ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ

ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ
Ïðåäèñëîâèå ................................................................................................ 3
Óêàçàíèÿ ê âûïîëíåíèþ ëàáîðàòîðíûõ è ñåìèíàðñêèõ çàíÿòèé ...... 4
ÒÈÏ ÕÎÐÄÎÂÛÅ (CHORDATA)
ÏÎÄÒÈÏ ÁÅÑ×ÅÐÅÏÍÛÅ (ACRANIA) ................................................. 6
Êëàññ Ãîëîâîõîðäîâûå (Cephalochordata) ............................................ 6
Çàíÿòèå 1. Âíåøíåå è âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå ëàíöåòíèêà .............. 6
ÏÎÄÒÈÏ ÏÎÇÂÎÍÎ×ÍÛÅ, ÈËÈ ×ÅÐÅÏÍÛÅ
(VERTEBRATA, ÈËÈ CRANIATA) .......................................................... 15
Íàäêëàññ Áåñ÷åëþñòíûå (Agnatha) ........................................................... 15
Êëàññ Êðóãëîðîòûå (Cyclostomata) ...................................................... 15
Çàíÿòèå 2. Âíåøíåå è âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå ìèíîãè .................... 15
Ñåìèíàðñêîå çàíÿòèå 1. Ñèñòåìàòèêà, îñîáåííîñòè
îðãàíèçàöèè, ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ êðóãëîðîòûõ ....... 26
Íàäêëàññ Ðûáû (Pisces) ............................................................................. 28
Êëàññ Õðÿùåâûå ðûáû (Chondrichthyes) ............................................. 28
Çàíÿòèå 3. Âíåøíåå è âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå àêóëû ...................... 28
Çàíÿòèå 4. Ñêåëåò àêóëû .................................................................. 40
Çàíÿòèå 5. Ñèñòåìàòèêà õðÿùåâûõ ðûá .......................................... 45
Ñåìèíàðñêîå çàíÿòèå 2. Îñîáåííîñòè îðãàíèçàöèè,
ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ õðÿùåâûõ ðûá ............................. 50
Êëàññ Êîñòíûå ðûáû (Osteichthyes) .................................................... 52
Çàíÿòèå 6. Ìíîãîîáðàçèå êîñòíûõ ðûá â ñâÿçè ñ óñëîâèÿìè
ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ. Âíåøíåå è âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå êîñòèñòûõ
ðûá íà ïðèìåðå ðå÷íîãî îêóíÿ ................................................. 52
Çàíÿòèå 7. Ñêåëåò êîñòíûõ ðûá ....................................................... 67
Çàíÿòèå 8. Ñèñòåìàòèêà êîñòíûõ ðûá ............................................. 74
Ñåìèíàðñêîå çàíÿòèå 3. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå õîðäîâûõ
è ýâîëþöèÿ íèçøèõ ÷åðåïíûõ ................................................. 74
Íàäêëàññ Íàçåìíûå ïîçâîíî÷íûå, èëè ×åòâåðîíîãèå (Tetrapoda) .......... 81
Êëàññ Çåìíîâîäíûå (Amphibia) ............................................................ 81
Çàíÿòèå 9. Ìíîãîîáðàçèå àìôèáèé â ñâÿçè ñ óñëîâèÿìè
æèçíè. Âíåøíåå ñòðîåíèå àìôèáèé íà ïðèìåðå ëÿãóøêè
ðîäà Rana ..................................................................................... 81
Çàíÿòèå 10. Âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå çåìíîâîäíûõ íà ïðèìåðå
ëÿãóøêè ðîäà Rana ..................................................................... 90
Çàíÿòèå 11. Ñòðîåíèå ñêåëåòà çåìíîâîäíûõ íà ïðèìåðå
ëÿãóøêè ðîäà Rana ................................................................... 102
271
Çàíÿòèå 12. Ñèñòåìàòèêà çåìíîâîäíûõ ........................................ 110
Ñåìèíàðñêîå çàíÿòèå 4. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ
çåìíîâîäíûõ ............................................................................. 110
Êëàññ Ïðåñìûêàþùèåñÿ (Reptilia) .................................................... 117
Çàíÿòèå 13. Ìíîãîîáðàçèå ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ â ñâÿçè
ñ óñëîâèÿìè æèçíè .................................................................. 117
Çàíÿòèå 14. Âíåøíåå è âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå
ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ íà ïðèìåðå ÿùåðèöû ................................ 128
Çàíÿòèå 15. Ñêåëåò ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ .......................................... 143
Çàíÿòèå 16. Ñèñòåìàòèêà ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ ................................ 151
Ñåìèíàðñêîå çàíÿòèå 5. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ
ïðåñìûêàþùèõñÿ ...................................................................... 156
Êëàññ Ïòèöû (Aves) ............................................................................ 163
Çàíÿòèå 17. Ìíîãîîáðàçèå ïòèö â ñâÿçè ñ óñëîâèÿìè æèçíè.
Íàðóæíûå ïîêðîâû ïòèö ......................................................... 163
Çàíÿòèå 18. Âíåøíåå è âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå ïòèö
íà ïðèìåðå ãîëóáÿ .................................................................... 175
Çàíÿòèå 19. Ñêåëåò ïòèö ................................................................ 193
Çàíÿòèå 20. Ñòðîåíèå ÿéöà ............................................................ 203
Çàíÿòèå 21. Ñèñòåìàòèêà ïòèö ...................................................... 207
Ñåìèíàðñêîå çàíÿòèå 6. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ ïòèö ...... 216
Êëàññ Ìëåêîïèòàþùèå (Mammalia), èëè Çâåðè (Theria) ................ 220
Çàíÿòèå 22. Ìíîãîîáðàçèå ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ â ñâÿçè
ñ óñëîâèÿìè æèçíè. Íàðóæíûå ïîêðîâû ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ .... 220
Çàíÿòèå 23. Âíåøíåå è âíóòðåííåå ñòðîåíèå ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ
íà ïðèìåðå êðûñû .................................................................... 237
Çàíÿòèå 24. Ñêåëåò ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ............................................. 249
Çàíÿòèå 25. Ñèñòåìàòèêà ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ .................................. 259
Ñåìèíàðñêîå çàíÿòèå 7. Ïðîèñõîæäåíèå è ýâîëþöèÿ
ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ ........................................................................ 259
Ñïèñîê ëèòåðàòóðû ................................................................................... 270