Содержание БОРЬБА С БЕДНОСТЬЮ В МИРЕ Доля населения
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Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ Ɍɨɦ 6, ʋ 3, ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ȻɈɊɖȻȺ ɋ ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɖɘ ȼ ɆɂɊȿ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ɂɟɦɥɢ, ɠɢɜɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɯ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɧɢɳɟɬɨɣ, ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɦ - 1,2 ɦɥɪɞ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɜɫɬɚɟɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ: ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ? ɋɤɜɨɡɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ "Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ", ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɧɢɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɢɳɟɬɭ ɥɢɲɶ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɋɟɱɶ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ, ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ, ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɋɒȺ ɉɨɥ Ɉ'ɇɢɥ, ɞɨɛɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. Ɉ'ɇɢɥ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɗɬɭ ɠɟ ɬɟɦɭ ɡɚɬɪɚɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ʉɚɪɧɟɝɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɧ Ⱥɞɚɦ Ʌɟɪɪɢɤ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɳɢɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɨɱɟɝɨ, ɨɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɗɧɧ ȼɟɧɟɦɚɧ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ ɢɡ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ʉɚɬɨ ɂɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɟɫ ɬɚɤɠɟ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/ijer0901.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɨɫɜɟɳɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɭɧɞɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɩɪɟɫɟɱɶ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɸ ɢ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɯ, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɋɒȺ Ⱥɥɚɧ Ʌɚɪɫɨɧ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ-ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶ ɆȼɎ ɏɨɪɫɬ Ʉɟɥɟɪ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɢɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɤɥɸɱ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ ɆȼɎ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. Ⱥɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɨɪ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɗɧɞɪɸ ɇɷɬɫɢɨɫ ɢɡɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ - ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɞɟɜɨɱɟɤ, ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɋɉɂȾɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɣ. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ Ⱦɠɨɧɚ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧɚ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, Ⱦɷɜɢɞɚ ɋɚɬɬɟɪɫɭɷɣɬɚ ɢɡ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ - ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪɚ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɬɚɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɶɸɡɚɧ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ - ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɂɚɜɟɪɲɚɸɬ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ-ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɚɣɬɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɯɟɦɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ, ɝɞɟ ɢ ɜ ɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɰɟɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɇɚɞɟɟɦɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ "ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ" ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɸ ɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/ijer0901.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɋɈȾȿɊɀȺɇɂȿ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ Ɍɨɦ 6, ʋ 3, ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɎɈɄɍɋ ɄɈɆɆȿɇɌȺɊɂɂ ɎȺɄɌɕ ɂ ɐɂɎɊɕ ɊȿɋɍɊɋɕ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ȻɈɊɖȻȺ ɋ ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɖɘ ȼ ɆɂɊȿ ɎɈɄɍɋ ȻɈɊɖȻȺ ɋ ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɖɘ ȼ ɆɂɊȿ ɉɨɥ Ɉ'ɇɢɥ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɋɒȺ ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ 50 ɥɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɟɥɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ȼɄɅȺȾ ɋɒȺ ȼ ɆɂɊɈȼɈȿ ɋȿɅɖɋɄɈȿ ɏɈɁəɃɋɌȼɈ ɂ ɉɊɈȾɈȼɈɅɖɋɌȼȿɇɇɍɘ ȻȿɁɈɉȺɋɇɈɋɌɖ ɗɧɧ ȼɟɧɟɦɚɧ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɪɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɢ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ. ɉɊɈɐȼȿɌȺɇɂȿ ɇȿȼɈɁɆɈɀɇɈ ȻȿɁ ɂɇȼȿɋɌɂɊɈȼȺɇɂə ȼ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɑȿɅɈȼȿɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɉɈɌȿɇɐɂȺɅȺ ɗɧɞɪɸ ɋ. ɇɷɬɫɢɨɫ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ȿɫɥɢ ɦɢɪ ɧɟ ɪɟɲɢɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɭɠɟɫɬɨɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ. ɅɂȻȿɊȺɅɂɁȺɐɂə ɌɈɊȽɈȼɅɂ ȼ ɐȿɅəɏ ȻɈɊɖȻɕ ɋ ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɖɘ Ⱥɥɚɧ Ʌɚɪɫɨɧ, ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɯ. ɄɈɆɆȿɇɌȺɊɂɂ ɉɈɅɈɀɂɌɖ ɄɈɇȿɐ ɆȺɋɋɈȼɈɃ ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɂ ɂɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɟɫ, Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɉɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ʉɚɬɨ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/toc.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ȽɊȺɇɌɕ ȾɅə ȻȿȾɇȿɃɒɂɏ ɋɌɊȺɇ ɆɂɊȺ: ɍȼȿɅɂɑȿɇɂȿ ɆȺɋɒɌȺȻɈȼ ɉɈɆɈɓɂ ɉɊɂ Ɍȿɏ ɀȿ ɁȺɌɊȺɌȺɏ Ⱥɞɚɦ Ʌɟɪɪɢɤ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ƚɟɣɥɥɢɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ʉɚɪɧɟɝɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɧ Ȼɚɧɤɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɣɦɵ, ɚ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ. ɗɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɳɚɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ. ȽɅɈȻȺɅɖɇɈȿ ɉȺɊɌɇȿɊɋɌȼɈ ȼ ɈȻɅȺɋɌɂ ɗɄɈɇɈɆɂɑȿɋɄɈȽɈ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ȺɎɊɂɄɂ ɏɨɪɫɬ Ʉɟɥɥɟɪ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ-ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɇɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɆȼɎ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦɭ ɛɚɧɤɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ȾȿɆɈɄɊȺɌɂə, ɍɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ ɂ ɊɕɇɈɄ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ⱦ. ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɜ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɸ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɩɚɝɭɛɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɖ ȼ ɋȿɅɖɋɄɂɏ ɂ ȽɈɊɈȾɋɄɂɏ ɊȺɃɈɇȺɏ: ȼȺɀɇɈ ɉɈɇɂɆȺɌɖ ɊȺɁɅɂɑɂə Ⱦɷɜɢɞ ɋɚɬɬɟɪɫɭɷɣɬ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɡɚɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ⱦȿɇȿɀɇɕȿ ɉȿɊȿȼɈȾɕ ɊɈȾɋɌȼȿɇɇɂɄȺɆ ɄȺɄ ɂɇɋɌɊɍɆȿɇɌ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂə ɋɸɡɚɧ Ɏ. Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɣ, Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɬɚɭɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɱɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɩɪɢɫɥɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɤɭɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ. ɎȺɄɌɕ ɂ ɐɂɎɊɕ ɉɈɄȺɁȺɌȿɅɂ ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɂ ɉȿɊȿɑȿɇɖ ɋɌɊȺɇ ɉɈ ȽɊɍɉɉȺɆ ȾɈɏɈȾɈȼ ɉɈɆɈɓɖ ɇȺ ɊȺɁȼɂɌɂȿ ɂ ȿȿ ɊȺɋɏɈȾɈȼȺɇɂȿ Ⱦȿɇȿɀɇɕȿ ɉȿɊȿȼɈȾɕ ɊȺȻɈɑɂɏ-ɆɂȽɊȺɇɌɈȼ ɇȺ ɊɈȾɂɇɍ ɂɇɎɈɊɆȺɐɂɈɇɇɕȿ ɊȿɋɍɊɋɕ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/toc.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɈɋɇɈȼɇɕȿ ɄɈɇɌȺɄɌɕ, ɂɇɌȿɊɇȿɌ-ɋȺɃɌɕ ɂ ȾɈɉɈɅɇɂɌȿɅɖɇȺə ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ ɉɈ ɉɊɈȻɅȿɆȿ ȻȿȾɇɈɋɌɂ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ Ɍɨɦ 6, ʋ 3, ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ Ɉɮɢɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɪɚɡɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɒȺ. Ɉɮɢɫ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɟɬ ɩɹɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɗɬɢ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɵ – "ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ", "Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ", "ȼɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ", "ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɋɒȺ" ɢ "ɋɒȺ: ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ" – ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɋɒȺ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɣ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦ. ȼɫɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ, ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɩɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɨɦ, ɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɚɯ. ɇɨɦɟɪɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɦɟɫɹɰ. ɉɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɵɯɨɞɹɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɟ-ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ɇɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɋɒȺ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɣɬɨɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɫɵɥɤɢ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ, ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɫɚɣɬɚɦ; ɷɬɭ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɢɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɟɥɢ. ɋɬɚɬɶɢ ɢɡ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ, ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɞɟɬ ɪɟɱɶ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɤɢɦ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ, ɧɚɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ. Ɍɟ, ɤɬɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɧɨɧɫ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ɉɮɢɫɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɟ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/journals.htm. ɗɬɢ ɧɨɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɦɨɬɪɚ ɜ ɨɧɥɚɣɧɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ. ɉɪɨɫɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɵɥɚɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚɯ ɜ ɩɨɫɨɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɜɚɲɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɚɞɪɟɫɭ: Editor, Economic Perspectives IIP/T/ES U.S. Department of State 301 4th St. S.W. Washington, D.C. 20547 United States of America E-mail: [email protected] ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ɉɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɋɬɚɪɲɢɟ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɏɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/toc.htm Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ ɋɢɝɟɥ Ⱦɠɨɧɚɬɚɧ ɒɷɣɮɮɟɪ Ʉɚɬɪɢɧ Ɇɚɤɤɨɧɧɟɥɥ ɍɷɣɧ ɏɨɥɥ Ʉɷɬɥɢɧ ɏɚɝ Ⱥɣɥɢɧ Ⱦɢɝɚɧ Ȼɟɪɬɚ Ƚɨɦɟɡ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ Ɇɚɧɧɢɧɝ Ȼɪɸɫ Ɉɞɟɫɫɢ ɍɨɪɧɟɪ Ɋɨɭɡ ɋɢɥɶɜɢɹ ɋɤɨɬɬ ɇɚɬɚɥɢɹ Ȼɚɪɛɚɲ Ʌɢɞɢɹ ȼɨɪɨɧɢɧɚ Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ɋɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɂɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ-ɢɡɞɚɧɢɹ Ɋɟɞɤɨɥɥɟɝɢɹ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/toc.htm Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɋɜɢɧɨɜ ɏɨɜɚɪɞ ɋɢɧɤɨɬɬɚ Ⱦɠɭɞɢɬ ɋɢɝɟɥ Ʌɟɨɧɚɪɞɨ ɍɢɥɶɹɦɫ Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɉɨɥ Ɉ'ɇɢɥ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɋɒȺ "ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ 50 ɥɟɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ", – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɋɒȺ ɉɨɥ Ɉ’ɇɢɥ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɟ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɧ, ɟɫɥɢ ɭɞɟɥɢɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɦɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. Ɉ'ɇɢɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɭɞɪɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ: ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɥɸɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ɇɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ, ɷɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ȼɭɲ: "Ɇɢɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɞɧɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɢɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɥɚɱɢɬ ɠɚɥɤɨɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ 2 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ, – ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦ, ɧɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ". ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 40 ɥɟɬ ɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ: ɫ ɞɟɬɶɦɢ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɬɚɹ ɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɢ ɫɨ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɦɢ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ. ɋɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɭɫɭɝɭɛɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ȼɂɑ/ɋɉɂȾɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɢ ɛɟɡɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɥɢɰɨɦ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɤɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɭɞɚɱ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɞɨɣɬɢ ɤ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɸ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ. ɇɚ ɦɨɣ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ, ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ: ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ Ɋɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ – ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɦ – ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɵɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ. ȼ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/o'neill.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ Ⱦɠɨɧɚ ɉɟɣɞɠɚ ɢɡ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 25 ɥɟɬ ɢ ɜɹɥɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɟɦ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ (ɝɞɟ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ). ɑɬɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ? ȿɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ: ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɜɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɫɧɹɬɢɟ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɹɦ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɫ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɸɳɟɟɫɹ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɢɡɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɭɞɪɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ: (1) ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ; (2) ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ; (3) ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ; ɢ (4) ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɥɸɞɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ, ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ, ɢɛɨ ɢɧɧɨɜɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɬɢɜɨɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɒɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɜ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɬɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 50 ɥɟɬ ɫ ɫɭɞɶɛɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɜ ɛɵɜɲɟɦ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɋɨɸɡɟ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɟ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɹ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɫɧɢɠɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɝɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ȼ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ Ⱦɷɜɢɞɨɦ Ⱦɨɥɥɚɪɨɦ ɢ Ⱥɚɪɬɨɦ Ʉɪɚɚɢ, ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɪɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ Ⱦɨɥɥɚɪ ɢ Ʉɪɚɚɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1980 ɝɨɞɚ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɵɜ ɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɢ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɸɬ. ɂ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɪɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɫ ɬɟɦ, http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/o'neill.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɚɡɨɜɭɸ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɨ ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɤɚɞɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɹɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɪɵɧɤɨɦ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɣ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢɢ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɟɡɞɚɦ, ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧ. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɝɪɨɡɵ. ɏɨɬɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɜ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɈɗɋɊ), ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɢɡ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɧɚ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɈɗɋɊ. ȼ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɯɪɚɧɚ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ. ɇɨɜɟɣɲɚɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɫɤɨɥɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɭ. ɗɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1948 ɩɨ 1990-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɪɚɡ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ 20 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ȼɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ, ɜɧɟɲɧɹɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ 50 ɥɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ. ɗɬɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ: ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɝɟɧɬɵ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɆȻɊ) ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧɚ. ɗɬɢɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɜɢɞɚɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɡɜɨɥɶɬɟ ɦɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɥɸɞɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ, ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɥɢɲɶ 7 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɡɚɣɦɨɜ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/o'neill.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɛɚɧɤɚ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ȼɭɲ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɥ ɜɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɥɸ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɫɧɵɯ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɆȻɊ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɞɨɥɸ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɆȻɊ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. ɗɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɮɨɧɞɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɜɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɚɦ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɟ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ɑɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɆȻɊ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ "ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦ" ɢ ɛɟɡɭɩɪɟɱɧɵɦ. Ⱦɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɨɜ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɱɚɣɲɟɦɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɭ . ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ȻɋɇɁ) ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ. ȼ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ȻɋɇɁ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ 23 ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɭɫɩɟɯ ȻɋɇɁ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɛɟɧɟɮɢɰɢɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɥɸɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɹɡɚɟɦɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ȼɭɲ, ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ. ɍɠɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ. Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 26 ɞɨ 62 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ 2001 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɛɸɞɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɤɭɳɟɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ȻɋɇɁ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ 39 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɫɸ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɢɥɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɫ 2 ɞɨ 19 (ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ 12 ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɰɚɦ) ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɭ. Ɇɨɡɚɦɛɢɤ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɥ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/o'neill.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 66 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ 1990 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ, ɜɟɪɧɟɬɫɹ ɤ 10-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ. 1 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ 8 ɫɬɪɚɧ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ (ɁȺɗȼɋ) ɨɬɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɵɣ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɳɟ, ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɏɨɬɹ ɭ ɧɚɫ ɧɟɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ ɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɢɡɜɥɟɤɚɹ ɭɪɨɤɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ ɢ ɧɟɭɞɚɱ. ȼɞɨɯɧɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɚɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ. Ɋɚɫɬɭɳɚɹ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/o'neill.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɗɧɧ Ɇ. ȼɟɧɟɦɚɧ, ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɗɧɧ ȼɟɧɟɦɚɧ. ɉɨ ɟɟ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɦɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼɟɧɟɦɚɧ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ. ɉɨ ɟɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ, ɧɨ ɢ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɢ, ɱɬɛɵ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ. Ɉɧɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ – ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɤɚɥɨɪɢɣɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ – ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɥɨɞ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɷɬɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɯ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɢɪ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɦɢɬɟ ɰɟɥɢ – ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɤ 2015 ɝɨɞɭ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɫ 800 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨ 400 ɦɥɧ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ. Ɍɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/usda.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ. ȼ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɪɟɠɧɢɦ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ȼɂɑ/ɋɉɂȾ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɟɳɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɪɵɜɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ. Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɚɬɪɨɧɭɬɚ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɵ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɦɢɬɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ-ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ, ɨɛɹɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɥɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɈɈɇ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ (ɎȺɈ). ȼ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɢ ɉɥɚɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ. ȼ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ ɎȺɈ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɬ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɚɦɦɢɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɫɩɭɫɬɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ – ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɞ. Ⱦɥɹ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɧɢɹ Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɟɬ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɉɥɚɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɋɒȺ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɦ ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ, ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɭɧɞɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɦɹɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɩɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɣɨɧɵ. ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɪɬɨɜ ɫɟɥɶɯɨɡɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɭɸ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɭɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ – ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ. Ȼɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɩɢɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɛɥɚɝɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ. ɂɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɥɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/usda.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɨɠɢɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ȼ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɝɨɥɨɞ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɥɨɢɦɭɳɢɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɯɢɯ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɶɹɧɟ, ɟɞɜɚ ɫɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ, ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜɵɣɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ, ɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɥɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɨɜɫɸɞɭ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɡɥɢɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ. Ȼɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ. Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɨɬɦɟɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɹɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ ɜ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɢ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɟɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɦɢ ɫɛɨɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɦɦɟɪɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ. ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ – ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɧɢɹ, ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɚɞɪɟɫɚɬɚɦ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɚɫɶ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɥɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. Ȼɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɟɬ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɉɨɦɨɳɶ ɋɒȺ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉ ɧɢɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/usda.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɭ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɨ ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1980-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ 2000 ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɞɨ 300 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɉɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɪɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ 1998 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɧɟɞɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹ. ȼ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ (ȺɆɊ) ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨ 39 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ 7 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ȺɆɊ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ 22 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɞɟɜɹɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɨɜ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɡɟɦɥɹɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɚɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɵ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɇɉɈ) ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ȺɆɊ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɇɚ 1999-2001 ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 600 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ "Ɍɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ" ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦ, ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɚɦɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ. ɋ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɞɥɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ ɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɟ ɫ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɢɦ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. ɋɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɫ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥ 544 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɣ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɷɬɢɦ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɒɤɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ, ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɹɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ "Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/usda.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ" ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ 300 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɫɦɟɠɧɵɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɜɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ 9 ɦɥɧ. ɲɤɨɥɶɧɢɤɨɜ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɟɜɨɱɟɤ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɤ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 49 ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɜ 38 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ. ȼ 2000 ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɢ 83 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ 8 ɦɥɧ. ɬɨɧɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 2,5 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɹ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 6 - 7 ɦɥɧ. ɬɨɧɧ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɑȾɈ) ɢ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɦ. ɉɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɨɜ, ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɜɪɟɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ, ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɩɟɤɰɢɣ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɭɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼɂɑ/ɋɉɂȾ. Ȼɸɞɠɟɬɧɚɹ ɡɚɹɜɤɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ȼɭɲɚ ɧɚ 2002 ɝɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ 200 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɣ "Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫɨ ɋɉɂȾɨɦ ɢ ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ", ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 480 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɸ ȼɂɑ/ɋɉɂȾɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ 2,5 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɨ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɚɦ. ɑɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ Ƚɟɣɬɫɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɥ ɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ 100 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 300 ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɭɠɟ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ȼɂɑ/ɋɉɂȾɨɦ, ɦɚɥɹɪɢɟɣ ɢ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɨɦ. Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɜɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɚɪɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɚɦ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɋɉɂȾɚ ɜ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɑȾɈ, ɮɨɧɞɵ, ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɥɥɟɞɠɢ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ. ɂɡ 50 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɢɯ ɜ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ, 36 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɨɬ ɇɉɈ. ȼ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ 2,2 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɑȾɈ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɒȺ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɶ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ 9 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɑȾɈ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. ȼ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ ɍ. Ȼɭɲ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ: "Ɇɵ ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ". ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɵ ɬɚɤ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɦɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɡɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ 1996 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɦɢɬɟ. ɉɨɤɨɧɱɢɜ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɜɫɟ ɦɵ ɜɵɢɝɪɚɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/usda.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɉɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɟɡ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɗɧɞɪɸ ɋ. ɇɷɬɫɢɨɫ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ "Ȼɨɥɟɟ 800 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, 113 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɚɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɹ ȼɂɑ-ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɋɉɂȾɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ", – ɩɢɲɟɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɗɧɞɪɸ ɇɷɬɫɢɨɫ. "ȿɫɥɢ ɦɢɪ ɧɟ ɡɚɣɦɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ, – ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɨɧ, – ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɧɚɫ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ, ɨɫɬɪɵɯ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ". ɇɷɬɫɢɨɫ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɇɷɬɫɢɨɫ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ – ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ – ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɉɂȾɚ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ. Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ (ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ) – ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɬɟɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮ, ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ. ɇɚɲɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɚ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɫ 3 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ 1960 ɝɨɞɭ ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 30 ɥɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɞɜɨɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɟɦɶɹɦ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢɡɛɪɚɜɲɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 50 ɥɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɢ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɦɢɪɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 50 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/natsios.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɵ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɩɵ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɩɨɞɨɲɥɢ ɤ ɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɥɢɨɦɢɟɥɢɬɚ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 30 ɥɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɫ 35 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨ 70 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɲɤɨɥɭ. ȼ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɢɥɨɫɶ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɜ, ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɠɢɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ, – ɥɸɞɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɦɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɧɢɳɟɬɨɣ Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɯɥɨɩɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɨ ɫɩɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɯɨɪɨɲɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɞɚɜɚɣɬɟ ɩɨɞɭɦɚɟɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ. ɋɜɵɲɟ 1,2 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ 800 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɣ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɋɜɵɲɟ 113 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɳɚɸɬ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɪɭɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɡɞɨɪɨɜɵɯ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɞɚɠɟ ɪɚɛɫɤɢɯ, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɋɚɫɬɭɳɚɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɹ ȼɂɑɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɋɉɂȾɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹɦ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɢɪɨɬɚɦɢ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɦɢɪ ɧɟ ɡɚɣɦɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ, ɜ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ ɧɚɫ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ, ɨɫɬɪɵɯ, ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ. ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɨɬɱɚɹɧɢɟɦ: ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɹɬɢ ɥɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ. ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ ɫɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ ɝɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɤɢɞɚɬɶ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɧɢɳɟɬɨɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɨɠɧɵ. Ɇɵ, ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ, ɤɪɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɢɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɫɟɛɹ ɦɨɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ. ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɣ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ: ɹɫɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ Ɍɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɬɪɭɞɧɭɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ – ɢ ɞɥɹ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɧɢɡɢɥɫɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ. Ɍɨɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ, ɤ 2015 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɧɟɞɨɟɞɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/natsios.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɢ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɝɨɥɨɞɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 10 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ʉ 2010 ɝɨɞɭ 435 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɢɹ. ɋ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɰɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ. ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ 70 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɨɜ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɫɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ. ɇɟɞɨɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɬɚɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ 55 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɞɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɹ ɜ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ȼɭɲɚ, ɹ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɜɚɸɫɶ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ɇɚɲɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɟɣ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ, ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɟɦɶɹɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɲɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɦɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɵ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ Ɇɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɫɨɪɬɨɜ ɪɢɫɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1993 ɩɨ 2000 ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɪɢɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɞɟɥɶɬɵ Ɇɚɥɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɞɜɨɟ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɦɵ ɯɨɬɢɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ Ɇɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɯ ɦɵ ɭɛɟɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɨɜɨɣ ɚɝɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ – ɟɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɞɨɛɶɟɦɫɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɹɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɢɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɥɨɞ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɳɢɯ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɹ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɫɶ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚɦ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɣ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɹɦ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɭ ɢ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɚɦ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɦɚɥɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/natsios.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɷɬɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɟɳɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɫɜɵɲɟ 250 000 ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɫɫɭɞɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 214 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɋɒȺ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 98 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɢɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɩɪɨɫ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɯ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ. ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɯ ɭɝɪɨɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɋɉɂȾ. ȼ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɝɞɟ ɷɬɚ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɶ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɧ, ɩɨɬɟɪɹɸɬ ɨɬ 13 ɞɨ 23 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɨɫɬɪɨɦɭ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɵ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɟ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ȼɂɑ-ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɋɉɂȾɨɦ, ɢ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ȼɭɲ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɥ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɤɚɛɢɧɟɬɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ. ȼ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɟ ɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫɨ ɋɉɂȾɨɦ ɋɒȺ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɸ, ɡɚɛɨɬɟ ɨ ɫɢɪɨɬɚɯ, ɦɟɪɚɯ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɤ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɪɨɞɨɜɫɩɨɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɉɂȾɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɟɝɨ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ. ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɦɚɥɹɪɢɟɣ, ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɦɢ. ɑɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ȼɨɬ ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɥ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ȼɭɲ: "Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ". ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɥɭɱɲɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɞɟɧɟɝ, ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɞɚɥ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɸ Ʉɨɥɢɧɭ ɉɚɭɷɥɥɭ ɢ ɦɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ ɩɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɭɱɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɚ, ɢ ɩɨɨɛɟɳɚɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ: ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ Ⱦɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɹ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɜɚɸɫɶ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ, ɭɞɟɥɹɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦ: ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. ɋɜɟɞɹ ɜɨɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/natsios.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ, ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɫɭɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɟɦɭ ɫɤɭɞɧɵɟ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɥɸɞɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ, ɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɨ ɜɨɡɪɨɫɥɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɨɜ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɋɒȺ ɯɨɬɹɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɋɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɸɡɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɨɜ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ, – ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥ – ɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɋ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɸɡɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɛɨɪ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɮɨɧɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ, ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɨɯɪɚɧɵ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɟɟ ɠɢɡɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ȼɂɑ-ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɋɉɂȾɚ ɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɫ ɧɢɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɹɦɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɚɥɹɪɢɹ ɢ ɬɭɛɟɪɤɭɥɟɡ. ɗɬɨ – ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ: ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɢ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɧɚɲɟɦɭ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɸ. ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɫɬɜɨ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɵɟ ɛɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ, ɫɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ: ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɵ, ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɚ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɩɨ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ. Ɇɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚɦ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɣ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɇɚɲɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɞɚɞɭɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/natsios.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɧɢɳɟɬɨɣ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ɇɚɲɚ ɰɟɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɦ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ, ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɥɹɦ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɢɪ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɜɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ, ɱɟɦ ɪɚɧɶɲɟ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/natsios.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ Ⱥɥɚɧ Ʌɚɪɫɨɧ, ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɵɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɟɦ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɫɬɢɬɟɥɶ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɋɒȺ Ⱥɥɚɧ Ʌɚɪɫɨɧ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ, ɩɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɟɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɟɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɚ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɧɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ Ʌɚɪɫɨɧ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 40 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɭɧɞɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɫɟɦ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ, ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɭɸ ɦɢɪɨɜɭɸ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɸɬ. ɂɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɣ. Ʉɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɥ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ȼɭɲ: "Ⱦɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ – ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɢɡ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɬɪɟɡɚɧɵ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɚ, ɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɷɬɨ... Ɍɟ, ɤɬɨ ɨɫɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ, ɨɛɪɟɤɚɸɬ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɧɢɳɟɬɭ". Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɨɫɬ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ – ɞɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɬɭɞɚ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ, ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɹ ɭɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɟɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɠɢɡɧɢ – ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ. Ɋɨɥɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɹɞ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɚɦɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/larson.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɫɧɢɡɢɜɲɢɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 20 ɥɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɗɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɚɸɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɫɧɢɡɢɜɲɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, ɞɨɛɢɥɢɫɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ 3,5 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɢ 5 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɯ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. ȼɤɥɚɞ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɬɱɟɬɚ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɉɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣ, ɜɚɠɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɞɟɥɨɤ. ɗɬɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ (ɂɉɂ) ɜɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɂɉɂ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɚɞɨɜ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɢ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɂɉɂ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɛɚɡɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ȼ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɂɉɂ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ 208 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɡɨɣɞɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɜ 50 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɇɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɥəɬɶ ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɬɨɦ ɐɟɥɶ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ, ɩɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɸ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ Ȼɭɲɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ "ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ". Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɲɚɝɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɢɞɟɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɭɧɞɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ȼɌɈ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɨɹɛɪɟ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ Ⱦɨɯɟ (Ʉɚɬɚɪ). Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɨɝɨ ɠɞɭɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɹɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɣ – ɜɟɞɶ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɦɢɪ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 45 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ. Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɥɢɛɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɦɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦɢ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 40 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚɦɢ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɢ ɢɯ ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ. ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/larson.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɨɞɟɠɞɭ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 8 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɪɚɜɧɹɟɬɫɹ 21 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɭ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɭɧɞɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɟɞɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɜɫɟɦ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɭɧɞɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɨɡɚɛɨɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɪɹɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɤɭɞɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɨɩɵɬɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɜɡɹɬɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ȼɌɈ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɭɬɶ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɪɵɧɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɱɥɟɧɵ "Ʉɜɚɞ" – ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ, ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɸɡ, əɩɨɧɢɹ ɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ – ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ (ɇɊɋ). ȼ ɦɚɟ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ ɋɒȺ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɨɣ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɜ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɪɨɫɬɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ. ɗɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɲɭ Ɉɛɳɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɸ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɭɧɞɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɡɞɧɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɢ ɤɜɨɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢɡ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢɡ ɇɊɋ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɧɚ 50 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɩɚɧɚɰɟɟɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ ɭɞɚɪ ɩɨ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɫɜɵɲɟ 80 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɨɜ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɂɧɞɢɹ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ, ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ ɢ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɪɜɚɬɶ ɜɫɟɯ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɨɜ ɢɡ ɥɚɩ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɹɬɶ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɢɦɢ, ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ, ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɨɣɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɞɨɛɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɹɯ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜɟɫɧɨɣ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɜɡɹɥ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/larson.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɜ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (ȾɋɋɆȻ). ȾɋɋɆȻ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ-ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɛɚɧɤ. ɋ 1996 ɝɨɞɚ ȼɌɈ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢɚɬɨɦ ȼɌɈ, ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɹ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ 200 000 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ Ⱦɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ȼ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ȼɌɈ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɚ Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɜ ȼɌɈ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɦɢ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ȼɌɈ. ȼ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɜɧɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ 1 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ȼɌɈ 650 000 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ȼɌɈ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɥɢ 640 000 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦɭ ɛɚɧɤɭ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɮɢɬɨɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ. ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɞɚ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ ɩɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ (ȺɆɊ ɋɒȺ) ɜɧɟɫɥɨ 600 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɜ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ – ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɨɜ-ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦɨɜ ɩɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɲɚɧɫɵ ɧɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɇɚɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ Ʉɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤ ɫɨɡɧɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ, ɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɑɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɵɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɥɸɞɢ, ɬɟɦ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ȼɭɲ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ ɤ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɭ ɨɛ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɋɒȺ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɥ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɤ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɨɣ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ "Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɨɫɶɦɟɪɤɢ" ɧɚ ɜɵɫɲɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜ 2002 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɬɟ (Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ). ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/larson.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫ ɤɚɠɞɵɦ ɞɧɟɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɩɟɯ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɹɪɤɢɯ ɦɚɹɤɨɜ, ɨɫɜɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɭɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ. ɍ ɧɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 2 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ȼɭɲ ɧɚɩɨɦɧɢɥ ɧɚɦ, ɱɬɨ "ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ. Ɉɧɚ ɨɛɟɳɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɵ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ, ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɭɠɞɵ. ɗɬɨ – ɜɟɥɢɤɚɹ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ". ȼ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɠɟ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɥɨɞ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɋɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɝɭɱɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ, ɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɫɢɥɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɸ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/larson.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɂɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɟɫ, Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɉɪɨɟɤɬɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ʉɚɬɨ Ɋɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ "ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ", – ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ ɂɚɧ ȼɚɫɤɟɫ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɞɟɥɭ. ȼɚɫɤɟɫ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɨɯɪɚɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ȼɚɫɤɟɫ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɧɟɞɜɭɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɭɛɟɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɞɟ-ɬɨ ɜ 1820 ɝɨɞɭ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɵɱɧɵɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɜ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɨɥɭɱɢɢ. ȼ ɬɨɦ ɜɟɤɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɫɹ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ, ɚ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ, ɢ ɷɬɢ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɟɜɡɨɲɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ 100 ɥɟɬ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɢɪɚ. ȼ 1820 ɝɨɞɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 75 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɥɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɫɪɨɱɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɨɜ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɦɢɪɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɫ 29 ɞɨ 24 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1,2 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȼ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɨɫɢɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ. ɇɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɛɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɟ ɠɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɱɟɧɵɟ ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɋɬɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ. ȼɟɞɶ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɨɲɢɛɤɨɣ ɭɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɨɥɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/vasquez.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɜ ɢɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɬ ɧɢɳɟɬɵ. ɋɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ: ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ . Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɧɢɤɨɝɨ ɭɞɢɜɥɹɬɶ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɨɧ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ 65 ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ), ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɧɢɠɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 8,2 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 6,1 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ. ɋɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɧɚ 1,9 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ 1,5 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ. ɗɬɚ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ, ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɨɞɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɵ ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ. "ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1987 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɛɵɥ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɨɥɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. ɗɬɢɦ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ, – ɩɢɲɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ȼɭɥɮ. – Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ". ȼɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫ 26 ɞɨ 15 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɥɸ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ – ɫ 417 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɞɨ 278 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɉɪɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɚɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɱɬɢ 9 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫ 1979 ɝɨɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ, Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɜɵɜɟɥ ɢɡ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɵɲɟ 100 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɂɧɞɢɢ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɪɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɸɬɫɹ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɨɛɧɚɞɟɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ, ɧɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɬ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹɦ. ɍɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɫɹ, ɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢɟ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ 1,5 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ, ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɢɹɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɧɢɳɟɬɟ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɑɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1987 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɨɞɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 7 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ 45 ɞɨ 22 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ (ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɛɚɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɝ. ɋɚɧɬɶɹɝɨ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ). http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/vasquez.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ȼ ɘɝɨ-ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 6 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɲɢɯ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1993 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɨɞɵ ɫ 58 ɞɨ 37 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɢɫɶ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɸɳɢɟ 4 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ, ɞɨɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɨɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1992 ɩɨ 1997 ɝɨɞɵ ɫ 56 ɞɨ 44 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɩɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɢ Ɉɤɫɮɨɪɞɫɤɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ "ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ". Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɦɩɚɯ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɚ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ Ƚɚɪɜɚɪɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ȼɚɪɪɨ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1870 ɩɨ 1990 ɝɨɞɵ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɨɫ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 1,75 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɱɬɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɟɦɩ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɋɒȺ ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɧɢɠɟ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɫɹ ɛɵ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ. Ⱥ ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɢ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɩɭɧɤɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ ɪɚɜɧɹɥɫɹ ɛɵ 60 841 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɭ ɋɒȺ, ɬ. ɟ. ɜ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨ. ɍɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɥ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ, ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ 100 ɥɟɬ. Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɨɝɨɧɹɬɶ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɢɞɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɬɨɪɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ ɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ Ʉɢɬɚɣ ɢ ɪɹɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ. ɋɚɦɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɦ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɣ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪɚ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ "ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ". ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ 20 ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɱɚɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨ-ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɜ 123 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɡɚ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢɩɹɬɢɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɵ ɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ. ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ 19 800 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 2210 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ. ȼ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 2,27 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɨɧ ɪɚɜɧɹɥɫɹ -1,45 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/vasquez.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. ɂɧɞɟɤɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɈɈɇ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɦ ɜ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɞɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. ɋ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɈɈɇ, ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɬ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɋɬɢɜ ɏɚɧɤɟ ɢ ɋɬɢɜɟɧ ɍɨɥɬɟɪɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɧɚ 10 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ 7,4 – 13,6 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɢ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ 100 ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ, ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. ɏɚɧɤɟ ɢ ɍɨɥɬɟɪɫ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨ ɪɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɫ 500 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɞɨ 1000 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 6 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ɇɚ ɞɟɥɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɜ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɱɬɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɜɵɝɨɞ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɚɜɬɨɪɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɲɥɢ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɭɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɚɥ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɜɵɧɭɞɢɥ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ “ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ” ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɟɳɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɦɚɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. ɏɨɬɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɨɬ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɡɦɚ, ɧɨ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪɚ ɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɟɟ ɧɚ 117 ɦɟɫɬɨ ɜ ɫɩɢɫɤɟ ɢɡ 123 ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɦ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɚɤ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɢ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɜɲɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɰɟɩɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɝɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɦɟɤɫɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɫɨ 1994 - 1995 ɝɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɚɥ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɞ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɨ-ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɚ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɫ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ, ɭɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨ, ɢ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɵɝɨɞɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ – ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢɧɮɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɬɪɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ: ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/vasquez.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɚɜɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɤɚɤ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ – ɞɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɢɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ – ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɪɚ. ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ "ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ" ɡɚ 2001 ɝɨɞ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɦ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ 58 ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɷɬɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ. ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɢɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɥɨɯɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɩɢɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɢɦɟɥɢɫɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ, ɜɧɟ ɜɫɹɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨɠɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɧɢɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɤɚɤ ɬɚɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɋɨɛɟɪɬ Ȼɚɪɪɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɢɧɞɟɤɫ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɩɨ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ 6, ɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɚ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɨɧɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɧɝɪɟɞɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ. ȿɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɫɭɞɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦɭ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɭ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ Ɏɪɟɣɡɟɪɚ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɍɟ ɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɫɬɚɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɬɫɬɚɸɬ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɝɚɬɤɚɯ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɦɢɪɟ, ɞɚɜɚɣɬɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ, Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɢ ɢ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɛɸɪɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ, ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɞɜɚ ɞɧɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɞɜɟ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɭɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ 280 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɫɜɨɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜ Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɛɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɫɭɦɦɭ 2696 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɠɞɚɬɶ 82 ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɣɬɢ 20 ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ. ȼ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɢ ɬɚ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ 53 ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɞɧɹ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ 10 ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪ ɢ ɭɩɥɚɬɵ 3647 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦ ɮɢɪɦɚɦ ɜ ɭɳɟɪɛ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ, ɢ ɬɨɥɤɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɤ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ “ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ” ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ – ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɟɪɭɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬ ɗɪɧɚɧɞɨ ɞɟ ɋɨɬɨ ɫɨɛɪɚɥ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ, http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/vasquez.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɉɟɪɭ 70 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ, ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɢɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɇɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɟɞɧɹɤɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɫɫɭɞɭ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɥɨɝ, ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɉɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɫɭɬɢ ɞɟɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɭɸ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɸ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɵ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ ɞɚɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɋɨɬɨ, ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ 40 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼɥɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ Ƚɚɢɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ 150 ɪɚɡ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɷɬɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɫɨ ɞɧɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɸ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɜ 1804 ɝɨɞɭ. ȼ ɬɟɯ ɪɟɞɤɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɜ ɉɟɪɭ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɛɵɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɜɨɡɪɨɫ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 200 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ. Ɋɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɥɸɞɟɣ. ȼɵɛɨɪ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɭɞɚɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɛɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɚɦ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɧɨ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, ɡɚ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ ɷɬɨɦɭ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɚ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɭɸ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ. Ʉ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɞɭɬ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɭɬɢ, ɞɨɛɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɭɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɟɳɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. ȼɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ, ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ – ɜɨɬ ɬɪɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, ɜɵɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ɗɬɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟ, ɤɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. Ɉɧ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. __________ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/vasquez.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɢɪɚ: ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚɯ Ⱥɞɚɦ Ʌɟɪɪɢɤ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ƚɟɣɥɥɢɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ʉɚɪɧɟɝɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɧ Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɛɚɧɤɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɦɢɪɚ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚɣɦɵ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ Ⱥɞɚɦ Ʌɟɪɪɢɤ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ Ƚɟɣɥɥɢɨɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ Ʉɚɪɧɟɝɢ Ɇɟɥɥɨɧ. Ʌɟɪɪɢɤ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɞɵ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɣɞɭɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɡɚɣɦɨɜ, ɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɨɧɞɚɯ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɨɧ. Ɉɧ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬ ɡɚɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. ȼ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ Ʌɟɪɪɢɤ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɫɬɚɪɲɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɧɢɤɨɦ Ʉɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɟ – Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ Ɇɟɥɰɟɪɚ. ȼɢɞ ɭɦɢɪɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɶɤɨɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɢɞɹɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɨɛɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɝɥɭɲɢɲɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɦ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ȼ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥ ɜ ɩɹɬɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬ ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥ Ɇɚɤɥɭɯɷɧ, "ɝɨɫɬɢɧɚɹ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɛɢɧɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɥɨɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ". Ɍɟɥɟɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɥɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ, ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɵ ɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɭɠɟ ɧɢɤɬɨ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɢɦ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɹ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ, ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɧɟɢɦɭɳɢɦ? ɂ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɰɢɤɥɭ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɦɭ ɞɨɥɝɭ? ɇɚ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ. ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ȻɋɇɁ) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ "ɡɚɬɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɞɵɪ". ȼɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɚɥɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ 50 ɥɟɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ 500 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɉɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɬ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɋɨɪɨɤ ɞɜɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɧɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɥɟɱɚɯ ɬɹɠɟɥɭɸ ɧɨɲɭ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɥɝɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ 175 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɧɢ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɟɱɟɦ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/lerrick.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. "ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢɬɶɫɹ", ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɧɚ 25 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 1980 ɝɨɞɨɦ. ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ? ɉɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɰɢɮɪɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ "Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɟɦɟɪɤɢ" ɜ ɢɸɥɟ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ Ƚɟɧɭɟ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠ Ȼɭɲ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɜɧɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɣɦɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɝɚɲɚɬɶ ɢɯ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɢɯ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɷɬɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ – ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɧɨɜɨɟ, ɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ: Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ, ɩɪɢɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɩɨɞɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɭɱɟɬɭ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɟ, ɨɱɢɫɬɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɢɟɣ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ, ɜɵɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ, ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɵɤɨɜ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɨɜ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ, ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɨɧɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɧɟɮɢɰɢɚɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɉɥɚɬɟɠɢ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ. ɇɟɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ – ɧɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ. ɇɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɱɟɬɚ ɨɮɮɲɨɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɭɝɨɞɭ ɱɶɟɦɭ-ɬɨ ɱɟɫɬɨɥɸɛɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɚɦɨɥɟɬɨɜ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ. ɋɬɪɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɜɵɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɜ 250 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɥɚɬɭ 90 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɚɰɢɸ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨɪɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɫ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɥɚɝɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɰɟɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 5 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɤɭ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɭ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ 4 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ 50 ɰɟɧɬɨɜ (90 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ) ɡɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɟɧɤɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɞɟɥɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɜɤɭ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ 50 ɰɟɧɬɨɜ (10 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ). ɉɥɚɬɟɠ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɦ, ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦ ɧɢ ɨɬ ɤɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ (ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɩɨ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɚɰɢɢ), ɮɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɤɰɢɧɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɦɨɳɶ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ (ɆȺɊ), ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ 72 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫ ɩɨɞɭɲɟɜɵɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɦɟɧɟɟ 1500 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɡɚɣɦɵ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ 6 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɩɨ ɧɭɥɟɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɜɤɟ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ 59 ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɥɸɞɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. ɇɚ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɣɦɵ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 33 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/lerrick.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ. ɑɟɦ ɛɟɞɧɟɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɡɚɟɦɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɆȺɊ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɹɦɢ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɹɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ ɭɠ ɛɟɞɧɵ. Ɋɹɞ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɚɦɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ ɫɫɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɆȺɊ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɬ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɚɪɶɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɣ ɲɤɚɥɟ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɨɬ 90 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɨ 50 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ), ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɨɬ 70 ɞɨ 75 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɭ ɨɛɳɟɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɡɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɧɨ ɫ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɢɣ ɝɨɥɨɫ ɜ ɜɵɛɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɭ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɞɞɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɥɝ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɡɚɳɢɳɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɪɢɫɤɚ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɷɬɚɩɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦ ɝɪɚɧɬɚɦ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ. Ɋɢɫɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɫ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ, ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɛɟɪɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ. Ɉɩɪɨɜɟɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɨɜ ɉɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɨɹɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɢɫɬɨɳɚɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɪɜɭɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ, ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɨɦ – ɨɬ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 800 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɜɵɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡɜɨɡɦɟɡɞɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɡɚɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɵ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ, ɫɨɣɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɟ ɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɭɸ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɵɦɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ ɜɤɥɚɞɵ ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɢɫɤɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɫɟ ɜɵɲɟɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɭɥɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɩɥɚɬɟɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ƚɪɚɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɣɞɭɬɫɹ ɞɨɪɨɠɟ ɡɚɣɦɨɜ. ɉɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɢ ɠɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. Ⱦɨɧɨɪɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɆȺɊ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɡɚɣɦɵ ɫɪɨɤɨɦ ɧɚ 40 ɥɟɬ ɩɨɞ 0,75 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ. ɗɬɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɭɥɟɜɚɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɟɠ ɞɨ 27 ɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɞɚɪɨɤ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 73 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɦ ɢɯ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɟɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ 73-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɢ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɨɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɧɬɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ 73 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ. ȼ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ 27 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. Ʉɚɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ 100 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɥɢɲɶ 27 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 73 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ? ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ: ɫɚɦɵɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɢ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/lerrick.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɨɝɚɲɚɸɬ ɡɚɣɦɵ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɜɵɩɥɚɬɨɣ ɫɭɦɦ ɜ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɣɦɨɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ. Ɋɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬ ɞɨɜɨɞ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɡɚɣɦɚɦ, ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɝɨɜ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɡɚɟɦɳɢɤɚɦ ɫ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɥɚɬɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ. ȼ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɳɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɩɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɝɚ ȻɋɇɁ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɧɚ 41 ɫɚɦɭɸ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚɣɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɵ. ɇɟɬ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɟɦɭɫɹ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɝɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɦ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɫɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɫ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɞɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɤ, ɧɟɤɨɝɞɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɜɲɢɣ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɦɢɪɟ. Ʉɚɩɢɬɚɥ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɢɦɢ ɞɨɯɨɞ. ɉɭɥ ɞɨɧɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɟ ɰɢɤɥɵ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɫɫɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɢɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɟɣ ɡɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. ɍɠɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ ɆȺɊ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ 108 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɫɭɞ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɚɥɶɞɨ, ɩɪɢɭɦɧɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɡɚɣɦɨɜ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɟ ɜ 8,25 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ, ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɨɧɢ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɛɵ (ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɱɟɬɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ) 8,4 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɚ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ. Ȼɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɤ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɦɭ 8,4 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɚ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɫɬɚɥ ɛɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɚɦɢ ɫɫɭɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɹɦɚɹ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɡɚ ɥɶɜɢɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɚ ɜ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬ ɪɢɫɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɨɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɚ ɠɟ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜ 108 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɛɟɫɫɪɨɱɧɨ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɆȺɊ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ 40-ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɨɛɴɟɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɫɬɚɧɭɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɢ. ɇɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɝɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɬɚɪɵɟ ɡɚɣɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɫɤɨɪɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɩɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɆȺɊ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ. ɋɭɦɦɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ – ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ 11,5 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɠɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɩɥɚɬɟɥɶɳɢɤɨɜ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɵ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɸɬ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɤɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɛɭɞɢɬɶ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/lerrick.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɢɯ ɫ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. __________ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/lerrick.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɏɨɪɫɬ Ʉɟɥɥɟɪ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ-ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ "ɇɟɬ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɆȼɎ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦɭ ɛɚɧɤɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ", – ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ-ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɞɢɬɟɥɶ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɏɨɪɫɬ Ʉɟɥɥɟɪ. Ɉɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ʉɟɥɥɟɪɚ, – ɷɬɨ Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɵɦɢ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɪɨɫɬɭ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ, ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɜ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɢ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɜɲɟɦɫɹ 16 ɢɸɥɹ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɀɟɧɟɜɟ, ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ. ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɟ ɡɚɫɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɟɡɞɟ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ȿɟ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɪɵɧɤɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɨɡɞɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɰɢɤɥ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɥɫɹ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɟɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɵ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɫɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɋɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɧɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɤɭɪɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɣ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɹɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɚ ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɷɬɚ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɬɨɦ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ. ɋɟɣɱɚɫ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɩɚɧɞɟɦɢɟɣ ȼɂɑ-ɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ ɢ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/kohler.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɋɉɂȾɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɦɟɫɹɰɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɫɫɢɢ ɈɈɇ ɜ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɟ. ȼɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ. ɗɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɢ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɤɥɸɱɨɦ ɤ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɢɪɭ ɜ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɜɟɤɟ, ɢ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɱɟɬɱɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɆȼɎ ɹ ɞɜɚɠɞɵ ɩɨɛɵɜɚɥ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɛɟɫɟɞɨɜɚɥ ɫ ɝɥɚɜɚɦɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɥɫɹ ɫ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɟ. ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɧɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟɦ. Ɍɚɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ, ɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɷɬɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɟɧ. Ɇɟɧɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɨɪɚɡɢɥɚ ɪɟɲɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɰɟɜ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɨɬɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɦɚɧɭɬɶ ɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ. ə ɪɟɲɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɩɟɫɫɢɦɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɭ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ. ɇɨɜɚɹ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɥɢɫɶ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɨɨɛɳɚ ɧɚɞ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɤɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɟ. Ɇɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ – ɉɌɉȼȺ (ɉɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɨ ɬɵɫɹɱɟɥɟɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ) ɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɈɆȿȽȺ – ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɇɨɜɭɸ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ. ɗɬɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɦɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɜ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɢ ɹ ɫɱɢɬɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ – ɫɚɦɵɣ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɣ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ. ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɟ – ɹɫɧɨɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɪ, ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ – ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ, ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɵɜ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ. ȼ-ɬɪɟɬɶɢɯ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɸ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ. ɂ, ɜ-ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɯ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɟ ɲɚɝɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɟɟ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢɡ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. ə ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸ ɷɬɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɢɯ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ə ɫɱɢɬɚɸ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɇɨɜɨɣ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/kohler.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ. Ɇɨɣ ɫɨɜɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɦɟɥɟɟ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɷɬɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. ɏɨɱɭ ɡɚɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɚɫ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ (ɆȼɎ) ɝɨɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ. Ɉɬɪɚɞɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɇɨɜɚɹ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬ Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (ȾɋɋɆȻ) ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ, ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɧɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɵɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɵ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɋ ɦɨɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɤɰɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ȾɋɋɆȻ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɟɳɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɚ – ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɦɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɹɬɶ "ɩɨɥɧɵɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ȾɋɋɆȻ" – ɧɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɥɨɞɵ. ɍɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ, ɢ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɬɫɹ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɧɭɸ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ 1 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɡɵɜɵ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɆȼɎ ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ȾɋɋɆȻ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɡɠɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɫ (ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɦ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ) Ⱦɠɢɦɨɦ ȼɭɥɮɟɧɫɨɧɨɦ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɧɚɲɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ ȾɋɋɆȻ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ. ɉɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ȾɋɋɆȻ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɵ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɬ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤ ɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɦ. ɇɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɆȼɎ, ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦɭ ɛɚɧɤɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɧɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦ ɩɪɢɞɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. ɆȼɎ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɟ ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɨɛɫɭɞɢɬ ɫ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ ɩɭɬɢ ɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ə ɫɱɢɬɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɝɞɟ ɭ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ, ɢ ɦɟɧɹ ɪɚɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ, ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ ɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɠɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɍɚɤ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɲɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. ɉɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɇɨɜɨɣ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɆȼɎ ɫɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɬɟɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɟɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ. Ʉ ɤɨɧɰɭ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɆȼɎ ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɭɬ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ȾɋɋɆȻ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ə ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɇɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/kohler.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ȾɋɋɆȻ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ, ɢ ɦɵ ɜɵɫɨɤɨ ɰɟɧɢɦ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɨɞɟɥɚɧɧɭɸ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ⱦɨɧɨɪɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɝɨɬɨɜɵ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɞɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɧɚ ɦɢɤɪɨɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɍɜɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɦ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɆȼɎ. ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɨɛɧɨɜɥɹɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɮɨɧɞɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɪɚɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɝɪɚɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɨɛɴɟɦɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɹɦɢ. Ɇɟɧɹ ɪɚɞɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɪɟɲɢɥɢ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɇɨɜɨɣ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɭɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ. Ɏɨɧɞ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɢɫɤɨɜ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɟɣ. Ɇɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ – ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɧɵɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɢ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ. ɆȼɎ ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ȾɋɋɆȻ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ – ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɢɞɚɫɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɜɟɫ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɬɶ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɢ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ Ȼɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɧɭɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɚɦɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ. ɉɨɪɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɹ, ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ ɢ ɨɞɟɠɞɚ. ɗɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɭɧɞɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ə ɫɨɝɥɚɫɟɧ ɫ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɟɦ ɈɈɇ Ʉɨɮɢ Ⱥɧɧɚɧɨɦ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɡɦ ɦɟɲɚɟɬ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɬ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɪɚɭɧɞ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɨɜ. ɇɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ. ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɬɚɬɶ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/kohler.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ. ɆȼɎ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɵɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɦ ɫɨɸɡɟ (ɁȺɗȼɋ) ɢ ɜ Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɸɡɟ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ (ɌɋȼɘȺ). ɇɚɲ ɮɨɧɞ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɭɛɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɢ ɜɩɪɟɞɶ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɨ ɫɛɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜ, ɜɡɢɦɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ ɢ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚ ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɢ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɝɥɭɛɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ – ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɸɡɚ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɡɚɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɬɶ 0,7 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ (ȼɇɉ) ɧɚ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ (ɈɉɊ) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɦ ɡɟɦɧɨɦ ɲɚɪɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ (ɩɪɢ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɜ 0,24 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ȼɇɉ), ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɫɜɵɲɟ 10 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ Ʉɨɮɮɢ Ⱥɧɧɚɧ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ȼɂɑɢɧɮɟɤɰɢɢ/ɋɉɂȾɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. ȼɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɭ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɚ ɩɹɬɚɹ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɈɉɊ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɭɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ȻɋɇɁ) ɆȼɎ ɢ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɭɠɟ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɜɲɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ 25 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɨɜ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɝɚ 19 ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɜ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɤ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ (ɫ 18 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ 1998-2000 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɞɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 9 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ 2001-2005 ɝɨɞɚɯ). Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ȻɋɇɁ ɜ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɬ 1 ɞɨ 2,5 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ ȼɇɉ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɹ ɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ. ə ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ, ɜɵɫɜɨɛɨɞɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɨɫɬɨɣɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɵ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ ɜɫɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ȼ ɯɨɞɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɜɵɲɟɞɲɢɯ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɆȼɎ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɜɲɢɦ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɨɜ. ə ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ "Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɫɟɦɟɪɤɢ" ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɞɨɧɨɪɨɜ ɨ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚ ɨɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ȻɋɇɁ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/kohler.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɦɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɢ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɚɧɚɰɟɟɣ. ɉɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɧɢɦɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɦɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɭ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɵɟ ɜɡɚɣɦɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨɬ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ ɆȼɎ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫɨ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɟɩɤɢɯ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɢ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɜ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ. ɆȼɎ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɸ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɄȼɎɐɊ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ 2002 ɝɨɞɚ ɜ Ɇɟɯɢɤɨ), ɢ ɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɭɫɩɟɯ. Ⱦɨɤɥɚɞ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɹ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɨɤɥɚɞ ɗɪɧɟɫɬɨ ɋɟɞɢɥɶɨ (ɩɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ) ɫɬɚɥɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɦ ɜ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɵɣ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. ə ɭɜɟɪɟɧ, ɱɬɨ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ȼɎɐɊ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɭɞɟɥɢɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ – ɷɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɜ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. ə ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɸ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɦɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɐɟɥɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɇɵ ɫ Ⱦɠɢɦɨɦ ȼɭɥɮɟɧɫɨɧɨɦ ɭɠɟ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ Ʉɨɮɮɢ Ⱥɧɧɚɧɨɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɞɟɬ, ɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ȾɋɋɆȻ ɧɚɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɨɛɨɪɨɬɵ, ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɜɚɠɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ, ɤɚɤ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɥɝɚ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɡɚ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɚɦɢ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ. ə ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭ ɩɪɢɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɢ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɭɛɟɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɝɚ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ. Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɩɭɫɤɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ. Ⱦɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɆȼɎ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɈɈɇ, ɢ, ɩɨɥɶɡɭɹɫɶ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɨɩɵɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ, ɦɵ ɬɜɟɪɞɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɬɟɫɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɜɚɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɷɬɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. __________ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/kohler.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɤ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ⱦ. ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ, ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ Ɉɲɢɛɨɱɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ Ⱦɠɨɧ Ⱦ. ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ, ɜɨɡɝɥɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɐɟɧɬɪ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦɢ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɥɢɫɶ. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɋɚɥɥɢɜɚɧ, ɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɹɹ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɸ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɩɚɝɭɛɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɧɚɹ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɟɳɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɚɥɢɹɦ XXI ɜɟɤɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ, ɉɟɪɭ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ, ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɭɝɪɨɡɚɦɢ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ Ɍɭɪɰɢɸ, ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɸ ɢ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɭ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. Ɉɩɵɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɤ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɟɲɚɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ. ɋɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ – ɥɭɱɲɢɣ ɝɚɪɚɧɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɣ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɨɜ ɢ ɫɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɵɥɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɍɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɑɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɉɩɵɬ ɜɨɫɶɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɧɟɞɪɢɬɶ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɭɸ ɭɝɪɨɡɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ 20 ɥɟɬ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɨɞɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɫɭɫɟ – ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɦɚɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨ-ɛɸɞɠɟɬɧɨɣ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sullivan.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ. ɇɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɢ ɢ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ, ɩɪɨɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɉɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɫ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɯ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ "ɇɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ", ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɧɚɥɶɞɨɦ Ʉɨɭɡɨɦ ɢ Ⱦɭɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɇɨɪɬɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɞ ɇɨɛɟɥɟɜɫɤɭɸ ɩɪɟɦɢɸ. ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɹɳɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɩɟɯ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɚɥ ɥɸɛɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɞɨɥɝɨɫɪɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ, ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɟɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɶɬɟ ɦɧɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɢɮɚ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɦɢɮ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɟɪɟ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɤ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ. ȼ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɫɚ ɢ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɭɯɚɪɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɬɢɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɧɬɵ. Ⱥ ɦɵ ɫ ɜɚɦɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɪɭɤɨɣ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ, ɬɟɦ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɱɚɥɚɯ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɨɜ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɦɢɮɚ ɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹ, ɫɭɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɥɢɛɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ, ɥɢɛɨ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɢɯ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ, ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ. ȼ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɮɢɪɦɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɚ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɞɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɭ ɢ ɬɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ. ɇɟ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɚɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sullivan.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɬɟɫɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɜɵɝɨɞɵ, ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ-ɤɜɨ. ɑɚɫɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɧɬɢɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɮɢɪɦɵ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɤɥɨɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟɣ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɚɜɚɧɝɚɪɞɟ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɉɪɢɧɢɦɚɹ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɦɨɡɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɪɟɫɬɚɦɢ, ɮɨɧɞɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɤɪɨɜɧɨ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɦɢɮ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɟɝɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ – ɜɟɪɚ ɜ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɩɨɹɜɹɬɫɹ ɫɬɢɯɢɣɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬ ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ. ɗɬɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɟ ɬɚɤ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ, ɝɚɪɦɨɧɢɱɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ. ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɨɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɣ ɧɚɞɡɨɪ ɡɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ. Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ, ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɬ ɚɧɚɪɯɢɹ. Ⱦɟɥɨɜɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɜ "ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɤɚɡɢɧɨ", ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɥɸɞɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ, ɱɬɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɭ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɝɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ. ɂɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɞɟɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚɦɢ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ-ɞɨɧɨɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ: ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɩɪɚɜɚɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɦ ɚɧɬɢɬɪɟɫɬɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ, ɛɚɧɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɜ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ. ɋɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɧɢɹ, ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɧɫɭɥɶɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɬɵ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ. Ɉɤɚɡɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞ ɢ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫzɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sullivan.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ, ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ. ɍɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɢɤɪɨ- ɢ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɜɨɣɬɢ ɜ ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɢɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɚɦɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɹɦɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɍɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ Ɉɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ, ɞɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ “ɫɢɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ” ɢ ɱɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ. Ɉɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɧɚ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɨɣ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɟ – ɷɬɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɚɤ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ, ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɣ, Ƚɚɢɬɢ ɢ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ: ȼɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɮɨɪɭɦɚɯ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ. Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɉɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɭ ɢ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɦ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɦ ɧɚ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɟɬɜɶ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ. Ongoing advocacy directed at the government, including the executive and parliament branches. ɇɢɝɟɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɚɥɚɬ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɲɚɯɬ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ (ɇȺɉɌɉɒɋɏ) ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ. ȼ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ ɷɬɚ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɛɨɪɶɛɨɣ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɢ ɡɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɭ ɫɟɛɹ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɥɝɢɯ ɥɟɬ ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɬɨ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɇȺɉɌɉɒɋɏ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sullivan.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɬɢɫɤɚɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ, ɬɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɝɥɹɞɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɢɟ ɇȺɉɌɉɒɋɏ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɬɪɭɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɇȺɀɉ) ɜ Ɇɚɥɚɜɢ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɥɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɲɚɝɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɗɬɚ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɭɦɵ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɭɦɨɜ, ɇȺɀɉ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɥɚ ɨɛɳɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɜɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɛɵ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɜ Ɇɚɥɚɜɢ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ. ɍɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ, ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɧɟ ɢɦɟɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɟɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ 50 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ. ɉɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɵɬɟɫɧɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɢɯ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ. Ʉɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɲɢɛɤɢ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ɋɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɩɟɪɭɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ (ɂɋȾ) ɗɪɧɚɧɞɨ ɞɟ ɋɨɬɨ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɥ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɨɛɪɟɱɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ɇɨɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟ ɋɨɬɨ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɪɵɧɤɨɜ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɢ. Ⱦɟ ɋɨɬɨ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɂɋȾ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɤɚɤ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ, Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ. ȼ ɫɤɨɪɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɞɟ ɋɨɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ Ⱦɟɥɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɹ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɦ ɢ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɤɚɤɢɟ-ɬɨ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɟɧɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɞ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɟɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪɟ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɇȺɉ) ɫɨɡɞɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɭ ɩɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɬɫɬɚɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɇȺɉ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɤɨɪɪɭɦɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sullivan.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɶ ɤ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɭɬɜɟɪɞɹɬ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɨɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɇȺɉ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ ɛɨɥɟɟ 160 ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ 92 250 ɩɪɚɜɨɜɵɯ ɧɨɪɦ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ 52 774 ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ 1997 ɝɨɞɭ. ɋɬɨɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɭɛɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɚɨɫɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɧɨ ɛɸɪɨɤɪɚɬɚɦ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɦɭ ɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɢɸ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɞɟɤɫ, ɫɭɞɵ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɵ. ɇȺɉ ɜɧɟɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɸ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɟɦɢ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɧɚɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɞɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɚɦɩɚɧɢɹ ɇȺɉ ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɟɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹ ɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɢ ɫɭɞɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɸ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɟɣ – ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɪɚ ɜ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɐɟɧɬɪ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ (ɐɆɂɑɉ) ɫɨɡɞɚɥ ɫɟɬɶ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ 500 ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ "ɀɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ". Ⱥɛɛɪɟɜɢɚɬɭɪɚ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ-ɢɫɩɚɧɫɤɢ – PFC. PFC ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɥɭ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɡɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɧɟɷɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɯ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. PFC ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɟɬɶ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɳɢɤɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ-ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɪɚɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɬ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ. ȼ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɵ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ PFC ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɤ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɢɡ ɬɸɪɶɦɵ ɞɜɭɯ ɦɟɤɫɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬɨɜ, ɫɨɨɛɳɚɜɲɢɯ ɨ ɤɨɪɪɭɦɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɟ ɧɚɪɤɨɬɢɤɚɦɢ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɟɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɤɨɜ. ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ȿɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ – ɷɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬ ɭɞɚɪ ɩɨ ɤɨɪɪɭɦɩɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɡɹɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɨɞɤɭɩɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɝɪɨɦɤɢɯ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɨɜ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. Ɉɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɭɪɨɤɨɜ, ɢɡɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɨɜ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɚɛɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɭɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɱɟɦ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ ɛɵɜɲɢɣ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ Ȼɚɧɤɨɦ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞɚ Ɇ.Ɋ. ɑɚɬɭ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥ ɋɨɧɚɤɭɥ: "Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɢɡɢɫ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɩɪɚɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɪɢɣɬɢ ɤ ɤɪɚɯɭ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɪɨɡɢɢ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɨɪɨɜ". Ⱦɚɠɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɥɢɲɶ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɦɢ ɮɢɪɦɚɦɢ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ. ȿɳɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sullivan.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɷɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɮɢɪɦ ɢ ɮɢɪɦ, ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɨɫɬɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɟ. Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɜɟɪɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɱɟɫɬɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɨɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ. Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɟɣ, ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ-ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɪɶɟɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɸ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɠɞɨɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɩɪɨɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɜɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɭ ɤ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ. ɗɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɭ ɞɥɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɢɫɶ ɛɵ ɟɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢ ɥɢɞɟɪɚɦɢ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɪɫɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ. Ʉɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɥ ɛɵɜɲɢɣ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɵ Ɋɨɤ Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɞɟɫ: "ɏɨɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɢɥɚɫɶ, ɢ ɑɢɤɚɝɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɥ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ". Ɉɧ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɵ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɨɜ ɦɢɪɚ. ə ɧɚɞɟɸɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɵ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɪɹɞɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɯ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɞɚɱ: ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɚɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. __________ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: ɦɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sullivan.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ȼɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ: ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ Ⱦɷɜɢɞ ɋɚɬɬɟɪɫɭɷɣɬ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɪɚɫɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɱɟɬɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɧɢɠɚɸɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, – ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ⱦɷɜɢɞ ɋɚɬɬɟɪɫɭɷɣɬ ɢɡ ɥɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɛɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɋɚɬɬɟɪɫɭɷɣɬ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɭ ɥɢɰ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɢɳɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɳɢ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɡɚɱɚɫɬɭɸ ɤ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɧɟɱɟɬɤɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɗɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ, ɫɬɨɹɳɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɛɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɩɥɨɯɢɦ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɠɢɥɶɹ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ. ɏɨɬɹ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɯ – ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɟɞɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɸ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɥɸɞɟɣ – ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɠɢɜɭɳɟɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɦɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɭɪɨɠɚɟɜ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɦɢɥɟɰ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɬɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ⱦɟɥɨ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɫɟɦɶɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɨɢɫɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ; ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɠɟ ɫɟɦɶɹ ɨɬɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɜ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɯ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɤ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɸ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/satterthwaite.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɑɢɧɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 10 ɥɟɬ "ɪɚɡɪɵɜ" ɦɟɠɞɭ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥɫɹ, ɢ ɬɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɥɫɹ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ. ɋ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ "ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ" ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɨɜ, ɩɪɚɜ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ, ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ, ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɡɨɪɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɡɨɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ, Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦ, ɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɥɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɛɟɬɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɣ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ, ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɨɱɟɧɶ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɡɜɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ, ɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɡɟɦɥɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɤɨɬɚ, ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɞɟɧɶɝɚɯ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɧɢɡɨɤ. ȼ ɧɟɦ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ, ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɷɬɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɟ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ, ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɜ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɯ ɢ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɨɥɨɫɚ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɚɦɨɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ (1992 ɝɨɞɚ), ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɟɟ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ 114 ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 1 ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. Ⱦɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɹɬɨɣ – ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɪɟɬɟɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ 42 ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ "ɛɟɞɧɵɦɢ". ȼ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɧɢɯ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɭɫɥɭɝ ɜ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹɯ, ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ "ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ", ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 500 ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɏɨɬɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɷɬɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/satterthwaite.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɤɚɤ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ, ɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɢɫɤɚɯ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɭɬɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɇɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, Ⱥɡɢɢ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. ȼ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ. ȼ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹɯ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ, ɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɬɚ Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɱɟɪɬɭ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɧɢɡɤɭɸ, ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ. Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɩɨ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɚ, ɢɛɨ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ "ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ" ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɤ: Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. Ⱦɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ, ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɤɧɢɝɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɢ ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɥɢɲɚɸɬ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɬɹɦ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɀɢɥɶɟ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɭ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɧɚ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. ɋɟɦɶɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɠɢɥɶɟ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɟɥɟɧɢɹɯ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɡɚ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ. ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɢ ɫɛɨɪ ɦɭɫɨɪɚ. ɉɥɚɬɟɠɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɚɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɬ 10 ɞɨ 20 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ ɫɟɦɶɢ. ɍ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɧɟɬ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɚ ɜ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɟ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɧɵɦɢ ɬɭɚɥɟɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɭɠɞɭ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚ ɩɭɫɬɵɪɟ, ɥɢɛɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɷɬɢɥɟɧɨɜɵɟ ɦɟɲɨɱɤɢ. ɍɫɥɭɝɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɝɞɟ ɡɚ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɤɭ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ – ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɭɩɤɢ ɫɟɬɨɤ ɨɬ ɦɨɫɤɢɬɨɜ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɛɟɪɟɱɶ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɨɬ ɦɚɥɹɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɣ, ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɱɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɦɨɫɤɢɬɵ. Ɂɚɛɨɬɚ ɨ ɞɟɬɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɫɟ ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɪɢɧɨɫɹɳɟɣ ɞɨɯɨɞ. ɉɥɚɬɟɠɢ ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ, ɜɡɹɬɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɰɟɣɫɤɢɦ, ɲɬɪɚɮɵ ɩɪɢ ɚɪɟɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɥɤɢɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɡɟɦɥɟɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɡɞɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɱɚɫɬɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɥɸɞɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɛɟ ɠɢɥɢɳɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɴɹɜɢɬɶ ɭɝɨɥɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/satterthwaite.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɠɢɥɢɳɟ. ɇɟɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɞɧɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɟɥɟɧɢɣ ɢɡ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪ, ɩɪɟɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɰɨɜ, ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɯɨɡɹɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɥɢɟɧɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦ, ɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɤɨɪɪɭɩɰɢɢ ɢ ɤ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɸ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɣ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɦɢ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ, ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ – ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ, ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ – ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɫɭɦɦɚ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ, ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ. ɇɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɬɨ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɝɨɪɨɠɚɧɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɯɭɠɟ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ. Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ, ɥɢɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɹ, ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɠɚɪɧɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɜɭɳɭɸ ɱɭɬɶ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ. ɋɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɬɚ ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɭ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɬɚ, ɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɥɟɫɚɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɦ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚ. Ȼɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ – ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɢɤɨɟ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ 1992 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɵɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɜɭɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ: ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɦɢɡɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ, ɛɟɡɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɤɨɱɟɜɧɢɤɢɫɤɨɬɨɜɨɞɵ, ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɤɨɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɦɟɥɤɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɛɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚ/ɪɟɦɟɫɟɥ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ/ɛɟɠɟɧɰɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɵɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɞɧɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɸ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. ȼ ɞɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɠɚɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɥɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɪɦɨɣ, ɞɨ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ, ɝɞɟ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ɢ ɝɞɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɵ ɢ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɬɵ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ "ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ" – ɷɬɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɪɵ ɫ ɦɢɡɟɪɧɵɦɢ ɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɢ. Ȼɟɡɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɬɪɚɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɬɵ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɬɨɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɪɵɧɤɚɦɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɟɡɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɬɪɚɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ 31 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ 11 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɬɵ, ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɧɟɯɜɚɬɤɨɣ ɭɫɥɭɝ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɦ. ɇɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɚɛɵɦ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɟɦ ɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɢɛɨ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɧɟɬ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ. ɉɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɞɥɹ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/satterthwaite.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɢɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ. Ⱥ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɚɥɟɤɭ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ. ɋɤɜɚɬɬɟɪɵ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɜ 200 ɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ 40-50 ɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɨɬ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɬɚɤ ɠɟ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɟ ɜ 30 ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɚɯ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ. ɉɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɬɶ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɚɦɢ, ɢ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɥɭɱɲɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɟ ɫɢɥɵ. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦɢ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɨɜ ɤ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ: ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɢɯ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɬɟɯ ɥɢɲɟɧɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɢɟ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɨɜ ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɜ "ɤɨɪɢɞɨɪɚɯ" ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɦɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɟɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ. ɂɧɨɝɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞ, ɝɞɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɹ ɬɭɪɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɧɹɬɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ. Ȼɵɫɬɪɨ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɬɶ ɞɟɪɟɜɟɧɫɤɢɟ ɚɧɤɥɚɜɵ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ – ɯɨɬɹ ɫɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦ ɷɬɢ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɶɸ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡɡɟɦɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɚɬɪɚɤɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɚɯ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɠɢɜɟɬ ɜ ɧɢɳɟɬɟ. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɬ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ. ȼɵɜɨɞɵ ɞɥɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɟɞɨɦɫɬɜɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɲɚɝɨɜ. ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɥɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/satterthwaite.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɫɥɨɟɜ ɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɦ ɩɨɞɨɬɱɟɬɧɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɇɉɈ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɚɦɢɦɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɹɦɢ. ȼ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɂɧɞɢɹ, ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ, Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ, Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞ, Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ ɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ, ɮɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɚɸɬ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɨɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɨ-ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɜɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɭɱɬɟɧɵ ɢ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɵ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɭɱɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ. ȼ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɧɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɩɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɯɨɠɢɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ. __________ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: Ɇɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɧɟ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/satterthwaite.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɋɸɡɚɧ Ɏ. Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɣ, Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɬɚɭɧɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ – ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ, ɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ-ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ – ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɱɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɬɚɭɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɸɡɚɧ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ. "ɉɪɢɭɦɧɨɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɭɸ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ", – ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɨɧɚ. ɉɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ, ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɵ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɛɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ɉɧɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɜ ɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ "Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ", ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ Ɇɧɨɝɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɮɨɧɞɨɦ Ɇɟɠɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɜ ɝ. ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɟ ɜ ɦɚɟ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫɥɢ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ. ȼ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɨ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɧɞɚ ɡɚ 2000 ɝɨɞ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ-ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɜɵɲɟ 16 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 100 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ 60 ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ ɷɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɬɨɢɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɯ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ. ɗɬɢ ɰɢɮɪɵ, ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɫɱɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɚɦɢ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɠɟɧ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɭɱɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ. ɉɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ Ɇɟɠɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ, ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 20 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ Ɉɠɢɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/martin.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 35 ɥɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɭɞɜɨɢɥɚɫɶ – ɫ 76 ɞɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ 150 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ. ȼ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɦɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɠɢɜɭɳɢɯ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 40 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. ɉɨɱɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɋɒȺ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ, ɘɠɧɨɣ ɢ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɨɫɟɥɨ ɜ Ʉɚɧɚɞɟ, ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɟ ɢ Ʉɨɫɬɚ-Ɋɢɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɚɤ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ, ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɬɨɤ, ɨɬɬɨɤ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɟ ɩɨɬɨɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ. ɉɨ ɪɹɞɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ, ɢɦɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɧɢɹ-ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɬɹɝɢɜɚɧɢɹ-ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɭɜɹɡɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɫɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɞɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɫɬɟɝɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ – ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɧɢ – ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɢɥɚɦɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɣɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ. ɗɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɢɥɟ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɭɳɢɟ ɨɠɢɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ, ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɫɨɛɥɚɡɧɹɟɬ ɬɟɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. ȼɨɨɛɳɟ ɥɸɞɢ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵɟ ɤ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɧɚ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɢɦɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ. Ⱦɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɟ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɵ ɢ ɚɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɧɟɞɨɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥɢ ɥɢɲɶ ɢɯ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ. Ɉɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ, ɩɟɪɟɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɚ, ɬɪɚɬɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ ɢ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɉɧɢ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɚɫɚɥɢɫɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɬɚɧɭɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɧɢɯ, ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɨɯɨɞɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɢɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɬ ɤ ɧɟɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɭ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɱɟɦ ɬɟ, ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟ ɭɟɯɚɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ. ɉɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɠɟɫɬɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɞɜɢɝɚɦ ɜ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɟ. Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɨɛɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɞɨɦɨɦ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɠɟɧ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɣ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɥɢɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɤɚɤ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɦ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɫɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɢɬ ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɟɟ. Ȼɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɵɪɨɫ (ɜ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɨɧ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɥɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ), ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɵ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/martin.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɱɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɫɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɗɞɜɚɪɞ Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ ɢɡ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɜ Ⱦɷɜɢɫɟ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɟɫɥɢ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɬɪɚɬɹɬ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɢɦ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɠɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ. ɉɪɢɭɦɧɨɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɵ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɭɸ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɢɤɪɨɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɝɪɚɸɬ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɯɨɞɰɟɜ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ (ȺȼɊɆ), ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɵɥɚɸɬ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɵɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɭɟɯɚɥɢ. ɋɨɛɢɪɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ, ɷɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɭɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɞɨɪɨɝɢ, ɜɨɞɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɵɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɢ, ɲɤɨɥɵ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ, ɧɨ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ. ȼ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ: "ȼɨɡɶɦɟɦ ɫɚɥɶɜɚɞɨɪɫɤɭɸ "Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɛɳɢɧɭ ɑɢɧɚɦɟɤɢ": ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ 5 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɞɢɥɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɫɬɨɣɧɢɤ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. ȼɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɢɥɢ ɤɥɢɧɢɤɭ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ Ʉɪɟɫɬɚ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 43 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɭ ɫɤɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 32 ɬɵɫ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ." ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɲɬɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɨɜ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɩɨɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɣ ȺȼɊɆ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɢɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɩɨɨɳɪɟɧɢɸ ȺȼɊɆ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɜ ɦɟɥɤɢɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɢɫɬɢɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɫɟɦɶɹɦ ɜ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɫɭɳɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɫɟɦɶɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚ ɤ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ "Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɬ" ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɜɵɹɫɧɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɪɢɫɵɥɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ, "ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɷɤɨɧɨɦɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɞɥɹ ɱɥɟɧɨɜ ɫɟɦɶɢ. Ⱦɨɛɪɵɯ ɬɪɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɢ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɩɨɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ (ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 60% ɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɬɨɜ), ɫɨɨɛɳɢɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɧɚ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ". ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɭ ɦɟɤɫɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɦ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɫɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɫɟɦɟɣ ɜ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɟ ɩɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɢɡɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɜɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ, ɱɟɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɚ ɧɟɨɬɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ, ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɩɥɚɬɵ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ ɋɒȺ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɧɵ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/martin.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɣɧ, ɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ – ɭɪɚɝɚɧɨɜ ɢ ɡɟɦɥɟɬɪɹɫɟɧɢɣ. Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɶɸ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɹɞ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ. ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬ ɋɚɥɶɜɚɞɨɪɚ Ɏɪɚɧɫɢɫɤɨ Ɏɥɨɪɟɫ ɉɟɪɟɫ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɢɡɢɬɨɦ ɤ ɉɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɭ Ⱦɠɨɪɞɠɭ ɍ. Ȼɭɲɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɨɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɫɚɥɶɜɚɞɨɪɰɟɜ. ȼɨɡɪɨɫɲɢɟ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ-ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɧɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɹɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ, ɨɛɟɳɚɸɬ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɜɵɫɢɬɶ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɣ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. Ʉɬɨ ɧɟɫɟɬ ɛɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɉɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ, ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɵɝɨɞɧɚ ɫɟɦɶɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɷɬɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɫɥɨɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɒȺ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɛɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɥɸɞɹɦ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɨɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɞɨɯɨɞɵ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɵ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ. Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ – ɛɥɚɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɟɯ, ɤɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ, ɧɟ ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ ɥɢ ɞɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɤɬɨ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɥɫɹ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ? ɇɚ ɤɚɤɢɟ ɠɟɪɬɜɵ ɨɧɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɢɞɬɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɬɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɟɧɟɝ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ? Ȼɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɨɧɢ ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɥɢɲɚɸɬ ɫɟɛɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɧɶɝɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ? ȿɫɬɶ ɥɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɵ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, – ɛɵɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚɦ? Ʉɨɪɨɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɹɞ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɚɤɢɯ: ɤɚɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ? Ʉɚɤ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ? ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɥɢ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɨɬɞɚɱɢ ɨɬ ɜɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ? ȼ ɤɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɪɢɭɦɧɨɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜ, ɩɨɨɳɪɹɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ? Ʉɚɤ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɟɦɶɹɦ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ? Ʉɚɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɨɦɨɱɶ ȺȼɊɆ ɢ ɞɟɪɟɜɧɹɦ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɹ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ? ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɵ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɨɜ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ, ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɧɟɫɨɦɧɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ. __________ ɉɪɢɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ: Ɇɧɟɧɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɵ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɋɒȺ. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/martin.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ-ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɆȼɎ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɶɝɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ (ɉɋɍȻɋɊ) ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɂɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɞɨɥɠɧɢɤɨɜ (ɂȻɋȾ). ɂȻɋȾ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ 1996 ɝ., ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɛɵ ɢɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɧɟɲɧɸɸ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɚɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɢɦɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɳɟɪɛɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɫɬɚ. ɉɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɂȻɋȾ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɲɶ ɬɟɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɣɦɨɜ ɉɋɍȻɋɊ ɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɆȺɊ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ "ɩɨɫɥɭɠɧɨɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ" ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ ɉɋɍȻɋɊ ɢ ɆȺɊ, ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ, ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɞɨɫɬɢɱɶ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɥ ɫ ɡɚɞɨɥɠɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢ. ȼ ɧɢɠɟɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦɢ-ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɭɫɥɭɝ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ (ȼɇȾ), ɪɚɧɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬ (ȼɇɉ), ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ-ɧɟɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɦ ɛɚɧɤɨɦ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɥɹ (ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ) ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɠɢɜɭɳɚɹ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ. ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɞɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɵɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɣ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ "ɞɨɥɥɚɪ ɜ ɞɟɧɶ" - ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 1,08 ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɚɯ 1993 ɝ. - ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɟɧ ɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɭ ɜ ɰɟɧɚɯ 1985 ɝ., ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɤ ɩɚɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ (ɉɉɋ). ɋɬɪɚɧɵ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɉɋɍȻɋɊ (*) ɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹɦ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɂȻɋȾ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (%), ɇɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɜɭɳɟɝɨ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ (ɦɥɧ. ɉɨɞɭɲɟɜɨɣ ɧɚ ɱɟɥ.) ȼɇȾ (ɜ ɞɨɥɥ.) 1 ɞɨɥɥ. ɜ ɞɟɧɶ 1999 ɝ. 1999 ɝ. (ɝɨɞ ɨɛɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ) 8 3 460 930 http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/poverty-ind.htm 2 (1995) -- Ⱦɨɥɹ Ⱦɨɥɹ ɛɟɡɛɟɡɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ ɫɬɚɪɲɟ 15 ɥɟɬ 15 ɥɟɬ ɦɭɠ ɠɟɧ 1999 1999 -9 -23 Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ⱥɧɝɨɥɚ* Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧ Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ Ȼɟɧɢɧ* Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɹ * Ȼɨɫɧɢɹ ɢ Ƚɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ Ȼɭɪɤɢɧɚ Ɏɚɫɨ* Ȼɭɪɭɧɞɢ* Ȼɭɬɚɧ ȼɚɧɭɚɬɭ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ* Ƚɚɢɬɢ Ƚɚɣɚɧɚ* Ƚɚɦɛɢɹ* Ƚɚɧɚ* Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ* Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ-Ȼɢɫɚɭ* Ƚɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ* Ƚɪɟɧɚɞɚ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ Ⱦɠɢɛɭɬɢ Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤɚ ɂɧɞɢɹ Ƀɟɦɟɧ* Ƀɟɦɟɧ* Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ* Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ Ʉɚɛɨ-ȼɟɪɞɟ Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ* Ʉɟɧɢɹ* Ʉɢɪɝɢɡɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɢɪɢɛɚɬɢ Ʉɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ (Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ)* Ʉɨɧɝɨ (Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ)* Ʉɨɬ-ɞ'ɂɜɭɚɪ Ʌɚɨɫ Ʌɟɫɨɬɨ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢɹ* Ɇɚɜɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ* Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ* Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ (Ȼɵɜɲɚɹ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɫɩɭɛ.) Ɇɚɥɚɜɢ* Ɇɚɥɢ* Ɇɚɥɶɞɢɜɵ Ɇɨɡɚɦɛɢɤ* Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ Ɇɶɹɧɦɚ* 12 270 4 490 26 -128 370 6 380 8 990 4 1,210 11 240 7 120 0.8 510 0.2 1,180 78 370 8 460 0.9 760 1 330 19 400 7 490 1 160 6 760 0.1 3,440 5 620 0.6 5,020 0.07 3,260 998 440 17 360 17 360 10 330 12 530 0.4 1,330 12 260 13 600 29 360 5 300 0.08 910 0.5 350 50 755 or less -7.8 (1996) -29.1 (1996) -29.4 (1997 -61.2 (1994) ------53.7 (1992) 38.8 (1998) --40.5 (1996) -2 (1996) --44.2 (1997) 15.7 (1998) 15.7 (1998) 63.7 (1998) 36 (1990-91) ---26.5 (1994) ----- -1 50 48 45 8 -67 44 --5 49 1 57 21 -42 26 --25 -32 33 33 15 8 16 41 19 12 --34 28 -3 80 71 76 21 -87 61 --9 53 2 72 39 -82 26 --47 -56 76 76 30 16 35 79 31 25 --48 51 3 550 -- 13 27 16 5 2 3 3 15 2 670 290 550 -390 250 1,660 12.3 (1993) 26.3 (1997) 43.1 (1993) -28.6 (1995) 63.4 (1997) -- 46 37 28 31 48 27 -- 63 68 7 63 69 41 -- 11 180 11 240 0.3 1,200 17 220 4 410 2 390 45 755 or less -72.8 (1994) -37.9 (1996) 11.3 (1997) 13.9 (1993) -- 26 53 4 41 1 27 11 55 67 4 72 2 48 20 http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/poverty-ind.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɇɟɩɚɥ ɇɢɝɟɪ* ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɭɚ* ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ* ɋɚɦɨɚ ɋɚɧ-Ɍɨɦɟ ɢ ɉɪɢɧɫɢɩɢ* ɋɟɧɟɝɚɥ* ɋɟɧɬ-ȼɢɧɫɟɧɬ ɢ Ƚɪɟɧɚɞɢɧɵ ɋɟɧɬ-Ʌɸɫɢɹ ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧɨɜɵ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɋɨɦɚɥɢ* ɋɭɞɚɧ* ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-Ʌɟɨɧɟ* Ɍɚɞɠɢɤɢɫɬɚɧ Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ* Ɍɨɝɨ* Ɍɨɧɝɚ ɍɝɚɧɞɚ* ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ* ɑɚɞ* ɒɪɢ-Ʌɚɧɤɚ ɗɪɢɬɪɟɹ ɗɮɢɨɩɢɹ* 23 10 124 5 135 8 0.2 0.1 9 0.1 220 190 260 410 470 250 1,070 270 500 2,640 37.7 (1995) 61.4 (1995) 70.2 (1997) -31 (1996) 35.7 (1983-85) --26.3 (1995) -- 42 77 29 33 41 27 19 -54 -- 77 92 46 30 70 41 21 -73 -- 0.2 0.4 9 29 5 6 33 5 0.1 21 3,820 750 -330 130 280 260 310 1,730 320 ----57 (1989) -19.9 (1993) ---- ---31 -1 16 26 -23 ---55 -1 34 60 -45 4 290 66.6 (1993) 41 67 7 19 5 63 210 820 200 100 -6.6 (1995) -31.3 (1995) 50 6 33 57 68 11 61 68 ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ: ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ, World Development Indicators 2001, ɢ The Little Data Book 2001. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ (1999 ɝ.) (**) = ɞɨɥɹ (%) ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɋɬɪɚɧɚ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɧɝɨɥɚ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧ Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ Ȼɟɧɢɧ Ⱦɨɥɹ (%) ȼɂɑɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɭɠɱɢɧ ɜ Ⱦɨɥɹ (%) ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 15ɞɟɬɟɣ Ⱦɨɥɹ (%) 24 ɥɟɬ, 1999 Ⱦɨɥɹ (%) Ⱦɟɬɫɤɚɹ ɦɥɚɞɲɟ 5 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɝ. (ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ ȼɂɑɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɥɟɬ, ɱɟɣ ɜɟɫ ɢɦɟɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢɧɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ (ɧɚ 1000 ɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɠɟɧɳɢɧ ɜ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ 15ɠɢɜɵɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ 24 ɥɟɬ, 1999 ɞɟɬɟɣ), 1999 ȼɈɁ ɧɨɪɦɭ, ɩɢɬɶɟɜɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ) ɝ. ɝ. 1993-99 ɝɝ. ɜɨɞɵ, 2000 ɝ. --2.7 --0 2.2 --1.3 --0 0.9 http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/poverty-ind.htm 16 24 127 14 147 61 87 10 8 41 3 -56 29 --38 -19 97 63 Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɹ Ȼɨɫɧɢɹ ɢ Ƚɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ Ȼɭɪɤɢɧɚ-Ɏɚɫɨ Ȼɭɪɭɧɞɢ Ȼɭɬɚɧ ȼɚɧɭɚɬɭ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ Ƚɚɢɬɢ Ƚɚɣɚɧɚ Ƚɚɦɛɢɹ Ƚɚɧɚ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ-Ȼɢɫɚɭ Ƚɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ Ƚɪɟɧɚɞɚ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ Ⱦɠɢɛɭɬɢ Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤɚ ɂɧɞɢɹ Ƀɟɦɟɧ Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ Ʉɚɛɨ-ȼɟɪɞɟ Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ Ʉɟɧɢɹ Ʉɢɪɝɢɡɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɢɪɢɛɚɬɢ Ʉɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ (Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ) Ʉɨɧɝɨ (Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ) Ʉɨɬ-ɞ'ɂɜɭɚɪ Ʌɚɨɫ Ʌɟɫɨɬɨ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢɹ Ɇɚɜɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ (Ȼɵɜɲɚɹ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɫɩɭɛ.) Ɇɚɥɚɜɢ Ɇɚɥɢ Ɇɨɡɚɦɛɢɤ Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ Ɇɶɹɧɦɚ ɇɟɩɚɥ ɇɢɝɟɪ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɭɚ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ ɋɚɦɨɚ ɋɚɧ-Ɍɨɦɟ ɢ 0 0.1 59 8 79 -- -- 13 -- -- 5.8 11.6 --0.1 2.9 -2.2 3.4 1.4 2.5 1.7 ----0.6 -17.8 24.5 -3.5 7.8 13 2.3 5.7 --0.3 4.9 -0.9 1.4 0.6 1 1.4 ----0.4 -8.2 11.3 -2.4 3.8 6.4 105 105 59 36 37 70 57 75 57 96 127 34 13 15 109 14 71 79 114 70 39 100 77 76 33 -19 -37 28 -26 25 --25 -3 --45 46 24 16 -47 22 22 84** 96** 86** -48 46 98** 62 64 48 49 90 97** -100** -88 66 52 77 64** 30 62 49 -- -- 26 11 77 --5.1 --2.5 56 61 85 --34 82** 98 45 6.5 3.2 89 -- 51 9.5 0.1 26.4 -0.6 0.1 -- 3.8 0 12.1 -0.4 0 -- 111 93 92 113 88 90 16 24 40 16 -23 40 6 77 90 91 -37 47 99 15.3 2.1 14.7 0.1 -1.7 0.2 1.5 5.1 0.1 0 10.6 -- 7 1.3 6.7 0.3 -1 1 0.9 2.5 0.2 0.1 5.2 -- 132 120 131 17 58 77 75 116 83 34 90 123 23 30 27 26 -13 -47 50 39 12 38 27 -- 57 65 60 100 60 68 81 59 57 79 88 41 -- -- -- 47 -- -- http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/poverty-ind.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɉɪɢɧɫɢɩɢ ɋɟɧɟɝɚɥ ɋɟɧɬ-ȼɢɧɫɟɧɬ ɢ Ƚɪɟɧɚɞɢɧɵ ɋɟɧɬ Ʌɭɫɢɹ ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧɨɜɵ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɋɨɦɚɥɢ ɋɭɞɚɧ ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-Ʌɟɨɧɟ Ɍɚɞɠɢɤɢɫɬɚɧ Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ Ɍɨɝɨ Ɍɨɧɝɚ ɍɝɚɧɞɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɑɚɞ ɒɪɢ-Ʌɚɧɤɚ ɗɪɢɬɪɟɹ ɗɮɢɨɩɢɹ 1.6 -- 0.7 -- 67 20 22 -- 78 -- ----2.9 -8.1 5.5 -7.8 ----1.2 -4 2.2 -3.8 16 21 121 67 168 20 95 77 21 88 ---34 --31 25 -26 ---86** 28 -54 54 50 -- 14.1 6.9 96 23 60 3 0.1 -11.9 1.9 0 -7.5 101 15 60 104 39 33 44 -- 27 33 46 77** ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɢ: ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ, World Development Indicators 2001, and idem, The Little Data Book 2001. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/poverty-ind.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɉɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɩɨ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ Ⱥɡɟɪɛɚɣɞɠɚɧ Ⱥɧɝɨɥɚ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɹ Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧ Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ Ȼɟɧɢɧ Ȼɭɪɤɢɧɚ-Ɏɚɫɨ Ȼɭɪɭɧɞɢ Ȼɭɬɚɧ ȼɶɟɬɧɚɦ Ƚɚɢɬɢ Ƚɚɦɛɢɹ Ƚɚɧɚ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ-Ȼɢɫɚɭ Ƚɪɭɡɢɹ Ɂɚɦɛɢɹ Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ ɂɧɞɢɹ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ Ƀɟɦɟɧ Ʉɚɦɛɨɞɠɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ Ʉɟɧɢɹ Ʉɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɟ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ (Ⱦɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ) Ʉɨɧɝɨ (Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɨ) Ʉɨɪɟɹ (Ʉɨɪɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨȾɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ) Ʉɨɬ-ɞ'ɂɜɭɚɪ Ʌɚɨɫ Ʌɟɫɨɬɨ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢɹ Ɇɚɜɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ Ɇɚɞɚɝɚɫɤɚɪ Ɇɚɥɚɜɢ Ɇɚɥɢ Ɇɨɡɚɦɛɢɤ Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɚ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɹ Ɇɶɹɧɦɚ ɇɟɩɚɥ ɇɢɝɟɪ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɭɚ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ ɋɚɧ-Ɍɨɦɟ ɢ ɉɪɢɧɫɢɩɢ ɋɟɧɟɝɚɥ ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧɨɜɵ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɋɨɦɚɥɢ ɋɭɞɚɧ ɋɶɟɪɪɚ-Ʌɟɨɧɟ Ɍɚɞɠɢɤɢɫɬɚɧ Ɍɚɧɡɚɧɢɹ Ɍɨɝɨ Ɍɭɪɤɦɟɧɢɫɬɚɧ ɍɝɚɧɞɚ ɍɡɛɟɤɢɫɬɚɧ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɚ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɑɚɞ ɗɪɢɬɪɟɹ ɗɮɢɨɩɢɹ ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ȾɈɏɈȾȺ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɥɠɢɪ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ Ȼɟɥɢɡ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪɢɹ Ȼɨɥɢɜɢɹ Ȼɨɫɧɢɹ ɢ Ƚɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ȼɚɧɭɚɬɭ Ƚɚɣɚɧɚ Ƚɜɚɬɟɦɚɥɚ Ƚɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ Ⱦɠɢɛɭɬɢ Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɵɣ ɛɟɪɟɝ ɪɟɤɢ ɂɨɪɞɚɧ ɢ ɋɟɤɬɨɪ Ƚɚɡɚ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɹ ɂɪɚɤ ɂɪɚɧ Ʉɚɛɨ-ȼɟɪɞɟ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧ Ʉɢɪɢɛɚɬɢ Ʉɢɬɚɣ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ Ʉɨɫɬɚ-Ɋɢɤɚ Ʉɭɛɚ Ʌɚɬɜɢɹ Ʌɢɬɜɚ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ (ɛɵɜɲɚɹ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɫɤɚɹ ɪɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ) Ɇɚɥɢ Ɇɚɥɶɞɢɜɵ Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɥɨɜɵ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ɇɢɤɪɨɧɟɡɢɹ (Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɒɬɚɬɵ Ɇɢɤɪɨɧɟɡɢɢ) ɇɚɦɢɛɢɹ ɉɚɩɭɚ-ɇɨɜɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ ɉɚɪɚɝɜɚɣ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/wayne-country.htm Ɋɭɦɵɧɢɹ ɋɚɦɨɚ ɋɜɚɡɢɥɟɧɞ ɋɟɧɬ-ȼɢɧɫɟɧɬ ɢ Ƚɪɟɧɚɞɢɧɵ ɋɢɪɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɭɪɢɧɚɦ Ɍɚɢɥɚɧɞ Ɍɨɧɝɚ Ɍɭɧɢɫ Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ Ɏɢɞɠɢ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ ɒɪɢ-Ʌɚɧɤɚ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ ɗɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ ɗɥɶ-ɋɚɥɶɜɚɞɨɪ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ (Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ ɋɟɪɛɢɹ ɢ ɑɟɪɧɨɝɨɪɢɹ) əɦɚɣɤɚ Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ Ⱥɧɬɢɝɭɚ ɢ Ȼɚɪɛɭɞɚ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ Ȼɚɪɛɚɞɨɫ Ȼɚɯɪɟɣɧ Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ ȼɟɧɝɪɢɹ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ Ƚɚɛɨɧ Ƚɪɟɧɚɞɚ Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ (Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ʉɨɪɟɹ) Ʌɢɜɚɧ Ʌɢɜɢɹ Ɇɚɜɪɢɤɢɣ Ɇɚɣɨɬɬɚ Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ Ɇɚɥɶɬɚ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ Ɉɦɚɧ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜ Ɇɷɧ ɉɚɥɚɭ ɉɚɧɚɦɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɉɭɷɪɬɨ-Ɋɢɤɨ ɋɚɦɨɚ (Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɋɚɦɨɚ) ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ ɋɟɣɲɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɋɟɧɬ-Ʉɢɬɫ ɢ ɇɟɜɢɫ ɋɟɧɬ-Ʌɸɫɢɹ ɋɥɨɜɚɰɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɪɢɧɢɞɚɞ ɢ Ɍɨɛɚɝɨ ɍɪɭɝɜɚɣ ɏɨɪɜɚɬɢɹ ɑɟɲɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɑɢɥɢ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɹ ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɢɹ Ⱥɧɞɨɪɪɚ Ⱥɧɬɢɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ (ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ Ⱥɧɬɢɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ) Ⱥɪɭɛɚ Ȼɚɝɚɦɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ȼɟɥɶɝɢɹ Ȼɟɪɦɭɞɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ȼɪɭɧɟɣ ȼɢɪɝɢɧɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ (ɋɒȺ) Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ Ƚɨɧɤɨɧɝ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ) Ƚɪɟɧɥɚɧɞɢɹ Ƚɪɟɰɢɹ Ƚɭɚɦ Ⱦɚɧɢɹ ɂɡɪɚɢɥɶ ɂɪɥɚɧɞɢɹ ɂɫɥɚɧɞɢɹ ɂɫɩɚɧɢɹ ɂɬɚɥɢɹ Ʉɚɣɦɚɧɨɜɵ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ Ʉɚɬɚɪ Ʉɢɩɪ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ Ʌɢɯɬɟɧɲɬɟɣɧ Ʌɸɤɫɟɦɛɭɪɝ Ɇɚɤɚɨ (Ʉɢɬɚɣ) Ɇɨɧɚɤɨ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ ɇɨɜɚɹ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɢɹ ɇɨɪɜɟɝɢɹ ɇɨɪɦɚɧɞɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ, World Development Indicators 2001. http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/wayne-country.htm ɇɨɜɚɹ Ʉɚɥɟɞɨɧɢɹ Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɢɟ ɗɦɢɪɚɬɵ ɉɨɥɢɧɟɡɢɹ (Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɹ ɉɨɥɢɧɟɡɢɹ) ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɹ ɋɚɧ-Ɇɚɪɢɧɨ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɟ Ɇɚɪɢɚɧɫɤɢɟ Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɨɟ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɋɒȺ Ɏɚɪɟɪɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ɏɢɧɥɹɧɞɢɹ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɹ ɒɜɟɣɰɚɪɢɹ ɒɜɟɰɢɹ əɩɨɧɢɹ Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɉɨɦɨɳɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɢ ɟɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɚɯ. ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɤɥɚɞɨɜ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɨɜ. Ʉɪɟɞɢɬɵ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɧɤɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸɬ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɫɬɪɚɧ-ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɜɨ ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɨɦ ɛɚɧɤɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ 1 ɢɸɥɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ 30 ɢɸɧɹ. Ʉɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɦ ɜ 2000-ɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ (ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ) Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ ɢ Ɍɢɯɨɨɤɟɚɧɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɝɢɨɧ ȼɨɫɬɨɱɧɚɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ Ȼɥɢɠɧɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚɹ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ ɘɠɧɚɹ Ⱥɡɢɹ 2,159 ɂɬɨɝɨ Ʉɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚɦ ɜ 2000-ɨɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ Ɇɧɨɝɨɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɵɟ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ Ƚɪɚɞɨɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ Ɉɯɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɇɟɮɬɟɝɚɡɨɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ Ɍɟɥɟɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ Ƚɨɪɧɨɞɨɛɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɍɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɫɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɣ ɫɟɤɬɨɪ Ɍɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɋɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɚ Ɂɞɪɚɜɨɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ, ɩɢɬɚɧɢɟ, ɧɚɪɨɞɨɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɤɚ ȼɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɢɹ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: ȼɫɟɦɢɪɧɵɣ ɛɚɧɤ, Partnerhips for Development: Spring 2001 http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/dev-assist.htm 2,979 3,042 4,063 920 2,112 $15,000 (ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɵ) 4.8 4.5 4.1 3.4 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.4 14.8 12.0 11.1 8.4 7.4 7.2 6.5 6.5 5.9 Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ-ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɢɧɭ (ɦɥɧ. ɞɨɥɥ. ɋɒȺ) Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ Ⱦɨɯɨɞ 1993 1999 1993 1993 43,727 62,976 45,619 60,947 12,188 11,766 23,984 32,995 31,539 51,211 21,635 27,952 Ⱥɮɪɢɤɚ 4,946 5,993 1,484 5,277 Ⱥɧɝɨɥɚ Ȼɟɧɢɧ Ȼɨɬɫɜɚɧɚ Ȼɭɪɤɢɧɚ-Ɏɚɫɨ Ʉɨɬ-ɞ'ɂɜɭɚɪ Ƚɚɧɚ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ ɇɢɝɟɪɢɹ ɋɟɣɲɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ Ɍɭɧɢɫ -103 -117 -10 -1,959 793 9 446 -0 ---31 6 1,938 1,301 4 761 83 21 81 62 420 4 20 14 2 15 7 --70 --6 13 20 9 11 8 Ⱥɡɢɹ 7,807 17,906 85 3,156 Ȼɚɧɝɥɚɞɟɲ Ʉɢɬɚɣ, (Ʉɢɬɚɣɫɤɚɹ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ) ɂɧɞɢɹ ɂɧɞɨɧɟɡɢɹ Ʉɨɪɟɹ Ɇɚɥɚɣɡɢɹ Ɇɚɥɶɞɢɜɵ Ɇɶɹɧɦɚ ɇɟɩɚɥ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ ɉɚɩɭɚ-ɇɨɜɚɹ Ƚɜɢɧɟɹ Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɵ ɋɚɦɨɚ ɋɨɥɨɦɨɧɨɜɵ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ ɒɪɢ-Ʌɚɧɤɚ ȼɚɧɭɚɬɭ 1,007 1,797 -- 2 108 384 15 70 3,495 346 311 --28 55 1,446 -311 31 -632 5 11,002 1,109 54 --138 443 --102 45 -1,056 19 ----27 -3 1 -32 3 2 --- 22 -184 2,038 41 -27 -8 57 3 --36 ȿɜɪɨɩɚ 3,534 6,520 4 255 275 -213 79 -- 357 15 454 83 698 ------ -7 28 81 35 ɂɬɨɝɨ ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ɋɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɪɦɟɧɢɹ ɏɨɪɜɚɬɢɹ Ʉɢɩɪ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/workers-remit.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. Ɍɭɪɰɢɹ 2,919 4,529 -- -- Ȼɥɢɠɧɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɤ 7,782 6,203 19,166 18,458 Ȼɚɯɪɟɣɧ ȿɝɢɩɟɬ ɂɨɪɞɚɧɢɹ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬ Ʌɢɜɢɹ Ɉɦɚɧ ɋɚɭɞɨɜɫɤɚɹ Ⱥɪɚɜɢɹ -5,664 1,040 --39 -- -3,235 1,664 --39 -- 396 -78 1,229 323 1,423 15,717 856 39 204 1,731 213 1,438 13,977 Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɟ 7,470 14,589 896 806 Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ Ʉɨɥɭɦɛɢɹ Ʉɨɫɬɚ-Ɋɢɤɚ Ⱦɨɦɢɧɢɤɚɧɫɤɚɹ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɗɤɜɚɞɨɪ ɗɥɶ-ɋɚɥɶɜɚɞɨɪ Ƚɜɚɬɟɦɚɥɚ Ƚɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ əɦɚɣɤɚ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɭɚ ɉɚɧɚɦɚ ɉɟɪɭ Ɍɪɢɧɢɞɚɞ ɢ Ɍɨɛɚɝɨ ȼɟɧɟɫɭɷɥɚ 42 1,123 455 0 29 1,190 532 101 34 48 --- 38 138 140 84 721 1,519 -- -- 75 790 205 60 187 3,332 25 17 289 18 -- 1,084 1,374 466 320 679 5,909 300 16 712 0 -- --6 -6 --24 --72 --27 1 96 --21 --179 ɉɊɂɆȿɑȺɇɂȿ: Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ-ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɚɦɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ). Ɇɢɝɪɚɧɬ – ɥɢɰɨ, ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɚɤɭɸ-ɥɢɛɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɫɪɨɤ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ. Ⱦɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɫɵɥɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦ. Ʌɢɰɚ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ; ɜɵɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɢɦ ɞɟɧɟɠɧɵɟ ɫɭɦɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ "ȼɨɡɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɯ". ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɤ: Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɮɨɧɞ, Balance of Payments Statistics Yearbook 2000 http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/workers-remit.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɂɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɵ Ƚɨɫɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ Peace Corps 1111 20th St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20526 U.S.A. Phone: 800-424-8580 http://www.peacecorps.gov U. S. Agency for International Development Information Center Ronald Reagan Building Washington, D.C. 20523-1000 U.S.A. Phone: 202-712-4810 Fax: 202-216-3524 http://www.usaid.gov U. S. Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service 1400 Independence Ave. S.W. Washington, D.C. 20250 U.S.A. Phone: 202-720-3101 http://www.fas.usda.gov/ U. S. Department of State Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs 2201 C. St. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20520 U.S.A. Phone: 202-647-7951 http://www.state.gov/e/eb/ U.S. Department of the Treasury 1500 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20220 U.S.A. Phone: 202-622-2000 Fax: 202-622-6415 http://www.ustreas.gov/ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research http://www.cgiar.org/ European Commission Development Directorate-General http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/index_en.htm Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Development Assistance Committee http://www.oecd.org/dac/ http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sites.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. United Nations Development Program http://www.undp.org United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization http://www.fao.org World Health Organization http://www.who.int/home-page/ Ȼɚɧɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɵ African Development Bank http://www.afdb.org Asian Development Bank http://www.adb.org Institute of International Finance http://www.iif.com Inter-American Development Bank http://www.iadb.org International Monetary Fund http://www.imf.org World Bank http://www.worldbank.org ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research http://www.aei.org The Brookings Institution http://www.brookings.org Cato Institute http://www.cato.org Center for International Development Harvard University http://www.cid.harvard.edu/ Center for International Private Enterprise http://www.cipe.org Heritage Foundation http://www.heritage.org Institute for International Economics http://www.iie.com http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/ites/0901/ijer/sites.htm Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜ ɦɢɪɟ - ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɉɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ - ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. 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