! " ! " # " $ % &' ( ( " Z ! $ " # " ) * " + $ ', " " l n - ! " n " " , ."/ # # " ! # $ " " " "+ n 0 Nmax 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 K L M N O P Q 2 8 18 32 50 72 98 0" " n " " # " " 1 " # n 2 " ! 0 l<n "$ 3 "$ ! 45 3 " 645789 gH (n) 1 " " n : " Nmax =gH (n) ;! ."/ # < ."/ .n" / # # l $ . / - " # 7= ( n=1 ! + s 69 s2 6 9 0 # ! ! L" • * L" " l=0 6 9 l=1 " " p# p6 6 9 ( " p# 69 M " 6 9 • * M " s 6 9 p 6 9 ; " $ >=4 • N 4 > 8 = D 5 7 G I 4K 44 4> 48 4= 4D 45 47 4G ? ?@ AB C@ C E F H J F@ FL MN OP QB R Q EP OS K 2s 4 > > > > > > > > > > L 2s M 2p 2s 2p 3d 2 2S 1/2 4 > > > > > > > > 2S 1/2 4 > 8 = D 5 5 2 P 1/2 4 S 3/2 2 P 3/2 4 > > > > > > > 4K F@ 2S 1/2 4 > 8 = D 5 2 P 1/2 4 S 3/2 2 P 3/2 1S 0 1S 0 3P 0 3P 2 1S 0 1S 0 3P 0 3P 2 1S 0 ! " # 1 " 1 " # ! " 1 T 7D " # " ! %, " # # + Z+8 6 Z 8 4K9 ! " # Z " # " " " ;" 6Z=199 # ! ( n=3 U EL # 3d 4s " V ) ! " l W " ! # " 2 ! 4 * " > ( n+l " # # " n X " n+l 1 n 3 "$ ) + Z 4G 4I >K >4 * OS U EL QY n 8 = = 8 l 4 K K > n+l = = = D 0 >=4 V Zl # " l -" ! # " + 1 Zl = l(2l + 1)(2l + 2) + 1. 3 6>=49 V l=1 2 3 " Zl =5 21 57 " ( $ ! #" " # ( " " # !$ # " $ # 75 n+l= 4f 5f 3d 4d 5d 6d 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 !" $ " " $ " # # # "$ ; [He] 1s2 [Be] 1s2 2s2 . ( # ,+ 1 " 1 0 " # 3 $ ( " # ! # 0 " " # 6 9 s2 p6 ( # " [ - 2" ; - %" # Z ( 1 1 ! . / " " " X >=> * ?@ F@ OS US \@ ]^ > 4K 4G 85 D= G5 # $ % 77 n" 1 K L M 6 9 ! " s2 p6 0 >=8 T " , " " " n ( d# ! 3 " M " .! / s2 p6 ! n=4 - + " 4d 4f 5p# ( " 6s 4f 5d , 6s2 6p6 (# 69 ! 4G 8> ) ! " Z He 2 Ne 10 - 1s2 , K 1s2 2s2 2p6 , K Ar Kr Xe Rn 18 36 54 86 L [Ne] 3s2 3p6 , [Ar] 3d M 10 [Kr] 4d 4s2 4p6 , N 2 10 5s 5p6 , 10 O 14 [Kr] 4d 4f 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 6p6 . N O P & ' ( $ % " # 1 S0 - >4 !$ " #" >K_ # W # $ , (# ! * 1 , " " 1 7G " " " # , $ # !$ LS ` T 2" - [ %" # & ; 0 " " # ! -! # # 0 " # 2 S1/2 >== " # AB FL U ]a Eb JS 8 44 4I 87 DD G7 # )$ * 6Ec Z=299 6ON Z=479 6Oc Z=799 ! s# " " , 6Rd Z=469 4d " + Rd+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 , K L M N ON+ [Rd] 5s. (# ! , 5s# " X X , # 6 9 s d " + FB+ [OS]3d8 4s2 Re+ KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d9 6s Ec+ Oc+ 7I KLM 4s, KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s. # " # d s # ! s d# !$ s# " " # ! d# $ 3 Ec 3d9 4s2 3d9 4sns 3d9 4snp 3d9 4snd [ - 0 f 2" ) %" # f V s# # " 2s2 2 # ! # s# s2 p6 - ( ! " # ) + " # 1 " X >=D ( C@ MN EL QS CL ]L = 4> >K 8G D5 GG + # )%,$ * " s p# " V " n l g 1s2 2s2 6>=>9 " 1 S0 ; " # + # ns2 → nsnp 2 ! ! # " # < # # " Z Z Z 2 n 0 " >K7 " GK [ # ! # " " # , ./ " " $ !$ !" ! g - ! s# 1 ;, nsnp 3 P ! ∆S=0 " # 3 P1 → 1 S0 X " Z " p# " ! # - " #+ p 2, 3, 4 !$ $ .g $/ ! & ! !$ " " $ [ R ./ " " " p ;" " 2p 2 # " ! OP hL i^ jP ( # # * Z - f C D kC@l OP 48 kF@l3s2 Z hL 84 KLM 4s2 X i^ =I KLM 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 3 jL G4 KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 - ' p * G4 >=5 2 " , N " 64s9 64s2 9 M " " . $ /+ 3d 4s # " .! / 4s # KLM " X , " # 5s# " 4d10 ! " 64G9 , (" 5s (4d+4f ) = # E@ 6Z=589 (# ! 5p# 4p# # 4p 6 9 4d# 5s# 6 = 9 g " = " 6Z=709 g " 5d 5d10 Oc 6Z=799 ; " " 6s " $ Z=55 # " KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s V ?N 6Z=809 ]^ 6Z=869 $ " 6s 6p ( " " 2s 2p 3 ! " 5s 5p Ed 6Z=489 \@ 6Z=549 3 ! " " " # + " 5p $ >5 " = 5d 6s 84 # 0 p# " 3 2 Po 2" 2p " " # ! 2 Po1/2 [ ! 2 P1/2, 3/2 " # W 45 −1 ! 77I8 −1 2 1 ( , LS ( " , np2 P1/2, 3/2 → (n+1)s2 S1/2 p2 P1/2, 3/2 → d2 D3/2, 5/2 V # p→d " n 0 ! G> ! s# nsnp2 nsnpns nsnpnd ( $ # ! "+ 1/2 3/2 0 ! - C+ OP+ ! " # " 0 n2 Po 2 Po1/2 2 Po3/2 " ∆EnP $ # ; Q\ii OS\im # ∆E2P # " 7D85 nO ==4> nO " ! J@\\ii , 4= # W "$ # #" ! " ; ./ " W " 3 ne ≈108 −1 " ! . ,/ !$ " # ! (2÷4)·106 U " " " g .$/ λ=5303 nO % 4G5I ! J@\im # !"#$ p5 - 6J9 6EP9 6CS9 6i9 6Oe9 X $ >=7 *" * Z - T J I kC@l5 % EP 47 kF@l3s2 5 f CS 8D KLM 4s2 5 o i D8 KLM 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 5 Ob GD KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 5 . ' ,/ p * p1 p5 " G8 , ; p5 " ! $ # 3 ./ λ=6374 nO 3 2 Po1/2 →3 2 Po3/2 ! J@\ ! # " " ! λ=3329 nO 2 2 Po1/2 →2 2 Po3/2 EL\ii !"#$ p2 p3 p4 , " # ! # ! 3 $ # ! #" >=G >=I >=4K " # # p2 p3 p4 0 >8= * Z - W 0 5 kC@l2 - QB 4= kF@l3s2 2 Z h@ 8> KLM 4s2 2 2 Q^ DK KLM 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 2 0 Ra G> KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 2 0 ' p * * T ), 0 F R Ob Qa CB - Z 7 kC@l3 4D kF@l3s2 3 88 KLM 4s2 3 D4 KLM 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 3 G8 KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 3 1 ' p * ! 3 ! ! "$ # ! E1 X !$ " [ ! "$ LS X ! 10−3 c−1 100 c−1 3 G= * - 0 0 3 ( - G kC@l4 45 kF@l3s2 4 8= KLM 4s2 4 D> KLM 4s2 4p6 4d10 5s2 4 G= KLM N 5s2 5p6 5d10 6s2 4 Z H Q Q@ j@ Rp 2 ' , p * [OIII] [NII] 1 S0 λ4363 λ2321 λ5755 λ3063 1 D2 λ5007 λ6583 λ4959 λ6548 2 1 0 } 3 P { 2 1 0 3$ 4 " ( ! !$ # , 104 −3 , # " $ ; >=> ! # + kHiiil kFiil V 1 D2 ( 1 S → 1 D " 0 2 & 1 S0 → 3 P1 " GD ! " d 0 " ! >=4 - = 8 " # ! ! ; ! ! " , " , , " + ! " & # ! " $ ! =KKK- 7KKK- 2 ! 0 # " " # " < , ! 4G # "$ " # " , 1 8 = # (" 4s ! ! ! 3d $ " # fg # # 0 " # " ! 3 4s " ; $ # " 3d " g 3d " " ; + # 4s 3d " * " " ! " # $ W 4s " , 3d " * $ # # 4s 3d " G5 X 4s 3d " Z # 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn 3p6 4s 3p6 4s2 3d4s2 3d2 4s2 3d3 4s2 3d5 4s 3d5 4s2 3d6 4s2 3d7 4s2 3d8 4s2 3d10 4s 3d10 4s2 2S 1/2 1S 0 2D 3/2 3F 2 4F 3/2 7S 3 6S 5/2 5D 4 4F 9/2 3F 4 2S 1/2 1S 0 0 # " # # " " # # # 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s2 4f 14 5d10 6p6 7s2 5f 14 6d10 7p6 1H 3 Li 11 Na 49 K 37 Rb 55 Cs 87 Fr − − − − − − − 2 He 2 Ne 8 10 8 18 Ar Kr 18 36 18 54 Xe 32 86 Rn ? (32) -! " " " W 4f " ( ! " " 5f " # " 7s 6d 5f # (" # # ! " " " >=44 # [ " + i 1 ii iii %, " " # $ # Z Z−1 " ; ! # " ! " (# # ! G7 5 /)" " QY jB * m ES M^ i ii iii 3d4s2 2 D 3d 2 4s2 3 F 3d3 4s2 4 F 3d5 4s 7 S 3d5 4s2 6 S 3d4s 3 D 3d2 4s 4 F 3d4 5 D 3d5 6 S 3d5 4s 7 S 45 56 i ii iii 3d6 4s2 5 D 3d7 4s2 4 F 3d8 4s2 3 F 3d10 4s 2 S 3d6 4s 6 D 3d8 3 F 3d9 2 D 10 1 65 74 83 8 2q J@ 8 q 8 23 J Ep 8 J 8 3 4J * FB 8 J 8 q Ec 8 8 Q 9 2q 8 Q r^ 3d10 4s2 1 S 8 10 = 2 Q 8 10 1 Q g " $ # * " ( d# " ! + >=44 q ! J X " * ! " , ! ! " # # 1 ! < " ! ! " ! ( ! $ >=8 $ " 85KKn O 8GKKn O s " 0 $ ! & 6 4%" " * " $ GG 1 # ) # 0 # " GI