The British and Sport - Удмуртский государственный университет

English-speaking world
Англоязычный мир
Ижевск
2014
0
Министерство образования и науки РФ
ФГБОУ ВПО «Удмуртский государственный университет»
Факультет профессионального иностранного языка
Кафедра иностранных языков для естественнонаучных специальностей
English-speaking world
Англоязычный мир
Учебно-методическое пособие
Ижевск
2014
1
УДК
ББК
Рекомендовано к изданию Учебно-методическим советом УдГУ
Рецензент: к.п.н, доцент Е.В. Тарабаева.
English-speaking world / Англоязычный мир: учебно-методическое пособие /
сост. С. А. Вагинова, Р.Г. Гайнуллина, Н.Н. Черкасская – Ижевск: Изд-во
«Удмуртский университет», 2014. – 146 с.
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентров бакалавриата
направлений подготовки «География», «Картография и геоинформатика»,
«Экология и природопользование» и составлено в соответствии с ФГОС ВО
по дисциплине «Иностранный язык».
Пособие включает разделы по грамматике и деловой документации,
профессионально-ориентированные и художественные тексты, фактический
материал по страноведению и репетиционные тесты для языковой
подготовки студентов бакалавриата географического факультета. Учебнометодическое пособие нацелено на обучение устным формам общения,
развитие навыков чтения специальной литературы и формирование
иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности студентов.
Пособие может быть использовано для проведения практических
занятий по иностранному языку под руководством преподавателя и для
самостоятельной работы студентов. Информацию по страноведению и
дидактический материал, содержащийся в приложении, рекомендуется
применять во время прохождения педагогической практики, а также в
процессе создания исследовательских проектов и презентаций.
УДК
ББК
© Сост. Вагинова С.А., Гайнуллина
Р. Г., Черкасская Н.Н., 2014
© ФГБОУ ВПО «Удмуртский
государственный университет», 2014
2
Contests
Preface……………………………………………………………………………..4
Unit 1. English as an international language………………………………………6
Unit 2. English – speaking countries……………………………………………..13
Unit 3. Welcome to Great Britain ………………………………………………..24
Unit 4. Nice to meet you ………………………………………………………....34
Unit 5. British universities………………………………………………………..48
Unit 6. The discovery of America………………………………………………..66
Unit 7. Travelling………………………………………………………………...72
Texts for independent reading…………………………………………………...90
Appendix……………………………………………………………………….118
Preparation for Internet Test …………………………………………………...132
Irregular verbs…………………………………………………………………..139
English – Russian Dictionary of Geographical Terms………………………………..143
References and Internet resources ……………………………………… … …146
3
Предисловие
Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов
бакалавриата
направлений
подготовки
«География», «Картография
и
геоинформатиика», «Экология и природопользование». Пособие составлено в
соответствии с ФГОС ВО по дисциплине «Иностранный язык».
Актуальность создания данного пособия обусловлена отсутствием
учебных изданий по английскому языку, включающих современную
информацию
по
страноведению,
необходимую
для
формирования
иноязычной коммуникативной компетентности студентов бакалавриата
географического факультета. В частности, в тематических разделах ―Nice to
meet you‖ и ―Travelling‖ нашли отражение особенности речевого этикета в
разных ситуациях общения в англоязычных cтранах. Кроме того, в данном
пособии содержатся образцы заполнения визы и практические рекомендации
для тех, кто впервые выезжает за рубеж.
Оригинальность учебно-методического пособия «English - speaking
world» / «Англоязычный мир» заключается в том, что студентам
предлагается ознакомиться с фактическим материалом из истории и
географии стран изучаемого языка и выполнить тесты для самоконтроля
уровня сформированности профессионально-ориентированной иноязычной
компетентности.
Настоящее
учебное
пособие
нацелено
на
развитие
таких
коммуникативных умений студентов, как самопрезентация, монологическая
и диалогическая речь.
Основной курс пособия состоит из 7 тематических разделов, каждый из
которых
включает
лексический
словарь-минимум
и
грамматический
материал. Достижение цели на каждом этапе обучения обеспечивается
выполнением предтекстовых, текстовых и послетекстовых заданий.
4
Предтекстовые задания нацелены на опознавание интернациональных
и производных слов, синонимов, антонимов. Они позволяют подготовить
студентов к чтению текста и выполнению текстовых заданий.
Работа
над
текстовыми
заданиями
предполагает
извлечение
информации и представление еѐ в виде аннотации, эссе, перевода, устного
высказывания по заданной теме.
Послетекстовые
задания
обеспечивают
контроль
понимания
содержания текста.
Тексты
составлены
на
англоязычных
авторов,
что
способностей
студентов
основе
художественных
способствует
бакалавриата
произведений
развитию
географического
когнитивных
факультета
и
повышению уровня мотивации к изучению иностранного языка.
Данное пособие включает:
1.Тексты для самостоятельного чтения с ипользованием словаря для
пополнения лексического запаса студентов;
2.Таблицу
неправильных
глаголов
для
совершенствования
грамматических умений;
3. Словарь географических терминов для развития навыков перевода
профессионально-ориентированных текстов;
4. Репетицинные тесты для подготовки студентов к экзаменам;
5.
Список
рекомендуемой
литературы
и
интернет-ресурсов,
необходимых для написания эссе и рефератов по страноведению;
6. Образцы оформления и планы-схемы для аннотирования текстов и
газетных статей, выполнения рефератов и творческих проектов;
7. Методические рекомендации для разработки исследовательских
проектов и презентаций.
Учебное пособие «English–speaking world» / «Англоязычный мир»
рекомендуется для использования преподавателем на практических занятиях
по иностранному языку и для самостоятельной подготовки студентов к
занятиям.
5
Unit 1
English as an international Language
English is a global language
I. Do you need a dictionary to understand the meaning of the following words?
Russia, America, England, Europe, France, Germany, Greece.
Business, politics, process, culture, literature, original, discussion, problem, planet,
colony, territory, technology, organization, communication.
National, international, technical, popular, public.
Russian, English, British, American, German, Greek, French.
To master, to communicate, to occupy, to realize.
II. Can you fill in the table?
Germany
German
Scotland
Германия
Шотландия
Greek
Греция
English
грек, гречанка
Ireland
Ирландия
шотландцы
ирландцы
Англия
англичане
Wales
Welsh
Уэльс
6
Vocabulary
1) ancient
древний, старый, античный
2) century
столетие, век, сотня
3) communicate
сообщать, сообщаться
4) country
страна, народ, население
5) different
другой, разный, различный
6) Egyptians
египтяне
7) foreign
иностранный, незнакомый, чужой
8) language
язык, речь
9) learn
учиться, учить, узнавать
10) nobility
дворянство, знать,аристократия
11) person
человек, личность, особа
12) spread
распространение, распространяться
13) study
исследование, изучать, учиться
14) throughout
повсюду, везде
15) Widespread
широко распространѐнный
16) wonder
удивление, удивляться
III. Do you know that …
People have been learning foreign languages for thousands of years because they
needed some second foreign language to understand each other.
An Egyptian
French nobility
The ancient Egyptians learned the Greek language 2.500 years ago.
In the 12-th century the French language was learnt in many countries of Europe.
7
A German merchant and peasants
In the 16-th century Europe began to study the German language.
The English language began to spread throughout the world in the 17-th century.
In the 19-th century the nobility of different countries communicated in French
again. Nowdays, the English language is the most widespread in the world. No
wonder that one person in seven of the world's population knows English.
The most widespread language in the world
IV. Read the text and be ready to answer the following questions:
1. Why is the English language the most popular in the world?
2. When did the English language begin to spread throughout the world?
3. When did you begin to take up English?
4. Did you ever speak to a foreigner?
5. What other foreign language would you like to study?
8
Vocabulary
1) exist
быть, существовать
2) lucky
счастливый, удачливый
3) science
наука
4) achievment
достижение
5) up-to-date
современный
6) success
успех
7) well-educated
образованный
English is a world language
English is the language of international communication
It is impossible to know all the languages existing on the Earth. They say that
there are about 6.000 languages on our planet. Those who study English are lucky
enough because English is becoming the language of international communication.
For a long time I couldn't understand how English had become the most
popular language in the world. Then I learnt that England used to have many
colonies which occupied the territory 30 times larger than the territory of the
British Isles. The people who lived in those colonies had to speak English and it
spread more and more.
Besides that, English is the national language in the United States of America the most developed country in the world. The English language spreads together
with new high technologies and technical achievements.
9
English is the language of science. A real scientist cannot do without English,
he has to read literature in English if he wants to be up-to-date in his field of
knowledge.
The English language is the language of the United Nations Organization.
Without English you cannot be a success neither in business, nor in politics, nor in
public relations.
Those who are fond of literature should also know English if they want to
read in the original the works of the great English and American writers.
Certainly, most of the books by W.Shakespeare, W.Thackeray, M.Twain, J.London
have been already translated into Russian, but you will never understand them to
the full in translation.
I think a well-educated man should know more than one foreign language.
I dream of studying German. I want to see and understand English, American
and German films without translation or subtitles.
I do realize that it is impossible to master a foreign language and speak it like
a native speaker. I'm ready to improve my English all through my life, I enjoy the
process. I take delight in studying English!
V. Look at the text. Can you say what it is about? Try to write down some Arabic,
French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish words of the English vocabulary.
Pay attention to the pattern:
Pattern: Russian words: Samovar, Sputnik, Taiga,Troika
Спутник - Sputnik
Самовар - Samovar
10
Тайга - Taiga
Тройка - Troika
Many people beleive that the English language is rather an easy language to learn.
It doesn't have such a difficult grammar as modern Russian, German and Greek.
But it's true only by half.
English has the largest vocabulary in the world because it is a mixture of 120
languages. There are about 500.000 words and 300.000 technical terms in it. Its
vocabulary includes Arabic, French, German, Italian, Russian and Spanish. That's
why there are problems of English spelling and pronunciation.
VI. Pay attention to the rules and translate them into Russian
1. No article is used with the names of most countries: Russia, America, Australia,
New Zealand, England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, Great Britain.
2. The is used with country names with of: the United States of America, the
Republic of China, the Republic of India, the Commonwealth of Australia, the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
3. The is used with the names of island countries: the Philippines, the Netherlands.
VII. Try to insert the definite article. Sometimes no article is necessary
1) … United Kingdom, 2) … United States of America, 3) … Republic of South
Africa, 4) … New Zealand, 5) … Australia, 6) … Russia, 7) … Canada, 8) … Irish
Republic, 8) … America, 9) … China, 10) … Great Britain, 11) … North America,
12) … Russian Federation, 13) … Wales, 14) … England, 15) … Republic of
China, 16) Northern Ireland, 17) … Commonwealth of Australia, 18) … Scotland.
11
VIII. Do you remember the pronunciation of country names? Pay attention to the
transcription of the words and practice to pronounce them
List of country names
Country
Translation
Transcription
Austria
Австрия
[ˈɒstrɪə]
Belorussia
Белоруссия
[bɛləˈrʌʃə]
Belgium
Бельгия
[ˈbɛlʤəm]
Bulgaria
Болгария
[bʌlˈgeərɪə]
Hungary
Венгрия
[ˈhʌŋgəri]
Great Britain
Великобритания
[greɪt ˈbrɪtn]
Germany
Германия
[ˈʤɜːməni]
Greece
Греция
[griːs]
Denmark
Дания
[ˈdɛnmɑːk]
Spain
Испания
[speɪn]
Italy
Италия
[ˈɪtəli]
The Netherlands
Нидерланды
[ðə ˈnɛðələndz]
Poland
Польша
[ˈpəʊlənd]
France
Франция
[ˈfrɑːns]
Ukraine
Украина
[juːˈkreɪn]
Switzerland
Швейцария
[ˈswɪtsələnd]
IX. Write down an essay on the topic ―English is the universal language‖.
X. Make up a dialogue with your fellow-student about the English language.
Use exercise IV on page 9 and vocabulary on pages 8, 10.
12
Unit 2
English – Speaking Countries
English - speaking countries map
I. Look at the map and get ready to answer the questions:
1. What are the most famous English-speaking countries?
2. What countries is the UK made of? What are their capitals?
3. What can you say about the climate and the weather of the country?
4. How many states does the USA consist of?
5. What city is the capital of the USA?
6. What other English - speaking countries do you know?
7. What English-speaking country would you like to visit?
II. Study the text below. Can you prove that English is the universal language?
English as the universal language
The modern world is becoming smaller all the time. Every day distances
between different countries seem less. For this reason it's becoming more and more
important to know different languages, especially English.
One billion people speak English today. That's about 20% of the world's
population. 400 million people speak English as their first language. For the other
600 million people it's either a second language or a foreign language.
13
English is the first language in the United Kingdom, the United States of
America, Australia and New Zealand. It is one of the official languages in Canada,
the Irish Republic and the Republic of South Africa.
As a second language English is spoken in more than 60 countries. It is used
by the government, businessmen and universities.
English is the language of politics and diplomacy, science and technology,
business and trade, sport and pop music.
80% of all information in the world's computers is in English. 75% of the world's
letters and faxes are in English. 60% of all international telephone calls are made in
English. More than 60% of all scientific journals are written in English.
To know English today is absolutely necessary for every educated person,
for every good specialist. Learning a language is not an easy thing. It's a long and
slow process that takes a lot of time and patience. But it's a must. English is taught
throughout the world and a lot of people speak it quite well. In our country English
is very popular: it is studied at schools, colleges and universities.
Have you ever wondered how many people there are who speak English? It's
quite a number! Geographically, English is the most widespread language on earth,
and it is second only to Chinese in the number of people who speak it. It is spoken
in the British Isles, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and much of Canada and
South Africa. That's about 400 million people.
English is also a second language of another 300 million people living in
more than 60 countries. If you add to this the enormous number of people who
learn to understand and speak English (like yourself), you will realise that English
is indeed a "world language".
In Shakespeare's time only a few million people spoke English. All of them
lived in what is now Great Britain. Through the centuries, as a result of various
historical events, English spread throughout the world. Five hundred years ago
they didn't speak English in North America: the American Indians had their own
languages. So did the Eskimos in Canada, the aborigines in Australia, and the
Maoris in New Zealand.
14
Today, English is represented in every continent and in the three main
oceans — the Atlantic, the Indian and the Pacific.
A century ago, some linguists predicted that one day England, America,
Australia and Canada would be speaking different languages. However, with the
advent of records, cinema, radio, and television, the two brands of English have
even begun to draw back together again. Britons and Americans probably speak
more alike today than they did 50 or 60 years ago. (In the 1930s and 1940s, for
example, American films were dubbed in England. It's no longer the practice
today.
III. Try to analise the text about English-speaking countries and find three degrees
of adjectives
Pattern 1: modern (world) – современный мир (p.d)
Pattern 2: wider (interests) – более широкий круг интересов (c.d.)
Pattern 3: the most important (ports) – важнейшие порты- (s.d.)
Pay attention to these notes!
Notes:
1. Adjectives and adverbs have different forms to show degrees of comparison. We
even have a name for each of these forms of degree: positive, comparative,
and superlative. Let's meet the whole gang.
Positive degree: the base form of the adjective or adverb. It does not show
comparison.
Comparative degree: the form an adjective or adverb takes to compare two things.
Superlative degree: the form an adjective or adverb takes to compare three or more
things.
The following table shows the three degrees of comparison with some
sample adjectives and adverbs.
15
Comparative Levels of Adjectives and Adverbs
Part of Speech
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Adjective
low
lower
lowest
Adjective
big
bigger
biggest
Adjective
fat
fatter
fattest
Adverb
highly
more highly
most highly
Adverb
widely
more widely
most widely
Adverb
easily
more easily
most easily
2. The positive degree is the base form of the adjective or adverb. It does not show
comparison.
The comparative degree compares two things.
The superlative degree compares three or more things.
As you can see from this table, the comparative and superlative degrees of
adjectives and adverbs are formed differently. Here's how:
Less and least can also be used to form the comparative and superlative degrees of
most adjectives and adverbs, as inless attractive and least attractive.
Less and fewer cannot be interchanged. Less refers to amounts that form a whole
or can't be counted (less money, less filling), while fewer refers to items that can be
counted (fewer coins, fewer calories).
3. All adverbs that end in -ly form their comparative and superlative degree
with more and most.
quickly, more quickly, most quickly
slowly, more slowly, most slowly
4. Avoid using more or most when they sound awkward, as in ―more soon than I
expected.‖ In general, use -er/-est with one- and two-syllable modifiers.
fast, faster, fastest ; high, higher, highest
16
5. When a word has three or more syllables, use more and most to form the
comparative and superlative degree.
beloved, more beloved, most beloved
IV. Write three degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
small
younger
fine
the newest
easy
dirtier
famous
more beautiful
difficult
the most serious
more comfortable
expensive
the most suitable
more charming
good
worse
many/much
the least
V. Test your grammar
1. This house is fantastically expensive. We expected it to be. . . . . . .
A. more cheaper
B. much cheaper
C. much cheap
17
2. He is very loud he should behave. . . . . . . .
A. more quietly
B. quieter
C. more quiet
3. He was driving at a hundred miles an hour, he should have driven. . . . . .
A. slower
B. much slowlier
C. more slowly
4. Can you walk. . . . . . . ?
A. a bit faster
B. more fastly
C. little faster
5. He did. . . . . . in his driving test - . . . . . . . . . than we expected.
A. bad. . . . . . . . worse
B. very badly. . . . . . . worse
C. badly. . . . . . . worser
6. Will you give me. . . . . . . information on delivery arrangements?
A. farther
B. further
C. more further
7. His English is. . . . . . . than mine.
A. worst
B. more worse
C. a bit worse
18
8. Tom works long hours so he looks. . . . . . . than he really is.
A. far older
B. much elder
C. little old
9. I bought. . . . . . . edition of today’s paper. No copies were left.
A. the latest
B. the least
C. the last
10. I`ve got. . . . . . . . . . . . than you.
A. lesser
B. less
C. least
11. Have you heard. . . . . . . news?
A. the last
B. the latest
C. farther
12. It`s a rule: . . . . . . . the hotel, . . . . . . . . the service.
A. more expensive. . . . . . . the best
B. the expensiver. . . . . . . . much better
C. the more expensive. . . . the better
13. . . . . . . . . . . . I waited, . . . . . . . . . I became.
A. the more long. . . . . . . . the more impatiently
B. the longer. . . . . . . . the more impatient
C. the longer. . . . . . . the more unpatient
19
14. My apartment is. . . . . . . . than yours.
A. smaller
B. a bit little
C. bit smaller
15. Now petrol is. . . . . . . . it was a few years ago.
A. two times more expensive as
B. twice as expensive as
C. in two times so expensive as
16. Nobody could swim. . . . . . . .
A. faster as him
B. as fast as he could
C. as faster as him
17. He spent. . . . . . . money. . . . . . . .
A. less. . . . . . . . .as me
B. more. . . . . . . than me
C. the least. . . . as I did
18. She is. . . . . . . . . intelligent to believe that!
A. too
B. more
C. much more
19. We stayed at. . . . . . . . . hotel in this town.
A. a cheaper
B. more cheap
C. the cheapest
20
20. Don`t go by air. It will be. . . . . . . !
A. much more expensive
B. a far too expensive
C. a lot expensive
VI. Pay attention to the Inconsiderate Adjectives and Adverbs
Inconsiderate Adjectives and Adverbs
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
good
better
best
well
better
best
bad
worse
worst
badly
worse
worst
far
farther
farthest
far
further
furthest
late
later
later or latest
little (amount)
less
least
many
more
most
much
more
most
some
more
most
VII. Translate the following proverbs into Russian. Use a dictionary of English
proverbs and get ready to give your examples.
1) Two heads are better than one. 2) Stolen pleasures are sweetest. 3) The best is
often the enemy of the good. 4) Best defence is offence. 5) East or West, home is
best. 6) The longest day has an end. 7) Actions speak louder than words.
21
VIII. Do you know that…
1. British people are the world's most dedicated home-video users and the world's
third biggest newspaper buyers.
2. The House of Parliament the centre of the British government is one of the most
famous tourist attractions.
3. The House of Commons has more real power than the House of Lords.
IX. Fill in the gaps. Use one of three degrees of adjectives. Translate the sentences
into Russian
1. The
(large) cities of Great Britain
are: London, Birmingham, Glasgow,
Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds and Edinburgh.
2. London is the world's seventh (big) city.
3. The (important) ports are: London, Liverpool, Southampton, Belfast, Glasgow
and Cardiff.
4. The people came to the UK in search of (good) living standards.
5. The (late) wave of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Hong Kong
has of course caused problems.
6. Nowadays the policy is to encourage these (new) immigrant communities to
continue speaking their own languages as well as English.
7. The United States of America is the fourth (large) country in the world.
8. The (cold) regions are in the north.
9. The climate along the Pacific coast is much (warm) than that of the Atlantic
coast.
10. The (high) mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera, the Sierra
Nevada.
X. Can you write down a list of the ten largest Enlish-speaking countries? Put all
the country names in alphabetical order. Transcribe and translate the country
names into Russian
Pattern:
1. Australia - [ɔsˈtreɪlɪə] - Австралия
22
XI. Do you know these idioms? Can you give Russian equivalents to the phrases?
1. As American as apple pie – truly American; typically American;
2. The Big Apple – the nickname of New York City;
3. Carry coals to Newcastle – to bring something to a place which has plenty of
such things already;
4. Grin like a Cheshire cat – to smile or grin inscrutably;
5. Indian summer – a period of warm weather in autumn;
6. In plain English – in simple, understandable language;
7. In Queer Street – in financial instability; in difficulty or trouble;
8. Madison Avenue – the advertising industry of the United States;
9. On Easy Street – in wealth; in financial security and comfort;
10. Silicon Valley – the world of computers and high technology;
11. Wall Street – American money market; American financial oligarchy;
12. The Windy City – Chicago.
XII. Write down an essay on the topic ―Enlish-speaking countries‖.
You should use the following formulas:
1. I think …
2. As far as I know …
3. In my opinion …
4. It should be noted that …
5. On the contrary, I …
6. I enjoy …
7. I don’t think so.
1. Я полагаю …
2. Нскколько мне известно …
3. По моему мнению ...
4. Необходимо отметить,что …
5. Наоборот, я …
6. Я получаю удовольствие от …
7. Боюсь, я не могу согласиться.
XIII. Choose one of these Enlish-speaking countries and make the presentation.
Pay attention to the appendix
1. The UK
2. The USA
3. Canada
4. Australia
5. New Zealand.
23
Unit 3
Welcome to Great Britain
The national symbols of Great Britain
I. Can you tell your groupmates about the British traditions?
Read the text and get ready to speak about the British traditions
British nation is considered to be the most conservative in Europe. It is not a
secret that every nation has its own customs and traditions. In Great Britain
people attach greater importance to traditions and customs than in other
European countries. Englishmen are proud of their traditions and carefully keep
them up.
British Money
The best examples are their queen, money system, their weights and
measures.There are many customs and some of them are very old. There is, for
example, the Marble Championship, where the British Champion is crowned; he
wins a silver cup known among folk dancers as Morris Dancing.
24
Morris dancing
Morris Dancing is an event where people, worn in beautiful clothes with ribbons
and bells, dance with handkerchiefs or big sticks in their hands, while traditional
music sounds.
The Boat Race
Another example is the Boat Race, which takes place on the river Thames, often
on Easter Sunday. A boat with a team from Oxford University and one with a
team from Cambridge University hold a race.
The Grand National horse race
25
British people think that the Grand National horse race is the most exciting horse
race in the world. It takes place near Liverpool every year. Sometimes it happens
the same day as the Boat Race takes place, sometimes a week later. Amateur
riders as well as professional jockeys can participate. It is a very famous event.
A May Queen
There are many celebrations in May, especially in the countryside, for example,
May Day. It is the time of year when warmer weather begins and flowers and
trees start to blossom. It is said to be a time of love and romance. It is the time
when people celebrate the coming of summer with lots of different customs that
are expressions of joy and hope after a long winter. Traditional English May Day
celebrations include Morris dancing, crowning a May Queen and dancing around
a Maypole.
Dancing around a Maypole
26
Halloween is a day on which many children dress up in unusual costumes.
In fact, this holiday has a Celtic origin. The day was originally called All
Halloween's Eve, because it happens on October 31, the eve of all Saint's Day.
The name was later shortened to Halloween. The Celts celebrated the coming of
New Year on that day.
Halloween
Another tradition is the holiday called Bonfire Night. On November 5,
1605, a man called Guy Fawkes planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament
where the king James 1st was to open Parliament on that day. But Guy Fawkes
was unable to realize his plan and was caught and later, hanged. The British still
remember that Guy Fawkes' Night. It is another name for this holiday. This day
one can see children with figures, made of sacks and straw and dressed in old
clothes. On November 5th, children put their figures on the bonfire, burn them,
and light their fireworks.
Bonfire Night
27
In the end of the year, there is the most famous New Year celebration. In
London, many people go to Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve. There is singing
and dancing at 12 o'clock on December 31st.
Christmas Bells
A popular Scottish event is the Edinburgh Festival of music and drama, which
takes place every year. A truly Welsh event is the Eisteddfod, a national festival
of traditional poetry and music, with a competition for the best new poem in
Welsh.
The Edinburgh Festival of Music and Drama
If we look at English weights and measures, we can be convinced that the British
are very conservative people. They do not use the internationally accepted
measurements. They have conserved nine old measures.
For general use, the smallest weight is one ounce, then 16 ounce is equal to a
pound. Fourteen pounds is one stone. The English always give people's weight in
pounds and stones. Liquids they measure in pints, quarts and gallons.
28
There are two pints in a quart and four quarts or eight pints are in one gallon. For
length, they have inches, foot, yards and miles.
If we have always been used to the metric system therefore the English monetary
system could be found rather difficult for us. They have a pound sterling, which
is divided into twenty shillings, half-crown is cost two shillings and sixpence,
shilling is worth twelve pennies and one penny could be changed by two
halfpennies.
One Shilling Coins
II. Try to write the calender of the most popular pubic, political and sports holiday
in Great Britain. For example:
The calender of the British holidays
1. Chrstmas – the 25-th of December.
2. New Year’s Day - the 31-st of January.
3. Saint Valentine’s Day - the 14-th of February.
4. The Boat Race (Oxford – Cambridge) – the last Saturday of March.
5. April Fool’s Day – the 1-st of April.
III. Write the list of the British holidays, which are popular in Russia.
IV. Get ready to answer the questions:
1. What holiday is celebrated in Russia on the first of May?
2. What other political holidays are celebrated in our country?
3. What religious holidays are celebrated in Russia?
V. Compare the Russian and the Btitish holidays.
29
The UK
Royal coat of arms of the UK
VI. Read and translate the text about the UK
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is an island state: it
occupies the territory of the British Isles and is composed of some 5,500 islands,
large and small. The two main islands are: Great Britain (in which are England,
Wales and Scotland) to the east and Ireland (in which are Northern Ireland and the
independent Republic of Ireland) to the west. They arc separated by the Irish Sea.
The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. However, there are only nine
other countries with more people, and London is the world's seventh biggest city.
The UK is separated from the European continent by the English Channel and the
Strait of Dover.The highest mountains are in Scotland and Wales: There are many
lakes in Great Britain. On the northwest lies the Lake District, containing the
beautiful lakes that give it its name.
The
largest
cities
of Great
Britain
are:
London,
Birmingham,
Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds and Edinburgh. The
most important ports are: London, Liverpool, Southampton, Belfast, Glasgow and
Cardiff.
The climate in the UK is usually described as cool, temperate and humid.
The weather is so changeable that the English often say that they have no climate
but only weather. The weather is the favourite topic of conversation in the UK.
30
The population of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
is over 57 million people. The population lives mostly in towns and cities and their
suburbs. Four out of every five people live in towns.
The UK is inhabited by the English, the Scottish, the Welsh, and the
Northern Irish, who constitute the British nation. The British are the descendants of
different peoples who settled in the British Isles at different times.
There have been many waves of immigration into Britain. Now there are
many people of all colours and races in the UK. These are mostly former
inhabitants of lhe former British colonies. These people came to the UK in search
of better living standards. Nowadays the policy is to encourage these new
immigrant communities to continue speaking their own languages as well as
English. The children of immigrants are often taught their own languages in
school, and there are special newspapers, magazines, and radio and television
programmes for these communities.
The latest wave of immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Hong
Kong has of course caused problems. I here is certainly racial tension and racial
prejudice in Britain today. In spite of laws passed to protect them, there is still
discrimination against Asian and black people, many of whom are unemployed or
in low-paid jobs. However, the atmosphere is improving and the different races are
slowly learning to trust one another.
The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, the Head oi State is the Queen.
In practice, the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elective
government with the Prime Minister at the head. There are three main political
parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties.
II. Test youself. The UK quiz.
1. What's the Queen's name?
a. Queen Ann I
b. Queen Elizabeth II с. Queen Margaret II
31
2. Where does the Changing of the Guard take place?
a. Buckingham Palace
с. Victoria and Albert Museum
b. Piccadilly Circus
3. What is a double-decker?
a. A bus
с. A taxi
b. A disco
4. What is Harrods?
a. A bank
b. A department store
c. School
5. Where can you buy stamps?
a. At the post office
с. At the department store
b. At the stationer's
6. How many pence are there in 1 pound sterling?
a. 10
с. 1000
b. 100
7. What is the name of the famous stadium in the north of London?
a. Wembley
с. Wimbledon
b. Westminster
8. Which Liverpool band was so popular in the 60s?
a. The Beatles
с. The Rolling Stones
b. The Police
9. Where is Nessie supposed to live?
a. Isle of Man
с. River Thames
b. Loch Ness
10. In Britain, cars are driven on the______side of the road.
a. left-hand
с. wrong-hand
b. right-hand
11. Dame Agatha Christie wrote lots of______.
a. detective stories
с. Poems
b. plays
32
12. Where is Belfast?
a. In Northern Ireland
с. In Wales
b. In Scotland
13. Manchester United is a popular______team.
a. basketball
с. Handball
b. football
14. Which famous writer was born in Stratford-upon-Avon?
a. Samuel Beckett
b. James Joyce
c. William Shakespeare
15. Which king had 6 wives?
a.Henry IV
с. Henry VIII
b. Henry V
16. How many parts does Great Britain contain?
a. 4
b. 3
c. 5
17. What is the British flag called?
a. Union Patric
b. Union Jack
Lines and Crosses
18. What is the London underground called?
a. the Tube
b. the Metro
c. the Subway
19. What is the most expensive part of London?
a. West End
b. East End
c. the City
20. What colour are the taxis in London?
a. blue
b. red
c. black
21. If you go to London, you’ll see…
a. White house
b. St.Paul’s Cathedral
33
c. Capitol
Unit 4
Nice to meet You
A proper English Gentlman
I. Do you know the words? Try to translate the words into Russian
Address, business, boyfriend, form, formula, manager, person, position, professor,
religion, secretary, situation, speaker, status, title; comfortable, formal, real,
alternative, pardon, provide.
II. Read the text and try to memorize the forms of addressing people in the
situation of getting acquainted
How to Address People in English
English learners often feel confused about how to address
people properly. Many feel uncomfortable asking the
question, "What should I call you?" Even native English
people find this question awkward. For example, many
Surname
Family name
First name Last name
William Shakespeare
Hilary
Clinton
women don't know how to address their boyfriend's
mother. On the other hand, some parents don't know what to call their children's
teacher.
Note that: For Mr we say ―Mister‖; For Mrs -―Misses‖; For Miss - ―Miss‖.
34
Why is "What should I call you?" such a difficult question to ask? Perhaps it's
because you are asking the other person to provide their status or position in the
world in relationship to yours. This position may involve age, job, education,
religion and even marital status. If you are unsure of what to call someone, it's best
to use a formal address or simply ask one of these questions:
- What should I call your mum / the teacher / the manager?
- Is it okay if I call you [the nickname you've heard others use]?
- What's your name? (use in a casual situation like a party or classroom where
first names are used)
Formal Titles in English
In business situations, use formal titles unless the people you meet tell you
otherwise. To get someone's attention you can say: "Excuse me, Sir" or "Pardon
me, Madam/Ma'am." To greet someone you can say: "Hello Sir" or "Good
morning, Madam/Ma'am." Here are the formal titles English speakers use:
1. Sir (adult male of any age)
2. Madam (adult female)
3. Mr + last name (any man)
4. Mrs + last name (married woman who uses her husband's last name)
5. Miss + last name (unmarried woman)
6. Dr + last name (some doctors go by Dr + first name)
7. Professor + last name (in a university setting).
A Lady and two Gentlmen
35
III. Read and translate the dialogue. Write out the modes of address
Modes of Address
John: Do you know the right way to address people in English?
Вr e n d a: When you know people well it's very easy, of course. You just
call them by their first name.
J. Yes, that's right. I call you Brenda, don't I? And you call me John. But if
we didn't know each other very well, if we weren't personal friends, then I
should call you Miss Grey, and you would call me Mr Green. Remember,
that "Mr" and "Mrs", "Miss" and "Ms" should always be followed by the
name of the person you are talking to. For example, Mr Smith, Mrs Brown,
Miss Robinson, Ms Greene.
B. "Sir" and "Madam", on the other hand, are never followed by a name
except in the special case when "Sir" is a title, such as Sir Stafford
Cripps or Sir Francis Drake. When "Sir" is a title we always use it as part
of the name.
J. Yes, but notice that in speaking to such a person we use "Sir" with the
first name, the Christian name only, and we say Sir Stafford.
B. "Sir" and "Madam" used alone show respect for position or seniority.
Tradespeople and shopkeepers call their customers "Sir" and "Madam".
And schoolchildren call their men teachers "Sir". Though as a matter of
fact women teachers are never called "Madam".
J. Young men, too, often call older men "Sir" as a mark of respect. But
"Madam" is not used in the same way by young women speaking to older
ones.
B. That reminds me, it is quite un-English to speak, as many foreigners
do, of "Madam, your mother" or of "Sir or Mr your father", or of "Mr
your husband".
36
J. Students of English often have difficulty too with professional titles like
"Doctor" or "Professor", and the first thing to note here is again that we
never use any of these titles with "Mr". We don't say "Mr Doctor" or
"Mr Professor".
B. No, a medical practitioner is usually called just "Doctor" when you are
speaking to him. In fact, we do this whether or not he holds the actual
degree of Doctor of Medicine.
Doctor of Medicine and his patients
J. But any other kind of Doctor, such as a Doctor of Philosophy or a
Doctor of Music, we never call him by the one word "Doctor".
B. That's right: we might speak to him formally as Doctor Smith, or
whatever his name is, but "Doctor" by itself always means a medical
man.
As for "Professor", in Britain a professor is nearly always a university
professor and if you know one you can call him "Professor" with or
without his name, according to how formal or informal you want to be.
A university professor and student
37
J. Just as it's wrong to say "Mr Professor" or "Mr Doctor", so it's wrong,
too, to give any title to the wife of a man in such a position. We do not
speak of "Mrs Professor White" or "Mrs Doctor Black".
B. No, nor of "Mrs Colonel Brown". We simply say "Mrs White", "Mrs
Black" and "Mrs Brown" in all such cases.
J. Since you've mentioned a military title, I think I should add that "Mr" is
never used with these titles either. Soldiers, sailors and airmen, of course,
address their officers as "Sir", but in ordinary life we just say "Colonel",
"Captain", or "Commander" as the case may be.
B. On the other hand, administrative or commercial titles like "Director" or
"Manager" are never used at all as a form of address. Except when
you are working for such a person and you require to call him "Sir",
you must always address him by his ordinary name.
IV. Can you say?
1. What is the most accepted formal form of greeting which is suitable any
time of day?
2. What standard replies are there to
"Good morning",
"Good afternoon",
"Good evening"?
3. What is the widely used formula of an informal greeting?
4. What are the standard replies to the question "How are you?"
5. When people part what do they usuall say that is suitable any time of day?
6. Which are the less formal ways of saying good-bye?
7. When do you say "Good night"?
38
Greetings
V. Read and memorize the following formulas of greeting and farewell
1. How do you do?: this is not really a question, but just a formula used when
people meet for the first time or have not seen each other for a long time. The usual
answer to it is: ―How do you do?‖ Both the opening sentence and the answer are
said with a falling tone. This' formula may be used almost any time of day.
You say this without expecting any answer but "How do you do" and do not
offer to shake hands. It is a rather formal greeting, young people in similar
circumstances may just say to each other: ―Hello!‖
2. You say "Good morning" to people when your greeting is more formal.
This formula is used before lunch. To those you know well you may say
simply "Morning".
3. You say "Good afternoon" to people you do not know well between lunch
time and tea-time.
4. You say "Good evening" to people you do not know very well after 6 p.m. To
those you know well you may just say "Evening".
5. The proper universal informal greeting is "Hello". This formula is usually
used with the first name. After an informal or a friendly greeting often comes
the question: "How are you?"
39
Farewells
The usual phrase to use when, you leave is "Goodbye", but there are a
number of other less formal ways of parting, such as:
Bye-bye! Cheerio! See you later!
( I ' l l ) be seeing you (soon). So long.
Farewell. (When parting for long)
Say "Good night" only when you leave and it is after eight o'clock at night.
It’s 9 o'clock at night.
VI. Read the dialogue. Pay attention to the formulas of greeting
Greeting People
A. What must I say when I am introduced to someone?
B. Oh, just "How do you do?"
A. And what do they answer?
B. "How do you do?"
A. But it seems nonsense, I ask them a question about their health and they
don't give an answer; instead they ask me a question which I don't
answer.
B. Yes, I suppose it is rather strange, but we don't think of "How do you
do?" as a question — it's just a greeting. If you really wanted to know
about your friend's health you would say "How are you?"
A. Oh, yes, I've heard that; and what do they answer?
B. "Very well", "Thank you", "How are you?"
40
A. And what do you say if you are not very well?
B. Just "Not very well" or "Not too well".
A. That's good. It's just what I wanted.
VII. List what is right to say and how to behave:
When greeting a person you do not know well (in the morning, after lunch
time, after six o'clock); when greeting a friend; when parting with a person you
do not know very well (in the morning, after lunch time, after six o'clock, after
eight o'clock at night); when parting with a friend; when formally
introduced.
VIII. Say how you respond to:
1. "How do you do?"
2. "Good morning" ("Good afternoon", "Good evening").
3. "Hello, how are you?"
IX. Ask a friend what is the correct thing to say:
when greeting a person you do not know well; when greeting a person
you know well; when parting formally; when saying good-bye informally
X. Practise greeting each other and leave taking. Work in pair.
XI. Dramatize the dialogue
Mr. Brown: Good morning, Mr. White.
Mr. White: Good morning, Mr. Brown.
Mr. Brown: Won’t you come in and join us? I’d like to introduce you to to my
friend Miss Green, who has just come to London.
41
Mr. White: How do you do, Miss Green?
Miss Green: How do you do, Mr. White? I’m very glad to meet you.
Mr. White: How's your business going?
Miss Green: Pretty good, thank you. And how are things with you?
Mr. White: Well, not too good.
Miss Green: I’m sorry to hear that. I hope things will soon improve.
Mr. White: Yes, let’s hope for the best. And how long are going to stay in
Moscow?
Miss Green: I don’t know exactly. I’m having a very pleasant time here.
Note that: Glad to meet you: the complete sentence is: ―I’m glad to meet you‖.
It is a formula which may be used alternatively with ―How do you do?‖
by people who are being introduced to other people. On parting, people who
have been introduced to each other usually say‖Glad to have met you‖.
XII. Do you know that in Britain you will find most people are kinder to you if you
behave politely, respecting local people? You may sometimes upset people by
things that you say or do, even if these things seem perfectly normal in your own
culture. When you first meet someone it can be difficult to know how to start a
conversation, especially if your first language is not English.
Which topics are safe for small talk?
Introductions
"Hello.May I introduce myself? My name is Mark"
42
- Family, eg "How is your family?" (if you already know about the person's family)
- Hospitality, eg "Can I get you something to eat or drink?"
The weather
"It's a lovely day today, isn't it?"
- Holidays, eg "Are you going anywhere this weekend?" or "Are you going
anywhere on holiday this year?"
- Nature, eg "The garden looks lovely, doesn't it?"
- Pets, eg "What a lovely dog. What is his name?" (British people love aanimals)
- Television, eg "Did you see The X Factor last night?"
- Music, eg "What sort of music do you like?"
- Books, eg "Have you read any good books recently?"
Wimbledon Master Plan
- Sport, eg "Have you been watching Wimbledon?" (note that many British people,
especially men, enjoy talking about football)
43
- Hobbies, eg "What do you enjoy doing in your spare time?"
- Business, eg "How's your business going?" (if you know the person has a
business)
A University Student
-Studies, eg "What are you studying?" (if you know the person is a student)
A lovely Chinese meal
- Food, eg "I had a lovely Chinese meal last night - do you like Chinese food?"
- General matters on subjects that you know that interests the person you are
talking to, eg cars, film stars etc.
Which topics are best avoided for small talk?
You may need to be careful!
44
You may need to be careful, when you talk about some topics, especially with
people that you've only just met, people who are older than you, people who appear
to have strong religious or political views, or people who may have some personal
problems or sensitivities. For example, be cautious if you discuss these subjects:
- Age, eg "How old are you?"
- Appearance or weight, eg "You seem to have put on some weight"
- Personal gossip about somebody you know
- Jokes that might offend (especially sexist or racist jokes)
- Money, eg "How much do you earn?"
- Sex (some people have strong religious views about this)
- Previous or current relationships, eg "Do you have a girlfriend?"
- Politics, eg "Who did you vote for at the last election?"
- Religion, eg "Do you believe in God?"
- Criticisms or complaints, eg "Why is British food so bad?"
XIII. Role Play. Imagine that you are businessmen. Make up your dialogue. Don’t
forget about the English Etiquette Rules. Try to use the following expressions:
1. Let me introduce myself – Позвольте представиться.
2. How do you do? – Здравствуйте.
3. What should I call you? – Как мне Вас называть?
4. Is it o'k if I call you…? – Вы не возражаете, если я буду называть …?
5. It's a lovely day today, isn't it?
6. How are things with you? – Как Ваши дела?
7. How's your business going? – Как Ваш бизнес?
8. How is your family? – Как Ваша семья?
9. What do you enjoy doing in your spare time – Что делаете в свободное время?
10. Have you been watching Wimbledon? – Вы смотрели соревнования по
теннису?
11. What sort of music do you like? – Какая музыка Вам нравится?
45
XIV. Try to fill in the form
1. Name
2. Surname
3. Age
4. Date of birth
5. Place of birth
6. Place of residence: city/ town/ village
7. Habitation: block of flats/ cottage/ communal flat/ hostel
8. Family: members of your family and their occupations
Parents
Brothers
Sisters
9. Number of the school you graduated from
10. Your favourite school subjects
11. Your hobbies (music/ dancing/ reading/ playing computer games/ travelling)
12. Your speciality (geography/ cartography/ ecology)
13. Future profession (a geographer/ a cartographer/ an ecologist)
XV. Grammar. Test youself. Use the articles
a) … book; … English book; … artist; … German artist; … writer; … American
writer; … student; … university; … airport; …hamburger; … hour; … problem; …
economic problem.
b) 1. I am … first – year student at … University.
2. I am … student of … group number 12.
3. We are ten in … group.
4. In … morning I have classes.
5. After… classes I usually go to… University canteen and have… lunch there.
46
6. Sometimes I go to … library to take books and textbooks.
7. I always have … lot of … things to do at … University.
8. In … evening I do my homework.
9. When I am tired I return … home.
10. I often leave my house very early and come back from … University very
late.
XVI. Get ready to speak about yourself. Use the following expressions:
Let me introduce myself; my name is (Alexander/Mary);
my surname is Petrov/ Ivanova);
I am (17/18) years old;
I was born in (1996/1997);
my birthday is the (1-st/ 2-nd/ 3-rd/ 25-th) of (September/October/November);
I live in (Izhevsk); I have a family;
my father is (a doctor/ a teacher/ a driver/ a businessman);
my mother is (a housewife/ a scientist/ an economist/ a businesswoman/ a cook);
my brother is (a pupil/ a student/ a programmer);
my sister is (a schoolgirl/ a student/ a seller/ a sales advisor);
we have (a flat/ a cottage/ a house); it’s (big/small) and comfortable;
I graduated from school number (10/25);
my favourite school subjects were (Geography/ History/ English/ Mathematics/
Physical education/ Music);
I entered the university in (2014/2015);
I study at the geographical faculty;
my hobbies are (music/ dancing/ reading/ playing computer games/ travelling); my
speciality is (geography/ cartography/ ecology);
my future profession is (a geographer/ a cartographer/ an ecologist).
XVII. Write down an essay on the topic ―About myself‖.
47
Unit 5
British Universities
Student life isn’t easy, is it?
I. Can you guess the meaning of the words? Do you need a dictionary?
University, institute; college, college building; student, a first-year student; group,
faculty, geographical faculty; course, the course of study; classes, lecture, lecturer,
seminar, test, credit test; examination, final examinations; speciality.
II. Write down the transcription of the words and practise to pronounce them.
III. Read and remember all the words and word combinations.
Translate the sentences into Russian
I. Enter – поступать в учебное заведение.
Every year many young people enter the universities.
2. Applicant - абитуриент.
3. Examinations – экзамены.
Every applicant usually takes some examinations.
4. Entrance examinations - вступительные экзамены.
The entrance examinations are difficult.
48
5. Take exams and credit tests - сдавать экзамены и зачеты.
The students take some exams and credit tests twice a year.
6. Term - семестр.
The exams and credit tests take place at the end of each term.
7. Pass exams and credit tests - сдать экзамены и зачеты.
Some applicants passed all entrance exams and became students.
8. To be admitted to the university - быть принятым в университет.
They were admitted to the university.
9. Study - учиться, учить. They study at the geographical faculty.
All the students of our faculty study a foreign language.
10. Day-time department - дневное отделение.
11. Correspondence department - заочное отделение.
Our students study at the day-time and correspondence departments.
12. The course of study - курс обучения.
They completed the course of study last year.
13. Last - длиться, продолжаться.
The course of study at our faculty lasts 4 years.
14. Attend - посещать, присутствовать.
Our students usually attend all the classes.
15. Miss a lecture - пропустить лекцию.
If the students don't miss their classes, they will pass all the exams.
16. Grant - стипендия. Almost all the students of our group get a grant.
17. Final exams (finals) - выпускные экзамены.
18. Higher education - высшее образование.
They passed their finals and received the Diploma of Higher education.
19. Graduate (n) - выпускник ВУЗа;
Some graduates of our university work at schools.
20. Graduate (v) - окончить учебное заведение.
We’ll graduate from the university in 4 years.
49
IV. Try to find synonyms
1) a mapmaker
a) an undergraduate
2) a final-year student
b) to miss
3) final exams
c) a cartographer
4) a teacher
d) a scholarship
5) a grant
e) a lecturer
6) to be present
f) to attend
7) to be absent
g) to continue
8) to get
h) to participate
9) to last
i) to receive
10) to take part
j) finals
V. Complete the sentences. Use exercises I, II, III, IV.
1) I … from school in … . 2) Then I … the university. 3) I passed all my …
exams and was … to the university. 4) Now I am a … . 5) I … at the geograpgical
faculty. 6) The course of study … 4 years. 7) At the end of each … I take exams
and credit tests. 8) Our … begin at 8.20. 9) I … all the lectures and seminars.
10) I like to … at the university.
VI. Try to find antonyms
1) an applicant
a) final exams
2) a first-year student
b) to miss
3) to enter
c) to fail
4) entrance exams
d) a final-year student
5) a day-time department
e) to graduate from (v)
6) to attend
f) to end
7) to pass
g) a graduate (n)
8) to begin
h) a correspondence department
50
VII. Choose the right word
1. Students get a higher (examination, education, graduation) at the universities.
2. Every lecture at the University (begins, lasts, completes) an hour and a half.
3. Students must (complete, return, attend) lectures on different subjects.
4. Students receive a monthly (profession, scholarship, subject).
5. He is a good student, he can (understand, require, pass) all the exams well.
6. My friend didn’t enter the University because he (failed, prepared) in maths.
VIII. Translate the sentences into English
1) Я - студент-первокурсник. 2) Я учусь в университете. 3) Курс обучения на
дневном отделении длится четыре года. 4) Обычно наши лекции начинаются
в 8.20. 5) Я посещаю все лекции и семинары. 6) Мне нравится учиться на
географическом факультете. 8) Моя будущая профессия – учитель географии
(эколог, картограф).
IX. Are you ready to speak on the topic ―I am a student now"?
X. Fill in the blanks with the prepositions
1. He hasn't been to the University for a week, ... I haven't seen him.
2. We stayed at home yesterday ... it rained.
3. We stayed at home ... the rain.
4. It was rather late, .... we went home.
5. She wanted me to bring her the book ... she was to take her examination on
Monday.
6. She asked me to help her with her English, ... we did the exercises together.
51
XI. Read and translate the text about the oldest British universities
The Oldest British Universities
You have certainly heard or read something about the oldest British
Universities — Oxford and Cambridge. Here are some facts about them. Oxford is
the older of the two, for its history goes back to the twelfth century. Cambridge is a
century younger than Oxford.
The University is a federation of colleges, each largely independent. A
college consists of a certain number of students and teachers or tutors. It doesn't
train students in a particular subject or a particular branch of science. The members
of a college may be studying all the subjects the University provides for. A college
is the place where the students live, while the University is mainly an
administrative centre which organizes lectures, arranges examinations and gives
degrees. There are nineteen colleges at Camdridge and thirty at Oxford, including
two for women at Cambridge and five — at Oxford.
A University consists of a number of faculties: medicine, arts (philosophy),
law, music, natural science, commerce, and education. The life of students is
interesting. They hear lectures given by professors and lecturers.
Their studies are sometimes directed by tutors who are responsible for
students' work at the University. After three or four years of study final
examinations are held.
Tuition at the University isn't free, of course. The fee at Oxford and
Cambridge is so high that only the sons of rich people can afford to attend them.
Very few of those who are accepted to the University get grants. That is why only
three per cent of the students are children of the working people.
The city of Oxford is like London. It is very old, it is international and it is
situated on the river Thames. Oxford is a beautiful and a very green city. Green
fields and parks surround the town. Green gardens with a lot of flowers and trees
surround the colleges. The river Thames is situated quite near the city.
52
We say that Oxford is old and historical because it has existed since 912.
The university was founded in 1249. Oxford is international because people from
many parts of the world come to study at its university.
The students of Oxford
They come to study at one of the twenty-seven men's colleges or at one of the five
women's colleges that are the university: they join the university "family" that has
more then 9 000 members (among them only three hundred women, who study at
women's colleges). The red buildings of the women's colleges are new. The men's
colleges are beautiful grey old buildings. Every year more than one thousands
students enter the Oxford University. The entrance exams are difficult. It is
necessary to work hard to become a student of the Oxford University.
This photo is of Oxford
When a new woman student comes to Oxford she is shown the room where she wll
live. Then a a third-year student of the university invites her in her room for tea
together with some other nine first-year students. She tells them everything about
college life and answers their questions.
53
The academic year in England has three terms which usually last from the
beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the
end of March and from the middle of April to the end of June. Examinations take
place at the end of each term. If a student fails in examination, he may be allowed
to take the exam again. Only two re-examinations are usually allowed.
The university of Oxford has a tutorial system of education: every student
has a tutor (= teacher) who plans his work. Each week some students come to see
him, they discuss different questions connected with their studies, they tell their
tutor about the work they have done.
The students of Oxford must spend the morning hours working. They have
classes, lectures and seminars, or they study in their rooms. At 2 they have dinner
break which lasts till 4. After tea they resume their studies. Almost all students go
in for some kind of sport. One of the most favourite kinds of sport among the
students at Oxford is punting (плавание на плоскодонных лодках).
This photo is of Cambridge.
The University of Cambridge is situated on the banks of the Cam. Willow
trees drown their branches into the water. The colleges line the right bank. There
are beautiful college gardens with green lawns and lines of tall trees.
The oldest college is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284, and the most
recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. The most famous is
probably King's College because of its magnificent chapel, the largest and the most
beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of English
fifteenth-century architecture.
54
The University was only for men until 1871, when the first women's college
was opened. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both men and
women. Almost all colleges are now mixed. The University of Cambridge was
founded in the twelfth century. It was formed on the model of European
continental universities, in' 1 particular that of Paris.
Until the fifteenth century the history of Cambridge was not as significant as
that of Oxford. But by the end of the seventeenth century the University was the
home of Sir Isaac Newton - professor of mathematics" from 1669 till 1702 whose
influence was deep and permanent. At that time serious tests were offered to the
candidates for degrees. During the early part of the nineteenth century
examinations were greatly improved and written examinations were more often
used than oral ones.
At the same time there were built a number of laboratories for natural
sciences, among them the Cavendish Laboratory. The Cavendish Laboratory
organized by the well-known Scottish mathematician and physicist Maxwell was
opened in 1871. It was named after the English scientist of the 18th century Sir
Henry Cavendish.
Today it is one of the greatest physical laboratories known throughout the
world. Research is becoming increasingly international and the Laboratory is
widening its contacts with the leading research centres in other countries
XII. Test youself. Choose the correct answer. Prove it.
Use the text ―The Oldest British Universities‖
1. The city of Oxford is like London because …
a. it’s large and beautiful.
b. it’s old, historical and it’s situated on the river Thames.
c. many books are written about them.
55
2. We say that Oxford is old and historical because…
a. a lot of writers wrote about it.
b. there is a university there.
c. it has existed since 912.
3. The academic year has …
a. two terms.
b. three terms.
c. four terms.
4. The entrance exams …
a. are easy.
b. are difficult.
c. are not difficult.
5. To become a student of the Oxford university …
a. it is necessary to pass difficult entrance exams .
b. it is necessary to be invited to tea by a third-year student.
c. it is necessary to be a good sportsmen.
6. A third-year student invites new students who have entered the university …
a. to speak to them about life in London.
b. to tell them everything about college life and to answer their questions.
c. to speak to them about the city of Oxford and different kinds of sport.
7. A tutor helps his student …
a. to pay for his studies.
b. to choose the necessary kind of sport to go in for.
c. to plan his work.
56
8. The students at Oxford usually spend the mornings …
a. go in for sport.
b. studying.
c. going for a walk with their tutors.
9. If a student fails in an examination,
a. he is allowed to take it again, but only two re-examinations are allowed.
b. he is not allowed to take it again as no re-examinations are allowed.
c. he is allowed to take it as many re-examinations as he likes.
XIII. Translate the sentences into English. Pay attention to the notes
1. Чтобы стать студентом, абитуриент должен много трудиться.
2. Студенты обязаны проводить утренние часы в университете.
3. Они не должны пропускать занятия.
4. Им следует встречаться с их руководителем (тьютором).
5. Всем студентам следует заниматься спортом.
6. Если студент не сдает экзамен, ему могут разрешить сдать экзамен ещѐ
раз.
7. Если он не получает стипендию, ему приходится работать.
8. Студенты вынуждены платить много денег за своѐ обучение.
9. Только дети обеспеченных (богатых, состоятельных) людей могут учиться
в Оксфордском университете.
10.
Детей рабочих людей редко можно встретить среди студентов
Британских университетов.
Notes: Modal verbs must (duty); should (advice); may (permission for action);
can (physical or mental ability); have to (difficult sitiation).
1.
Модальные глаголы обозначают не действие, а способность,
допустимость, возможность, вероятность, необходимость совершения
действия.
57
Модальные Глаголы
Собственно Особенности формообразования
(чисто)
Структура
Изменение в Indicative — времена
модальные
Present
Past
единицы
can
Модальный
can
could
глагол +
инфинитив
смыслового
глагола без
частицы (to)
Модальный
may
глагол +
инфинитив
смыслового
глагола без
частицы (to)
must
Модальный
must
глагол +
инфинитив
смыслового
глагола без
частицы (to)
Модальные единицы эквивалентного типа
to be able
Модальный
am
(to) = can
глагол +
are
инфинитив
is
смыслового
are
глагола +
are
частица (to)
are
to be allowed Модальный
am
(to) = may глагол +
are
инфинитив
is
смыслового
are
глагола +
are
частица (to)
are
may
to be (to)= Модальный
ought, must, глагол +
should
инфинитив
смыслового
глагола +
частица (to)
need
should
am
are
is
are
are
are
Future
-
might
-
-
-
able +
to
was
were
was
were
were
were
allowed+ was
to
are
was
were
were
were
able + to shall be
will be
will be
shall be
will be
will be
allowed + shall be
to
will be
will be
shall be
will be
will be
able +
to
able + to -
was
were
was
were
were
were
needed
Модальный
need
глагол +
инфинитив
смыслового
глагола без (to)
Модальный
should
глагол +инфинитив
смыслового
глагола без
частицы (to)
-
58
able + to
allowed +
to
-
-
2. В сравнении со смысловыми глаголами модальные глаголы имеют ряд
особенностей:
a. Модальные глаголы не употребляются без смыслового глагола. Смысловой
глагол после модальных глаголов стоит в инфинитиве без частицы to.
I can look out of the window and see, can't I?
b. Модальные глаголы не изменяются по лицам и числам, т. е. в третьем лице
единственного числа не имеют окончания -s (-es):
He can remember drinking tea...
c. Вопросительную и отрицательную формы модальные глаголы образуют
без помощи других вспомогательных глаголов:
May I ask, sir, by what right it has been taken from me?
d. Модальные глаголы не имеют форм инфинитива, причастия, герундия.
e. Модальные глаголы не имеют форм будущего времени.
f. Глаголы can, may имеют форму прошедшего времени (could, might), а
глагол must формы прошедшего времени не имеет.
XIV. Read and translate the text below
Getting into university
There are 91 universities in and 47 colleges of higher education in Britain. But only
25 per cent of the student population goes on to higher education. Competition to get
into one of Britain's universities is fierce and not everyone who gets A levels can go.
Students usually need three A levels to go to tmiversity and grades at A level
go from A, the highest grade, to E. Students apply to universities months before they
take their A-levels. The students are given a personal interview and the universities
then decide which students they want. They offer them a place which depends on Alevel results. The more popular the university, the higher the grades it will ask for.
59
Universities offer three- and four-year degree courses; colleges of higher
education offer both two-year HND (Higher National Diploma) courses, as well as
degree courses. A degree is the qualification you get from university when you pass
your final exams. You are then awarded a BA (Bachelor of Arts), BSc (Bachelor of
Science) or BEd (Bachelor of Education). Undergraduates, students who are studying
for degrees, go to large formal lectures, but most of the work takes place in tutorials:
lessons in groups of ten or more when the students discuss their work with the
lecturer.
A tutorial at Birmingham University
XV.
Make up an annotation of the text accoding to the plan:
1. The title of the text is …
2. It is published in …
3. The purpose of this text is to show …
4. The athor analyses (explains, characterizes, describes) …
5. Some parts of the text deal with …
6. The author points out …
7. In conclusion the author says, that …
60
XVI. Read the text. Try to answer the question ―Is it easy to be a student?‖
Living at university
Most British young people choose to go to the university a long way from their
home town: university is seen as a time to be independent, to live away from home
and develop new interests. British students do not to pay to enter university, but do
need money to live away from home while they are studying.
Some students whose parents do not earn a lot of money are given a grant
from the local education authority. If students do not get a grant, parents are
expected to pay for their children. Some students borrow money from the bank
which must be paid back after they leave university.
In theory the grant pays for rent, food, books, tansport and socializing. In
fact, the grant is not a lot of money. Students have to work during the holidays to
earn more money, but it is now difficult to find such jobs. The result is that more
students are dropping out, failing to finish their courses.
XVII. Dramatize the dialogue between two students
After the Exams
Two University Students
Malcolm: What did you think of the exams, Pete? I reckon they were dead easy.
Pete: Maybe they were easy enough for you but they were much too hard for me.
Malcolm: Oh, come on. You've probably done better than you think.
61
Pete: No, I'm dead certain I've failed in Latin, and most likely in French and
History too. Thank goodness it's all over though. We can forget about it now- at
least until the results come out.
Malcolm: Yes. Now I can get on with reading all the books I've been wanting to
read for months, but haven't had time for.
Pete: What! ...Well, it's up to you, I suppose, but I've had enough of reading. I'm
not going to open another book for months. Don't you think we all deserve a
break?
Malcolm: Well, yes... I'll take a day or two off perhaps. And I think I'll come to
Bob's sister's party tomorrow night. But if I'm going to university in October, I'll
have to get down to some serious work again pretty soon.
Pete: I've got to get through the A level exams first. I'll worry about university if
and when I ever get there.
Malcolm: That's the trouble with you. You always try to do everything at the last
minute.
Pete; And you're too serious; that's your trouble. You never stop swotting.
Malcolm; Well, I like reading.
Pete: And I can't stand it. Don't know why I decided to try to go to university in
the first place. I think I'll run away and join the army or something.
XVIII. Do you know that students of the British universities must observe
Ethic code and wear formal academic dress?
Sub-fusc (academic dress) should be worn for Matriculation, Examinations and
Graduation, as well as for various other formal events at the University of Oxford.
62
You should wear the appropriate gown, a mortar board or soft cap and your
preferred sub fusc (formal academic dress) from the following list:
1.
Dark suit with dark socks; or Dark skirt with black tights or stockings,
or Dark trousers with dark socks;
2.
Dark coat, if desired;
3.
Black shoes;
4.
Plain white collared shirt or blouse;
5.
White (black) bow tie, black full-length tie or black ribbon.
You may not be allowed to enter the Examination Schools/Sheldonian Theatre if
you are not wearing the correct clothing, so it is very important that you adhere
strictly to the dress code. All students need to wear an Advanced Student's gown
and a mortarboard or soft cap.
63
XIX. Students of the British Universities follow the ethical rules using their phones.
Do you remember about ethics use mobile communication? Try to be polite.
Ethics use mobile communication
Ethical rules of mobile communication
1. Try to switch off mobile phone if there is a ―Please turn off your mobile phone‖
warning. For example, if you are in airplanes or in medical facilities.
2. Remember to switch your mobile phone in the ―silent‖ mode in theaters,
museums, exhibitions, cinemas.
3. Choose the ring tones which will be pleasant not only for you, but to others.
4. Remember to switch your mobile phone in the ―silent‖ mode at the business
meetings.
5. In public places: shopping, transportation, elevators try to speak quietly not to
disturb others with your conversation.
6. At the library turn the ringer into the silent mode.
7. It is not polite to use somebody’s phone for your own purposes or give their
mobile phone numbers to third parties without permission.
64
XX. Test youself. Choose the correct form of communication
1. Student: ―Professor, shall I take the exam for the next time?‖
Professor: _______________________________________
a) I’m very busy.
b) You are too lazy.
c) Yes, of course.
2. Lecturer: ―I hope I didn’t keep you waiting‖.
Dean: ________________________________________
a) You are late.
b) You are in time.
c) You are the best manager.
3. Student: Could you help me to do my grammar exercises?
Student: _______________________________________
a) It’s your problem.
b) Sorry, I’m hurrying to my doctor.
c) I don’t think so.
4. Committee member: ― _______________________________‖
Dean: ‖He isn’t a Bachelor student? He is studying for a Master.‖
a) He is a Master student, isn’t he?
b) Isn’t he studying for a Master degree?
c) I consider him to be a Bachelor student.
65
Unit 6
The Discovery of America
Christopher Columbus Reachers New World
I. Read and translate the text below. Get ready to retell the story
Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy. He loved the sea. When hewas
only fourteen, hebecame a sailor. Later, he became an explorer. He wanted to
discover a new route to India. The Spanish queen, Isabella, gave him three ships,
sailors, and money for his trip.
The Spanish queen and Columbus
66
Columbus and his sailors were at sea for ten weeks. On October 12, 1492, they saw
land. The explorer thought it was India. He called the people there "Indians." The
explorer didn't discover a new route to India; he discovered a new land.
Columbus and the Natives of a new land
Later, Amerigo Vespucci, another Italian explorer, wrote about this new land.
A German mapmaker* read Amerigo's stories. He liked them so much that on the
map of Columbia's India, he wrote "America"!
* Martin Waldseemuller. His map was printed in 1507.
II. Answer: true or false
Pattern 1: Columbus was born in Italy – It’s true.
Pattern 2: Amerigo Vespucci wrote "America" on the map of Columbia's India It’s false. It was a German mapmaker who wrote "America" on the map.
1. Columbus wanted to discover a new route to India.
2. The Italian queen gave Columbus ships, sailors, and money.
3. Columbus and his sailors were at sea for ten weeks.
4. Columbus saw land on October 12, 1492.
5. Columbus knew it was a new land.
6. Columbus called the people on the land "Italians."
7. Columbus discovered a new land.
67
III. Read the text and get ready to speak on the topic ―The USA‖
New York. The Statue of Liberty
The United States of America
The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its
western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean and its eastern coast — by the
Atlantic Ocean. The area of the USA is over nine million square kilometres. It is a
very large country, so it has several different climatic regions. The coldest regions
are in the north and north-east. The south has a subtropical climate.
The population of the USA is more than 236 million people. Most of the
people live in towns.
The capital of the USA is Washington in the district of Columbia (D. C). It
is an administrative city without much industry. Washington has many famous
monuments in the streets and squares. One of them is the Abraham Lincoln
memorial with 36 columns representing the states of the union at the time of
Lincoln's death. The main part of the memorial is the figure of Lincoln.
The Capitol, where the Congress meets, is a very high and beautiful building
with white marble columns. It is in the very centre of the city. Not far from the
Capitol there is the Library of Congress. It holds five million books. The White
House, the residence of the President, is the oldest public building in Washington
and one of the most beautiful.
68
IV. Read and translate the dialogue. Ttry to remember the information
Dialogue 1
- Who founded Washington?
- It was George Washington who chose the place for the capital of the USA.
By the way, he was the first President of the USA.
- Is Washington an old city?
- No, it's quite new as it didn't exist for 2 hundred years.
- Why are there no sky-scrapers in Washington?
- There is a special law against bui Iding structures higher than the Capitol.
V. Do you know what cities are the largest in the USA?
There are very many cities in the USA. One of the largest cities in the world
is New York. It is situated at the mouth of Hudson River. New York was founded
by the Dutch. It's interesting to know that Manhattan Island—the central partof
New York — was bought from the local Indians for 24 dollars by the Dutch. In the
eighteenth century New York grew into the largest city of the United States of
America. Now New York is a great seaport, the leading textile and the financial
centre of the country. Manhattan Island with the Wall Street district is the heart of
America's business and culture. New York is the city of sky-scrapers.
The highest of them is the 102-storey Empire State Building. There are many other
places of interest in New York: Central Park, Times Square, Rockefeller Centre,
the shopping districts and the United Nations Building. In Manhattan at Broadway
there is Columbia University, one of the biggest universities of the USA.
Another large city of the USA is Boston, one of the first cities which were
built on the Atlantic coast of America. It is an important port and a financial and
cultural centre. It has three universities.
69
Chicago is one of the biggest industrial cities in the USA and the second
largest after New York.
Philadelphia, near the east coast, produces agricultural machines and
locomotives. Light industry is highly developed here. Philadelphia is an important
cultural centre with many fine buildings and a university.
Los Angeles, in California, is a centre of modern industries.Not far from Los
Angeles is Hollywood, the centre of the US film business.
VI. Read and translate the dialogue. Try to remember the information
Dialogue 2
- What kind of state is the United States of America?
The USA is a federal republic consisting of 50 states. Each state has its own
government.
- Who is the head of the state and the government?
-The President of the USA is the head of the state. He is elected every four years.
- What is Congress?
- Congress is the parliament of the USA. It consists of two houses, the House of
Representatives and the Senate.
- What are the two main political parties in the USA?
- They are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
VII. Are you an expert on the USA?
1. What is the capital of the USA?
a) Ottawa
b) Washington, D.C.
c) New York
2. How many states are there in the USA?
a) 52
b) 50
c) 51
70
3. What is the American flag called?
a) Union John
b) Union Jack
c) Stars and Stripes
4. The cartoon symbol of the American government is
a) Uncle Ben
b) Uncle Mike
c) Uncle Sam
5. What is the New York underground called?
a) the metro
b) the tube
c) the subway
6. When did Christopher Columbus discover America?
a) in 1492
b) in 1592
c) in 1392
7. How often do American people choose a new President?
a) every 5 years
b) every 3 years
c) every 4 years
8. What is the most expensive part of New York?
a) Long Island
b) Manhattan
c) Staten Island
9. What colour are the taxis in New York?
a) black
b) yellow
c) green
10. If you go to New York, you will see
a) Big Ben
b) The Capitol
c) The Empire State Building
11. What is the home of the President?
a) The Capitol
b) The White House
c) the House of Representatives
12. What do people call New York?
a) small pot
b) big apple
c) melting pot
71
Unit 7
Travelling
Travelling around the world
I.Read the text below and get ready to answer the questions
1. Are you fond of travelling? Have you travelled a lot?
2. What places have you visited? What impressed you most?
3. Why do people travel? How do different people spend their holidays?
4. What means of travelling do you know?
5. What are their advantages and disadvantages?
6. How do you prefer to travel? Why?
7. Why do people take a camera with them? What do they usually photograph?
8. What do we see and learn while travelling?
9. Have you ever travelled by sea? Was it a liner or a small boat?
Do you get seasick?
10. Have you ever taken a holiday cruise down the Volga, the Kama or along the
Black Sea coast?
11. Some people prefer to travel on their own and hate travelling in a group.
What about you?
12. Have you ever been abroad? How did you travel?
13. What countries would you like to visit? Why?
72
Vocabulary
abroad – за границей
all over the world – во всѐм мире
different – разные
shop window – витрина магазина
сity-dweller – горожанин
musical
rhythms
–
музыкальные
ритмы
Millions of people all over the world spend their holidays travelling. They
travel to see other countries and continents, modern cities and the ruins of ancient
towns, they travel to enjoy picturesque places, or just for a change of scene. It's
always interesting to discover new things, different ways of life, to meet different
people, to try different food, to listen to different musical rhythms.
Those who live in the country like to go to a big city and spend their time
visiting museums and art galleries, looking at shop windows and dining at exotic
restaurants. City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or in the
mountains, with nothing to do but walk and bathe and laze in the sun.
Most travellers and holiday-makers take a camera with them and take
pictures of everything that interests them - the sights of a city, old churches and
castles, views of mountains, lakes, valleys, plains, waterfalls, forests; different
kinds of trees, flowers and plants, animals and birds. Later, perhaps years later,
they will be reminded by the photos of the happy time they have had.
People travel by train, by plane, by boat and by car. All means of travel have
their advantages and disadvantages. And people choose one according to their
plans and destinations.
If we are fond of travelling, we see and learn a lot of things that we can
never see or learn at home, though we may read about them in books and
newspapers, and see pictures of them on TV. The best way to study geography is to
travel, and the best way to get to know and understand people is to meet them in
their own homes.
73
II. Read and translate the dialogue. Use it as a pattern for your role play
Registering a Delegate
Delegate Registration
Secretary: What's your name, please?
Delegate: My name's John Brown.
Secretary: How old are you?
Delegate: I'm 54.
Secretary: What's your occupation?
Delegate: I'm a physical education teacher.
Secretary: What's your nationality?
Delegate: I'm English.
Secretary: Where d'you come from?
Delegate: London.
Secretary: What's your permanent address?
Delegate: 22, Holland Park, London, W. 11.
Secretary: Where are you staying over here?
Delegate: The Grand Hotel.
The Grand Hotel
74
III. Role play. Imagine that you are at the hotel abroad. Dramatize the dialogue.
At the hotel
A sportsman: Good morning.
An administrator: Good morning.
A sportsman: My name is Victor. Му surname is Petrov .
I have reserved a room for three nights.
An administrator: Would you like a single or a double room?
A sportsman: I’d like a single one.
An administrator: Your room is number 56. May I have your passport?
A sportsman: Yes, please. Here’s my passport.
An administrator: Thank you. Here’s the key to your room.
A sportsman: Thank you.
IV. Read the text and try to memorize this useful information for travelers
A World Guide to Good Manners
How not to behave badly abroad
Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a
global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is a
simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting at four o'clock. What time
should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they're German,
they'll be bang on time. If they're American, they'll probably be 15 minutes early.
If they are British, they'll be 15 minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour
for the Italians.
When the European Community began to increase in size, several
guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many people
thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the
widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding
of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that
they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends.
75
For example:
The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters
with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch
is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime.
The Germans like to talk business before dinner; the French like to eat first
and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss
anything.
Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to
work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy.
American executives sometimes signal their feeling of ease and importance
in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan,
people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your feet is the height of bad
manners. It is a social insult only exceeded by blowing your nose in public.
The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business
behaviour. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be sent to
complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese business card
almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange business cards
immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone's status and
position. When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and
received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just
put it in your pocket! Also a bow is a very important part of greeting someone.
76
You should not expect Japanese to shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of
respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter.
The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal
Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the
universal "Have a nice day!' American waiters have a one-word imperative 'Enjoy!'
The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation
between strangers in Britain is the weather - unemotional and impersonal.
In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find a
geographical link. ―Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked
there.‖
―When in Rome do as the Romans do‖. Here are some final tips for
travelers.
In France you shouldn't sit down in a cafe until you've shaken hands with
everyone you know.
In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.
In Pakistan you mustn't wink. It is offensive.
In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating,
drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your
hosts' home. They will feel that have to give it to you.
In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower you head and
your eyes when you greet someone.
77
V. Test youself. Choose the correct answer
l. Which nationality is the most punctual?
a) The British
b) The German
c) The American
d) The Italians
2. Which nationality is the least punctual?
a) The Italians
b) The British
c) The Americans
d) The Germans
3. Why did the British think that everyone understood their customs?
a) Because they thought highly of other nationalities.
b) Because the European Community began to increase in size.
c) Because a lot of guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette.
d) Because they believed that people acquire the knowledge of British customs
together with the English language.
4. Which nationality likes to eat and do business at the same time?
a) The Japanese
b) The British
c) The Germans
d) The French
5. Why would the Japanese be shocked if somebody put his feet on the desk?
a) Because they would consider it the ignorance of their habits.
b) Because they would never expect such a thing to happen.
c) Because they would consider the person crazy.
d) Because they would think that the person is extremely ill-bred.
78
6. Why is it necessary to exchange business cards when you meet the Japanese?
a) They must know how to behave with you.
b) They don't shake hands.
c) It is essential for them to know your age.
d) It is an ancient custom.
7. Why do the Americans find it difficult to accept Japanese manners?
a) They find the Japanese customs senseless.
b) They consider the Japanese old fashioned.
c) They prefer not to be so formal.
d) They think it is difficult to complete a business deal with people in Japan.
8. Why is it not a good idea to say that you like your Egyptian friend's vase ?
a) He may feel shocked by your emotional speech.
b) He may dislike it.
c) He may feel that he has to present it to you.
d) He may be embarrassed.
9. What is the main topic of conversation between strangers in America?
a) The weather.
b) Politics.
c) Latest news.
d) Familiar places.
1O. In what country do people have no special rules of behaviour about hands?
a) Thailand.
b) Japan.
c) Egypt.
d) Britain.
79
VI. Read and translate the dialogue. Get ready to dramatize the dialogue
Vocabulary
A customs officer - таможенник
A passenger – пассажир
purpose – цель
declare – заявлять
attend - посещать
certainly - конечно
At the airport
A customs officer: Can I see your passport?
A passenger: Certainly, here it is.
A customs officer: Have you anything to declare?
A passenger: Nothing.
A customs officer: What’s the purpose of your visit?
A passenger: I’m attending a conference in London.
A customs officer: Well, would you mind opening this bag, please.
A passenger: There you are, please.
A customs officer: Thank you. Right. That’s all. You can go now.
A passenger: Thank you.
Two customs officers and a passenger
80
VII. Try to fill-in the Short-stay Visa Application Form. Use the internet
Short-stay Visa Application Form
No.
How To Fill-In The
Section?
Designation
1
Last Name
2
Birth Name
3
First Name(s)
4
Date of Birth
5
Place of Birth
6
Country of Birth
7
Current Nationality
Nationality at Birth
8
Gender
9
Civil Status
10
Minors
11
National Identity Number
12
Travel Document Type
13
Travel Document Number
14
Issue Date
15
Expiration Date
16
Issued By:
17
Home Address and E-mail Address Telephone Number
18
Residence in Another Country
19
Current Occupation
20
Employer or Educational Institution
21
The Main Purpose for Your Trip
22
Destination Member State
23
First Entry Member State
24
Number of Entries Requested
25
Length of Stay
26
Schengen Visas Issued during the Last 3 Years
27
Fingerprints…
28
Entry Permit for Your Final Destination Country, If Applicable
29
Arrival Date
30
Departure Date
31
Inviting Person’s Name...
32
Host Organization / Firm Name and Address
33
Travel and Living Expenses During Your Stay Are Covered by?
34
Personal Information Regarding a Family Member who is a European Union, EEA, or Swiss
National
35
Relationship…
36
Date and Location
37
Signature
81
VIII. Read and translate the text. Can you give your friend good advice for
traveling abroad?
Travelling abroad
Vocabulary
person – личность, человек
avoid – избегать, уклоняться
local customs - местные обычаи
offend - обижать, оскорблять
medical kit — медицинская аптечк
luggage – багаж
Good advice for travelers
Look at the recommendations which we give a person who is going abroad for the
first time.
Luggage consisting of 3 suitcases
Luggage. Avoid packing too much luggage in order not to carry around many
things you will never use. Only take what is really essential. Make a list of
everything you pack for checking your things every time you repack on the
journey.
82
Travel Information. Read a good travel book for finding out the most interesting
places to visit, best way to travel.
These cities are worth visiting
Local Customs. Find out as much as you can about the local customs of the country
you suggest visiting in order not to offend people there.
Language. Learn some basic languages so that you can communicate with the
people of the country you are going to visit. Don't forget to use expressions like:
"Hello", '"Goodbye", "Yes", "No", "Please", "Thank you", "You're welcome", "I'd
like" and so on.
A medical kit
Health. Take along a basic medical kit in case you become ill. Include in it
essential medicines, such as antibiotics, pain killers, and something for insect bites
and stomach complaints. Remember also to take a supply of bandages and plasters.
IX. Try to find the gerund in the text ―Good advice for travelers‖.
Pay attention to the notes:
1. In English grammar, the gerund is a non-finite verb form used to make a verb
phrase that can serve in place of a noun phrase.
2. The English gerund ends in -ing ; the same verb form also serves as the
English present participle, and as a pure verbal noun.
3. A gerund behaves as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by
an adverb or have an object); but the resulting clause as a whole functions
as a noun within the larger sentence.
83
X. Сan you find the gerund in the sentences? Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. He finished reading the book. 2. I remember doing it. 3. We like dancing.
4. After having dinner they watched TV. 5. Thank you for coming. 6. He likes
inviting his friends to his house. 7. He felt satisfaction in helping them. 8. There is
no sense in going there today. 9. After saying this he left the room. 10. Excuse me
for being so late. 11. Besides being talented he works very hard. 12. I enjoy
listening to music.
XI. Read and translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Avoid catching cold. 2. It's very dull discussing the same thing from early
morning till late at night. 3. They stopped arguing. 4. Avoid lying in the sun.
5. The suit needs cleaning. 6. We are interested in attending our English classes.
7. She hates disturbing people. 8. William likes reading detective stories. 9. Don't
leave without speaking to the lecturer. 10. It's no use talking about it. 11. Tom's
taking the medicine surprised us. 12. His knowing English will help him in his
work. 13. If your going there is a question of money, I might help you.
XII. Use the gerund instead of verbs in brackets
Pattern: It isn't worth (eat) late at night. — It isn't worth eating late at night.
1. What is worth (do) is worth (do) well. 2. These words are not worth (remember).
3. Such people are not worth (speak) about. 4. It's not worth (swim) in cold water.
5. This book isn't worth (read). 6. This film is really worth (see). 7. It's no use (get
angry). 8. This country is worth (visit).
XIII. Use the gerund instead of verbs in brackets
Pattern: I t's no good (miss) lessons. — It's no good missing lessons.
1. It's no use (accuse) him. 2. It's no use (consult) a bad physician. 3. It's no good
(lose) things. 4. It's no good (help) him. 5. It's no use (teach) them. 6. It's no use
(talk). 7. It's no good (go) there. 8. It's no good (wait) for her.
84
XIV. Change the sentences according to the pattern
Pattern: I have many books. I like (read). - I have many books. I like reading.
1. I hate (watch TV) in summer. I like (sunbathe).
2. They work in the zoo. They love (look after) animals.
3. My sister loves (cook) but she hates (wash) up.
4. "Why do you always wear jeans?" "I like (wear) them."
5.1 don't like this coat. I hate (wear) it.
6. "Why do you never go to the beach?" "I don't like (sunbathe)"
7.1 like (arrive) at work in time.
XV. Put the verds into the simple past:
1. Last year I (go) to England on holiday.
2. It (be) fantastic.
3. I (visit) lots of interesting places.
4. I (be) with two friends of mine.
5. Every mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.
6. The weather (be) fine. It (not / rain) a lot.
7. But we (see) some beautiful rainbows.
XVI. Read and try to dramatize the dialogues
Big Ben and the Houses of Parliament
85
Dialogue 1
Mike: So, what are you going to do today?
John: Frankly speaking, I have no idea. What would you advise?
Mike: Why not visit Hyde Park? It's one of the most picturesque places in London.
Besides you both look slightly tired and a day in the open air will do you no harm.
Susan: Yes, you're quite right. I'm tired of shopping. Wait, I heard something of
the place... Hyde Park... Please, remind me of it.
Speakers’ Corner in Hyde Park
Mike: Oh, I see you're really too tired if you forget about the best-known park in
London! Hyde Park together with Kensington Gardens and Regent's Park are still
called Royal because many centuries ago the kings of England usually hunted
there.
London Royal Parks
86
Now these places are the most favourite ones for a lot of people. You can walk on
the grass or even lie down there if it's warm enough.
Hyde Park
John: Great! Let's go there immediately! As far as I remember visitors can also
go horse-riding. I'm fond of riding! Don't you mind, Susan?
Susan: I don't. I want to go there too. How can we get there, Mike?
Mike: We'll drive there by car. It'll take us about half an hour, if we don't get into
the traffic jam.
Vocabulary
frankly speaking - откровенно говоря
harm - вред, ущерб
I have no idea - понятия не имею
picturesque – живописный
immediately – немедленно
traffic jam – пробка
as far as I remember - насколько я помню
enough – достаточно
many centuries ago – много веков тому назад
Hyde Park - Гайд Парк, одна из лучших парковых зон Европы
87
Dialogue 2
Susan: Hyde Park! Such a wonderful place! Thank you, Mike. Well... I'd like to
see Westminster Abbey, the Tower of London, Buckingham Palace...
The Tower of London
John: Yes! Changing of the Guard!
Susan: Why! You've already seen it twice.
John: And I'm eager to see it again. It's really fantastic! These tall fellows
dressed in scarlet tunics, blue trousers and huge bearskin caps look so impressive!
Let's go there now.
Changing of the Guard
Mike: Unfortunately it's impossible today because it's too late. Changing of the
Guard takes place at half past eleven every morning. But tomorrow we'll go there
by all means if you don't change your mind.
88
Susan: Then why not go to the Tower Bridge? It's so beautiful at night!
Mike: Brilliant idea! Come along!
The Tower Bridge
Vocabulary
1. Westminster Abbey - Вестминстерское аббатство; место коронации
английских королей, основано в XI веке;
2.The Tower of London - Лондонский Тауэр; крепость на северном берегу
Темзы, которая с XI века выполняла самые разные функции: была
королевским замком, тюрьмой для высокопоставленных узников,
королевским арсеналом, сокровищницей и даже зоопарком
3. Buckingham Palace - Букингемский дворец, официальная королевская
резиденция Великобритании.
4. I'm eager to see - я очень хочу увидеть; to be eager to do smth; to be eager for
smth очень хотеть, страстно желать, стремиться
5. Scarlet ярко-красный, пурпурный, алый
6. Tunic - (зд.) мундир
7. Bearskin - медвежья шкура
8. By all means - обязательно
9. To change one's mind - передумать, расхотеть, изменить свое мнение
10. Unfortunately – к сожалению.
89
Texts for Independent Reading
Text 1
Celts. Part I
celts
— кельты
weapon — оружие
chariot — колесница
tribe
— племя
temple — храм
invaders — завоеватели
Two thousand years ago, Britain was very different from the country you know
today. The people who lived in Britain were called Celts. They lived in wooden
huts in small villages.
Celtic village
Thick forests full of wild animals surrounded the villages. The Celts men were
good hunters. The Celts were farmers, too. Living in villages, they grew all their
own food. They also made things from wood and iron like weapons and chariots.
Celtic warriors on chariot
90
They lived in groups called tribes with their own king and queen. The tribes built
forts on the hills which were very difficult to attack. Forts give us the information
about how the Celts lived. Helmets, shields, cooking pots were found inside the
forts nowadays. The Celts had no books. They could neither read nor write. So we
don't know much about the Celts.
Celtic fort
Who were the first invaders who attacked the Celts? They were known in he
Romans and they lived in the country called Italy now. They were very different
from the Celts. They lived in big cities, like Rome, full of buildings made of stone.
There were shops, baths, temples and theatre. The Romans could write and read.
Their country was highly developed. The Romans wanted Britain to lose its
independence. Julius Caesar was the first Roman who attacked the Celts in 55 B.C.
Вut after a few weeks he had to leave.
Julius Caesar and Celt
91
I. Can you answer the questions?
1. What can you tell us about Britain two thousand years ago?
2. How were the people called who lived then in Britain?
3. Did the Celts live in villages or in towns?
4. How did the Celts live? (in separate families, groups, tribes)
5. What was found inside the forts?
6. Could the Celts read or write? Did they have books?
7. Do we know much about the Celts?
8. Tell us about the Romans, their way of life.
9. Was their life different from the life of the Celts?
10. Who was the first Roman to attack the Celts?
Celts. Part II
— попытка
conquer
— завоевывать
be defeated — быть побежденным
invader
— завоеватель
attempt
After the unsuccessful attempt, Caesar tried to attack the Celts once more a
year later. He won a few battles but he could not conquer the Celts.
Nearly one hundred after it, Emperor Claudius sent a large army for the
same purpose.
The Celtic Queen Boudicca
92
The Celtic Queen Boudicca gathered a large army and fought bravely
against Romans. Boudicca and her soldiers killed many Romans but were finally
defeated. Soon the Romans occupied a part of Southern Britain.
Since then, Britain had lost its independence. During the centuries, ilie
history of England became the history of wars. Different invaders changing each
other had a great influence with the development of the country.
As for Romans, they stayed in Britain for nearly four hundred years leaving
a significant cultural trace. Romans made roads, built military ini nesses grown
into English towns later. Besides, being more developed, the language of Romans
influenced the dialects of different British tribes.
II. Do you agree or disagree? Use the text and comment on the statesments.
1. Caesar could conquer the Celts.
2. The Celts were defeated because Boudicca couldn't gather a large army.
3. During the centuries, the history of England was the history of wars.
4. Romans left a significant cultural trace in England.
5. The dialects of different British tribes influenced the language of Romans.
93
Text 2
The Celtic May Day Celebrations
The Celtic god of the Sun
The old Celtic celebration of May Day was called Beltane, the Celtic god of light
or the sun. He, in turn, may be traced to the Middle Eastern god Baal.
Other names for May Day include: Cetsamhain ('opposite Samhain') and
Walpurgisnacht (in Germany). For the Celts, Beltane was a festival where fires
were set to mark the beginning of summer: "They rolled wheels of fire down
hillsides, lit bonfires, and drove their cattle through the flames in a ceremony of
purification".
Some people believe that the celebrations on May Day began with Beltane
and the tree worship of the Druids. Others believe they go back to the spring
festivals of ancient Egypt and India. The people of ancient Rome honored Flora,
the goddess of flowers and springtime, with a festival called Florialia. Later,
festivals of this kind spread to other lands conquered by the Romans, and of course
this included Britain.
Medieval May Day celebrations started on the night before the first of May,
Beltane Eve. There would be a bonfire and dancing. At the break of dawn on May
Day, it was traditional for the young men and women of a community to go into
the woods or forest and gather flowers and branches to decorate their houses. They
believed that the vegetation spirits would bring good fortune.
94
The men and women gathering flowers and branches
Girls would make a special point of washing their faces in the dew of the early
morning. They believed this made them very beautiful for the following year.
One popular Mayday custom was the making of a maypole. Early in the day people
would go to the nearest woodland and cut down a young tree.
The tree would be stripped of its branches except at the top and dragged or carried
to an open space in the town square or village green. It was then decorated with
garlands of flowers and ribbons.
Flowers and trees were a major feature of this festival. Men could deliver a
tree decorated with streamers to the doorstep of a girl they liked. Long streamers
were also attached to the village Maypole for dancing. Young men and women
would wind the ribbons around each other as the dance progressed, in the hope of
becoming entangled with their future love.
Morris Dancers
From left to right the dancers are: Piper, Hobby-Horse, Maid Marian,
Robin Hood, and the jester. Notice the bells worn by the dancers.
95
May Day was given over to various festivities. There was dancing on the
village green. Morris dancing was a traditional English form of folk dance.
Archery contest on May Day
On May Day young men of each village tried to win prizes in archery contest and
exhibitions of strength. There was a tradition of 'lifting' where a gang of young
men would lift a pretty girl in a flower bedecked chair on May day. Then the girl
would choose a boy on May 2nd.
The highlight of the day was the crowning of the May Queen, the human
replica of Flora. By tradition she took no part in the games or dancing, but sat like
a queen in a flower-decked chair to watch her 'subjects'. The queen was chosen
from all the eligible young women in the community. She was crowned with
flowers and paraded around the village.
96
Text 3
New view on the UK
What do you think a typical Brit is like? He is believed to be snobbish, sluggish, and dull.
Being a tea-drinker, he talks of the weather and constantly reads "The Times".
And, oh yes, there's cricket.
After several years of studying the language, some cultural stereotypes about England
and Englishman are deeply engrained into a learners' mind. Our knowledge of foreign
countries to some extent is based on stereotypes. Some of the stereotypes are true;
some are not. Stereotypes are a cause of culture shock. When a tourist sets off on a
long-awaited voyage to new a country (the culture which he thinks he is familiar with),
the first strong impression is a more realistic vision of the country - breaking the
common stereotypes. The "familiar" country turns out to be completely unfamiliar.
Having spent several months in Britain, I managed to obtain a totally new outlook
(certainly subjective) on the country and its people. Let me introduce my new vision
on the traditional stereotypes about the English lifestyle.
A cup of tea?
1. The nation of tea-drinkers?
Traditional English tea? That is a myth. The legendary "Earl Grey" is far from being
No. 1 in England. Well, it is definitely popular among tourists in Oxford Street;
97
but I would hardly imagine an English person buying it at Sainsbury's. Different
Indian teas are in major demand in England as well as all over Europe.
Moreover, tea is not the primary drink for modern British. Nowadays, they
also don't necessarily drink it at 5 o'clock. Freedom of choice rules the cuisine - an
English person would choose between tea and coffee in the morning, tea and water at
lunch, and they would have some juice with dinner. Children ask parents for a glass
of Coke; young people, sharing the latest fashion for a healthy way of life, take a bottle
of pure water. Tea seems to be in the shadows. The stereotype is to some extent
correct - the English usually do drink tea with milk and with no sugar.
Rainy Weather
1. Rainy Weather
It is universally acknowledged that there are very few dry days in Britain.That is not
true. I had to open an umbrella for the first time after one and a half months of living
in London. I doubt I used it more frequently than in Russia. Nevertheless, it is
sometimes very windy outside, especially in winter.
Foreigners suppose English weather to be truly insular and that is partly true.
The weather is changeable. In fact it is quite severe in the northern part of the
country - Northern Ireland, Scotland, Yorkshire and the Lake District. In the southem
part, where the major part of the whole population lives, it is quite mild.
Climate has become much warmer in Britain, due to global climate change.
You won't see snow more than two or three times in winter and it never settles;
98
whereas the Thames used to freeze in winter a century ago. The majority of children,
as well as their parents, never threw snowballs; so snow is longed for both by
children and adults.
2. Long Live The King, Let It Be!
Britain is believed to be a country of old traditions and customs. The unique
system of government proves this statement - Britain is a monarchy. The Queen is the
official head of state.
The recent scandals of the Royal family have diminished its role and influence
over the people. The voices of abolition are becoming more and more powerful. The
forthcoming abolition of the monarchy won't be a surprise.
Britain is yearning to become more liberal. That can be proved by the recent electoral
results - the Labour Party has retained the overall majority in Parliament despite
peoples' dissatisfaction with its policies. The main competitors, the Conservatives,
may loose their second place quite soon — Lib Dems are out of the shadow.
The Royal family
Talking about the Royal family is taboo. British people consider it to be bad
form. The recent Royal wedding was ignored by the majority of people - they didn't
watch the ceremony on television, nor discuss it at the dinner table.
99
While the wedding was big news abroad, the I-do-not-care approach dominated in
Britain. Being ignorant of the monarchy is becoming trendy.
Old traditions are lapsing; new rules and principals are being introduced. The
stereotypes are failing. That is inevitable - the modem world is a single whole. The
main task of coming generations is to get accustomed to the new reality and establish
intercultural relations on the new basis. Culture studies are progressing.
Living in the country the language of which you study, certainly helps to learn
more about its culture. Staying at one place is good; traveling around the country is
definitely better.
Traveling broadens ones horizons and helps to more quickly get rid of notorious
stereotypes. Visiting different parts of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales,
and Northern Ireland) helps to mark differences within the country. Modern Britain is
different even from the post-war country. Yet recent changes are deeply rooted in
British history.
(By Konsantin Romanov)
100
Text 4
Three Men in a Boat
Jerome Klapka Jerome
English writer and humorist
Jerome Klapka Jerome was born in Walsall, Staffordshire, England on 2nd
May 1859. In 1873 Jerome left school to begin a series of jobs. In his mid
twenties he was completely broke and penniless. At the age of 29 he married
Georgina Elizabeth Henrietta Stanley Marris. They spent their honeymoon on
the Thames and Jerome began writing his novel ―Three Men in a Boat‖ on his
return. In the beginning the book was intended to be serious, but the humorous
elements eventually took over. It was published in 1889 and made him rich and
famouse.
A thousand diseases
I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the
treatment for some slight disease. I got down the book and read all I had
come to read. Then without realizing what I was doing I turned the
leaves and began to study diseases generally. I do not remember which was
the first disease I read about but before I looked through the list of the
symptoms I felt that I had it. I kept on reading, feeling rather nervous,
and realized that I was suffering from every disease imaginable. The only
thing I had not got so far was housemaid's knee.
101
To say that I was worried and upset and that I felt miserable would
be to say nothing. I nearly fainted. In fact I felt more dead than alive. I
tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I discovered that I had no pulse. I
tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating. I
tried to look at my tongue. I stuck it out as far as it would go. I shut one
eye, and tried to examine it with the other. I could only see the tip but I
no longer doubted that in addition to everything I had scarlet fever.
It became clear to me that I would never recover and would never get
rid of the thousand diseases I had. I gave up all hope. Medicine could not
help me. I had walked into the reading-room a happy healthy man, I
walked out an invalid.
Though I doubted if anyone would be able to cure me of my
diseases, I decided to consult my physician. I always turn to him for
advice and help. He is a good fellow and an old friend of mine. He has
been treating me for many years. I never make an appointment with him,
he's always ready to see me.
He looks at my tongue, feels my pulse, talks about the weather, and all
for nothing, when I imagine that I am ill. He never remains indifferent to
what I say and always does his best to encourage me when I start complaining
of my diseases. I thought that he would be grateful if I went to him.
"What a doctor wants," I said to myself, "is practice. He shall have me. He
will get more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary
patients with only one or two common diseases each."
"Well, what's the matter with you? Got any complaints?" he asked.
I did not pretend to be calm. My whole life depended on what he would
say.
"I will not take up your time, dear fellow, by telling you what is
the matter with me," I began. "Life is short and you may die before I'm
through. But I'll tell you right away what is not the matter with me. I
haven't got housemaid's knee. Why I haven't got it I cannot tell you.
102
But the fact remains that I haven't got it. Everything else I have got.
My life is in danger."
I told him how I came to discover it all. I didn't pretend I wasn't
frightened. He took my temperature, felt my pulse, and then hit me over
the chest when I wasn't expecting it. After that he sat down and wrote out a
prescription. He folded it and giving it to me said that I had better go home.
I did not open the prescription. I went to the nearest pharmacy to
have it filled. The chemist read the prescription and handed it back. He
apologized for being unable to help me. He said he didn't keep it and
smiled. I was very much annoyed. I did not see the joke.
"1 lb beefsteak, with 1 pt beer every six hours.
1Ten-mile walk every morning.
1 bed at 11 sharp every night.
And avoid stuffing up your head
with things You don't understand."
I felt relieved. My life was out of danger. I didn't tear up the
prescription or throw it away. I followed the directions with the happy result
that my life was saved and is still going on. My health improved, but I
never mention the incident to anyone.
(From Jerome K. Jerome. Three Men in a Boat, adapted)
103
Text 5
The USA
USA Emblems and Symbols
1. Read the text and get ready test youself.
The United States of America - the richest and one of the biggest countries in the
world - has several names. People say "the United States", "the States", "America",
or just "the USA" or "the US".
The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own
government. According to the US Constitution the powers of the government are
divided into 3 branches: the executive, headed by the President, the legislative,
exercised by the Congress, and the judical. The Congress consists of the Senate
and the House of Representative. There are two main political parties in the USA:
the Republican and the Democratic.
The population of the USA is about 250 million. There is no "American
climate" or "American countryside". Every part of the country is different, from
Alaska in the north, covered with snow and ice, to tropical Florida in the south.
The American Indians were the first people to live in that vast land.
They had a fascinating, ancient culture, and a rich tradition of language and
customs. When Christopher Columbus arrived, in 1492, there were probably about
1,500.000 Indians in North America. But then, the immigrants came. By the early
nineteenth century, the population was more than 17 million.
104
Native American Indians picture
Most came from Europe, but there were also many from the Middle East and
the Far East, as well as millions of Africans, caught in the terrible slave trade.
Immigration went on growing. By 1914, the population was 92 million. Now
there are more than 25 million British Americans (nearly half the population of
Britain), about 23 million African Americans, 25 million German Americans and
more Irish Americans than the whole population of Ireland.
You can find almost anything in America. There are mountains and deserts,
old churches and moon rockets, homes with three cars and homes with no electric
lights at all. There are people who speak Chinese, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Polish,
Swedish, Japanese - in fact, almost every language under the sun. There is no such
thing as a typical American, but there are some views of Americans which many
think are fair. Ordinary Americans are friendly and not afraid to show their
feelings. They are generous, lively and amusing. They are not as snobbish or classconscious as the English, and the way people speak is not important to them.
However, there is 'money snobbery' in the USA. The American's dream is
success in his job, success earned by his own skill and hard work. There is no one
an American admires more that the self-made man, no matter what kind of family
he comes from.
Many foreigners have the false idea that there is no public transport in the
USA. Since the vast majority of Americans own at least one car, buses aren't
necessary, it is believed, so the very poor have to walk. This is quite untrue.
105
There is public transport. There is a cheap and regular bus service in every city.
Many cities also have a new subway system, equally cheap. But better-off
Americans in many parts of the USA never go by bus. In fact, they wouldn't want
to be seen in one in case someone thought they couldn't afford a car!
The USA has many serious problems - crime, violence, unlawful
immigration across the Mexican border, pollution, unemployment, race relations.
But there has been an improvement in race relations that few non-Americans know
much about.
II. Test youself. The USA quiz
1. What are the two major parties in the US?
a. The Republicans and the Democrats.
b. The Republics and the Socialists.
c. The Democrats and the Socialists.
d. The Conservationists and the Democrats.
2. How many states are there in the US?
a. 49
b. 50
с. 51
d. 48
3. What do Americans celebrate on July 4th?
a. Flag Day.
b. The Discovery of America
c. The Revolution.
d. Independence Day
106
4. In which year was the independence from England declared?
a. 1776
b. 1876
c. 1676
5. Which president freed the slaves?
a. Thomas Jefferson
b. George Washington
с Abraham Lincoln
6. Who was the civil rights leader who fought through non-violent action?
a. Thomas Paine
b. Martin Luther King,
с John Kennedy
7. Who was the first person to walk on the moon?
a. John Glenn
b. Jim Lowell
с Neil Armstrong
8. What was the name of the ship that brought the Pilgrims to P England in 1620?
a. Pitta
b. Sunflower
с Mayflower
9. Where's the White House located?
a. New York
b.Washington, D.C.
с. Houston
107
10. What organisation tries to find solutions to world problems.
a. The United Nations
b. IMF
c. UNICEF
d. Green Peace
11. What does IMF stand for?
a. International Monetary Foundation
b. International Monetary Fund
с. Internal Monetary Foundation
d. Internal Monetary Fund
12. Who said: 'We hold these truths to be self evident that all men I created equal'?
a. Bill Clinton
b. George Washington
с. Richard Nixon
d. Thomas Jefferson
108
Text 6
National Tom Sawyer Days
I. Do you know that…
National Tom Sawyer Days is a yearly event on 4 July, organized by the Hannibal
Chamber of Commerce in Hannibal, Missouri in the United States. In the town,
National Tom Sawyer Days and the fourth of July are celebrated at the same
time. Hannibal is the hometown of the famous author Mark Twain, the writer
of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.
Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Many local Tom fans or some other fans from all over the world are
attracted by the big parade float, flea market, carnival for children. What is more,
the fans can enter a no speed-limited car competition and a Mud Volleyball
Tournament.
Tom is painting the fence.
109
Most of the competitions are inspired from the novels written by Mark
Twain, for instance, the inspiration ―Frog long jump‖ is from The Celebrated
Jumping Frog of Calaveras County which is Mark Twain’s first famous book. This
activity and contest ―Tom and Becky‖ are one of the earliest activities which were
celebrated in National Tom Sawyer Days. Besides, a couple of goodwill
ambassadors from Junior school students in Grade 7 will be selected to introduce
the local culture in Hannibal.
Painting fence contest
―Painting fence contest‖ is the same as ―Tom and Becky‖, which is based on The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Aunt Polly punishes Tom to paint the fence, but little
Tom asked some friends to help him paint the fence.
Children from place to place aged from ten to thirteen will dress up as Tom,
because the costume is one of the 3 standards for evaluation.
The other two dominating factors are the speed and the quality of painting
the fence. Once the child wins the preliminary contest, he or she is qualified to the
final competition.
110
II. Dramatize the extract of the novel “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”.
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
PART I
Aunt Polly.
(Tom Sawyer and his younger brother Sid went to l i v e in the house of
their Aunt Polly when their mother died. Aunt Polly was a kind woman
and loved the boys very much.)
"Tom!" cried Aunt Polly
No answer.
"Tom!"
No answer again.
"Where can that boy be? Tom!"
Aunt Polly thought for a few minutes and then said, " I f I catch
you, Tom, I'll..." She d i d not finish what she wanted to say. She
looked under the bed. But... no Torn... only the cat ran out. Aunt
Polly went to the open door, looked out into the garden and cried
again, "Tom!"
Then she turned quickly, saw Tom and caught h i m by the arm.
"What? In the cupboard again?"
"No, Aunt Po ll y."
111
"No? Look at your mouth. Look at your hands. What is that on
them?"
"I don't know. Aunt."
"But I know. I t ' s jam. I ' v e t o l d you so many times:
don't touch that j a m in the cupboard. Give me that stick."
The stick was in Aunt Polly's hand and , ready to f a l l on Tom's back
when she heard:
"Look behind you, Aunt!"
Aunt Polly turned quickly and looked down. Tom ran i n t o the garden
and jumped over the fence.
His aunt stood and looked at the fence for some time and then she
laughed.
"What a boy!" she thought. "Why can't I learn? He has often done that. But
I can't beat him. He is my sister's boy."
The next morning Aunt Polly told Tom that he must not go to the river after
school. He must come home. But Tom did not go to school that day. He had a
good time on the river. At supper Aunt Polly told the boy.
"It's Saturday tomorrow — a holiday. But no holiday for you, my boy. You
will work."
P a r t II.
Saturday. A beautiful warm morning.
―No school. But I must work. I must whitewash the fence,‖ thought Tom when he
came out into the street with a bucket of whitewash and a brush. It was a very
long and very high fence.
―How terrible l i f e is,‖ Tom said and began to work. He worked for
some time, then sat down on a box and thought: ―The boys will come
soon. They will laugh at me when they see that I am working.‖
112
He put his hands in his pockets and took out the things he had there—
toys, l i t t l e stones, pieces of glass.
―I have very l i t t l e to pay the boys if I ask them to help me,‖ Tom said
to himself. He thought a l i t t l e , then took the brush and began to work
again. Soon Ben Rogers came up. He had an apple in h i s hand. He
stopped and looked at Tom. Tom did not stop working. Then Ben said,
―Tom! What are you doing?‖ Tom d i d not answer but looked at the
fence with attention.
―Hello, Tom!‖ said Ben. ―Why are you working today?‖ Tom turned to Ben.
―Oh, it’s you, Ben! I didn’t see you.‖
―I ’ m going to the river, don’t you want to go too? But you must work, I
see.‖
―Work? You think this is work?‖
―Why, isn’t this work?‖
―You may think so. But Tom Sawyer likes it.‖
―You say you. Like it, Tom?‖
―Why not? Does a boy whitewash a fence every day?‖ That showed the
thing in a new light. Ben stopped eating h i s apple and looked at Tom.
Then he said:
―Tom, let me whitewash a little.‖
―Oh, no, Ben. Aunt Polly asked me to do it very well. The fence is on the
street, you know. There isn’t a boy in a thousand that can do it better
than I can.‖
―Oh, please, Tom, let me do it. I’ll give you my apple. I can whitewash
as well as you can. You’ll see.‖
Then Tom gave Ben the brush. Ben began to work and Tom sat down under
a tree, ate the apple and thought how to make other boys work for him.
113
Tom is thinking.
Soon some boys came up. When they saw how well Ben worked, they wanted to
whitewash too. Bill y Fisher gave Tom a knife. Johnny Miller gave Tom a
dead cat. Tom had a good time while the other boys whitewashed the fence.
When the middle of the afternoon came, Tom was very rich and the work was
over. He went into the house and thought l i f e was not so terrible.
114
Text 7
Travel Wisely, Travel Well
I. Read the text and write out three important rules for traveling abroad
Traveling businessman
A businessman who travels all over the world gives a little advice on "wise
travelling". I have learned, often the hard way, that there are a few simple rules
about how to make life easier both before and after your journey.
First of all, always check and double-check departure times. It is amazing
how few people really do this carefully. Once I arrived at the airport a few minutes
after ten. My secretary had got the ticket for me and I thought she had said that the
plane left at 10.50. I walked calmly to the departure desk, thinking I still had a little
time to spare. I hadn't bothered to take a good look at the ticket. The clerk at the
desk told me politely but firmly that the departure time was 10.15 and the flight
was, according to international regulations, "now closed". I had to wait three hours
for the next one and missed an important meeting.
The second rule is to remember that even in this age of credit cards, it is still
important to have at least a little of the local currency with you when you arrive in
a country. This can be absolutely essential if you are flying to a place few tourists
normally visit. A few years ago I was sent to Tulsa, Oklahoma.
115
I flew there from London via Dallas, with very little time to change planes in
between. I arrived there at midnight and the bank at the airport was closed. The
only way to get to my hotel was by taxi and, since I had no dollars, I offered to pay
in pounds instead."Listen, buddy! I only take real money!" the driver said angrily.
Luckily I was able to borrow a few dollars from a clerk at the hotel, but it was very
embarrassing.
The third and last rule is to find out as much as you can about the weather at
your destination before you leave, specially, if you can take only a little luggage
with you. I feel sorry for same of my colleagues for travel in heavy suits and
raincoats in May, when it is fairy cool in London or Manchester, to places like
Athens, Rome, or Madrid, where it is already beginning to get quite warm during
the day. Few people understand just how important it is to have the right sort of
clothes with you in these days of rapid air travel.
116
Appendix
I. Read and translate the newspaper article about real life drama.
Make an annotation of the newspaper article according to the plan:
1. The title of the article (text) is …
Название статьи (текста) …
2. It is published in the (newspaper, journal, book) …
Она опубликована (он опубликован) …
3. The purpose of this article (text) is to show …
Цель этой статьи (этого текста) показать …
4. The athor analyses (explains, characterizes, describes) …
Автор анализирует (поясняет, характеризует, описывает) …
5. Some parts of the article (text) deal with …
Некоторые части статьи (текста) посвящены …
6. The author points out …
Автор указывает на то, что …
7. In conclusion the author says, that …
В заключении автор говорит, что …
COUPLE WHO SURVIVED AN AMAZING 66 DAYS AT SEA
Вill and Simone Butler.
A couple from Miami, Вill and Simone Butler, spent sixty six days in a liferaft in the seas of Central America after their yacht sank. They survived in very
good condition. Twenty-one days after they left Panama in their yacht, Siboney,
they met some whales. 'They started to hit the side of the boat,' said Bill, 'and then
suddenly we heard water.'
117
The whales’ attack
Two minutes later, the yacht was sinking. They jumped into the! life-raft
and watched the boat go under the water. For twenty days they had tins of food,
biscuits, and bottles of water. They also had a fishing-line and a machine to
make salt water into drinking water - two things which saved their lives. They
caught eight to ten fish a day and ate them raw. Then the line broke. So we had no
more fish until something very strange happened. Some sharks came to feed, and
the fish under the raft were afraid and came to the surface. I caught them with my
hands.'
Bill’s fishing
About twenty ships passed them, but no one saw them. After fifty days at
sea their life-raft was beginning to break up. Then suddenly it was all over. A
fishing boat saw them and picked them up. They couldn't stand up, so the
captain carried them onto his boat and took them to Costa Rica. Their two
months at sea was over.
118
II. Pay attentions to the rules and the pattern of the presentation
119
120
121
122
Правила оформления презентаций
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
III. Правила оформления реферата:
1. Титульный лист
2. Содержание
3. Введение
4. Основное содержание:
*В какой части материка расположена страна?
*Как называется еѐ столица?
*Особенности рельефа. Полезные ископаемые.
*Климатические условия в разных частях страны.
*Крупные реки и озѐра.
*Народы, населяющие страну. Их основные занятия.
5. Заключение
6. Список литературы
7. Список интернет-ресурсов.
130
Preparation for Internet Test
Тест 1
1. Her current interest was _ and development, but she has changed fields.
a.reputation
b.research
c.resistance
d.residence
2. Did you make your — by phone or by fax?
a.reservation
b.transition
c.impression
d.institution
3. To understand the characteristics of learners at different
age-grades educational psycology applies theories of human_
a.efforts
b.development
c.knowledge
d.relations
4. _ is the science studying the mind and its processes.
a.psychotherapy
b.psychology
c.pharmacology
d.biology
131
5. A shorter, more _ meeting leaves time for work.
a.production
b.productive
c.productivity
d.productiveness
6. It was a good idea of _ to go swimming this afternoon.
a.your
b.yours
c.you
d.youself
7. The grass was much _ than on the upper field.
a.longer
b.more long
c.the longest
d.long
8. The oldest living tree in the world grows in _ California.
a.the
b.an
c.a
d.-
9. The Pyramids were build _ people who lived a long time ago.
a.with
b.after
c.by
d.of
132
10. Begin with a minute _ two of small talk.
a. and
b. but
c. if
d. or
11. -Do you want a sandwich?
-No,thanks. I_____just______lunch.
a.
am_______having
b.
was______having
c.
have_____had
d.
had______had
12._______of her arrival, I went to see her.
a.being told
b.to tell
c.telling
d.told
13. Paul ________________visiting his parents.
a.insisted of
b.insisted to
c.insisted d.insisted on
14. You face seems familiar to me. We ____have met somewhere.
a.need
b.must
c.should
d.ought
133
15. Guest: «_______________________»
Hostess: «Oh, I'm glad you enjoyed it.»
a.Enjoy your meal.
b.The meal was rather good.
c.The meal was absolutely delicious.
d.The meal wasn't as bad as I expected.
16. Shop assistant: «Can I help you?»
Customer: «___________________»
a.Fine.
b.No, that's not necessary.
c.Oh,good. I'm so glad to have met you.
d.No, it's all right,thanks.
17. Student: Have you had time to mark my composition?
Teacher: _________________________________________
a.Oh,you look awful, what's the matter with you?
b.Yes, I have.
c.Yes, it was quite good.
I've underlined the mistakes you've made.
d.Yes, I had.
18. Boss: Do you see what I mean?
Employee: ____________________
a.I don't think so.
b.Yes, please.
c.Yes, and I don't agree with you.
d.Yes, but I'm not sure I quite agree.
134
19. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
consists of ____________________
a.two parts
b.three parts
c.four parts
d.five parts
20. The USA consists of 50 _________
a.republics
b.states
c.districts
d.counties
21.Bill Gates is a founder of _____
a.the Metropoliten Museum
b.the largest automobile corporation
c.the first entertainment park
d.the Microsoft Corporation
Тест 2.
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания
Cognitive theories
1. Cognitive theories are appropriate to the school situation, for they are concerned with
knowing and thinking. They assume that perceiving and doing, shown in manipulation
and play, precede the capacity to symbolize, which in turn prepares for comprehensive
understanding. Although the sequence of motor-perceptual experience followed by
symbolic representation has been advocated for a long time, Jean Piaget offered the first
penetrating account of this kind of intellectual growth. His views have exercised great
influence on educators.
135
2. Cognitive theories of learning also assume that the complete act of thought
follows a fairly common sequence, as follows: arousal of intellectual interest;
preliminary exploration of the problem; formulation of ideas, explanations, or
hypotheses; selection of appropriate ideas; and verification of their suitability.
3. Teaching based on cognitive theories of learning recognizes, first, the growth in
quality of intellectual activity and capitalizes on this knowledge by organizing instruction
to anticipate the next stage in development but does not await it; otherwise there would be
no instruction; i.e., instruction should pace development but not outstrip it. Second, it
seeks to tune the learning situation to the sequences of the complete act of thought and to
arrange, simplify, and organize the subject matter accordingly. Some educators emphasize
strongly the arousal phase; in many modern science curricula there is, thus, the idea of
inquiry training, which tries to arouse in the child a spontaneous rather than a directed
interest. Other educators are concerned more with the middle intellectual phases of the
thinking sequence — especially the playing with hypotheses or hunches and the working
with organizing ideas
4. Once started, the motivation of cognitive learning depends less on notions of
reinforcement and more on standards of intellectual achievement generated by the
learner himself. Accordingly, the learner may begin to have aspirations and to set
himself future standards that are influenced by his past performances and those of his
fellows.
(Encyclopedia Britannica)
1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
According to cognitive theories of learning the complete act of thought passes
some common stages.
136
2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.
According to cognitive theories symbolic representation is followed by motorperceptual experience.
3.Ответьте на вопрос
How can teaching based on cognitive theories of learning promote the educational
process?
It seeks to tune the learning situation to the sequences of the complete act of
thought and to arrange, simplify, and organize the subject matter.
4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос
What sequence does the complete act of thought follow according to cognitive
theories of learning?
5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая
идея
Educators treat the thinking sequence differently.
6.Определите основную идею текста.
The application of cognitive theories in teaching increases the effectiveness of
educational process.
137
Irregular vebs (pages 139-142)
VERB
PAST SIMPLE
PAST PARTICIPLE
ПЕРЕВОД
be [bi:]
beat [bi:t]
become [bi:kʌm]
begin [bi'gin]
bleed [bli:d]
blow [blou]
break [breik]
bring [briŋ]
build [bild]
burn [bз:n]
buy [bai]
catch [kætʃ]
choose [tʃu:z]
come [kʌm]
cost [cɔst]
creep [kri:p]
cut [kʌt]
do [du:]
was [wɔz], were [wз:]
beat [bi:t]
became [bi:keim]
began [bi'gæn]
bled [bled]
blew [blu:]
broke [brouk]
brought [brɔ:t]
built [bilt]
burnt [bз:nt]
bought [bɔ:t]
caught [kɔ:t]
chose [ʃəuz]
came [keim]
cost [cɔst]
crept [krept]
cut [kʌt]
did [did]
been bi:n]
beaten ['bi:tn]
become[bi:kʌm]
begun [bi'gʌn]
bled [bled]
blown [bloun]
broken ['brouk(e)n]
brought [brɔ:t]
built [bilt]
burnt [bз:nt]
bought [bɔ:t]
caught [kɔ:t]
chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n]
come [kʌm]
cost [cɔst]
crept [kre t]
cut [kʌt]
done [dʌn]
draw [drɔ:]
drew [dru:]
drawn [drɔ:n]
dream [dri:m]
dreamt [dremt]
dreamt [dremt]
drink [driŋk]
drive [draiv]
eat [i:t]
fall [fɔ:l]
feed [fi:d]
feel [fi:l]
fight [fait]
find [faind]
drank [dræŋk]
drove [drouv]
ate [et]
fell [fel]
fed [fed]
felt [felt]
fought [fɔ:t]
found [faund]
drunk [drʌŋk]
driven ['drivn]
eaten ['i:tn]
fallen ['fɔ:lən]
fed [fed]
felt [felt]
fought [fɔ:t]
found [faund]
fit [fit]
fit [fit]
fit [fit]
fly [flai]
flew [flu:]
flown [floun]
Быть
Бить
Становиться
Начинать
Кровоточить
Дуть
Ломать
Приносить
Строить
Гореть
Покупать
Ловить, хватать
Выбирать
Приходить
Стоить
Ползать
Резать
Делать
Рисовать,
тащить
Мечтать,
дремать
Пить
Водить
Есть
Падать
Кормить
Чувствовать
Бороться
Находить
Подходить по
размеру
Летать
138
forget [fə'get]
forgive [fo'giv]
freeze [fri:z]
get [ get ]
give [giv]
go [gou]
grow [grou]
hang [hæŋ]
have [hæv]
hear [hiə]
hide [haid]
forgot [fə'gɔt]
forgave [fo'geiv]
froze [frouz]
got [gɔt]
gave [geiv]
went [went]
grew [gru:]
hung [hʌŋ]
had [hæd]
heard [hз:d]
hid [hid]
hit [hit]
hit [hit]
hold [hould]
hurt [hз:t]
keep [ki:p]
held [held]
hurt [hз:t]
kept [kept]
kneel [ni:l]
knelt [nelt]
know [nou]
lay [lei]
lead [li:d]
lean [li:n]
learn [lз:n]
leave [li:v]
lend [lend]
let [let]
lie [lai]
light [lait]
lose [lu:z]
make [meik]
mean [mi:n]
meet [mi:t]
mistake [mis'teik]
pay [pei]
knew [nju:]
laid [leid]
led [led]
leant [lent]
learnt [lз:nt]
left [left]
lent [lent]
let [let]
lay [lei]
lit [lit]
lost [lɔst]
made [meid]
meant [ment]
me [met]
mistook [mis'tuk]
paid [peid]
forgotten [fə'gɔt(ə)n]
forgiven [fo'givn]
frozen ['frouzn]
got [gɔt]
given [givn]
gone [gɔn]
grown [g oun]
hung [hʌŋ]
had [hæd]
heard [hз:d]
hidden ['hidn]
Забывать
Прощать
Замерзать
Получать
Давать
Идти
Расти
Вешать
Иметь
Слышать
Прятать
Попадать в
hit [hit]
цель
eld [held]
Держать
hurt [hз:t]
Ушибить
kept [kept]
Содержать
Стоять на
knelt [nelt]
коленях
known [noun]
Знать
laid [leid]
Класть
led [led]
Вести
leant [lent]
Наклоняться
learnt [lз:nt]
Учить
left [left]
Оставлять
lent [lent]
Занимать
let [let]
Позволять
lain [lein]
Лежать
lit [lit]
Освещать
lost [lɔst]
Терять
made [meid]
Производить
meant [ment]
Значить
met [met]
Встречать
mistaken [mis'teik(e)n] Ошибаться
paid [peid]
Платить
139
prove [pru:v]
put [put]
quit [kwit]
read [ri:d]
ride [raid]
ring [riŋ]
rise [raiz]
run [rʌŋ]
say [sei]
see [si:]
seek [si:k]
sell [sel]
send [send]
set [set]
sew [sou]
shake [ʃeik]
show [ʃəu]
shrink [ʃriŋk]
shut [ʃʌt]
sing [siŋ]
sink [siŋk]
sit [sit]
sleep [sli:p]
slide [slaid]
sow [sou]
speak [spi:k]
proved [pru:vd]
proven [pru:vn]
put [put]
put [put]
quit [kwit]
quit [kwit]
read [red]
read [red]
rode [roud]
ridden ['ridn]
rang [ræŋ]
rung [rʌŋ]
rose [rouz]
risen ['rizn]
ran [ræŋ]
run [rʌŋ]
said [sed]
said [sed]
saw [sɔ:]
seen [si:n]
sought [sɔ:t]
sought [sɔ:t]
sold [sould]
sold [sould]
sent [sent]
sent [sent]
set [set]
set [set]
sewed [soud]
sewn [soun]
shook [ʃuk]
shaken ['ʃeik(ə)n]
showed [ʃəud]
shown [ʃəun]
shrank [ʃræŋk]
shrunk [ʃrʌŋk]
shut [ʃʌt]
shut [ʃʌt]
sang [sæŋ]
sung [sʌŋ]
sank [sæŋk], sunk [sʌŋk] sunk [sʌŋk]
sat [sæt]
sat [sæt]
slept [slept]
slept [slept]
slid [slid]
slid [slid]
sowed [soud]
sown [soun]
spoke [spouk]
spoken ['spouk(e)n]
spell [spel]
spelt [spelt]
spelt [spelt]
spend [spend]
spill [spil]
spoil [spɔil
spread [spred]
spring [spriŋ]
stand [stænd]
spent [spent]
spilt [spilt]
spoilt [spɔilt]
spread [spred]
sprang [spræŋ]
stood [stu:d]
spent [spent]
spilt [spilt]
spoilt [spɔilt]
spread [spred]
sprung [sprʌŋ]
stood [stu:d]
140
Доказывать
Положить
Выходить
Читать
Ездить верхом
Звенеть
Подниматься
Бежать
Говорить
Видеть
Искать
Продавать
Посылать
Ставить
Шить
Встряхивать
Показывать
Уменьшать
Закрывать
Петь
Тонуть
Сидеть
Спать
Скользить
Сеять
Говорить
Произнести по
буквам
Тратить
Проливать
Портить
Расстилать
Прыгать
Стоять
steal [sti:l]
stole [stoul]
stick [stik]
stuck [stʌk]
sting [stiŋ]
stung [stʌŋ]
sweep [swi:p]
swept [swept]
swell [swel]
swelled [sweld]
swim [swim]
swam [swem]
swing [swiŋ]
swung [swʌŋ]
take [teik]
took [tuk]
teach [ti:tʃ]
taught [tɔ:t]
tear [tɛə]
tore [tɔ:]
tell [tel]
told [tould]
think [θiŋk]
thought [θɔ:t]
throw [θrəu]
threw [θru:]
understand [ʌndə'stænd] understood [ʌndə'stud]
wake [weik]
woke [wouk]
wear [wɛə]
wore [wɔ:]
weep [wi:p]
wept [wept]
wet [wet]
wet [wet]
win [win]
won [wʌn]
wind [waind]
wound [waund]
write [rait]
wrote [rout]
141
stolen ['stəulən]
stuck [stʌk]
stung [stʌŋ]
swept [swept]
swollen ['swoul(e)n]
swum [swʌm]
swung [swʌŋ]
taken ['teik(ə)n]
taught [tɔ:t]
torn [tɔ:n]
told [tould]
thought [θɔ:t]
thrown [θrəun]
understood [ʌndə'stud]
woken ['wouk(e)n]
worn [wɔ:n]
wept [wept]
wet [wet]
won [wʌn]
wound [waund]
written ['ritn]
Красть
Колоть
Жалить
Выметать
Разбухать
Плавать
Качать
Брать, взять
Учить
Рвать
Рассказывать
Думать
Бросать
Понимать
Просыпаться
Носить
Плакать
Мочить
Выигрывать
Извиваться
Писать
English – Russian Dictionary of Geographical Terms
Населенные пункты:
area ['eəriə] – область
country [ˈkʌntrɪ] – страна
capital ['kæpitəl] – столица
city [ˈsɪtɪ] – город
district [ˈdistrikt] – район
state [steɪt] – штат
town [toun] – город (небольшой)
village ['viliʤ] – деревня
Географические точки:
cape [keɪp] – мыс
cliff [klif] — утес
hill [hil] – холм
mountain ['mauntin] – гора
pass [pas] – ущелье
peak [pi:k] – пик
plain [pleɪn] – равнина
plateau ['plætəu] – плато
valley ['væli] – долина
volcano [vɔl'keinəu] – вулкан
Виды природных зон:
desert ['dezət] – пустыня
forest [ˈfɔrɪst] – лес
highland [ˈhaɪlənd] – горная местность
jungle [ˈjəNGgəl] – джунгли
oasis [əu'eisis] – оазис
swamp ['swɔmp] – топь, болото
tropics [ˈtrɔpɪks] – тропики
tundra ['tʌndrə] – тундра
Водоемы:
gulf [gəlf] – морской залив
ocean ['əuʃn] – океан
sea [si:] – море
lake [leɪk] – озеро
river [ˈrivər] – река
spring [sprɪŋ] – ключ, родник
stream [stri:m] – ручей
Названия материков:
Africa [ˈæfrɪkə]- Африка
Australia [ɒˈstreɪliːə] – Австралия
142
Antarctica [ˌænˈtɑːktɪkə]– Антарктида
Eurasia [jʊˈreɪʒə] – Евразия
North America [nɔːθ əˈmɛrɪkə] – Северная Америка
South America [saʊθ əˈmɛrɪkə] – Южная Америка
10 самых больших по площади стран:
Russia [ˈrʌʃə] – Россия
Canada [ˈkænədə] – Канада
China [ˈʧaɪnə] – Китай
United States [jʊˈnaɪtɪd steɪts] – Соединенные Штаты
Brazil [brəˈzɪl] – Бразилия
Australia [ɒˈstreɪliːə] – Австралия
India [ˈɪndɪə] – Индия
Argentina [ˌɑːʤənˈtiːnə] – Аргентина
Kazakhstan [ˈkæzəkstæn] – Казахстан
Algeria [ælˈʤɪərɪə] – Алжир
10 городов-лидеров по числу туристов на 2014 год:
Rio de Janeiro [rɪəʊ diː ʤəˈnɪərəʊ] – Рио-де-Жанейро
Sarajevo [særəˈjeɪvəʊ] – Сараево
Liverpool [lɪvəˌpuːl] – Ливерпуль
Umea – Умео
Lviv [lviːf] – Львов
Marseille [mɑːˈseɪ] – Марсель
Almaty [ælˈmɑːti] – Алматы
Rotterdam [rɒtəˌdæm] – Роттердам
Glasgow [ˈglɑːzgəʊ] – Глазго
Portland [pɔːtlənd] – Портленд
Названия океанов, некоторых крупных морей и рек:
The Atlantic Ocean [ði ətˈlæntɪk ˈəʊʃən] – Атлантический океан
The Pacific Ocean [ðə pəˈsɪfɪk ˈəʊʃən] – Тихий океан
The Arctic Ocean [ði ˈɑːktɪk ˈəʊʃən] – Северный Ледовитый океан
The Indian Ocean [ði ˈɪndjən ˈəʊʃən] – Индийский океан
The Mediterranean Sea [ðə ˌmɛdɪtəˈreɪnjən siː] – Средиземное море
The Caribbean Sea [ðə ˌkærɪˈbiːən siː] – Карибское море
The Red Sea [ðə rɛd siː] – Красное море
The Caspian Sea [ðə ˈkæspɪən siː] – Каспийское море
The Baltic Sea [ðə ˈbɔːltɪk siː] – Балтийское море
The Barents Sea [ðə ˈbærənts siː] – Баренцево море
The Sea of Okhotsk [ðə siː ɒv əʊˈkɒtsk] – Охотское море
The Amazon River [ði ˈæməzən ˈrɪvə] – Амазонка
The Nile River [ðə naɪl ˈrɪvə] – Нил
The Mississippi River [ðə ˌmɪsəˈsɪpi ˈrɪvə] – Миссисипи
The Missouri River [ðə mɪˈzʊəri ˈrɪvə] – Миссури
The Thames River [ðə tɛmz ˈrɪvə] – Темза
143
Страны Европы и их столицы
Страна
Перевод
Транскрипция
Столица
Перевод
Транскрипция
Austria
Австрия
[ˈɒstrɪə]
Vienna
Вена
[viˈɛnə]
Belorussia
Белоруссия
[bɛləˈrʌʃə]
Minsk
Минск
[mɪnsk]
Belgium
Бельгия
[ˈbɛlʤəm]
Brussels
Брюссель
[ˈbrʌsəlz]
Bulgaria
Болгария
[bʌlˈgeərɪə]
Sofia
София
[ˈsəʊfɪə]
Hungary
Венгрия
[ˈhʌŋgəri]
Budapest
Будапешт
[ˈbuːdəpɛst]
Britain
Великобритания
[greɪt ˈbrɪtn]
London
Лондон
[ˈlʌndən]
Germany
Германия
[ˈʤɜːməni]
Berlin
Берлин
[bɜːˈlɪn]
Greece
Греция
[griːs]
Athens
Афины
[ˈæθɪnz]
Denmark
Дания
[ˈdɛnmɑːk]
Copenhagen
Копенгаген
[ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən]
Spain
Испания
[speɪn]
Madrid
Мадрид
[məˈdrɪd]
Italy
Италия
[ˈɪtəli]
Rome
Рим
[rəʊm]
Netherlands
Нидерланды
[ðə ˈnɛðələndz]
Oslo
Осло
[ˈɒzləʊ]
Poland
Польша
[ˈpəʊlənd]
Warsaw
Варшава
[ˈwɔːsɔː]
France
Франция
[ˈfrɑːns]
Paris
Париж
[ˈpærɪs]
Ukraine
Украина
[juːˈkreɪn]
Kiev
Киев
[ˈkiːɛf]
Switzerland
Швейцария
[ˈswɪtsələnd]
Bern(e)
Берн
[bɜːn]
Great
The
144
REFERENCES
1. Almazova, L.A. A bridge to spoken English. – M.: Высш. школа, 1980. – 224 с.
2. Берлина, И.К. Учебник английского языка для I курса естественных факультетов
университетов. - M.: Высш. школа, 1979. - 314 с.
3. Иванова, Э.А. English for pre-intermediate students. - Ижевск, Издательство
«Удмуртский университет», 2010. – 215с.
4. Кравченко, Н.В. Английский язык: устные темы для подготовки к экзамену.
– M.: Эксмо, 2007. - 464 с.
5. Carthy, M. English vocabulary in use advanced. - Cambridge University Press, 2006.-145 с.
6. Dignen, B. English for work and life. Cambridge University Press, 2007. – 264 с.
7. Jacob, M. English for international tourism. Pearson Education, 2007. – 165 с.
8. Jerome, J.K.Three Men in a Boat.- M.:Издательство «Менеджер», 2001. – 272 с.
9. Laird E. Welcome to Great Britain and the USA. Harlow: Longman, 1992 – 64 c.
10. Twain, M. The adventures of Tom Sawyer. – Moscow, 2008. – 463 с.
INTERNET RESOURCES
1. Academic dress. – Режим доступа: https://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/internal/dress
2. Answers Corporation. National Tom Sawyer Days. - Режим доступа:
http://www.
answers.com/topic/national-tom-sawyer-days-with-fence-painting-contest
3. English universities. - Режим доступа: http://citоweb.yspu.org/link1/metod/
met150/node 8.html
4. How to Address People in English. - Режим доступа: http://www.englishclub.
com/speaking/titles.htm
5. Oxford and Cambridge: the similarities and differences. – Режим доступа:http://www.ox.
ac.uk/ admissions/ undergraduate courses/ working_\with _schools _ and_ colleges
information_for teachers and_advisers/oxford_and_cambridge.html
6. Вильчинская, А. Что не стоит делать в Оксфорде/. - Режим доступа: http://landlord
league.co.uk/students/biblioteka-universitetov-iz-polozhenij-nepisanogo-oksford skogo/
7. Pycaнова, И.Ю. Правила оформления презентаций.
145
Учебное издание
Составители:
Вагинова Светлана Александровна
Гайнуллина Разиля Габбасовна
Черкасская Наталья Николаевна
English-speaking world / Англоязычный мир
Учебно-методическое пособие
Редакторы, корректоры: С.А. Вагинова, А.Е. Крылова.
Компьютерный набор С.А. Вагиновой
Авторская редакция
Отпечатано с оригинал-макета заказчика
Подписано в печать
. 2014. Формат 60х84 1/16.
Усл. печ. л. Уч.-изд.
Тираж 50 экз.. Заказ №.
Издательство «Удмуртский университет»
426034, Ижевск, ул. Университетская, 1, корп. 4, к.207
Тел./факс: +7 (3412) 500-295 E-mail: [email protected]
Типография ФГБОУ ВПО
«Удмуртский государственный университет»
426034, Ижевск, ул. Университетская, 1, корп. 2.
Тел. 68-57-18
146
147