preservation, transformation, pollutant, conservation.
2.2.6 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:
1.What is the main idea of the text?
2.What can serve as a general theoretical foundation for solving
ecological problem?
3. What are the major aspects and ways of solving this most
complicated problem of the 21st century – man and environment?
4. What is the task of Constitutions of all countries?
5. What problems are of international importance nowadays?
6. Can the problem of “Man and the Biosphere” be solved by the
efforts of all countries?
2.2.7 Употребите следующие предложения в Past Indefinite:
Например
It is clear that only the cooperation can provide the means needed for
the long-term programs proposed and for the solution of global problems.
It was clear that only cooperation could provide the means needed
for the long-term programs proposed and for the solution of global
problems.
1) A scientific understanding of the essence of the relation between
man and nature, correct from the point of view of the world outlook and the
methodology, can serve as a general theoretical foundation for solving
ecological problems;
2) The rational utilization of resourses and the conservation of nature
are a matter of general state policy;
3) The Constitutions of all countries not only formulate the necessity
for the protection and scientific, rational utilization of the environment, but
also entrust the state with the task of realizing different measures on
preserving a healthy environment;
31
4) All the problems concerning the interaction of man and nature are
now of international importance;
5) The problem of “Man and the Biosphere” can and must be solved
by the efforts of all countries;
6) Cooperation, long-term coordinated development plans for all
countries, or joint solution of pressing global problems are possible only in
the conditions of peace and détente.
2.2.8 Вставьте предлоги и проверьте по тексту
Hence man should carefully study the impact … his activity on
various components … the surrounding nature. It is not only necessary to
transform the wild natural environment, which often has a disastrous effect
… the man into a safe environment suitable … man and meeting his needs.
This means that the ecological problem … environmental pollution and
other adverse effects … man’s uncontrolled impact … nature into
purposeful and planned interaction … the latter.
The disappearance … particular living species constitutes the main
ecological and social problems … the day. The present situation is fraught
… the extinction … animals and plants on a scale much greater than their
both natural and man-caused extinction during the preceding millions …
years.
2.3 Вариант 3
2.3.1 Прочтите текст и определите его основную мысль
Nuclear Winter: What This Means
The fact that the climatic consequences of nuclear war will be more
terrible than the direct impact is too novel and paradoxical a thought. It has
not yet penetrated the global collective consciousness. Catastrophic
сhanges in the environment will ensure a few days after a nuclear conflict
and will affect the whole planet for a period of up to several years
depending on the nuclear war scenario.
The main climatic effect will be an abrupt, exceptionally intensive
and prolonged cooling of the air over the continents. The temperature will
plummet as a result of the heavy atmospheric pollution by dust during
nuclear explosions and by soot released in the conflagration of cities,
industrial complexes, fuel and forest reserves.
32
Calculations based on a climatic model evolved in the Academy of
Sciences Computing Centre indicate that within a month after a conflict
involving the use of nuclear warheads with a total capacity of 10,000
megatons (the Hiroshima bomb and an explosive power of about 20
kilotons, today the nuclear countries have warheads with a capacity of 1020 megatons and more) the temperature will drop more than 30 degrees
below average in the north-western United States, 40 degrees in the northeastern United States, by 35 degrees in Alaska, by 40 degrees in
Kamchatka, by 50 degrees in Europe, by 51 degrees on the Arabian
Peninsula, by 22 degrees in Central America.
The tragedy will not be confined to the hemisphere. In the event of a
nuclear war in the northern hemisphere alone, cooling will still affect the
southern as well. The intense atmospheric pollution in the northern
hemisphere will lead to a thermal contrast between the hemispheres a
global change in air movements, and, in consequence, to a intensive
transfer of nuclear pollution across the equator. As a result, the air cooling
in the southern hemisphere and in the tropic will be approximately the
same as in the northern.
While there will be a sharp fall in the air temperature in the lower
layers of the atmosphere, the polluted atmosphere as a whole will become
more heated than now. From a low level on the land surface the air
temperature will gradually rise to a very high level 8-12 kilometers above
it. The atmosphere will become supers table. Vertical air craft currents
(convection) and, consequently, the vertical transfer of water vapour will
be greatly suppressed. There will be a radical change in the atmosphere’s
hydrological cycle. Its natural purification will proceed far more slowly
than it does now.
The ocean, due to its colossal thermal inertia, will cool more slowly.
Estimates show that in 10 months the average decrease of the temperature
of the ocean surface will be about 1.2° C. For this reason the air over the
ocean surface will cool be “just a few“ degrees. However, this will be
enough to form a thick fog which will persist for many months. The
immense temperature contrast between the land and the slowly cooling
ocean will result in fierce coastal hurricanes accompanied by a colossal rise
in precipitation in the form of snow over wide coastal strip. In other words,
a prolonged “nuclear winter” will set in regardless of the season.
Away from the coasts, in the interior of the continents, the amount of
precipitation will be close to zero. Farm crops will be destroyed and
domestic animals, if they survive the cold, will be of thirst because fresh
water will, in the main, be frozen.
33
The described drop in the air temperature over the land surface is the
main but not the only consequence of a nuclear conflict.
Глоссарий:
1) scenario - условие, ситуация;
2) plummet - резко падать;
3) conflagration - большой пожар;
4) in the event of - в случае;
5) several-fold - в несколько раз;
6) abrupt - внезапный, резкий;
7) cooling - охлаждение;
8) drop - падение, понижение, падать;
10) sharp - резкий;
11) regardless - независимо от, несмотря на;
12) thirst - жажда;
13) burn - сжигать (дотла);
14) range-диапазон, пределы, интервал, колебаться (в
определенных пределах);
15) lack-недостаток, нехватка.
2.3.2 Прочтите и определите значения следующих слов по
сходству со словами того же корня в русском языке
paradoxical, atmospheric, thermal shock, calculation, tragedy,
intense, contrast, equator, atmosphere, vertical, convection, hydrological
cycle, colossal, thermal inertia, disperses, intensity, megaton, monoxide,
cyanide, mechanism, circulation, extreme, psychological stress
2.3.3 Исходя из значения знакомых вам слов, переведите
слова того же корня
combustible-combustion, toxic-toxicity, lethal-lethality, soot-sooty,
thirst-thirsty, survive-surviver, circulation-circulate, calculation-calculate,
precipitation-precipitate,
fluctuation-fluctuate,
abrupt-abruptly,
purification-purify-purifier,
pollution-pollute-pollutant,
intensiveintensively-intensify
2.3.4 Переведите следующие словосочетания:
1) combustible substance, combustible mixture, combustible
component;
2) regardless of thirst, regardless of disease, regardless of danger,
regardless of threat;
3) atmospheric dust, cosmic dust, coal dust, radioactive dust;
4) fatty soot, fuel soot, acid soot;
34
5) seasonable fluctuations, average fluctuations, temperature
fluctuations, thermal fluctuations, total fluctuations;
6) chemical purification, mechanical purification, final purification,
water purification;
7) annual precipitation, atmospheric precipitation, chemical
precipitation, thermal precipitation, total precipitation;
8) radiation level, pollution level, noise level, toxicity level, water
contamination level;
9) lack of timber, lack of fertile soil, lack of fresh water, lack of
precipitation, lack of fuel.
2.3.5 Сгруппируйте антонимы:
1) below;
2) rise;
3) perish;
4) inadmissible;
5) cooling;
6) complicated;
7) dangerous;
8) clean;
9) peace;
10) above;
11) admissible;
12) capable;
13) survive;
14) war;
15) safe;
16) fall;
17) polluted;
18) simple;
19) incapable;
20) heating;
2.3.6 Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту
1. What will be the climatic consequences of nuclear war?
2. Why will the temperature plummet?
3. What will happen within a month after a conflict involving the use
of nuclear warheads with a total capacity of 10,000 megatons?
4. What will the intense atmospheric pollution lead to?
35
5. What will happen with the polluted atmosphere as a whole while
there will be a sharp fall in the air temperature in the lower layers of the
atmosphere?
6. Why will the ocean cool slowly and what does estimates show?
7. What will happen with farm crops and domestic animals?
2.3.7 Найдите в тексте предложения с Participle I and
Participle II и переведите на русский язык
Например
The main climatic effect will be an abrupt, exceptionally intensive
and prolonged cooling of the air over the continents.
Основным климатическим эффектом будет внезапное
исключительно интенсивное и продолжительное охлаждение воздуха
на всех континентах.
2.3.8 Найдите в тексте числительные, напишите их словами
и образуйте от них порядковые числительные
Например
20 – twenty - twentieth
Вариант 4
2.4.1 Прочтите текст и определите его основную идею
Ecology is a Priority
The ecological problem, which is also very much a social one, is one
of the pressing problems of our days. It is closely linked, through causeand-effect relations, to the problems of economic growth, progress in
science and technology, natural resources, energy, and food supplies. In
many cases the environmental problem has become a dominant one in
relation to many others.
The pollution of the environment, the destruction of ecosystems, the
destruction of many species of plants and animals have now reached
threatening proportions. An increasing influence on nature and the
application of new technological processes (whose consequences are
increasingly dangerous for the environment) may cause catastrophic
results. Negative anthropogenic influences threaten to disrupt nature’s basic
cycles and to undermine the self-regenerating capacities of the biosphere
and of its individual components.
36
This is illustrated by the following data. By comparison with the
beginning of the twentieth century the accumulation of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere, as well as of aerosols, has increased dozens of times in
many cities, and has increased globally by 20 per cent. As a result of the
formation of a layer of carbon dioxide around the Earth which encloses it
like a glass cover the threat of unfavorable changes in climate has arisen
that may transform our blue planet into an enormous greenhouse during the
next decades, with possibly catastrophic effects. Those include changes in
its energy balance and a gradual increase in temperature that will transform
fertile regions into arid ones, raise the level of water in the oceans (through
the melting of polar and drifting ice) and produce a flooding of great
numbers of coastal lands and cities. The threat of a disruption in the ozone
screen in the lower stratosphere as a result of the flights of supersonic
aircraft ( its destruction by 50 per cent will increase ultraviolet radiation 10
times, with corresponding influences on the sight of animals and humans).
Pollution of the oceans has increased at a rate that threatens to make it
global (4.10 tons of petroleum are channeled to the ocean, i.e.,
approximately 0.1. per cent of petroleum production on maritime shelves).
All this exerts a substantial adverse influence on the health of
individuals, their labour productivity, and their creative activities and
requires increasing capital investments in order to sustain the fertility of
agricultural land and to purify water bodies, since their waters are
becoming unsuitable both for general use and for use in the economy. The
pollution of the environment through chemical, physical and biological
agents (the development of micro-organisms and agricultural pests that are
immune to drugs and poisons) together with increases in the volume and
types of ionizing radiation, produce, among other things, an increase in
their mutagenic influence on individuals, that is , in pathological changes in
heredity, and a greater number of hereditary defects, diseases, genetically
determined forms of vulnerability to serious and chronic diseases. These
impede the vital activities and reproductive functions of individuals and
cause their genetic degeneration. Calculations of researchers indicate that
increases in natural background radiation by only 10 rads may lead to the
birth of 6 million hereditarily defective persons in each generation. Already
now, according to UN experts, 10.5 per cent of people are born with
hereditary (genetic) defects. Data concerning deaths from cancer published
be the National Cancer Institute of the U.S. indicate that 60 per cent or
more of the cases (500,000 cases of cancer per year) are caused by various
cancer-producing factors in the environment.
Глоссарий:
1) self - regenerating capacity – саморегуляция;
37
2) ozone screen - озоновый слой, слой озона;
3) mutagenic – мутагенный;
4) natural background radiation - естественная фоновая радиация
(излучение);
5) rad - яд. физ. рад (0,01 дж кг);
6) dangerous - опасный;
7) threaten - угрожать;
8) gradual - постепенный;
9) arid - сухой, безводный;
10) melt - таять;
11) capital investment- капиталовложения;
12) purify - очищать;
13) drug - лекарство, медикамент;
14) vulnerability - чувствительность, уязвимость;
15) impede - препятствовать, задерживать;
16) generation - поколение, потомство.
2.4.2 Прочтите и определите значение следующих слов по
сходству со словами того же корня в русском языке
ecology, dominant, ecosystem, catastrophic, anthropogenic, cycle,
accumulation, aerosol, planet, balance, stratosphere, ultraviolet, immune,
ionizing, pathological, defect, genetically, chronic, degeneration.
2.4.3 Учитывая значения суффиксов, подберите к русским
словам соответствующие английские эквиваленты:
1) здоровый (health, healthy, healthless);
2) очистка (purifier, purify, purification);
3) ядовитый (poisoning, poison, poisonous);
4) разрушительный (destruction, destructively, destructive);
5) благоприятный (favour, favourable, unfavourable);
6) плодородие (fertility, fertilizer, fertilize);
7) засушливый (aridity, aridness, arid);
8) нарушение (disrupt, disruption, disruptive).
2.4.4 Проверьте по словарю, правильно ли вы понимаете
значения следующих слов и словосочетаний
food supply, disruption, layer, unfavourable, fertile, fertility, coastal,
health, water body, pest, poison, heredity, hereditary, disease, ozone screen
2.4.5 Переведите следующие словосочетания:
1) field pest, forest pest, garden pest;
38
2) surface layer, depletion layer, oxygen rich layer;
3) unfavourable weather, unfavourable climate, unfavourable
changes, unfavourable heredity;
4) dangerous impact, dangerous pollution, dangerous disease,
dangerous consequences, dangerous interference;
5) disruption of the temperature, disruption of the oxygen balance;
6) arid land, arid climate, arid region;
7) increasing fertility, chemical fertility, economic fertility;
8) threat of war, threat of extinction, threat destruction, threat of
depletion, threat of a disruption in the oxygen balance.
2.4.6 Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту
1. What problem is one of the pressing problems of our days?
2. What may cause catastrophic results?
3. How many times has the accumulation of carbon dioxide increased
in the atmosphere?
4. What will transform fertile regions into arid ones?
5. What can you say about the ozone screen?
6. What and how does the pollution of the environment influence
individuals?
7. According to UN experts, how many per cent of people are born
with hereditary defects?
8. What does the National Cancer Institute of the U.S. indicate?
2.4.7 Найдите в тексте предложения в Present Perfect
переведите на русский язык
Например
The pollution of the environment, the destruction of ecosystem, the
destruction of many species of plants and animals have now reached
threatening proportions.
Загрязнение окружающей среды, разрушение экосистемы,
исчезновение многих видов растений и животных достигло сейчас
угрожающие размеры.
2.4.8 Найдите в тексте предложения в Passive Voice
переведите на русский язык
Например
This is illustrated by the following data.
Это проиллюстрировано следующими данными.
2.5 Вариант 5
39
и
2.5.1 Прочтите текст и определите его основную мысль
The Mineral Resources of the Continents
Mineral deposits are distributed unevenly on the continents, and for
that reason many countries are forced to import oil, various metal ores and
the like.
Russia is in a better position than many other countries in terms of its
mineral and raw material deposits. It occupies the first place in the world in
estimated deposits of iron and manganese ores, titanium, nickel, lead, and
molybdenum. Russia has about half the world’s resources of coal, peat,
potassium salt, and at least 30 per cent of the oil and gas.
The world mineral reserves are enormous and run into millions,
billions and even trillions of tons. However, they are not infinite and some
deposits become depleted when they are intensively exploited.
Various and often contradictory estimates exist as to how long the
different raw materials will last. According to some of them, iron resources
will last for 250 years, chromium resources for 95 years, copper for 30
years, coal for 500 years, and oil and gas for 70 years. Other predictions
exist, but one thing is clear: mineral deposits will last only for a limited, not
very lengthy period. We must conserve and make rational use of mineral
resources.
Prospecting for new deposits occurs in all countries and new reserves
of minerals are discovered every year. In recent years, Russia has applied
the most modern techniques of prospecting for mineral deposits on a wide
scale. Precise and highly sensitive apparatus is used to study mineral
resources, observations are made, and various kinds of photographs taken
from outer space. Distant probes from outer space function on the basis that
all natural formations reflect, absorb or radiate electromagnetic waves of a
definite frequency and intensity. These waves can be registered by the
appropriate receptors on spacecraft. Together with the data obtained by
conventional geological methods, the information from outer space
provides the material vital for understanding the pattern of ores, oil and
coal distribution on the earth and enables us to discover promising new
areas of mineral deposits.
In Russia, the last 30 years have been marked by particularly
important geological discoveries which have considerably expanded our
knowledge of mineral and raw material resources. They are the discovery
of the world’s largest oil and gas reserves in the Volga and Urals regions
and West Siberian Lowland, copper and nickel ore deposits in Norilsk area,
40
tin and tungsten ores in the Far East, rich polymetallic ores in Krasnoyarsk
Territory and Buryat Autonomous Republic, and iron ores in the area of
Kursk magnetic anomaly and in Kustanai region.
Coal was the main fuel at the turn of the century, but of late coal
consumption has increased relatively slowly, and its share in world energy
consumption has fallen. This is temporary situation, however, because the
role of coal as a source of energy will increase as the supplies of oil and gas
are depleted. In order to picture the world reserves of coal, suffice it to
point out that of the 12,560,000 million tons of standard fuel in the earth’s
bowels, 11,200,000 million accounts for coal.
Coal reserves are unevenly distributed among the countries: most of
them are in Asia, North America and Europe. Russia has more coal mines
than any other country in the world. The coal reserves of Russia exceed
8.7x10 tons including a little over 5.1x10 tons of hard coal, or more than
half of world coal reserves.
About 60 per cent of the coal mined in the country is now used in the
production of electrical and thermal energy (and compressed air); only 19
per cent is used for heating. In future the requirements for coal will
probably increase only in thermal and electric power production; more coal
will be processed into liquid and gaseous fuel.
As coal will remain an important fuel for a long time to come, it is
understandable that power engineers should turn their attention to Siberia
where 90 per cent of the coal reserves is concentrated. So the coal industry
will continue to be a key “power supply sector” of the country for many
decades.
The largest coal-producing centre in Russia is the Kansk-Achinsk
basin whose annual output at present is 50 million tons and is expected to
go up to 1,000 million tons. The Kansk-Achinsk coal basin forms the basis
of a fuel and energy complex (KAFEC) which comprises several thermal
power stations.
The KAFEC will supply electric power to such major powerconsuming plants as an aluminium plant at Kranoyarsk, an alumina plant
and an oil refinery at Achinsk, hydrolysis and chemical plants, and a pulp
and paper mill.
The development of the KAFEC, as that of the Kuznetsh, Pechora,
Yuzhno-Yakutia and other coal basins in Siberia and the Far East, is a part
of the Russia Energy Programme.
Глоссарий:
1) distribute - распределять;
2) last - хватать (на период времени;
3) prospecting - поиски, разведка;
41
4) precise - точный;
5) reflect - отражать;
6) frequency - частота;
7) promising - перспективный;
8) temporary - временный;
9) supplies - запасы;
10) account for - составлять;
11) mine - добывать руду;
12) liquid fuel - жидкое топливо;
13) fuel and energy complex –топливно-энергетический комплекс;
14) oil refinery - нефтеперерабатывающий завод;
15) at the turn of the century - в начале века;
16) hard coal - антрацит;
17) pulp and paper mill - целлюлозно-бумажный комбинат.
2.5.1 Прочтите и переведите данные интернациональные
слова
resources, figure, synthesize, toxicological, allergic respiratory,
endocrine, integral, liquidation, vibration, magnetic, project, neutralizer,
cylinder, control, minimize, commercial, limit
3. Практические работы на 3 семестр
3.1 Вариант 1
3.1.1 Прочтите текст и передайте его основную мысль
Water Pollution
Ever since man progressed from a hunting to an agricultural society,
with the corresponding development of stable communities, the
phenomenon of water pollution has been his constant companion. As
agricultural methods improved, a smaller percentage of the population
produced all the food needed; larger communities and diverse secondary
industries developed and grew into the present modern society. Concurrent
42
with this growth, however, was the increasing percentage of waste
materials and the problems of disposal. When the total volume of waste
from a community was relatively small, the easiest method of disposal was
to “throw it away”, usually into the nearest receptacle. Since man cannot
exist without water, community development and city growth centered in
areas where the water supplies were adequate and continuous. Initially this
meant development in river valleys, and thus the nearest receptacle for
wastes was the river.
The term “pollution” has been variously defined by many people, but
if it be described here as “the detrimental effects on a localized ecological
structure by the addition of the waste products of a society”, then it is
apparent that the first noticeable pollution problems should have involved
the supply of drinking water.
It is in this particular area that the question of pollution takes on a
new meaning. Is a body of water polluted when it is directly affects man, or
should it be classified as a polluted when the ecological structure is first
upset? The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing physiochemical
and biological equilibrium, and there is no doubt that a normally active
water way has a large capacity to assimilate wastes. However, in many
areas this capacity to assimilate wastes. However, in many areas this
capacity is now being reached or exceeded so that many waterways are
becoming increasingly contaminated. Before this contamination becomes
readily noticeable however, equilibrium will change and the ecological
structure may be seriously affected. Some examples of water systems
where the effects of pollution have become or are becoming increasingly
apparent are the Adriatic, Baltic, and Mediterranean seas; the Thames, the
Rhine, and other rivers; and the Great Lakes in America and Canada. But
dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for regeneration, and with
careful planning even the most seriously polluted waterways may be
brought back into full use. An example of river regeneration on a large
scale is successful attempt to restore the Thames estuary.
Глоссарий:
1) community – общество;
2) concurrent – совпадающий, действующий одновременно;
3) supply – снабжение, запас;
4) upset – расстраивать, нарушать порядок;
5) affect – действовать, влиять;
6) community development – развитие общества;
7) city growth – рост города;
8) constant companion – постоянный спутник;
9) river valleys –долины рек;
43
10) polluted waterways – загрязненные водные пути;
11) river regeneration – возрождение реки;
12) water supply – водоснабжение.
3.1.2 Прочтите и определите значение следующих слов по
сходству со словами того же корня в русском языке
progress, stable, phenomenon, companion, adequate, localize,
dynamic, equilibrium, assimilate
3.1.3 Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов и
переведите их
contaminate, regenerate, pollute, describe, localize, classify,
assimilate compose
3.1.4 Закончите следующие предложения соответствующими
фразами из текста:
1) As agricultural methods improved, …. ;
2) Concurrent with this growth, however, was the increasing
percentage of …;
3) Since man cannot exist without water, …;
4) It is in the particular area that the question of …;
5) The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing … ;
6) But the dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for ….
3.1.5 Употребите следующие предложения в Past Indefinite
and Future Indefinite:
Например
In this particular area the question of pollution takes on a new
meaning.
In that particular area the question of pollution took on a new
meaning. In this particular area the question of pollution will take on a new
meaning.
1) The hydrosphere is a dynamic system containing physiochemical
and biological equilibrium, and there is no doubt that a normally active
water way has a large capacity to assimilate wastes;
2) Dynamic systems have a remarkable capacity for regeneration;
3) An example of river regeneration on a large scale is successful
attempt to restore the Thames estuary.
44
3.1.6 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. Why is the question of pollution takes on a new meaning
nowadays?
3. The first noticeable pollution problem should have involved the
supply of drinking water, shouldn’t it?
4. How do you understand the term “hydrosphere”?
5. In what way does physiochemical and biological equilibrium
affect the ecological structure?
6. Give some examples of water systems where the effects of
pollution have become apparent.
3.1.7 Вставьте предлоги и проверьте по тексту
Since man cannot exist … water, community development and city
growth centered … areas where the water supplies were adequate and
continuous. term “pollution” has been variously defined … many people …
many areas this capacity is now being reached or exceeded so that many
waterways are becoming increasingly contaminated. Concurrent … this
growth, however, was the increasing percentage … waste material sand the
problems … disposal.
3.1.8 Образуйте Simple Gerund Active от следующих глаголов
Например
to improve – improving
to produce, to increase, to describe, to involve, to drink, to take, to
pollute, to be, to reach, to become, to change, to pollute
3.2 Вариант 2
3.2.1 Прочтите текст и передайте его основную мысль
Protection of Water
The water and the air are the most important elements in physical
and chemical processes on the surface of the earth. Resources of river, lake
and underground fresh waters are distributed very unevenly on the
continents. The question of rational use of water resources and their
protection from pollution is acquiring growing importance in the world.
Water use. Shortage of water in different areas of the world is due not only
to uneven distribution of water resources but also to its more varied and
intensive use.
45
All rivers, lakes and underground waters are to be protected from
depletion and pollution as water supply resources, a source of energy and
means of treatment. Rivers and lakes are also used as transport routes,
fisheries, hunting areas and recreation sites.
It is obvious that the exploitation of water resources is extremely
varied at the present time. It should be added that the scope of water
resource exploitation is growing rapidly due to population growth, fast
development of industry and expansion of irrigated land area.
An enormous amount of water is used in industry. To manufacture
one ton of paper, 100 m3 of water is required, one ton of synthetic fibres –
from 2,500 to 5,000 m3 of water and so on. It has been estimated that
industry consumes about 85 per cent for the daily needs of the people.
A sharp increase in water consumption on the planet may lead to a
water shortage in the near future. In view of this, measures are being
worked out to increase water resources and rationally exploit them.
Redistribution of water. There are two ways to distribute river water
by means of reservoirs and through canals.
Reservoirs. In recent decades, cascades of hydroelectric power plants
have been built with reservoirs, the largest on the Volga, Kama, Angara,
and Yenisei.
Reservoirs are an example of how man intervenes to a considerable
extent in natural processes over large areas. measures are being worked out
to increase water resources and rationally exploit them. Canals are
important not only for redistributing water but also as transport routes. As
such they are artificial rivers built by mighty excavating machines.
Use of underground water. Supplies of underground waters are
considerable, and, therefore, their rational use helps to compensate for
moisture shortages. Academician Karpinsky called water the most precious
natural resource. Unlike mineral deposits, water resources are renewed in
the course of exploitation.
Geothermal (hot) waters are a kind of ground water source, the water
being obtained from the earth’s interior by deep drilling. These hot waters
are used to generate electricity (geothermal electric plants), heat homes and
livestock breeding farms, and also in hothouses. Recently, geothermal
waters have been used for breeding fish in ponds in Siberia.
Глоссарий:
1) acquire – приобретать, достигать;
2) scope – сфера, охват, размах;
3) divert – отводить, отклонять;
4) arid – сухой, засушливый;
5) drilling – бурение;
46
6) livestock breeding – племенное животноводство;
7) exploitation – эксплуатация;
8) irrigation – орошение, ирригация;
9) treatment – обработка, лечение;
10) reservoir – резервуар, бассейн, источник;
11) canal – канал;
12) natural – природный;
13) navigation – навигация;
14) reserve – запас, резерв;
15) depletion – истощение, исчерпывание;
16) fishery – рыболовство, рыбный промысел;
17) consume – потреблять, расходовать;
18) moisture – влажность, сырость, влага;
19) recreation – создание заново.
3.2.2 Прочтите и определите значения следующих слов по
сходству со словами того же корня в русском языке
рlanet, rational, decade, cascade, territory, compensate, geothermal
3.2.3 Переведите следующие словосочетания:
1) hunting area, irrigated land area, populated area;
2) useable reserves, extensive reserves;
3) water use, water shortage, water transport, water fishery, water
redistribution, water consumption;
4) underground water, fresh water, geothermal water, hot water,
ground water.
3.2.4 Образуйте Simple Gerund Active от следующих глаголов
и переведите
Например
to fish – fishing
to hunt, to add, to use, to increase, to redistribute, to generate, to
breed, to drill
3.2.5 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. How do you understand the term geothermal waters?
3. What for are hot waters used?
4. What ways of water redistribution are known?
5. Are canals important only for distributing water?
47
6. What are the consequences of a sharp increase in water
consumption on the planet?
3.2.6 Употребите следующие предложения в Future
Indefinite:
Например
The water and the air are the most important elements in physical
and chemical processes on the surface of the earth.
The water and the air will be the most important elements in physical
and chemical processes on the surface of the earth.
1) Reservoirs are an example of how man intervenes to a
considerable extent in natural processes over large areas;
2) Measures are being worked out to increase water resources and
rationally exploit them;
3) The scope of water resource exploitation is growing rapidly due to
population growth.
3.2.7 Преобразуйте следующие предложения, используя
трансформацию из Passive Voice в Active Voice:
Например
All rivers, lakes and underground waters are to be protected from
depletion and pollution.
People must protect all the rivers, lakes and underground water from
depletion and pollution.
1) Measures are being worked out to increase water resources and
rationally exploit them;
2) An enormous amount of water is used in industry to manufacture
one ton of paper, 100 m3 of water is required;
3) Resources of river, lake and underground fresh waters are
distributed very unevenly on the continents.
3.2.8 Вставьте предлоги и проверьте по тексту
All rivers, lakes and underground waters are to be protected …
depletion and pollution as water supply resources, a source … energy and
means … treatment. It is obvious that the exploitation … water resources is
extremely varied … the present time. It should be added that the scope …
water resource exploitation is growing rapidly due … population growth,
fast development … industry and expansion … irrigated land area.
3.3 Вариант 3
48
3.3.1 Прочтите текст и передайте его основную мысль
A Lot and Little Enough
Ours is a unique planet in the solar system. Oceans and seas cover
two thirds of its surface and perhaps it should have been named Water
rather than Earth. Water is not a rarity even on land: lakes sparkle, ribbons
of rivers wind across the continents, glaciers and the vast ice-and-snow
shields of Greenland and the Antarctica glitter in the sun. In the Northern
hemisphere every winter snow and ice cover more than third of all land
surfaces. Scientists hold that water was born in the earth’s entrails at the
dawn of its life. Somewhere in the depths the birth of water continues to
this day. Together with lava, volcanoes annually eject 40 million tones of
water. Thus, little by little, the amount of water on the earth’s surface
increases.
Unfortunately, 97,5 per cent of all water reserves are claimed to be
salt water. Consequently, fresh water resources account for only 2,5 per
cent and the most accessible as little as 0,3 per cent. Moreover, the natural
distribution is extremely uneven. The annual fresh water discharge into the
ocean is the greatest in Asia and South America – 31 and 25 per cent of the
total amount respectively, North America accounts for 17, Africa 10,
Europe 7, Antarctica 5 and Australia 4 per cent.
The river watermark is also uneven during the year. From May to
October all rivers discharge 63 per cent of their annual runoff, leaving only
37 per cent for the rest of the year.
The conclusion would seem to be optimistic: our planet has sufficient
water. Why then should scores of countries face a tight water balance?
The reason is that the unevenness of water distribution is aggravated
by the still greater unevenness of water distribution of people. The shortage
strikes where there is an excess of population and industry. Besides,
modern industry, with its manufacture or increasingly complex and diverse
products, requires not just fresh, but exceptionally clean fresh water, the
quality of products being highly sensitive to various impurities. Many
countries are short of this clean water.
Chief threat. Unlike other natural resources water renews itself. This
is due to its constant circulation in the ocean – atmosphere – earth – ocean
system. No matter how much water is consumed in daily industrial life, its
amount does not increase. With time and under certain conditions water
regains its properties and its fitness for drinking.
This is probably the reason why water resources for a long time
appeared to be unlimited. However, this view has substantially changed in
49
the past 30 or 40 years, when water became a factor which dictates
prospects for economic development. In the economy water is a raw
material like any other. Scarcely any type of product is manufactured
without water taking part in the process in one form or another. The
obtaining of a ton of paper or woolen fabric requires the use of 200 cubic
meters of clean fresh water, that of a ton of capron 5,600 cubic meters.
The use of water leaves it polluted. Newspapers report that all the
large rivers in Britain, Australia, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, Italy, the
United States, the Netherlands, Spain and many other industrially
developed countries are completely or partially polluted.
Глоссарий:
1) tackle – энергично браться за что-либо;
2) sparkle – искриться, сверкать;
3) wind – извиваться;
4) shield – щит, защита;
5) entrails – недра;
6) aggravate – ухудшать, усугублять;
7) regain – вновь приобретать;
8) fitness – пригодность, соответствие;
9) fresh water consumption – потребление чистой воды;
10) world water balance – мировое равновесие воды;
11) earth’s entrails – недра земли;
12) annual fresh water discharge – ежегодный сток чистой воды;
13) renewable fresh water resources– обновляемые запасы чистой
воды;
14) tight water balance – жесткий водный баланс;
15) unlike other natural resources – в отличие от других водных
ресурсов;
16) in daily industrial life – в повседневной промышленной
жизни.
3.3.2 Прочтите и переведите данные интернациональные
слова
illusion, perpetual, declare, fundamental, unique, ocean, volcano,
rarity, satisfaction, circulation
3.3.3 Назовите основы слов, от которых образованы
следующие существительные, переведите их
requirement, aggravation, conclusion, unevenness, diversity,
development, distribution, impurity, consumption
50
3.3.4 Составьте предложения со следующими словами
balance, resources, glacier, watermark, distribution, impurity
3.3.5 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
1. According to the text what is said about tight water balance?
2. Does the amount of water on the earth’s surface increase?
3. Why do the scores of the countries face to a tight water balance?
4. Does the birth of water continue to this day?
5. Why did water resources appear for a long time to be unlimited?
6. Unlike other natural resources water renews itself, doesn’t it?
7. What can you say about the purity of all the large rivers in Britain,
Australia, Italy, the United States and many industrially developed
countries?
3.3.6 Найдите в тексте словосочетания с числительными и
запишите их словами
Например
2,600 cubic kilometers –
two thousand six hundred cubic
kilometers;
2.5 per cent – two point five per cent
3.3.7 Выпишите из текста предложения с глаголами вPassive
Voice, определите их видовременную форму
Например
The reason is that the unevenness of water distribution is
aggravated by the still greater unevenness of water distribution of
people. Временная форма глагола - Present Simple Passive
3.3.8 Вставьте предлоги и проверьте по тексту
Unlike other natural resources water renews itself. This is due … its
constant circulation … the ocean – atmosphere – earth – ocean system. No
matter how much water is consumed … daily industrial life, its amount
does not increase. With time and under certain conditions water regains its
property and its fitness … drinking.
This is probably the reason why water resources … a long time
appeared to be unlimited.
51
3.4 Вариант 4
3.4.1 Прочтите текст и передайте его основную мысль
The Global Problem 1
Of all man’s effects on the environment war has always been the
most destructive factor. But whereas in the past wars had a local effect,
now the progress of science and technology has led the world to
qualitatively new means of mass destruction, capable of wiping out even
the trace of life on earth.
Modern weapons and methods of delivery can bring any conflict and
consequent destruction of the biosphere to global proportions.
A modern economy is impossible without the concentration of
chemicals, fuel and other energy sources, and without the creation of large
water reservoirs. Their destruction even by conventional weapons can be
accompanied by the extensive devastation of nature, forest fires and floods
– regarded as a secondary ecological weapon.
What can be expected of a nuclear conflict, which would lead to the
destruction of all that lives on a territory of millions of square kilometers?
It should be noted that useful plants are the most sensitive to radiation. In
other words, even plants which survived a nuclear explosion would
accumulate radioactive elements, increasing danger to man.
In addition to the direct extermination of plants, military operations
cause the productive properties of the soil to deteriorate, thickening it.
Many cubic kilometers of Earth were shifted in order to build military
structures during the two world wars. Trenchers and craters survive for
many decades, intensifying soil erosion and requiring substantial efforts to
eliminate them.
Military operations destroy inland water bodies, change their regime
and the stream flow, regime of locality. During the Great Patriotic War
drainage systems were destroyed. Trenches, craters and basements of
ruined buildings accumulated water. The result was a greater mosquito
population and a greater incidence of malaria. In South Vietnam almost 10
million craters still remain, the majority of which are filled with water of
this day.
One of the most dangerous affects of a war is mine-fields on land
and at sea and unexploded shells and bombs. These zones are a threat to
forest management, agricultural and other operations for a long time. The
greatest danger is posed by the first ploughing. In Vietnam hundreds of
ploughland lie waste due to the immense number of undetonated bombs
and mines.
52
Severe damage can be inflicted by military operations on the ocean.
During the Second World War a total of 5,5 million cubic meters of oil
escaped to the ocean from sunken tankers. Today the volume of oilextraction and transportation has substantially expanded. That is why the
degree of the ocean pollution in case of war is difficult to predict.
Military operations affect the animal population, create the risk of
total destruction of rare species, catastrophically reduce the scale of
agricultural production, promote a sharp rise in the number of small rodents
– disease carriers.
Wars inflict an immense damage on reserves. Armed conflicts
obstruct international plans designed to combat agricultural pests. In 1977
and 1978 East Africa became the scene of an unprecedented locust
invasion. Around Ogaden, where the insects concentrated for
multiplication, an effective antilocust campaign was made impossible by a
Somali – Ethiopian military conflict. Military operations in many African
countries handicapped the fight against the tsetse fly.
An immense danger is spelled by manufacture, testing and
stockpiling of nuclear weapons and occurs on the average every three
months.
Today any large–scale military conflict will be accompanied by a
global – wide impact of the biosphere. Thermonuclear war can result in a
full destruction of life on Earthland transform our green planet into a
lifeless cosmic body contaminated by radioactive fallout. It follows that in
the age of nuclear missile technology global wars are altogether
inadmissible.
Глоссарий:
1)stream –flow – речной сток;
2) lie waste – быть невозделанной, необработанной (о земле);
3) worsen – ухудшаться;
4) considerable – значительный, большой;
5) in addition - кроме, кроме того;
6) ending the arms race - прекращение гонки вооружений;
7) extermination of plants - истребление растений;
8} the timber area - лесная площадь;
9) methods of delivery - методы доставки;
10) to be accompanied – сопровождается;
11) inflict – причинять ущерб;
12) destruction – разрушение, уничтожение;
13) escape – избегать;
14) affect – влиять;
15) forest fires – лесные пожары.
53
3.4.2 Составьте предложения со следующими словами и
словосочетаниями
global problems of mankind, a climate, the progress of technology,
methods of delivery, the biosphere, global proportions, the territory, ,
energy sources, water reservoirs, radioactive elements, devastation of
forests, the timber area
3.4.3 Прочтите и переведите данные интернациональные
слова и словосочетания:
- global problems of mankind;
- a climate;
- solving international problems;
- the progress of technology;
- modern weapons;
- methods of delivery4
- conflict;
- consequent destruction;
- the biosphere;
- global proportions;
- hectares;
- the territory;
- a modern economy;
- concentration of chemicals;
- energy sources;
- water reservoirs;
- square kilometers;
- radioactive elements.
3.4.4 Дайте русские эквиваленты следующих пар слов,
обращая внимание на слова с отрицательными префиксами и
суффиксами. Проверьте перевод по словарю
destruction, recalculate, impossible, unexploded shells, undetonated
bombs, an unprecedented locust invasion, an effective antilocust problem,
inadmissible, lifeless
3.4.5 Употребите следующие предложения в Future
Indefinite:
Например
The problem of peace and disarmament occupies a key position
within the system of current and future global problems.
54
The problem of peace and disarmament will occupy a key position
within the system of current and future global problems.
1) A solution of the overall complex of global problems requires the
combined efforts of mankind, a climate must be established on our planet
that would make this possible;
2) There exists only one way to achieve this, namely by ending the
arms race and proceeding to disarmament, and renouncing war as a means
for solving international problems;
3) Modern weapons and methods of delivery can bring any conflict
and consequent destruction of the biosphere to global proportions.
3.4.5 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту
1. What is this text about?
2. Do you agree that modern weapons and methods of delivery can
bring any conflict and consequent destruction of the biosphere to global
proportions?
3. Can a nuclear conflict lead to the destruction of all that lives on a
territory of millions of square kilometers?
4. Wars inflict an immense damage on reserves, don’t they?
5. How can military operations destroy inland water bodies? Give the
examples from the text.
6. According to the text, what can be regarded as a secondary
ecological weapon?
7. What is the most destructive factor of all man’s effects on the
environment?
3.4.6 Преобразуйте следующие предложения, сделав
трансформацию из Passive Voice в Active Voice:
Например
Deliberate destruction of ecosystems was practised by the United
States during its aggression in Vietnam.
The United States practised deliberate destruction of ecosystems
during its aggression in Vietnam.
1) During the Second World War carried out on the territories of 40
states, 50-55 million people were killed, while the number of wounded
amounted to 20-25 million;
2) Their destruction even by conventional weapons can be
accompanied by the extensive devastation of nature, forest fires and floods
regarded as a secondary ecological weapon;
3) Many cubic kilometers of Earth were shifted in order to build
military structures during the two world wars.
55
3.4.7 Вставьте предлоги и проверьте по тексту
Severe damage can be inflicted … military operations … the ocean.
The volume … oil-extraction and transportation has substantially
expanded. During armed conflicts … Africa elephants have been shot …
helicopters and even killed … guided missiles. The degree … the ocean
pollution … case … war is difficult to predict. Trenchers and craters
survive … many decades. Modern weapons and methods … delivery can
bring any conflict and consequent destruction … the biosphere to global
proportions.
3.5 Вариант 5
3.5.1 Прочтите текст и определите его главную мысль
Environmental Relationships
The degree of man’s mastery over the earth is, of course, dependent
of his understanding of it, and while we have made much progress in this
regard there is still much work to do. We often forget that the component
parts of the earth environment are parts of a larger whole, interrelated with
each other in a variety of ways and on a variety of scales. Thus, we have
geologists, hydrologists, climatologists, biologists, and so on, each group
concerned chiefly with certain specific parts of the environment. Ecologists
go further, recognizing the interrelationships that exist between organisms
and their different forms of life found in the region. But geographers go
still further, adding the ties that exist between the various elements of the
physical environment, and the environmental interactions between regions,
and thinking of these environmental elements and regions as parts of a
world-wild whole.
The understanding of the wholeness of the
environment, with man as a part of it, and the study of its relationships not
only locally but also on a regional, interregional, and world-wide scale is
very important.
Differences in the scale of such environmental interrelationships are
well illustrated by the Everglades National Park in southern Florida.
Drought inflicted that area, with disastrous destruction of its unique flora
and fauna. To begin with, the drought’s lowering of the water surface
reduce the number of alligators, and this in turn meant fewer of the water
holes that are hollowed out by these largest inhabitants of the swamp. As a
result there are fewer of the smaller aquatic organisms that live in the
alligator holes and that furnish food for the birds of the region, and so there
are fewer birds. On the interregional basis, we find that the water level in
the Everglades is determined not only by the rainfall within the region but
56
also by the inflow of water from adjacent swampy areas to the north. And
of course drought in southern Florida resulted not from any local conditions
but from changes in the world-wide weather patterns.
Thus, the web of interactionships make the earth environment a very
vulnerable one, for change of just one factor may set in motion a sequence
of reactions that will upset the whole system. For instance, widespread use
of insecticides can eliminate not only insects but also both the birds that
feed on them and the plants that are polluted by them. It is now realized
that much of man’s destructive effect on the environment results from such
chain reactions; and even when there seems to be only a simple and direct
attack on nature the probability of related effects must always be taken into
account, as a brief mention of other examples will illustrate.
Within the Everglades, for example, man has made this sort of direct
attack by illegally killing large numbers of alligators to profit by the sale of
their skins. And inflow of water from the regions to the north has been
reduced not only by the drought but also by drainage schemes developed
there in support of agricultural and settlement programs.
Deforestation of a hillside offers another case of both direct and
indirect damage. Where the trees have been cut down there are also local
changes in the microclimate, in the vegetation, and in the fauna, and there
is increased runoff, with resulting flooding, soil erosion, siltation, and
lowering of the water table. Flood initiated in such an area may also spread
far out into distant regions, as may the accompanying siltation.
Man’s destruction of the environment is not new, of course. Even in
Neolithic time fire, often described as man’s first tool, was used directly
against the fauna, for it made possible large kills, even when hunting
implements were still very simple. Such hunting was probably a major
factor in the extinction of a number of large mammal species in late
Pleistocene time, and inevitably their loss initiated other change other
changes in the ecology.
In spite of these rather impressive results, however, early man could
more or less ignore his own damage to the environment. With his small
numbers he didn’t fully occupy the earth, and so, having damaged it in one
area, he could always find a new region where he could always find a new
region where he could make a fresh start. With simple technology he had to
work hard to meet his needs, and so his per capita consumption remained
small, and non-consumable goods were usually carefully saved and reused.
He used chiefly renewable resources, and because of his small numbers and
his small per capita demands he didn’t usually exploit these more rapidly
than nature renewed them. Since he changed them very little from their
natural form, the waste products from their use could easily decompose,
57
and this prevented the development of any serious problems to waste
disposal.
Today our situation has changed greatly in many ways. It is no
longer possible to escape from the effects of our own destruction of the
environment by moving on to new regions. Greater demands are being
made of mineral resources, which in some cases have been largely
exhausted; and maintenance of renewable resources is hampered by overexploitation. More complicated chemical processing of nature’s raw
materials has attacked the environment in a number of new ways. It has
given us pesticides and herbicides that destroy the flora and fauna on a
massive scale. It yields new types of waste products that pollute air, water,
and that contribute to our waste disposal problem because they are nondegradable. Plastics, for example, and many pesticides and detergents
remain undecomposed indefinitely. Most of these problems are further
aggravated by the growing concentrations of large numbers of people in
urban regions.
Thus we see that the earth is not indestructible and inexhaustible, as
was so long thought but highly vulnerable to the destructive impact of man.
It is a delicately balanced system that can easily be damaged, and some of
its individual parts can be completely destroyed, beyond man’s power to
reconstruct them.
Earth scientists of many kinds must work toward developing an ever
fuller understanding of the earth environment, especially its
interrelationships, and geographers should to carry on this work, both by
undertaking some of the basic research and by correlating the work done by
others and interpreting its significance.
If the results of such investigations are to be put to use, however,
they must be passed on to the general public, and for this kind of education
no other professional group is so well equipped as are geographers. It is
their task to develop a citizenry informed on environmental matters. The
citizenry must learn to recognize our fundamental dependence on the earth,
and they must recognize that the earth environment is a wonderful,
beautiful, and complex system of interrelated parts, easily damaged by
man’s thoughtless attacks upon it.
Глоссарий:
1) degree-степень;
2) whole-целое;
3) interrelated-взаимосвязанный;
4) interrelationship-взаимная связь;
5) tie – связь;
6) lower - понижать, снижать;
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7) in turn-в свою очередь;
8) determine-определять;
9) vulnerable-уязвимый, чувствительный;
10) eliminate-уничтожать, ликвидировать;
11) result from-происходить в результате, быть следствием;
12) probability-вероятность;
13) spread-распространяться;
14) decompose-разлагаться;
15) prevent-предупреждать;
16) raw material-сырье;
17) yield-давать, производить;
18) completely-полностью;
19) set in motion-вызывать;
20) upset-нарушать;
21) pleistocene – (геол.) относящийеся к плейстоцену;
22) no longer-больше не;
23) general public-общественность;
24) citizenry-население.
3.5.2 Прочтите и переведите данные интернациональные
слова, обращая внимание на части речи
geologist, hydrologist, climatologist, biologist, geographer, region,
illustrate, unique, flora, fauna, alligator, local, factor, microclimate,
neolithic, ignore, start, pesticide, herbicide, plastic, detergent,
concentration, balanced, reconstruct, inform
3.5.3 Проверьте по словарю, правильно ли вы понимаете
значения следующих слов и словосочетаний
destruction, surface, food, level, rainfall, inflow, insecticide, insect,
feed, pollute, deforestation, damage, consumption, vegetation, runoff,
flood, soil erosion, siltation, water table, fire, reuse, renewable resources,
waste products, waste(s) disposal, exhaust, maintenance, processing
3.5.4 Переведите следующие словосочетания:
1) annual rainfall, daily rainfall, abundant rainfall, artificial rainfall;
2) soil vegetation, wild vegetation, aquatic vegetation, natural
vegetation, stabilizing vegetation;
3) reuse waste, reuse water, reuse wastepaper, reuse non-consumable
goods;
4) renew forests, renew the supplies of coal;
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5) dry processing, waste processing, wood processing, thermal
processing, mechanical processing, wastepaper processing;
6) frost damage, flood damage, wind damage, vegetation damage,
ecological damage, environmental damage;
7) destruction of soil, destruction of ecosystems, destruction of
species of plants and animals, destruction of the ozone screen in the lower
stratosphere;
8) city flooding, land flooding, controlled flooding;
9) annual runoff, surface runoff, polluting runoff, continental runoff.
3.5.5 Переведите следующие слова, обращая внимание на
префиксы non-, in-, il-, un-, имеющие отрицательное значение
Например
Renewable-возобновляемый, non-renewable - не возобновляемый,
consumable-потребляемый, non-consumable-не потребляемый
direct-indirect;
evitable-inevitable;
exhaustible-inexhaustible;
vulnerable-invulnerable;
destructible-indestructible;
degradable-nondegradable; depletable - non-depletable; decomposed-undecomposed
3.5.6 Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту
1. The component parts of the earth environment are parts of a larger
whole, aren’t they?
2. What are the consequences of the drought’s lowering of the water
surface?
3. What makes the earth environment a very vulnerable one?
4. What damages may lead the cutting down of forests?
5. What was a major factor in the extinction of a number of large
mammal species in late Pleistocene time?
6. What has attacked the environment in a number of new ways?
7. Plastics, pesticides and detergents remain undecomposed
indefinitely, don’t they?
8. Why can be the earth (delicately balanced system) easily
damaged?
9. What is the task of geographers?
3.5.7 Найдите в тексте предложения с модальными
глаголами, и переведите на русский язык
Например
It is a delicately balanced system that can easily be damaged, and
some of its individual parts can be completely destroyed, beyond man’s
power to reconstruct them.
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Это точно сбалансированная система, которая может быть легко
повреждена и некоторые её части могут быть полностью разрушены
из-за вмешательства человека с целью перестроить их.
3.5.8 Найдите в тексте предложения с существительными,
употребленными в Possessive case и переведите на русский язык
Например
Man’s destruction of the environment is not new, of course.
Разрушение окружающей среды человеком, конечно же, не
ново.
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Литература
1 Л.В.Хведченя, Р.В. Хорень. Английский язык для
поступающих в вузы. – Минск 2002,.- C. 254 – 256
2 П.В. Коссович. Поговорим о Казахстане//Английский язык для
учащихся старших классов. - Астана 2002, - C.12 – 15.
3 А.С.Сушкевич, М.А.Маглыш. Английский язык //Устные
темы. – Минск, 2002. –C. 316.
4 В.Л.Завгородняя, Т.М.Вихман. Природа и человек//Пособие
по обучению чтению на английском языке. – Москва 1987, - C. 10 –
87.
5 А.И.Комарова, И.Ю.Окс. География мира//Уроки английского.
– Астрль 2001, – C. 102.
6
В.В.Бурлакова.
Физическая
и
экономическая
география//Учебное пособие. – M.: Просвещение, 1977. – C.157 - 160.
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Содержание
Введение…………………………………………………………….3
1 Практические занятия на 1 семестр…………………………….6
1.1.1 Вариант 1……………………………………………………..6
1.2.1 Вариант 2……………………………………………………..9
1.3.1 Вариант 3…………………………………………………….12
1.4.1 Вариант 4…………………………………………………….16
1.5.1 Вариант 5…………………………………………………… 19
2 Практические занятия на 2 семестр………………………… 24
2.1.1 Вариант 1……………………………………………………24
2.2.1 Вариант 2……………………………………………………27
2.3.1 Вариант 3……………………………………………………31
2.4.1 Вариант 4……………………………………………………34
2.5.1 Вариант 5……………………………………………………38
3 Практические занятия на 3 семестр………………………… 41
3.1.1 Вариант 1……………………………………………………41
3.2.1 Вариант 2……………………………………………………44
3.3.1 Вариант 3……………………………………………………47
3.4.1 Вариант 4……………………………………………………50
3.5.1 Вариант 5……………………………………………………54
Список использованной литературы……………………………60
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