References

Tronin A.A.
CATALOGUE OF THERMAL AND ATMOSPHERIC PHAENOMENA
RELATED WITH EARTQUAKES
The book is the catalogue of historical and modern observations of earthquakes from 500
AD up to 2000. The catalogue contents description of space, atmospheric, hydrogeologic, accustic,
electromagnetic and thermal phaenomena and also human general conditions and animal behaviour
related with earthquakes. Main attention is attracted to atmospheric and thermal phaenomena. The
review of earthquake ideas and theories in ancient times is inserted before the catalogue. Generally
the catalogue is listed in chronological order. All data also was concentrated in tables. The
catalogue contents description of 1507 earthquakes, 40 illustrations, 136 references and auxiliary
informations.
Contents
Introduction .....................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Historical review of eartquake idea and theory...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Ancient Greece and Roma ...........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes in Bible ....................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquake theory from meadeval toXVIII ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquake theory in XVIII – XX ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
People ideas about earthquake .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Catalogue description ......................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Sources .........................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Data formats .................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Tables format ...............................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Calendar .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Measures ......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Gazetteer ......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes до 499 года.................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 500 - 999 ...................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1000 - 1599 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1600 - 1749 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1750 - 1774 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1775 - 1799 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1800 - 1824 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1825 - 1849 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1850 - 1874 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1875 - 1899 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1900 - 1949 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1950 - 1999 ...............................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes before 499, table .........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 500 - 999, table ..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1000 - 1599, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1600 - 1749, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1750 - 1774, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1775 - 1799, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1800 - 1824, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1825 - 1849, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1850 - 1874, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1875 - 1899, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1900 - 1949, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Earthquakes 1950 - 1999, table ......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Common table for whole catalogue ................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
References .......................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table format
Date in source
Time in
source
Location
Date in seimic
catalogue
Time in
seimic
catalog
ue
lat
lon
de
pt
h
M
or I
Earthquakes from 1775 to 1799 year.
1775
Tauris (Tebriz), Iran
In 1775, when Tauris was destroyed, boiling water issued from the cracks which were formed. /10/
4 Feb 1775
During a tempest. /31/
Rethel, Champagne, France
18-19 April 1775
night
Island of Amboyna, South-China Sea ?
The air was clear, and the weather was perfectly calm. /31/
16 Oct 1775
Malaga, Spain
Accompanied by a violent gust of wind from the NW. /31/
30 Oct 1775
Tournon in the Vivarais, France
Accompanied by heavy gust of wind. /31/
30 Oct 1775
10:50
2 Feb 1776
Rhode island, USA
Accompanied by igneous meteors. /31/
6 Sep 1776
Guadaloupe
Accompanied by a violent hurricane. /31/
28 Oct 1776
10:45
Northampton, UK?
A ball or balls of fire were observed in the heavens. /31/
27 Nov 1776
20:15
Canterbury, Sandwich, coast of Kent
The day was gloomy and perfectly calm, wind south, barometer at 29.8 in., thermometer - 37.3 in the shade.
/31/
28 Nov 1776
3:15
Mannheim, Germany
28 Nov 1776
Compass needle of 1 foot long deviated but 3'. The air was calm. /31/
3:15
47.7
7.3
I7
13 Aug 1777
22:00
Valley Ossau, Perenees, France
The air was calm and the sky cloudless. /31/
2 Sep 1777
13:30
St.Thomas in West Indies
The last shock, on the following evening, was succeeded by an abundant fall of rain, which lasted four-andtwenty hours. /31/
14 Sep 1777
10:55
Manchester, UK
The wind was easterly before, but suddenly veered round to the opposite quarter at the time of the shock. The
barometer was going up all day, and was not affected by the disturbance. Various electrical phaenomena manifested
themselves. Cattle were very uneasy. /31/
16 Oct 1777
Florence, Italy
Occurred in the midst of a violent storm. /31/
Dec 1777
Carthagena, Spain
The weather was unusually cold for the climate. /31/
5 May 1778
5:10
Aleppo, Syria
Accompanied by unusual cold. /31/
3-23 July 1778
Smyrna, Turkey
These shocks were followed by the plague. /31/
10 Oct-1 Nov 1778
Smyrna, Turkey
The winter was excessively, with ice and snow, which is rarely the case in this place. /31/
18 Nov 1778
Trieste, Italy
Аccompanied by a violent storm with thunder. /31/
15 Dec 1778
Kashan, Iran
15 Dec 1778
The shock was preceded by the three or four days of continuous heavy rains. [26]
34.0
51.3
6.2
1779
Boulogne, France
Geat number of luminous spheras filled the air in the day of Boulogne earthquake in 1779. /54/
4 Jun 1779
7:30
Bologna, Italy
4 Jun 1779
44.4 11.52
5
On the 7th meteors were observed like rain of the fire at the mountain St.Michael in Bosco. /31/
10 June 1779
9:05
Bologna, Italy
10 June 1779
I7
44.3 11.57
I6.5
8
The weather was calm, but cloudy. The water in wells became warmer, and magnetic needle deviated 3 deg.
/31/
23 Sept 1779
During an eclipse. /31/
Padua, Italy
27 декабря 1779
Тебриз, Закавказье, Иран 8 января 1780
38.2 46
18
- 17 января 1780
In 1775, when Tauris was destroyed, boiling water issued from the cracks which were formed. /10/
25 Feb 1780
Wetzlar and Konigsberg, Germany
25 Feb
1780
50.3
7.7
7.7
4.2
Heavy snow and wind the day before. /31/
26 Feb 1780
18:35
Boppart on the Rhine
At 19:45 a violent gust of wind from the west was perceived at Wiesbaden, Frankfort on the Maine, but
decreasing in violence the futher it extended from the Rhine. /31/
27 Febb 1780
10:30
Coblenz, Germany
The heavens looked usually stormy. /31/
29 Aug 1780
8:45
Hafodunos, England
The barometer was hot affected. /31/
13 Feb 1781
Messina, Italy
During the furious storm. /31/
3 June 1781
Borgo-San-Sepolcro, Italy
3 June 1781
43.5
8
12.55
6.1
The spring had been dry, but the summer was stormy. /31/
26 March 1781
Okhotsk, Russia
08 April 1781
6:30
59
143 15 4
Strong storm before the earthquake with NE wind and snow. Wind was changed the direction and ceased after
the shock. /1/
2 Oct 1781
Jamaica
Accompanied by a tremendous hurricane. /31/
22 Nov 1781
Padua, Italy
The magnetic needle was agitated. /31/
15 May 1782
Trentschin, Hungary
A chasm opened during a storm and fifty-three houses were swallowed up. /31/
15 Aug 1782
Grenoble, France
15 Aug 1782
1616:30
I6
The barometer was agitated. /31/
6(17) Jan 1783
15:00
Semipalatinsk, Irtish,
17 Jan 1783
10:00
Altay, Russia
Winter was warm, 6 Jan was rain. All spring was changeable, frost in June./1/
50.7
81.2
27
5.9
5 Feb 1783
Calabria, Italy
4-6 Feb 1783
39.3 16.2
I11
On February 15, 1783, according to a documented report by the earthquake researcher Giovanni Vivenzio, the
sea off the coast of Calabria was unrecognizable even to experienced sea dogs. Even through the air was totally calm
and there was no sign of a storm, the open sea off Bivona and Pizzo was so turbulent that fishermen felt obliged to
return to port. But near the beach the sea was again totally still. The inhabitants of the coast village of Carto fled their
homes when they suddenly saw the sea retreat from the bank. They thus saved themselves, not from the flood they
expected (which did not come), but from a disastrous earthquake that devastated their homes a few hours later./24/
The weather was unnaturally still and gloomy, like that which often preceedes great thunderstorms, and
immediately before the shock a heavy, whistling blast of wind was observed. Fire was reported to have issued from
clefts in the earth near Messina. This year was remarkable for the extraordinary dry fog, which beginning in Calabria in
February, overspread until autumn the greater part of Europe, and extended even to the Azores. This fog, though not
consisting apparently of moisture, was so dense that the sky was quite obscured, appearing a light gray clour instead of
bleu, and the sun presented a blood-red disc. In Calabria the darkness was so great that lights were obliged to be used in
the houses, and vessels at sea repeatedly came in collision. The odour was most disagreeable. /31/
Fig. Catastrophical events in 1783 in Europe: plague, war with Turkish, flood. Earthquakes in Messina and
Calabria are shown on the corners..
25 March 1783
3:00
Malemort in Provence, France
25 March
3:00
I6
1783
At Sallon-de-Crau, three leagues from Malemort, the weather was clear and fine, yet the electrical machine
gave but very feeble sparks (a very uncertain subject of observation). A strong wind, without a fixed direction,
succeeded the shocks, and lasted for an hour. /31/
22 April 1783
4:00
Comorn, Hungary
22 April 1783
2:30
47.8
18.1
1
4
5.6
At Presburg followed by a violent storm. The mineral waters of Buda became warmer than usual. /31/
15 June 1783
4-5:00 Godgard, Ost Gothland, Sweden
An hour before a noise like that of a carrige rolling over paverment was heard. /31/
6 July 1783
9:56
Dijon, Verden, Seurre, France
6 July 1783
3:00
At Besancon it appeared as if the air were compressed against the doors and windows. The noise was not
subterranean, not aerial, but like that produced on throwing a handful of grain against a flat surface. The weather was
hot and fine, and was not altered. The celebrated mist which obscured almost the whole of Europe and part of Asia this
year, was observed here. /31/
20 July 1783
Tripolis, Syria
The weather before had been very tempestuous, with fogs and violent rain. /31/
17 Jan 1784
18, 21:00
La Rochelle, France
Accompanied by a violent storm at 9 p.m. with thunder, lightning, and hail. Some persons denied the fact of
there being an earthquake altogether. /31/
March 1784, sworm
Calabria, Italy
The preceeding winter had been unusually severe and long continued both in Europe and America. A thaw of
alarming suddenness took place in the middle of March, but afterwards severe cold set again. /31/
1 April 1784
Calabria, Italy
Preceeded by terrible storm, with lightning and hail. /31/
11 May 1784
Zailgrotz, Hungary
A thick vapour arose from a spring at this place. /31/
5 June 1784
12-13:00
Caub on the Rhine
A mist preceded the first shock, and a storm followed it on the Rhine. /31/
29 July 1784
21-22:00
Port-au-Prince and Cap in
29 July 1784
St.Domingo, Leonardo in Jamaica
A harricane occurred at the same time, both here and in Florida. /31/
14:10
18.3
-72.5
31 July 1784
2:00
Kingston in Jamaica
A furious hurricane raged during the whole night. /31/
15 Oct 1784
12:02
Dijon, France
15 Oct 1784
12:03
I6.5
The weather at Dijon was calm and fine, and was immediately altered, but in a few days it became rainy, and
continued so (with some snow) for some time. At Bourg-en-Bresse the barometer suddenly fell three lines, and rose
immediately after the shock to its former level. /31/
29 Nov 1784
22:00
Vosges, Haute Marne,
29 Nov 1784
21:10
47.8 7.43
Alsace, France, Switzerland,
5
The barometer was observed to fall below "stormy" not only in the region where the earthquake was
experienced, but also at Paris where nothing was felt. /31/
I6
5 Dec 1784
23:15
Vosges, France
A violent wind arose at the time of earthquake and blew for thirty-six hours. The barometer fell six lines at
Paris the night before. /31/
9 Dec 1784
Briancon, dep. HautesAlpes, France
For some days burning vapours had been observed rising from the earth, beneath which there were deposits of
coal. Very probably this is but the same event with that before given as occurring on the 9 th Nov. /31/
31 Jan 1785
midnight
Klagenfurth in Carinthia
The air was calm, and it rained heavily. /31/
20 May 1785
Surinam
Accompanied by a tempest. /31/
18 July 1785
Clausemberg in the basin
of the Dunabe
During rain. The evening before, Dr. Konig suspected the probability of shocks from observing some
considerable magnetic peerturbations. /31/
26 July 1785
Triente, Padua, Italy
Followed by heavy falls of rain, which caused inundations of the Adige and other rivers. /31/
22 Aug 1785
Moravia, Silesia
22 Aug 1785
5:45
49.9
18.6
2 5.2
6
The Ephem. de Mannheim give 24th and attributes the earthquake to inundations of the Oder having
undermined the ground. Irregularities of the magnetic needle were observed in Germany, both before, on, and after this
day. /31/
42.5
5
12.78
I7.5
42.5
3
12.78
5.6
11-12 Sept 1785
night
Briancon in Dauphiny, France
Some days before, the atmosphere was very hot, and full of vapours. /31/
2 Oct 1785
22:00
Rome, Italy
2 Oct 1785
At the same time some drops of rain fell for a few minutes. /31/
9 Oct 1785
4:00
Rome, Italy
9 Oct 1785
It rained at Norcia the whole of the rest of the day. /31/
15 Oct 1785
Terni, Italy
At Pie-di-Lugo several small fumaroles opened, from which there came forth smoke and an odour of sulphur.
/31/
15 Oct 1785
Thuringia, Germany
15 Oct 1785
51.0 11.4
During the earthquake very strong crackle was heared and with calm weather fireball was seen. /4/
The atmosphere was hot and a fire-ball was observed. /31/
12 Nov 1785
1:00, 3:00
It rained in the evening. /31/
Terni, Italy
25 Nov 1785
Terni, Italy
Rain during the following evening and night. /31/
29 Nov 1785
Rain during the day. /31/
Terni, Italy
4 Dec 1785
At night
Terni, Italy
Rain before, during, and after the shocks. /31/
20 Dec 1785
Terni, Italy
It rained at this place almost every day during the month. /31/
1786
Dist. Batur, Java, Indonesia
Great clefts was opened in the earth from which sulphurous vapours came out. /31/
1 Jan 1786
Terni, Italy
It rained almost the whole day. /31/
15 Jan 1786
noon
Rome, Italy
This month, like the preceding was very rainy, especially towards the end. /31/
I5
24 Feb 1786
Terni, Italy
It rained on the following days. /31/
16(27) Feb 1786
High Silesia, Bohemia,
27 Feb 1786
2:00
49.7 18.5
Hungary, Poland
The weather was hot and the air calm, but in Hungary a violent storm succeeded the shock. /31/
2 5.8
4
4 March 1786
3-4:00
Falkenberg, Prov. Halland, Sweden
During a season of intense cold. /31/
4 June 1786
10:00
Followed by rain. /31/
Rome, Terni, Italy
8 July 1786
6:00
It rained at 6 p.m. /31/
Buda, Comorn, Hungary
24 July 1786
00:08
Bonn, Germany
The atmosphere was hot and calm. /31/
30 July 1786
16:00
Rome, Rieti, Aduila, Naples, Italy
31 July
1786
42.3
13.4
5.4
The weather was lowering all day. /31/
11 Aug 1786
2:00
Whitehaven, Lancaster, Cartmell
(in Cumberland), Newcastl,
Glasgow, Isle of Man, Dublin, UK
The weather was dose and sultry. Barometer at 29 inches. At some places violent rain succeeded the shock.
/31/
13 Oct 1786
Aquila, Italy
Tombs broken open, so that a pestilential smell came forth. /31/
1 Nov 1786
night
Terni, Italy
It rained of the following days. /31/
3 Dec 1786
Silesia, Poland, Hungary, Galicia
3 Dec
1786
16:00
49.7
19.9
3 6
0
The air was calm. /31/
25 Dec 1786
Padua, Florence, Venecia, Mantua,
25 Dec
43.9 12.57
Faenza, Bologna, especially Rimini, Italy 1786
8
At Rimini there seems to have been thunder and lightning. Snow fell very thickly there. /31/
5.7
27 Dec1786
Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan
Light earthquake. 17 and 18 Feb was great thaw and rain, all snow was melted, but in 19 at night snow felt and
the road became hard, and in 24 Feb was so geat snowfall that never seen . Also fron 23 to 24 Dec was moon eclipse
that continued 2 hours with calm weather. Somer had strong and long heat. /5/
4 Aug 1787
During a terrible storm. /31/
Ferrara, Italy
28 Aug 1787
Stuttgard, Munich, Germany,
27 Aug
0:45
47.3 11.0
I7
Austria
1787
At Innsbruck a magnetic needle deviated 0deg 12' to the east. It rained continuously there the whole day. At
Stuttgard a violent wind had been blowing, but the weather was calm at the moment of the shocks. /31/
23 Oct 1787
4:00
Island of St.Tomas
A severe storm arose during the following night. /31/
11(22) Jul 1788
Unga Island, Alaska
27 Jul 1788
55
161
Earthquakes usually occure here in autemn and always during west wind or after them. /1/
2 Aug 1788
11:30
Stavanger, Norway
2 Aug 1788
The wind was very stormy both before and after the shock. /31/
10:45
59
5.7
2.2
23 Dec 1788
2;19:00 Mayence, Frankfort, Germany
The day after snow fell, and a thaw began, but on the 26th the wind returned to the north, and the cold set in
again with much severity. /31/
27 July 1789
12:15
Adorf in the Voigtland
27 July 1789
Succeeded by light rain, the sky being covered with thick clouds. /31/
26 Aug 1789
9:30
Plauem in the Voigtland
26 Aug 1789
The sky was clear, and the atmosphere suffocatingly hot. /31/
28 Oct 1789
12
9:30
50.3
50.6
12.3
12.1
I3
I6
6:00
Bernek in the Black Forest,
Germany?
After a brilliant flash of lightning. /31/
18 Mar 1790
Sta Maria di Nisceminear,
Terranova in Sicily, Italy
From fissures in this spot, petroleum, sulphur, various vapours, hot water, and finally a stream of salt mud
issued. Considerable atmospheric disturbance was perceived (in Malta). On the 31 st of this month at 8 a.m. the mountain
Scylla fell into sea. /31/
26 Mar (6 Apr)
Vrancha, Romania
6 Apr 1790
19:29 45.7 23.9 150 6.9
1790
Earthquake in Vrancha mountains accompanied by deafening noise, similar to volley of thouthand guns, the
weather was calm. /1/
The air was calm. /31/
14 June 1790
Ancona, Italy
Almost at the same time with these shocks others were felt in the Calabrias, the first of which were followed
by terrible storms with thunder. /31/
Before 22nd Feb 1791
Calabria, Abruzzo, Italy
A frightful storm had occured at Catania, followed by earthquake shocks. /31/
16 May 1791
20:00
East Haddam, Connekticut, US
16 May
13:00
41.5 72.50
1791
0
The atmosphere was very clear and warm; and the moon almost full, and remarkably brilliant. /31/
17 May 1791
night
East Haddam, Connekticut, US
The night very fine. /31/
21 May 1791
1:00
Turin, Italy
The evening before a reddish halo had been observed surrounding the sun, which phaenomenon was
considered by many there as sign of approaching earthquake. /31/
29 Aug 1791
16-17:00
Pressburg, Hungary
Accompanied by a terrible storm, which overthrew buildings, and did great damage in the forests. /31/
27 Sep 1791
21:00
Island of Jersey
The evening was fine and starlight, and the wind soft, from the east. For many weeks great heat and drought
had prevailed. /31/
2 Dec 1791
Island of Zante, Morea?, Greece?
A storm of rain, thunder and lightning raged at the same time. /31/
Beginning of Feb 1792,
Norway
Great cold on the 13th and 15th of this month. On the former day, at noon, much lightning and thunder. /31/
12-13 Aug1792
Kamchatka, Russia
22 Aug 1792
18:00
54
162 20 8.4
A numerous unusual swallows with red neck were observed in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky before earthquake.
Swallows restlessly flew up and down and disappeared about noon.People said they presage disaster. /1/
28 Aug 1792
1:00
East Haddam, Connekticut, US
29 Aug 1792
3:00
41.5
0
72.50
11 Jan 1793
13:00
41.5
0
72.50
41.5
0
72.50
41
29
The weather was very fine. /31/
11 Jan 1793
8:00
East Haddam, Connekticut, US
The weather was warm and fine. /31/
11 July 1793
6:00
East Haddam, Connekticut, US
Weather very warm. Rain and thunder after the shockk. /31/
28 Sept 1793
16:00
Salisbury, Shaftesbury, UK
The weather very calm, and what wind there was easterly. /31/
29 Nov 1793
Lisbon, Portugal
Followed by abundant rain. /31/
9 March 1794
14:00
16 June 1794
11:00
East Haddam, Connekticut, US
9 March
19:00
1794
The atmosphere was clear in the morning, hazy and damp in afternoon. /31/
Bayuk Dere on the
16 June 1794
Bosphorus, Turkey
The weather was calm, the sky a little clouded and the heat rather intense. /31/
2 4.3
0
28 Oct 1794
5:00
Canea in the island Candia
It was calm at the moment of the shock, but soon after the wind began to blow from the west, and continued in
that quarter for some days. /31/
18 Nov 1794
23:00
from Leeds to Bristol, from
Norwich to Liverpool, UK
The wind had been SW and afterwards changed to NW, followed by rain and suffocating heat. At Derby a fire
ball, and at other places a luminous streak were observed in the heavens. /31/
27 Jan 1795
morning
Lisbon, Portugal
Fore some time storms had been experienced here, accompanied by extraordinary rain. /31/
26 April 1796
9:00
Latakiah, Asia Minor
The air was quite still, and the sun had pale appearance before the shock. The sea was perfectly calm. /31/
Oct 1796 (5 Nov)
14:00
Manila, Lucon
5 Nov 1796
14:00
14.6 121
I9
During the shock the air was hot and close, and perfect calm. /31/
The first day, the weather was calm, cloudy, and dull, the air was warm and heavy, the wind came in gusts and
from time to time there was a little rain; they are indications of the imminence of an earthquake. /42/
4 Feb 1797
7:45
Quito, S.America
4 Feb 1797
12:30
-1 -78.6
8.3
Flames and suffocating vapours burst forth from the lake of Quilotoa in the district of Llactacunga, and
destroyed herds of cattle feeding on the shores. /31/
14 Mar 1798
10:00
Dept. la Meurthe, France
Some days before, a meteor was observed three leagues from Metz. /31/
12(23) May 1798
Perm, Kungur, Russia
23 May 1798
0:30
57.9
56.8
26
5.3
From the beginning of May there was warm and hot weather with south wind. From the 8 th of May after strong
rain with wind first thunder was heard, 10 May also thunderstorm, 11 becamr cold, temperature drops a few degrees
below zero, snowfall in night 12 May. Strong wind and snow at the moment of earthquake. /1/
26 May 1798
1:15
Florence, Sienna
26 May 1798
43.5
11.2
I10
For some days before the air had been very close and hot, but after the earthquake severe cold set in. On the
21st and 22nd a tremendous storm raged from Fiume in the Adriatic to Hungary. /31/
7-8 Jan 1799
night
Iceland
Accompanied by terrible storm. /31/
25 Jan 1799
4:00
West coast of France
25 Jan 1799
46.9
-2
At Machecoul it rained soon after the shocks, and thundered all day. At island of Bouin the atmosphere
appeared fiery-red, and soon after the earthquake a violent wind arose, which lasted two days. /31/
21-22 Feb 1799
I8
night
Frankfort-on-Maine,
Giessen, Germany
Accompanied by a terrible storm, with lightning etc. /31/
4 Nov 1799
16:12
Cumana, Cariaco, Venezuela 4 Nov 1799
20:42
10.5 -64.2
On Dec 14, 1797, an insupportable smell of sulphur was observed to have accompanied the e. which at that
time shook Cumana, which was greatest when the disturbance was greatest. /10/
The most anxious one spaid attention to the conduct of dogs, goats, and pigs. The latter, who have an
exeptionally sharp sense of smell and who are accustomed to rooting in the ground, announce the nearness of danger
through restlessness and clamoring. We shall let it stand [without comment] whether they are the first to hear the
underground tumult because they are nearer to the ground or whether gases that emanate from the earth have an effect
on their organs. Several minutes before the first shock, an intense storm blew up, followed by an electic rain with large
drops. I immediately observed the electricity in the air with the Volta electrometer. The little bals deflected from one
another by four lines, the electricity often alternated between positive and negative... Presently, as the most powerful
electric discharge was taking place, at 4:12, two earth tremors occurred, 15 second apart. The people cried loudly in the
street." /24/
There had been an eclipse of the sun on the 28 th Oct, and from that day until the 7th Nov the atmosphere was
filled with a dry reddish vapour. At the same time thunder and lightning were observed, and some minutes before the
shocks a heavy gust of wind, followed by large drops of rain charged with electricity. These phaenomena were
succeeded by a calm, which lasted all the reminder of the night. The barometer was not affected but Humbolt observed
very remarkable changes in the variation of magnetic needle. Half an hour before the violent shocks a smell of sulphur
was observed. /31/
11 Dec 1799
12:00
Silesia, Germany
11 Dec 1799
14:45
50.5
16.1
1 3.9
0
Dense fog. Barometer drops in Fridland very low. Barometer stands above average level in Shiderberg,
Landensgut and Valdenburg, and rise after the shock. /4/
There was a thick fog at the time, which at one place smelled of sulphur. At one place thunder and lightning,
apparently coming out of the thick mist, preceded the earthquake, and the barometer oscillated considerably. Cats
appeared uneasy before the shock. /31/
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