А. В. Иванов Возможное существование Hs в природе с

¨¸Ó³ ¢ —Ÿ. 2006. ’. 3, º 3(132). ‘. 42Ä48
“„Š 539.163:546.94
‚‡Œ†… ‘“™…‘’‚‚ˆ… Hs ‚ ˆ„…
‘ ƒ…•ˆŒˆ—…‘Š‰ ’—Šˆ ‡…ˆŸ
. ‚. ˆ¢ ´μ¢1
ˆ´¸É¨ÉÊÉ §¥³´μ° ±μ·Ò, ‘¨¡¨·¸±μ¥ μɤ¥²¥´¨¥ , ˆ·±Êɸ±, μ¸¸¨Ö
‘ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±μ° Éμα¨ §·¥´¨Ö · ¸¸³μÉ·¥´ £¨¶μÉ¥§ ¢μ§³μ¦´μ¸É¨ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨Ö ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊÐ¥£μ ¨§μÉμ¶ 271 Hs ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É Ì ¨ μ¸³¨·¨¤ Ì. μ± § ´μ, ÎÉμ ´ ²¨Î¨¥ Hs ¢ ÔɨÌ
³¨´¥· ² Ì ³μ¦´μ μ¡ÑÖ¸´¨ÉÓ, Éμ²Ó±μ ¸¤¥² ¢ ad hoc ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨¥ μ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¨ ¨§μ¡ ·´μ° ¶ ·Ò
271
BhÄ271 Hs. ·μ¢¥·¨ÉÓ ÔÉμ ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨¥ ³μ¦´μ ¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ ³ ¸¸-¸¶¥±É·μ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¨§³¥·¥´¨°
¨§μÉμ¶´ÒÌ ¸¤¢¨£μ¢ U, Pb, Kr, Xe ¨ Zr.
A hypothesis of existence in natural molybdenites and osmirides of a long-lived isotope 271 Hs is
considered from a geochemical point of view. It is shown that presence of Hs in these minerals can be
explained only by making an additional ad hoc assumption on existence of isobaric pair of 271 BhÄ271 Hs.
This assumption could be tested by mass-spectrometric measurements of U, Pb, Kr, Xe and Zr isotopic
shifts.
Extraordinary claims require
extraordinary evidence.
Carl Sagan
‚‚…„…ˆ…
‚ ´¥¤ ¢´¥³ ¢Ò¶Ê¸±¥ ¦Ê·´ ² ®Ÿ¤¥·´ Ö Ë¨§¨± ¯ . Œ ·¨´μ¢ ¨ ¤·. [1] ¶·¨¢¥²¨ · ¸Î¥É´Ò¥ ¶¥·¨μ¤Ò ¶μ²Ê· ¸¶ ¤ £¨¶μɥɨΥ¸±μ£μ ¨§μÉμ¶ 271 Hs μÉ 1,3 · 108 ¤μ 1,8 · 1011 ²¥É ¢ § ¢¨¸¨³μ¸É¨ μÉ · §²¨Î´ÒÌ ¶·¨´¨³ ¥³ÒÌ ¶ · ³¥É·μ¢ ¤¥Ëμ·³ ͨ¨ Ö¤· . –¥²Ó ÔÉ¨Ì · ¸Î¥Éμ¢
§ ±²ÕÎ ² ¸Ó ¢ ¸μ£² ¸μ¢ ´¨¨ É¥μ·¥É¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¤ ´´ÒÌ ¸ ʱ § ´¨Ö³¨ ´ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´μ
μ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´´ÊÕ α- ±É¨¢´μ¸ÉÓ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ∼ 4,4 ŒÔ‚ ¢ ´¥±μÉμ·ÒÌ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡Ñ¥±É Ì
[2Ä4]. ‚ ¤ ´´μ³ ¸μμ¡Ð¥´¨¨ ¸ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±μ° Éμα¨ §·¥´¨Ö · ¸¸³ É·¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¢μ§³μ¦´μ¸ÉÓ
´ Ì즤¥´¨Ö Hs ¢ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É¥ ¨ μ¸³¨·¨¤¥, ¢ ±μÉμ·ÒÌ ¡Ò² μ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ ÔÉ ¨§¡ÒÉμδ Ö
α- ±É¨¢´μ¸ÉÓ [2, 4]. ¡¸Ê¦¤¥´¨¥ ¶·μ¡²¥³Ò ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨Ö ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊÐ¨Ì ¸¢¥·ÌÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ô²¥³¥´Éμ¢ ¸ Éμα¨ §·¥´¨Ö É¥μ·¥É¨Î¥¸±μ° ¨ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´μ° ˨§¨±¨ ¶·μ¢μ¤¨É¸Ö ¢
· ¡μÉ Ì [5Ä9] ¨ ¤·.
1. ˆ‘’ˆŸ ‚‘
‚ ´ Î ²¥ 60-Ì ££. ¶·μϲμ£μ ¸Éμ²¥É¨Ö ‚. ‚. —¥·¤Ò´Í¥¢ ¨ ¤·. [10, 11] α-¸¶¥±É·μ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨³ ³¥Éμ¤μ³ μ¡´ ·Ê¦¨²¨ ¨§¡ÒÉμ± 235 U ¢ ³ £´¥É¨É¥ ¨ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É¥, É·¥¡ÊÕШ° ¶·¨¸Êɸɢ¨Ö ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤¥ É· ´¸Ê· ´μ¢μ£μ · ¤¨μ ±É¨¢´μ£μ Ô²¥³¥´É . μ¸²¥¤ÊÕШ¥ · ¡μÉÒ ¡Ò²¨
1 E-mail:
aivanov@crust.irk.ru
‚μ§³μ¦´μ¥ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¥ Hs ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤¥ ¸ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±μ° Éμα¨ §·¥´¨Ö 43
´ ¶· ¢²¥´Ò ´ ¨¤¥´É¨Ë¨± Í¨Õ ÔÉμ£μ É· ´¸Ê· ´μ¢μ£μ Ô²¥³¥´É α-¸¶¥±É·μ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨³
³¥Éμ¤μ³. ‚ · ¡μÉ Ì [2Ä4] ¢ ¶·¥¶ · É Ì ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡Ñ¥±Éμ¢ · §²¨Î´μ£μ ¢μ§· ¸É ¨ £¥´¥§¨¸ (¨¸±μ¶ ¥³Ò¥ ±μ¸É´Ò¥ μ¸É ´±¨, ³¨´¥· ²Ò ³ £³ ɨΥ¸±¨Ì ¶μ·μ¤, ¦¥²¥§´Ò° ³¥É¥μ·¨É ¨ ¤·.) μ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´ ´¥¨¤¥´É¨Ë¨Í¨·μ¢ ´´ Ö α- ±É¨¢´μ¸ÉÓ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨°
4,2Ä4,6 MÔ‚, É ±¦¥ μ¶·¥¤¥²¥´μ ´ ²¨Î¨¥ Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±μ£μ ¸¶¥±É· , μÉ즤¥¸É¢²Ö¥³μ£μ ¸
239
Pu. Š·μ³¥ Éμ£μ, ¢ ·Ö¤¥ ¶·¥¶ · Éμ¢ Ë¨±¸¨·μ¢ ²¨¸Ó Ô´¥·£¥É¨Î¥¸±¨¥ ¸¶¥±É·Ò 243 Am. ‚
· ¡μÉ Ì [2Ä3] ¸¤¥² ´μ ¶·¥¤¶μ²μ¦¥´¨¥, ÎÉμ α- ±É¨¢´μ¸ÉÓ ¢ ¨´É¥·¢ ²¥ Ô´¥·£¨° 4,2Ä4,6 ŒÔ‚
¸¢Ö§ ´ ¸ 247 Cm, ±μÉμ·Ò°, ¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ ¤¢ÊÌ β − - ¨ ¤¢ÊÌ α-· ¸¶ ¤μ¢ ¶·¥¢· Ð ¥É¸Ö ¢ 239 Pu,
¸ ³ Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ¶·μ¤Ê±Éμ³ · ¸¶ ¤ · ¤¨μ ±É¨¢´μ£μ ¨§μÉμ¶ ¥Ð¥ ¡μ²¥¥ ÉÖ¦¥²μ£μ É· ´¸Ê· ´μ¢μ£μ Ô²¥³¥´É . μ ̨³¨Î¥¸±¨³ ¸¢μ°¸É¢ ³ ÔÉμÉ É· ´¸Ê· ´μ¢Ò° Ô²¥³¥´É ¶μÌ줨² ´ μ¸³¨° [3]. ‚ · ¡μÉ¥ [4] ¶·μ ´ ²¨§¨·μ¢ ´Ò · §²¨Î´Ò¥ Ë· ±Í¨¨ μ¸³¨·¨¤¨Ö ¶μ¸²¥ ̨³¨Î¥¸±μ° ¶·μ¡μ¶μ¤£μÉμ¢±¨ ¨ É ±¦¥ ¢ÒÖ¢²¥´ α- ±É¨¢´μ¸ÉÓ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ∼ 4,4 ŒÔ‚. „²Ö
μ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´¨Ö ´ ¡²Õ¤ ¥³μ£μ Ë¥´μ³¥´ ¢Ò¸± § ´μ ¶·¥¤¶μ²μ¦¥´¨¥ μ ¢μ§³μ¦´μ³ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¨ ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊÐ¥£μ ¸¢¥·ÌÉÖ¦¥²μ£μ Ô²¥³¥´É ¸ ̨³¨Î¥¸±¨³¨ ¸¢μ°¸É¢ ³¨ μ¸³¨Ö, ¨§¢¥¸É´μ£μ ¢ ´ ¸ÉμÖÐ¥¥ ¢·¥³Ö ¶μ¤ ´ §¢ ´¨¥³ Ì ¸¸¨° (Hs, Ô²¥³¥´É 108). ·¥¤¶μ² £ ² ¸Ó ¸²¥¤ÊÕÐ Ö Í¥¶Ó · ¤¨μ ±É¨¢´ÒÌ ¶·¥¢· Ð¥´¨° ³¥¦¤Ê £¨¶μɥɨΥ¸±¨³ ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊШ³ ¨§μÉμ¶μ³
271
Hs ¨ 247 Cm:
271
α
α
α
α
α
α
Hs −
→ 267 Sg −
→ 263 Rf −
→ 259 No −
→ 255 Fm −
→ 251 Cf −
→ 247 Cm.
(1)
Cm ¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ ¶μ¸²¥¤μ¢ É¥²Ó´ÒÌ α- ¨ β − -· ¸¶ ¤μ¢ ¶·¥¢· Ð ¥É¸Ö ¢ ¸É ¡¨²Ó´Ò°
¨§μÉμ¶ 207 Pb ¸ ¶·μ³¥¦ÊÉμδҳ ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊШ³ ¨§μÉμ¶μ³ 235 U (T1/2 = (703,8 ± 0,5) ×
106 ²¥É [12]):
247
247
α
β−
α
β−
α
7α+7β −
Cm −
→ 243 Pu −−→ 243 Am −
→ 239 Np −−→ 239 Pu −
→ 235 U −−−−−→ 207 Pb.
(2)
ˆ¸Ìμ¤Ö ¨§ μÍ¥´¥´´μ° · ¸¶·μ¸É· ´¥´´μ¸É¨ Ô³¨ÉÉ¥· α-Î ¸É¨Í ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ∼ 4,4 ŒÔ‚
¢ · ¡μÉ¥ [2] ¢ÒΨ¸²¥´ ¶¥·¨μ¤ ¶μ²Ê· ¸¶ ¤ 247 Cm ± ± (2,5 ± 0,5) · 108 ²¥É, ÎÉμ ´ ¶μ·Ö¤μ±
¡μ²ÓÏ¥ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´μ Ê¸É ´μ¢²¥´´μ£μ §´ Î¥´¨Ö (1,56 ± 0,05) · 107 ²¥É [12]. 짤´¥¥
¶¥·¨μ¤ ¶μ²Ê· ¸¶ ¤ (2,5 ± 0,5) · 108 ²¥É ¡Ò² ¶·¨¶¨¸ ´ 271 Hs [1].
¥¸³μÉ·Ö ´ ¢ ¦´μ¸ÉÓ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ Éμ¢ [2Ä4, 10, 11] ¨ ¢ÒÉ¥± ÕÐ¨Ì ¨§ ÔÉ¨Ì ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ Éμ¢
¸²¥¤¸É¢¨°, μ´¨ ´¥ ¶·μ¢¥·Ö²¨¸Ó ¢ ¤ ²Ó´¥°Ï¥³. ‚ Éμ ¦¥ ¢·¥³Ö ʱ § ´¨Ö ´ μ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´¨¥
α- ±É¨¢´μ¸É¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ∼ 4,4 ŒÔ‚ ¢ Éμ·¨É¥ ¨§ £· ´¨É Šμ´¢¥° (´£²¨Ö) [13] ´¥ ¡Ò²¨
¶μ¤É¢¥·¦¤¥´Ò ¡μ²¥¥ ¶μ§¤´¨³¨ ¨¸¸²¥¤μ¢ ´¨Ö³¨ É¥Ì ¦¥ ¸ ³ÒÌ μ¡· §Íμ¢ [14, 15].
2. ‚‡Œ†‘’œ ˆ‘“’‘’‚ˆŸ Hs ‚ Œ‹ˆ„…ˆ’… ˆ ‘Œˆˆ„…
ˆ§¢¥¸É´μ, ÎÉμ Hs Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö £μ³μ²μ£μ³ Os [16]. Éμ ¶μ§¢μ²Ö¥É · ¸¸³μÉ·¥ÉÓ ¢μ§³μ¦´μ¸ÉÓ ¶·¨¸Êɸɢ¨Ö Hs ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡· §Í Ì ¶μ ´ ²μ£¨¨ ¸ · ¸¶·μ¸É· ´¥´´μ¸ÉÓÕ
¢ ´¨Ì Os. ¸¸³μÉ·¨³ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É ¨ μ¸³¨·¨¤ Å ³¨´¥· ²Ò, ±μÉμ·Ò¥ ¨¸¸²¥¤μ¢ ²¨¸Ó
α-¸¶¥±É·μ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨³ ³¥Éμ¤μ³ ¢ · ¡μÉ Ì [2, 4]. ƒ¥μ²μ£¨Î¥¸±μ¥ 춨¸ ´¨¥ ³¥¸É μÉ¡μ· ¶·μ¡ ¨§ÊÎ¥´´ÒÌ ³¨´¥· ²μ¢ ±· °´¥ μ£· ´¨Î¥´μ. ¤´ ±μ Ôɨ ³¨´¥· ²Ò Ö¢²ÖÕÉ¸Ö É¨¶μ³μ·Ë´Ò³¨ ¤²Ö ³ £³ ɨΥ¸±¨Ì ¶μ·μ¤, ÎÉμ ¶μ§¢μ²Ö¥É · ¸¶·μ¸É· ´¨ÉÓ ¨§¢¥¸É´Ò¥ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±¨¥ Ì · ±É¥·¨¸É¨±¨ ÔÉ¨Ì ³¨´¥· ²μ¢ ´ ¨§ÊÎ¥´´Ò¥ ¶·μ¡Ò.
44 ˆ¢ ´μ¢ . ‚.
Œμ²¨¡¤¥´¨É (MoS2 ) ±·¨¸É ²²¨§Ê¥É¸Ö ¢ ¶μ¤Î¨´¥´´μ³ ±μ²¨Î¥¸É¢¥ ¢ ´¥±μÉμ·ÒÌ É¨¶ Ì
±¨¸²ÒÌ (£· ´¨É´ÒÌ) ³ £³. ˆ´μ£¤ μ´ μ¡· §Ê¥É ¸±μ¶²¥´¨Ö ¢ £· ´¨É Ì, ´μ ΠХ ¢¸É·¥Î ¥É¸Ö ¢ §μ´ Ì £¨¤·μÉ¥·³ ²Ó´μ° ¶·μ· ¡μɱ¨. ‚ Í¥²μ³, ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É ³μ¦´μ · ¸¸³ É·¨¢ ÉÓ
± ± ³¨´¥· ², μ¡· §μ¢ ´¨¥ ±μÉμ·μ£μ ¨¸±²ÕΨɥ²Ó´μ ¸¢Ö§ ´μ ¸ ¶·μÍ¥¸¸ ³¨, ¶·μ¨¸Ìμ¤ÖШ³¨ ¢ §¥³´μ° ±μ·¥. Œμ²¨¡¤¥´¨É ¶μ¢¸¥³¥¸É´μ ¨¸¶μ²Ó§Ê¥É¸Ö ¤²Ö ReÄOs-¤ ɨ·μ¢ ´¨Ö,
¶μÔÉμ³Ê · ¸¶·¥¤¥²¥´¨¥ Re ¨ Os ¢ ´¥³ Ìμ·μÏμ ¨§ÊÎ¥´μ [17Ä21 ¨ ¸¸Ò²±¨ ¢ ÔÉ¨Ì · ¡μÉ Ì].
‘· §Ê μ¡· Ð ¥É ´ ¸¥¡Ö ¢´¨³ ´¨¥, ÎÉμ ÔÉμÉ ³¨´¥· ² ¨§´ Î ²Ó´μ ´¥ ¸μ¤¥·¦¨É μ¸³¨Ö. ‚¥¸Ó
μ¸³¨° ¢ ´¥³ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´ ¨§μÉμ¶μ³ 187 Os, ±μÉμ·Ò° ´ ± ¶²¨¢ ¥É¸Ö ¢ Ì줥 £¥μ²μ£¨Î¥¸±μ£μ
¢·¥³¥´¨ ¢ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ β − -· ¸¶ ¤ 187 Re. ˆ¸Ìμ¤Ö ¨§ ÔÉμ£μ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ³ ²μ¢¥·μÖÉ´Ò³, ÎÉμ¡Ò ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É ³μ£ § Ì¢ ÉÒ¢ ÉÓ ¸±μ²Ó±μ-´¨¡Ê¤Ó §´ Ψ³μ¥ ±μ²¨Î¥¸É¢μ Hs, ¥¸²¨
ÔÉμÉ Ô²¥³¥´É ¶·¨¸ÊÉ¸É¢Ê¥É ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤¥. ’ ±¨³ μ¡· §μ³, ²¨¡μ ¸²¥¤Ê¥É ¶μ¸É ¢¨ÉÓ ¶μ¤ ¸μ³´¥´¨¥ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ ÉÒ · ¡μÉ [2Ä4, 10, 11], ²¨¡μ É·¥¡Ê¥É¸Ö ¶·¥¤¶μ²μ¦¨ÉÓ, ÎÉμ ¨§μÉμ¶ 271 Hs
Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ¶·μ¤Ê±Éμ³ · ¸¶ ¤ ¨§μÉμ¶ ± ±μ£μ-Éμ ¤·Ê£μ£μ ¸¢¥·ÌÉÖ¦¥²μ£μ Ô²¥³¥´É . ’ ±¨³
¨§μÉμ¶μ³ ³μ£ ¡Ò ¡ÒÉÓ £¨¶μɥɨΥ¸±¨° ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊШ° β − - ±É¨¢´Ò° ¨§μÉμ¶ 271 Bh (¡μ·¨°,
Ô²¥³¥´É 107). “ΨÉÒ¢ Ö, ÎÉμ Bh Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö £μ³μ²μ£μ³ Re [22], Re μ¡ÒÎ´μ ¸μ¤¥·¦¨É¸Ö
¢ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É Ì ¢ ¡μ²ÓÏμ³ ±μ²¨Î¥¸É¢¥ (¤¥¸ÖÉÒ¥ ¤μ²¨ ¶·μÍ¥´É ), ³μ¦´μ 즨¤ ÉÓ, ÎÉμ
Bh, ¥¸²¨ μ´ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢Ê¥É ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤¥, ¶·¨ μ¡· §μ¢ ´¨¨ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É ¡Ê¤¥É § Ì¢ ÉÒ¢ ÉÓ¸Ö
±·¨¸É ²²¨Î¥¸±μ° ·¥Ï¥É±μ° ÔÉμ£μ ³¨´¥· ² .
ˆ´Ò³¨ ¸²μ¢ ³¨, ´ ²¨Î¨¥ ¢ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É Ì Hs É·¥¡Ê¥É ¶·¥¤¶μ²μ¦¥´¨Ö μ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¨ ¤μ¸É ÉμÎ´μ ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊÐ¥£μ β − - ±É¨¢´μ£μ 271 Bh ¨²¨ £μ³μ²μ£ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´ Å 271 Sg
(¸¨¡μ·£¨°, Ô²¥³¥´É 106), ±μÉμ·Ò° ¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ ¤¢ÊÌ β − -· ¸¶ ¤μ¢ ¶·¥¢· Ð ¥É¸Ö ¢ 271 Hs.
…¸²¨ ÔÉμ ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨¥ ¢¥·´μ, É죤 ¶·¨¸Êɸɢ¨¥ 271 Hs ¢ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É¥ ´ Ìμ¤¨É ²μ£¨Î´μ¥
μ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´¨¥ ¸ Éμα¨ §·¥´¨Ö £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¸¢μ°¸É¢ ÔÉμ£μ ³¨´¥· ² .
¸³¨·¨¤ Å ¶·¨·μ¤´Ò° ¸¶² ¢ μ¸³¨Ö ¨ ¨·¨¤¨Ö ¸ ¶·¨³¥¸Ö³¨ ¤·Ê£¨Ì ¶² ɨ´μ¨¤μ¢, Ì · ±É¥·´Ò° ¤²Ö ¶μ·μ¤ ʲÓÉ· μ¸´μ¢´μ£μ ¸μ¸É ¢ (¶¥·¨¤μɨÉμ¢). ´ ¸¢Ö§ ´ ¸ ¶·μÍ¥¸¸ ³¨,
¶·μ¨¸Ìμ¤ÖШ³¨ ¢ ³ ´É¨¨ ‡¥³²¨ [23Ä25 ¨ ¸¸Ò²±¨ ¢ ÔÉ¨Ì · ¡μÉ Ì]. “ΨÉÒ¢ Ö, ÎÉμ Os ¢
ÔÉμ³ ³¨´¥· ²¥ Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö μ¸´μ¢´Ò³ Ô²¥³¥´Éμ³, ¸²¥¤Ê¥É 즨¤ ÉÓ, ÎÉμ Hs, ¥¸²¨ μ´ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢Ê¥É ¢ ³ ´É¨¨ ‡¥³²¨, ¤μ²¦¥´ ¶·¨¸ÊÉ¸É¢μ¢ ÉÓ ¢ ÔÉμ³ ³¨´¥· ²¥ ¢ §´ Ψ³μ³ ±μ²¨Î¥¸É¢¥
´ ·Ö¤Ê ¸ Os.
„μ¶Ê¸É¨³, ÎÉμ μÍ¥´± ¶¥·¨μ¤ ¶μ²Ê· ¸¶ ¤ 271 Hs (2,5 ± 0,5) · 108 ²¥É ¢¥·´ [2]. ’죤 ¶· ±É¨Î¥¸±¨ ¢¥¸Ó 271 Hs, ¶μ¶ ¢Ï¨° ´ ‡¥³²Õ ¢μ ¢·¥³Ö ¥¥ Ëμ·³¨·μ¢ ´¨Ö ∼ 4,5 ³²·¤
²¥É ´ § ¤, ¤μ²¦¥´ ¡Ò² ¡Ò · ¸¶ ¸ÉÓ¸Ö. ‘¢¥·ÌÉÖ¦¥²Ò¥ Ô²¥³¥´ÉÒ μ¡· §ÊÕÉ¸Ö ¶·¨ ¢§·Ò¢ Ì
¸¢¥·Ì´μ¢ÒÌ ¨, ¢μ§³μ¦´μ, ¶·¨¸ÊɸɢÊÕÉ ¢ ±μ¸³¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ²ÊÎ Ì ¢Ò¸μ±¨Ì Ô´¥·£¨° [26]. Éμ
¶μ§¢μ²Ö¥É ¶·¥¤¶μ²μ¦¨ÉÓ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¥ ´¥¶·¥·Ò¢´μ£μ ¶·¨Éμ± ´ ‡¥³²Õ ¸¢¥·ÌÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ
Ô²¥³¥´Éμ¢ ¢³¥¸É¥ ¸ ±μ¸³¨Î¥¸±μ° ¶Ò²ÓÕ, ʸ¨²¨¢ ÕÐ¥£μ¸Ö ¶·¨ ¶·μÌ즤¥´¨¨ cμ²´¥Î´μ°
¸¨¸É¥³Ò Î¥·¥§ ¸¶¨· ²Ó´Ò¥ ·Ê± ¢ ´ Ï¥° £ ² ±É¨±¨. Šμ¸¢¥´´Ò³ μ¡· §μ³ ´ ÔÉμ ³μ¦¥É
ʱ §Ò¢ ÉÓ μ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´¨¥ 239 Pu ¢ ¦¥²¥§μ³ ·£ ´Í¥¢ÒÌ ±μ´±·¥Í¨ÖÌ ¤´ ’¨Ìμ£μ μ±¥ ´ ¨
”¨´¸±μ£μ § ²¨¢ [3]. ‚ ³ ´É¨Õ ‡¥³²¨ ¸¢¥·ÌÉÖ¦¥²Ò¥ Ô²¥³¥´ÉÒ ³μ£²¨ ¡Ò ¶μ¶ ¤ ÉÓ ¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ ¸Ê¡¤Êͨ·μ¢ ´¨Ö μ±¥ ´¨Î¥¸±¨Ì μ¸ ¤±μ¢ (¶μ£·Ê¦¥´¨Ö μ±¥ ´¨Î¥¸±μ° ¶²¨ÉÒ ¢ ³ ´É¨Õ
‡¥³²¨ ¢ ´¨¸Ìμ¤ÖÐ¥° ¢¥É¢¨ ³ ´É¨°´μ° ±μ´¢¥±Í¨¨). ÉμÉ ¶·μÍ¥¸¸ ¶μ¶ ¤ ´¨Ö μ±¥ ´¨Î¥¸±¨Ì μ¸ ¤±μ¢ ¢ ³ ´É¨Õ ´ ¤¥¦´μ § ¤μ±Ê³¥´É¨·μ¢ ´ ¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ £¥μ²μ£μ-£¥μ˨§¨Î¥¸±¨Ì
¨ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¨¸¸²¥¤μ¢ ´¨° [27Ä29 ¨ ¸¸Ò²±¨ ¢ ÔÉ¨Ì · ¡μÉ Ì].
¸¸³μÉ·¨³ ¥Ð¥ μ¤´Ê ¢μ§³μ¦´μ¸ÉÓ ¶μ¶ ¤ ´¨Ö Hs ¢ ³ ´É¨Õ ‡¥³²¨. „²Ö ÔÉμ£μ ¤μ¶Ê¸É¨³, ÎÉμ 271 Hs Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö ¶·μ¤Ê±Éμ³ β − -· ¸¶ ¤ 271 Bh. ‘μ£² ¸´μ ¸μ¢·¥³¥´´Ò³ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±¨³ ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´¨Ö³ Re ¶·¥¨³ÊÐ¥¸É¢¥´´μ ±μ´Í¥´É·¨·Ê¥É¸Ö ¢ ³¥É ²²¨Î¥¸±μ³ Ö¤·¥
‡¥³²¨ [30, 31]. ˆ¸Ìμ¤Ö ¨§ ÔÉμ£μ, ³μ¦´μ ¶·¥¤¶μ²μ¦¨ÉÓ, ÎÉμ Ö¤·μ μ¡μ£ Ð¥´μ 271 Bh ¨
‚μ§³μ¦´μ¥ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¥ Hs ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤¥ ¸ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±μ° Éμα¨ §·¥´¨Ö 45
¶·μ¤Ê±Éμ³ ¥£μ · ¸¶ ¤ 271 Hs. ¤´¨ ¢Éμ·Ò ¸Î¨É ÕÉ, ÎÉμ ¢¥Ð¥¸É¢μ Ö¤· , μ¡μ£ Ð¥´´μ¥
· ¤¨μ£¥´´Ò³ ¨§μÉμ¶μ³ 187 Os (¨ ¸μμÉ¢¥É¸É¢¥´´μ 271 Hs ¸μ£² ¸´μ ´ Ï¥³Ê ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨Õ),
³μ¦¥É ¶¥·¥´μ¸¨ÉÓ¸Ö ± ¶μ¢¥·Ì´μ¸É¨ ‡¥³²¨ ¢μ¸Ìμ¤ÖШ³¨ ±μ´¢¥±É¨¢´Ò³¨ ¶μÉμ± ³¨ (¶²Õ³ ³¨) [32]. ‚ Î ¸É´μ¸É¨, É ± Ö ¨´É¥·¶·¥É ꬅ ¶·¥¤²μ¦¥´ ¤²Ö ´¥±μÉμ·ÒÌ μ¸³¨·¨¤μ¢
[33]. „·Ê£¨¥ ¢Éμ·Ò μÉ¢¥·£ ÕÉ ¶·¨´Í¨¶¨ ²Ó´ÊÕ ¢μ§³μ¦´μ¸ÉÓ μ¡³¥´ ¢¥Ð¥¸É¢μ³ ³¥¦¤Ê
Ö¤·μ³ ¨ ¢¥·Ì´¥° ³ ´É¨¥° [34, 35] ¨²¨ ¤μ¶Ê¸± ÕÉ Éμ²Ó±μ μ£· ´¨Î¥´´Ò° μ¡³¥´ ¢¥Ð¥¸É¢ [36]. ¡μ£ Ð¥´¨¥ ¢Ê²± ´¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¶μ·μ¤ ¨ μ¸³¨·¨¤μ¢ · ¤¨μ£¥´´Ò³ 187 Os ³μ¦´μ É ±¦¥
μ¡ÑÖ¸´¨ÉÓ ¸Ê£Ê¡μ § ¸Î¥É ¶·μÍ¥¸¸μ¢, ¶·μÉ¥± ÕÐ¨Ì ¢ ¢¥·Ì´¥° ³ ´É¨¨ [37] (¸³. μ¡§μ· ¶μ
¶·μ¡²¥³¥ [38]).
3. „ˆ‘Š“‘‘ˆŸ
ˆ§ ¶·¥¤Ò¤ÊÐ¥£μ · §¤¥² ¢¨¤´μ, ÎÉμ £¨¶μÉ¥§ ¶·¨¸Êɸɢ¨Ö Hs ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ ³¨´¥· ² Ì
³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É¥ ¨ μ¸³¨·¨¤¥ ´¥ ³μ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ ¶·¨´ÖÉ ¡¥§ ·Ö¤ ¤μ¶μ²´¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ ad hoc ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨°. Š·μ³¥ Éμ£μ, ¶·¥¤¶μ² £ ¢Ï Ö¸Ö ¢ [4] Í¥¶Ó · ¸¶ ¤μ¢ (Ê· ¢´¥´¨¥ (1)), ¢μ§³μ¦´μ,
´¥ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢Ê¥É ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤¥ ¢μμ¡Ð¥, É ± ± ± ¸μ£² ¸´μ ´μ¢Ò³ ¤ ´´Ò³ 263 Rf · ¸¶ ¤ ¥É¸Ö
¶ÊÉ¥³ ¸¶μ´É ´´μ£μ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö, ´¥ α-· ¸¶ ¤ [12, 39]. ¤´ ±μ, ¶·¨´¨³ Ö ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨¥ μ
¸μ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¨ ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊÐ¨Ì ¨§μÉμ¶μ¢ Hs ¨ Bh ¢ ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É¥, ³μ¦´μ ¶·¥¤¶μ²μ¦¨ÉÓ
¸²¥¤ÊÕÐÊÕ Í¥¶μÎ±Ê · ¤¨μ ±É¨¢´ÒÌ ¶·¥¢· Ð¥´¨°:
271
α 267
Bh −
→
α 263
Db −
→
α 259
Lr −
→
α(3 %)
Md −−−−→
255
β − (92 %)
α
Es −−−−−−→ 255 Fm −
→ 251
255 Es
β−
α(8 %)
−−−−→ 251 Bk −−→
α
Cf −
→ 247 Cm.
(3)
·¨ ÔÉμ³ μ¸´μ¢´ Ö Î ¸ÉÓ ¶·μ¤Ê±Éμ¢ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö ¡Ê¤¥É ¶·¥¤¸É ¢²¥´ μ¸±μ²± ³¨ ¸¶μ´É ´´μ£μ ¤¥²¥´¨Ö:
271
271
α
α
α
sf (97 %)
Bh −
→ 267 Db −
→ 263 Lr −
→ 259 Md −−−−−→,
β−
α
α
sf (∼100 %)
Bh −−→ 271 Hs −
→ 267 Sg −
→ 263 Rf −−−−−−−→ .
(4)
(5)
ˆ§μÉμ¶Ò 271 Bh, 271 Hs, 267 Sg, 267 Db ¨ 263 Lr ¶μ± ÎÉμ ´¥ ¡Ò²¨ ¶μ²ÊÎ¥´Ò Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´μ ¨ ¶μÔÉμ³Ê Í¥¶μα¨ · ¸¶ ¤ (3), (4) ¨ (5) ¢¥¸Ó³ £¨¶μɥɨδÒ.
’ ±¨³ μ¡· §μ³, ¨¤¥Ö μ ¶·¨¸Êɸɢ¨¨ ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊÐ¨Ì ¨§μÉμ¶μ¢ Hs ¢ ´¥±μÉμ·ÒÌ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡Ñ¥±É Ì [2Ä4] ¢ ·¥§Ê²ÓÉ É¥ μ¡´ ·Ê¦¥´¨Ö ¨§¡ÒÉμÎ´μ° ±É¨¢´μ¸É¨ 235 U, 239 Pu
¨ ´¥ ¨¤¥´É¨Ë¨Í¨·μ¢ ´´μ° α- ±É¨¢´μ¸É¨ ¸ Ô´¥·£¨¥° ∼ 4,4 ŒÔ‚ ¢ · §²¨Î´ÒÌ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡Ñ¥±É Ì, ´¥ ³μ¦¥É ¡ÒÉÓ ¶·¨´ÖÉ ¡¥§ ¤μ¶μ²´¨É¥²Ó´ÒÌ ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨°. “ΨÉÒ¢ Ö, ÎÉμ
¤ ´´Ò¥ · ¡μÉ [2Ä4, 10, 11] ´¥ ¶μ¤¢¥·£ ²¨¸Ó Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´μ° ¶·μ¢¥·±¥, ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢Ê¥É
´ ¸Êд Ö ´¥μ¡Ì줨³μ¸ÉÓ É ±μ° ¶·μ¢¥·±¨. ‚ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡· §Í Ì, μ¡μ£ Ð¥´´ÒÌ £¨¶μɥɨΥ¸±¨³ ¨§μÉμ¶μ³ 271 Hs, ¸²¥¤Ê¥É 즨¤ ÉÓ ´μ³ ²Ó´μ£μ μ¡μ£ Ð¥´¨Ö ¨§μÉμ¶μ³ 235 U, ¢
¤·¥¢´¨Ì μ¡· §Í Ì (¸μÉ´¨ ³¨²²¨μ´μ¢ Ä ³¨²²¨ ·¤Ò ²¥É) Å ¥Ð¥ ¨ μ¡μ£ Ð¥´¨Ö ¨§μÉμ¶μ³
207
Pb. Š·μ³¥ Éμ£μ, ¤μ²¦´Ò ´ ¡²Õ¤ ÉÓ¸Ö ¨§μÉμ¶´Ò¥ ¸¤¢¨£¨ Kr, Xe, Zr ¨ ¤·Ê£¨Ì Ô²¥³¥´Éμ¢, μ¡· §ÊÕÐ¨Ì¸Ö ¶·¨ ¸¶μ´É ´´μ³ ¤¥²¥´¨¨. „μ ¶μ¤É¢¥·¦¤¥´¨Ö ÔÉ¨Ì ÔËË¥±Éμ¢ ¶·Ö³Ò³¨
³ ¸¸-¸¶¥±É·μ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨³¨ ³¥Éμ¤ ³¨ ¶μ¶Òɱ ¨´É¥·¶·¥É ͨ¨ ¤ ´´ÒÌ · ¡μÉ [2Ä4, 10, 11]
¢ ±μ´É¥±¸É¥ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨Ö ¸¢¥·ÌÉÖ¦¥²ÒÌ Ô²¥³¥´Éμ¢ ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤¥, ¶μ-¢¨¤¨³μ³Ê, ´¥ Ö¢²Ö¥É¸Ö
Í¥²¥¸μμ¡· §´μ°.
46 ˆ¢ ´μ¢ . ‚.
‚›‚„›
¸¸³μÉ·¥´ μ¡¸Ê¦¤ ¢Ï Ö¸Ö ¢ ²¨É¥· ÉÊ·¥ [1Ä4, 10, 11] £¨¶μÉ¥§ ¶·¨¸Êɸɢ¨Ö ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡Ñ¥±É Ì ¤μ²£μ¦¨¢ÊÐ¥£μ ¨§μÉμ¶ Hs, μ¸´μ¢ ´´ Ö ´ Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ
α-¸¶¥±É·μ³¥É·¨¨. ˆ¸Ìμ¤Ö ¨§ £¥μ̨³¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¸¢μ°¸É¢ Os (£μ³μ²μ£ Hs) ¨ Re (£μ³μ²μ£ Bh)
¸¤¥² ´ ¢Ò¢μ¤, ÎÉμ ¤²Ö μ¡ÑÖ¸´¥´¨Ö ÔÉ¨Ì Ô±¸¶¥·¨³¥´É ²Ó´ÒÌ ¤ ´´ÒÌ É·¥¡Ê¥É¸Ö ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨¥
μ ¸ÊÐ¥¸É¢μ¢ ´¨¨ ¨§μ¡ ·´μ° ¶ ·Ò 271 BhÄ271 Hs. „ ´´μ¥ ¤μ¶ÊÐ¥´¨¥ É·¥¡Ê¥É ¶·μ¢¥·±¨
¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ ¨§³¥·¥´¨Ö ¨§μÉμ¶´ÒÌ ¸¤¢¨£μ¢ U, Pb, Kr, Xe ¨ Zr ¢ ¶·¨·μ¤´ÒÌ μ¡Ñ¥±É Ì
(´ ¶·¨³¥·, ³μ²¨¡¤¥´¨É Ì) ¶μ¸·¥¤¸É¢μ³ ¶·Ö³ÒÌ ³ ¸¸-¸¶¥±É·μ³¥É·¨Î¥¸±¨Ì ¨§³¥·¥´¨°.
¡μÉ ¢Ò¶μ²´¥´ ¢ · ³± Ì £· ´É ””ˆ 05-05-64281. ¢Éμ· ¡² £μ¤ ·¨É . . ²¤¨´ § ¶μ¤¤¥·¦±Ê ¨ ‚. ‚. Šμ¡ÒÎ¥¢ § ¶μ²¥§´Ò¥ § ³¥Î ´¨Ö.
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μ²ÊÎ¥´μ 24 Ö´¢ pÖ 2005 £.
263
Rf //