Автореферат - Институт космических исследований РАН

01.03.04 –
2008 .
:
.-
.
(
)
:
.-
.
(
)
.-
.
(
)
:
.
.
29
2008
.
.
12:30
002.113.02
: 117997
.
,
, . 84/32,
.
20
.-
.
2008 .
.
,
.
.
8,6•10-7,
.
(CO2) – 96,5%
(N2) – 3,5%.
,
(CO),
(H2O),
(Ar),
(SO2),
(He)
,
0,1%.
90
.
– 20.
65-70
–
.
.
.
–
.
,
243
.
.
100
,
(
.,
,
.
, Gierasch et al., 1997).
.
65-70
1
.
100
1988).
(Newman et al., 1984; Limaye et al.,
,
4-4,5
,
(
)
117
.
.
«
».
,
Mariner-10 (Murray et al., 1974).
,
.
-
Pioneer-Venus
.
,
».
«
Pioneer-Venus
– 260 ,
,
,
70
80
.
.,
(Taylor et al., 1979 ).
(
)
«
-15»
(Zasova et al., 1995).
VIRTIS
Venus-Express
.
,
2
2,48 0,05
(Piccioni t al., 2007).
,
Pioneer-Venus,
2,79
3,21
(Schofield & Diner, 1983).
,
VIRTIS,
,
,
.
–
(Subsolar-Antisolar - SS-AS).
,
.
120
(Bougher et al., 1997, 2006).
,
.
1,27
(Connes et al., 1979; Meadow & Crisp, 1996; Mills & Allen, 2007).
,
.
2
,
«
».
100
(Bougher et al., 1994, 2006).
3
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
.
0
85
.
.
.
«
»
,
:
COSPAR,
(EGU),
4
(DPS AAS),
(Europlanet),
PFS, VMC
VIRTIS.
5
8
,
.
21
,
.
,
•
«
-15»,
65-70
.
,
:
–
,
;
–
(
)
;
–
.
•
VMC
Venus-Express:
–
,
;
–
,
.
5
•
»
100
:
–
,
»
;
–
».
,
,
«
-15».
15» (
,
–
–
,
,
)
.
(2000
.
)
,
.
,
,
20-
,
1-
6
4-
.
.
«
-15»
VIRTIS.
.
.
.
.
«
»,
,
.
«
» –
,
,
.
,
(
SS-AS)
SS-AS
:
,
,
SS-AS
,
,
.
7
,
«
,
».
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
.
1 –
«
» –
,
«
1.1
«
» (
8
)
-15».
-15».
,
.
(Moroz et al., 1986; Oertel
et al., 1987).
LS
(
)
.
.
1.2
,
.
–
,
(Leovy,
1973; Schubert, 1983; Gierasch, 1997),
,
,
.
:
2u
u
u–
(191,4
/(
R
tg ( )
T
(
), R –
), T –
(K),
(
–
(
),
–
),
ln
Pref -
(1.1)
,
p const
P
,
Pref
(1.2)
,
.
(1.1)
:
9
u n2
un2
u n2
1
un2
1
R
2tg ( )
R
2tg ( )
T
T
n 1
T
n
T
n 1
.
(1.3)
n
(1.3)
u0 )
).
58
,
Pref = 280
(
):
u0 ( )
200sch
75
10
(1.4)
75 cos ,
Counselman (1980).
1.3
.
,
(1.3)
.
1.4
.
.
1.5
,
.
:
10
u ( L)
98 , 44
5 ,78 cos( L 89 , 64 ) 9 ,36 cos( 2 L 88 , 65 )
0 ,19 cos( 3 L 32 ,99 ) 3,52 cos( 4 L 34 ,69 ).
(1.5)
:
-
.
,
1-
4-
.
. 1.
«x» -
:
, «+» –
,
20
10 .
(1.5),
.
11
,
-
20,
,
: 9 AM
9 PM (115
110
).
,
,
5-10
(
. 1).
.
,
7:30 AM,
.
«
»
.
(
).
,
,
,
»
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
1.6
,
., 2000).
«
»
. 2
,
.
,
,
12
.
:
,
.
1.7
,
1.
. 2.
(
(
),
70
90 .
13
)
2
–
«
» –
(365 10
),
VMC (Markiewicz et al., 2007).
2.1
VMC,
Venus-Express,
(365 10
–
).
,
,
65-70
(Tomasko et al., 1985).
2.2
,
.
. 3.
0030),
1
VMC
.
0461 (1(
.).
14
,
0025; 2,
,
.3
25
,
26
VMC
2007 .
( t),
( ,
)
( ,
)
,
uZ
uM
:
(
uZ
uM
R–
2
1
(
2
)( R h) cos( 1 )
,
t
(2.1)
)( R h)
,
t
(2.2)
1
,h–
.
2.3
: 0281
0462.
,
.
,
.
,
45-57
(
)
.
.
20
.
15
. 4.
VMC:
,
(
,
(
,
).
),
.
2.4
,
.
:
17 000
57
16
.
.
.
:
-
90
.
47
-105
.
50
. 4 );
5
,
3
50 (
.
. 4 );
0
,
-10
~ 50
,
(«-»
)
. 4 ).
.
,
~ 50
–
,
(Limaye et al., 2008; Moissl et al., 2008
2008 ).
2.5
.
,
,
:
35
.
17
55
.
.
:
,
16h30m,
,
8h30m
,
.,
,
.
2.6
,
2.
3 –«
»–
.
3.1
VIRTIS (Drossart et al., 2007).
–
VIRTIS-M,
Venus-Express.
,
.
.
– 1,74
– ~ 50
)
3,70
(
63
(
).
3.2
.
.
Venus-Express
VIRTIS
.
18
,
,
-2,48 0,05
45
. (Piccioni et al., 2007).
3.3
,
1,74
(
: 0352
–
50
).
0474.
0352
0474.
.
,
0474,
. 5.
. 5.
,
1,74
0474.
P( ).
19
3.4
,
3,7
(
– ~ 63
).
3.5
.
3.6
.
:
,
.
50
2,7
(
).
2,4
63
,
1,9
2,6
.
.
,
,
.
.
, 63
-
,
50
(1,74
,
.
20
(3,7
).
),
4 – «
“
”» –
,
100
.
«
».
4.1
,
(Subsolar-Antisolar – SS-AS).
,
1,27
(Connes et al., 1979; Meadow & Crisp, 1996; Mills
& Allen, 2007).
:
1,27
VIRTIS.
21
,
1000
.
2006-07-02
2007-04-07.
4.2
.
.
,
-100
+100
(
«-»
).
.
4.3
.
21
,
.
. 6.
,
.
.
.
.6
,
.
,
.
22
.
4.4
,
4:
»:
,
,
(
.
. 6).
-
«
»
,
95-100
.
,
«
».
.
,
.
,
.
,
,
«
»).
(
,
23
.
.
,
,
.
1
VMC;
2 VMC;
,
3 (VIRTIS, 1,27
).
.
1.
.,
.,
//
.
. 2000. .38.
.
1. .54-70.
2. Bougher S.W., Borucki W.J. Venus O2 visible and IR nightglow: implications
for lower thermosphere dynamics and chemistry // J. Geophys. Res. 1994.
V.99. P.3759–3776.
3. Bougher, S. W., Alexander M. J., Mayr H. G. Upper atmosphere dynamics:
Global circulation and gravity waves // . Venus II: Geology, Geophysics,
Atmospheres, and Solar Wind Environment /
. S. W. Bougher, D. M.
Hunten R. J. Philips. Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1997. P. 259-291.
4. Bougher S.W., S. Rafkin, P. Drossart. Dynamics of the Venus upper
atmosphere: Outstanding problems and new constraints expected from
Venus Express // Planet. Space Sci. 2006. V.54. P.1371-1380.
5. Connes P., Connes J. et al. O2 emission in the day & night airglow of Venus //
Astroph. J. 1979. V.233. L29-L32.
6. Counselman C.C., Gourevitch S.A., King R.W., Loriot G.B., Grinsberg E.S.;
Zonal and meridional circulation of the lower atmosphere of Venus determined
by radio interferometry // J. Geophys. Res. 1980. V.85. P.8026-8030.
24
7. Drossart P., Piccioni G. et al. Scientific goals for the observation of Venus by
VIRTIS on ESA/Venus express mission // Planet. Space Sci. 2007. V.55.
P.1653-1672.
8. Gierasch P.J., Goody R.M. et al. The general circulation of the Venus
atmosphere: an assesment // . Venus II: Geology, Geophysics,
Atmospheres, and Solar Wind Environment /
. S. W. Bougher, D. M.
Hunten R. J. Philips) Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1997. P.459-500.
9. Leovy C.W.; Rotation of the upper atmosphere of Venus; J. Atmosph. Sci.
1973. V.30. P.1218-1220.
10.Limaye S.S., Grassotti C., Kuetemeyer M.J. Venus: Cloud level circulation
during 1982 as determined from Pioneer Cloud Photopolarimeter images //
Icarus. 1988. V.73. P.193-211.
11.Limaye S., Khatuntsev I. et al. Cloud Level Circulation on Venus from Venus
Monitoring Camera on Venus Express // 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly.
Held 13-20 July 2008, Montréal, Canada. 2008. P.1780.
12.Markiewicz W. J., Titov D. V. et al. Venus Monitoring Camera for Venus
Express // Planet. Space Sci. 2007. V.55(12). P.1701-1711.
doi:10.1016/j.pss.2007.01.004.
13.Meadows V.S., Crisp D. Ground-based near infrared observations of the
Venus nightside: The thermal structure and water abundance near the
surface // J. Geophys. Res. 1996. V.101. P.4595–4622.
14.Mills F.P, Allen M. A review of selected issues concerning the chemistry in
Venus middle atmosphere // Planet. Space Sci. 2007. V.55. P.1729-1740.
15.Moissl R., Limaye S. S. et al. Results on Atmospheric Dynamics at the Venus
Cloud Tops from Digital and Manual Wind Tracking in VMC Images //
American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #40, #40.07,
2008DPS....40.4007M, 2008 .
16.Moissl R., I. Khatuntsev, S.S.Limaye et al. Cloud top winds from tracking UV
features in VMC Images // J. Geophys. Res. 2008 . V.113.
doi:10.1029/2008JE003117.
17.Moroz V.I., Spankuch D. et al. Venus spacecraft infrared radiance spectra.
Some aspects of their interpretation // Applied Optics. 1986. V.25, 10.
18.Murray B. C., Belton J. S. et al. Venus: Atmospheric motion and structure
from Mariner 10 pictures //Science. 1974. V.183. P.1307-1315.
25
19.Newman M., Schubert G. et al. Zonal winds in the middle atmosphere of
Venus from Pioneer Venus radio occultation data // J. Atmosph. Sci. 1984.
V.41. P.1901-1913.
20.Oertel D., Moroz V.I. et al. Infrared spectrometry from Venera-15 and
Venera-16 // Adv. Space Res. 1987. V.5. 9. P.25.
21.Piccioni G., Drossart P. et al. South-polar features on Venus similar to those
near the north pole // Nature. 2007. V.450. P.637-640.
22.Schofield J. T., Diner D. J. Rotation of Venus's polar dipole // Nature. 1983.
V.305. P.116-119.
23.Schubert G. General circulation and dynamical state of the Venus
atmosphere // . Venus (Hunter D.M., Colin L., Donahue T.M., and Moroz
V.I. Eds.), Univ. of Arizona Press, Tucson. 1983. P.681-765.
24.Taylor F.W., McCleese, D. J., Diner, D. J. Polar clearing in the Venus clouds
observed from the Pioneer Orbiter // Nature. 1979 . V.279. P.613-614.
25.Taylor F. W., Diner D. J. et al. Temperature, cloud structure, and dynamics of
Venus middle atmosphere by infrared remote sensing from Pioneer Orbiter //
Science. 1979 . V.205. P.65-67.
26.Taylor H.A.Jr., Brinton H.C. et al. Global observations of the composition and
dynamics of the ionosphere of Venus: Implications for the solar wind
interaction // J. Geophys. Res. 1980. V.85. P.7765-7777.
27.Tomasko M.G., Doose L. R., Smith P. H. The absorption of solar energy and
the heating rate in the atmosphere of Venus // Adv. Space Res. 1985. V.5(9).
P.71-79.
28.Zasova L.V. The structure of the Venusian atmosphere at high latitudes //
Adv. Space Res. 1995. V.16. P89-98.
1.
.,
.,
//
2.
.,
4.
3.
-15
.365-380.
.
.
. 2000. .38.
.,
.
.,
–
//
1. .54-70.
.,
.
:
. 2006. .44.
.
,
26
«
-15» //
.
.
2000. .38. .4.
4. Grassi D., Migliorini A., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Ignatiev N., Khatuntsev I.,
Piccialli A. Temperature fields in the Venus mesosphere: possible evidence
of seasonal trends // 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 13-20 July
2008, in Montréal, Canada. 2008. P.1070.
5. Khatountsev I. V., Zasova L. V. Wind on Venus: a new interpretation of
Venera-15 data. Planetary systems: the long view // 9th Rencontres de Blois:
held June 22-28, 1997, at CHâteau de Blois, France. ISBN: 2-86332-237-0.
Ed. by L. M. Celnikier, and J. Trân Thanh Van. Published by Editions
Frontières. 1998. P.275.
6. Limaye S., Khatuntsev I., Markiewicz W., Titov D., Moissl R. Cloud Level
Circulation on Venus from Venus Monitoring Camera on Venus Express //
37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 13-20 July 2008, Montréal, Canada.
2008. P.1780.
7. Markiewicz W., Titov D., Limaye S., Moissl R., Ignatiev N., Basilevsky A.,
Shalygin E., Kreslavsky M., Khatuntsev I., Keller H., Jaumann R.,
Thomas N., Michalik H. Morphology and dynamics of the Venus upper cloud
layer // 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 13-20 July 2008, in
Montréal, Canada. 2008. P.1918.
8. Moissl R., Limaye S. S., Khatuntsev I.V., Markiewicz W. J., Titov D. V.
Results on Atmospheric Dynamics at the Venus Cloud Tops from Digital And
Manual Wind Tracking in VMC Images // American Astronomical Society.
2008. DPS meeting #40, #40.07, 2008DPS....40.4007M.
9. Moissl R., I. Khatuntsev, S.S.Limaye et al. Cloud top winds from tracking UV
features in VMC Images // J. Geophys. Res. 2008. V.113.
doi:10.1029/2008JE003117.
10.Hueso R., Sanchez-Lavega A., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Gerard J.C.,
Khatuntsev I., Zasova L. and Migliorini A. Morphology and Dynamics of
Venus Oxygen Airglow from Venus Express/VIRTIS observations //
J. Geophys. Res. 2008. V.113. E00B02, doi:10.1029/2008JE003081.
11.Piccialli A., Titov D., Grassi D., Khatunsev I., Drossart P., Piccioni G. and
Migliorini A. Cyclostrophic winds from the Visible and Infrared Thermal
Imaging Spectrometer temperature sounding: A preliminary analysis //
J. Geophys. Res. 2008. V.113. E00B11, doi:10.1029/2008JE003127.
12.Piccialli A., Titov D., Grassi D., Khatuntsev I., Drossart P., Piccioni G.,
Migliorini A. Retrieval of the cyclostrophic wind in the Venus mesosphere
from the VIRTIS/Venus Express temperature sounding // 37th COSPAR
Scientific Assembly. Held 13-20 July 2008, Montréal, Canada. 2008. P.2429.
27
13.Politi R., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Cardesín M., Khatuntsev I. Study of the
Venus Southern polar vortex as seen by VIRTIS on Venus Express // 37th
COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 13-20 July 2008, Montréal, Canada.
2008. P.2473.
14.Zasova L.V. and Khatountsev I.V. Thermal zonal wind in the Venus middle
atmosphere according to Venera 15 IR-spectrometry // Adv. Space Res.
1997. 19. N8. P.1181–1190.
15.Zasova L. V., Moroz V. I., Ignatiev N. I., Khatountsev I. V. Structure of the
Mesosphere of Venus from the reanalized Venera 15 IR-spectrometry data.
American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #30, #48.02 // Bulletin of the
American Astronomical Society. 1998. V.30. P.1105.
16.Zasova L. V., Khatountsev I. V., Moroz V. I., Ignatiev N. I. Structure of the
Venus middle atmosphere: Venera 15 fourier spectrometry data revisited //
Adv. Sp. Res. 1999. V.23, Issue 9. P.1559-1568.
17.Zasova L. V., Khatountsev I. V. et al. Investigation of the middle atmosphere
of Venus as a key to understand its dynamics. American Astronomical
Society, DPS Meeting #33, #10.08 // Bulletin of the American Astronomical
Society. 2001. V.33. P.1038.
18.Zasova L.V., Khatountsev I. V., Ignatiev N. I., Moroz V. I. Local time
variations of the middle atmosphere of Venus: Solar-related structures // Adv.
Sp. Res. 2002. V.29(2), P.243-248.
19.Zasova L., Formisano V., Moroz V., Ignatiev N., Khatountsev I. Structure of
the middle atmosphere of Venus and future observation with PFS on Venus
Express // 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 18 - 25 July 2004, Paris,
France. 2004. P.3518
20.Zasova L., Ignatiev N., Khatuntsev I., Linkin V. Structure of the Venus
atmosphere // Planet. Space Sci. 2007. V.55(12). P.1712-1728.
21.Zasova L., Migliorini A., Piccioni G., Drossart P., Khatuntsev I., Shakun A.,
Ignatiev N. Night airglows in Venus atmosphere from VIRTIS-M Venus
Express data // 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. Held 13-20 July 2008,
Montréal, Canada. 2008. P.3593.
055(02)2
117997,
,
84/32
11.11.08
2160
70 108 1/32
28
100 1,2
.-
.- .