Raptor Conservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ
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Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 25 RaptorConservation ОХРАНА ПЕРНАТЫХ ХИЩНИКОВ ResultsoftheUralOwlandTawnyOwlAttractingintoNestboxes intheSamaraDistrict,Russia РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ПРИВЛЕЧЕНИЯ НЕЯСЫТЕЙ В ИСКУССТВЕННЫЕ ГНЁЗДА В САМАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ, РОССИЯ KaryakinI.V.(CenterofFieldStudies,N.Novgorod,Russia) LevashkinA.P.(StatePedagogicalUniversity,RussianBirdConservationUnion, N.NovgorodBranch,Russia) PazhenkovA.S.,KorzhevD.A.(Volga-UralECONETAssistanceCenter,Samara,Russia) Карякин И.В. (Центр полевых исследований, Н. Новгород, Россия) Левашкин А.П. (Нижегородский педагогический университет, Нижегородское отделение Союза охраны птиц России, Н. Новгород, Россия) Паженков А.С., Коржев Д.А. (Центр содействия Волго-Уральской экологической сети, Самара, Россия) Êîíòàêò: Èãîðü Êàðÿêèí Öåíòð ïîëåâûõ èññëåäîâàíèé 603000 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Êîðîëåíêî, 17a–17 òåë.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] Àëåêñåé Ëåâàøêèí Íèæåãîðîäñêîå îòäåëåíèå ÑÎÏÐ 603009 Ðîññèÿ Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä óë. Áîí÷-Áðóåâè÷à, 1–56 òåë.: +7 831 464 30 96 ìîá.: +7 952 781 71 98 [email protected] Àëåêñåé Ïàæåíêîâ Öåíòð ñîäåéñòâèÿ «Âîëãî-Óðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» Ðîññèÿ 443045 Ñàìàðà, à/ÿ 8001 [email protected] Àáñòðàêò  ñòàòüå îáîáùåíû ðåçóëüòàòû ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé (Strix uralensis) è ñåðîé (S. aluco) íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè.  2007–2008 ãã. áûëî óñòàíîâëåíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà íà ÷åòûð¸õ ïëîùàäêàõ.  2009 ã. ðàçëè÷íûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ çàíèìàëîñü 56,76% ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî çàíèìàëà äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (41,89%). Èç çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (n=31) óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ê ìîìåíòó îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðîâåðêè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 67,74% ÿùèêîâ. Ðàçìåð êëàäêè ñîñòàâèë 1–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 2,4±1,26 ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà ñîñòàâèë 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó óñòàíîâëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè íà ðàçíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 0,1 äî 3,07 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=62) 1,11±0,62 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ÿùèêàìè, çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè â 2009 ã., âàðüèðóåò îò 0,55 äî 3,19 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,5±0,65 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ â 2008 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 0,53–4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,42±0,89 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2009 ã., ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòàíîâêå ÿùèêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 0,55–3,44 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 1,44±0,67 êì. Ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ðàçâåøèâàíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé ðàçíûå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îòðåàãèðîâàëè íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå: (n=34) 41,18% ïàð ñìåíèëè ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà èñêóññòâåííûå, 20,59% – ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ óñòàíîâëåííûìè ÿùèêàìè â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ (ïðè ýòîì 8,82% ïàð ïîñåùàëè óñòàíîâëåííûå ÿùèêè, ëèáî çàíèìàëè èõ äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, à 11,76% ïàð èãíîðèðîâàëè ÿùèêè). Ñåðóþ íåÿñûòü óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøü íà îäíîé ïëîùàäêå – åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà îêàçàëñÿ çàíÿòûì ýòèìè ñîâàìè íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî. Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ñîâû, ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü, äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, Strix uralensis, Strix aluco, áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, ãíåçäîâàÿ áèîëîãèÿ. Abstract The article summarizes results of actions on attraction of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) and the Tawny Owl (S. aluco) into nestboxes in the Samara District in 2007–2009. A total of 74 nestboxes in 4 study plots were installed in 2007–2008. Different species of birds and animals occupied 56.76% of nestboxes in 2009, the most of the m was occupied by the Ural Owl (41.89%). Successful breeding at the end of nestbox inspection was registered in 67.74% of boxes (n=31) occupied by the Ural Owl. The average clutch size was 2.4±1.26 eggs (n=10; range 1–4 eggs). The average brood size was 2.71±1.44 chicks (n=14; range 1–6 chicks). The distance between the installed nestboxes in different plots varied from 0.1 to 3.07 km (n=62), 1.11±0.62 km at average. The distance between the boxes occupied by the Ural Owl in 2009 ranged from 0.55 to 3.19 km (n=23), 1.5±0.65 km at average. The average distance between the nearest neighbors for the Ural Owl in the plots in 2008 was 1.42±0.89 km (n=23; range 0.53–4.67 km). After carrying out of actions on attraction of the Ural Owl into nestboxes in 2009 this distance became 1.44±0.67 km (n=28; range 0.55–3.44 km). After actions on the nestbox installing on breeding territories of the Ural Owl different pairs have differently reacted: (n=34) 41.18% of pairs have leaved the natural nests for boxes, 20.59% have not used boxes for the breeding preferring their own nests (thus 8.82% of pairs visited the installed boxes or occupied them before the beginning of a laying, and 11.76% of pairs ignored boxes). Tawny Owl was noted only on one plot. The single nestbox for the Tawny Owl with big size has occupied by owls for 2-nd year after installation, however successful breeding is not noted. Keywords: Owls, Tawny Owl, Ural Owl, Strix uralensis, Strix aluco, nestboxes, breeding biology. 26 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Contact: Igor Karyakin Center of Field Studies Korolenko str., 17a–17 Nizhniy Novgorod 603000 Russia tel.: +7 831 433 38 47 [email protected] Alexey Levashkin The N.Novgorod Branch of the Russian Bird Conservation Union Bonch-Bruevich str., 1–56 N.Novgorod 603009 Russia tel.: +7 831 464 30 96 mob.: +7 952 781 71 98 [email protected] Aleksey Pazhenkov The Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Centre P.O. Box 8001 Samara Russia 443045 [email protected] Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis). Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Ural Owl (Strix uralensis). Photo by A. Levashkin. Ââåäåíèå  2005 ã. Öåíòðîì ñîäåéñòâèÿ «ÂîëãîÓðàëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñåòè» (ÖÑ «ÂÓÝÑ», ã. Ñàìàðà) è Ýêîöåíòðîì «Äðîíò» (ã. Í. Íîâãîðîä) ïî çàäàíèþ Ìèíèñòåðñòâà ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (äîãîâîð ¹1/109 îò 30.11.2005 ã.) ðàçðàáîòàíà Ïðîãðàììà «Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà 2005–2010 ãã.», â êîòîðîé ïðåäóñìîòðåíû îáøèðíûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ.  2007 ã. ðàáîòà ïî äàííîé ïðîãðàììå íà÷àëà ðåàëèçîâûâàòüñÿ (Ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé êîíòðàêò ¹32 îò 10.07.2007 ã. ìåæäó Ìèíèñòåðñòâîì ïðèðîäíûõ ðåñóðñîâ è îõðàíû îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè è Ôîíäîì ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ðåàáèëèòàöèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè).  ðàìêàõ ðåàëèçàöèè ïðîãðàììû áûë âûáðàí ðÿä êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ, äëÿ óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè, êîòîðûõ ðåàëèçîâàíû îïðåäåë¸ííûå áèîòåõíè÷åñêèå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ, â ÷àñòíîñòè ïðîâåäåíà öåëåâàÿ ðàáîòà ïî óâåëè÷åíèþ âèäîñïåöèôè÷åñêîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà (Ïàæåíêîâ, Êàðÿêèí, 2007).  êà÷åñòâå êëþ÷åâûõ âèäîâ áûëè âûáðàíû ñåðàÿ (Strix aluco) è äëèííîõâîñòàÿ (Strix uralensis) íåÿñûòè. Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü, íåñìîòðÿ íà ñâîþ îáû÷íîñòü è áëàãîïîëó÷íûé ñòàòóñ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, èñïûòûâàåò îïðåäåë¸ííûé ëèìèò ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ äåðåâüåâ, òàê êàê íà áîëüøåé òåððèòîðèè îáëàñòè ïðåäïî÷èòàåò ãíåçäèòüñÿ â äóïëàõ. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò îïûò ìíîãèõ ïðîåêòîâ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Introduction In 2005 the Volga-Ural ECONET Assistance Center (Samara) and the Ecological Center “Dront” (N. Novgorod) under the order of the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of the Samara district developed the Program “Recovering of Raptors Number in the Territory of the Samara District for 2005–2010”. Within the Program several key species for increase the potential nest sites (Pazhenkov, Karyakin, 2007) has been chosen. The Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) and the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) have recognized as such key species. Methods Goals 1. Develop a technique of attraction of the Ural Owl and the Tawny Owl into nestboxes in the territory of the Samara district. 2. Define optimum distribution of nestboxes in forest-steppe and steppe zones of the Samara district. 3. Find out how such actions increase the number of species in a zone of their realization. Nestbox Designs For the Ural Owl nestboxes of two different sizes (fig. 1) were made: 1. Small nestbox (all sizes in sm): height – 70, entrance (hereinafter height and width of entrance) – 35õ30, bottom – 30õ30. 2. Large nestbox: height – 70, entrance – 30õ40, bottom – 40õ40. For the Tawny Owl nestboxes of two different size were made: 3. Small nestbox: height – 35, entrance – 10õ30, bottom – 30õ25. 4. Large nestbox: height – 40, entrance – 15õ25, a bottom – 25õ25. In total of 74 nestboxes were installed in plots : 56 – for the Ural Owl (small boxes 13, large boxes – 43) and 18 – for the Tawny Owl (small boxes – 8, large boxes – 10). Boxes were installed on trees near to the edge of forest in the middle or bottom part of a tree at height 4–11 m. Plots For goal achievements in Stavropol, Krasnoyarsk, Kinel, Samara and Krasnoarmeysk regions 4 plots were chosen in 4 typical complexes of forest-steppe and the north of a steppe zone of the Samara district (fig. 2). The first 3 plots were chosen for attraction of the Ural Owl, 4th – for attraction of the Tawny Owl. Before the nestbox installing we carried out registrations of owls on autumn displaymating vocalizations in plots in September, Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ãí¸çäà, ñîâû îõîòíî çàíèìàþò àíàëîãè äóïåë – ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ðàçëè÷íûõ êîíñòðóêöèé, ÷òî ïîçâîëÿåò èì îñâàèâàòü òå òåððèòîðèè, ãäå ðàíåå ïî êàêèì-ëèáî ïðè÷èíàì îíè íå ãíåçäèëèñü (Ëåâàøêèí, 2006; 2008; Àíäðååíêîâ è äð., 2008). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü èãðàåò «ñàíèòàðíóþ» ðîëü â åñòåñòâåííûõ î÷àãàõ ãåìîððàãè÷åñêîé ëèõîðàäêè, óíè÷òîæàÿ ìàññîâûå âèäû ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ÷òî äåëàåò êðàéíå àêòóàëüíîé ðàáîòó ïî å¸ ïðèâëå÷åíèþ â ðÿäå ðàéîíîâ. Ýòî â îñíîâíîì è ÿâèëîñü ïðè÷èíîé å¸ âûáîðà äëÿ ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü – êëàññè÷åñêèé äóïëîãí¸çäíèê, è â ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ èñïûòûâàåò ÿâñòâåííóþ òåíäåíöèþ ê ñîêðàùåíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè íå òîëüêî â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè (Êàðÿêèí, Ïàæåíêîâ, 2008), íî è âî âñ¸ì Ïîâîëæüå (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008), ïîýòîìó óâåëè÷åíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè å¸ ãíåçäîâîé ïîïóëÿöèè – ïðèîðèòåòíàÿ ïðèðîäîîõðàííàÿ çàäà÷à. Âåñüìà âåðîÿòíî, ÷òî â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ñîêðàùåíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ëåæàò ïðÿìûå êîíêóðåíòíûå îòíîøåíèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, â òîì ÷èñëå è êîíêóðåíöèÿ çà äóïëà. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó çàäà÷à ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ìîæåò ðåøàòüñÿ ñîçäàíèåì ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, êîòîðûé íå áóäåò èñïîëüçîâàí äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ â ñèëó êîíñòðóêòèâíûõ îñîáåííîñòåé èëè áèîòîïè÷åñêîé íåïðèâëåêàòåëüíîñòè. Ìåòîäèêà Öåëè è çàäà÷è 1. Îòðàáîòàòü ìåòîäèêó ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé è ñåðîé íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. 2. Îïðåäåëèòü îïòèìàëüíûå ñõåìû ðàçìåùåíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé â ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñòåïíîé çîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. 3. Âûÿñíèòü, íàñêîëüêî ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü âèäà â çîíå èõ ðåàëèçàöèè. Êîíñòðóêöèè Äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè äâóõ ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ (ðèñ. 1): 1. ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà (çäåñü è äàëåå â ñì): âûñîòà – 70, ëåòîê (çäåñü è äàëåå âûñîòà è øèðèíà ëåòêà) – 35õ30, äíî – 30õ30. 2. ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 70, ëåòîê – 30õ40, äíî – 40õ40. Äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè áûëè èçãîòîâëåíû ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè äâóõ ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ: 3. ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 35, ëåòîê – 10õ30, äíî – 30õ25. 27 2008. Thus we revealed distribution of breeding pairs occupied natural nests. After that we developed the scheme of installation of nestboxes to cover all habitats suitable for owls uniformly. We included in the scheme as real breeding territories of owls where successful breeding was registered in 2008, as potential habitats where owls had not been revealed. Plot 1. – A large forest with linden dominating and artificial forest fragments at the age of to 50 years, the area 5.88 êì2, stretched by a strip from 200 up to 1500 m on the side of the Suskan gulf of the Kuybyshevskiy water reservoir. The forest is surrounded by agriculture lands and isolated from large forests on 20–30 km. A high degree of human disturbance is noted. Monitoring that territory since 1999 we did not noted Ural Owls before the beginning of nestbox installing. We installed 4 nestboxes for the Ural Owl of the big size in 2008. The average distance between nestboxes was 1.76±0.29 km (n=3; range 1.51–2.07 km). All nested boxes were installed near the forest border on distance of 40–120 m from a field, mainly on oaks (table 1, fig. 3). Plot 2. – A large forest consisting of 4 large clusters with a total area of 149.36 êì2 alternates with pastures and fields. Pine in the age of 80 years dominates, it is rather cross-country with deep ravines. The level of human disturbance is low. Following data of records in 2008 the density of the Ural Owl was 0.47 pairs/1 km2 of forest. In total of 19 breeding territories (9 broods, 3 vocalizing pairs and 7 males uttered mating calls) were recorded in 4 forest clusters of the plot. The average distance between nearest neighbors was 1.45±1.03 km (n=15; range 0.53–4.67 km). We installed 7 nestboxes of small size for the Ural Owl in 2007. The average distance between nestboxes was 0.68±0.20 km (n=6; range 0.45–1.03 km). All nested boxes were installed on the border of a forest on the distance of 110–340 m from a pasture, on oaks and pines. In 2008 we installed 26 nestboxes of big size for the Ural Owl. The average distance between nestboxes was 1.51±0.66 km (n=23; range 0.94–3.07 km). 18 nested boxes were installed on the border of forest on the distance of 20–280 m from fields and pastures and 8 boxes – inside forest on near the small open plots, mainly on pines and oaks (table 1, fig. 3). Plot 3. – Very fragmented forest with the 28 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Ðèñ. 1. Êîíñòðóêöèè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (Strix uralensis) – 1, 2 è ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix aluco) – 3, 4. Fig. 1. Different nestboxes for the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) – 1, 2 and the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) – 3, 4. 4. ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà: âûñîòà – 40, ëåòîê – 15õ25, äíî – 25õ25. Âñåãî íà ïëîùàäêàõ óñòàíîâëåíî 74 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà: 56 – äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 13, ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 43) è 18 – äëÿ ñåðîé (ÿùèêè ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 8, ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 10). ßùèêè óñòàíàâëèâàëèñü íà äåðåâüÿ íåäàëåêî îò îïóøêè è êðåïèëèñü íà óðîâíå íèæíåé èëè ñðåäíåé ÷àñòè êðîíû íà âûñîòå îò 4 äî 11 ì ñ ïîìîùüþ êðåï¸æíûõ ëåíò è ãâîçäåé. Ïëîùàäêè Äëÿ äîñòèæåíèÿ ïîñòàâëåííûõ öåëåé â Ñòàâðîïîëüñêîì, Êðàñíîÿðñêîì, Êèíåëüñêîì, Ñàìàðñêîì è Êðàñíîàðìåéñêîì ðàéîíàõ âûáðàíû 4 ïëîùàäêè, ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå 4-ì òèïè÷íûì êîìïëåêñàì ëåñîñòåïíîé è ñåâåðà ñòåïíîé çîíû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè: øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ íà ïîáåðåæüå Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà (ïë. 1), õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Ìóñîðêà, Òàøëà, Íîâ. Áóÿí (ïë. 2), øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Àëàêàåâêà, Áóçàåâêà (ïë. 3) è áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà è ëåñîïîëîñû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Äóáîâûé Óìåò, Êàëèíêà (ïë. 4) (ðèñ. 2). Ïåðâûå 3 ïëîùàäêè áûëè âûáðàíû äëÿ Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ linden domination consisting of three clusters with a total area of 39.93 êì2, is locates on watersheds of small rivers on the right side of the Kinel river. The forest is surrounded mainly by fields. The level of human disturbance is low. According to counts of 2008 the density of the Ural Owl was 0.49 pairs/1 km2 of forest. In total 10 breeding territories (3 broods, 4 vocalizing pairs and 3 males uttered mating calls) were noted in 3 forest clusters of the plot. The average distance between nearest neighbors was 1.38±0.61 km (n=8; range 0.9–2.52 km). We installed 19 nestboxes (13 of big size, 6 of small size) for the Ural Owl in 2008. The distance between nestboxes varied from 0.55 to 1.85 km, averaging (n=16) 1.13±0.28 km. All nested boxes were installed on the border of forests on the distance of 10–80 m from fields and pastures, on oaks and maples (table 1, fig. 3). Plot 4. – Three forests located in ravines, connected with 500 m artificial forest-lines, has a total area of 12.08 êì2, and is surrounded by fields. It is the watershed of Chapaevka and Volga rivers. The level of human disturbance is low. Ural Owls earlier was not registered. We supposed the Tawny Owl breeding in the those forests because the species was registered in similar habitats in adjoining territories. In 2007 18 nested boxes for the Tawny Owl (10 of big size, 8 of small size) were installed. The average distance between nested boxes was 0.47±0.26 km, (n=14; range 1–0.92 km). All nested boxes were installed on the border of small ravine forests and forest-lines on the distance of 30– 90 m from fields and pastures, mainly on maples (tab. 1, fig. 3). Inspection of the installed nestboxes was carried out on 9–10 May, 2008 and on 30 April – 1 May, on 6–10 May, 2009. Nested boxes in the plot 3 were checked up twice during a season of 2009 with a difference in 10 days. Results Summarizing results of nestbox occupancy in study plots in 2009 different animals and birds occupied 56.76% of nestboxes (n=74), and a key species of the project – the Ural Owl dominated (41.89%) (table 2). Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) Actions for the Ural Owl attracting in to nestboxes were very successful. Follow results were obtained in 2009. A pair was recorded successfully breeding in a nestbox in the plot 1 where the species was noted Raptor Conservation Ðèñ. 2. Ïëîùàäêè. Fig. 2. Study plots. Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, 4-ÿ – äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè. Ïåðåä óñòàíîâêîé ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ â ñåíòÿáðå 2008 ã. ïî îñåííåìó òîêîâàíèþ áûë ïðîâåä¸í ó÷¸ò ñîâ, âûÿâëåíà ñõåìà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïàð, ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Ñîñòàâëåíà ñõåìà óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ òàêèì îáðàçîì, ÷òîáû ðàâíîìåðíî ïîêðûòü ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå äëÿ íåÿñûòåé áèîòîïû.  èòîãå â ñõåìó óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ ïîïàëè êàê ðåàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ó÷àñòêè ñîâ, íà êîòîðûõ â ñåçîí 2008 ã. áûëî çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå, òàê è ïîòåíöèàëüíûå, íà êîòîðûõ ñîâû âûÿâëåíû íå áûëè. Ïë. 1. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûé ëåñ íà ïîáåðåæüå Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà – âòîðè÷íûé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ëèïû, ðàññå÷¸ííûé ïîñàäêàìè êàê ëèñòâåííûõ, òàê è õâîéíûõ ïîðîä â âîçðàñòå äî 50 ëåò, ïëîùàäüþ 5,88 êì2, ïðîòÿíóâøèéñÿ ïîëîñîé øèðèíîé îò 200 äî 1500 ì ïî áåðåãó Ñóñêàíñêîãî çàëèâà. Âíåøíÿÿ îïóøêà îêðóæåíà ïîëÿìè. Ëåñ èçîëèðîâàí îò êðóïíûõ ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ âîäîõðàíèëèùåì è ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûìè óãîäüÿìè (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî, ïàõîòîé) íà 20–30 êì. Âûñîêàÿ ñòåïåíü ðåêðåàöèè. Íåñìîòðÿ íà áîëåå èëè ìåíåå ðåãóëÿðíûå ó÷¸òû ñîâ ñ 1999 ã., ïðèñóòñòâèå çäåñü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî ñîçäàíèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà, íå âûÿâëåíî.  2008 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 4 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêà áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè 1,51–2,07 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=3) 1,76±0,29 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 40–120 ì îò ïîëÿ, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà äóáàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). 29 earlier. The nestbox occupancy in the plot 2 was (n=33) 51.52%: clutches (including a dead) were found in 5 nests, broods – in 7 nests and 5 boxes contained some signs of occupation, including 3 nests with built cup, lined with down, but successful breeding was not registered. The nestbox occupancy in the plot 3 was (n=19) 57.89%: during the second check we found clutches (including a dead) in 3 nests, broods in 6 nests and signs of occupation in 2 boxes, including one nest with built cup, lined with down, but successful breeding was not registered. Two pairs were recorded successfully breeding in nestboxes installing for the Tawny Owl (large boxes) in the plot 4 where the species was noted earlier. Occupancy was (n=18) 11.11%. At the end of check the successful breeding was recorded in 67.74% of nestboxes occupied by Ural Owls (n=31). We discover 2 dead clutches with 1 egg per each and in 3 nests with nestlings with 1 dead egg per each. Sizes of 2 eggs: 53.9õ42.9 mm, 47.8õ40.7 mm. The average clutch size was 2.4±1.26 eggs (n=10; range 1–4 eggs). The average brood size was 2.71±1.44 nestlings (n=14; range 1–6 nestlings) (tab. 2, fig. 4). Any correlations in distribution of clutch and brood sizes in plots or habitats were not revealed (fig. 5). Only a great differences in terms of owl breeding in the same territories were noted. Some birds only began hatching a fresh clutches in last dates of April while other birds were with nestlings of different ages or with (two broods in the plot 2) fledglings. Thus, terms of breeding of Ural Owls on adjoining sites seemed to differ more than month. The distance between the installed nestboxes in different plots varied from 0.1 to 3.07 km, averaging (n=62) 1.11±0.62 km. The distance between the boxes occupied by Ural Owls in 2009 ranged from 0.55 to 3.19 km, averaging (n=23) 1.5±0.65 km. The average distance between nearest neighbors in plots 2 and 3 in 2008 was 1.42±0.89 km (n=23; range 0.53–4.67 km) and in 2009, after carrying out of actions on the nestbox installing 1.44±0.67 km (n=28; range 0.55–3.44 km). The realized actions almost have not change the distribution of the Ural Owl. The new noted pairs (n=34; 29.41%) blended in with “the scheme of box installation”, having occupied habitats potentially suitable for their nesting where they were not been registered during counts. Possibly they were missed. Nevertheless, we can actually note 30 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Ðèñ. 3. Ñõåìà ðàçìåùåíèÿ òåððèòîðèàëüíûõ ïàð äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé äî (À) è ïîñëå (Ñ) ïðîâåäåíèÿ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé, à òàêæå ðàñïîëîæåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (B). Ïë. 2. Õâîéíî-øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Ìóñîðêà, Òàøëà, Íîâ. Áóÿí – ëåñíîé ìàññèâ, ñîñòîÿùèé èç ÷åòûð¸õ êðóïíûõ êëàñòåðîâ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 149,36 êì2, ïåðåìåæàþùèõñÿ ïàñòáèùàìè è ïîëÿìè.  äðåâîñòîå âûñîêà äîëÿ ñîñíû â âîçðàñòå ñòàðøå 80 ëåò, ìåñòíîñòü óìåðåííî ïåðåñå÷¸ííàÿ, ñ ãëóáîêèìè îâðàãàìè. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íåâûñîêàÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2008 ã. ñîñòà- 8.82% of new pairs occurring. After carrying out of actions on the nestbox installing in breeding territories of owls different pairs have differently reacted to it: (n=34) 41.18% of pairs have leaved the natural nests for nestboxes, 20.59% – bred in their own nests (thus 8.82% of pairs visited the installed boxes or occupied them before the beginning of a laying, and 11.76% of pairs ignored boxes) (table 3). It seems that nestboxes are more attractive for Ural Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 31 Fig. 3. Map of distribution of the Ural Owl breeding pairs before (À) and after (Ñ) attracting into nestboxes, and nestbox locations (B). âèëà 0,47 ïàð/1 êì2 ëåñà.  îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íà ïëîùàäêå â ÷åòûð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé (9 âûâîäêîâ, 3 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 7 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöîâ). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,53– 4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=15) 1,45±1,03 êì.  2007 ã. äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè óñòàíîâëåíî 7 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè 0,45–1,03 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=6) Owls and they willingly leave natural open or slightly open nests for boxes in forests of the Samara district. Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) This species was registered only in the plot 4. The single nestbox for the Tawny owl of large size was occupied by these owls for 2nd year after installation, however successful breeding was noted. That box is installed on the border of ravine small forest with the area of 0.27 km and perimeter 1.98 km 32 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Òàáë. 1. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà ïàðàìåòðîâ óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ. Table 1. Parameters of the nestbox installing. Ïë. 1 Plot 1 Ïë. 2 Plot 2 Ñîñíà / Pine 1 15 Äóá / Oak 3 13 Êë¸í / Maple Ëèïà / Linden 1 Îñèíà / Aspen 2 Áåð¸çà /Birch 2 Âñå äåðåâüÿ Total trees Ïë. 4 Plot 4 Âñåãî Total 1 17 10 2 28 9 10 19 3 4 Ïë. 3 Plot 3 2 2 4 4 33 19 18 74 Âûñîòà (ì) Height (m) (n) M±SD (Lim) (n=4) 9.25±1.71 (7–11) (n=33) 7.00±1.22 (4–10) (n=19) 5.32±1.16 (4–7) (n=18) 5.61±1.24 (4–7) (n=74) 6.35±1.59 (4–11) Äèñòàíöèÿ (êì) Distance (km) (n) M±SD (Lim) (n=3) 1.76±0.29 (1.51–2.07) (n=29) 1.34±0.68 (0.45–3.07) (n=16) 1.13±0.28 (0.55–1.85) (n=14) 0.47±0.26 (0.1–0.92) (n=62) 1.11±0.62 (0.1–3.07) 0,68±0,20 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 110–340 ì îò ïàñòáèùà, íà äóáàõ è ñîñíàõ.  2008 ã. äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè óñòàíîâëåíî 26 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 0,94–3,07 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,51±0,66 êì. Ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 20–280 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù óñòàíîâëåíî 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ è 8 ÿùèêîâ óñòàíîâëåíî âíóòðè ìàññèâà ëåñà íà îïóøêàõ íåÄëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Ural Owl in a nestbox. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. far from wide forest-lines inhabited by the Ural Owl and isolated from them with crops grain on 4 km. Considering this fact we can assume the further success of activities on the Tawny Owl attracting in small ravine forests isolated from large forests and wide forest-lines that are probably inhabited by the Ural Owl. Discussion We consider that the number of Ural Owls successfully breeding in natural nests in stable breeding groups probably always below than with breeding in nestboxes under precisely verified scheme of uniform distribution of nestboxes. It is connected with deficiency of the potential nest sites. Thus birds nest too close to each other competing for food or do not find suitable sites for nesting or breed unsuccessfully with deaths of clutches and broods. In any case there are non breeding individuals or pairs in every population which define rates of number growth of a breeding group at realization of actions on attracting birds. The developed scheme of nestboxes installing on every kilometer of a forest border seems to be effective. Already we have been able to conclude, that at peaks of rodent numbers, being the main preys of owls in the Samara district, so dense scheme of nestbox distribution would promote only to increase in numbers of breeding owls. Such great difference in terms of breeding of Ural Owls in the same territories can be caused by the different reasons. A hypothesis that late (in May) clutches are laid by new pairs of Ural Owl which find and occupy nestboxes after normal terms for the species has not proved. The great difference in breeding terms on 2 next sites of owls (fresh clutch and brood of fledglings) was observed in a plot 2 in the nest boxes installed in 2007 and occupied by owls in 2008–2009. The same difference was noted for owls occupied natural nests and on sites where owls occupied nestboxes, having moved from natural nests though during autumn vocalization they had an opportunity to occupy nestboxes and lay eggs in early terms. Thus, the reason of difference in terms of breeding is another. There are some assumptions of it explaining. The first assumption – a high death rate of adult birds. The second – owing to the large difference in terms of breeding adjoining pairs avoid tough rivalry for food however we have not enough proofs of it and it demands Raptor Conservation 33 Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 Òàáë. 2. Õàðàêòåðèñòèêà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ â 2009 ã. Table 2. Occupancy of nestboxes in 2009. Ïë. 1 Plot 1 Ïë. 2 Plot 2 Ïë. 3 Plot 3 Ïë. 4 Plot 4 Âñåãî Total Âñåãî ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ / Total number of nestboxes 4 33 19 18 74 Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis) 1 17 11 2 31 5 3 7 6 5 2 7 (n=4) 2.5±1.73 (1–4) (n=6) 2.33±1.03 (1–4) (n=10) 2.4±1.26 (1–4) (n=5) 3.2±1.92 (1–6) (n=6) 2.5±1.05 (1–4) (n=2) (n=14) 1.5±0.71 2.71±1.44 (1–2) (1–6) Êëàäêè / Clutches Âûâîäêè / Broods 1 Ïîñåùàåòñÿ, íî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî Occupied, but successful breeding was not recorded Êîëè÷åñòâî ÿèö â êëàäêàõ Clutch size (n) M±SD (Lim) Êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ Brood size (n) M±SD (Lim) 4 8 15 2 1.91 (n=23) 1.5±0.65 (0.55–3.19) Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco) 1 1 Çàíÿòî, íî óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî Occupied, but successful breeding was not recorded 1 1 Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó çàíÿòûìè ÿùèêàìè (êì) Distance between the occupied nestboxes (km) (n) M±SD (Lim) (n=13) (n=9) 1.52±0.75 1.43±0.78 (0.63–3.19) (0.55–3.14) Êëèíòóõ (Columba oenas) 5 Êóíèöà ëåñíàÿ (Martes martes) 2 3 Ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê ïóñòóåò / Empty nestbox 1 13 áîëüøèõ îòêðûòûõ ïðîñòðàíñòâ (âûðóáîê, çàëåæåé è ñåíîêîñîâ), ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà ñîñíàõ è äóáàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). Ïë. 3. Øèðîêîëèñòâåííûå ëåñà â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Àëàêàåâêà, Áóçàåâêà – ñèëüíî ðàñ÷ëåí¸ííûé, âòîðè÷íûé ëåñíîé ìàññèâ ñ äîìèíèðîâàíèåì ëèïû, ñîñòîÿùèé èç òð¸õ êëàñòåðîâ îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 39,93 êì2, çàíèìàþùèé âîäîðàçäåë íåáîëüøèõ ðå÷åê íà ïðàâîáå- 5 5 8 10 32 the further studying. Unfortunately we have not been able to prove positive impact of nestbox installing on numbers of eggs in clutches and nestlings in brood because of the large differences noted for different pairs breeding in natural nests and in nestboxes. Before our activities on the nestbox installing in the Samara district the average size of the Ural Owl broods in natural nests was 2,85±0,69 nestlings (n=8; range 2–4 nestlings). In 2009 broods of owls in nestboxes consisted of 1–6 nestlings, averaging (n=14) 2.71±1.44 nestlings, and in natural nests – 1–4 nestlings, averaging (n=5) 2.2±1.3 nestlings. Data indicates broods in nestboxes were larger than in natural nests in 2009, but, most likely, it simply artifact of observation. A brood with 6 fledglings is the first documented fact for territory of Russia and it is more interesting that such large brood was recorded in a nestbox (the pair of owls occupies box during two years). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü îêîëî ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà. Ôîòî À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Ural Owl near a nestbox. Photo by A. Pazhenkov. 34 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Äëèííîõâîñòûå íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà, À. Ëåâàøêèíà è À. Ïàæåíêîâà. Ural Owls in nestboxes. Photos by I. Karyakin, A. Levashkin and A. Pazhenkov. ðåæíîé òåððàñå ð. Êèíåëü. Âíåøíÿÿ îïóøêà îêðóæåíà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî ïîëÿìè. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íåâûñîêàÿ. Ïëîòíîñòü äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, ïî äàííûì ó÷¸òîâ 2008 ã., ñîñòàâèëà 0,49 ïàð/1 êì2 ëåñà.  îáùåé ñëîæíîñòè íà ïëîùàäêå â òð¸õ ëåñíûõ êëàñòåðàõ ó÷òåíî 10 ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèé (3 âûâîäêà, 4 âîêàëèçèðóþùèå ïàðû è 3 òîêóþùèõ ñàìöà). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñîñòàâèëà 0,9–2,52 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 1,38±0,61 êì.  2008 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 19 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè (áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 13, ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 6). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè – 0,55– 1,85 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=16) 1,13±0,28 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíîãî ìàññèâà íà ðàññòîÿíèè 10–80 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù, íà äóáàõ è êë¸íàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). Ïë. 4. Áàéðà÷íûå ëåñà è ëåñîïîëîñû â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ íàñåë¸ííûõ ïóíêòîâ Äóáîâûé Óìåò, Êàëèíêà – òðè áàéðà÷íûõ êîëêà, ñîåäèí¸ííûõ ïÿòèñîòìåòðîâûìè ëåíòàìè ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, îáùåé ïëîùàäüþ 12,08 êì2, îêðóæ¸ííûå ïîëÿìè, íà âîäîðàçäåëå ð. ×àïàåâêà è ð. Âîëãà. Ðåêðåàöèÿ íèçêàÿ. Ïðèñóòñòâèå çäåñü äëèííîõâî- ñòîé íåÿñûòè äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî ñîçäàíèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà íå âûÿâëåíî. Ïðèñóòñòâèå ñåðîé íåÿñûòè ëèøü ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü íà îñíîâàíèè âñòðå÷ ïòèö íà ïðèëåãàþùèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ â àíàëîãè÷íûõ áèîòîïàõ.  2007 ã. óñòàíîâëåíî 18 ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà – 10, ìàëîãî ðàçìåðà – 8). Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè ñîñòàâèëà 0,1–0,92 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 0,47±0,26 êì. Âñå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè óñòàíîâëåíû ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå áàéðà÷íûõ ëåñêîâ è ëåñîïîëîñ íà ðàññòîÿíèè 30–90 ì îò ïîëåé è ïàñòáèù, ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî íà êë¸íàõ (òàáë. 1, ðèñ. 3). Ïðîâåðêà óñòàíîâëåííûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ îñóùåñòâëÿëàñü 9–10 ìàÿ 2008 ã., 30 àïðåëÿ – 1 ìàÿ è 6–10 ìàÿ 2009 ã. Íà ïëîùàäêå 3 ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ïðîâåðåíû äâàæäû â ñåçîí 2009 ã. ñ ðàçíèöåé â 10 äíåé. Ó÷¸ò ñîâ ïî âûâîäêàì ïðîâåä¸í 31 èþëÿ – 3 àâãóñòà 2009 ã. Ðåçóëüòàòû  öåëîì ïî êîìïëåêñó ïëîùàäîê â 2009 ã. ðàçëè÷íûìè âèäàìè æèâîòíûõ çàíèìàëîñü (n=74) 56,76% ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, èç êîòîðûõ àáñîëþòíîå áîëüøèíñòâî çàíèìàëà Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (41,89%) – öåëåâîé âèä ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé (òàáë. 2). Äëèííîõâîñòàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix uralensis) Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè îêàçàëèñü êðàéíå óñïåøíûìè. Ïåðâûå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, óñòàíîâëåííûå â 2007 ã. íà ïëîùàäêå 2 áëèç ñ. Ìóñîðêà, îêàçàëèñü çàíÿòûìè ñîâàìè óæå â 2008 ã. Ïðîâåðêà â ìàå 2008 ã. ïîêàçàëà óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ñîâ â òð¸õ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ â 1,32 è 2,38 êì äðóã îò äðóãà. Ñîñåäíèå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè áûëè çàíÿòû ëåñíûìè êóíèöàìè (Martes martes).  2009 ã. íà äàííîì ó÷àñòêå â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ ðàçìíîæàëèñü òàêæå 3 ïàðû íåÿñûòåé, ñ òîé ëèøü ðàçíèöåé, ÷òî ðàññòîÿíèå ìåæäó äâóìÿ áëèæàéøèìè ïàðàìè ñîêðàòèëîñü äî 0,63 êì ïî ïðè÷èíå ñìåíû ãíåçäà îäíîé ïàðîé, êîòîðàÿ çàãíåçäèëàñü â ÿùèêå, çàíèìàâøåìñÿ ëåñíîé êóíèöåé.  2009 ã. êàðòèíà çàíÿòîñòè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè îêàçàëàñü ñëåäóþùåé. Íà ïëîùàäêå 1, ãäå âèä ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ, ïîÿâèëàñü ïàðà íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê è âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ. Íà ïëîùàäêå 2 çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íåÿñûòÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=33) 51,52%: â 5 ãí¸çäàõ îáíàðóæåíû êëàäêè (âêëþ÷àÿ îäíó ïîãèáøóþ), â 7 ãí¸çäàõ – âûâîäêè è â 5 ÿùèêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå â 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ – ñôîðìèðîâàííûå ëîòêè è ïóõ, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî. Íà ïëîùàäêå 3 çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íåÿñûòÿìè ñîñòàâèëà (n=19) 57,89%: â õîäå âòîðîé ïðîâåðêè â 3-õ ãí¸çäàõ îáíàðóæåíû êëàäêè (âêëþ÷àÿ îäíó ïîãèáøóþ), â 6 ãí¸çäàõ – âûâîäêè è â 2-õ ÿùèêàõ îáíàðóæåíû ñëåäû ïðåáûâàíèÿ ïòèö, â òîì ÷èñëå â îäíîì ãíåçäå – ñôîðìèðîâàííûé ëîòîê è ïóõ, íî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî. Íà ïëîùàäêå 4, ãäå âèä ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëñÿ, ïîÿâèëèñü 2 ïàðû äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå çàíÿëè ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè, ñäåëàííûå äëÿ ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (ÿùèêè áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà), è âûâåëè ïòåíöîâ. Çàíÿòîñòü ñîñòàâèëà (n=18) 11,11%. Èç çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (n=31) óñïåøíîå ðàçìíîæåíèå ê ìîìåíòó îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðîâåðêè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíî â 67,74% ÿùèêîâ. Äîñòîâåðíî ïîãèáëî 2 êëàäêè ïî 1 ÿéöó â êàæäîé. Ïðè÷èíîé ãèáåëè îäíîé êëàäêè ñòàë íèçîâîé ïîæàð âîêðóã ãíåçäîâîãî äåðåâà – âî âðåìÿ òóøåíèÿ ïîæàðà ñîòðóäíèêàìè ëåñíè÷åñòâà ñàìêà âûëåòåëà èç ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà è ïðåêðàòèëà íàñèæèâàíèå êëàäêè. 35 Êëàäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Clutches of the Ural Owl in nestboxes. Photos by I. Karyakin. Âòîðàÿ ïîãèáøàÿ êëàäêà îáíàðóæåíà â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå, êîòîðûé àêòèâíî îáîðîíÿëñÿ âçðîñëûìè ïòèöàìè, íî îíè íå íàñèæèâàëè ÿéöî óæå êàê ìèíèìóì íåñêîëüêî äíåé äî ìîìåíòà ïðîâåðêè.  3-õ ãí¸çäàõ ñ ïòåíöàìè áûëî îáíàðóæåíî ïî 1 ïîãèáøåìó ÿéöó (â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ ÿéöà îêàçàëèñü áîëòóíàìè, â îäíîì íàõîäèëñÿ ïîãèáøèé ýìáðèîí). Ðàçìåð 2-õ ÿèö: 53,9õ42,9 ìì, 47,8õ40,7 ìì. Ðàçìåð êëàäêè ñîñòàâèë 1–4 ÿéöà, â ñðåäíåì (n=10) 2,4±1,26 ÿéöà. Ðàçìåð âûâîäêà ñîñòàâèë 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöà (òàáë. 2, ðèñ. 4). Êàêèõ-ëèáî ÷¸òêèõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïî ðàñïðåäåëåíèþ ðàçìåðà êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ 36 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Ðèñ. 4. Ðàçìåð êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Fig. 4. Clutch and brood sizes of the Ural Owl. Ðèñ. 5. Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, çàíÿòûõ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, ðàíæèðîâàííûõ ïî ðàçìåðàì êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ. Fig. 5. Distribution of nestboxes occupied by the Ural Owl ranged on clutch and brood sizes. íà ïëîùàäêàõ, ëèáî â áèîòîïàõ, íå âûÿâëåíî (ðèñ. 5). Îáðàùàåò íà ñåáÿ âíèìàíèå áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîâ íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè. Íåêîòîðûå íåÿñûòè òîëüêî íà÷àëè íàñèæèâàòü ñâåæèå êëàäêè â ïîñëåäíèõ ÷èñëàõ àïðåëÿ, â òî âðåìÿ êàê ó äðóãèõ óæå âûëóïèëèñü è/èëè îäåëèñü â ìåçîïòèëü ïòåíöû, à ó íåêîòîðûõ (äâà âûâîäêà íà ïëîùàäêå 2) – ïîêèíóëè ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, íà ñîñåäñòâóþùèõ ó÷àñòêàõ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé íàáëþäàëàñü ðàçíèöà â ôåíîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áîëåå ìåñÿöà. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó óñòàíîâëåííûìè ãíåçäîâûìè ÿùèêàìè íà ðàçíûõ ïëîùàäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ îò 0,1 äî 3,07 êì, ñîñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=62) 1,11±0,62 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó ÿùèêàìè, çàíÿòûìè äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè â 2009 ã., âàðüèðóåò îò 0,55 äî 3,19 êì, ñî- Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ ñòàâëÿÿ â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,5±0,65 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2008 ã. ñîñòàâèëà 0,53–4,67 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=23) 1,42±0,89 êì. Äèñòàíöèÿ ìåæäó öåíòðàìè ãíåçäîâûõ ó÷àñòêîâ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 â 2009 ã., ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óñòàíîâêå ÿùèêîâ, ñîñòàâèëà 0,55–3,44 êì, â ñðåäíåì (n=28) 1,44±0,67 êì. Ïðîâåä¸ííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïðàêòè÷åñêè íå èñêàçèëè êàðòèíó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Ïîÿâèâøèåñÿ íîâûå ïàðû (n=34; 29,41% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà) âïèñàëèñü â «ñõåìó óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ», çàíÿâ òåððèòîðèè, ïîòåíöèàëüíî ïðèãîäíûå äëÿ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ, ãäå îíè íå áûëè çàðåãèñòðèðîâàíû â õîäå ó÷¸òîâ. Ïîñëåäíåå íå èñêëþ÷àåò òîãî, ÷òî ýòè ïàðû áûëè ïîïðîñòó ïðîïóùåíû. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìîæíî îïðåäåë¸ííî ãîâîðèòü î ïîÿâëåíèè íîâûõ ïàð (êàê ìèíèìóì, 8,82% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà) íà òåððèòîðèÿõ, ãäå íàáëþäàëîñü óïëîòíåíèå ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè – íîâûå ïàðû ïîÿâèëèñü íà êðèòè÷åñêè ìàëîì ðàññòîÿíèè îò ðàíåå âûÿâëåííûõ ïàð. Ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ðàçâåøèâàíèþ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé ðàçíûå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îòðåàãèðîâàëè íà ïðèâëå÷åíèå: (n=34) 41,18% ïàð îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè â çîíå ó÷¸òà ñìåíèëè ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà íà èñêóññòâåííûå, 20,59% – ðàçìíîæàëèñü íà ó÷àñòêàõ ñ óñòàíîâëåííûìè ÿùèêàìè â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ (ïðè ýòîì 8,82% ïàð ïîñåùàëè óñòàíîâëåííûå ÿùèêè ëèáî çàíèìàëè èõ äî íà÷àëà êëàäêè, à 11,76% ïàð èãíîðèðîâàëè ÿùèêè) (òàáë. 3). Ïðèõîäèòñÿ êîíñòàòèðîâàòü, ÷òî ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ áîëåå ïðèâëåêàòåëüíûìè äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, è â ëåñàõ Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè îíà îõîòíî ìåíÿåò íà íèõ ñâîè åñòåñòâåííûå îòêðûòûå èëè ïîëóîòêðûòûå ãí¸çäà.  òî æå âðåìÿ â ó÷àñòêàõ ñòàðîãî ëåñà ñ çàêðûòûìè äóïëàìè âèä ïðîäîëæàåò ðàçìíîæàòüñÿ â ñâîèõ ïðåæíèõ ãí¸çäàõ, õîòÿ îêîëî ïîëîâèíû ïàð âñ¸ æå ïîñåùàåò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè. Âî âðåìÿ 2-é ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ ïîâåäåí÷åñêàÿ ðåàêöèÿ ðàçíûõ ïàð äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê èññëåäîâàòåëÿì áûëà ðàçëè÷íîé. Íà ðàííåé ñòàäèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ (íà êëàäêàõ è ïóõîâè÷êàõ) ñàìêè îñòàâàëèñü ñèäåòü â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå â ìîìåíò îñìîòðà òîëüêî â 30,77% ñëó÷àåâ (n=13), ïðè÷¸ì â 2-õ ñëó÷àÿõ – ïðè ïòåíöàõ, à â 2-õ – íà êëàäêàõ.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (69,23 %) íàáëþäàëñÿ âûëåò ñàìîê èç ãí¸çä, Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 37 Âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Broods of the Ural Owl in nestboxes. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Levashkin. â òîì ÷èñëå ïðè ïîäõîäå íàáëþäàòåëåé ê ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó – 44,4% (n=9), âî âðåìÿ çàëåçàíèÿ íà ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî – 33,3% è â ìîìåíò îñìîòðà ãíåçäà (êàê ïðàâèëî, åù¸ äî çàãëÿäûâàíèÿ â ëåòîê, â ìîìåíò êàñàíèÿ ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà) – 22,2%.  áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ (78,95%; n=19) ñàìêè àòàêîâàëè íàáëþäàòåëÿ. Ëèøü â 15,79% ñëó÷àåâ ñàìêè ïîñëå ñë¸òà ñ ãíåçäà ïðèñàæèâàëèñü íà ñîñåäíèå äåðåâüÿ è íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëè ïîïûòîê àòàêîâàòü, õîòÿ è ïðîÿâëÿëè áåñïîêîéñòâî.  îäíîì èç ýòèõ ñëó÷àåâ âûëåòåâøàÿ ñàìêà çàòàèëàñü ñðåäè âåòîê â íåñêîëüêèõ äåñÿòêàõ ìåòðîâ îò ãíåç- Òàáë. 3. Äèíàìèêà çàíÿòîñòè åñòåñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çä äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ (Strix uralensis) íà ïëîùàäêàõ â 2009 ã. Table 3. Occupancy of the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis) of natural nests and nestboxes in plots in 2009. Ïë. 2 Plot 2 Ïë. 3 Plot 3 Âñåãî Total Ñîâû ïåðåìåñòèëèñü èç åñòåñòâåííîãî ãíåçäà â ÿùèê íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå Owl have leaved natural nest for a nestbox in the earlier known territory 9 5 14 (41.18%) Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê, íî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ â åñòåñòâåííîì äóïëå íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå Owls have occupied nestbox but bred in the natural hollow in the earlier known territory 2 1 3 (8.82%) Ñîâû èãíîðèðóþò ÿùèê è ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ â åñòåñòâåííîì äóïëå íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå Owls have ignored nestbox and bred in the natural hollow in the earlier known territory 2 2 4 (11.76%) Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê íà ðàíåå âûÿâëåííîì ó÷àñòêå, íî ðàçìíîæåíèå íå óñòàíîâëåíî Owls have occupied nestbox in the earlier known territory, but breeding has not recorded 1 Ñîâû çàíÿëè ÿùèê íà ó÷àñòêå, ãäå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü Owls have occupied nestbox in the territory where not recorded earlier 4 4 8 (23.53%) Ñîâû àáîíèðóþò ÿùèê íà ó÷àñòêå, ãäå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëèñü, íî ðàçìíîæåíèå íå óñòàíîâëåíî Owls have occupied nestbox in the territory where not recorded earlier, but breeding has not recorded 1 1 2 (5.88%) Ñîâû ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ íà ó÷àñòêå, íà êîòîðîì ÿùèê íå óñòàíîâëåí Owls have bred in the territory where nesboxes were not installed 1 1 2 (5.88%) 20 14 34 (100%) Ñîáûòèÿ / Events Âñåãî / Total 1 (2.94%) 38 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ðàçíûõ ðàçìåðíûõ êëàññîâ, çàíÿòûå äëèííîõâîñòûìè íåÿñûòÿìè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Different size nestboxes occupied by Ural Owls. Photos by I. Karyakin. äà è ìîë÷à íàáëþäàëà çà èññëåäîâàòåëÿìè.  ãíåçäå áûëà îáíàðóæåíà îêðîâàâëåííàÿ ïàëêà, çàáðîøåííàÿ ëþäüìè. Âåðîÿòíî, ïòèöà áûëà ñèëüíî íàïóãàíà, ïîýòîìó è íå ïðåäïðèíèìàëà àòàê.  îäíîì ñëó÷àå (5,26%) ñàìêà èìèòèðîâàëà àòàêó, óõîäÿ îò íàáëþäàòåëÿ â íåñêîëüêèõ ìåòðàõ.  õîäå íåñêîëüêèõ àòàê ïòèöà òàê è íå ïðèáëèçèëàñü íà äèñòàíöèþ, ïîçâîëÿþùóþ óäàðèòü ÷åëîâåêà êîãòÿìè. Èç ñàìîê, íå ó÷àñòâîâàâøèõ â àòàêàõ, äâå íàñèæèâàëè êëàäêè, â òîì ÷èñëå îäíà ïòèöà íàñèæèâàëà ñâåæóþ êëàäêó èç 1 ÿéöà, è îäíà – ãðåëà 1 ïóõîâèêà. Áëèç ãí¸çä ñ êðóïíûìè ïòåíöàìè âñå 100% ñàìîê íàõîäèëèñü ïîáëèçîñòè îò ãíåçäà íà ïðèñàäå ëèáî ñèäåëè íåïîñðåäñòâåííî â ãíåçäå èëè íà í¸ì è íàïàäàëè íà èññëåäîâàòåëåé. Àòàêè íàáëþäàëèñü â Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ îñíîâíîì ïðè ïîäú¸ìå íà ãíåçäîâîå äåðåâî, íî â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ (20%, n=15) è ïðè ïðèáëèæåíèè èññëåäîâàòåëåé ê ãíåçäîâîìó äåðåâó. Âî âðåìÿ ïîäú¸ìà íà ãíåçäî íåÿñûòè ïèêèðîâàëè, óäàðÿÿ êîãòÿìè â ãîëîâó è ñïèíó, îñòàâëÿÿ âåñüìà áîëåçíåííûå ðàíû, áåç ïðîáëåì ïðîáèâàÿ êîãòÿìè íåñêîëüêî ñëî¸â îäåæäû è ÏÂÕ-çàùèòó òîëùèíîé äî 1 ñì. Ïðè äîñòèæåíèè íàáëþäàòåëåì ÿùèêà íåêîòîðûå ïòèöû ïðåêðàùàëè íàë¸òû, äðóãèå æå èõ ïðîäîëæàëè. Íà îäíîì èç ó÷àñòêîâ (6,67% îò àòàêóþùèõ ïòèö; n=15) â ìîìåíò ïðîâåðêè ãíåçäîâîãî ÿùèêà íàáëþäàëàñü ïàðíàÿ àãðåññèÿ, êîãäà ïîî÷åðåäíî àòàêîâàëè è ñàìêà, è ñàìåö. Òàêîå ïîâåäåíèå õàðàêòåðíî äëÿ ÿñòðåáèíûõ ñîâ (Surnia ulula), à ó äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ðàíåå íà òåððèòîðèè Ïðèâîëæñêîãî ôåäåðàëüíîãî îêðóãà îíî îòìå÷åíî íå áûëî. Õîòÿ â ëèòåðàòóðå èìåþòñÿ óêàçàíèÿ íà àòàêó è ñàìêè, è ñàìöà. Ïîäîáíûé ñëó÷àé áûë îïèñàí ó ãíåçäà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â Ñóìñêîé îáëàñòè (Ìàëûøîê, Êíûø, 2001). Îáû÷íî ïðè ïðîâåðêå ãí¸çä ñàìöû èçäàâàëè òîêîâûå ñèãíàëû, íàõîäÿñü íåïîäàëåêó, òåì ñàìûì âûäàâàÿ ñâîå ïðèñóòñòâèå, íî íàáëþäàëîñü ýòî íå íà âñåõ ó÷àñòêàõ. Ñàìêè ïðè áåñïîêîéñòâå «ëàÿëè» ëèáî èçäàâàëè õðèïëûå çâóêè, íàïîìèíàþùèå òîêîâûå ñèãíàëû ñàìöà. Ñåðàÿ íåÿñûòü (Strix aluco) Êàê è ïðåäïîëàãàëîñü â íà÷àëå ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, ýòîò âèä óäàëîñü âñòðåòèòü ëèøü íà ïëîùàäêå 4.  öåëîì ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü ïðîâàëüíîñòü ìåðîïðèÿòèé äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè, è â îñíîâå ïðè÷èí ïðîâàëà ëåæèò èìåííî êîíêóðåíöèÿ ñ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ. Åäèíñòâåííûé ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê áîëüøîãî ðàçìåðà äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè îêàçàëñÿ çàíÿòûì ýòèìè ñîâàìè íà âòîðîé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè, îäíàêî óñïåøíîãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ íå îòìå÷åíî. Äàííûé ÿùèê óñòàíîâëåí íà îïóøêå áàéðà÷íîãî êîëêà ïëîùàäüþ 0,27 êì2 è ïåðèìåòðîì 1,98 êì, óäàë¸ííîãî îò ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, íàñåë¸ííûõ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòüþ, íà 4 êì è èçîëèðîâàííîãî îò íèõ ïîñåâàìè çåðíîâûõ. Îðèåíòèðóÿñü íà ýòîò ôàêò, ìîæíî ïðåäïîëàãàòü äàëüíåéøóþ óñïåøíîñòü ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè èìåííî â íåáîëüøèå áàéðà÷íûå êîëêè ïî áàëêàì, óäàë¸ííûå îò êðóïíûõ êîëêîâûõ ëåñîâ è ãåíêîâñêèõ ëåñîïîëîñ, ãäå âåðîÿòíî îáèòàíèå äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Îáñóæäåíèå Îäèí èç ãëàâíûõ âîïðîñîâ, âîçíèêàþùèé ïîñëå ïðîâåäåíèÿ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî Raptor Conservation Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïðèâëå÷åíèþ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ, – íàñêîëüêî äàííûå ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ óâåëè÷èâàþò èõ ãíåçäîâóþ ÷èñëåííîñòü? Îïðåäåë¸ííî, èñêóññòâåííûå ãí¸çäà óâåëè÷èâàþò ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ñîâ, â îñîáåííîñòè â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ ñ ÿâíûì ëèìèòîì ïîëíîöåííîãî ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà. Íî, ó÷èòûâàÿ òðóäíîñòü ïîëíîãî âûÿâëåíèÿ ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ íåÿñûòåé, äîâîëüíî ñëîæíî îïðåäåëèòü, íàñêîëüêî óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ ïàð.  ðåçóëüòàòå äàííîãî ïðîåêòà çàíÿòîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 íà ñëåäóþùèé ãîä ïîñëå óñòàíîâêè ñîñòàâèëà (n=52) 53,85% (ñ ó÷¸òîì ÿùèêîâ, àáîíèðóåìûõ ïàðàìè, ðàçìíîæàþùèìèñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ). Äâóêðàòíûìè ó÷¸òàìè 2008 è 2009 ãã. íà ïëîùàäêàõ 2 è 3 äîñòîâåðíî äîêàçàíî, ÷òî íà 52,94% ó÷àñòêîâ (n=34) ñîâû ïðèñóòñòâîâàëè äî óñòàíîâêè ÿùèêîâ. Íà ýòèõ ïëîùàäêàõ íà 29,41% ó÷àñòêîâ (n=34) ñîâû çàíÿëè ÿùèêè, ãäå èõ ïðèñóòñòâèå ðàíåå íå ðåãèñòðèðîâàëîñü. Òåì íå ìåíåå, îäíîçíà÷íî îá óâåëè÷åíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîæíî ãîâîðèòü ëèøü â ñëó÷àå 8,82% ïàð îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè âèäà â çîíå ó÷¸òà, ò.ê. òîëüêî äëÿ ýòèõ ó÷àñòêîâ ñ óâåðåííîñòüþ ìîæíî óêàçûâàòü áûëîå îòñóòñòâèå íà íèõ ñîâ ïî ïðè÷èíå ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ çäåñü íàøèõ ìíîãîäíåâíûõ ñòîÿíîê, íà êîòîðûõ â ïåðèîä óñòàíîâêè ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ (â 2008 ã.) ðåãèñòðèðîâàëàñü âîêàëèçàöèÿ ñîâ â ðàäèóñå 1,5–2 êì, è áûëè òùàòåëüíî îñìîòðåíû ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûå áèîòîïû. Òàêèì îáðàçîì, ïðè óâåëè÷åíèè ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà ñ ïîìîùüþ ÿùèêîâ âíó- Ïòåíöû äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ. Ôîòî À. Ëåâàøêèíà è È. Êàðÿêèíà. Chicks of the Ural Owl in nestboxes. Photos by A. Levashkin and I. Karyakin. 39 òðè ñôîðìèðîâàííîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ïîêàçàòåëü óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü îïòèìàëüíûì îêîëî 10%.  ñóáîïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè ìåñòîîáèòàíèÿõ (òàêèõ, êàê ïëîùàäêè 1 è 4) ïîêàçàòåëü óâåëè÷åíèÿ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìîæåò áûòü î÷åíü âûñîêèì ïðè ïðàâèëüíîì ïëàíèðîâàíèè ñõåìû ðàçâåøèâàíèÿ èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâèé, îäíàêî çàñåëåíèå ñîâàìè ÿùèêîâ áóäåò ïðîèñõîäèòü ïî ìåðå ïîÿâëåíèÿ íà ýòèõ òåððèòîðèÿõ ñâîáîäíûõ ïòèö. Ïðè ýòîì îñíîâíûìè ôàêòîðàìè, îïðåäåëÿþùèìè çàñåëåíèå, áóäóò òàêèå, êàê íàëè÷èå ïîáëèçîñòè óñòîé÷èâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè âèäà è ñòåïåíü äèñïåðñèè ñâîáîäíûõ îñîáåé â ñóáîïòèìàëüíûå áèîòîïû. Äàííûå ôàêòîðû äîâîëüíî ñëîæíî ïðîãíîçèðîâàòü, ïîýòîìó ôàêòè÷åñêèé ðåçóëüòàò áóäåò âñåãäà ïðèíîñèòü îïðåäåë¸ííûå ñþðïðèçû (îò ïðîâàëà äî îøåëîìëÿþùåãî óñïåõà). Ðåàëüíàÿ ÷èñëåííîñòü óñïåøíî ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â óñòîé÷èâûõ ãíåçäîâûõ ãðóïïèðîâêàõ ñ äîìèíèðóþùèì ãíåçäîâàíèåì â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, âèäèìî, âñåãäà íèæå, ÷åì ìîæåò áûòü ïðè ãíåçäîâàíèè â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãíåçäîâüÿõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ ïî ÷¸òêî âûâåðåííîé ñõåìå ðàâíîìåðíîãî ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãí¸çä. Ñâÿçàíî ýòî ñ òåì, ÷òî èç-çà ëèìèòà ïîäõîäÿùèõ ìåñò äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ëèáî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ ñëèøêîì áëèçêî äðóã ê äðóãó, âñòóïàÿ â êîíêóðåíöèþ çà ïèùó, ëèáî íå íàõîäÿò ïîäõîäÿùèõ óñëîâèé äëÿ ãíåçäîâàíèÿ è íå ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ, ëèáî ðàçìíîæàþòñÿ áåçóñïåøíî ñ ïîòåðåé êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ.  ëþáîì ñëó÷àå, â ïîïóëÿöèè èìåþòñÿ êàê ñâîáîäíûå îñîáè, òàê è íåðàçìíîæàþùèåñÿ ïàðû, êîòîðûå è îïðåäåëÿþò ñêîðîñòü ðîñòà ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ïðè ðåàëèçàöèè áèîòåõíè÷åñêèõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé. Êàê ïîêàçûâàåò ðåçóëüòàò ïðîåêòà, íà ïëîùàäêàõ â îïòèìàëüíûõ äëÿ îáèòàíèÿ ñîâ ãíåçäîïðèãîäíûõ áèîòîïàõ ãíåçäîâîé ôîíä ïîñëå ðåàëèçàöèè ìåðîïðèÿòèé íåçíà÷èòåëüíî ïðåâûñèë ñðåäíèå âîçìîæíîñòè åãî çàñåëåíèÿ ñîâàìè. Ó÷èòûâàÿ òî, ÷òî ðàçíûå ïàðû äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé ñïîñîáíû ñîñåäñòâîâàòü äðóã ñ äðóãîì íà ðàññòîÿíèè 500–800 ì, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ñõåìó ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâèé ÷åðåç 1 êì ïî âíåøíåé îïóøêå ëåñíûõ ìàññèâîâ îïðàâäàííîé. Ïîêà íå ñîâñåì ïîíÿòíî, êàê ìîæåò èçìåíÿòüñÿ ñòðóêòóðà ïëîòíîé ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè ñ ðàâíîìåðíûì ðàñïðåäåëåíèåì ïàð ïðè ïàäåíèè ÷èñëåííîñòè îñíîâíûõ âèäîâ äîáû÷è. Íî óæå ñåé÷àñ ÿñíî, ÷òî 40 Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà 2009, 16 Îõðàíà ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ Âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ äëÿ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè (Strix aluco) íà ïëîùàäêå 4. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà è À. Ëåâàøêèíà. Broods of the Ural Owl in nestboxes for the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) in the plot 4. Photos by I. Karyakin and A. Levashkin. ïðè âñïûøêàõ ÷èñëåííîñòè ìûøåâèäíûõ ãðûçóíîâ, ÿâëÿþùèõñÿ îñíîâíûì îáúåêòîì ïèòàíèÿ ñîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, ñòîëü ïëîòíàÿ ñõåìà ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ áóäåò òîëüêî ñïîñîáñòâîâàòü óâåëè÷åíèþ ÷èñëåííîñòè ãíåçäÿùèõñÿ íåÿñûòåé. Çàêëþ÷åíèå ýòî áàçèðóåòñÿ Åñòåñòâåííûå ãí¸çäà äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Natural nests of the Ural Owl. Photos by I. Karyakin. íà ñïåöèôè÷åñêîé ñïåöèàëèçàöèè ðàçíûõ ïàð ïðè îñâîåíèè ðàçíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà â ðàçíûõ òèïàõ áèîòîïîâ è ñèëüíîé ðàçíèöå â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ áëèæàéøèõ ñîñåäåé (ñì. íèæå). Áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà îäíîé è òîé æå òåððèòîðèè ìîæåò áûòü âûçâàíà ðàçíûìè ïðè÷èíàìè. Âûäâèíóòàÿ åù¸ â 2008 ã. ãèïîòåçà î òîì, ÷òî ïîçäíèå (ìàéñêèå) êëàäêè ÿâëÿþòñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íîâûõ ïàð ó äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, êîòîðûå íàõîäÿò è çàíèìàþò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè ïîçæå íîðìàëüíûõ äëÿ âèäà ñðîêîâ (íå îñåíüþ, à âåñíîé), íå îïðàâäàëà ñåáÿ.  ÷àñòíîñòè, áîëüøàÿ ðàçíèöà â ñðîêàõ íà äâóõ ñîñåäíèõ ó÷àñòêàõ íåÿñûòåé (ñâåæàÿ êëàäêà è âûâîäîê, ãîòîâûé ïîêèíóòü ãíåçäî) íàáëþäàëàñü íà ïëîùàäêå 2 â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, óñòàíîâëåííûõ â 2007 ã. è çàíèìàâøèõñÿ ñîâàìè â 2008–2009 ãã. Òàêàÿ æå ðàçíèöà îòìå÷åíà è â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, è íà ó÷àñòêàõ, ãäå ñîâû çàíÿëè ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè íà ñâîèõ ãíåçäîâûõ òåððèòîðèÿõ, ïåðåìåñòèâøèñü èç åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çä, õîòÿ óæå â ïåðèîä îñåííåãî òîêîâàíèÿ îíè èìåëè âîçìîæíîñòü îñâîèòü ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè è êëàñòüñÿ â ðàííèå ñðîêè. Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ïðè÷èíà ðàçíèöû ñðîêîâ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè êðîåòñÿ â äðóãîì è íèêàê íå ñâÿçàíà ñ áèîòåõíè÷åñêèìè ìåðîïðèÿòèÿìè. Åñòü íåñêîëüêî ïðåäïîëîæåíèé âîçíèêíîâåíèÿ ñòîëü áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû â ôåíîëîãèè ðàçìíîæåíèÿ âèäà. Ïåðâîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå – âûñîêàÿ äîëÿ ñìåðòíîñòè âçðîñëûõ ïòèö.  ðåçóëüòàòå íåêîòîðûå ïàðû ôîðìèðóþòñÿ ëèøü âåñíîé è ïðèñòóïàþò ê ðàçìíîæåíèþ ïîçäíî. Åñòü âñå îáúåêòèâíûå ïðåäïîñûëêè ê âûñîêîé ñìåðòíîñòè ïòèö íà äàííîé òåððèòîðèè.  ÷àñòíîñòè, âûÿâëåíà ãèáåëü íà ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, äîñòèãàþùàÿ 5,41% îò îáùåé ÷èñëåííîñòè (Êàðÿêèí è äð., 2008). Îäíàêî, ïîêà íå óäàëîñü ïîëó÷èòü ÷¸òêîé êîððåëÿöèè ïîçäíåãî ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ïàð íè ñ èõ ãíåçäîâàíèåì â çîíå âëèÿíèÿ ïòèöåîïàñíûõ ËÝÏ, íè ñ íàëè÷èåì ìîëîäûõ Raptor Conservation Âûâîäîê äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè èç 6 ïòåíöîâ. Ôîòî È. Êàðÿêèíà. Brood of the Ural Owl with 6 chicks. Photo by I. Karyakin. Raptors Conservation 2009, 16 ïàðòí¸ðîâ â ïàðàõ. Âòîðîå ïðåäïîëîæåíèå – áëàãîäàðÿ áîëüøîé ðàçíèöå â ñðîêàõ ðàçìíîæåíèÿ ñîñåäñòâóþùèå ïàðû ïî-ðàçíîìó îêàçûâàþò ïðåññ íà êîðìîâîé ðåñóðñ, òåì ñàìûì èçáåãàÿ îáîñòðåíèÿ êîíêóðåíòíûõ îòíîøåíèé â ñôåðå äîáû÷è ïðîïèòàíèÿ. Êàê è â ïðåäûäóùåì ñëó÷àå, äîêàçàòåëüñòâ ýòîìó ïðåäïîëîæåíèþ íå ïîëó÷åíî è îíî òðåáóåò äàëüíåéøåãî èçó÷åíèÿ. Èç-çà áîëüøîé ðàçíèöû â êîëè÷åñòâå ÿèö â êëàäêàõ è ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ ó ðàçíûõ ïàð, êàê â åñòåñòâåííûõ, òàê è â èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, íå óäàëîñü îòâåòèòü íà âîïðîñ, íàñêîëüêî ïîëîæèòåëüíî âëèÿþò ãíåçäîâûå ÿùèêè íà óâåëè÷åíèå êëàäîê è âûâîäêîâ. Äàæå â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ â ïðåäåëàõ îäíîãî êëàñòåðà ëåñà êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ èçìåíÿåòñÿ â øèðîêèõ ïðåäåëàõ, ÷òî ñâÿçàíî â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñ êîíêðåòíîé êîðìîâîé ñèòóàöèåé íà ãíåçäîâîì ó÷àñòêå ñîâ è èõ ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ê îñâîåíèþ äîñòóïíîãî êîðìîâîãî ðåñóðñà. Ëó÷øàÿ çàùèù¸ííîñòü ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ, â îòëè÷èå îò ïîëóîòêðûòûõ äóïåë, îïðåäåë¸ííî óâåëè÷èâàåò øàíñû íà âûæèâàíèå áîëüøåãî êîëè÷åñòâà ïòåíöîâ, íî ôàêòè÷åñêèõ äàííûõ ïî ýòîìó âîïðîñó ïîêà íå ïîëó÷åíî èç-çà ìàëîãî ñðîêà íàáëþäåíèÿ çà ñîâàìè, ãíåçäÿùèìèñÿ â åñòåñòâåííûõ è èñêóññòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ. Äî íà÷àëà ðàáîò ïî óñòðîéñòâó ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêîâ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè, îáíàðóæåííûå â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ, ñîñòîÿëè èç 2–4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=8) 2,85±0,69 ïòåíöîâ.  ñåçîí 2009 ã. âûâîäêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé â ÿùèêàõ ñîñòîÿëè èç 1–6 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=14) 2,71±1,44 ïòåíöîâ, à â åñòåñòâåííûõ ãí¸çäàõ – èç 1–4 ïòåíöîâ, â ñðåäíåì (n=5) 2,2±1,3 ïòåíöîâ. Ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè ïî 2009 ã. óñëîâíî óêàçûâàþò íà áîëüøåå êîëè÷åñòâî ïòåíöîâ â âûâîäêàõ, âûðîñøèõ â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ, íî, ñêîðåå âñåãî, ýòî ïðîñòî àðòåôàêò íàáëþäåíèé.  òî æå âðåìÿ ñëåäóåò îáðàòèòü âíèìàíèå íà ôàêò âñòðå÷è âûâîäêà èç 6 ïòåíöîâ, ãîòîâûõ ïîêèíóòü ãíåçäîâîé ÿùèê. Äëÿ òåððèòîðèè Ðîññèè ýòî 41 ïåðâîå äîêóìåíòàëüíîå ñâèäåòåëüñòâî òàêîãî áîëüøîãî âûâîäêà è ñèìâîëè÷íî, ÷òî îí îáíàðóæåí èìåííî â ãíåçäîâîì ÿùèêå (ïàðà íåÿñûòåé çàíèìàåò ÿùèê âòîðîé ãîä). Çàêëþ÷åíèå Ðåàëèçàöèÿ íà÷àëüíîãî ýòàïà ïðîãðàììû «Âîññòàíîâëåíèå ÷èñëåííîñòè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà òåððèòîðèè Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè íà 2005– 2010 ãã.» ïîêàçàëà âûñîêóþ ýôôåêòèâíîñòü ïðåäëîæåííûõ ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî óëó÷øåíèþ ãíåçäîâîãî ôîíäà äëÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè è ïîçâîëèëà ñêîððåêòèðîâàòü ìåòîäè÷åñêóþ ñòîðîíó ìåðîïðèÿòèé ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ñåðîé íåÿñûòè.  äàëüíåéøåì ïëàíèðóåòñÿ ïðîäîëæåíèå ðàáîò â äàííîì íàïðàâëåíèè, óâåëè÷åíèå îáú¸ìà ðàáîò ïî ñåðîé íåÿñûòè è óãëóáëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèé ãíåçäîâîé áèîëîãèè îáîèõ âèäîâ. Ëèòåðàòóðà Àíäðååíêîâ Î.Â., Àíäðååíêîâà Í.Ã., Æèìóë¸â È.Ô. Ïðèâëå÷åíèå äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé íà ãíåçäîâàíèå â îêðåñòíîñòè Íîâîñèáèðñêîãî Àêàäåìãîðîäêà, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 39–42. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï., Ãëûáèíà Ì.À., Ïèòåðîâà Å.Í. Îöåíêà óðîâíÿ ãèáåëè õèùíûõ ïòèö íà ëèíèÿõ ýëåêòðîïåðåäà÷è 6–10 ê â Êèíåëüñêîì ðàéîíå Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè ÃÈÑìåòîäàìè. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 50–58. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ. Õèùíûå ïòèöû Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè. Ñàìàðà, 2008. 66 ñ. Êàðÿêèí È.Â., Áàêêà Ñ.Â., Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Êðàòêàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ î ñîâðåìåííîì ñòàòóñå ñåðîé íåÿñûòè â Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. – Ðåäêèå âèäû æèâûõ îðãàíèçìîâ Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè: Ñáîðíèê ðàáî÷èõ ìàòåðèàëîâ Êîìèññèè ïî Êðàñíîé êíèãå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè. Âûï. 1. Í.Íîâãîðîä, 2008. Ñ. 102–104. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ïðèâëå÷åíèÿ äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Áîãîðîäñêîì ðàéîíå Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè â 2006 ãîäó, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2006. ¹6. Ñ. 21–23. Ëåâàøêèí À.Ï. Ðåçóëüòàòû ìîíèòîðèíãà ãíåçäîâîé ãðóïïèðîâêè äëèííîõâîñòûõ íåÿñûòåé, ðàçìíîæàþùèõñÿ â ãíåçäîâûõ ÿùèêàõ íà òåððèòîðèè Áîãîðîäñêîãî ðàéîíà Íèæåãîðîäñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2008. ¹14. Ñ. 43–44. Ìàëûøîê Â.Ì., Êíûø Í.Ï. Î ãíåçäîâàíèè äëèííîõâîñòîé íåÿñûòè íà ãðàíèöå Áðÿíñêîé è Ñóìñêîé îáëàñòåé. – Áåðêóò. 2001. ¹10. Âûï. 2. Ñ. 243–245. Ïàæåíêîâ À.Ñ., Êàðÿêèí È.Â. Ìåðîïðèÿòèÿ ïî ïðèâëå÷åíèþ ïåðíàòûõ õèùíèêîâ â èñêóññòâåííûå ãíåçäîâüÿ â Ñàìàðñêîé îáëàñòè, Ðîññèÿ. – Ïåðíàòûå õèùíèêè è èõ îõðàíà. 2007. ¹10. Ñ. 14–16.
