Евгений Шмидт (Смоленск) - Гнёздовский археологический

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* 1905 -!%< R. K. O=+20!*.0 * K0!#$&"1!5 -<=$+&33 // A243"13 !)%. +<""1!5 3 "#2*'&"1!5 2+9$!#!-33 U<""1!-! 2+9$!#!-3($"1!-! !=>$")*2. F. VD. 7.4. I. K =. K. 206, +3". 36.
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;!CUF 1. +., 1963. O+9$!#!-3($"13$ 420')&313 *)!+!5 4!#!*3&. 1--! )."'($#$)3' &. /. &2 )$++3)!+33 K0!#$&"1!5 !=#2")3 \\ [RKL. K. 85—128.
;!CUF 1. +., 1963Q. C$1!)!+.$ 2+9$!#!-3($"13$ 420')&313 K0!#$&>3&. *)!+!5 4!#!*3&. 1 ).". &. /. // [RO. I 108.
K#2*'&$ &212&<&$ !=+26!*2&3' E3$*"1!5 U<"3. [. K. 51—67.
;!CUF 1. +., 1963O. ?#3&&.$ 1<+-2&. < %. K#!=!%2V#<B3:2 // F+$),'1!* . C., D03%) 8. O. ?+$*&3$ -!+!%3>2
K0!#$&>3&.. [.- N. 1963=. K. 177—192.
;!CUF 1. +., 1970. E *!4+!"< != /)&3($"1!5 4+3&2%#$;&!")3 ;$&"1!-! 3&*$&)2+' 36 "0!#$&"139 %#3&&.9 1<+-2&!* // [RKL. 7.4. V . K. 219—235.
;!CUF 1. +., 1982. ?+$*&$+<""13$ 2+9$!#!-3($"13$
420')&313 K0!#$&"1!5 !=#2")3. Y. I. [. K. 98—103.
;!CUF 1. +., 2005. K0!#$&"13$ %+$*&!")3. 7.4. IV.
E<+-2&&.$ 0!-3#,&313 SD—G *$1!* :$&)+2#,&!5 (2")3
K0!#$&"1!-! !%&$4+!*,'. K0!#$&"1.
;FELQT (. 8., 1992. E+.*i(.. [&.
Lietuvos TSR archologijos atlasas. IV. Vilnius, 1978
("!1+.LOO).
Lietuvos archeologijos bruozai. Vilnius, 1961 ( "!1+. LAB).
Eugene Shmidt
THE PECULIARITIES OF ETHNO-CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRIBES OF SMOLENSK
DNIEPER REGION AND BORDERING
TERRITORIES IN VIII—X AD
Summary
On the turn of VII and VIII centuries the Tushemlia
culture ceases to exist. Part of this culture’s population
went to the North and merged into the environment of
Pskov Long Barrows culture, where the local group of early
long barrows was formed. By the middle VIII century tribes
with mature Smolensk Long Barrows culture (SLBC) settle
in Dnieper and Dzvina regions and assimilate the rest of
Tushemlia population. SLBC is characterized by special
funeral rites, whose major element is cremation usually
carried out outside the barrow, and by a peculiar way of
burials’ allocation in the barrow. The burial inventory in
SLBC burials is quite distinctive. The most informative is
female burials’ goods of VIII — IX centuries comprising
metal jewelry. The head covering included head bands
either of stripe-type consisting of bronze spirals and
segregating plates (fig. 1: 1, 2, 5) or plait-type — made only
of spirals (fig. 1: 4). Pendants were hung on head bands
(fig. 1: 6 — 9, 21). Besides, head coverings comprised flat
bronze hair-rings of two types (fig. 1: 10 — 12). Neck and
chest were decorated with neck-rings with crutch- and
saddle-shaped ends (fig. 1:14 — 16) and a necklace made
of yellow and blue glass beads of different types (fig. 1: 13)
or a necklace made of the same kind of beads and bronze
spirals (fig. 1: 3, 13). Horseshoe-fibulas were used to fasten
clothes (fig. 1: 17, 18). On their hands women bore spiral
bronze bracelets wrapped around several times (their
fragments — see fig. 1: 19) or bracelets with hollow tubular
ends (fig. 1: 20). Such a jewelry set has complete analogies
in the Balts’ antiquities (the Latgallians and other groups
of Lithuanian and Latvian tribes), but it is not at all
characteristic of Slavic antiquities of VIII — IX centuries.
SLBC correlates with the chronicle Kryviches, but there
are no grounds by which one could attribute them to the
Slavs of VIII — IX centuries by the character of material
culture.
In the period of Slavs’ settling in the Dnieper
region and formation of the state of Ancient Rus the
chronicles do not present the Kryviches as a tribe
speaking Slavic languages. Evidently, in VIII — IX the
Kryviches — the bearers of SLBC — had their own
language, different from the Polyans’, Severians’,
Drevlians’ and other Slav’s languages. After inclusion
of the Kryviches into Ancient Rus state, a rapid
process of their slavonization took place. By XII
century their culture had changed and they became
part of Ancient Russian people. The character of the
Kryviches’ ethno-cultural development is proved by
toponymy and linguistic studies.