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JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 20 94:4b E4$,D( “#+9Y+ 93933” '+=+13E K3=Eˆ?'? ;3K! % #?9'!C33. C?9[ CšEEˆ?'? K+==?K39[EG%!. K3=Eˆ?-#?9'!CEˆ3+ ˆ?=G!ˆGY 3 A?EC+)=3ˆ3 E ˆ?=O! MyM )? ˆ?=O! MM %+ˆ! JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2004 “#+9Y+ 93933” '+=+13E K3=Eˆ?'? ;3K! % #?9'!C33. C?9[ CšEEˆ?'? K+==?K39[EG%!. K3=Eˆ?-#?9'!CEˆ3+ ˆ?=G!ˆGY 3 A?EC+)=3ˆ3 E ˆ?=O! MyM )? ˆ?=O! MM %+ˆ! JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN HUMANITIES 20 94:4b E4$,D( “#+9Y+ 93933” '+=+13E K3=Eˆ?'? ;3K! % #?9'!C33. C?9[ CšEEˆ?'? K+==?K39[EG%!. K3=Eˆ?-#?9'!CEˆ3+ ˆ?=G!ˆGY 3 A?EC+)=3ˆ3 E ˆ?=O! MyM )? ˆ?=O! MM %+ˆ! JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ 2004 Editors Erkki Peuranen Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo and Marja-Leena Tynkkynen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN 9513919153 ISBN 951-39-1915-3 (PDF) ISSN 1459-4331 ISBN 951-39-1446-1 (nid.) ISSN 1459-4323 Copyright © 2004, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2004 ABSTRACT Siiberg, Liilia ‘White Lilies’: The Genesis of the Finnish National Myth in Bulgaria and the Role of Russian Fennophilia therein (on the Material of Cultural and Literary Relations between Bulgaria and Finland) Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä 2004, 284 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Humanities ISSN 1459-4331; 20) ISBN 951-39-1915-3 Finnish summary Diss. The aim of the work is to research cultural and literary connections between Finland and Bulgaria that have not been studied before. These quite small countries are geographically distant from each other and have big cultural and social differences. Hence, a limited amount of material could be expected. An Unexpected discovery was that in Bulgaria there is a very positive national image about Finnish people; in a way the Bulgarians are fennophiles. The methodology was extended to include the cultural side using the terms world picture, national character, cliché and stereotyping The first stereotypes were apparently already in place before the first official contacts the two countries: the locus of the North and the South. The first contact between these countries started dramatically: during the Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 nine hundred Finnish volunteers participated in the relise of Bulgaria. The soldiers readily published their diaries and memoirs, whose main point was that “we” were at war “there”. Direct literare connections started from year 1896. Various authors were of interest in Bulgaria according to clearly defined cultural, ideological and educational needs of the young country. D. Bozhkov dedicated his tinne to the enlightenment of the Bulgarian people through publishing in Bulgarian the books known Russian public figure and fennophile G. Petrov. All the basic traits of Russian finnophilia were reflected in the book of G. Petrov “V stranata na belite lilii. Finlandia – Suomi” (1925): Finland was a small country, poor in natural resources, the home for poor, but persistent people ardently loving their fatherland and ready to die for it. Whereas big Russia, according to the thinking of the “progressive” intellectual of those times, received criticism as the oppressor, the opposite of the “white Evangelical lilies” – the Finns. The material follows the ideological code of an idealized model, the genesis of the national myth. This gives new approaches to the mechanism of the internal descriptions of national image and to the mechanism of the external perception of the country. From the Finnish point a vising, there has been los interest in Bulgaria. During the national liberation movement, before 1917 the novel “Pod igoto” by I. Vazov was translated into finnish three times. Keywords: Finnish-Bulgarian contacts, inter-cultural communication, national image, national myth Author’s address FL Liilia Siiberg Department of Languages Russian Language and Literature University of Jyväskylä Finland Supervisor Professor Erkki Peuranen Department of Languages Russian Language and Literature University of Jyväskylä Finland Reviewers Professor Igor Černov University of Tartu Estonian Docent Georgi Vålčev Bulgarian Academie Opponents Professor Igor Černov University of Tartu Estonian Docent Georgi Vålčev Bulgarian Academie Tyttärilleni: Sari-Maaret Sinikalle ja Päivi Christinalle oH "&H@D" E 1973 B@ 1974 (@*Z, 42JR"b F:"&b>F8J` L4:@:@(4` & M,:\F4>8F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H,, b JR4:"F\ $@:("DF8@<J b2Z8J B@* DJ8@&@*FH&@< *-D" ',@D(4b %Z:R,&". ?> $Z: B,D&Z<, BD4F:">>Z< B@ *@(@&@DJ <,0*J K4>:b>*4,6 4 #@:("D4,6, BD,B@*"&"H,:,< $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" >" 8"L,*D, F:"&b>F8@6 L4:@:@(44 & M,:\F4>8F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H,. ?> $Z: BD,8D"F>Z< BD,B@*"&"H,:,<, 4 ,(@ 0,:">4,< $Z:@, RH@$Z <Z &F, B@:`$4:4 #@:("D4` 4 FH":4 2">4<"H\Fb >"JR>@6 D"$@H@6 & @$:"FH4 $@:("D4FH484. % L@8JF, ,(@ >"JR>ZN 4>H,D,F@& $Z:" 8@<B"D"H4&4FH48", 4 BD,0*, &F,(@ :4H,D"HJD>Z, F&b24 <,0*J <":Z<4 >"D@*"<4. +(@ B@FH@b>>@6 2"$@H@6 $Z:о изучение 8J:\HJD>ZN 8@>H"8H@& <,0*J K4>:b>*4,6 4 #@:("D4,6.a D,T4:" &2bH\Fb 2" ^HJ D"$@HJ. 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Ehrnrooth 1967. 2 p. 2002, Hiisivaara 1968, Hyvämäki 1964, Mikkola 1934, 1938, Laitila 2001 4 *D.). 32JR",HFb *@8J<,>H":\>"b $,::,HD4FH48" JR"FH>48@& &@6>Z 1977-78 (@*" 4 & *DJ(4N FHD">"N, >"BD4<,D & CJ<Z>44 (K:@D," 1978) 4, 8@>,R>@, & #@:("D44 ()J*,&F84 1978). )>,&>484 4 B4F\<" L4>F84N &@4>@& F $@:("DF8@6 FH@D@>Z 4FF:,*@&": '. %Z:R,& & D"$@H, "K4>:">*F84 *>,&>4P4 4 <,<@"D4 @H 1877-78". ]H" >,$@:\T"b B@ @$X.<J 8>4(" b&:b,HFb B,D&Z< 4FF:,*@&">4,< @ L4>F8@-$@:("DF84N &2"4<@@H>@T,>4bN. ?F@$J` P,>>@FH\ ,6 BD4*"`H @BD,*,:,>4, 0">D" 4 :4H,D"HJD>ZN *@FH@4>FH& *>,&>48@&. % >4N >"N@*4H F&@. @HD"0,>4, D,P,BP4b L4>F84<4 F@:*"H"<4 $@:("DF8@6 *,6FH&4H,:\>@FH4 H@(@ &D,<,>4. ?>4 FH":4 F@*,D0">4,< "$@:("DF8@(@ B,D4@*"" (%X:R,& 1978: 380) @H 1877 *@ 1900 & L4>F8@6 BD,FF,, 8@(*" & K4>:b>*44 B@*D@$>@ @F&,V":4F\ F@$ZH4b >" #":8">"N 4 & #@:("D44. 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K4>> ?>>4 G":"F, F:J04&T46 *@ %H@D@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z & #@:("D44 B@F:@< (1934-1940), B4T,H: “Joka kerran hän [Bulgarian kuningas] osoitti Suomea kohtaan aivan erikoista kiinnostusta tiedustellen minulta tarkalleen, miten asiat Suomessa edistyvät” [B@*R. 9.E.](Talas 1960: 266), -“Matkallamme saatoimme todeta, että Bulgarian kansa suhtautuu Suomeen erittäin ystävällisesti” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Talas 1960: 280)2 !&H@DZ B@F:,&@,>>ZN 42*">46 *:b HJD4FH@& H"80, @H<,R"`H FJV,FH&J`V,, J $@:("D B@:@04H,:\>@, <>,>4, @ L4>>"N 4 @F@$@ J&"04H,:\>@, @H>@T,>4, 8 >4<: -“Kun bulgaari kuulee sinun olevan Suomesta, hänen kasvoille ilmestyy iloinen, ystävällinen ja kunnioittava ilme. Hän tietää tarkalleen, mistä olet ja minkälainen” [B@*R. 9.E.](Kondakov 1983: 15) -"hyvä, jopa liiankin hyvä, kuva suomalaisten rehellisyydestä” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Ylinen 1978: 5) -"Bulgarialaiset suhtautuvat ystävällisesti kaikkiin ulkomaalaisiin, mutta suhtautuminen suomalaisiin on tavallista sydämellisempää” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Ylinen 1978: 5)3 ? BD4R4>"N ^H@6 F4<B"H44 4 J&"0,>4b "&H@DZ FHD@bH F"<Z, D"2>Z, BD,*B@:@0,>4b: &@-B,D&ZN, JR"FH4, L4>>@& & &@6>, 1877-78 (@*": “Yleisesti 27 näyttää olevan tiedossa, että suomalaistakin verta on vuodatettu Bulgarian vapauden hyväksi” (Talas 1960: 280), “Kun bulgarialainen kuulee, että hänen juttukumppaninsa on suomalainen, hän alkaa heti puhua niistä suomalaisista, jotka taistelivat Venäjän ja Turkin sodassa 1877-1878 Bulgarian puolesta” [B@*R. 9.E.](Salokorpi 1985: 115, Kondakov 1983: 15)4. _:4>,> F@(:"F,> F G":"F@< (Ylinen 1978: 5). =@ & *DJ(@< <,FH, G":"F @BD@&,D(",H &"0>@FH\ JR"FH4b L4>>@& & @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44 FD,*4 BD4R4> *@$D@(@ @H>@T,>4b 8 L4>>"<: “Suomi nautti Bulgariassa aivan erikoista suosiota. Vähäiseksi osaksi tämä johtui siitä, että Suomen kaarti oli Turkin sodassa taistellut Venäjän joukoissa Bulgarian vapauden puolesta. Mutta tämä oli enää vain verrattain harvojen tiedossa, joten se ei paljoakaan voinut vaikuttaa asiaan”. [B@*R. 9.E.](Talas 1960: 267)5 _:4>,> >"N@*4H 4 *DJ(4, BD4R4>Z F4<B"H44 $@:("D 8 L4>>"<, & R"FH>@FH4, FN@*>J` 4FH@D4R,F8J` FJ*\$J >"D@*@&, " H"80, (,@(D"L4R,F8@, B@:@0,>4, (F8@D,, &F,(@ _:4>,> 4<,,H & &4*J B@:@0,>4, <,0*J %@FH@8@< 4 1"B"*@< [9.E.]), *@$D@0,:"H,:\>@FH\ @*>@(@ <":@(@ >"D@*" 8 *DJ(@<J. (Ylinen 1978: 5). ?*>@6 42 &"0>,6T4N BD4R4> "&H@DZ FR4H"`H 8>4(J “@ FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46”, "&H@D@< 8@H@D@6 b&:b,HFb >,846 B4F"H,:\ A,HD@&. 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ED,*4 BD4R4>, B@ 8@H@DZ< L4>>"< $Z:" *">" "&H@>@<4b 4 *DJ(4, BD4&4:,(44 >"2Z&"`H, & R"FH>@FH4, :4$,D":42< 4 &ZF@84, $:"(@D@*>Z, 4*,":Z P"Db, 0,:">4, BD4&:,R\ F,D*P" >@&ZN B@**">>ZN, &:4b>4, ;.;. EB,D">F8@(@, B@:4H48@6 8@H@D@(@ $Z:@ JFHD@6FH&@ B@(D">4R>ZN &:"*,>46 4<B,D44 >" @F>@&, F"<@JBD"&:,>4b, RH@$Z ("D">H4D@&"H\ 4N &,D>@FH\ 8@D@>,, " H"80, B@*(@H@&4H,:\>J` D"$@HJ '.;. EBD,>(HB@DH,>". CJFF84, (@FJ*"D4 *":4 F&@4< L4>F84< B@**">>Z< <>@(@ BD4@D4H,H@&: FH@:4PJ ',:\F4>(L@DF (M,:\F4>84) & 1812 (., <,FH>Z, @D(">Z BD"&:,>4b (1809 (.), $,FB@T:4>>@FH\, F&@` &":`HJ (1863), 42JR,>4, L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" 4 B,D,N@* >" 4FB@:\2@&">4, L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" (*@B@:>4H,:\>@ 8 T&,*F8@<J) & @D(">"N BD"&:,>4b (1863) 4 H.B., H"8 RH@ &,F\ XIX &,8 $Z:, >" "*<4>4FHD"H4&>@< JD@&>,, 8"8 $Z B@*(@H@&8@6 "&H@>@<>@6 K4>:b>*44 8 B@:>@6 >,2"&4F4<@FH4. E"<@, (:"&>@,: FHD">" >"8@>,P-H@ @$D,:" <4D>Z6 B,D4@* @H 1809 *@ 1914 (@*", 8@H@DZ6 @$,FB,R4: $@:,, R,< HD.ND"H>Z6 BD4D@FH >"F,:,>4b: @H 850 000 *@ F&ZT, HD.N <4::4@>@& R,:@&,8. AD@H4&@FH@b>4, $Z:@ >, FH@:\8@ <,0*J L4>>"<4 4 <,HD@B@:4,6, F8@:\8@ <,0*J DJFF8@6 "*<4>4FHD"P4,6 4 B@FH8@:@>4":42"H@DF84<4 BD4Hb2">4b<4 T&,*F84N $"D@>@&. AD"&4H,:\FH&@< B@@VDb:"F\ BD@<ZT:,>>@FH\, 8 1862 (@*J $Z:" BD@&,*,>" 0,:,2>@*@D@0>"b &,H8" @H A,H,D$JD(" *@ Mb<,,>:4>>", 8 1856 (@*J B@FHD@,> E"6<,>F846 8">":, FB@F@$FH&J`V46 :,F@FB:"&J 4 H@D(@&@<J FJ*@N@*FH&J, *:b 8@H@D@(@ JF4:,>>@ 2"8JB":4F\ FJ*". G"<B,D, >"2Z&":4 L4>F84< ;">R,FH,D@<. 7D,FH\b>, 4 DZ$@:@&Z BD4$D,0>ZN TN,D 4<,:4 & DJFF84N (@D@*"N, " BD,0*, &F,(@ & A,H,D$JD(,, BD,8D"F>Z6 DZ>@8 F$ZH". =" %F,<4D>@6 &ZFH"&8, & A"D40, 1900 (@*" %,:48@, 8>b0,FH&@ K4>:b>*44 $Z:@ BD,*FH"&:,>@ F@$FH&,>>Z< B"&4:\@>@<. #Z:@ *">@ &ZF@R"6T,, *@2&@:,>4, @FH"&:bH\ F@$4D",<Z, >":@(4 >" >J0*Z 8>b0,FH&". ? BD4FJHFH&44 C@FF44 BD"8H4R,F84 (@&@D4:@ :4T\ >":4R4, B@(D">4R>ZN ("D>42@>@&. % ',:\F4>(L@DF, $Z:4 &ZFHD@,>Z BD,8D"F>Z, 2*">4b: E,>"H (>Z>, H"< >"N@*4HFb E@&,H <4>4FHD@&), E@$@D F&. =48@:"b (>Z>, 8"L,*D":\>Z6 F@$@D). 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A,HD@& & 8>4(, “% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46”, @ 8@H@D@6 B@*D@$>@ F8"2">@ >40,, (@&@D4H @ *,bH,:\>@FH4 _.%.E>,:\<">" 4 F>,:\<">P,&, FH"&b ,. & BD4<,D *DJ(4< >"D@*"<. _.%.E>,:\<"> (Johan Wilhelm Snellmann) 2"&,DT4: @H*,:,>4, L4:@F@L44 (1831) 4, <,RH"b 2">bH\Fb >"JR>Z<4 42ZF8">4b<4, FHD,<4:Fb B@:JR4H\ *@:0>@FH\ >" 8"L,*D, L4:@F@L44. =@ FJ*\$" D"FB@Db*4:"F\ 4>"R,. =,B@8:"*4FHZ6 N"D"8H,D, 8D4H4R,F8@, @H>@T,>4, 8 T8@:bDF8@6 J>4&,DF4H,HF8@6 F4FH,<, @$JR,>4b 4 2"F4:4` >,<,P8@6 L4:@F@L44, 4, &,D@bH>@, L,>>@<">F84, &2(:b*Z - >"*@:(@ B,D,8DZ:4 ,<J BJH\ 8 J>4&,DF4H,HF8@6 8"D\,D,: @> FH": BD@L,FF@D@< H@:\8@ & 1856 (@*J. ?F>@&>@6 L4:@F@LF8@6 D"$@H@6 _.%.E>,:\<">" FR4H",HFb “IR,>4, @ (@FJ*"DFH&,” (Läran om staten, 1842). %2(:b*Z _.%.E>,:\<">" >" (@FJ*"DFH&@ $Z:4 8@>F,D&"H4&>Z,: @> $Z: 2" F,<\` 8"8 bR,68J @$V,FH&" (7+ 5: 155,157), D"H@&": 2" :`$@&\ 8 @H,R,FH&J 4 D"$@HJ >" $:"(@ ,(@, " 2>"R4H 4 &F,(@ >"D@*". ?> (@&@D4:, RH@ BD"&@&@, JFHD@6FH&@ (@FJ*"DFH&" >, b&:b,HFb F:JR"6>Z<, >@ ,FH\ B:@* D"$@HZ :JRT4N J<@& >"P44. ),6FH&Jb BD@H4& 2"8@>" (D"0*">4> *,:",H BD,FHJB:,>4, BD@H4& F&bH@FH4 >"P4@>":\>@(@ (,>4b. 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A@F8@:\8J >,H >"P44 $,2 b2Z8", 46 (@&@D4: @>, H@ b2Z8 ^H@ 8D4H,D46 FJV,FH&@&">4b >"P44 4, 4FN@*b 42 ^H@(@ BD4>P4B", @> FL@D<J:4D@&": BD@(D"<<J L,>>@<">44: “Ei kukaan, jolla on terve järki, kiellä, että suomi on Suomen kansalliskieli, ruotsi Ruotsin” (KE 1934, 5: 159)6. 7DJ( L,>>@<">@& &F. T4D4:Fb12, &F8@D, >" L4>F8@< b2Z8, FH":4 B4F"H\Fb :4H,D"HJD>Z, BD@42&,*,>4b. E 30-N ((. MM &. >"R4>",HFb B@*X.< F@$FH&,>>@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ D@<">H42<", 8@H@DZ6 F&b2"> BD,0*, &F,(@ F 4<,>,< ]:4"F" 9.>D@H" (Elias Lönnrot). =,JH@<4<Z6 L@:\8:@D4FH 4FN@*4: 7"D,:4` 4 F@$D": <"H,D4":, >" @F>@&">44 8@H@D@(@ 42*": L4>F846 >"P4@>":\>Z6 ^B@F "7":,&":"" (1-, 42*. 1835 (., 2-, - 1849 (.). ]B@F B@*>b: >"P4@>":\>@, F"<@F@2>">4, L4>>@&, J&4*,&T4N F,$b 8"8 >@F4H,:,6 *D,&>,6T,6 8J:\HJDZ. "7":,&":"" &Z2&":" (@DbR46 @H8:48 &@ &F.< <4D, 4 >" F,(@*>bT>46 *,>\ ^B@F B,D,&,*.> >" 146 b2Z8@& <4D"13. %Z&@* FHD">Z >" &ZF@846 JD@&,>\ D"2&4H4b &@2<@0,> H@:\8@ & H@< F:JR",, ,F:4 b2Z8@< BD@F&,V,>4b $J*,H L4>F846 b2Z8, FR4H": _.%.E>,:\<">. +<J &4*,:@F\, RH@ $@D\$" 4*.H <,0*J L4>F84< 4 DJFF84< b2Z8@<, & H@<, RH@ T&,*F846 b2Z8 J6*.H & 4FH@D4` @> >, F@<>,&":Fb (KE 1934, 5: 159-160). ?*>"8@, & FHD">, J0, F@2*":"F\ BD@F:@68" T&,*@&, b&:b&T4NFb *"&>4<4 B@F,:,>P"<4 K4>:b>*44, 8@H@DZ, 8D,B8@ *,D0":4 & F&@4N DJ8"N 8"8 ^8@>@<48J, H"8 4 "*<4>4FHD"H4&>@, JBD"&:,>4, & 8>b0,FH&,. EH">@&:,>4, L4>>@b2ZR>@6 8J:\HJDZ T:@ $ZFHDZ<4 T"("<4 &B,D.*, @8DZ:b,<@, B@**,D08@6 BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>ZN 2"8@>@& C@FF44. E 1863 (@*" L4>F846 b2Z8 FH": @L4P4":\>Z< b2Z8@< (D">,, BD,*B@:"(":@F\ ^H@ F*,:"H\ & 1893 (.) >"Db*J F@ T&,*F84<. ]H4< >@&T,FH&"< FB@F@$FH&@&":" F&@$@*@:`$4&"b B@:4H48" !:,8F">*D" II, " BD,(D"*@6 >" BJH4 D"2&4H4b L4>>@b2ZR>@6 8J:\HJDZ, B@ F:@&"< 8DJB>@(@ L4>F8@(@ 4FH@D48" ;. 7:4>(, $Z:@: "@HFJHFH&4, 4>H,::,8HJ":\>@(@ B@H,>P4":" & K4>:b>*44, " >, 8@>F,D&"H4&>"b BD"&4H,:\FH&,>>"b B@:4H48"" (7:4>(, 1990: 78). QH@$Z D,T4H\ ^HJ BD@$:,<J & 60-N ((. & (@D@*, _&bF8`:b $Z:" @H8DZH" E,<4>"D4b (>Z>, J>4&,DF4H,H) *:b B@*(@H@&84 JR4H,:,6 F L4>F84< b2Z8@< BD,B@*"&">4b. % K4>:b>*44 $Z:@ @F>@&">@ F@$FH&,>>@, 8"*,HF8@, JR4:4V,. 32 3 000 2"8@>R4&T4N ,(@ @L4P,D@& 400 *@F:J04:@F\ *@ (,>,D":\F84N 4 "*<4D":\F84N R4>@&. "%ZF@846 JD@&,>\ B@*(@H@&84, B@:JR,>>Z6 4<4 [@L4P,D"<4] >" D"2>ZN B@FH"N & "D<44 F"<@6 <@(JV,FH&,>>@6, >"&,D>@,, FHD">Z <4D" [C@FF44], B@2&@:4:4 4< BD4>,FH4 & K4>:b>*4` H"8@6 @BZH 4 2>">4b, 8@H@DZ, &@ <>@(@< B@2&@:4:4 K4>:b>*44 42$,0"H\ 4>H,::,8HJ":\>@6 42@:bP44, 4>@(*" J(D@0"`V,6 <":,>\8@6 FHD">," 12 E<. @$ ^H@< I. Liikanen Fennomania ja kansa. Joukkojärjestäytymisen läpimurto ja Suomalaisen puolueen synty. Historiallisia tutkimuksia 191, Helsinki, 1995. 13 ?$V,42&,FH>@, RH@ ^B@F “7":,&":"” @8"2": &@2*,6FH&4,. >" H&@DR,FH&@ <>@(4N B4F"H,:,6, & R"FH>@FH4, 9@>(L,::@ 4 G@:84>". 47 (7:4>(, 1990: 71) %ZBJF8>48@< JR4:4V" $Z: 7. ]D>D@H, @ 8@H@D@< $J*,H B@*D@$>@ F8"2">@ & (:"&, 3.1.1-3.1.2. G"< 0, >"R4>": F&@. F:J0,$>@, B@BD4V, (,>,D": 7"D: 'JFH"& ;">>,D(,6<, *&"0*Z &FH"&T46 & HDJ*>@, *:b K4>:b>*44 &D,Z. %H@D@, >"BD"&:,>4, & L4>F8@6 8J:\HJD, BD,*FH"&:b`H B4F"H,:4 5. 9. CJ>,$,D(, O. G@B,:4JF 4 K. E4(>,JF, 8@H@DZ, B4F":4 >" T&,*F8@< b2Z8,.% 4 N BD@42&,*,>4bN B"HD4@H4R,F8@, RJ&FH&@, 2"V4H" D@*4>Z D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb 8"8 *@$D@*,H,:\. G@, RH@ @H,R,FH&@< L4>>@& &:"*,`H T&,*Z 4 & &@6>"N @>4 2"V4V"`HFb T&,*F84, 4>H,D,FZ, @FH",HFb J ^H4N B4F"H,:,6 $,2 &>4<">4b. IR.>Z<4 (F<. >"BD4<,D, O">,&" 1992) @H<,R",HFb F&@,@$D"24, ^H@(@ B"HD4@H42<", 8@H@DZ6 @$D"V.> >" @H,R,FH&@, 8"8 >" 8@>8D,H>Z6 (,@(D"L4R,F846 D,(4@> F H@6 8D"F@H@6 B,62"0", 8 8@H@D@6 JD@0,>,P BD4&Z8 4 8@H@D"b HD@(",H ,(@ F,D*P,. ="P4@>":\>@, F"<@F@2>">4, L4>>@& @8"2Z&",HFb & H,F>@< FB:,H,>44 F 4>H,D,F"<4 L4>F84N T&,*@& 4 B@^H@<J BD4@$D,:@ F8@D,, (,@(D"L4R,F84"*<4>4FHD"H4&>Z6 N"D"8H,D. E"<@F@2>">4, L4>>@& ,V. $Z:@ >,R.H8@ "DH48J:4D@&">@ 8"8 J>48":\>"b 4 >,2"&4F4<"b @H T&,*F8@(@ &:4b>4b b2Z8@&"b 4 *JN@&>"b ,*4>4P". %,F\ XIX &,8 & 8:`R, ^&@:`P4@>4FHF8@6 H,@D44 @$FJ0*":Fb D"F@&Z6 &@BD@F, B@ 8@H@D@<J L4>>Z $Z:4 @HFH":@6 >"P4,6, >48@(*" >, 4<,&T,6 F&@,(@ (@FJ*"DFH&" 4 >,FB@F@$>@6 8 JBD"&:,>4` (@FJ*"DFH&@<. ]H4<4 4*,b<4 DJ8@&@*FH&@&":4F\ T&,*F84, B"DH44, 8@H@DZ, @*4>"8@&@ BD,2D4H,:\>@ @H>@F4:4F\ 8"8 8 L4>>"<, H"8 4 8 DJFF84<: Kuvaus venäläisistä saattoi olla hyvin kielteinen. Väitettiin, että he eivät ole psyykkisesti euroopalaisia eivätkä aasialaisia. Heiltä puuttuu tasapainoisuutta ja loogisuutta, joskin he ovat älykkäitä. He ovat jäljitelleet länsimaisuutta ja irtautuneet itämaalaisten apatiasta, mutta heiltä puuttuu kestävyyttä ja tervettä järkeä. He ovat sekarotua. (Kemiläinen 1994: 166, 260)7. G"84< @$D"2@<, T&,*@<">Z 4 &484>(4 &ZN@*4:4 >, :`*\<4, 8@H@DZ, P,B8@ *,D0":4F\ F&@4N 4>H,D,F@&, " DZP"Db<4, 2"V4V"`V4<4 L4>>@& @H DJFF84N &"D&"D@&. % :4H,D"HJD, >"Db*J F D@<">H4R>Z<4 2"D4F@&8"<4 L4>F8@6 BD4D@*Z *"`HFb 4*,":424D@&">>Z, 8"DH4>84 042>4 $,*>@(@, >@ HDJ*@:`$4&@(@ L4>F8@(@ >"D@*", (@H@&@(@ &F,(*" &FH"H\ Db*@< F@ T&,*@b2ZR>Z<4 BD"B@DV48@< EH@:,< 4 E&,>@< )J&@6 BD@H4& &@FH@R>@(@ &D"("14. EH4N4 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" "7D"6 D@*>@6", B,D,&,*.>>Z, >" L4>F846 b2Z8, FH":4 (4<>@< K4>:b>*44. G@, RH@ L4>F846 >"P4@>":\>Z6 L@:\8:@D, 2"B4F">>Z6 ]. 9.>D@H@<, F@ND">4:Fb H@:\8@ >" H,DD4H@D44 7"D,:44, >@ >, P,>HD":\>@6 4 2"B"*>@6 K4>:b>*44 8D"F>@D,R4&@ B@8"2Z&",H, >"F8@:\8@ F4:\>@ L4>F8@, >"P4@>":\>@, F@2>">4, >4&,:4D@&":@F\ B@* &:4b>4,< T&,*F8@6 14 5.9. CJ>,$,D( E8"2">4b BD"B@DV48" EH@:b (H. 1-2, 1848-1860). 48 8J:\HJDZ. E *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, B@FD,*FH&@< T&,*@& JF8@D4:Fb BD@P,FF F4>ND@>42"P44 L4>F8@6 8J:\HJDZ F ,&D@B,6F8@6 8J:\HJD@6, N@Hb BD4>"*:,0>@FH\ L4>>@& 8 ,&D@B,6F8@6 8J:\HJD, ,V. *@:(@ FH"&4:"F\ B@* &@BD@F15. %B:@H\ *@ 1917 (@*" & K4>:b>*44 $Z:" B@:>"b &@2<@0>@FH\ *:b :,(":\>@6 B"D:"<,>HF8@6 $@D\$Z 2" F&@4 4>H,D,FZ. % 8@>P, XIX &,8" & FHD">, 4:,H "8H4&>"b B"DH46>"b 042>\. K,>>@<">F8"b B"DH4b _. 7@F84>,>" (Yrjö Koskinen) 4<,:" BD@(D"<<J B@ J8D,B:,>4` L4>F8@(@ b2Z8", 8J:\HJDZ 4 ^8@>@<484. ?>" BD,*FH"&:b:" H"80, P,>>@FH4 4 4>H,D,FZ 8D,FH\b>F8@(@ >"F,:,>4b. % 1890 (@*J B"DH4b D"FB":"F\ >" *&, R"FH4: FH"D@L4>>@& & (:"&, F _. 7@F84>,>@< (("2,H" "Uusi Suometar") <:"*@L4>>@& (("2,H" "Päivälehti", F 1906 (@*" "Helsingin Sanomat"), 8@H@D"b FH":" BD4&>@F4H\ 4*,@:@(4` 8:"FF@&@(@ BD@H4&@FH@b>4b 4 F4:@&@6 $@D\$Z. ?F>@&>"b R"FH\ F,6<", *&@Db>FH&@ 4 $JD0J"24b 42 BD4<@DF84N D"6@>@& BD4>"*:,0":" 8 :4$,D":\>@6 B"DH44, 8@H@D"b F:4:"F\ F %484>(F8@6 (DJBB@6. ?>4 FH@b:4 2" T&,*F84< >"P4@>":\>Z< 4*,":@<, @BB@24P4b 8@H@DZN "BD@H4& b2Z8@&@6 (DJBBZ L,>>@<">@& $Z:" & $@:\T,6 R"FH4 BD@*48H@&">" 0,:">4,< 2"V4H4H\ R4FH@HJ L4>F8@6 8J:\HJDZ" (7:4>(, 1990: 85). ]H@ 2&JR4H @R,>\ "$FJD*>@, >@ BD@*@:0,>4, ^H@6 LD"2Z @$XbF>b,H 4FH4>>@, ,(@ F@*,D0">4,: "4 @2"$@R,>>@FH\` 2" 8J:\HJD>Z, F&b24 F 1"B"*@<" (7:4>(, 1990: 85). A@:4H4R,F8"b 4(D" “D,":\>@(@” B@:4H48" ?HH@ #4F<"D8", @$X,*4>4&T,(@ ',D<">4`, B@ FJH4 $Z:" P,:,>"BD"&:,>>@ &D"0*,$>@6 C@FF44, N@Hb 4 BD48DZ&":"F\ *4D:@<"H4R,F84<4 @H>@T,>4b<4 (Tiiainen 1992), B@^H@<J, 8@(*" K4>:b>*4b FH":" 8:@>4H\Fb 8 ',D<">44, H@ & C@FF44 FH":4 8D4H4R,F84 F<@HD,H\ >" "&H@>@<>Z, BD4&4:,(44 K4>:b>*44, &,DN4 8@H@D@6 FHD,<4:4F\ 8 F$:40,>4` F@ S&,P4,6 4 ',D<">4,6. % 1898 (@*J (,>,D":-(J$,D>"H@D =. 3. #@$D48@& F@(:"F>@ D@FF46F8@6 B@:4H48, ^H@(@ &D,<,>4 BD,*BD4>b: B@BZH84 BD,F,R\ &@&:,R,>4, K4>:b>*44 & ,&D@B,6F8J` B@:4H4R,F8J` 4(DJ, HD,$Jb 42JR,>4b DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" & T8@:"N, " H"80, 4FB@:\2@&">4b DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" &<,FH@ T&,*F8@(@ & (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6 "*<4>4FHD"P44, " H"80, *:b DJFF84N D"&>ZN BD"& F *DJ(4< >"F,:,>4,< 8>b0,FH&". +F:4 HJD84 >, D"2 8D@&"&@ B@*"&:b:4 $@:("DF84, &@FFH">4b, H@ & K4>:b>*44, >"@$@D@H, *4F8D4<4>"P4b DJFF8@(@ >"F,:,>4b 2"8@>R4:"F\ H@:\8@ & 1912 (@*J: @>4 B@:JR4:4 BD"&@ BD4>4<"H\ JR"FH4, & B@:4H4R,F8@6 042>4 8>b0,FH&". AD@L,FF@D" 8"L,*DZ 4FH@D44 K4>:b>*44, E8">*4>"&44 4 C@FF44 & 60-, ((. XIX &,8" F@&,DT,>>@ >, 2>":4 DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" 4 HD,$@&">4, @ &:"*,>44 DJFF84< b2Z8@< 8"8 >,@$N@*4<Z< *:b 2">bH4b *@:0>@FH4, &@FBD4>4<":@F\ T&,*F84<4 BD@L,FFF@D"<4 8"8 (DJ$"b DJF4L48"P4b (Sarajas 1968: 57) A,D4@* F 1898 *@ 1904 (. & 15 E<. @$ ^H@< B@*D@$>,, Aira Kemiläinen Suomalaiset, outo Pohjolan kansa. Rotuteoriat ja kansallinen identiteetti. Helsinki.. 1993. 49 K4>:b>*44 >"2Z&"`H B,D4@*@< "&,:48@(@ J(>,H,>4b". % 1904 (@*J =.3. #@$D48@& $Z: J$4H FHJ*,>H@< ]J(,>@< S"J<">@< (Eugen Schauman), 8@H@DZ6 B@R4H",HFb 8"8 >"P4@>":\>Z6 (,D@6 K4>:b>*44. ?F@$@, BD4&4:,(4D@&">>@, B@:@0,>4, K4>:b>*F8@(@ 7>b0,FH&" &Z2Z&":@ J <>@(4N DJFF84N @$V,FH&,>>ZN *,bH,:,6 >,*@&@:\FH&@, @$FJ0*":Fb H"8 >"2Z&",<Z6 L4>F846 &@BD@F, F HD,$@&">4,< 4:4 BD4D"&>4H\ BD"&" 8>b0,FH&" F D@FF46F84<4 4:4 0, D@FF46F84, F L4>F84<4. ?H(@:@F84 L4>F8@(@ &@BD@F" *@T:4 *@ #@:("D44 4 BD@$:,<, $Z:@ B@F&bV,>@ >,F8@:\8@ FH"H,6 & BD,FH40>@< 0JD>":, “#X:("DF84 BD,(:,*”: “CJF84b P"D42X< 4 “K4>:">*4b” (1898), )D"(">@& !. “K4>:">*F84b &XBD@F” 1908 4 BD. % K4>:b>*44 D@F:" >, FH@:\8@ B@:4H4R,F8"b $@D\$", F8@:\8@ $@D\$" 2" ^8@>@<4R,F8@, D"&,>FH&@ &>JHD4 K4>:b>*44: >,*@&@:\FH&@ *,D,&,>F8@6 $,*>@HZ: $,22,<,:\>ZN "D,>*"H@D@& (H@DB"D4) 4 $"HD"8@&. % D,2J:\H"H, &@:>,>46 1905 (. =48@:",< II ?8Hb$D\F8@6 8@>FH4HJP4,6 (1906) $Z:@ *">@ K4>:b>*44 &F,@$V,, BD"&@ >" &Z$@DZ, 4 L4>F84, 0,>V4>Z B,D&Z<4 & C@FF44 4 &@ &F,6 +&D@B, B@:JR4:4 BD"&@ (@:@F". A,D4@* F 1909 B@ 1916 (@* 42&,FH,>, 8"8 "&H@D@6 B,D4@* J(>,H,>4b". E,>"H L4>F8@(@ 8>b0,FH&" B@FH@b>>@ &ZN@*4: F D"2>Z<4 HD,$@&">4b<4 8 P"D`, H"8 8"8 P"D\ $Z: &ZFT,6 4>FH">P4,6 & *,:"N 8>b0,FH&": <@( ">>J:4D@&"H\ D,T,>4b B"D:"<,>H" (F<,>4&T,(@ F 1906 (. F@F:@&>Z6 F,>"H). ?*>4< 42 HD,$@&">46 $Z: @H8"2 L4>F8@6 <@:@*.04 F:J04H\ & DJFF8@6 "D<44 &@ &D,Z, @ R.< $Z:" B@F:">" P"D` B,H4P4b, B@*B4F">>"b B@:J<4::4@>@<R,:@&,8. "% ^H4N JF:@&4bN B@b&4:@F\ FHD,<:,>4,, @F@$,>>@ & T&,*@b2ZR>ZN 8DJ("N, 4F8"H\ 8@>H"8HZ F@ S&,P4,6, " B@F:, >"R":" A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z - F ',D<">4,6" (7:4>(, 1990: 96) *"0, *@ H"8@6 FH,B,>4, RH@ suomenkielisten isänmaanystävien elämä tuli “yhdeksi helvetiksi”, kun maan ruotsalaiset huusivat aina “emämaata” apuun! (Kemiläinen 1994: 373)8. AD@42&,*,>4, 3. %"2@&" "A@* 4(@H@" (Ikeen alla) $Z:@ B,D,&,*,>@ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 4 42*">@ 4<,>>@ >" &@:>, >"P4@>":\>@-@F&@$@*4H,:\>ZN >"FHD@,>46 & 1910 (@*J, 2"H,< & 1913 (. 4 &>@&\ B,D,42*">@ & 1917 (@*J. ;,<J"DZ @R,&4*P,& & 20-, (@*Z MM &. BD@>48>JHZ 4*,":42"P4,6 $:"(@D@*>@6 >,<,P8@6 B@<@V4 & @F&@$@0*,>44 @H DJFF8@(@ (>.H". (=@&48@&" 1997: 108, Klinge 1989) ?*>"8@ *@8J<,>H":\>@ B@*H&,D0*,>@, RH@ B@**,D08" (,D<">F84< BD"&4H,:\FH&@< L4>F8@(@ F,B"D"H42<" $Z:" BD@*48H@&">" BD"8H4R,F8@6 P,:\`: @F:"$4H\ BD@H4&>48" - C@FF4`. ',D<">4b &@ &D,Z & b>&"D, 1915 (@*" @D(">42J,H F,8D,H>Z, 8JDFZ *:b B@*(@H@&84 L4>F84N *@$D@&@:\P,&, 8@H@DZN &>"R":, $Z:@ @8@:@ 200 R,:@&,8 (& @$V,< @$JR,>4, BD@T:@ @8@:@ 2 000 R,:@&,8). ]H4 :`*4, B@ :@(48, &@,>>@(@ &D,<,>4, $Z:4 B@ FJV,FH&J BD,*"H,:b<4 4, ,FH,FH&,>>@, BD,F:,*@&":4F\ DJFF84< BD"&4H,:\FH&@< F@@H&,HFH&,>>@ 2"8@>"< &@,>>@(@ &D,<,>4. 3.=. =@&48@&" B@8"2Z&",H, 8"8 ',D<">4b 50 FB,8J:4D@&":" >" >"P4@>":\>ZN FHD,<:,>4bN L4>>@&, 8@(*" B@>bH4, “>,2"&4F4<@, L4>F8@, (@FJ*"DFH&@” &FHD,R",HFb :4T\ BD4 &,D$@&8, L4>>@& & ,(,DF846 $"H":\@>. +(,D4 F:J04:4 & >,<,P8@6 "D<44, >@ D"2@R"D@&">4, & 4F8D,>>@FH4 >,<P,& BD4&,:@ 8 &@:>,>4b<, 4 B@^H@<J & 1916 (@*J @>4 $Z:4 @HBD"&:,>Z F C40F8@(@ LD@>H" & HZ:. ="4$@:,, P,>>Z< BD4@$D,H,>4,< ^H@6 "&">H`DZ &D,<.> A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z $Z:@ H@, RH@ 27 7@D@:,&F846 ADJFF846 ,(,DF846 $"H":\@>, F@FH@b&T46 42 L4>>@&, FH": LJ>*"<,>H@< >"P4@>":\>@6 "D<44 K4>:b>*44. (=@&48@&" 1997: 110-111). K4>:b>*4b BD4T:" 8 >,2"&4F4<@FH4 B"D:"<,>HF84< BJH.<. 9,H@< 1917 (@*" L4>F846 B"D:"<,>H &2b: >" F,$b B@:>@<@R4b P"Db. AD,*F,*"H,:\ %D,<,>>@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&" !. 7,D,>F846 & @H&,H D"FBJFH4: B"D:"<,>H. %@ (:"&, c A.+.E&4>NJL&J*@< (Pehr Evind Svunhufvud) @D(">42J,HFb E,>"H >,2"&4F4<@FH4, 8@H@DZ6 BD,*:@04: >" (@*@F@&">4, ),8:"D"P4` >,2"&4F4<@FH4 K4>:b>*44, 8@H@D"b $Z:" BD4>bH" >,$@:\T4< $@:\T4>FH&@< (@:@F@& (100 : 88) 6 *,8"$Db 1917 (@*", 8@H@DZ6 FH": )>.< >,2"&4F4<@FH4 K4>:b>*44. 1"DJ$,0>Z, (@FJ*"DFH&" @H8"2":4F\ BD42>"H\ >,2"&4F4<@FH\ K4>:b>*44 BD,0*,, R,< ^H@ >, $J*,H F*,:">@ C@FF4,6. 9,>4>F8@, BD"&4H,:\FH&@, F:,*Jb BD4>P4BJ "BD@4(D"H\ FHD">J, >@ J*,D0"H\ &:"FH\" 31.12.1917 BD42>":@ >,2"&4F4<@FH\ K4>:b>*44 B,D&Z<, B@F:, R,(@ &F, FHD">Z @*>" 2" *DJ(@6 BD42>":4 K4>:b>*4` & 8"R,FH&, >,2"&4F4<@(@ (@FJ*"DFH&". G@:\8@ B@F:, ^H@(@ F@$ZH4b & K4>:b>*44 BD4>b:4 *D"<"H4R,F846 @$@D@H 4 BD4&,:4 8 8D@&@BD@:4H4`. 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S&,*@b2ZR>Z, :4P" 2">4<":4 8:`R,&Z, <,FH" & "*<4>4FHD"P44 FHD">Z, RH@ F@ &F,6 @R,&4*>@FH\` B@8"2Z&":@, RH@ L4>F8@, $@:\T4>FH&@ 16 A@F:, B,D,<4D4b 1944 (. EH":4>F8@, BD"&4H,:\FH&@ B@HD,$@&":@ 4N @$D"H>@. 51 (BD@B@DP4b $Z:" BD4<,D>@ 1:9) >, 4<,:@ &:4b>4b & FHD">, (Kemiläinen 1994: 179) 4 >,J*4&4H,:\>@, RH@ B@$,*4:4 HD,$@&">4b <,>\T4>FH&" (Kemiläinen 1994: 181). S&,*F846 b2Z8 $Z: BD42>"> 2" &H@D@6 @L4P4":\>Z6 b2Z8 K4>:b>*44, " ^H@ 2>"R4:@, RH@ & "*<4>4FHD"H4&>@6 4 8J:\HJD>@6 FL,D, @> $Z: B,D&Z<. A@-BD,0>,<J L4>>J >J0>@ $Z:@ 2>"H\ T&,*F846 b2Z8 @$V"bF\ F 4>H,::4(,>P4,6 FHD">Z: FJ*\4, &D"R4, JR4H,:b 4 H. *. 4 F:JT"b :,8P44 & JR,$>ZN 2"&,*,>4bN, RH@ >, <@(:@ >, FH"&4H\ BD,BbHFH&46 >" BJH4 L4>>@& 8 8"D\,D,, " T&,*"< @$,FB,R4:@ <>@0,FH&@ BD,FH40>ZN BD@L,FF46. O4LDZ, RH@ & 1920 (@*J >" 1000 L4>>@& BD4N@*4:@F\ 8 T8@:, " >" HZFbRJ T&,*@& 28 T8@: 8D"F>@D,R4&@ (@&@DbH @ FH,B,>4 *@FHJB>@FH4 @$D"2@&">4b *:b L4>>" 4 T&,*" (Kemiläinen 1994: 180). "Ns. tavallinen suomalainen kansa ei kuitenkaan suhtautunut venäläisiin sotilaisiin ihailevasti, - >@ ?. 7"D,<"" *@$"&:b,H: jatkuvasti toistetut stereotypiat [@ F@:*"H"N 9.E.] kuitenkin olivat hiukan yllättävästi positiivisia"9 +V. & 1915 (@*J =48@:"b II, %,:48@(@ 7>b2b K4>:b>*44, &FHD,R":4 F ^>HJ24"2<@< 4 &,D>@B@**">4R,F84<4 >"FHD@,>4b<4 (Karemaa 1998: 43). =@ D,T,>4, 7,D,>F8@(@ D"FBJFH4H\ B"D:"<,>H, 4 &F. T4D, BD@>48"`V,6 & L4>F8@, F@2>">4, (& R"FH>@FH4, R,D,2 ,(,DF8@, *&40,>4,) D"F4FHF8@6 H,@D44 (Karemaa 1998: 13-17), >"R":@F\ >"(>,H">4, ">H4DJFF84N >"FHD@,>46 4 DJF@L@$44 FD,*4 "BD@FH@(@ >"D@*"", BD4&,*T,6 8 H@<J, RH@ 4<,>>@ DJFF846 & >"P4@>":\>@6 <4L@:@(42"P44 2">b: >4TJ ">H4B@*" 4 &D"(" (F<. B@*D@$>,, Karemaa, 1998). 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K4>:b>*4b - & 1917 (@*J, #@:("D4b 0, @F&@$@*4:"F\ R"FH4R>@ & 1878 (@*J, @*>"8@ BD@&@2(:"F4:" F,$b >,2"&4F4<Z< (@FJ*"DFH&@< H@:\8@ F BD4F@,*4>,>4,< %@FH@R>@6 CJ<,:44 & 1908 (@*J. 3<,>>@ ^H" FN@0,FH\ “Rinnakkaisilmiöt” 8J:\HJD>@-4FH@D4R,F8@(@ D"2&4H4b @H<,R":"F\ >,8@H@DZ<4 L4>F84<4 "&H@D"<4. %@-B,D&ZN, “kansojen kärsimä pitkällinen ja raskas sorto vieraan ikeen alla” ‘B,D,04H@, >"D@*"<4 *@:(@, RJ0,2,<>@, 4(@’, &@-&H@DZN, “vapautuminen sorronalaisuudesta ja tarmokas, määrätietoinen työskentely vapautensa lujittamiseksi” ‘@F&@$@0*,>4, @H B@D"$@V,>4b 4 ^>,D(4R>"b P,:,>"BD"&:,>>"b *,bH,:\>@FH\ &@ 44b F&@,6 F&@$@*Z’, &-HD,H\4N, >,JFH">>Z6 HDJ* L4>>@& 4 $@:("D “hyvinvointinsa sekä kulttuurinsa edistämiseksi” ‘*:b D"2&4H4b $:"(@F@FH@b>4b 4 8J:\HJDZ’. (Suomen sotilas 1938: 65) ?$V4< *:b <":ZN >"D@*@& b&:b,HFb 4 @2"$@R,>>@FH\ F&@4< <,>H":4H,H@<, 8@(*" FH"&4HFb &@BD@F @ <,FH, F&@,6 8J:\HJDZ B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 +&D@B,. %@BD@F, B@*@$>Z6 2"*">>@<J >" FHD">4P"N 0JD>":" 55 "#X:("D4H, ,&D@B,6P4 :4 F"?" (0. 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Tämä perustuu mm. siihen, että suomalaisten toiminta nähtiin jotenkin pyytettömänä. Heidän osallistumistaan ei varmasti 64 sanellutkaan samanlainen valtiollinen tai poliittinen intressi kuin muilla sodan osapuolilla" (Suvilehto 1988: 3)1. 3&"> 1:"H,& J0, & >"T4 *>4, & 1997 (@*J, & FH"H\, "K4>:">*P4 & @F&@$@0*,>4,H@ >" #X:("D4b", BD42Z&",H B@<>4H\ ^H@H &8:"* L4>>@&: "D"2FH@b>4bH" F" B@$,*4<4 @H *@$D@H"H" 4 &@:bH".[...]... 4 H, 4 >4, 2>",<, R, 8DX&H" 4< >, , $4:" BD@:4&">" >"BD"2>@ 4 R, 2"(4>":4H, 4< *DJ("D4 B@R4&"H & (@FH@BD4,<>" FHD">", 2"F:J0"&"V" H,N>4b B@*&4(. )" >, (4 2"$D"&b<,!" 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D"<8"N. ?> *@$4&",HFb @H ="D@*>@(@ F@$D">4b & E&4TH@&, RD,2&ZR"6>ZN BD"& *:b !:,8F">*D" #"HH,>$,D(" >" F:JR"6 $,FB@Db*8@&7 & FHD">,, 4 H@:\8@ B@F:, 2"8DZH4b ="D@*>@(@ F@$D">4b 13.7.1881 (@*", @> B@84*",H #@:("D4`. ="D@*>@, F@$D">4, 4 :4R>@ !:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D( $:"(@*"DbH ,(@ 2" *,bH,:\>@FH\ >" $:"(@ #@:("D44 (Mikkola s.a.: 10) E:,*J,H @H<,H4H\, RH@ @P,>8" *,bH,:\>@FH4 7. ]D>D@H" $Z:" 4 @FH".HFb @R,>\ BD@H4&@D,R4&@6. E H@R84 2D,>4b *,<@8D"H4R,F84N F4: B@24P4b 7.]D>D@H" $Z:" 8@>F,D&"H4&>@6. ?> 2"V4V": <@>"DN4` 4 4>H,D,FZ P"Db !:,8F">*D" II, 4FB@:\2Jb B@RH4 *48H"H@DF84, <,H@*Z BD@H4& FH@D@>>48@& *,<@8D"H4R,F8@(@ <,H@*" BD"&:,>4b (Suvilehto 1988: 3). ]. EJ&4:,NH@, &@2<@0>@, BD"&, @*>"8@, @P,>4&"b *,bH,:\>@FH\ 7. ]D>D@H", >, F:,*J,H 2"$Z&"H\, RH@ B@:@0,>4, & #@:("D44 $Z:@ @R,>\ F:@0>Z<. % C@FF44 $Z:4 F&@4 HDJ*>@FH4, D,&@:`P4@>,DZ D"2>ZN D"FP&,H@8 BZH":4F\ @D(">42@&"H\ $,FB@Db*84 4 & 1881 (@*J BD4 @R,D,*>@< B@8JT,>44 P"D\-@F&@$@*4H,:\ $Z: J$4H, H"8 RH@ C@FF4b >, &F,(*" 4<,:" &@2<@0>@FH\ J*,:bH\ &>4<">4, $@:("DF8@<J &@BD@FJ. !&FHD@-%,>(D4b BZH":"F\ &2bH\ #@:("D4` B@* F&@` FL,DJ &:4b>4b, GJDP4b >, N@H,:" B@H,DbH\ %@FH@R>J` CJ<,:4`. % F"<@6 #@:("D44 T:" $@D\$" <,0*J *&J@6 B"DH44. ?*>", &@2(:"&:b,<"b )D"(">@< O">8@&Z<, $Z:" F@(:"F>" >" 8@<BD@<4FFZ, " &H@D"b, DJ8@&@*4<"b A,H8@ 7"D"&,:@&Z< 4 A,H8@ E:"&,68@&Z<, >, T:" >4 >" 8"84, JFHJB84, HD,$Jb *,<@8D"H44 4 &ZB@:>,>4b 8@>FH4HJP44. ',>,D": 7. ]D>D@H $,2 F@<>,>4b b&:b,HFb @*>4< 42 L4>>@&, 4(D"&T4N F"<J` &4*>J` D@:\ >" B@:4H4R,F8@6 "D,>, +&D@BZ. EJV,FH&J,H <>,>4,, RH@ 8@(*" !:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D(8 @H8"2":Fb @H $@:("DF8@6 8@D@>Z, H@ J !:,8F">*D" III $Z:4 b8@$Z B:">Z >"2>"R4H\ >" ,(@ <,FH@ 7. ]D>D@H". ;"(>JF ]D>D@H (@&@D4H, RH@ ^H@ <>,>4, @T4$@R>@. ?>@ b&:b,HFb D,2J:\H"H@< >,BD"&4:\>@ B@>bH@6 LD"2Z ',D$,DH" L@> #4F<"D8", >"B4F"&T,(@, RH@ @> F J*@&@:\FH&4,< @*@$Db,H (,>,D":" 7. ]D>D@H" >" D@:\ ,*4>FH&,>>@(@ BD"&4H,:b #@:("D44, 2"$Z& *@$"&4H\: “als einzigen regenten fur Bulgarien” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Ehrnrooth 1967: 294). K,D*4>">* 7@$JD(F846, F<,>4&T46 !:,8F">*D" #"HH,>$,D(", @B"F"bF\ &:4b>4b 8"H@:4P42<", 7 19.9.1883 (@*" !:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D( $Z: ^H4N B@:>@<@R46 :4T.>, 4 BD,<\,D<4>4FHD@< FH": :4$,D": )D"("> O">8@&. 8 !:,8F">*D #"HH,>$,D( B@(4$ >" @N@H, & 1893 (. 66 F$:40",HFb F BD"&@F:"&>Z<4 FHD">"<4: =48@:"6 II FH": 8D.FH>Z< @HP@< ,(@ FZ>", >"F:,*>@(@ BD4>P", B@2*>,, P"Db #@D4F" (1894-1943). %,D>J&T4F\ 42 #@:("D44 7. ]D>D@H F:J04: & A,H,D$JD(, FH"HFF,8D,H"D.< %,:48@(@ 7>b0,FH&" K4>:b>*44 4, >"8@>,P, 4. @. 8">P:,D" !:,8F">*D4>F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" (1887-89). % @HFH"&8J @> &ZT,: & 1891 (@*J. AD@L,FF@D 3._. ;4888@:" B@<>4: 7. ]D>D@H", 8">P:,D" J>4&,DF4H,H", *"&T,(@ ,<J B@:@04H,:\>J` D,8@<,>*"P4` >" B@,2*8J & C@FF4` & M"D\8@&, (*, ;488@:" &FHD,H4:Fb F ;"D4>@< )D4>@&Z<, JR.>Z<4FH@D48@<, BD@L,FF@D@< M"D\8@&F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H". ;. )D4>@& :4R>@ 2>": 7. ]D>D@H" 4 7. 3D,R,8", 4, H"84< @$D"2@<, 8@F&,>>@ B@&:4b: >" >"B4F">4, 3._.;488@:@6 2"<,H@8 @$ ]D>D@H,. C@:\ 7. ]D>D@H" & $@:("DF8@6 B@:4H48, >, 2"$ZH" L4>F84<4 4FH@D48"<4 4 JB@<4>",HFb 8"0*Z6 D"2 & F&b24 F F@$ZH4b<4 1877-78 ((. 1>"H@8 #@:("D44 ]. EJ&4:,NH@ @H<,R",H & 8J:\HJD, $@:("D @F@$,>>@ F4:\>J` 4FH@D4R,F8J` B"<bH\: Muisto suomalaisista vapaaehtoisista ei elä vain diplomaattien juhlapuheissa, vaan on säilynyt myös laajemman yleisön mielessä. Historiallinen tietoisuus on Bulgariassa yleensäkin hyvin vahva, historia on erikoisella tavalla suorastaan osa jokapäiväistä elämää (Suvilehto 1988: 3)2. =, 2"$ZHZ 2"F:J(4 7. ]D>D@H" 4 & #@:("D44 >"T,(@ &D,<,>4. 7@(*" & B@FHF@P4":4FH4R,F8@6 #@:("D44 D,28@ &@2D@F:" BD,FHJB>@FH\, H@ & b>&"D, 1995 (@*" C@F,> G"N@& &FB@<>4: @$ ]D>D@H, (@T4$@R>@ >"2Z&"b ,(@ 5@N">) & FH"H\, "#">*4H4H, $,F,>4 BJ$:4R>@ BD,2 1880 (. K4>:">*,PXH :48&4*4D" @D(">424D">"H" BD,FHXB>@FH & #X:("D4b 2" 6 <,F,P"" (G"N@& 1995). #">*Z D"2$@6>48@&, D"FF8"2Z&",H C. G"N@&, H,DD@D424D@&":4 >"F,:,>4,, & @F@$,>>@FH4, `(@-&@FH@R>ZN D"6@>@& #@:("D44, & 8@H@DZN $Z:@ @$Xb&:,>@ &@,>>@, B@:@0,>4,, H"8 8"8 $">*Z $Z:4 &@@DJ0,>Z 4 &FHJB":4 & $@,&Z, FN&"H84 F JF<4D4H,:b<4. %@,>>@<J <4>4FHDJ 7. ]D>D@HJ $Z:4 *">Z RD,2&ZR"6>Z, B@:>@<@R4b & 4`:, 1879 (@*". +<J $,2@(@&@D@R>@ B@*R4>b:4F\ &@,>>Z, 4 (D"0*">F84, &:"FH4 H,DD4H@D46, >"N@*bV4NFb >" &@,>>@< B@:@0,>44, ,<J *"&":@F\ BD"&@ BD,*"&"H\ &@,>>@<J FJ*J 04H,:,6, @$&4>b,<ZN & F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, F D"2$@6>48"<4, @> 4<,: BD"&@ JFHD">4H\ F *@:0>@FH4 R4>@&>48@& (&B:@H\ *@ @8DJ0>ZN, ,F:4 @>4 B@*@2D,&":4F\ & F&b2bN F D"2$@6>48"<4, 8"8 ^H@ F:JR4:@F\ & SJ<,>, 4 C"2(D"*,). C. G"N@& BD4&@*4H N"D"8H,D4FH484 F@&D,<,>>48@&, B@8"2Z&"`V4, 7. ]D>D@H" F@ FH@D@>Z: "0,:,2,> <X0" (F:@&" 7. 3D,R,8"), "@H +D>D@H &F4R84 HD,B,D,N" [...] I:@&:,>4H, $">*4H4 F" FX*,>4 B@ 8XF" BD@P,*JD" 4 <@<,>H":>@ F" $,F,>4. 1" *" 4<"H &X2B4H"H,:,> ,L,8H, ,82,8JP44H, F" BJ$:4R>4". (G"N@& 1995: 24) =,8@H@DZ, *,BJH"HZ ="D@*>@(@ F@$D">4b $@b:4F\, RH@ RD,2&ZR"6>Z, B@:>@<@R4b, *">>Z, 7. ]D>D@HJ, <@(JH BD4&,FH4 8 BD@42&@:J, >@ ^H@(@ >, BD@42@T:@, 4 & 8@>P, @8Hb$Db ="D@*>@, F@$D">4, ">>J:4D@&":@ &@,>>@, B@:@0,>4, & F&b24 F H,<, RH@ & 67 FHD">, ", JFH">@&,>@ FB@8@6FH&4,". E"<Z, $@:\T4, @BH4<4FHZ FR4H":4, RH@ >" ^H@ J6*.H @*4> - *&" (@*", >@ 7. ]D>D@H FBD"&4:Fb F B@:@0,>4,< 2" 6 <,FbP,&. "...V"FH:4&4H, *,BJH"H4 F, >"*BD,&"D&"H *" $:"(@*"DbH >" 42$"&4H,:b". C. G"N@& 2"&,DT",H F&@` FH"H\` F:@&"<4, RH@ 8@(*" 27 "BD,:b 1881 (. 7. +D>D@H F,: & 8D,F:@ BD,<\,D <4>4FHD" “H@("&" , 42&XDT,> BD,&D"H 4 H&XD*"H" L4>:">*F8"H" *,F>4P" B@,<" 42Pb:@ FX*$4H, >" $X:("DF8"H" *XD0"&"” [B@*R. 9. E.]. (G"N@& 1995: 24). % F4HJ"P44 $@D\$Z F BD,FHJB>48"<4 H"84, @P,>84, 8"8 0,:,2>Z6 R,:@&,8 4 H&.D*"b DJ8", @H>@FbHFb 8 B@24H4&>Z< B@24P4b< <@D":\>ZN $4>"D>@FH,6. 9`$@BZH>@, RH@ *,bH,:\>@FH\ K4>:b>*F8@(@ $"H":\@>" 4 (,>,D":" DJFF8@6 "D<44 7. ]D>D@H" &@FBD4>4<",HFb &>, DJFF8@(@ 8@>H,8FH", N@Hb ,(@ BD4FJHFH&4, & #@:("D44 $Z:@ >, F&@$@*>Z< &@:,42Xb&:,>4,<, " BDb<Z< F:,*FH&4,< $":8">F8@6 B@:4H484 C@FF44. )@$DJ` B"<bH\ @ F,$, @FH"&4: & #@:("D44 H"80, DJFF846 @L4P,D, T&,*, &ZN@*,P 42 K4>:b>*44 !&(JFH !:,8F">*D aD>,L,:\H (August Alexander Järnefelt). 1"8@>R4& 8"*,HF8J` T8@:J & M"<4>,, @> BD@*@:04: @$D"2@&">4, & A,H,D$JD(F8@6 "8"*,<44 >" (,@*,24R,F8@< @H*,:,>44. ?> B@:JR4: 2"*">4, 8"DH@(D"L4D@&"H\ #@:("D4` 4 F 1877 B@ 1879 (@* @> 8"DH@(D"L4D@&": 140 000 8&. <. #@:("D44, ,. F,&,D>J` R"FH\. #@:("DF84, (,@(D"LZ, 8"8 >"BD4<,D, BD@L,FF@D (,@(D"L44 E@L46F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" )4>\@ 7">,&, @F>@&"H,:\ #@:("DF8@-L4>F8@(@ @$V,FH&", &ZF@8@ @P,>4&"`H ,(@ D"$@HJ (Kanev 1989). !. aD>,L,:\H - @H,P B4F"H,:b !D&4*" aD>,L,:\H" (Fogelberg 1989), @ 8@H@D@< B@*D@$>@ F8"0,< & (:"&, 3.3.4.. ;Z FB,P4":\>@ >"B@<>4:4 @ D@:4 DJFF8@(@ (@FJ*"DFH&" 4 T&,*F8@6 8D@&4 ]D>D@H" 4 aD>,L,:\H", 8@H@DZ, <@(:4 $Z FB@D4H\ 2" BD"&@ BD4B4F"H\ F,$, *@FH@4>FH&" JB@JHZN &ZT, *,bH,:,6, >@ @>4 @FH":4F\ 2" L4>>"<4, B@ H,DD4H@D4":\>@<J BD4>P4BJ. 3.1.3 !:,8F,6 !B@FH@: - 04&"b B"<bH\ @ $":8">F8@6 ^B@B,, % K4>:b>*44 & H,R,>4, B@:J&,8" 04: !:,8F,6 !B@FH@:9 (1866 !L4>Z 1927 M,:\F4>84), B@-$@:("DF84 !B@FH@:@&. E4D@H" !:,8F,6 $Z: JFZ>@&:.> K4>:b>*F84< B@:8@< 4 BD4&,2.> & K4>:b>*4`. =" B"D"*, & M,:\F4>84 9.5.1878 @> T"(": & Db*"N &H@D@6 D@HZ. 7"B4H"> &2b: ,(@ B@* F&@. B@B,R,>4,, *": ,<J @$D"2@&">4, 4 *"0, @HBD"&:b: ,(@ >" JR,>4, 2" (D">4P,6. ;":\R48 $Z: @R,>\ <J2Z8":\>Z< 4 & 12 :,H $Z: &2bH & &@6F8@&@6 @D8,FHD, FJV,FH&@&"&T46 F 1818 (@*". G"< !:,8F,b @$JR": *4D40.D !*@:\L 9,">*,D (Adolf Leander). !:,8F,6 2"8@>R4: :4P,6 4 B@F:, ^H@(@ *&JN(@*4R>@, <J2Z8":\>@, JR4:4V, (1888). % 1890 (@*J @> $Z: 9 %1981 (@*J B:">4D@&":Fb F@&<,FH>Z6 $@:("D@-L4>F846 H,:,&424@>>Z6 L4:\< @$ !. !B@FH@:, (FP,>"D46 3&"> 'J>R,&, 8@>FJ:\H">H ',@D(4 %Z:R,&), @FH"&T46Fb >,@FJV,FH&:.>>Z<. 68 >"2>"R,> *4D40.D@< & 9"BB,,>D">H", " & 1899 (@*J >" <,FH@ JT,*T,(@ & @HFH"&8J 9,">*,D" *4D40.D@< @D8,FHD" '&"D*,6F8@(@ L4>F8@(@ $"H":\@>". (Huhtala 1935) % 1901 (@*J @> & 8"R,FH&, BD@H,FH" BD@H4& >"R"&T,6Fb DJF4L48"P44 B@*": & @HFH"&8J. !B@FH@: F@ &F,6 ^>,D(4,6 @H*":Fb <J2Z8":\>@<J *,:J. ?> @H8DZ: <J2Z8":\>Z6 <"("24>, L"$D48J *JN@&ZN 4>FHDJ<,>H@&, @D(">>J` L"$D48J, " H"80, >@H>@, 42*"H,:\FH&@. ?> F@2*": *JN@&@6 @D8,FHD (@8@:@ 80 R,:@&,8), 8@H@DZ6 &Z2Z&": &@FN4V,>4, F&@4< 4FB@:>4H,:\F84< <"FH,DFH&@< 8"8 & K4>:b>*44, H"8 4 2" ,. BD,*,:"<4. 7D@<, H@(@, @> $Z: 2"<,FH4H,:,< *4D,8H@D" (1912-1918) 4 & H,R,>4, HD.N :,H ^8@>@<4R,F84< *4D,8H@D@< M,:\F4>8F8@6 L4:"D<@>44. !B@FH@: $Z: DJ8@&@*4H,:,< D"2:4R>ZN <J2Z8":\>ZN L,FH4&":,6 4 F&@*>ZN :`$4H,:\F84N @D8,FHD@& K4>:b>*44. +<J J*"&":@F\ $ZFHD@ @$X,*4>4H\ 4N, 4 @ >.< (@&@D4:4 "Apostol on taikuri"’!B@FH@: - &@:T,$>48‘. (Kull 1980: 3), & H,R,>4, HD.N *,FbH8@& :,H @> $Z: R:,>@< <J2Z8":\>@6 8@<4FF44 BD"&:,>4b @$V,FH&" "Svenska folkskolans vänner". +(@ JR,>48@< $Z:, & R"FH>@FH4, 42&,FH>Z6 L4>F846 8@<B@24H@D, *4D40.D 4 B,&,P ',@D( ;":<FH,> (Georg Malmsten). E@ &D,<,>4 B@:JR,>4b >,2"&4F4<@FH4 K4>:b>*44 !. !B@FH@: &FH": &@ (:"&, @D8,FHD" #,:@6 (&"D*44, " 2"H,< FH">@&4HFb B,D&Z< *4D40.D@< "D<44 >,2"&4F4<@6 K4>:b>*44. ?> @D(">42J,H B@:8@&Z, @D8,FHDZ 4 &@FB4HZ&",H *:b >4N *4D40.D@&. % 1920 (@*J @> B@:JR4: 2&">4, <"6@D". E@&D,<,>>484 B@<>bH ,(@ &ZF@8J` BD@L,FF4@>":\>@FH\, &D@0*.>>J` JH@>R.>>@FH\ 4 FHD"FH>Z6 `0>Z6 H,<B,D"<,>H "...hän usein kertoi, että Bulgaria oli hänen kotimaansa"’?> R"FH@ (@&@D4:, RH@ #@:("D4b ,(@ D@*4>"‘ (Kull 1980: 4). !. !B@FH@: B4F": <J2Z8J 4 *,:": "D">04D@&84 *:b &@,>>@(@ @D8,FHD". +(@ *,bH,:\>@FH\ B@:@04:" >"R":@ L4>F8@6 &@,>>@6 <J2Z8, 4 BD4*":" ,6 F&@6 8@:@D4H. =" &ZFH"&8, "100 :,H L4>F8@6 &@,>>@6 <J2Z84" (1980) $Z:@ <>@(@ ^8FB@>"H@& @$ !. !B@FH@:,, & R"FH>@FH4, ,(@ <J>*4D, ":\$@< F L@H@(D"L4b<4, 8@DH48 4 BD., " H"80, L@H@(D"L4b, F>bH"b & A,H,D$JD(, &@ &D,4b $"H":\@>", 8@(*" !:,8F,` $Z:@ 12 :,H. Q,D,2 :4R>@FH\ !. !B@FH@:" B"<bH\ @$ @F&@$@*4H,:\>@6 &@6>,, “<Z” & #@:("D44” >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ BD4FJHFH&@&":" & H,R,>4, *,FbH8@& :,H & F@2>">44 >"F,:,>4b K4>:b>*44. ?> 8"8 $Z F@,*4>4: F&@,6 $4@(D"L4,6 *&" ND@>@H@B": @F&@$@0*,>4, #@:("D44 4 K4>:b>*44. 3.1.4 3._. ;488@:" 4 ,(@ D@:\ & >"JR>ZN 4 8J:\HJD>ZN 8@>H"8H"N 3@F4L _:4JF ;488@:" (Jooseppi Julius Mikkola, B@ FH"D@6 DJFF8@6 HD"*4P44: 3@F4L !>*D,,&4R), b2Z8@&,*, FB,P4":4FH B@ FD"&>4H,:\>@6 (D"<<"H48, F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@&. ?*4> 42 F"<ZN 42&,FH>ZN JR.>ZNF:"&4FH@& K4>:b>*44, @>, 8"8 ^H@ >4 FHD">>@, & J>4&,DF4H,H, F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@& >, 42JR":. AD"&*", & BD@(D"<<J ,(@ @$JR,>4b &N@*4:@ >,F8@:\8@ 69 >@&ZN 4 *D,&>4N b2Z8@&, >"R4>"b F F">F8D4H", " H"80, FD"&>4H,:\>@, b2Z8@2>">4,. 94T\ B@F:, @8@>R">4b J>4&,DF4H,H" & 1889 (@*J @> B@,N": & A,H,D$JD(, RH@$Z B@* DJ8@&@*FH&@< 42&,FH>@(@ <:"*@(D"<<"H4FH" K. K. K@DHJ>"H@&"10 42JR"H\ F:"&b>F84, b2Z84, H@(*" 0, @> 42JR",H :4H@&F846 b2Z8. )"HF846 JR.>Z6-8@<B"D"H4&4FH %4:\(,:\< G@<F,> BD,*:@04: ,<J D"$@H"H\ >"* DJFF8@-L4>F84<4 b2Z8@&Z<4 8@>H"8H"<4. % 1895 (@*J 3._. ;488@:" 2"V4H4: B@ ^H@6 H,<, *4FF,DH"P4` 4 FH">@&4HFb $@:,, 42&,FH,> 8"8 F:"&4FH, H"8 8"8 ,(@ D"$@H" &>,F:" $@:\T46 &8:"* & F:"&4FH48J, R,< & J(D@-L4>F8J` >"J8J, F 8@H@D@6 @> >"R4>": F&@` >"JR>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\. ?> 42JR",H B@:\F846 b2Z8 4 & 1896 (@*J ,*,H >" F,&,D>@, B@$,D,0\, A@:\T4, (*, 2"B4FZ&",H b2Z8 F:@&4>P,&, 2"$ZHZ6 B@F:, A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z, H"8 RH@ 2"<,H84 ;488@:Z 4<,`H >,2"JDb*>J` P,>>@FH\. % 1900 (@*J ;488@:" >"2>"R",HFb >" *@:0>@FH\ BD@L,FF@D" F:"&b>F8@6 L4:@:@(443. %,DT4>@6 ,(@ >"JR>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 b&:b,HFb 4FF:,*@&">4, "Die Cronologie der turkischen Donaubulgaren"(1913), & 8@H@D@< @> BD,*:"(",H ND@>@:@(4R,F846 8:`R, B@2&@:b`V46 H@R>@ *"H4D@&"H\ F@$ZH4b, BD@4FN@*4&T4, >" #":8">"N, &@ &D,<,>" N">@&, (@&@D4&T4N >" H`D8F8@< b2Z8, 4 4<,&T4N &@FH@R>Z6 8":,>*"D\ &D,<,>4. % 1918 (@*J & #@:("D4` F <4FF4,6 @ BD@F\$, BD42>"H\ >,2"&4F4<@FH\ K4>:b>*44 BD"&4H,:\FH&@< $Z:@ D,T,>@ B@F:"H\ BD@L,FF@D@& 3._. ;488@:J 4 a:@ 7":4<". #@:("DZ F@ F&@6FH&,>>@6 4< 4<BJ:\F4&>@FH\` 4 J<,>4,< $ZH\ $:"(@*"D>Z<4 2" H, *@$DZ, *,:" 4 4>H,D,F, 8@H@DZ, BD@b&:b:4F\ 8 >4< & <4D, &@ &D,4b @H HJD,P8@(@ 4(", BD4&,HFH&J`H BD,$Z&">4, BD@L,FF@D" 3._. ;488@:Z & #@:("D44. '"2,H" ")>,&>48" B@F&bV",H FH"H\` & R,FH\ BD4,2*" ;488@:Z B@* 2"(:"&4,< "+*4> <4: >" #X:("D4b (@FH. AD@L,F@D ;48@:" 2" $X:("DF8"H" >"J8"", 8@H@D"b 2"8">R4&",HFb F:@&"<4: "#X:("DF84bH >"D@*, F, FR4H" @F@$,>@ V"FH:4&, R, <@0" *" &4*4 (. BD@L,F@D" & F&@bH" FD,*" 4 :4R>@ *" <J 2"F&4*,H,:FH&J&" F&@bH" *X:$@8" $:"(@*"D>@FH". (“+*4> <4:...” 1918) ="F:,*>Z6 BD4>P #@D4F H,B:@ BD4>b: BD@L,FF@D". ?> $Z: 2>"8@< F 4<,>,< 3._. ;488@:Z 4 ,(@ D"$@H@6 J0, F@ T8@:Z. (Kiparsky 1966: 4) 3._. ;488@:" >"B4F": 8>4(J @ :4H,D"HJD, F:"&b>F84N >"D@*@& "Slaavilaisten kansain kirjallisuus" (1906), 8@H@D"b 4 *@ >"T4N *>,6 b&:b,HFb & J>4&,DF4H,H"N B@F@$>Z< <"H,D4":@< BD4 42JR,>44 F:"&b>F84N 10 K. K. K@DHJ>"H@& *": (8.12.1894) D,8@<,>*"P4` *:b >"2>"R,>4b ;488@:Z & 1895 (@*J *@P,H@< F:"&b>F8@6 L4:@:@(44. ?>" ND">4HFb & "DN4&, BD@L. ]. =. E,Hb:b (VA) % >,6 (@&@D4HFb, RH@: "7>4(" *-D" Joos. J. Mikkola "Beruhrungen zwischen den westfinnischen und slavischen Sprachen, I" F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H, B@ <@,<J <>,>4`, @ N@D@T,< 2>"8@<FH&, "&H@D" F DJFF84< b2Z8@< 4 *DJ(4<4 F:"&b>F84<4 b2Z8"<4, " H"80, 4 F b2Z8"<4 $":H46F84<4, 2>">4, 8@H@DZN @R,>\ &"0>@ *:b F:"&4FH". [...] a BD42>"` B@^H@<J *-D" Mikkola &B@:>, FB@F@$>Z< 2">4<"H\ *@P,>HJDJ F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@& 4 J$,0*.> & H@<, RH@ & ,(@ :4P, F:"&b>F8@, b2Z8@&,*,>4, BD4@$D,H",H H":">H:4&@(@, F&,*JV,(@ 4 *@$D@F@&,FH>@(@ JR.>@(@". 70 :4H,D"HJD. A@D"0",H 4>H,>F4&>@FH\ @$V,>4b 3._. ;4888@:Z. ?H >,(@ 4*JH >4H4, B@:@04&T4, >"R":@ <>@(4< B:@*@H&@D>Z< 8@>H"8H"< <,0*J K4>:b>*4,6 4 #@:("D4,6 4 8J:\HJD>Z<4 *,bH,:b<4 <>@(4N *DJ(4N >"D@*@&, & R"FH>@FH4, F:"&b>F84N. % ^H@< ,<J B@<@(":" 0,>", 42&,FH>"b B4F"H,:\>4P" ;"6:" G":&4@. % &@FB@<4>">4bN 4 4FF:,*@&">4bN @ >4N, 8 F@0":,>4`, 8@>H"8HZ F #@:("D4,6 @F&,V,>Z BD,*,:\>@ <":@. % '@FJ*"DFH&,>>@< "DN4&, K4>:b>*44 & <"H,D4":"N 3._. ;488@:Z 4 ;. G":&4@ <@0>@ &4*,H\ *:4>>Z, FB4F84 B4F"&T4N 4< :4P F D"2>ZN 8@>P@& F&,H", FD,*4 >4N >,<":@ $@:("DF84N L"<4:46. ?*>4< 42 8@DD,FB@>*,>H@& 3._. ;488@:Z b&:b,HFb %"F4: 1:"H"DF846, &Z*"`V46Fb JR.>Z6 <,*4,&4FH, >"B4F"&T46 @F>@&@B@:@("`V46 HDJ* B@ $@:("DF8@6 4FH@D44 & R,HZD.N H@<"N. %. 1:"H"DF846 $Z: 4>@FHD">>Z< R:,>@< Societe Finnoougrienne. % !DN4&, #@:("DF8@6 !8"*,<44 ="J8 (!#!=) & L@>*, %. 1:"H"DF8@(@ ND">bHFb F,<\ B4F,< 3._. ;488@:Z 8 >,<J 4 R,D>@&48 B4F\<" %. 1:"H"DF8@(@ 8 3._. ;488@:,. A,D,B4F8J %. 1:"H"DF846 4 3._. ;488@:" &,*JH >" DJFF8@< b2Z8,, 4 @>" :4T,>" 4>H4<>@FH4 $:4284N *DJ2,6, 8@H@DZ, BD4FJHFH&J`H, >"BD4<,D, & B,D,B4F8, F,<,6FH&" ;488@:Z F F,<,6FH&@< S4T<">@&ZN (F<. >40, (:. 3.1.6). E %. 1:"H"DF84< - ^H@ B,D,B4F8" 8@::,(, J&:,R.>>ZN 4FH@D4R,F84<4 4 b2Z8@&,*R,F84<4 BD@$:,<"<4, & @F>@&>@<, 42 @$:"FH4 ^H4<@:@(44. 7@::,(4 B@:,<424DJ`H @ *>, 7D,V,>4b #@:("D44, 8@H@D@, $Z:@ 3._. ;488@:@6 BD4JD@R,>@ 8 :,HJ, <"`-4`>` 866 (., " %. 1:"H"DF84< 8 F,>Hb$D` 865 (@*" (B4F\<@ @H 28 *,8"$Db 1923 (.). 9 "&(JFH" 1924 (@*" . % @H&,H >" F@@$V,>4, 3._. ;488@:Z, RH@ FH"H\b %. 1:"H"DF8@(@ >"B,R"H">" & Journale de la Society Fennoougrienne, %.1:"H"DF846 $:"(@*"D4H 2" HJ 2"$@HJ, 8@H@DJ` 3._. ;488@:" BD@b&4: $,2 ,(@ &,*@<": "%R,D" B@:JR4: b @HH4F84 F <@,6 2"<,H84 @ $@:("DF8@< :,H@4FR4F:,>44. a >, 2>"`, 8"8 <>, 42&4>bH\Fb B,D,* %"<4 2" $@:\T@, $,FB@8@6FH&@, BD4R4>.>>@, %"< ^H@6 2"<,H8@6, 4 8"8, F *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, $:"(@*"D4H\ %"F 2" >, <,>\T4, N:@B@HZ 4 2"$@HZ 8"8 B@ B,D,&@*J11, H"8 4 B,R"H">4` ,.. %,*\ ^H@ $Z:" H@:\8@ @$XbF>4H,:\>"b 2"<,H8", BD,*>"2>"R,>>"b FB,P4":\>@ *:b %"F, 8@H@DZ6 BD,8D"F>@ 2>"8@< F :4H,D"HJD@6 &@BD@F", 4 B@H@<J 2>",H,, >" R.< @F>@&Z&"`HFb <@4 @H*,:\>Z, &Z&@*Z. +F:4 $Z b 2>":, RH@ &Z @H*"*4H, ,6 H"8@, &"0>@, 2>"R,>4, 4 J*@FH@4H, ,. H"8@` (:"F>@FH\`, H@ b $Z >, BD@BJFH4:, B@ 8D"6>,6 <,D,, :4H,D"HJDJ...". (!#!= L. 9. 1713) %. 1:"H"DF846 *@$"&:b,H ,V. >,F8@:\8@ F:@&, JH@R>bb F<ZF:@&@, F@*,D0">4, 4 ^H4<@:@(44, 8@H@DZ, &Z2Z&"`H J >,(@ F@<>,>4b. 3._. ;488@:" @H&,R",H FD"2J 0, B@ B@:JR,>44 B4F\<" 23 "&(JFH" 1924 (@*" (!#!= L. 9. 1714) 4 *".H B@ B"<bH4 >,8@H@DZ, HD"8H@&84, @$,V"b "@HZVJ 11 A,D,&@*F*,:"> F >,<,P8@(@ *D-< #JFF,>4JF@< 4^ 9,6BP4(", FH"04DJ`V4<Fb BD4 3._. ;488@:, [BD4<. 9. E.] 71 F&@4 2"B4F84 >"B4TJ $@:\T,". E:,*J`V,, B4F\<@ *"H4D@&">@ 24 "&(JFH" 1924 (@*" (!#!= L. 9. 1715) "& FB,T8, >"B4F": (:JB@FH4 @ ..." 4 BD. IR.>Z, @$<,>4&"`HFb @HH4F8"<4 F&@4N FH"H,6 4 8>4("<4. %. 1:"H"DF846 B@FZ:",H 3._. ;488@:, &H@D@6 H@< "#@:("DF8@6 4FH@D44". 3._. ;488@:" 6.9.1927 @H2Z&",HFb >" B@*"D@8 F:@&"<4: "%<,FH, F H,< @H *JT4 B@2*D"&:b` %"F F 2"&,DT,>4,< >@&@6 R"FH4 ^H@(@ 8DJB>@(@ monumentum aere perennius. Q4FH@, >"F:"0*,>4, R4H"H\ ^H@H HDJ*! G,B,D\ *DJ(4< :,(8@ B@*@6H4 8 42JR,>4` *D,&>,-$@:("DF8@6 4FH@D44" ( !#!= L. 9. 1911), 4 *@$"&:b,H "7 F@0":,>4`, >, 4<,` H,B,D\, R,< D,&">T4D@&"H\". 3._. ;488@:" $:"(@*"D4H (B4F\<@ @H 28.12.1923 (.) ^" &Z$@DZ ,(@ & R:,>Z8@DD,FB@>*,>HZ #@:("DF8@(@ !DN,@:@(4R,F8@(@ 4>FH4HJH": ";,>b >"JR>"b 042>\ #@:("D44 @R,>\ 4>H,D,FJ,H". (!#!= L. 9. 9. 1692) % F&@` @R,D,*\, %. 1:"H"DF8@<J &ZFZ:",HFb BD4(:"T,>4, BD4>bH\ JR"FH4, & F$@D>48, & Annales de l' Academie des Sciences de Finlande, serie B, 42*"&",<@< 8 50:,H4` 3._. ;488@:Z. 3._. ;488@:" - ,*4>FH&,>>Z6 L4>>, 8@H@DZ6 BD,*FH"&:,> & 8>4(, =JD40">" “AD4bH,:4H, >" #X:("D4b”. 3._. ;488@:" D,8@<,>*J,H %. 1:"H"DF8@<J L4>F8@(@ 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ *,bH,:b '">>,F" ',$N"D*" 8@D@H8@6 2"B4F8@6 $,2 *"HZ, F8@D,, &F,(@ 1931 (@*, B@F8@:\8J 4<,>>@ H@(*" '. ',$N"D* BD4$Z: & #@:("D4`: ";>@(@J&"0",<Z6 8@::,("! A@:\2J`F\ F:JR",<, B@FZ:"` %"< F,D*,R>Z6 BD4&,H F@ F&@4< 8@::,(@`, BD@L,FF@D@< Hannes Gebhard'@< ("@HP@< 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ *&40,>4b" J >"F), 8@H@DZ6 B@ B@DJR,>4` 94(4 ="D@*@& 4 B@ 4>4P4"H4&, #@:("DF8@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&" B@2>"8@<4HFb F 8@@B,D"H4&>Z< *,:@< & #@:("D44 *:b @H8DZH4b BD4R4> 8D424F" 2,<:,*,:\R,F8@(@ N@2b6FH&". C,8@<,>*J` ,(@ %"< (@DbR@. 3F8D,>>@ BD,*">>Z6 %"<, J. ;488@:"" (!#!= L. 9. 2488) 3.1.5 IR"FH4, L4>>" '. ',$N"D*" & $@:("DF8@6 8@@B,D"H4&>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 '">>,F" ',$N"D*" >"2Z&":4 @HP@< 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ *&40,>4b K4>:b>*44. ?> B@F&bH4: &F` F&@` 042>\, 8"8 @> F"< &ZD"0":Fb, "&@2&ZT,>4` 4 JF4:,>4` 2,<:,*,:\P,& K4>:b>*44" (Alanen 1964: 143).'. ',$N"D* $Z: B@:,<4FH@< 4 B,D&@, $@,&@, 8D,V,>4, >" FHD">4P"N B,R"H4 @> BD4>b: & 1892 (@*J, 8@(*" T:@ 2"F,:,>4, (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN :,F@&. 7D,FH\b>"< *"&":4F\ $,FB:"H>@ >"*,:Z *@ 300-400 4 *"0, 1 000 (" 2,<,:\ >" F,&,D,, $@("H@< :,F@< 4 '. ',$N"D* BD,*:"(": F&@4 <,H@*Z, 8@H@DZ, <@(:4 $Z @$:,(R4H\ 8D,FH\b>"< BD@P,FF @F&@,>4b >@&ZN <,FH>@FH,6. _D4*4R,F84, BD"&" "D,>*"H@D@& 4 &@2<@0>@FH\ 4N BD,&D"V,>4b & <,:84N 2,<:,&:"*,:\P,&, F,:\F84, 8@@B,D"H4&Z, 4FH@D4b ^H4N &@BD@F@&, B@:@0,>4, 8D,FH\b> & K4>:b>*44, E8">*4>"&44 4 *DJ(4N ,&D@B,6F84N FHD">"N - FH@b:4 & P,>HD, ,(@ &>4<">4b. %@ <>@(@< D,2J:\H"H@< 4<,>>@ ,(@ *,bH,:\>@FH4 FH":" @D(">42"P4b B,D&@(@ & K4>:b>*44 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ 72 @$V,FH&" "A,::,D&@" & 1899 (@*J. G@(*" 0, &ZT,: & F&,H $@:\T@6 HDJ* '. ',$N"D*" "? 8@@B,D"H4&"N 2" DJ$,0@<”, $:"(@*"Db 8@H@D@<J @> B@:JR4: 42&,FH>@FH\ 8"8 & F"<@6 C@FF46F8@6 4<B,D44, H"8 4 & *DJ(4N FHD">"N, 8"8 &Z*"`V46Fb FB,P4":4FH & ^H@6 @$:"FH4. E 4<,>,< '. ',$N"D*" >"R4>"`H FR4H"H\Fb, >@ B@F8@:\8J @> $Z: R,:@&,8@< 8"H,(@D4R,F84N <>,>4612, H@ >"04&",H F,$, <>@(4N BD@H4&>48@&: BD@L,FFJDZ >" F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>@< L"8J:\H,H, M,:\F4>8F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" @> *@$4&",HFb H@:\8@ & 1909 (@*J. ? >.< <@0>@ F8"2"H\ 8"8 @ _. %. E>,:\<">,, RH@ :`$@&\ 8 *,:J 2"FH"&:b:" ,(@ $@D@H\Fb (Alanen 1964: 263). '. ',$N"D* $Z: R:,>@< <>@0,FH&" @H,R,FH&,>>ZN 4 <,0*J>"D@*>ZN 8@<4FF46 4 @$V,FH&, " H"80, ;,0*J>"D@*>@6 "FF@P4"P44 8@@B,D"H4&>ZN @$V,FH&, @D(">42@&">>@6 & 9@>*@>, & 1895 (@*J. '.',$N"D* 4 @D(">42@&">>@, 4< 8@@B,D"H4&>@, *,:@ & K4>:b>*44 &Z2Z&":4 &@FN4V,>4, J F@&D,<,>>48@&. =,<,P846 8@@B,D"H4&>Z6 *,bH,:\ 1,,D4>( B4T,H & FH4:, &D,<,>4 @ D@:4 8@@B,D"H4&@& 4 D"*,H,:, 2" 8@@B,D"H4&Z '. ',$N"D*,: "Se asettaa talouden yhteisen hyvän palvelukseen, herättää yhteishenkeä ja vahvistaa siten oman toiminnan iloa [...] Tällaiseen aikaansaannokseen saattoi päästä vain mies, jolla ei ollut ainoastaan selvä järki ja epätavallinen organisaatiokyky, vaan myös puhdas sydän täynnä kiihkeätä rakkautta kansaansa, epäitsekkyyttä ja tuota häikäilemätöntä energiaa, jolla hän puolusti sitä, mitä piti oikeana. Vain syvä siveellinen tunto saattoi herättää nuo siveelliset voimat, jotka nyt suorittavat osuustoiminnallisia tehtäviä arkisessa työssä, uskollisina velvollisuuksilleen, rehellisinä ja alttiina" [B@*R. 9. E.] (P4H. B@ Alanen 1964: 290- 291)4 M"D"8H,D4FH48" 1,,D4>(", 8"8 4 #. a>RJ:,&", 8@H@D"b $J*,H BD4&,*,>" >40,, @H>@F4HFb H@:\8@ 8 :4R>@FH4 '. ',$N"D*". ;Z FR4H",< J<,FH>Z< BD4&,FH4 ^H4 *:4>>Z, P4H"HZ 2*,F\, B@F8@:\8J B@*R.D8>JHZ, >"<4 & P4H"H"N R,DHZ N"D"8H,D" R"FH@ B@&H@Db`HFb BD4 N"D"8H,D4FH48, L4>F84N *,bH,:,6, H"8 RH@ @>4 FH">@&bHFb FH,D,@H4B>Z<4 4 B,D,>@FbHFb >" &F,N L4>>@& &@@$V,. M"D"8H,D>Z, R,DHZ FJ$X,8H" >"8:"*Z&"`HFb >" >"D@* 4 D"FF<"HD4&"`HFb 8"8 H4B4R>Z, *:b &F,(@ ^H>@F". E"< '. ',$N"D* 2"<,R": >,*@FH"H@R>J` R4FH@B:@H>@FH\ & 8@@B,D"H4&>@6 042>4 K4>:b>*44 4 B,D,* F<,DH\` 2"*"&":Fb &@BD@F@< @ H@<, *@FH"H@R>@ :4 & 2,<:,*,:\P"N-L4>>"N <@D":\>@6 F4:Z *:b B@**,D0">4b 8@@B,D"H4&>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4: "Onko meidän maalaisväestössämme moraalista ryhtiä, niin että se lähtee puhdistamaan osuustoiminnan kaikesta epämoraalisesta ja siten saamaan siihen 12 ="BD4<,D,'. ',$N"D* B4T,H & 0JD>":, Valvoja v 1899 (.: "Kansantaloudellinen sivistys on maassamme vielä uskomattoman alhainen niissäkin kansankerroksissa, jotka käyvät sivistyneistöstä" ’1>">4b B@ R"FH4 >"D@*>@6 ^8@>@<484 B@D"24H,:\>@ >4284 *"0, & H,N F:@bN @$V,FH&", 8@H@DZ, J >"F B@:"("`H 2" @$D"2@&">>ZN‘ (Alanen 1964: 206). =,J*4&4H,:\>@, RH@ ^H@ ,(@ @BB@>,>H"< >, >D"&4:@F\. 73 oikean osuustoimintahengen vallitsemaan, sellaisen, jota Pellervo-Seuran ensi aikojen johtomiehet tarkoittivat?" (Alanen 1964: 478)5. ]H4R,F846 *4F8JDF >" FHZ8, &,8@& $Z: >"B@:>,> :`$@&\` 8 >"D@*J, BD@F&,H4H,:\F8@6 B@<@V\` >"D@*J 4 $,F8@DZFH>Z< 0,DH&,>>Z< 0,:">4,< D"$@H"H\ &@ 4"D@*", (@H@&@(@ 4*H4 2" F&@4< JR4H,:,< 4 BD,H&@DbH\ ,(@ 4*,4 & 042>\. 94R>@FH\ '. ',$N"D*" B@:>@FH\` &B4FZ&":"F\ & ^H4 D"<84. % 1909 4 1910 (@*"N >" 10-:,H>,< `$4:,, 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ @$V,FH&" “A,::,D&@” & (@FHbN J L4>>@& B@$Z&":4 DJFF84, 8@@B,D"H@DZ 4 >"T:4, RH@ BD4<,D L4>>@& <@0>@ $Z:@ $Z 4FB@:\2@&"H\ & DJFF8@6 8@@B,D"P4@>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4. (Alanen 1964: 291) % 1930 (@*J B@ BD@F\$, BD"&4H,:\FH&" #@:("D44, 0,:"&T,(@ &>,FH4 >@&J` @04&:b`VJ` FHDJ` & F,:\F8J` 8@@B,D"H4&>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\, 94(" ="P46 & 8"R,FH&, FB,P4":4FH@& >"BD"&:b,H & #@:("D4` *:b 42JR,>4b >,*@FH"H8@& & D"$@H, 8@@B,D"H4&@& *&JN FB,P4":4FH@& L4>>" '. ',$N"D*" 4 R,N" %. GD,6$":". I0, :,H@< 1931 (@*" '. ',$N"D* 4 %. GD,6$": BD@&@*bH B@*(@H@&4H,:\>J` D"$@HJ 4 BD,*@FH"&:b`H @HR.H F@ F&@4<4 D,8@<,>*"P4b<4 94(, ="P46. 9JRT, &F,(@ @ B:@*"N D"$@HZ '. ',$N"D*" & #@:("D44 (@&@D4H B4F\<@ *@8H@D" #. a>RJ:,&" (@*J &*@&, BD@L,FF@D" '. ',$N"D*" & 1934 : “Minulla oli erikoinen onni oppia läheisessä yhteistyössä tuntemaan suuri vainaja, joka ennen kaikkea muuta pyrki totuuteen ja lausui aina ilmi sen, mitä ajatteli. Professori Hannes Gebhard oli osuustoimintaliikkeessä selvän ja yksinkertaisen rakenteen, säästäväisen hallinnon ja tehokkaan tarkastuksen kannattaja[...]. Lausun täten ilmi useiden henkilöiden kunnioituksen tunteet professori Gebhardin muistoa kohtaan ja pyydän Teitä ottamaan vastaan heidän kiitollisuutensa" [B@*R. 9. E.] (P4H. B@ Alanen 1964: 292)6. K4>> '. ',$N"D* B@FH"&4: 8@@B,D"H4&>@, *&40,>4, #@:("D44 >" >@&Z, D,:\FZ, R,< &>.F "2"<,R"H,:\>Z6 &8:"*" & @$>@&:,>4, 8@@B,D"H4&@& #@:("D44. #@:("D4> a>RJ:,& &Z*,:b,H J L4>>" '. ',$N"D*" R,DHZ: "FHD,<:,>4, 8 4FH4>,”, "(@&@D4: BDb<@ H@, RH@ *J<":", "HD,$@&":" (H.,. HD,$@&"H,:\>@FH\), ^8@>@<4R>@FH\: "BD@FH"b FHDJ8HJD"", @*>4< F:@&@<, ^8@>@<>@, BD"&:,>4, 4 ^LL,8H4&>Z6 8@>HD@:\. E:@&" ",(@ 4*,4 J8@D,>4:4F\ & #@:("D44" <@0>@ 4>H,DBD,H4D@&"H\ H"80,, RH@ B"<bH\ @ '. ',$N"D*, (L4>>,) 04&.H & #@:("D44, 4, RH@ &"0>@: "F@HDJ*>484 RJ&FH&J`H 8 ,(@ B"<bH4 (:J$@8@, J&"0,>4, 4 $:"(@*"D>@FH\". %ZT, $Z:@ F8"2">@, RH@ F@@H,R,FH&,>>484 ',$N"D*" & F&b24 F ,(@ B@:,<4R,F84< N"D"8H,D@< BZH":4F\ >, *@BJFH4H\ ,(@ 8 BD@L,FF@DF8@<J 8D,F:J, & #@:("D44 0, ,(@ BDb<@H" 4 HD,$@&"H,:\>@FH\ B@:JR"`H &ZFTJ` @P,>8J. =@ 4 '. ',$N"D* B@:`$4: $@:("D: "% :4P, Gebharda #@:("D4b BD4@$D,:" ,V. @*>@(@ *DJ(". ?> & 4>H4<>@< 8DJ(J &@2<JV",HFb H,<, 8"8 "B@$,*4H,:4" @$D"V"`HFb F %"T4< @H,R,FH&@< - >@ @$ ^H@< 74 B@8" <":@, B@8" Gebhard &ZB@:>b,H B@DJR,>4, 94(4 >"P46" (;488@:", K. 1:"H"DF8@(@ 9. 2265) A@$Z&": & #@:("D44 F D,8@<,>*"P4b<4 @H 3._. ;488@:" (22.7.1938) 8 BD@L,FF@DJ EH. ;:"*,>@&J H"80, C">H,D4 !>8,D4" (Santeri Ankeria) (!#!=. ;:"*,>@&, L. 154). % F&@. &D,8,D4" JR4:Fb &@ 9\&@&F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, 4 F:JT": H"< :,8P44 F:"&4FH" 7. 7J,&" B@ $@:("DF8@<J b2Z8J.E. !>8,D4" J0, $Z&": & #@:("D44 &<,FH, F '. ',$N"D*@< B@ BD4(:"T,>4` ;4>4FH,DFH&" E,:\F8@(@ N@2b6FH&" #@:("D44 28 <"b 1931 (. MD4FH@ A,,&, 8@@B,D"H4&4FH, 0,:"`V46 B@F,H4H\ L4>F84, <4>4FH,DFH&", F&b2">>Z, F F,:\F84< N@2b6FH&@<, 4 B@2>"8@<4H\Fb F *,bH,:\>@FH\` "(D"D>ZN $">8@& 4 8@@B,D"H4&@& K4>:b>*44 B4T,H, RH@ & #@:("D44 *,6FH&J`H >,8@H@DZ, "(D@8DJ084, BD4>b&T4, 2" <@*,:\ L4>F846 8@@B,D"H4&>Z6 @BZH 4 >"2&">4,: “$,:Z, :4:44”."Eine Gruppe von Bulgaren mit dem Herausgeber dre "Belite Lilyi" haben den Wunsch, Ihr Vaterland zu besuchen". 1*,F\, ,FH,FH&,>>@, &@2>48",H &@BD@F, RH@ 2" “$,:Z, :4:44”? =" ^H@ &@BD@F <Z @H&,H4< & (:"&, 4.4.2, " F,6R"F @H<,H4< :4T\ >"F8@:\8@ @D(">4R>" *:b M. A,,&" <ZF:\ @ L4>>"N - $,:ZN :4:4bN. 3.1.6 !:,8F">*D S4T<">@& - *DJ( F,<\4 ;488@:Z, B,D,&@*R48 ?*>4< 42 4>H,D,F>,6T4N $@:("DF84N 8@DD,FB@>*,>H@& FJBDJ(@& ;488@:" $Z: !:,8F">*D 5@>8@& S4T<">@&, B,D,&,*T46 F@ T&,*F8@(@ b2Z8" >" $@:("DF846 BD@42&,*,>4b ;. G":&4@, C. S4:*H" 4 E. E":<4>,>. )DJ(4, ,(@ B,D,&@*Z >"< >,42&,FH>Z, 8D@<, B,D,&@*" %,D>,D" L@> M"6*,>FH"<" "+>*4<4@>" >" DJFF846 b2Z8 (0. "E@&D,<,>>Z6 <4D" 1918 (@*). !. S4T<">@& D@*4:Fb 30.1.1889 (@*" & (@D@*, '@D>"-?D,N@&4P" ((*, $Z&":4 L4>F84, &@4>Z & 1878 (.). % 8"R,FH&, FH4B,>*4"H" ;4>4FH,DFH&" BD@F&,V,>4b @> B@,N": & A,H,D$JD( 4 H"< 2"8@>R4: %@FH@R>Z6 L"8J:\H,H A,HD@(D"*F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" & 1914 (@*J B@ FB,P4":\>@FH4 "D"$F8@B,DF4*F84, 4 HJD,P8@-H"H"DF84, b2Z84 4 :4H,D"HJDZ. ?> BD,8D"F>@ 2>": H"80, F:"&b>F84, b2Z84. 7D@<, D@*>@(@ $@:("DF8@(@, @> &:"*,: B@:\F84< 4 DJFF84<, >" 8@H@D@< @> >"B4F": P,>>J` FH"H\` "E@$D">4, &@FH@R>ZN DJ8@B4F,6 & E@L44"13. ?> 2>": H"80, T&,*F846 b2Z8 4 4>H,D,F@&":Fb ^FB,D">H@. +<J N@H,:@F\ 2">4<"H\Fb >"J8@6 4 ,<J B@&,2:@: 42-2" &@6>Z @> > , F<@( &Z,N"H\ B@ <,FHJ >"2>"R,>4b >" *@:0>@FH\ *D"(@<">" (B,D,&@*R48") & #,6DJH BD4 $@:("DF8@< 8@>FJ:\FH&,, 8J*" @> $Z: @BD,*,:.> <4>4FHD@< 4>@FHD">>ZN *,: F 20 >@b$Db 1914 (., " &D,<,>>@ D"$@H",H & ="P4@>":\>@6 $4$:4@H,8, #@:("D44 & %@FH@R>@< @H*,:,. 13 ?BJ$:48@&">" & "1"B4F8"N %@FH@R>@(@ @H*,:,>4b 3<B. !DN,@:@(4R,F8@(@ @$V,FH&", H. 23. 75 3._. ;488@:" 4 !. S4T<">@& B@2>"8@<4:4F\ & 1911 (@*J (B4F\<@ S4T<">@&" 8 3._. ;488@:, @H 30. 11. 1939), & FHJ*,>R,F84, (@*Z S4T<">@&", 8@(*" @> >",20": 42 A,H,D$JD(" & K4>:b>*4`. A,D&@,, F@ND">4&T,,Fb & "DN4&, 3._. ;488@:Z, B4F\<@ >"B4F">@ 42 GJD8J14 5 4`>b $,2 J8"2">4b (@*" (BD,*B@:@04H,:\>@ 1913 (.) B@ B@&@*J 8@<B:,8H@&">4b J>4&,DF4H,HF8@6 $4$:4@H,84 $@:("DF84<4 8>4("<4. A@ B4F\<J &4*>@, RH@ ^H@H &@BD@F <,0*J !. S4T<">@&Z< 4 3._. ;488@:@6 J0, @$FJ0*":Fb *@ ^H@(@. !. S4T<">@& F@0":,,H, RH@ &Z>J0*,> $,FB@8@4H\ J&"0",<@(@ BD@L,FF@D", >@ *:b H@(@, RH@$Z ;4>4FH,DFH&@ BD@F&,V,>4b #@:("D44 &ZF:":@ 8>4(4, 2"BD@F *@:0,> $ZH\ >"BD"&:,> HJ*" F"<4< ;488@:@6. ):b @$:,(R,>4b HDJ*" *,:48"H>Z6 !. S4T<">@& BD4:"(",H 2"(@H@&8J 2"BD@F". ?*>4< 42 "D(J<,>H@& F:J04H, RH@: "B@>,0, 4<"<, *@FH"H@R>@ FHJ*,>H4, 8@4H, F, 2">4<"&"H FB,P4":>@ F $X:(["DF84] ,248". % <"DH, 1915 (@*" !. S4T<">@& BD@F4H @HBJF8 "B@ R"FH>Z< BD4R4>"<" 4 ,*,H & A,HD@(D"*, (*, ,(@ 0*":" >,&,FH" ;"D4b 5@F4L@&>". % 1916 (@*J !. S4T<">@& 04&.H & A,HD@(D"*, 4 JF,D*>@ 2">4<",HFb 4FF:,*@&">4,< &@FH@R>ZN DJ8@B4F,6 B@* DJ8@&@*FH&@< &Z*"`V,(@Fb "D"$4FH" 3. _. 7D"R8@&F8@(@, 2"8">R4&"b F&@` FH"H\` @ &@FH@R>ZN DJ8@B4FbN, >"N@*bV4NFb & E@L46F8@6 $4$:4@H,8,. )&" @HH4F8" ^H@6 FH"H\4 (&H@DJ` *:b B,D,*"R4 BD@L,FF@DJ E,Hb:b) @> &ZFZ:",H 3._. ;488@:,. ]H" FR"FH:4&@ >"R"&T"bFb B@,2*8" BD,&D"H4:" 042>\ !. S4T<">@&" & HD"(,*4`. E@ &FHJB:,>4,< #@:("D44 & A,D&J` <4D@&J` &@6>J >" FH@D@>, ',D<">44 (1916) !. S4T<">@& F 0,>@6 @8"2":4F\ >" H,DD4H@D44 C@FF44 8"8 (D"0*">F84, B:,>>484. % H@6 0, F4HJ"P44, 8FH"H4, @8"2":4F\ $@:("DZH@:FH@&PZ, &Z>J0*,>>Z, F84H"H\Fb B@ D,&@:`P4@>>@6 C@FF44 & B@4F8, &@2<@0>@FH4 &Z$D"H\Fb >" D@*4>J (F<. B4F\<@ M.)@F,&" 8 !.aD>,L,:\HJ, "DN4& SKS). A@F:, @8Hb$D\F8@(@ B,D,&@D@H" 1917 (@*" (D">4PZ 8D"F>@6 C@FF44 2"8DZ:4F\, 4 S4T<">@&Z &Z>J0*,>Z $Z:4 @FH"H\Fb >" ,. H,DD4H@D44. % 1918 (@*J @> F 0,>@6 (J S4T<">@&ZN >, $Z:@ *,H,6) J,20"`H 42 A,HD@(D"*" & 4<,>4, D@*4H,:,6 ;"D44 >,*":,8@ @H (. A@:@P8" 4 F@&,HF8@-B@:\F8@6 (D">4PZ. G"< @>4 04:4 $,2&Z,2*>@ B@ 1930 (@*. % F&b24 F 8@::,8H4&42"P4,6 @>, 8"8 "8J:"8" $Z: @HBD"&:,> >" &,R>@, B@F,:,>4, >" F,&,D 8J*"-H@ <,0*J 7@H:"F@< 4 !DN">(,:\F8@<. % 1932 (@*J @> B,D,$D":Fb & %@:@(*J 4 >"R": BD,*BD4>4<"H\ T"(4 F P,:\` &@2&D"V,>4b & #@:("D4`. % 1934 (@*J #@:("D4b 4 EEEC 2"8:`R"`H *4B:@<"H4R,F84, @H>@T,>4b. ="8@>,P, S4T<">@&Z< J*":@F\ B@:JR4H\ B"FB@DH @H $@:("DF8@(@ B@F@:\FH&" & %"DT"&, 4 @>4 ,*JH & ;@F8&J, RH@$Z B@*(@H@&4H\ B,D,,2* >" D@*4>J. % ;@F8&, & $@:("DF8@< B@F@:\FH&, @> $Z: BD4&:,R.> >" F:J0$J, 8"8 R,:@&,8, 2>"`V46 <,FH>Z, JF:@&4b 4 b2Z8, N@Hb 14 S4T<">@& *".H @$D"H>Z6 "*D,F: Turku, Kunnallis sairaala, E. Ekström, (*,, @R,&4*>@, @> BD,$Z&": & (@FHbN J Y. Ekström - ^FB,D">H4FH". 76 F@&,HF84, &:"FH4 @H>,F:4F\ 8 ^H@<J &Z$@DJ @HD4P"H,:\>@15. % <"DH, 1935 (@*" @> &FHJB",H >" *@:0>@FH\ B4F"Db BD4 #@:("DF8@< B@F@:\FH&, & ;@F8&, F @8:"*@< & 80 *@::"D@&. ER"FH:4&Z6 @$@D@H & FJ*\$, B@2&@:b,H ,<J &@2@$>@&4H\ 2>"8@<FH&" 4 F L4>F84<4 *DJ2\b<4. =@ 'AI ,(@ >, 2"$Z:@. A@ *@D@(, *@<@6 42 $">4 14. 9. 1937 (. @> $Z: FN&"R,> >" J:4P, "(,>H"<4 'AI, 4 BD4&,*.> >" 9J$b>8J, (*, ,(@ 2"*,D0":4 >" 16 *>,6. !. S4T<">@& BD@*@:0",H: "=, <, $4N", >, <, 42H,2"&"N", >@ 4<" >,V@ B@-H,08@ 4 B@-(>JF>@ @H L424R,F8@H@ >"F4:4,. EH">" <4 42&,FH>" H"6>"H" >" BD@RJH4H, "F"<@BD42>">4b". (S4T<">@&, 17. 4. 1938). %@F,<\ *>,6 ;"D44 5@F4L@&>, >4R,(@ >, F@@$V":4 @ FJ*\$, <J0", 8"H,(@D4R,F84 @HD4P"b ,(@ "D,FH. +6 F@&,H@&":@F\ 4F8"H\ <J0" & <@D("N, 8"8 0,DH&J >,FR"FH>@(@ F:JR"b. !. S4T<">@& BD@F4H 3._ ;488@:J >, D"2(:"T"H\ ^H@(@ F@$ZH4b, RH@ 4 B@>bH>@. E@&,HF84, &:"FH4 &F8@D, B@HD,$@&":4 ,(@ ^8FH,D>4D@&">4b, H"8 RH@ 7 *,8"$Db 1937 (@*" @> F 0,>@6 &Z,N": & #@:("D4`. A@ *@D@(, & #@:("D4` S4T<">@&Z B@F,H4:4 3._ ;488@:J. % E@L4416 @>4 H,B:@ &FB@<4>"`H @ &FHD,R, >" *"R, J 3._ ;488@:Z, & @8D,FH>@FHbN GJD8J. =@ ,V. >, 2"04:4 HD"&<Z @H F@&,HF8@6 042>4: "1" B@:@0,>4, & EEEC <>@(@ F, B4T, 4 (@&@D4, >@ 2" FX0,:,>4, *,6FH&4H,:>@FHH" H"<, $,2BD"&>@H@ B@:@0,>4, >" >"F,:,>4,H@ 4 >, F"<@ >" 8@D,>@H@, >@ 4 >" RJ0*4H, B@*">4P4, >"*<4>"&" &F4R84 42<4F:4P4". (S4T<">@&, 17. 4. 1938) A@ &@2&D"V,>44 >" D@*4>J !. S4T<">@& BD@*@:0",H D"$@H"H\ & ;4>4FH,DFH&, 4>@FHD">>ZN *,: & ?H*,:, B,R"H4 H,B,D\ & *@:0>@FH4 D,*"8H@D" B@ B@:\F8@6 4 DJFF8@6 B,R"H4. ?> B4T,H 3._ ;488@:,, RH@ &@2@$>@&4: F&b24 F@ F&@4<4 FH"DZ<4 BD4bH,:b<4, FD,*4 8@H@DZN $Z: B4F"H,:\ 4 NJ*@0>48 =48@:"6 C"6>@&, BD@L,FF@D MJ*@0,FH&,>>@6 !8"*,<44, 8FH"H4, B@$Z&"&T46 >" G4$,H,, (*, B@2>"8@<4:Fb F =. C,D4N@<. !. S4T<">@& F @(D@<>@6 D"*@FH\` &@FBD4>4<",H BD4FJ0*,>4, L4>F8@<J B4F"H,:` K. ]. E4::">Bb >@$,:,&F8@6 BD,<44, F R,< B@2*D"&:b,H 3._ ;488@:J 4 ;"6:J G":&4@: "FR"FH:4& F@@$V4H\ &"<, RH@, 8"8 &4*>@ 42 BD4:"(",<@6 &ZD,284, ^H@ $Z:@ F&@,&D,<,>>@ @H<,R,>@ 4 >"T,6 B,R"H\`, N@Hb & *@&@:\>@ F8D@<>@< &4*, 4 >,B@:>@ [...] a H"8 F&Z8Fb F %"T,6 FHD">@6 4 B@:`$4: ,., RH@ FR4H"` F&@4< <@D":\>Z< *@:(@< [B@*R. 9. E.] B@2>"8@<4H\ $@:("DF8@, @$V,FH&@ F L4>:b>*F8@6 :4H,D"HJD@6 [...] 7 F@0":,>4`, L4>F84< b2Z8@, &:"*,`, >@ N@RJ &,D4H\, RH@ ^H@ >, $J*,H @F@$Z< BD,BbHFH&4,<, H"8 8"8 b N@RJ F*,:"H\ B,D,&@* B@:\2JbF\ T&,*F84< b2Z8@< 15 E&,*,>4b B@R,DB>JHZ >"<4 42 D"FF:,*@&">4b, BD@&,*.>>@(@ &F:,*FH&4, B@FHJB4&T,(@ >" S4T<">@&" *@>@F" (*@F\, S4T<">@&", ND">bV,,Fb & "DN4&, ;3)" #@:("D44 m 28249). 16 ?HBD"&:,>@ 42 E@L44, (*, S4T<">@&Z BD@04&":4 >" J:4P, 6 F,BHD,<&D4 8&. 3 J '. '"6*"D@&". 77 [...] 7 H@<J 0, T&,*F846 b2Z8 H"8 B@BJ:bD,> & K4>:b>*44, RH@ b *J<"` B,D,&@*Z >" T&,*F846 F L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" >"&,D>@, >, $J*JH NJ0,, R,< B,D,&@*Z >" *DJ(4, ,&D@B,6F84, b2Z84". (S4T<">@&, 30. 11. 1939) !. S4T<">@& 8 ^H@<J &D,<,>4 J0, 4<,,H F,D\.2>Z, 2"$@:,&">4b: (4B,DH@>4b 4 "H,D4@F8:,D@2 & Hb0.:@6 L@D<,. ?*>"8@ @> D,T4H,:\>@ $,D.HFb 2" *,:@ 4 @$D"V",HFb 8 3._ ;488@:, F BD@F\$@6 &ZF:"H\ T&,*F8@DJFF846 4 T&,*F8@->,<,P846 F:@&"D4, " H"80, B@N:@B@H"H\, RH@$Z E4::">Bb *": BD"&@ >" B,D,&@* F&@4N BD@42&,*,>46 ,<J, " "b B@FH"D"`F\ F"<Z< *@$D@F@&,FH>Z< @$D"2@< FBD"&4H\Fb F@ F&@,6 2"*"R,6".!. S4T<">@& *@$"&:b,H: "7 F@0":,>4`, b *@:0,> BD,*JBD,*4H\, RH@, BD4>4<"b &@ &>4<">4, JF:@&4b >"T,(@ 8>40>@(@ DZ>8", ^H" 2"H,b <@0,H BD4>,FH4 $@:\T, <@D":\>J`, R,< <"H,D4":\>J` B@:\2J". A:">Z @ B,D,&@*, E4::">Bb J !. S4T<">@&" >, @FJV,FH&4:4F\. +(@ @B,D,*4:4 B,D,&@*Z +. 74DR,&@6 4 3. E@8,D@&@6, @ 8@H@DZN >40, & F&b24 F B,D,&@*"<4 >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 BD@42&,*,>46 K. ]. E4::">Bb. =@ !. S4T<">@& B,D,&.:, 8"8 J0, JB@<4>":@F\, BD@42&,*,>4b ;. G":&4@, C. S4:*H" 4 E. E":<4>,>, ]H4 B,D,&@*Z @> *,:":, BD@04&"b & EH@8(@:\<,, 8J*" $Z: @H8@<">*4D@&"> >" *@:0>@FH\ D,*"8H@D" & #@:("DF8@, B@F@:\FH&@. 25 F,>Hb$Db 1944 (@*" @> HD">24H@< B@F,V",H M,:\F4>84. ="2>"R,>4, & S&,P4` FB"F:@ !. S4T<">@&J 042>\. 7@(*" E@&,HF8"b !D<4b BD4T:" & #@:("D4`, H@ ,(@ >"R":\>48, <4>4FHD 4>@FHD">>ZN *,: )4<4HD S4T<">@&, @*>@L"<4:,P, FZ> 42&,FH>@(@ JR.>@(@ 3. S4T<">@&", $Z: D"FFHD,:b>. 1944 4 >"R":@ 1945 (@*" FJBDJ0,F8"b B"D" BD@04&",H & (@FH4>4P, (>" )D@HH>4>(("H">, 83) & EH@8(@:\<,. !. S4T<">@& N@H,: $Z BD@*@:04H\ 2>"8@<FH&@ F BD@L. ]6>@ =4,<4>,>@<, " H"80, @> BD@F4H 3._ ;488@:J, RH@$Z H@H D,8@<,>*@&": ,(@ 8"8@<J->4$J*\ T&,*F8@<J F:"&4FHJ, 8"8 >,8@(*", & 1911 (@*J H@H B@2>"8@<4: ,(@ F@ F:"&4FH@< !:\LD,*@< 5,>F,>@<. !. S4T<">@& B:">4DJ,H B,D,&@*4H\ $@:("DF8J` $,::,HD4FH48J >" T&,*F846 b2Z8. ?> >, 0":J,HFb >" HDJ*>@FH4, >@ *".H B@>bH\ @ >4N: "<@0, $4 [B,D,&@*Z] >, F"<@ *" 2"*@&@:4 <@,H@ HV,F:"&4,, >@ 4 *" <4 BD4>,F, 42&,FH>4 <"H,D4":>4 @$:"(4 & *>,T>4H, HDJ*>4 4 >,F4(JD>4 &D,<,>"" (18.3.1945). 14 <"b 1945 (@*" BD48"2@< ;4>4FH,DFH&" 4>@FHD">>ZN *,: @>, 8"8 4 &,F\ B,DF@>": B@F@:\FH&", $Z: @F&@$@0*,> @H *@:0>@FH4. +FH,FH&,>>Z< D,T,>4,< *:b :`*,6, 8@H@DZN J0, BD,F:,*@&":@ 'AI, $Z:@ >, &@2&D"V"H\Fb & F@P4":4FH4R,F8J` #@:("D4`. G.B:"b F&b2\ F F,<,6FH&@< ;488@:" BD@*@:0",HFb, @$, FH@D@>Z 0":J`HFb >" $@:,2>4. S4T<">@&Z< J*":@F\ B@F:, F,<4<,FbR>@6 $,2D"$@H4PZ 8"8-H@ JFHD@4H\Fb: !:,8F">*D D"$@H",H & Nordiska Museet, " ;"D4b N@*4H 4(D"H\ >" B4">4>@ 2" 50 6@D, & R"F. E D@*4>Z #@:("D44 BD4N@*bH H@:\8@ ">,JH,T4H,:\>Z, &,FH4", F&b24 F D@*FH&,>>48"<4 & A@:\T, D,*84. S4T<">@&Z 04&JH, B@ F:@&"< !:,8F">*D", F:,*Jb B@F:@&4P, "*,>\ 4 >@R\ - FJH84 BD@R\" (13. 4. 1946). 78 3.1.7 A@FD,*>484 4 B@BJ:bD42"H@DZ 8"8 >4H\, F&b2J`V"b >"D@*Z GDJ*>@ B,D,@P,>4H\ 2>"R,>4, BD,B@*"&"H,:,6, BD4,20"`V4N B@ @$<,>J & J>4&,DF4H,HZ D"2>ZN FHD">, 8@H@DZ, @$JR"b F&@,6 8J:\HJD, 4 @ * > @ & D , < , > > @ 2>"8@<bF\ F 8J:\HJD@6 FHD">Z, FH">@&bHFb 8J:\HJDHD,(,D"<4, F&b2Z&"`V4<4 F,H\` 8@>H"8H@& 8J:\HJDZ D"2>ZN >"D@*@& <4D"17. ?*>4<4 42 H"8@&ZN $Z:4 /">-9J4 A,D, (Jean-Louise Perret) 4 9J4*04 E":\&4>4 (Luigi Salvini). ?>4 b&4:4F\ >, H@:\8@ F@2*"H,:b<4 BDb<ZN 8@>H"8H@& (E":\&4>4 <,0*J K4>:b>*4,6 4 3H":4,6, " A,D, <,0*J K4>:b>*4,6 4 S&,6P"D4,6 4 KD">P4,6), >@ 4 B@F:J04:4 B@FD,*>48"<4 & L4>F8@-$@:("DF84N 8@>H"8H"N. A,D,, 8"8 BD@B"(">*4FH L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 2" DJ$,0@<, 2"F:J04&",H H@(@, RH@$Z @ >.< F8"2"H\ B@*D@$>,,. % K4>:b>*4` @> BD4,N": & 8"R,FH&, (J&,D>.D" & 20-N ((. XX &,8". E 1923 (@*" @> D"$@H",H BD4 B@F@:\FH&, KD">P44, & 1927 (. 2"V4H4: :4P,>P4"HF8J` D"$@HJ 4 F 1928 (@*" >"R": D"$@H"H\ BD,B@*"&"H,:,< LD">PJ2F8@(@ b2Z8" & M,:\F4>8F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, 4 7@<<,DR,F8@< JR4:4V,. %>"R":, @> &ZJR4: T&,*F846, " B@2*>,, - L4>F846 b2Z84 >"FH@:\8@ N@D@T@, RH@ >"R": B,D,&@*R,F8J` *,bH,:\>@FH\. ?> B,D,&.: @8@:@ 30 BD@42&,*,>46 F L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" >" LD">PJ2F846, & H@< R4F:,, “7":,&":J”. ?> BD@04: <>@(@ :,H & K4>:b>*44, BD,8D"F>@ 2>": $ZH 4 8J:\HJDJ FHD">Z. A,D, 42*": H"80, >,F8@:\8@ 8>4( @ K4>:b>*44. +(@ 8>4(" “La Finlande en guerre” (Suomi sodassa 1940), BD42Z&"`V"b +&D@BJ 2"V4H4H\ <":,>\8J` K4>:b>*4` @H F@&,HF8@(@ >"B"*,>4b, " H"80, FH"H\4 &@,>>@(@ &D,<,>4 BD4&,:4 8 H@<J, RH@ B@F:, 2"8:`R,>4b <4D" F EEEC L4>F84, 8@<<J>4FHZ *@$4:4F\ ,(@ @HFH"&84 42 J>4&,DF4H,H". 7@>,P 042>4 A,D, BD@&.: & S&,6P"D44. (Lehtonen 1999: 38) 9J4*04 E":\&4>4 >"R": D"$@HJ & J>4&,DF4H,H"N M,:\F4>84 4 GJD8J & 22 (@*", $J*JR4 RJH\ :4 >, F&,DFH>48@< F&@4N FHJ*,>H@&. E@ &F,< BZ:@< <@:@*@FH4 4 F&@,6 H":">H:4&@6 >"HJDZ @> 2"&b2": 2>"8@<FH&" F@ FHJ*,>H"<4 4 BD@L,FF@D"<4, & R"FH>@FH4, F 3._. ;488@:@6 4 ,(@ 0,>@6 ;"6:@6 G":&4@, $Z: BD4>bH & 4N *@<,. A@2*>,, FJBDJ0,F8"b B"D" $Z&":" J >,(@ & 3H":44. +(@ :,8P44 $Z:4 2"N&"HZ&"`V4<4, " HDJ*@FB@F@$>@FH\ B@D"24H,:\>@6. 9. E":\&4>4 $Z: B@:4(:@H, 2>"`V46 >, H@:\8@ 4>*@,&D@B,6F84, b2Z84, >@ 4 L4>F846, ^FH@>F846 4 &,>(,DF846. 9. E":\&4>4 & 30 :,H 2>": 16 b2Z8@&. ?> B,D,&@*4: F 15 b2Z8@& >" 4H":\b>F846 *:b F$@D>48" Orfeo - lirici di tutto il mondo, & R"FH>@FH4, F Db*" F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@&: B@:\F8@(@, J8D"4>F8@(@, R,TF8@(@, N@D&"HF8@(@, F:@&,>F8@(@. +(@ 17 ? &"0>@FH4 @$<,>" BD,B@*"&"H,:b<4 F H@R84 2D,>4b 2"&b2Z&">4b 8@>H"8H@& 4 2>"8@<FH&" 8J*\HJD, @F@$,>>@ <":ZN >"D@*@&, (@&@D4H 5. 94>*FH,*H: "...42JR"&">, >" $X:("DF84 &X& K4>:">*4b - 4:4 >" L4>F84 & #X:("D4b - >, , N@$4, " 8J:HJD>" *,6>@FH F (@:b<@ 2>"R,>4," (94>*FH,*H 1981: 317). 79 @F>@&>@6 FB,P4":\>@FH\` $Z:" $@:("D4FH48" (F<. =JD40"> 1940, )@>R,& 1981, A,H8">@& 1981). %F8@D, @> >"R": B4F"H\ @ L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJD, 4 B,D,&@*4H\ F L4>F8@(@ b2Z8". 9. E":\&4>4 B@2>"8@<4: L4>F8@(@ R4H"H,:b F $@:("DF84< B@^H@< A. a&@D@&Z<. % BD,*4F:@&44 8 F$@D>48J F&@4N FH4N@&, &ZT,*T4N 8 100-:,H4` "7":,&":Z" 9. E":\&4>4 B4T,H: "Tullessani tänne aloin heti kirjoittaa suomeksi [...] Minusta tuntui silloin niinkuin olisin syntynyt tässä maassa ja nyt palaisin isänmaahani takaisin ja vielä kieltä tuntemattomana minusta tuntui kuin olisin ollut samaa sukua, mieltä ja henkeä kuin tämä kansa. Suomen maa, kansa, luonto, elämä ja kieli puhuivat ensi päivästä sielulleni aivan niinkuin minun oman maani luonto, elämä ja kieli" (P4H. B@ Tuulio 1965 :382)7 A@2*>,,, >"R4>"b F 70-N ((., B@BJ:bD42"H@D"<4 K4>:b>*44 & #@:("D44 FH":4 $@:("DF84, BD,B@*"&"H,:4 & M,:\F4>84: '. %Z:R,&, #. A"D"T8,&@&, +. G@*@D@&", G. S"<D"6 4 *D. 4 L4>F84, BD,B@*"&"H,:4 & #@:("D44: ]. EJ&4:,NH@, E. Ab6&bD4>>,, C. 7@6&4FH@ &>,F:4 F&@6 &8:"* & L4>F8@$@:("DF84, 8@>H"8HZ18 ?*>4< 42 "8H4&>ZN B@FD,*>48@& & 8J:\HJD>@< F@HDJ*>4R,FH&, <,0*J #@:("D4,6 4 K4>:b>*4,6, BD@B"(">*4FH@< $@:("DF8@6 8J:\HJDZ $Z: $@:("DF846 8@>FJ: & K4>:b>*44 7"::, _N@ A,HH,D 7JJF4>,>. C@*4&T46Fb 25.11.1889 & E@DH"&":, 7. 7JJF4>,> $Z: $42>,F<,>@<, F@&:"*,:\P,< !/? "7JJF4>,>" 4 "8H4&>Z< *,bH,:,< >" B@BD4V, B@**,D0">4b L4>>@b2ZR>@6 8J:\HJDZ 4 @$D"2@- &">4b. #@:("DF84< 8@>FJ:@< & K4>:b>*44 @> $Z: F 1936 B@ 1942 (@*. AD4 ,(@ "8H4&>@< JR"FH44 4 <"H,D4":\>@6 B@**,D08, $Z:4 @D(">42@&">Z &ZFH"&84 NJ*@0>4PZ ?. S,N">@&@6, 8@>P,DHZ A. C"6R,&", 9. %:"*4R,D@&", ). EH@b>@&". ?*>4< 42 &"0>,6T4N <,D@BD4bH46 $Z:" @D(">42"P4b $@:("DF8@6 ^H>@(D"L4R,F8@6 &ZFH"&84 & M,:\F4>84, 8@H@D"b BD@N@*4:" F 24 >@b$Db *@ 12 *,8"$Db 1937. E $@:("DF8@6 FH@D@>Z 2" >,. @H&,R": F@HDJ*>48 ]H>@(D"LF8@(@ <J2,b #@:("D44 MD4FH@ G@<@& %"8"D,:F84 (B@-DJFF84 %"8"D,:\F846), &Z*"`V46Fb ^H>@(D"L, >"B4F"&T46 *,FbH84 8>4( 4 FH"H,6 @ $@:("DF8@6 <J2Z8,, 42@$D"24H,:\>@< 4F8JFFH&, 4 $ZH,. % F&@,6 D,R4 >" @H8DZH44 &ZFH"&84 @> F8"2":, RH@ & 8"0*@6 &,V4 ,FH\ R"FH4P" $@:("DF8@6 *JT4, RH@ &ZFH"&8" - ^H@ BD4&,H @H $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*" L4>F8@<J >"D@*J (US 319: 11). =" &ZFH"&8, & M,:\F4>84 $Z:@ BD,*FH"&:,>@ F&ZT, 500 ^8FB@>"H@&: @*,0*", J8D"T,>4b, D,2\$" B@ *,D,&J, &ZT4&8", 8DJ0,&", 8@&DZ, D@2@&@, <"F:@, 8,D"<48", <,*>"b B@FJ*", <J2Z8":\>Z, 4>FHDJ<,>HZ, " H"80, L424R,F84, 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84, 8"DHZ #@:("D44 4 J&,:4R,>>Z, F>4<84 ,. *@FH@BD4<,R"H,:\>@FH,6. %ZFH"&8J @H8DZ: <4>4FHD BD@F&,V,>4b, 8@H@DZ6 JB@J: @$ JR"FH44 L4>F84N &@4>@& & @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44 “Turkin sodan yhteiset muistot”’?$V4, *:b >"F &@FB@<4>">4b @ HJD,P8@6 18 E,6R"F (<Z >"*,,<Fb &D,<,>>@) @$<,> BD,B@*"&"H,:b<4 <,0*J #@:("D4,6 4 K4>:b>*4,6 BD,8D"V,>. 80 &@6>,‘ (US 319: 11) =" @H8DZH44 &ZFH"&84 BD4FJHFH&@&":4 0,>" BD,24*,>H" (-0" 7"::4@ - B"HD@> &ZFH"&84, - <4>4FHDZ, L4>F84, &ZF@8@B@FH"&:,>>Z, :4P", " H"80, B@F:Z 4 BD,*FH"&4H,:4 B@F@:\FH& <>@(4N FHD">. %ZFH"&8J B@F,H4:@ @8@:@ 2 500 R,:@&,8, 4 @>" &Z2&":" & L4>F8@6 BD,FF, 04&@6 @H8:48 4 4>H,D,F 8 #@:("D44. '"2,H" “IJF4 EJ@<4” (Uusi Suomi = US) @H<,R",H H@>8@FH\ 4 8D"F@HJ DJ8@*,:4b, F&4*,H,:\FH&J`V4N @ HDJ*@:`$44, $,D,0:4&@FH4, FHD,<:,>44 $@:("D F@ND">4H\ >"F:,*4, @HP@&. !&H@D FH"H\4 (@&@D4H, RH@ #@:("D4b “on siitä onnellinen maa”’42 FR"FH:4&ZN FHD">‘, (*, ND">bHFb HD"*4P44. (US 322: 23) “M,:\F4>(4> F">@<"H” (Helsingin sanomat = HS) *&"0*Z &@2&D"V",HFb 8 H,<, &ZFH"&84 F *@&@:\>@ @$T4D>Z<4 FH"H\b<4, & 8@H@DZN >, 0":,,H ^B4H,H@& *:b @B4F">4b >,@$Z8>@&,>>@(@ $@("HFH&" >"D@*>@(@ H&@DR,FH&" $@:("D: “Kansantaiteen omaperäinen rehevyys”’F&@,@$D"2>"b bD8@FH\ >"D@*>@(@ 4F8JFFH&"‘, “käsien runous” ‘B@^24b DJ8’, “lystikät” ‘2"$"&>Z,’ $@("H@ J8D"T,>>Z, &b2">Z, >@F84 42 H@:FH@6 >4H4 4 BD. (HS 319: 8) G`J>4 %"NH,D (Tyyhi Vahter) >"B4F":" F@*,D0"H,:\>J` FH"H\` & 0JD>":, “7@H4:4,F4”, F@B@FH"&4& $@:("DF84, NJ*@0,FH&,>>Z, <@H4&Z 4 FB@F@$ 4FB@:\2@&">4b <"H,D4":", <,H"::", T.:8" 4 J8D"T,>46 & $@:("DF84N ^8FB@>"H"N DJ8@*,:4b F L4>F84<4 4 8"D,:\F84<4 4 >"T:" FD,*4 D"2>ZN FB@F@$@& <>@(@ FN@0,(@ (Vahter 1938: 20-21). K4>>@& &@FN4H4:@ H@, RH@ #@:("D4b @8"2":"F\ FHD">@6 $@("H@6 FH"D4>Z 4 HD"*4P46 DJ8@*,:4b. =, D,*84 $Z:4 4 $D@F84, 2"(@:@&84 @ #@:("D44 8"8 FHD">, D@2 4 *@:(@04H,:,6. Ruusujen ja satavuotiaitten maa”’EHD">" D@2 4 FH@:,H>4N‘ (HS 317: 8) ]H>@(D"LF8"b &ZFH"&8" *":" BD,*FH"&:,>4, @ #@:("D44 8"8 `0>@6 4 $:"(@B@:JR>@6 FHD">,. =" &ZFH"&8, $Z:" &@2<@0>@FH\ BD4@$D,FH4 &,V4 4, & R"FH>@FH4, 0,>" BD,24*,>H" (-0" 7"::4@ 8JB4:" $@:("DF846 8@&.D. #@:("DF8"b &ZFH"&8" & K4>:b>*44 $Z:" BbH@6 & Db*J B@*@$>ZN &ZFH"&@8: &,>(,DF8@6, DJ<Z>F8@6, `(@F:"&F8@6 4 :"H&46F8@6, >@ BD,&2@T:" 4N B@ 8@:4R,FH&J <"H,D4":" 4 R.H8@FH4 @D(">42"P44 (%"8"D,:F84 L. 177, 888). % @D"(>42"P4@>>Z6 8@<4H,H &N@*4: 42&,FH>Z6 "DN4H,8H@D 5. E4D,> (J. Sirén), 4>0,>,D !. #DJ<,D (A. Brumer), ^H>@(D"LZ 7. %4:8J>" (K. Vilkuna), G. %"NH,D (T. Vahter), 7. =JD*<"> (G. Nordmann), F:"&4FHZ a. 4 ]. 7":4<", 3._. ;488@:" 4 %.;">F488". ?D(">42"P4b &ZFH"&84 @8"2":"F\ &@2<@0>@6 $:"(@*"Db "8H4&>@<J F@*,6FH&4` 4 <"H,D4":\>@6 B@<@V4 BD,*F,*"H,:b 8@<4H,H" 7. 7JJF4>,>": "C"$@H>4P4 4 "&H@<@$4:4 @H >,(@&"H" L4D<" F" $4:4 &4>"(4 4 $,2B:"H>@ >" D"2B@:@0,>4, BD4 JD,*$" >" 42:@0$"H" 4 BD4,<">, >" <"H,D4":4H," B4T,H & 1938 (@*J <4>4FHD >"D@*>@(@ BD@F&,V,>4b 3&. '. 3@>,&, BD,<\,D-<4>4FHDJ, B@*"&"b BD@T,>4, >" @D*,> @D(">42"H@D"< &ZFH"&84 F L4>F8@6 FH@D@>Z 7. 7JJF4>,>J 81 4 %. ;">F488, 19 (O)! L. 1027: 181). %"8"D,:\F846 B@F&bV",H BbH4*,FbH4:,H>,<J `$4:,` 7JJF4>,>" FH"H\`: "...G@24 R@&,8, 8"H@ $X:("DF84 8@>FJ: F, , BD@b&4: 8"H@ (@:b< BD4bH,: >" #X:("D4b 4 (@:b< B@R4H"H,: >" $X:("DF84b >"D@*. ;":8@H@ FD"&>4H,:>@ &DX284 >" L4>:">*P4H, F $X:("D4H, & <4>":@H@ - BD,*4 @F&@$@*4H,:>"H" &@6>" - F" $4:4 & FXFH@b>4, *" FX2*"*"H J >,(@ ,*>" @$4R 8X< $X:("D4H, 8"8&"H@ <@0, *" FXV,FH&J&" 8X< $:42X8 D@*>4>". =,(@&@H@ 8@>FJ:FH&@ , D,2J:H"H F"<@ >" :`$@& <>@(@ B@@HD">@ FXVJFH&J&">" 8X< >"T4b >"D@*, 8@6H@ H@6 , 42JR"&": >"6-(D40:4&@" (%"8"D,:F84 1939). E"<@, "8H4&>@, JR"FH4, & @D(">42"P44 `$4:,6>ZN <,D@BD4bH46 BD4>4<":4 F,8D,H"D\ B@F@:\FH&" #@:("D44 '. S4T8@& 4 ,(@ 0,>", NJ*@0>4P" ?. S,N">@&"20. ?>4 &@ <>@(@< F@*,6FH&@&":4 BD@L,FF@DJ %, ;">F488", 8@H@DZ6 B@$Z&": & #@:("D44 & 1936 4 1937 (@*J 4 >"B4F": >,$@:\TJ` 4 BD,8D"F>@ @L@D<:,>>J` 8>4(J "#@:("D4b", &ZN@* 8@H@D@6 $Z: BD4JD@R,> 8 @H8DZH4` ^H>@(D"L4R,F8@6 &ZFH"&84. % B@F&bV.>>>@< @F&@$@0*,>4` #@:("D44 >@<,D, 0JD>":" Suomen sotilas (1938) B@<,V,>Z @HDZ&84 42 >,.. ):b `$4:,6>@(@ >@<,D" %. ;">F488" B,D,&.: >" L4>F846 b2Z8 $@:("DF846 (4<>. 1937-38 (@*Z - 60 :,H4, @F&@$@0*,>4b #@:("D44 - $Z: &H@DZ< $@:("DF84< 4>L@D<"H4&>Z< B48@< & K4>:b>*44 (F<. >"BD4<,D US 1937: 319, 322, HS 1937: 317, 319) G@(*" 0, &,*JHFb B,D,(@&@DZ F L4>F84< *@8J<,>H":4FH@< ;b84>,>@< @ ,(@ BD4,2*, & #@:("D4` *:b 8J:\HJD>@">HD@B@:@(4R,F84N FX.<@8. (#)! L.888: 173, 4.7.1938). Suomen sotilas ‘K4>F846 &@4>’ (1938: 5-7) F@&,DT4: 8J:\HJD>@, *,b>4,, B@F&bH4& 8@(>4H4&>@6 D,BD,2,>H"P44 #@:("D44 @(D@<>Z6 >@<,D & FH@ FHD">4P. #4$:4@H,8"D\ EJ:@ M":HF@>,> J0, & 50-, ((. @8"2": >,@P,>4<J` B@<@V\ $@:("DF8@<J B,D,&@*R48J =4>@ =48@:@&J & B,D,&@*, “7":,&":Z”. =48@:@& &FB@<4>",H, RH@ 4<,>>@ M":HF@>,> B@F&bH4: ,(@ & H"6>Z 8":,&":\F84N DJ> "F,*<4P4 @H 04&@H" F4 <4 B@F&,H4": B@8"2Z&": ^H>@(D"L4R,F84, F@8D@&4V" J>4&,DF4H,HF8@6 $4$:4@H,84, &@*4: B@ <J2,b<, F8@D@(@&@D8@6 B@&H@Db: FH"D4>>Z, 2"8:4>">4b, @$XbF>b: 042>\ 4 <4LZ 8"D,:, L4>>@& 4 :"B:">*P,&, D4F@&": *,H":4 8@>F8@6 JBDb084 4 H.*., " H"80, 2>"8@<4: F L4>F8@6 >"D@*>@6 <J*D@FH\` "R,:@&,8 <@0,H $ZH\ $,*,>, >@ ,(@ 042>\ - >48@(*"". (=48@:@& 1994: 8) 19 %. ;">F488" BD4>4<": JR"FH4, & 8@<4H,H"N B@ @D(">42"P44 F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N &ZFH"&@8 *DJ(4N FHD"> 4 4<,: 2" ^H@ >"(D"*Z `(@F:"&F8@(@, R,N@F:@&"P8@(@, DJ<Z>F8@(@, :4H@&F8@(@, :"H&46F8@(@ 4 ^FH@>F8@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&. 20 EH"D">4b<4 S4T8@&ZN & #@:("D44 $Z: B@8"2"> L4>F846 L4:\< & 1939 (@*J. 82 3.2 C,P,BP4b $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ & K4>:b>*44 3.2.1 %@2>48>@&,>4, >"J84 $@:("D4FH484 & F,&,D>@6 +&D@B, 3>H,D,F 8 #@:("D44 J F8">*4>"&F84N F:"&4FH@& &>"R":, @F>@&Z&":Fb >" 42JR,>44 DJF4FH484 4 >" 4>H,D,F, 8 FH"D@F:"&b>F8@<J b2Z8J. AD,B@*"&">4, DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" >"R":@F\ & K4>:b>*44 J0, & 1812 (@*J, 8@(*" & GJD8J & Åbo Academi $Z:" @F>@&">" *@:0>@FH\ :,8H@D" DJFF8@(@ b2Z8". A@F:, B@0"D" & GJD8J & 1927 (@*J "8"*,<4b $Z:" B,D,>,F,>" & ',:\F4>(L@DF (M,:\F4>84). % M,:\F4>8F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, $Z:" JRD,0*,>" :4R>"b BD@L,FFJD" DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" & 1828 (@*J, & 2"*"R4 8@H@D@6 &N@*4:@ @$JR,>4, R4>@&>4R,FH&" DJFF8@<J b2Z8J (A,F@>,> 1995: 227). E 1941 (@*" JRD,0*,>" *@:0>@FH\ BD@L,FF@D" 4FH@D44, F:"&4FH484 4 DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" 4 :4H,D"HJDZ. E"<Z< 2>"R4H,:\>Z< 42 B,D&ZN BD@L,FF@D@& $Z: a.7. 'D@H (1841-1852), 8@H@DZ6 B,D&Z< 2"4>H,D,F@&":Fb DJFF8@-L4>F8@-T&,*F84<4 :4H,D"HJD>Z<4 8@>H"8H"<4. % 1900 (. @F>@&">" 8"L,*D" F:"&b>F8@6 L4:@:@(44. A,D&@, >"JR>@, 4FF:,*@&">4,21 B@ $@:("D4FH48, F&b2">@ F 4<,>,< 3._. ;488@:", F:"&4FH4R>Z, 4FF:,*@&">4b 8@H@D@(@ 2>"<,>J`H 8@>,P BD@T:@(@ 4 B,D&J` B@:@&4>J MM &,8" L4>F8@6 F:"&4FH484. % 1920 (@*J & >,2"&4F4<@6 K4>:b>*44 F@2*":4 8"L,*DJ @$V,6 F:"&b>F8@6 L4:@:@(44, 2>"R4H,:\>@ J<,>\T4& *@:` DJFF8@(@ b2Z8". ED"&>4H,:\>Z< b2Z8@2>">4,<, 2"4<FH&@&">4b<4 <,0*J F:"&b>F84<4 4 L4>>@-J(@DF84<4 b2Z8"<4 2">4<":Fb 4 *DJ(@6 42&,FH>Z6 F:"&4FH a:@ 7":4<", >"B4F"&T46 F&@4 B,D&Z, D"$@HZ & 10-N ((. MM &,8". %. ;">F488" BD4>,F T4D@8J` 42&,FH>@FH\ HDJ* @ *D,&>,6 D,:4(44 &@FH@R>ZN F:"&b> (1922). 3._. ;488@:", a. 7":4<" 4 %. ;">F488" >, D"2 $Z&":4 & #@:("D44 4 B@**,D04&":4 H,F>Z, @H>@T,>4b F $@:("DF84<4 8@::,("<4. ?*>"8@, BD@$:,<Z >@&@$@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" >, &N@*4:4 & 8DJ( 4N >"JR>ZN 4>H,D,F@&. % #@:("D44 $Z&": 4 B@:@>4FH ]6>@ =4,<4>,>. ? F&b2bN F #@:("D4,6 %. 74B"DF8@(@, @*>@(@ 42 &,*JV4N F:"&4FH@& K4>:b>*44, J >"F >,H F&,*,>46. E@&D,<,>>Z6 $@:("DF846 b2Z8 FH": BD,*<,H@< 42JR,>4b >" 8"L,*D, F:"&4FH484 H@:\8@ F 1970-N ((. 2>"R4H,:\>@ @04&4& 8J:\HJD>Z, 8@>H"8HZ <,0*J FHD">"<4, " :4H,D"HJD>Z, B,D,&@*Z, >"8@>,P, FH":4 *,:"H\Fb F @D4(4>":@&. % >"FH@bV,, &D,@FH\ BD@L,FF@D" F:"&4FH484 2">4<",H $@:("D4FH 5@J8@ 94>*FH,*H 4 ^H@ @8"2Z&",H &:4b>4, >" 8@:4R,FH&@ D"$@H, B@F&bV,>>ZN $@:("D4FH48,. 1"<,H4<, 8FH"H4, RH@ F"<Z< B,D&Z< &>, #@:("D44, F@2*">>Z< FB,P4":\>@ *:b 42JR,>4b $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" $Z: "3>FH4HJH 2" $X:("DF84 21 #4$:4@(D"L4b D"$@H L4>F84N F:"&4FH@& F<. Lindstedt & 3>H,D>,H,, " H"80, FH"H\` 7@:"D4 "Suomen slavistikan vaiheita". (Kolari 1985: 23-25). 83 ,248" BD4 9,6BP4(F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, (1906). 3>FH4HJH $Z: @D(">42@&"> 42&,FH>Z< >,<,P84< JR.>Z< 'JFH"&@< %"6(">*@<. %"6(">* J0, & 1884 (@*J BD@b&4: 4>H,D,F 8 F@&D,<,>>@<J $@:("DF8@<J b2Z8J, $ZHJ $@:("D 4 4N 4FH@D44. %"6(">* @BJ$:48@&": (D"<<"H48J $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" (1917), 8@H@D"b F*,:":" *@FHJB>Z< 42JR,>4, $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" & +&D@B,. (C"*@>@& 1979: 307) '. %"6(">* &<,FH, F 7. 3D,R,8@< F*,:":4 <>@(@ *:b B@BJ:bD42"P44 #@:("D44 & +&D@B,. ?*>4< 42 B,D&ZN JR.>ZN 42 F8">*4>"&F84N FHD">, 2"4>H,D,F@&"&T46Fb >@&@$@:("DF84< b2Z8@<, $Z: T&,*F846 F:"&4FH !:\LD,* 5,>F,>. #:"(@*"Db ,<J & IBF":, *@:0>@FH\ BD@L,FF@D" F:"&4FH484 $Z:" @F>@&">" J0, & 1891 (@*J. 5,>F,> & 8@>P, BD@T:@(@ &,8" B,D,&.: >" T&,*F846 b2Z8 42&,FH>ZN $@:("DF84N B4F"H,:,6: MD4FH@ #@H,&", 3&">" %"2@&" ("A@* 4(@H@" 1894 (.), A,>R@ E:"&,68@&" 4 *D. (MJ:H 1981: 306). G"84< @$D"2@<, BDb<Z, :4H,D"HDJD>Z, 8@>H"8HZ F #@:("D4,6 2"D@*4:4F\ & S&,P44 D">\T,, R,< & K4>:b>*44. C"2&4H4, F@$FH&,>>@ >"J84 $@:("D4FH484 >"R4>",HFb & F8">*4>"&F84N FHD">"N B@F:, %H@D@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z. 9,8H@D"H $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" & M,:\F4>84 $Z: @H8DZH & 1970 (@*J (94>*FH,*H 1981: 316), " & S&,P44 4 =@D&,(44 J0, & 60-, (@*Z, & )">44 F 1964 (@*" (A,>8@&" 1981: 311). C@<"> "A@* 4(@H@" $Z: B,D,&,*,> >" >@D&,0F846 b2Z8 & 1896 (@*J, >@ 2" >4< >, B@F:,*@&":@ *DJ(4N B,D,&@*@& 42 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ ('D">,F 1981: 307). E 1979 (@*" BD@&@*bHFb $@:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84, >"JR>Z, F4<B@24J<Z. 3.2.2 #@:("DF8"b 8J:\HJD" 4 :4H,D"HJD" & L4>F84N 42*">4bN ^>P48:@B,*4R,F8@(@ H4B" ]>P48:@B,*44 4 4FH@D44 :4H,D"HJDZ R"FH@ b&:b`HFb B,D&Z<4 4FH@R>48"<4 F&,*,>46 @ 8J:\HJD, 4 :4H,D"HJD, 4<,>>@ <":ZN >"D@*@&, R"FH@ @FH"&"bF\ ,*4>FH&,>>Z<4 4FH@R>48"<4 >" *@:(@, &D,<b, B@^H@<J 4N &"0>@FH\ *:b D,P,BP44 &,:48" (Laitinen 1985). % (,@(D"L4R,F8@6 ^>P48:@B,*44 (Maantieteelisia kuvaelmia, 1906) #@:("D44 B@F&bV,>@ BbH\ FHD">4P (28-33). !&H@DZ >, @(D">4R4&"`HFb @B4F">4,< BD,8D"F>@(@ $@:("DF8@(@ B,62"0", >@ 4 >"B@<4>"`H, RH@ H"< “Suomen kaarti sai tulikasteensa” ‘K4>F846 $"H":\@> B@:JR4: $@,&@, 8D,V,>4,’ (Maantieteelisia kuvaelmia, 1906: 31), " H"80, *"`H N"D"8H,D4FH48J $@:("DF8@<J >"D@*J, & 8@H@DZN FH"&bH $@:("D B,D,* F,D$"<4 B@ ^>,D(4R>@<J N"D"8H,DJ 4 >,8@H@DZ< *DJ(4< F&@6FH&"< (Maantieteelisia kuvaelmia, 1906: 33). !&H@DZ F@@$V"`H, RH@: Bulgaaria on pidetty, etenkin ennen kuin hän sai itsenäisyyden, typeränä ja raakana, mutta tämä arvostelu on kohtuuton. Tosin hän ei ole yhtä vilkas kuin romanialainen, eikä yhtä neroollinen kuin kreikkalainen, mutta hänen älyynsä liittyy sen sijaan maltillinen harkitseminen, joka runsasti korvaa nuo puuttuuvat ominaisuudet (Maantieteelisia kuvaelmia, 1906: 29)8 84 ?*>@6 42 >H,D,F>ZN 8>4( @ #@:("D44 4 ,, >"D@*, b&:b,HFb 8>4(" 7"::, %b">b>,>" Bulgarian maa ja kansa, 8@H@DJ` @> F@FH"&4: 42 8>4( *DJ(4N "&H@D@&. ]H" 8>4(" H"80, B@:>" F4<B"H44 8 $@:("D"< 4 B@:>" &,DZ & 4N $J*JV,,. E8@D,, &F,(@, ^H" F4<B"H4b &Z2&">" F@$ZH4b<4 1877-8 (@*@&, @R,&4*P"<4 8@H@DZN >,8@H@DZ, L4>>Z $Z:4. GJH F:,*J,H >"B@<>4H\ @ “$@:("DF8@< $J<,” 80-N ((. XIX &,8", 8@(*" & B,R"H4 BJ$:48@&":4F\ *>,&>484 4 &@FB@<4>">4b L4>F84N &@4>@&. %b">b>,> BD4&@*4H L"8HZ, B@8"2Z&"`V4,, 8"8 $@:("DZ FHD,<bHFb 8 @$D"2@&">4`: T8@: & #@:("D44 & 1841 (@*J $Z:@ H@:\8@ 13, " & 1898 (@*J 4 686. ?> >, D"2 B@*R.D84&",H &ZF@8J` <@D":\ $@:("D B@ FD"&>,>4` F *DJ(4<4 >"D@*"<4. #@:("D4` <":@ 2>"`H, (@&@D4H @>, 4 R"V, &F,(@ $@:("D N"D"8H,D42J`H @HD4P"H,:\>@, >@ 7"::, %b">b>,> D,T4H,:\>@ $,D.H $@:("D B@* 2"V4HJ: Useimmiten kuvataan raa’aksi ja sivistymättömäksi talonpoikaiskansaksi... mutta hän kestää ponnistuksia ja on oivallinen työmies. Synnynnäinen arvokkuus ja jonkinlainen ylimyksellinen käytös tekevät bulgarialaisista hyvin miellyttäviksi. Bulgaari on hyödyn ja käytännön ihminen, ahkera ja säästäväinen. Hänen älynsä ei ole niin loistava, mutta selvä ja terävä. (Väänänen 1913:10-11)9 7. %b">b>,> JH&,D0*",H, RH@ J $@:("D $@:,, &ZF@8"b <@D":\: Ei ilotyttöjä Sofian kaduilla. Elämän tavat ovat kohtuulliset ja yksinkertaiset.‘=" J:4P"N E@L44 >,H 0,>V4> :.(8@(@ B@&,*,>4b. ?$ZR"4 $@:("D BD@FHZ, 4 >,BD4Hb2"H,:\>Z,’(Väänänen 1913:12). Sivelisyys on sangen korkea. Varkaudet ovat maaseudulla harvinaisia, viinurit eivät ota liika rahaa itsearvontunnosta, kirosanojen käyttö ei ole tavallista. ‘;@D":\ @R,>\ &ZF@8"b. % *,D,&>bN &@D@&FH&@ - D,*8@FH\, H@D(@&PZ &4>@< >48@(*" >, @$FR4HZ&"`H @H J&"0,>4b 8 F,$,, $D">>Z, F:@&" D,*84’ (Väänänen 1913:1617). 7. %b">b>,> @$D"V",H &>4<">4, >" B@:@0,>4, $@:("DF84N 0,>V4>: Bulgarialainen nainen osallistuu kursailematta keskusteluun. Nainen on miehensä auttaja eikä hänen orjansa ’$@:("DF8"b 0,>V4>" $@68@ &FHJB",H & D"2(@&@D. /,>" b&:b,HFb B@<@V>4P,6 <J0", " >, ,(@ D"$Z>,6’ (Väänänen 1913:15). 7. %b">b>,> FH"&4H & JBD.8 2"B"*>Z< FHD">"<, RH@ @>4 D"2*,:4:4 #@:("D4` >" R"FH4, mutta antoi ihanten tehdä työtä ja tulemaan voimakkaaksi, >@ 2"H@ ‘@>4 *":4 4*,": D"$@H"H\ 4 FH"H\ F4:\>Z<4’(Väänänen 1913:4) Tältä kansalta voimme odottaa suuria näytteitä päämääränsä saavuttamiseksi ‘@H ^H@(@ >"D@*" <Z <@0,< @04*"H\ &,:484N *,b>46 & 4FB@:>,>44 F&@,6 P,:4’ (Väänänen 1913:5). % @$,4N 8>4("N ,FH\ 4FH@D4R,F84, @T4$84 4 & >4N 2"<,H,> F:,* D"FBD@FHD">.>>@(@ & ^H@ &D,4, L@D<Z (@:@&Z 4 H,:" 4 BD. ?*>"8@ FD,*4 @B4FZ&",<ZN >"D@*>@FH,6, "&H@DZ FH"&bH $@:("DF846 >"D@* &ZT, *DJ(4N B@ F&@4< <@D":\>@-^H4R,F84< 85 *@FH@4>FH&"<, 8@H@DZ, &@ <>@(@< H@0*,FH&,>>Z N"D"8H,D4FH48"< L4>>@&: R,FH>@FH\ HDJ*@:`$4,, J&"0,>4, 8 0,>V4>,. % 1905 (@*J & K4>:b>*44 42*".HFb <>@(@H@<>"b 4FH@D4b :4H,D"HJDZ Yleinen kirjallisuuden historia >" L4>F8@< b2Z8,. % R,H&.DH@< H@<, ^H@(@ ^>P48:@B,*4R,F8@(@ B@ N"D"8H,DJ 42*">4b B@<,V.> D"2*,: Slaavilaisten kansain kirjallisuus, >"B4F">>Z6 "aikaansa juohevaan tyylin" ‘& F&@6FH&,>>@< *:b ^H@(@ &D,<,>4 &@2&ZT,>>@< FH4:,’ 3._. ;488@:@6 (Kolari 1985: 12). 3< *".HFb 8D"H846 @$2@D 4FH@D44 F:"&b>F84N >"D@*@&, " 2"H,< (:J$0, D"FF<"HD4&",HFb :4H,D"HJD>Z6 BD@P,FF 8"0*@(@ >"D@*" & @H*,:\>@FH4 & H@< R4F:, $@:("DF8@(@. )@B@:>4H,:\>@ 8 “$@:("DF8@<J $J<J" L4>F8@6 BD,FFZ (1878-1900) FH"H\b 3._. ;488@:Z *".H B,D&@, BD,*FH"&:,>4, @$ 4FH@D44 8J:\HJDZ 4 :4H,D"HJDZ #@:("D44. E"<Z, D">>4, F&,*,>4b 42 F:"&b>F84N >"D@*@& FJV,FH&J`H @ $@:("D"N, B@H@<J RH@ @>4 04:4 Db*@< F 8J:\HJD>Z< P,>HD@< %42">H4,6 “ja sentähden tuli heistä myöskin vanhin sivistyskansa slaavilaisten joukossa" “4 B@^H@<J @>4 FH":4 F"<Z< D">>4< P4&4:42@&">>Z< >"D@*@< FD,*4 F:"&b>’ (Mikkola 1905: 394). 3._. ;488@:" >"R4>",H 4FH@D4` $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ F BD4>bH4b ND4FH4">FH&" $@:("DF84< 8>b2,< #@D4F@4b P"DFH&" ,(@ FZ>@< E4<,@>@< 4 F@2*">4b F:"&b>F8@6 B4F\<,>>@FH4 $D"H\b<4 74D4::@< 4 ;,L@*4,<. 3N FBD"&,*:4&@ >"2Z&"`H B,D&Z<4 "B">F:"&4FH"<4", (@&@D4H 3._. ;488@:", 4, &@2<@0>@, &F, F:"&b>F84, >"D@*Z B@:JR4:4 $Z ND4FH4">FH&@ @H %42">H44: "jollei länsimainen papisto olisi nostanut hätähuutoa ja rientänyt juurruttamaan roomalaista kristinoppia ainakin länsi-slaavilaisiin ja muutamiin etelä-slaavilaisiinkin kansoihin" ’+F:4 $Z 2"B"*>Z, F&bV,>>@F:J04H,:4 >, B@*>b:4 8D48 4 $D@F4:4F\ &>,*DbH\ 8"H@:4R,F8@, ND4FH4">FH&@ FD,*4 2"B"*>ZN 4 >,8@H@DZN `0>ZN F:"&b>’ (Mikkola 1905: 396). C"FP&,H $@:("DF8@6 8J:\HJDZ BD@*@:0":Fb *@ XI &,8", *@ H,N B@D, 8@(*" B@$,*4&T"b %42">H4b >, BD,&D"H4:" ,. & F&@` BD@&4>P4`. Q,D,2 B@:H@D"FH" :,H #@:("D4b @F&@$@*4:"F\ 4 *"0, D"FT4D4:" F&@4 &:"*,>4b, >@, 8"8 FR4H",H 3._. ;488@:": "oli bysanttilainen vaikutus jo ehtinyt tukahuttaa bulgarialaisten henkisen elämän itsenäisyyden" ‘&42">H46F8@, &:4b>4, J0, JFB,:@ B@("F4H\ F"<@$ZH>@FH\ $@:("DF8@6 *JN@&>@6 042>4’ (Mikkola 1905: 397). E F@RJ&FH&4,< B4T,H 3._. ;488@:" @ FJ*\$, $@:("D, B@*B"&T4N & 1393 (@*J B@* HJD,P8@, &:"*ZR,FH&@. E H,N B@D >"D@* $Z: B@* *&@6>Z< RJ0,2,<>Z< (>.H@<: (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z< 4 ^8@>@<4R,F84< - HJD,P84<, " *JN@&>Z<, P,D8@&>Z< - B@* (D,R,F84<: “jotka kilpailivat turkkilaisten kanssa bulgarialaisten nylkemisessä" ‘8@H@DZ, F@D,&>@&":4F\ F HJD8"<4 & F*4D">44 T8JDZ F $@:("D.’ (Mikkola 1905: 397) 'D,R,F84, F&bV,>>@F:J04H,:4 FHD,<4:4F\ @(D,R4H\ $@:("D. #@:("DF846 b2Z8 $Z: 42(>"> 42 P,D8&,6 4 & T8@:"N BD,B@*"&">4, T:@ >" (D,R,F8@< b2Z8,: 86 "menipä kreikkalainen pappisylimysten kansallinen raivo niinkin pitkälle, että suurissa määrin poltattivat vanhoja bulgarialaisia käsikirjoituksia. Vielä v. 1825 käski eräs kreikkalainen metropolitta kuljettaa Tyrnovon patriarkaattikirjastosta kaikki slaavilaiset käsikirjoitukset, joita oli kokonainen hevoskuorma [...] poltettiin roviolla. Bulgarialainen sivistys olikin jo katoamaisillaan jäljettömiin" (Mikkola 1905: 397)10 #@:("DF846 >"D@*, BD,$Z&"&T46 B@* HJD,P84< 4(@< 4 (D,R,F84< *JN@&>Z< &:4b>4,<, F@&,DT,>>@ 4FR,2 42 8"DH4>Z <4D" ,&D@B,6P,&: "Eivät edes ensimäiset slaavilaisen kielitieteen tutkijatkaan tietäneet, että oli olemassa erityinen Bulgarian kieli"’*"0, B,D&Z, 4FF:,*@&"H,:4 F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@& >, 2>":4, RH@ FJV,FH&J,H @F@$Z6 $@:("DF846 b2Z8‘ (Mikkola 1905: 397) E,D$Z D">,, $@:("D @F@2>":4 >,@$N@*4<@FH\ @$@2>"R4H\ F&@4 4FH@D4R,F84, @D4,>H4DZ *:b B@**,D0">4b, " &,D>,,, &@2D@0*,>4b F&@,(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ F"<@F@2>">4b. G@:\8@ B@F:, H@(@, 8"8 F,D$F846 4FH@D48 C"4R & 1758 (@*J @HBD"&4:Fb >" !L@>, RH@$Z H"< & <@>"FHZDF84N $4$:4@H,8"N >"6H4 <"H,D4":Z F,D$F8@6 4FH@D44, A"4F46 M4:,>*"DF846 FH": F@2*"&"H\ F&@` "3FH@D4` FH"D@$X:("DF8J, @ ,. >"D@*"N, P"DbN 4 F&bHZN". #@:\T@, &>4<">4, J*,:b,H 3._. ;488@:" H"80, *,:J '. 3. %,>,:4>". #@:("DF8@, :4H,D"HJD>@, @$V,FH&@ &@2>48",H (7@>FH">H4>@B@:\ 1856) >" 25 :,H B@2*>,, L4>F8@(@ (1831). =@&@, #@:("DF8@, :4H,D"HJD>@, @$V,FH&@ $Z:@ @D(">42@&">@ >" H,DD4H@D44 #@:("D44 & #DZ:, & 1869 (. E 1870 (@*" 42*".HFb 0JD>": "A,D4@*4R,F8@, 42*">4,", & 8@H@D@6 B,R"H"`HFb FH"H\4 B@ 4FH@D44 4 L@:\8:@DJ. 32 B4F"H,:,6 3._. ;488@:" JB@<4>",H B4F"H,:,6, $@DP@& 2" F&@$@*J #@:("D44: A,H8@ E:"&,68@&", EH,L">" EH"<$J:@&", 9`$,>" 7"D"&,:@&" 4 MD4FH@ #@H,&", B@F&bV"b 8"0*@<J 42 >4N >,F8@:\8@ FHD@8. ;488@:" BD,0*, &F,(@ @$D"V",HFb 8 $4@(D"L4b< B4F"H,:,6, 8@H@DZ, F&b2">Z F @F&@$@*4H,:\>Z< *&40,>4,< 4 >,FJH >" F,$, B,R"H\ 0,DH&,>>@(@ F:J0,>4b F&@,<J >"D@*J. )@ 1878 (@*" @>4 B@$Z&":4 & ("6*J8"N, BD4>4<"b JR"FH4, & FD"0,>4bN BD@H4& HJD,P84N $"T4$J2J8@& (M.#@H,&, A.E:"&,68@&, E. EH"<$J:@&).?*>4< 42 :`$@BZH>ZN b&:,>46 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ ;488@:" >"2Z&",H "%@FB@<4>">4b" (:"&"Db ("6*J8@& A">"6@H" M4H@&". ="JR4&T46Fb B@* FH"D@FH\ :,H (D"<@H, M4H@& @B4FZ&",H & D@<">H4R,F8@< FH4:, BD48:`R,>4b ("6*J8@& 4 4N FD"0,>4b BD@H4& HJD@8. #@:,, B@*D@$>@ @F&,V",H 3. _. ;488@:" H&@DR,FH&@ B4F"H,:b 3&">" %"2@&" (8@H@DZ6 &@ &D,"B4F">4b FH"H\4 ,V. $Z: 04&), /42>\ %"2@&" >"FZV,>" BD48:`R,>4b<4. G@D(@&,P-@H,P N@H,:, RH@$Z FZ> B@T.: B@ ,(@ FH@B"< 4 ,(@ B@<,FH4:4 & T8@:J 42JR"H\ >@&@(D,R,F846 4 HJD,P846 b2Z84. =@ `>@T, ^H@ >, >D"&4:@F\. ?> B4F": FH4N4 4, 8@(*" ,(@ B@F:":4 & CJ<Z>4` 8 D@*FH&,>>48"<, @> B@*8:`R4:Fb 8 D,&@:`P4@>>@<J *&40,>4`. G"< $J*JV46 B4F"H,:\ B@2>"8@<4:Fb F D"2>Z<4 :`*\<4 @H B"HD4@H@& *@ D"2$@6>48@&, B4T,H ;488@:", RH@ *":@ ,<J <"H,D4": *:b B@&,FH4 "=,<4:4->,*D"(4", B@2*>,, *D"<"H42@&">>@6 B@* >"2&">4,< 87 "MXT@&,"22 (1894). A@F:, DJFF8@-HJD,P8@6 &@6>Z 3. %"2@& D"$@H": R4>@&>48@<, >@ $D@F4: ^HJ D"$@HJ, J2>"&, RH@ $"T4$J2J84 D"2DJT4:4 ,(@ D@*>@6 (@D@* 4 2"DJ$4:4 @HP", " <"H\ F $D"H@< F8DZ:4F\ & <@>"FHZD,. ?> &8:`R4:Fb & D"$@HJ 7@<4H,H" B@ @F&@$@0*,>4` %@FH@R>@6 CJ<,:44 4 & 8"R,FH&, ,(@ B@F:">>48" BD4,N": & C@FF4`, (*, >"B4F": F&@6 F"<Z6 2>"R4H,:\>Z6 D@<"> "A@* 4(@H@" (1888). 3._. ;488@:" @H<,R",H H"80, ,(@ :4D48J "E84H>4T84 B,F>4" (1899) 4 $"::"*Z. 7 F@0":,>4`, 3._. ;488@:" >, 4::`FHD4DJ,H F&@` FH"H\` @ $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD, B,D,&@*>Z<4 BD4<,D"<4, 8@H@DZ, ,FH\ & ,(@ FH"H\bN @ *DJ(4N F:"&b>F84N :4H,D"HJD"N. ;Z B@*D@$>@ 42:@04:4 FH"H\` 3._. ;488@:Z, RH@$Z B@8"2"H\, >"F8@:\8@ 42:@0,>4, <"H,D4":" B@:>@ F@RJ&FH&4b 4 F4<B"H44 8 $@:("D"<. E:,*J`V"b BJ$:48"P4b @ $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD, B@b&4:"F\ & 8>4(, Slaavilaisten kirjallisuuksien kultainen kirja (1936) B@* D,*"8P4,6 %. GD"FH". % >,6 @ $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD, >, *".HFb >4R,(@ >@&@(@ B@ FD"&>,>4` F Slaavilaisten kansain kirjallisuus 3._. ;488@:Z. )@$"&:,>Z :4T\ >,F8@:\8@ >@&ZN L"8H@&, JBJV,>>ZN ;488@:@6: B,D&"b ("2,H" &ZT:" & 1846 (@*J, & 1870 (@*J $@:("DF8"b P,D8@&\ @F&@$@*4:4F\ @H (D,R,F8@6 P,D8@&>@6 2"&4F4<@FH4, " H"80, F@$ZH4b, BD@4FT,*T4, J0, B@F:, B@b&:,>4b FH"H\4 3._. ;488@:Z: & 1908 (. #@:("D4b FH":" >,2"&4F4<Z< P"DFH&@<. 3.2.3 3&"> %"2@& & K4>:b>*44 1>"<,>4HZ6 D@<"> 8:"FF48" $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 3&">" %"2@&" "A@* 4(@H@" $Z: B,D,&,*.> >" L4>F846 b2Z8 & 1910 (@*J B@* >"2&">4,<: "Ikeen alla - kertomus Bulgarian sortokaudelta. Iwan Vazofin mukaan". 32*"H,:\: Työväen Sanomalehtien Oy. A,D,&@*R48 >, J8"2">. % 1913 (@*J 42*"H,:\FH&@ Kirja 42*".H D@<"> B@* >"2&">4,< "Ikeen alla" c J8"2">4,<, RH@ D@<"> B,D,&,:" F $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" G`J>4 9,6F4@ (Tyyni Leisio). ="8@>,P, & 1917 (. &ZN@*4H &H@D@, 42*">4, ^H@6 8>4(4, >@ 2"(:"&4, 2"<,>,>@ $@:,, 8@<<,DR,F84< "Vapaus ja rakkaus". % D@<">, "A@* 4(@H@" B@8"2Z&",HFb >"FHD@,>4, :`*,6 & D@*>@< (@D@*, 3. %"2@&" , E@B@H,, & F"<Z6 8">J> DJFF8@-HJD,P8@6 @F&@$@*4H,:\>@6 &@6>Z & 1876 (@*J. %"2@& B4T,H ^H@H D@<"> 04&b & ?*,FF,, <ZF:,>>@ &@2&D"V"bF\ & D@*>Z, <,FH", 8 :`*b<, 8@H@DZN 2>":, 8 F@&<,FH>@6 $@D\$, BD@H4& HJD,P8@(@ 4(". EH4:4FH4R,F84 D@<"> @8D"T,> & D@<">H4R,F84-&@2&ZT,>>Z, H@>", 4:4, 8"8 (@&@D4H %,F,:4> G@T8@&, >"B4F"&T46 *4B:@<>J` D"$@HJ: "Ivan Vazovin romaani Pod igoto ja Tyyni Leision suomennos - Tyylivertailuja", RH@ ^H@H D@<"> B@8"2Z&",H F4:J *JN" $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*" 4 BD@H4&@FH@b>4, 4>@2,<>@<J 4(J. A@8@D.>>Z6 >"D@* FH">@&4HFb <@D":\>Z< B@$,*4H,:,<. 22 ;488@:" *": B,D,&@* "Hylkiöt". 88 1&,DFH&"< B@8@D4H,:,6 &@FFH">4b %"2@& BD@H4&@B@FH"&:b,H R,:@&,R>@FH\ @HFH"4&"`V4N F&@. *@FH@4>FH&@ $@:("D (Toshkov 1974: 14). AD4R4>J HD.N8D"H>@(@ @$D"V,>4b 8 D@<">J %"2@&" "A@* 4(@H@" & K4>:b>*44 JR.>Z6-F:"&4FH _88" M`D88b>,> &4*4H & H@<, RH@ & K4>:b>*44 & ^H@ &D,4 FHD,<,04 8X< F"<@FH@bH,:>@FH, H"8"&" H,<" , H&XD*, $:428" *@ >"FHD@,>4bH" >" L4>:">*F84b R4H"H,:". (M`D8b>,> 1972: 71) A,D,&@*R4P" D@<">" G`J>4 9,6F4@ D"$@H":" & D,*"8P44 ("2,HZ "Suomen naisia" ‘K4>F84, 0,>V4>Z’. ?>" 42JR":" F:"&b>F84, b2Z84, BD,8D"F>@ 2>":" DJFF846 b2Z8, >"F8@:\8@ N@D@T@ @>" 2>":" $@:("DF846 - HDJ*>@ F8"2"H\. %. G@T8@& 4 _. M`D88b>,> @$" FR4H"`H, RH@ ">@>4<>Z6 B,D,&@*R48 42*">4b 1910 (@*" *DJ(@, :4P@. _. M`D88b>,> & FH"H\,: "=b8@4 >"$:`*,>4b &XDNJ BD,&@*4H, >" D@<">" "A@* 4(@H@" >" L4>:">*F84b ,248" B4T,H: "F<bH"<, R, BD,&@*"RXH >" BD,&@*" @H 1910 (. 4 >" BD,&@*" @H 1913 (. >, , ,*>@ 4 FXV@ :4P,". (M`D8b>,> 1972: 74) A,D,&@*R48 42*">4b 1910 (. B@*@T.: 8 D@<">J >, 8"8 8 NJ*@0,FH&,>>@<J P,:@<J, " 8"8 8 <"H,D4":J, 8@H@DZ6 <@0>@ 4FB@:\2@&"H\ F 4*,@:@(4R,F8@6 P,:\`: "On yritetty valita alkutekstin "tärkeimpiä" kohtia niin romaanin kokonaisuus on kärsinyt pahasti" ’[BD4 B,D,&@*,] &Z$4D":4F\ “&"0>Z,” <,FH" D@<">", @HR,(@ B@FHD"*":" P,:\>@FH\ BD@42&,*,>4b’. (Toshkov 1974: 14) A@^H@<J %.G@T8@& >, FR.: &@2<@0>Z< B@:\2@&"H\Fb & F&@,6 *4B:@<>@6 D"$@H, B,D,&@*@< 1910 (@*", " B@:\2J,HFb B,D,&@*@< G`J>4 9,6F4@ (2 42*., 1917 ). ?$" 4FF:,*@&"H,:b J$,*4H,:\>@ B@8"2Z&"`H, RH@ >,F<@HDb >" J8"2">4,, RH@ B,D,&@* F*,:"> F $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8", bF>@ &4*>@ F4:\>@, &@2*,6FH&4, DJFF8@(@ b2Z8". A,D,&@* F $@:("DF8@(@ BD,*B@:"(": $Z 2>">4, HJD,P8@(@ b2Z8", >"FH@:\8@ <>@(@ HJDP42<@& (194 F:@&") & b2Z8, D@<">" (F<. B@*D@$>,, ;4N"6:@&" 1980). G@T8@& 2"8:`R",H, RH@ G`J>4 9,6F4@, &,D@bH>@, 4<,:" B@* DJ8@6 DJFF846 B,D,&@*, 8@H@DZ< ,6 BD4N@*4:@F\ &D,4 B@:\2@&"H\Fb. A,D,&@*4H\ 3. %"2@&", B@ <>,>4` :4H,D"HJD@&,*" E. 3(@&", :,(R,, R,< M. #@H,&", 8@H@DZ6 "4<" & $,2*>"H" >" >,(@&@H@ B@,H4R,F8@ F:@&@ P,>>@FH4, 8@4H@ >, F, B@**"&"H >" BD,&@*", " BD@2" 3. %"2@&" "<@0, *" F:J04 8"H@ >"P4@>":>@-BD,*FH"&4H,:>@ 4 & ,*4> <>@(@ B@-T4D@8 <,0*J>"D@*,> 8@>H,8FH, $,2 *" (J$4 @F@$,>@ BD4 BD,&@*"". (3(@& 1991: 16) % B,D4@* *@ A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z R"FH@ >, J8"2Z&":4 B,D,&@*R48", H"8 RH@ >,42&,FH>@, 8@<J BD4>"*:,04H B,D,&@* D"FF8"2" 3. %"2@&" “A@*B@DJR48 %X:8@. C"28"24 42 FDX$F8@-$X:("DF8"H" &@6>" (1886)” F*,:">>Z6 FB,P4":\>@ *:b “M,:\F4>(4> F">@<"H” 4 >"B,R"H">>Z6 >"8">J>, A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z (Kuinka Velko kävi sotaa. HS 31.08.1913), @> @8"2":Fb >,@$Z8>@&,>>@ 2:@$@*>,&>Z<. 3 >, H@:\8@ B@H@<J, RH@ @> $Z: ">H4&@,>>Z<, >@ 4 B@H@<J, RH@ F,D$Z 4 $@:("DZ & @R,D,*>@6 D"2 @8"2":4F\ & BD@H4&@B@:@0>ZN :"(,DbN. %Z:8@, BD@FH@6 8D,FH\b>4>, BD,8D"F>@ B@>4<",H, RH@ ,F:4 8"2"D<Z - ^H@ T8@:", H@ &@6>" - ^H@ J>4&,DF4H,HZ: 89 “Mutta yhtä tämä yksinkertainen maalainen ei vain voinut käsittää: miksi serbialaiset ja bulgaarit taistelivat toisiaan vastaan?”. ‘H@:\8@ @*>@(@ ^H@H BD@FH@6 *,D,&,>F846 <J048 >, $Z: & F@FH@b>44 B@>bH\, B@R,<J F,D$Z 4 $@:("DZ &@``H <,0*J F@$@6?’ (HS 1913 Nr 202: 13). ):b 8D,FH\b>4>" &"0>@, RH@$Z F@:>P, 4 *@0*\ $Z:4 &@&D,<b, " D"2 @> >, B@>4<",H B@:4H48@&, H@ ^H@ @$XbF>b,HFb, 8@>,R>@ 0, H,<, RH@ @> - BD@FH"8. "+B@B,b >" 2"$D"&,>4H," (1881-1884) %"2@&", B@F&bV,>>"b (,D@b< 4 <JR,>48"< $@:("DF8@(@ @F&@$@0*,>4b (%. 9,&F84, A"4F46 M4:,>*"DF84, $D"H\b ;4:"*4>@&Z, '. C"8@&F84 4 *D.). 7>4(" >" L4>F846 b2Z8 >, B,D,&@*4:"F\. =@, 8"8 &Zb&4:" 4FF:,*@&"H,:\>4P" ;. O">,&", BD@42&,*,>4, H4B@:@(4R,F84 F&b2">@ F L4>F8@-T&,*F8@6 :4H,D"HJD@6. %"2@& F"< (@&@D4:, RH@ "4<": 8"H@ <@*,: "P48X: @H @*4" >" T&,*F84b B@,H CJ>,$,D(", >"2Z&"b 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" (@T4$@R>@?) T&,*F84< B@^H@<. A@&4*4<@<J %"2@& B@2>"8@<4:Fb F H&@DR,FH&@< 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" $J*JR4 & C@FF44 (3(@& 1993: 30). 7"8 42&,FH>@, 5.9. CJ>,$,D(, F@ F&@,6 FH@D@>Z, 4>H,D,F@&":Fb `0>@F:"&b>F84< F,D$F84< L@:\8:@D@< 4 B,D,&@*4: %J8" 7"D"*04R" >" T&,*F846 b2Z8. A@^H48" F,D$F84N L@:\8:@D>ZN B,F,> @FH"&4:" F:,* & ,(@ B@^244. ED,*4 L,>>@L4:\F84 >"FHD@,>>ZN DJFF84N 4>H,::4(,>H@& H&@DR,FH&@ 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" >"T:@ &ZF@8J` @P,>8J 4 ,(@ FD"&>4&":4 F AJT84>Z<. 5.9. CJ>,$,D( $Z: F"<Z< B@BJ:bD>Z<, >@ 4 F"<Z< B@:,<4R>Z< L4>F84< B4F"H,:,< & C@FF44. A"HD4@H4R,F84, (2" T&,*F8J` K4>:b>*4`), ">H4DJFF84, <@H4&Z P48:" "Fänrik Ståls Sägner" (1860) &Z2&":4 & C@FF44 B@:,<48J 4 P48: >48@(*" >, $Z: B,D,&,*.> B@:>@FH\` >" DJFF846 b2Z8, " H@:\8@ LD"(<,>H"<4. (Laurila-Hellman 1989: 156). A@BJ:bD42"H@D 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" %. '@:@&4> >"N@*4: J B@^H" @$V4, R,DHZ F@ F:"&b>F84<4 >"P4@>":\>Z<4 B@^H"<4 BD,0*, &F,(@ & 4N FHD"FH>@6 :`$&4 8 F&@,6 D@*4>, 4 B,R":4 B@ ,. FHD"*">4b<. ?*>"8@ @> @H<,R": 4 (:J$4>>J` D"2>4PJ, ,F:4, >"BD4<,D, J R,TF8@(@ B"HD4@H4R,F8@(@ B@^H" a>" 7@:"D" B,R":\ @HH@(@, RH@ >,H F&@$@*Z, H@ J CJ>,$,D(" - 42-2" &@6> 4 FJD@&@6 BD4D@*Z (Laurila-Hellman 1989: 124), H"8 RH@ <@0>@ BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ FH@:\ F4:\>@(@ RJ&FH&" >,F&@$@*Z J B@^H" 5.9. CJ>,$,D(" & "&H@>@<>@< 8>b0,FH&, >, $Z:@. 3.2.4 !. 5,>F,> @ A,>R@ E:"&,68@&, % 1913 (@*J, & (@* &ZN@*" D@<">" “A@* 4(@H@” 3. %"2@&" $Z:" @BJ$:48@&">" @H*,:\>"b FH"H\b @ $@:("DF8@< B@^H, A,>R@ E:"&,68@&,, B,D&@<, F 8@H@DZ< L4>F8"b R4H"`V"b BJ$:48" <@(:" B@2>"8@<4H\Fb B@*D@$>,,. /JD>": Finsk Tidskrift BJ$:48J,H FH"H\` T&,*F8@(@ JR.>@(@ !:\LD,*" 5,>F,>", &Z*"`V,(@Fb F:"&4FH", B,D,&@*R48" 4 B@BJ:bD42"H@D" F:"&b>F8@6, " BD,0*, &F,(@, $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ @ A,>R@ E:"&,68@&,. !.5,>F,> >"B4F": FH"H\` *&" (@*" FBJFHb B@F:, F<,DH4 B@^H". ?> &ZF@8@ 90 P,>4: B@^H" 4 BD,*:"(": ,(@ 8">*4*"HJDJ >" =@$,:,&F8J` BD,<4` (3(@& 1991: 142-143). 32 FH"H\4 R4H"H,:\ J2>".H @ F,<\, E:"&,68@&ZN, & 8@H@D@6 J0, @H,P A,H8@ C"R,& E:"&,68@& $Z: &4*>Z< B@^H@< B,D4@*" >"P4@>":\>@(@ @F&@$@0*,>4b. "I>4&,DF4H,H"<4" @HP" $Z:" F"<" >"D@*>"b 042>\ >" #":8">"N F &@FFH">4b<4, $@D\$@6 4 B@:4H48@6, 2"H@ FZ> 2"8@>R4: (4<>"24` & E@L44, B@H@< JR4:Fb & %,>, 4 A"D40,. A,>R@ E:"&,68@&, J&:,8"&T46Fb 4*,,6 "F&,DNR,:@&,8"" KD. =4PT,, &Z>J0*,> $Z: BD@04H\ 042>\, BD,@*@:,&"b $@:\ 4 $@:,2>\, @H 8@H@D@6 @> J<,D & 3H":44. A. E:"&,68@& $Z: & P,>HD, :4H,D"HJD>@6 042>4 #@:("(D44: B@^H, 8D4H48, *4D,8H@D ="P4@>":\>@6 $4$:4@H,84 & E@L44. % 1888 (@*J &ZN@*4H B,D&Z6 F$@D>48 ,(@ FH4N@& ";@<4>4 FX:24", FD"2J 0, @$D"H4&T46 >" F,$b &>4<">4, R4H"H,:,6. % 1896 (@*J 42 B,R"H4 &ZN@*4H F$@D>48 "+B4R,F84 B,F>4", 8@H@DZ6 @$>"DJ04: & >.< J0, <"FH,D". E"<Z<4 &ZF@84<4 B@ <"FH,DFH&J FR4H"`HFb B@^H4R,F84, F$@D>484 "#:b>@&,"23 (1907) 4 "=" @FHD@&" >" $:"0,>4H," (1910). % >,6 A. E:"&,68@& F@2*".H ("::,D,` *&"*P"H4 (,D@,& - B@^H@& F B@DHD,H>@-8D4H4R,F84<4 N"D"8H,D4FH48"<4 (@H H":">H:4&ZN *@ F:"$ZN) F BD4<,D"<4 42 4N B@^H4R,F8@(@ H&@DR,FH&". AD@42&,*,>4, BD,*FH"&:b,H F@$@6 D,*8J` B@ 0">DJ <4FH4L48"P4`, 8@H@D"b >, F8DZ&",H "&H@D", " B@8"2Z&",H D"2>@FH@D@>>@FH\ ,(@ H":">H". A. E:"&,68@& B,R"H",H & 0JD>":, ";4FX:" & B,D4@* F 1892 B@ 1910 (@* F&@4 BJH,&Z, 2"<,H84, " H"80, ^FF, @$ !.E. AJT84>,, !.;4P8,&4R,, S. A.H,L4, '. ',6>,. 7D@<, H@(@, @> B,D,&@*4H >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 =4PT, "G"8 (@&@D4: 1"D"HJFHD"", BD@42&,*,>4b G,>4FF@>", S,::4, E@L@8:" 4 *D. "&H@D@&. ?> H"80, >"R": 42*"&"H\ 0JD>": "a2Z8 4 8J:\HJD"" (1907) B@ @$>@&:.>>@6 @DL@(D"L44, >" FHD">4P"N 8@H@D@(@ BJ$:48@&":4F\ <@*,D>Z, <ZF:4H,:4. A. E:"&,68@& ,V. & 1891 (@*J 2"*J<": >"P4@>":\>J` ^B4R,F8J` B@^<J "7XD&"&" B,F,>", 8@H@DJ` BJ$:48@&": R"FHb<4 F 1896 *@ 1910 (@*", >@ >, JFB,: 2"8@>R4H\. ="Db*J F @$T4D>Z< 4 (:J$@84< ">":42@< H&@DR,FH&" A. E:"&,68@&" @F@$J` &"0>@FH\ *:b >"F BD,*FH"&:b`H B,D,&@*Z !. 5,>F,>" >" T&,*F846 b2Z8 - &H@D@6 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z6 b2Z8 K4>:b>*44 - FH4N@H&@D,>46 A. E:"&,68@&", RH@ B@2&@:b,H >"< (@&@D4H\ @ B,D&ZN B,D,&@*"N FH4N@H&@D,>46 A. E:"&,68@&" & K4>:b>*44. 5,>F,> 2"&,DT",H F&@` FH"H\` F:@&"<4, RH@, >"Db*J F %"2@&Z<, E:"&,68@&: “det nybulgariska tsardömet med den västerländska kulturen, @ch hans namn skall ej glömmas i den europeiska litteraturens historia" ‘+(@ 4>@6 #@:("D44 F 2"B"*>@,&D@B,6F8@6 8J:\HJD@6 >, $J*,H 2"$ZH@ & 4FH@D44 ,&D@B,6F8@6 :4H,"HJZ’ (Jensen 1913: 87, F<. H"80, O">,&" 1992). 23 5,>F,> B,D,&@*4H >"2&">4, Drömmen om lyckan. 91 3.2.5 9J4*04 E":\&4>4 @ A,6@ a&@D@&, 3H":\b>,P-$@:("D4FH 9J4*04 E":\&4>4 B,D&Z< BJ$:48J,H FH"H\` >" L4>F8@< b2Z8, @ $@:("DF8@< B@^H, A,6@ 7. a&@D@&,. A@^24b #@:("D44 & XIX &,8,, >" &2(:b* 9. E":\&4>4, B@&H@Db:" H,<Z, 2"*">>Z, %"2@&Z< 4 ,(@ F@&D,<,>>48"<4 B@F:, @F&@$@0*,>4b: &@FN4V,>4, 8D"F@H@6 BD4D@*Z, BD,:,FH\` &@2:`$:,>>ZN 4 @H,R,FH&@<. ]H4 HD4 H,<Z B@&H@Db`HFb & H&@DR,FH&, &F,N B4F"H,:,6, F@&,DT,>FH&JbF\ & L@D<, 4 H,N>48,. =, $Z:@ H@(@ B@>4<">4b, RH@ &>,T>4, &B,R"H:,>4b 2"D@0*"`H *&40,>4b *JT4, 8@H@DZ, *@:0>Z $ZH\ &ZD"0,>Z H"4>FH&,>>Z<4 2"8@>"<4 ("D<@>44. (Salvini 1935: 201) ;":@, 8H@ FJ<,: B@*>bH\Fb *@ >"FH@bV4N :4D4R,F84N FH4N@&, & @F>@&>@< J B@^H@& 2&JR4H @H>@T,>4, 8 H,<,, " >, 4F8D,>>,, F4:\>@, B,D,04&">4,. EJV,FH&@&":@ FHD,<:,>4, B@->@&@<J @F&,H4H\ *,6FH&4H,:\>@FH\ R,D,2 @$D"V.>>@FH\ 8 BD@T:@<J: "+B4R,F84 B,F>4", "7XD&"&" B,F,>", "Q,*" >" #":8">"" 4 BD. G@:\8@ J A. E:"&,68@&" BD@b&:b,HFb *JT,&>"b <J8", BD@$:,<" 4VJV"b D"2D,T,>4b, B4T,H 9. E":\&4>4, @$D"V"b &>4<">4, R4H"H,:,6 >" @*4>@8@(@ ^DJ*4H" $@:("DF8@(@ B@^H" E. ;4N"6:@&F8@(@, @HRJ0*.>>@(@, F8,BH4R,F8@(@. 94H,D"HJD>"b H@F8" - B@*@$>"b "forma mentis" $Z:" RJ0*@6 >"D@*J #@:("D44 4 *"0, ,. 4>H,::4(,>P44. =@&Z6 B@^H *@:0,> $Z: $ZH\ "luuta kansakunnan luusta, liha sen lihasta" ‘8@FH\ @H 8@FH4, B:@H\ @H B:@H4 F&@,(@ >"D@*"’ (Salvini 1935: 202) G"8@6 B@^H b&4:Fb & :4P, A. a&@D@&". 9. 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E:"&,68@&", A. a&@D@&", H@(*" 8"8 & #@:("D44 $@:\T,, &>4<">4, $Z:@ J*,:,>@ B4F"H,:b< B,D4L,D46>Z<. 3.2.6 5@D*"> 5@&8@&, +:4> A,:4>, !>(,: 7"D":46R,& 4 *DJ(4, $@:("DF84, "&H@DZ >" L4>F8@6 B@R&, *@ 1944 (@*" % B"<bH\ $@:("DF8@(@ B4F"H,:b-8:"FF48" 5@D*">" 5@&8@&" (1880-1937), J<,DT,(@ 15 @8Hb$Db, 3._. ;488@:" BJ$:48J,H FH"H\` Bulgarian suurin kirjailija Jordan Jovkov on kuollut (US 31.10.1937: 24). /42>\ >" #":8">"N, (@&@D4H 3._. ;488@:", >"JR4:" J0, F *,HFH&" B4F"H,:b vaikeneminen ja havaitseminen ‘F:JT"H\ 4 F@2,DP"H\’, BD,8D"F>Z6 FH4:4FH 4 B4F"H,:\, J 8@H@D@(@ B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 :`*b< $Z:4 “hellyys ja siveellinen objektiivisuus” ‘>,0>@FH\ 4 <@D":\>"b @$X,8H4&>@FH\’. =" F:,*J`V,6 FHD">4P, B@<,V.> D"FF8"2 Albena ("!:$,>"" 1927), B,D,&@* 8@H@D@(@ F*,:">, F8@D,, &F,(@, 3._. ;488@:@6. =J0>@ F8"2"H\, RH@ &Z$@D $@:,,, R,< J*"R>Z6. 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Hyvää yötä - ^H@ @R,>\ 4>H,D,F>@ 2"*J<">>"b F,D4b, 8@H@D"b B@* &4*@< :.(8@(@ RH,>4b B,D,* F>@< 2>"8@<4:" L4>F8J` R4H"`VJ` BJ$:48J F 0,<RJ04>"<4 <4D@&@6 :4H,D"HJDZ. % BD,*4F:@&44 8 B@F:,*>,<J, *,FbH@<J >@<,DJ & 1943 (@*J, B@F:, F<,DH4 %. Mb<,,>-!>HH4:", %,D>,D !>HH4:" F@@$V",H, RH@ 2" *,FbH\ :,H F,D4b Hyvää yötä B@2>"8@<4:" R4H"H,:b F 283 B4F"H,:b<4. 7 F@0":,>4`, & F,D44 >4(*, >, J8"2">Z B,D,&@*R484 BD@42&,*,>46. =" FHD">4P"N ^H@6 F,D44 $Z:4 @BJ$:48@&">Z D"FF8"2Z :JRT4N $@:("DF84N B4F"H,:,6: +:4>" A,:4>", !. 7"D":46R,&" 4 5. 5@&8@&". % D"FF8"2, “S4$4:” (1925) >, <,>,, &ZF@8"b HD"(48", R,< & “!:$,>,”. ]H@ B,D&Z6 D"FF8"2 42 P48:" “EH"D@B:">4>F84 :,(,>*4”, & 8@H@DZ6 &@T:4 10 D"FF8"2@& 42 :,(,>* 4 BD,*">46, F@$D">>ZN *:b B4F"H,:b 2,<:b8"<4 D@*>@(@ F,:" /,D"&>". 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AD42>".HFb >,*@FH"H@8 2>">4b $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ: “Bulgarian kirjallisuutta voi sanoa meillä tuntemattomaksi” (Hämeen-Anttila24 1935: 248), >@ 2" ^H@ @HFJHFH&4, 2>">4b 4 4>H,D,F" 8 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD, L4>>@& >, 8D4H48J`H, 8"8 ^H@ R"FH@ *,:"`H $@:("DF84, "&H@DZ, JBD,8"`V4, F&@6 >"D@* & >,*@FH"H@R>@< JF,D*44 8 2>">4`, >"BD4<,D, K4>:b>*44 (FD. FH"H\` & 0JD>":, “32H@8” 1925) K"8HZ & ">>@H"P4bN >, &F,(*" H@R>Z, H"8 “iältään se [bulgarialainen kirjallisuus] on meikäläisen kasvinkumppani” ‘B@ &@2D"FHJ @>" [$@:("DF8"b :4H,D"HJD"] >"T" 24 ;Z BD,*B@:"(",<, RH@ ">>@H"P44 >"B4F">Z %. 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EJ*\b, 8@H@DZ6 F"< >, 4FBZHZ&": 0":@FH4 8 8D,FH\b>"<, F,6R"F J<@:b,H !>*D,T8J >, @FH"&:bH\ ,(@ @*>@(@ >@R\` B@* C@0*,FH&@: “Eikö sinulla ole mitään sydäntä?” ‘=,J0,:4 J H,$b >,H F,D*P"?’ 7 D"FF8"2"< +:4>" A,:4>" & K4>:b>*44 &,D>JHFb & 60-N (@*"N _N">4 7@>88" 4 A,DHH4 %":H"8"D4. 3<4 $J*JH B,D,&,*,>Z D"FF8"2Z Rakkaudentunnustus, Toisessa maailmassa, Keväinen viettelys, Kolme ystävätärtä, Kiusaus; Roskia vaihdetaan luumuihin; Öinen vieras. %F, @>4 $Z:4 >"B,R"H">Z & 0JD>":, Kuluttaja 2" 1962-65 (@*Z. % 1941 (@*J &>4<">4, F,D44 Hyvää yötä BD4&:,8:" B@&,FH\ *DJ(@(@ $ZH@B4F"H,:b 8D,FH\b>F8@6 042>4, &4*>@(@ $@:("DF8@(@ B4F"H,:b !>(,:" 7"D":46R,&" Se meidän Peshome. % ">>@H"P44 @T4$@R>@ J8"2Z&",HFb, RH@ @> B,D&Z6 $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\, >"B,R"H">>Z6 & F,D44 Hyvä yötä. A,D&Z< $Z: )4<4HD 3&">@& (+:4> A,:4>). % >,F8@:\84N LD"2"N F8"2">@ @ 2"D@0*,>44 >@&@6 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ, >"R4>"b @H %"F4:b )DJ<,&" *@ @*>@(@ 42 B4F"H,:,6 <:"*T,(@ B@8@:,>4b - 7"D":46R,&". % @F>@&>@< J8"2">" HD"*4P4b @$D"V,>4b 8 8D,FH\b>F8@6 042>4: (Hämeen-Anttila 1941: 308) 7"D":46R,& BD@04: >,F8@:\8@ :,H 2" (D">4P,6, >@ @FH":Fb FZ>@< 8D,FH\b>4>" 4 $Z: <"FH,D@< 42@$D"0"H\ D"2:4R>Z, 8D,FH\b>F84, H4BZ: “Eloisasti hän esittelee bulgarialaisten maalaistyyppien piirteitä ja kirjoittaa hienovaraisia, koruttomia lapsitarinoita. Näytteessämme hän ytimekkäästi käsittelee kerskuvan suupaltin, jollaista eri maiden kirjallisuudessa tavataan hyvinkin runsaasti” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Hämeen-Anttila 1941: 308)11 95 ;Z B@*R,D8>J:4 F:@&@ näytessämme,’& >"T,< BD4<,D,‘ 8@H@D@, N"D"8H,D42J,H P,:4, B@FH"&:,>>Z, F,D4,6 4 ,. D,*"8H@D@< %. Mb<,,>!>HH4:". % 2"F:J(J %. Mb<,,>-!>HH4:" F:,*J,H B@FH"&4H\ H@, RH@ @> & 8@D@H84N ">>@H"P4bN J8"2Z&",H <,FH@ $@:("DF8@(@ B4F"H,:b, 4 >"N@*4H B"D"::,:4 & 4N H&@DR,FH&, F B4F"H,:b<4 L4>F8@6 4 *DJ(4N :4H,D"HJD. !>":@(4R>Z, “BD4<,DZ” $@:("DF84N &@,>>ZN D"FF8"2@& @BJ$:48@&">Z & 0JD>":, Suomen sotilas 1938 Nr 5-7. A@ F&@,<J 0">DJ &@,>>Z6 D"FF8"2 B@8"2Z&",H B"HD4@H42<, (,D@42< 4 F"<@@H&,D0,>>@FH\ F@:*"H", 8@(*" (:b*b & (:"2" F<,DH4 F@:*"H BD,@*@:,&",H F"<@(@ F,$b, BD,&D"V"bF\ 42 @$Z8>@&,>>@(@ B"D>b & (,D@b. ;>@(4<4 <@:@*Z<4 F@:*"H"<4 $Z:4 BD@RH,>Z D"FF8"2Z 5@D*">" 5@&8@&" Valkoinen eskadroona (#,:4bH ,F8"*D@> 1916), +:4>" A,:4>" Vieras 4 =,DR@ A">,&" Urho. E H@R84 2D,>4b >"T,6 D"$@HZ 4>H,D,F>Z "::`244 8 <,>H":\>@FH4 $@:("D. 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Ab6&bD4>HZ 4 BD@F&,H4H,:\F84, <@H4&Z A,D&Z< B,D,&,*,>>Z< >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 L4>F84< B4F"H,:,< $Z: A4,H"D4 Ab6&"D4>H", 8@H@DZ6 B@ H4B@:@(44 F&@,(@ H&@DR,FH&" D,T": BD@F&,V,>R,F8@-*4*"8H4R,F84, BD@$:,<Z. % 1896 (@*J $Z:4 @BJ$:48@&">Z F8"28" "A,H` 4 M">8"" (Pentti ja Inka 1886), "EH"D"H" F4D@<"N84>b" (KonttiAnna 1883) 4 B@&,FH\ "32(J$,> 04&@H" (Sortunut 1886). AD@42&,*,>4b ^H4 $Z:4 B,D,&,*,>Z 42&,FH>Z< $@:("DF84< JR.>Z< #,>\@ O@>,&Z< F >,<,P8@(@ b2Z8" 4 >"B,R"H">Z & 0JD>":, "#X:("DF84 BD,(:,*", BD,FH40>@< 0JD>":,, 8@H@DZ6 42*"&":Fb F 1893 B@ 1900 (@*. #. O@>,& JR"FH&@&": & D,*"8H4D@&">44 ^H@(@ 0JD>":", 42&,FH>@(@ 8"8 "BD@L,F@DF8@" FB4F">4," (!&*04,& 1989:16). /JD>": 2">4<":Fb &@BD@F"<4 >"J84, 96 :4H,D"HJDZ 4 @$V,FH&,>>@6 042>4, FH"&4: F&@,6 P,:\` @B4F"H\ $@:("DF8J` 042>\ >" D"2>ZN JD@&>bN, @H >"JR>ZN &@BD@F@&, 4FH@D44 FHD">Z 4 8J:\HJDZ, *@ >"D@*>@(@ $ZH". G"< B,R"H"`HFb FH"H\4 2>"<,>4HZN JR.>ZN 3&. S4T<">@&" 4 9. ;4:,H4R" 4 *D., D,P,>24DJ`HFb 8>4(4, *".HFb 4>L@D<"P4b @ 2"F,*">4bN D"2:4R>ZN 8@<4H,H@&, @F&,V"`HFb BD@$:,<Z *DJ(4N F:"&b>F84N D,(4@>@&. A. Ab6&bD4>H" 8 ^H@<J &D,<,>4 $Z: @*>4< 42 F"<ZN B@BJ:bD>ZN 4 B,D,&@*4<ZN B4F"H,:,6 K4>:b>*44, 4 4@ & ',D<">44, KD">P44, !>(:44 4 C@FF44. % BD@T:@< &,8, ,(@ H&@DR,FH&@ $Z:@ @F@$,>>@ "8HJ":\>Z< 8"8 *:b L4>F84N, H"8 4 *:b ,&D@B,6F84N R4H"H,:,6, @2"$@R,>>ZN >D"&FH&,>>Z<4 4 @$V,FH&,>>Z<4 &@BD@F"<4 F&@,(@ &D,<,>4. ):b "(D"D>@6 #@:("D44 A. Ab6&bD4>H", $Z: @F@$,>>@ 4>H,D,F,>, B@F8@:\8J ,(@ (,D@4 BD,*FH"&:b:4, & @F>@&>@<, F,:\F8@N@2b6FH&,>>J` K4>:b>*4`. Ab6&bD4>H" & F&@.< H&@DR,FH&, J0, @H@T.: @H B@24P46 B@2*>,(@ D@<">H42<". ?> *,:": HV"H,:\>Z, 2"D4F@&84 >"D@*>@(@ $ZH" F F,>H4<,>H":\>Z< J8:@>@<. A4F"H,:\ 4V,H BJH4 8 *@$DJ 4 >D"&FH&,>>@FH4 & F&@4N BD@42&,*,>4bN. ]H@ $Z:@ B@:>@FH\` & DJF:, P,:,&@6 >"BD"&:,>>@FH4 B,D,&@*R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 BD@T:@(@ &,8" & #@:("D44, 4<,>>@ >" ^H@ @$D"V",H &>4<">4, #. O@>,&, (@&@Db, RH@ Ab6&bD4>H" BD,*FH"&:b,H 4>H,D,F *:b R4H"H,:b 42-2" "NJ$"&4H, F4 4 &4F@8@ >D"&FH&,>4 B@&,FH4". #. O@>,& $Z: RJ0* <@*,D>4FHF84< B@4F8"< & :4H,D"HJD,, @> "2"FHXB>48 >" ,*>" HD"*4P4@>>@-JH4:4H"D>" D,":4FH4R>" ,FH,H48" 4 8D4H48", 42(D"*,>" B@* &:4b>4, >" DJF8"H" 4 2"B"*>@-,&D@B,6F8"H" <4FX:" (!&*04,& 1989: 16). % H@< 0, 1896 (@*J "32(J$,> 04&@H" $Z: B,D,42*"> & BbH@6 8>408, #4H@:\F8@6 &@F8D,F>@6 T8@:Z. O@>,&Z< >"B4F">@ 8D"H8@, BD,*4F:@&4, 8 BJ$:48"P44, 2>"8@<bV,, F $4@(D"L4,6 4 H&@DR,FH&@< B4F"H,:b. % BJ$:48"P44 0JD>":" "#X:("DF84 BD,(:,*" & F>@F8, *".HFb 4*,>H4R>Z6 H,8FH $,2 R"FH4, 8"F"`V,6Fb BD"&@B4F">4b. GD,$@&"H,:\>@FH\ JR.>@(@ 8 H@R>@FH4 &4*>" N@Hb $Z 42 H"8@(@ L"8H", RH@ O@>,&, @*4> 42 >,<>@(4N, J8"2Z&",H H@R>Z, *">>Z, BJ$:48"P44, F 8@H@D@6 F*,:"> B,D,&@* ("Finnische novellen", Universal-Bibliothek, 2938) - ^H@ $Z:@ D,*8@FH\` & H@ &D,<b. #:"(@*"Db H@<J, RH@ O@>,& $Z: JR.>Z6, 2">bHZ6 BD@$:,<"<4 @DL@(D"L44 $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8", 4HZ @8"2":@F\ & P,>HD, >"JR>@6 b2Z8@&@6 *4F8JFF44. AD"8H4R,F84 @$, BJ$:48"P44 - ^H@ D,*"8P44 @*>@(@ 4 H@(@ 0, H,8FH" B,D,&@*", >"B,R"H">>@(@ & "#@:("DF8@< BD,(:,*," B@ FH"DZ< @DL@(D"L4R,F84< >@D<"<, " & #4H@:\F8@6 8>408, P,:48@< B@ >@&Z< >@D<"<, 8@H@DZ6 JR.>Z6 L@D<4DJ,H >" @F>@&, &@FH@R>@(@ *4":,8H": JBD@V.>>@, BD"&@B4F">4, 4 JB@HD,$:,>4, &@T,*T,6 & J2JF :,8F484 &<,FH@ JFH"D,&T,6. 34b Ylivieska *".HFb & "#@:("DF8@< BD,(:,*," :"H4>4P,6, " & #4H@:\F8@< 42*">44 4H, A,HXD A,6&,D4>H", >@ <,FH@ D@0*,>4b, B@-BD,0>,<J, *">@ :"H4>4P,6. ED,*4 B,D,&@*@&, F*,:">>ZN #. 97 O@>,&Z<, Ab6&bD4>H" FH@4H & @*>@< Db*J F %.3. '.H,, %. '`(@, ]. 1@:b, !. )@*,, !.A. Q,N@&Z< 4 *DJ(4<4 8:"FF48"<4. %D,<,>" <,>b`HFb 4 <,>b,HFb @H>@T,>4, 8 :4H,D"HJD>@<J BD@42&,*,>4`, " H"80, 8 BD@B@&,*J,<Z< B4F"H,:,< ^H4R,F84< >@D<"<. AD@42&,*,>4b, B@R4H"&T4,Fb >,8@(*" 2" @$D"2PZ <"FH,DFH&", R,D,2 50 :,H R4H"`HFb 8"8 :.(8"b (&H@D@D"2Db*>"b) :4H,D"HJD" 4:4 0, @H<,H"`HFb25: "Tuskin itsensätäydellistämisen ideat ja subjektiivisen kulttuurin korostukset, saati tietty elämänfilosofinen paatos, meitä enää paljoakaan liikuttavat". (Noro 1986: 9)12 E,(@*>b A. Ab6&bD4>H" B@RH4 2"$ZH 8"8 J F,$b >" D@*4>,, H"8 4 B@&F`*J. 3>H,D,F 8 >,<J & K4>:b>*44 B"*",H J0, *@ A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z, >@ & #@:("D44 ,V. & 1925 (@*J 42*"`HFb & 0JD>":, "%X2D"0*">," ,(@ >@&,::Z "EBXH>48" 4 "32(J$,> 04&@H" (1928), " & F$@D>48, "#,2 <"F84" >@&,::" ";"H4 F4D@<"NXH" (Puutteen Matti 1880) & 1934 (@*J. ]H@H 4>H,D,F <@0>@ @$XbF>4H\ H,<, RH@ 42&,FH>Z, F:@4 4>H,::4(,>P44 ,V. >, &4*,:4 2"&,DT.>>@FH4 & *@FH40,>44 >, FH@:\8@ ,&D@B,6F84N, F8@:\8@ @$V,R,:@&,R,F84N 4*,":@&. O,:\ BD,&D"V,>4b @$Z&"H,:b & (D"0*">4>" ,V. >, $Z:" *@FH4(>JH" 4 42*"H,:4 BD@*@:0":4 &@FB4H">4, F&@,(@ >"F,:,>4b, " BD,0*, &F,(@ <@:@*.04, BD4 B@<@V4 :4H,D"HJDZ, B@8"2Z&"`V,6 B"(J$>@FH\ B\b>FH&" 4 >,@$N@*4<@FH\ 04H\ B@ >D"&FH&,>>Z< 2"8@>"<26. %,:"F\ JF4:,>>"b ">H4":8@(@:\>"b BD@B"(">*", BD4R.< ?$V,FH&" HD,2&@FH4 K4>:b>*44 4 #@:("D44 4<,:4 F&b24. "32(J$,> 04&@H" B,D,42*"&":Fb D"2>Z<4 42*"H,:\FH&"<4 R,HZD, D"2" (1909, 1917, 1928), FJ*b B@ R,<J 8>4(" ,(@ $Z:" BD@R4H">" $@:\T4< 8@:4R,FH&@< R4H"H,:,6. G@H L"8H, RH@ B,D&Z< B,D,&@*R48@< $Z: #,>\@ O@>,&, 42&,FH>Z6 b2Z8@&,*, R:,> #@:("DF8@6 !8"*,<44 >"J8 (*@ 1900 (@*" #X:("DF8@ 8>40@&>@ *DJ0,FH&@), (@&@D4H @ B@BJ:bD>@FH4 Ab6&bD4>HZ FD,*4 F@&D,<,>>48@&. ',D<">4b 4 >,<,P846 b2Z8 FH":4 B@FD,*>48@< B,D&ZN B,D,&@*@& L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8. A,D&Z< BD@42&,*,>4,< B,D,&,*.>>Z< F >,<,P8@(@ b2Z8" >" $@:("DF846 (1825) $Z:@ H"80, F@R4>,>4, & BD@F&,V,>&,F8@< *JN, "E&,V,>@ P&,H@@$D"2@&">4,..." (1714) 5@N">>" M`$>,D": "H@6 , F&XD2"> F PXD8@&>"H" :4H,D"HJD", >@ @HD"2b&" >@&", BD@F&,V,>F8" :4>4b & B,*"(@(48"H": B@2>"H@H@ FX*,D0">4, >" #4$:4bH" , BD,&XD>"H@ & FD,*FH&@ 2" FX2*"&">, >" 25 E<. AD,*4F:@&4, !DH@ =@D@ 8 8>4(, ',@D(" 14<<,:b "K4:@F@L4b <@*Z". 26 %H@D@, 42*">4, B@&,FH4 "32(J$,> 04&@H" $Z:@ & B@:\2J #4H@:\F8@6 &@F8D,F>@6 T8@:Z, @ R.< #,>\@ O@>,& F@@$V",H & BD,*4F:@&44:"7"H@ @HFHX>&"<, >" *D"(@ FXDP, H@b F8D@<,> BD4>@F 2" & B@:2" >" #4H@:F8@H@ >,*,:>@ JR4:4V,, 0,:",< BX:,> JFB,N >" H@&" JRD,0*,>4,, 8@,H@ F4 B@FH"&4:@ H"8"&" $:"(@D@*>" 2"*"R" *" F>"$*b&" T4D@8"H" $X:("DF8" BJ$:48" F B@:,2>@ 4 2"$"&4H,:>@ R,H4&@" (O@>,& 1896: 6) 98 <@D":>@ JFH@6R4&4 N@D", >, D,:4(4@2>4 FX2,DP"H,:4, " *,6>4 >D"&FH&,>4 :4R>@FH4" (!>*D,,&"-A@B@&" 1985: 60). )DJ(4<4 B,D,&@*R48"<4 Ab6&bD4>H" $Z:4 ;["D4b] =,>@&" ("32(J$,> 04&@H" 1928), 7. 3. 9. ("32(J$,> 04&@H", !909, 1917), G. ;"D4>@& (";"H4 F4D@<"N\H", 1934). 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O@>,& D,8@<,>*J,H B4F"H,:b $@:("DF8@6 R4H"`V,6 BJ$:48, F:@&"<4: "K4>>" BF4N@:@(4b, *X:$@8@ 4 BD@RJ&FH&,>@ FN&"V">, >" 04&@H", J&:,8"H,:>@ D"28"2&">, - @H:4R"&"H B@&,FH4H, >" H@b L4>F84 >"D@*,> B@,H 4 (4 B@FH"&bH >" D,* F >"6-*@$D4H, B@*@$>4 :4H,D"HJD>4 BD@42&,*,>4b. %F4R84 F:JR84 4 :4P", D4FJ&">4 & HbN, >4 42BX8&"H 4FH4>F84 4 04&@ BD,* @R4H,. QJ*>" , *"D$"H" >" H@b B4F"H,: *" FX2*"&" @H*,:>4 N"D"8H,D4. 3 @V, B@-RJ*>" , >,(@&"H" :`$@& 8X< 4FH4>", R,FH>@FH 4 >D"&FH&,>@FH - 2" H@&" F,84 V, F, J&,D4, 8"H@ BD@R,H, H"b B@&,FH" (O@>,& 1896: 4). ?$4:4, B,D,&@*@& F,>H4<,>H":\>ZN B@&,FH,6 A. Ab6&bD4>H" B@*H&,D0*",H >"$:`*,>4, '"R,&" @ H@< RH@: "...DJFF8@6 F:@&,F>@FH4 BD@H4&@B@8"2">@ H"8@, @$4:\>@, F:,2@H,R,>4, (@>@ &Z(:b*,:@ $Z F:"V"&Z< 4 F,>H4<,>H":\>Z<), " $@:("DF8@6 - >,H" ('"R,& 1988: 151). 3.3.2 E">H,D4 !:84@ , _N">4 !N@ 4 F@P4":\>Z, <@H4&Z %H@DZ< B@ &D,<,>4 B,D,&,*.>>Z< >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 L4>F84< B4F"H,:,< B@F:, A. 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(!:84@ 1897: 846) !<,D48" >, D"2D,T4:" H@(@ $,*FH&,>>@(@ B@:@0,>4b, & 8@H@D@< @> 04: F@ F&@,6 0,>@6 4 HD,@(@ >,D"&,>FH&" 4 N@R,H F8"2"H\, RH@ >, ^<4(D"P4b, " *DJ(4, BJH4 JFH">@&:,>4b F@P4":\>@6 FBD"&,*:4&@FH4 F:,*J,H 4F8"H\: D"*48":\>Z, B,D,<,>Z & ^8@>@<48,, 2"8@>@*"H,:\FH&,, 8@H@DZ, *":4 $Z &@2<@0>@FH\ @$Z8>@&,>>@<J HDJ0,>>48J &Z$D"H\Fb 42 >4V,HZ. =, H@:\8@ 42 K4>:b>*44, >@ 4 42 <>@(4N ,&D@B,6F84N FHD">"N, & H@< R4F:, 4 42 #@:("D44, $Z:" <"FF@&"b ^<4(D"P4b & !<,D48J. A,D,&@* &>@&\ F*,:"> B@FD,*FH&@< >,<,P8@(@, " B,D,&@*R48 F8DZ:Fb 2" >,D"FT4LD@&">>Z< BF,&*@>4<@< F. A,D,&@*R48 @$D"V",H &>4<">4, >" FH4:\ "&H@D", 4FB@:\2J,H BD@FH@D,R4, 4 *4":,8HZ. ),bH,:4, 4>H,D,F 8@H@DZN $Z: >"BD"&:,> 8 R,:@&,8J R,D,2 @$V,FH&,>>Z, F@$ZH4b 4 8@H@DZ, 4F8":4 BD4R4>Z >,FR"FH46 4 >4V,HZ R,:@&,8" & @$V,FH&,>>@< >,JFHD@6FH&,, (DJBB4D@&":4F\ &@8DJ( 4FH@D4R,F8@(@ 4 @$V,FH&,>>@(@ 0JD>":" "#X:("DF8" F$4D8"". ':"&>Z< D,*"8H@D@< $Z: 42&,FH>Z6 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 4 8J:\HJD>Z6 *,bH,:\ F:"&b>@L4: EH,L"> E. #@$R,&. /JD>": H"80, FH"&4: F&@,6 2"*"R,6 2>"8@<4H\ R4H"H,:,6 F <4D@&@6 :4H,D"HJD@6. ?> 4(D": 2>"R4H,:\>J` D@:\ & 8J:\HJD>@6 042>4 #@:("D44. 34 !N@ $@:("DF846 R4H"H,:\ &B,D&Z, &FHD,H4: & ^H@< 0JD>":,. _. !N@ b&:b,HFb 8:"FF48@< L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ. 7"8 D,":4FH, <"FH,D @B4F">4b BD4D@*Z 4 BD@>4P"H,:\>Z6 >"$:`*"H,:\ 042>4 F&@4N F@&D,<,>>48@&, @> >,@*>@8D"H>@ BD4&:,8": &>4<">4, $@:("DF8@6 B,D4@*4R,F8@6 B,R"H4. "/,>4H$"" (Sipolan Aapon kosioretki, 1883), >"B,R"H">>"b & 0JD>":, "#X:("DF8" F$4D8"" 1898) @H8DZ&",H ,(@ BJH\ & #@:("D4`. ?F@$Z6 4>H,D,F &Z2&": D"FF8"2 _. !N@ "1"F,:4V," (Uudisasukas, 1891), BD,&,*,>>Z6 >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 4 B,D,B,R"H">>Z6 & D"2:4R>ZN 42*">4bN. (1903 (. "%,FH4", 1928 (. & "94H,D"HJD>4 >@&4>4" B@* >"2&">4,< "A@F,:4V,"). % 1909 (. "_0>" #X:("D4b" B@<,FH4:" B,D,&@* D"FF8"2" ")XD&@H@ >" >,R4FH"H" FX&,FH" (Pahan omatunnon puu, 1899). /JD>": "%X2D"0*">," BJ$:48J,H *&" L,:\,H@>" !N@ "G4 ("F4T, "2 2"B":&"<" (1929) (Sammuta sinä, minä sytytän! 1900), ";":84 4 (@:,<4" (Pienet ja suuret, 1900). %@2<@0>@, RH@ 0JD>":J “%X2D"0*">,” 4>H,D,F 8 H&@DR,FH&J ^H@(@ B4F"H,:b $Z: B@*F8"2"> !D&4*@< aD>,L,:\H@<, 8@H@DZ6 $:428@ 2>": _. !N@ 4 F"< "8H4&>@ F@HDJ*>4R": & ^H@< 0JD>":,. _. !N@ @H>@F4:Fb F J&"0,>4,< 8 4*,b< H@:FH@&P,&, N@Hb F"< 4< >, $Z:. % R4F:, 8@DD,FB@>*,>H@& _. !N@ $Z:4 %. Q,DH8@&, 9.=. G@:FH@6 4 =.=. EHD"N@&. %>4<">4b 2"F:J04&"`H B,D,&@*R484 _N">4 !N@. % 1898 (. ^H@ $Z: A. %X:"8@& (BF,&*. A. #"8":@&), 42&,FH>Z6 8J:\HJD>Z6 *,bH,:\, & 1929 (. - "O- 100 &", H. ,. 3&"> O">,&, 8@H@D@(@ <Z 2>",< H"80,, 8"8 B,D,&@*R48" !. aD>,L,:\H" 4 "&H@D" FH"H,6 @$ ^H@< B4F"H,:,. A,DJ B,D,&@*R48" =,>@&" BD4>"*:,04H FH"H\b "K4>F8" :4H,D"HJD"", & 8@H@D@6 @> @F&,V",H H&@DR,FH&" !. aD>,L,:\H", !. 74&4 4 _. !N@. 3.3.3 G@:FH@&FH&@ 4 !D&4* aD>,L,:\H & #@:("D44 !D&4* aD>,L,:\H $Z: >"4$@:,, B,R"H",<Z< "&H@D@< & #@:("D44. +(@ BD@42&,*,>4b BJ$:48@&":4F\, & @F>@&>@<, & 0JD>":, "%X2D"0*">," ]H@ $Z: 0JD>": $@:("DF84N H@:FH@&P,& 4 >@F4: B@*2"(@:@&@8 "EB4F">4, >" @$>@&:b&">, >" 04&@H" & F&,H:4>"H" >" D"2J<" 4 :`$@&H"" 4 BD@FJV,FH&@&": F 1907 B@ 1936 (@*. ED,*4 0JD>":@& #@:("D44 H@(@ &D,<,>4 - 28 :,H - ^H@ 2"&4*>@ *@:(46 &@2D"FH, F&4*,H,:\FH&J`V46 @$ 4F8:`R4H,:\>@6 042>,>>@FH4 @$V4>Z, " H"80, @ B@BJ:bD>@FH4 0JD>":" FD,*4 $@:("DF8@6 4>H,::4(,>P44. (',@D(4,& & %"H@&" 1994: 283) A,D&Z, (@*Z @> &ZN@*4: & #JD("F,, " B@2*>,, - & FH@:4P, E@L44. C,*"8H@D@< 4 @F>@&"H,:,< 0JD>":" $Z: 42&,FH>Z6 8J:\HJD>Z6 *,bH,:\ EH,L"> !>*D,6R4>. 1>"8@<FH&@ $@:("D F H&@DR,FH&@< B4F"H,:b aD>,L,:\H" BD@42@T:@ >" B@R&, DJFF8@(@ H@:FH@&FH&" 4 >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ F&b2">@ F 9.=. G@:FHZ< 4 aF>@6 A@:b>@6. AD@42&,*,>4b L4>F8@(@ B4F"H,:b &@FBD4>4<":4F\ & #@:("D44 R,D,2 BD42<J H@:FH@&FH&" 4 B@^H@<J >,@$N@*4<@ F8"2"H\ >,F8@:\8@ F:@& @ $@:("DF84N “>,BD@H4&:,>P"N”, 8"8 @>4 F,$b R"V, &F,(@ >"2Z&":4. G@:FH@&FH&@ >"R":@ D"FBD@FHD">bH\Fb & #@:("D44 F 8@>P" XIX &,8", R,<J FB@F@$FH&@&":4 H.B:Z, @H>@T,>4b <,0*J #@:("D4,6 4 C@FF4,6 B@F:, @F&@$@0*,>4b #@:("D44. #@:\T"b R"FH\ $@:("DF8@6 4>H,::4(,>P44 B@:JR4:" @$D"2@&">4, & C@FF44 4 &:"*,:" DJFF84< b2Z8@<. ;@:@*.0\ (FD,*4 8@H@DZN B,HD@&,P )4>\@ #@08@&, H@:FH@&PZ MD4FH@ )@F,& 4 ',@D(4 EH@4:@& S@B@&, F@P4":4FH ). #:"(@,& 4 H. *.) F (@H@&>@FH\` &@FBD4>4<":" DJFF84, 8J:\HJD>Z, 4 4*,@:@(4R,F84, H,R,>4b. '. S@B@& ,V. & 1903 (. @D(">42@&": 0JD>": “9,& =. G@:FH@6”, 8@H@DZ6 2">4<":Fb BJ$:48"P4,6 B,D,&@*@& BD@42&,*,>46 9.=. G@:FH@(@. S@B@& F@$FH&,>>@DJR>@ D"FBD@FHD">4: @8@:@ 700 BD4F:">>ZN Q,DH8@&Z< $D@T`D 9.=. G@:FH@(@. 'DJBB" H@:FH@&P,& &@ (:"&, F )@F,&Z< & 1906 (@*J @F>@&":" 8@<<J>J >,*":,8@ @H #JD("F" & F,:, !:">-7"6Db8 (H,B,D\ aF>"b A@:b>"), (*, 04:" B:@*"<4 F@$FH&,>>@(@ HDJ*", B4H"bF\ &,(,H"D4">F8@` B4V,` 4 FHD,<bF\ 04H\ F@@H&,HFH&,>>@ JR,>4` 9. =. G@:FH@(@ @ >,BD@H4&:,>44 2:J >"F4:4,<. ):b BD@B"(">*4D@&">4b >,BD@H4&:,>R,F84N 4*,6 4 &,(,H"D4">FH&" $Z:" 8JB:,>" *,T.&"b H4B@(D"L4b. A@ DJFF8@<J BD4<,DJ $Z:@ @D(">42@&">@ 42*"H,:\FH&@ "A@FD,*>48", 8@H@D@,, 8D@<, 0JD>":" "%X2D"0*">,", 42*"&":@ ("2,HJ "E&@$@*"", " H"80, 2">4<":@F\ 8>4(@42*"H,:\FH&@<. ),FbH@8 42*">46 "=@&@ F:@&@", "=@&@ @$V,FH&@", "aF>" B@:b>"" "K"8,:", "/4&@H", "EX`2", "%,(,H"D4">F84 BD,(:,*", 101 “E&@$@*>, &XFB4H">4,” 4 *D., 4FB@&,*@&":4 JR,>4, 9. =. G@FH@(@ 4 @D(">42@&":4 H@:FH@&F84, 8@<<J>Z &@ <>@(4N $@:("DF84N F.:"N. (',@D(4,& & %"H@&" 1994: 267). 1" >,*@FH"H8@< B,D,&@*@& BD@42&,*,>4b 9.= . G@:FH@(@ R4H":4F\ & B@*:4>>48,. A,D&Z, B,D,&@*Z >" $@:("DF846 $Z:4 F*,:">Z 1884 (., " >"R4>"b F 1889 B@RH4 ,0,(@*>@ &ZN@*bH &F, 2>"<,>4HZ, D@<">Z 9.=. G@:FH@(@. E"< 9.=. G@:FH@6 @H>@F4:Fb 8 F:"&b>@L4:\FH&J 4 B">F:"&42<J @HD4P"H,:\>@ B@ Db*J BD@4FH,8"`V4N 42 ,(@ <4D@&@22D,>4b BD4R4>, >,F<@HDb >" H@, RH@ 4<,>>@ & F:"&b>FH&, @> &4*4H “@$>@&4H,:b 042>4” & $J*JV,<. =" ^H@6 BD@$:,<"H48, <Z 2*,F\ @FH">"&:4&"H\Fb >, $J*,<. IB@,< @$ ^H@< :4T\ *:b H@(@, RH@$Z @H<,H4H\ F:@0>@FH\ @H>@T,>4b G@:FH@(@ 8 *DJ(4< F:"&b>F84< >"D@*"< 4 >" @R,>\ <>@(@B:">@&Z6 &@BD@F D,P,BP44 9.=. G@:FH@(@, & R"FH>@FH4, & #@:("D44. +(@ L4(JD" B@*R"F FH">@&4HFb & P,>HD, 4*,@:@(4R,F8@6 $@D\$Z & FHD">, (A@D@R84>" 1983: 33, 74) =40, B@*D@$>,, (@&@D4HFb @ &@FBD4bH44 H@*FH@&FH&" 4 L4>F8@(@ B4F"H,:b !. aD>,L,:\H" F H@R84 2D,>4b 4N 4*,@:@(4R,F84N B@F:,*@&"H,:,6 & #@:("D44. =,HDJ*>@ BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ ^H" D,P,BP4b B@:>" &@FH@D(@& 4 B@:@04H,:\>ZN @H2Z&@&. 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E JB@D4H@ B@FH@b>FH&@ N@D"H" @8@:@ "%X2D"0*">," (DJB4D"N" 4 F$D"N" @8@:@ F4 B@&,R, D"$@H>4P4. 3 H,BXD&" & FHD">4P4H, >" H@&" FB4F">4, F, B@b&b&" 4 2"D"2D"$@H&" NJ*@0,FH&,>" :4H,D"HJD" F G@:FH@,&F84 <4D@(:,*. G,BXD&" HJ8 F, B@b&b&"H 4 D"$@HbH H&@DP4 >" 42bV>" :4H,DHJD" & G@:FH@,&F8" >"F@8"" (O">,& 1920: 183). 9. G@:FH@(@ 3.O">,& >"2Z&",H ">@& AD@<,H,6 >" R@&,R,FH&@H@", <@V>Z6 (@:@F 8@H@D@(@ 2&JR4H 4 $J*,H 2&JR"H\ B@ &F,<J 2,<>@<J T"DJ >, 2>"b BD,BbHFH&46 (O">,& 1920: 178), @> FD"&>4&",H B4F"H,:b F *J$@<, &@8DJ( 8@H@D@(@ D"FH.H <@:@*>b8, ,V. F:"$Z6 & H&@DR,F8@< @H>@T,>44, >@ Db*@< F@ F&@4< D@*@>"R":\>48@<. 7D4H48 B,D,R4F:b,H F:,*J`V4N DJFF84N B4F"H,:,6-H@:FH@&P,&: !. A. #"D48@&", 3. K. ="04&4>, E. G. E,<.>@&, K.*@D A@FHJB",&, 3. '@D$J>@&-A@F"*@&, !. M4D\b8@& 4 *DJ(4,: "G, &F4R84 >, F" <@V>4 NJ*@0>4P4, >@ 4<" <,0*J H,N 4 ,*4>4P4 &,R, F 4<,. ="6<@V>4bH 4 >"6 &4*>4bH <,0*J H,N , L4>:">*,PXH !D&4* +D>,L,:H" [B@*R. 9. E.]. (O">,& 1920: 178). "?H &F4R84 +D>,L,:H , &,R, @L@D<4: F&@bH" 8DJB>" L4(JD" >" B4F"H,: 4 , *@$4: BD42>">4,". (O">,& 1920: 183) '@*@< B@^0,, & 1921 (., 3. O">,& & 0. "%X2D"0*">," B,R"H",H >@&J` @$T4D>J` FH"H\`, >" ^H@H D"2 B@F&bV.>>J` H@:\8@ !. aD>,L,:\HJ28. 3. O">,& >"R4>",H F ^B42@*", 8@H@DZ6 B@8"2Z&",H &F,@$VJ` :`$@&\ 4 BD42>">4, !. aD>,L,:\H" J F,$b >" D@*4>,. AJH,T,FH&J`V46 B@ K4>:b>*44 %. #DJFb>4> @$>"DJ04&",H & *@<, F,:b>84 $4$:4@H,8J. M@2b68" F @F@$@6 :`$@&\` B@8"2Z&",H 8>4(4 !D&4*" aD>,L,:\H": "! ,H@... H@&" F" 8>4(4 @H >"T4b B4F"H,: !D&4* +D>,L,:H. G@6 , B@F:,*@&"H,: >" G@:FH@b" /.../ L4>:">*8"H" (:,*":" 8>4(4H, F $:"0,> 42D"2 & @R4H, 4 (@&@D4:": "%4*4H, :4, - 4 >46 F4 4<"<, >"T G@:FH@6!29" (O">,& 1921: 173) !&H@D B@*R.D84&",H, RH@ aD>,L,:\H 2"F:J04: B4F"H,:\F8@, 4, H@:\8@ 8"8 H@:FH@&,P, >@ 4<,,H BD,<4` K4>F8@(@ :4H,D"HJD>@(@ @$V,FH&" 2" 1905 (@* 4 b&:b,HFb @*>4< 42 8DJB>,6T4N B4F"H,:,6-D,":4FH@& K4>:b>*44. !. aD>,L,:\H BD@4FN@*4H 42 "D4FH@8D"H4R,F8@6 F,<\4 F $@("HZ<4 8J:\HJD>Z<4 HD"*4P4b<4. +(@ @H,P 42&,FH>Z6 8"DH@(D"L !:,8F">*D aD>,L,:\H. ?*4> 42 ,(@ $D"H\,&, ],D@, - NJ*@0>48, *DJ(@6, !D<"F, 8@<B@24H@D. ':"&>@, & $4@(D"L44 !D&4*" aD>,L,:\H" - ^H@ ,(@ BD4N@* 8 &,D, & 1891 (@*J, *JN@&>Z6 B,D,:@<, BD4&,*T46 ,(@ >" BJH\, 8@H@DZ6 28 29 O">,& 3&. "!D&4* +D>,L,:H" (B@ 7. G4">*,D). %X2D"0*">, 1921:6, 173-181. !D&4*aD>,L,:\H FR4H":Fb L4>F84< G@:FHZ<, M,>D4 )"&4* G@D@ - "<,D48">F84<, MD4FH@ )@F,& - $@:("DF84< 4 H. *. 103 B@8"2": "bF>@B@:b>F84bH B4F"H,: 4 L4:@F@L" 9. =. G@:FH@6. AD@42@T:@ D"*48":\>@, 42<,>,>4, & <4D@&@22D,>44 !. aD>,L,:\H", @HD"0.>>@, & BD@42&,*,>44 ";@,H@ BD@$J0*,>@" (Herämiseni, 1894).3. O">,& &@FN4V",HFb <"H,D\` B4F"H,:b, @8"2"&T,6 D,T"`V,, &:4b>4, >" L@D<4D@&">4, <4D@&@22D,>4b B4F"H,:b. ]H" 0,>V4>", 0,>" (,>,D":", F@$FH&,>@DJR>@ B@<@(":" FZ>J & N@2b6FH&,, 8@(*" J H@(@ $Z:4 HDJ*>@FH4 FZ> >, BD42>"&": >".<>Z6 HDJ*, - &Z2Z&"b ^H4< J*4&:,>4, @8D,FH>ZN 8D,FH\b>. 3. O">,& J8"2Z&",H >" BD@42&,*,>4b, 8@H@DZ, >"B4F">Z B@* F4:\>Z< &:4b>4,< 9.=. G@:FH@(@. G"8, & "EX*$"H" >" R@&,8"" (Ihmiskohtaloja, 1895), RJ&FH&J,HFb &@2*,6FH&4, B@&,FH,6 9.=. G@:FH@(@ "GD4 F<,DH4" 4 "E<,DH\ 3&">" 3:\4R"", "E"<J,: 7D@,:" (Samuel Cro.ll, 1899) - D"FF8"2 @ R,:@&,8,, 8@H@DZ6 >"T.: *JT,&>Z6 B@8@6, BD4>b& D,T,>4, @H&,R"H\ >" 2:@ *@$D@<, "#D"Hb" (Veljekset, 1900), "+:,>"" (Helena, 1902), "IR,>4, >" D@$"" (Orjan oppi, 1902). ?*>"8@: "@F@$,>@ 42bV>@, B@,H4R>@, F *X:$@8 HD"(42X< 4*,bH" 2" >,FXBD@H4&:,>4, >" 2:@H@ >"<4D" 42@$D"0,>4, & 2>"<,>4H"H" <J B4,F" "G4H, D"2DJT4H,:bH >" 3,DJF":4<" (O">,& 1920: 179), & 8@H@D@6 !. aD>,L,:\H *".H >@&J` HD"8H@&8J FH"D@6 4FH@D44, "FJ<,: *" 42&:,R, @H >,(@ FX&F,< >@&@ FX*XD0">4,". )JN@&>"b $@D\$" G4H", 8@:,$:`V,(@Fb <,0*J b2ZR,F84<4 BD,*FH"&:,>4b<4 4 B@JR,>4b<4 F&@,(@ 2:@(@ (,>4b #,D,>4FZ30, F @*>@6 FH@D@>Z, " F *DJ(@6: ND4FH4">F8@(@ JR,>4b, >"FH@bV,6 :`$&4 4 $:42@FH4 8 #@(J D"$" 9424<"N" - 2"8">R4&",HFb B@$,*@6 *@$D" 4 ND4FH4">FH&", @H8"2@< @H &:"FH4 4, >"8@>,P, &@2:, F<,DH>@(@ @*D" G4H" *JN@&>@ BD@2D,&",H 4 ,(@ 0,>". G4B4R>Z< &ZD"24H,:,< H@:FH@&F84N >"P4@>":\>ZN 4*,6 b&:b,HFb 4 M,>D48 42 D@<">" "#D"Hb": "M,>D48 F, FHD,<4 *" $X*, R@&,8 $,2 >"P4@>":>4 BD,*D"FX*XP4. G@6 42(D"0*" & F,$, F4 :`$@& 8X< RJ0*4H, N@D". G@6 4F8" *" F, F:,, FXF F&,H@&>"H" *JT", *" $X*, <X>4R8" 8"B8" & >,@$bH>4b &,R,> @8,"> >" R@&,R,FH&@H@". (O">,& 1921: 177) 3. O">,& &ZF@8@ FH"&4H 4*,` 9.=. G@:FH@(@, @ H@<, RH@ R,:@&,8 BD,0*, &F,(@ BD,*FH"&4H,:\ R,:@&,R,FH&" 2,<>@(@ T"D", " J0, B@H@< >"P4@>":\>@FH4. ':"&>"b (,D@4>b +:,>" 42 @*>@4<.>>@(@ D"FF8"2" !. aD>,L,:\H" BD42&">" 4::`FHD4D@&"H\ 2"B@&,*\ MD4FH" “>, 8:bFH\Fb” &@&F,: “F, @HD,R, @H BD4>J*4H,:>@ BD4R"FH4, 4 PXD8@&,> $D"8, D"2*"&" 2",*>@ F <X0" F4 (D"<"*>@H@ F4 4<,>4, >" F,:b>4H, 4 F:42" @H B:,V4H, >" F,:b>4H,". [B@*R. 9. E.], (O">,& 1921: 177). 3. O">,& >"B@<4>",H 4 @ *DJ(4N B:,>4H,:\>ZN 0,>F84N @$D"2"N & >@&,::"N !. aD>,L,:\H", H"84N 8"8 ;"DH" 42 "),P"H" >" 2,<bH""31 (Maaemon lapsia, 1905), 'D,H" 42 "'D,H" 4 >,6>4bH (@FB@*"D" (Greeta ja hänen herransa, 1905). 3. O">,& FH"&4H !. aD>,L,:\H" >" &4*>@, <,FH@ & <4D@&@6 4 L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJD,, & @F@$,>>@FH4, 2" &ZF@846 30 % B,D,&@*, 1918 (. 4 *D. 4Z G4H": %,D,>48". 31 #Z:" B,D,&,*,>" & 1934 (@*J B@* >"2&">4,< "Q"*" >" 2,<bH"". 104 >D"&FH&,>>Z6 >"8":. 3FN@*>@6 H@R8@6 &4*,>4b &>,T>,(@ <4D" !. aD>,L,:\H@< b&:b,HFb “@H&:,R,>"H" 4*,b. G@&" >":"(" B,R"H &XDNJ &F4R84H, <J BD@42&,*,>4b” [B@*R. 9. E.] , >@ B4F"H,:\ >, 0,DH&J,H NJ*@0,FH&,>>@6 BD"&*4&@FH\`: “N"D<@>4R>@ BD,B:4H" <@D":>4 4 NJ*@0,FH&,>4 ,:,<,>H4, 8@,H@ BD4*"&" @F@$,>" BD,:,FH >" H&@D,>4bH" <J". (O">,& 1921: 176). % F8"28, "),P" >" F&,H:4>"H" 4 >" V"FH4," (%X2D"0*">," 1921) <ZT\ (@&@D4H @ R,:@&,8,, RH@ @> >"<>@(@ $@("R, @*"D.> #@(@<, 4 8"8 R,:@&,8 2" ^H@H *"D $@:,, @H&,HFH&,> B,D,* =4<: "Q@&,8XH , >,V@ B@&4F@8@ @H >"6-&4F@8@H@, 8@,H@ ,*>" <4T8" <@0, *" F4 BD,*FH"&4, F:,*@&"H,:>@ ,*4> $@(. [...] >48@6, *"0, >"6-F:"$4bH, >,<" >J0*" *" F, 8D4, & HX<>4>"H", >@ &F4R84 F<,:@ 4 F4(JD>@ <@("H *" F, *&40"H & >"6-bF>" F&,H:4>"..." (aD>,L,:\H 1921: 171). Q,:@&,8, >" 8@H@D@(@ *DJ(4, 04&@H>Z, F<@HDbH F 2"&4FH\` 4 $@b2>\`, 8@H@DZ6 ",*4> $@(", *@:0,> FH"H\ *@FH@6>Z< *"D@& #@(", FH"H\ B@4FH4>, *4H.< F&,H" 4 FR"FH\b, :4T.>>Z< >4284N B@<ZF:@&, 04&@H>ZN &:,R,>46, - RH@$Z F&bV,>>@, HD,B,H">4, >42T4N 04&@H>ZN B,D,* >4< FH":@ @BD"&*">>Z<. ="P4@>":\>Z6 H,"HD & 1924 (@*J BD,*B@:"(": B@FH"&4H\ "E<,DH\" aD>,L,:\H" >" <J2Z8J a>" E4$,:4JF" (!DN4& SKS L. aD>,L,:\H", C"68@& 21.9.1924). +V. $@:,, 4>H,>F4&>Z<4 *,:"`HFb F&b24 F K4>:b>*4,6 B@F:, H@(@, 8@(*" B@F:, D,&@:`P44 F&b24 F C@FF4,6 BD,D&":4F\. EH@b> ',@D(4,& 4 3&"> O">,& B4TJH 30.5.1921 F@&<,FH>@, B4F\<@ >" DJFF8@< b2Z8, 8 "*b*`T8," aD>,L,:\HJ: "7@(*" $JDb >"(Db>,H 4 2"HJ<">4H (:"2" :`*,6, @>4 H,Db`H &@2<@0>@FH\ @HZF84&"H\ F&@4N $:4284N, N@Hb @>4 4 >, B,D,FH"`H *J<"H\ @ >4N. G@:\8@ RH@ B,D,04H"b &@6>" B@D&":" F&b2\ <,0*J :`*\<4 4 B@FH"&4:" >"F & >,&@2<@0>@FH\ RH@-:4$@ 2>"H\ @ >"T4N 4*,6>ZN *DJ2\bN. 3 H,B,D\, 8@(*" $JDb B@>,<>@08J FH4N",H, >J0*" RH@->4$J*\ J2>"H\ 4 &@FFH">@&4H\ @$V,>4, F *DJ2\b<4 @F@$,>>@ F4:\>@ RJ&FH&J,HFb". ( !DN4& SKS, L. aD>,L,:\H") 7>4(@42*"H,:\FH&@ "%X2D"0*">," BD,*B@:"(",H 42*"&"H\ BD@42&,*,>4b !. aD>,L,:\H" 4 & *":\>,6T,<, >@, B@F8@:\8J >48H@ >, &:"*,,H L4>F84<, H@ 42*"H,:\FH&@ >J0*",HFb & B@:>@< F@$D">44 F@R4>,>46 !. aD>,L,:\H" >" DJFF8@< b2Z8,. I0, (@H@&Z $@:("DF84, B,D,&@*Z BD@42&,*,>46 aD>,L,:\H", F*,:">>Z, F DJFF8@(@ b2Z8": "C@*4>"" (B,D. BD@L. A. ?. ;@D@2@&"), "),H4 2,<:4" (B,D. ;"D44 #:"(@&,V,>F8@6) 4 "GD4 FJ*\$Z (B,D. !*. AJ:\84>,>"). 7,< F*,:">Z B,D,&@*Z >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 & B4F\<,, B@*B4F">>@< 42*"H,:,< "%X2D"0*">," 4 3&">@< O">,&Z<, >, F@@$V",HFb. % 1928 (@*J F B,D,DZ&@< & 10 :,H aD>,L,:\H F@@$V",H @ F,$, F&@4< $@:("DF84< *DJ2\b< H@:FH@&P"<. 7 ^H@<J &D,<,>4 H@:FH@&F8@, *&40,>4, & #@:("D44 @8D,B:@. A@ E. ',@D(4,&J 4 3 O">,&J (B4F\<@ @H 30.5.1921), "*,bH,:\>@FH\ 4*.H JF4:,>>Z< H,<B@< 4 &F. $@:,, 8D,B>,H 4 &@@*JT,&:b,H >"F". #Z: F@2*"> 8@@B,D"H4& "A@FD,*>48" (B@ BD4<,DJ <@F8@&F8@(@, D"(D@<:,>>@(@ B@F:, D,&@:`P44 ('`*`:,& 12.11.1928), 8D@<, 0JD>":" 105 "%X2D"0*">," 42*"&":"F\ ("2,H" "E&@$@*""32 , " H"80, $Z:@ F&@. 8>4(@42*"H,:\FH&@. AD,H,DB,:@ 42<,>,>4, 4 F"<@ >"2&">4, *&40,>4b: "RH@$Z B@*R,D8>JH\ ND4FH4">F8J` @F>@&J JR,>4b" @>@ FH":@ >"2Z&"H\Fb " F&@$@*>Z, ND4FH4">, ". #@D4F '`*`:,& 28.11.1928 F@@$V",H !. aD>,L,:\HJ 4 B,R":\>Z, >@&@FH4: B@H,Db F&b24 F DJFF84<4 $D"H\b<433, "D,FH, (B@ 2"(D">4R>Z< ("2,H"<) %.'. Q,DH8@&", 3.3. '@D$J>@&"-A@F"*@&" B@F:, <4H4>(" H@:FH@&P,&, @D(">42@&">>@(@ & R,FH\ 100-:,H>,(@ `$4:,b 9.=. G@:FH@(@, (*, @>4 &ZFHJB4:4 2" @H<,>J F<,DH>@6 8"2>4, BD@H4& @(D">4R,>4b F&@$@*Z 4 *D. % ^H@6 F4HJ"P44 $@:("DF84, H@:FH@&PZ FR4H"`H @F@$,>>@ &"0>Z<, RH@ &@FFH">@&4:"F\ F&b2\ F !. aD>,L,:\H@<, $Z&T4< & F&@. &D,4< 42 B,D&ZN F@HDJ*>48@& 0JD>":" & 1908 (@*J. #. '`*`:,& BD@F4H F@R4>,>4b !. aD>,L,:\H" >" DJFF8@< 4:4 $@:("DF8@< b2Z8,, RH@$Z @BJ$:48@&"H\ 4N 4:4 B,D,&@*Z. % 1932 (@*J, & (@* F<,DH4 B4F"H,:b, B@&,FH\ "GD4 FX*$4" BJ$:48J,HFb @H*,:\>@6 8>408@6. ?$D"V",H >" F,$b &>4<">4, NJ*@0,FH&,>>@ &ZB@:>,>>"b @$:@08", (D"L48@<, F8DZ&T4<Fb 2" BF,&*@>4<@< ). ). % 1934 (@*J >" &>JHD,>>,6 FH@D@>, @$:@084 0JD>":" "%X2D"0*">," 42 >@<,D" & >@<,D B@<,V":"F\ D,8:"<": ")@ &F4R84 "$@>,<,>H4! (...) =, F:,* *X:(@ &D,<, V, 42:,2, @H B,R"H 4 @$,V">"H" HD,H" BD,<4b: "Q,*" >" 2,<bH"" @H !D&4* +D>,L,:H, B@2>"H >" >"T4H, R4H"H,:4 B4F"H,:, 8@6H@ F BD"&@ >@F4 BD@2&4V,H@ "G@:FH@6 >" K4>:">*4b". /JD>": BD,8D"H4: FJV,FH&@&">4, & 1936 (@*J, 4 B@F:, ^H@(@ 8 H&@DR,FH&J !. aD>,L,:\H" & #@:("D44 >, @$D"V":4F\. 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AD4&,*.<, >"BD4<,D, F:@&" <"H,D4, 8@(*" & BD,*F<,DH>Z6 R"F @>" 2"&,V",H FZ>J: "3 2"V@ HDb$&" *DJ( *" @FH">, 4 2" >,b F8XD$4? )", 2"V@ HD,$&"H 42@$V@ H4b 42B4H">4b? GD,$&" *" R@&,8 *" H4 *"*, @H(@&@D 2" 04&@H", @$4R>46 A"&:," (+D>,L,:H "E<XDH" 1914: 8) ?>" *".H >"8"2 FZ>J: "H"8" @$4R"6 &F4R84 FXV@ 4 RJ0*4H,, HX6 8"8H@ <,>, @$4R"T" (+D>,L,:H "E<XDH" 1914: 11). E<ZF: ^H4N F:@& R4FH@ H@:FH@&F846: B,D,* 0,DH&,>>@6 :`$@&\` 4 F:J0,>4,< :`*b< @HFHJB",H F<,DH\:"%F4R84 V, @$4R"< - P,:4b F&,H - 4 "8@ Hb <4 F, B@8:@>4 - & :`$@& - H@("&" FX< &4>"(4 BD4 H,$, - 4 H4 BD4 <,>," (+D>,L,:H "E<XDH" 1914: 16) AD,*B@:"("`H, RH@ B@* BF,&*@>4<@< 3-@&, 4 3&. %-& F8DZ&",HFb 3&"> %"2@&. A\,F" "G4H - D"2DJT4H,:XH >" +DJF":4<"" (1918) $Z:" B,D,&,*,>" 3&. 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(',@D(4,& & %"H@&" 1994: 269, 272). /JD>":, >" F"<@< *,:,, >" &F.< BD@Hb0,>44 F&@,(@ FJV,FH&@&">4b @FH"&":Fb &,D,> F&@,6 4*,, 4 (@&@D4: @ H,N P,>>@FHbN, 8@H@DZ, $@:,, >J0*"`HFb & 4F8D,>>@FH4 4 BZH:4&@FH4, " <,>,, & D"2&4H44 35 E<.: "3&. G. ;"D4>@&". =,8D@:@(. 4.4.1935. %X2D"0*">, 1934-1935:8, 254-255. 107 4 B@4F8"N >@&ZN :4H,D"HJD>ZN L@D<. G,< >, <,>,, 9. ',@D(4,& 4 A. %"H@&" BD42>"`H D@:\ 0JD>":" & D"FBD@FHD">,>44 4>@FHD">>@6 :4H,D"HJDZ & #@:("D44, & BJ$:48"P44 <,<J"D>@6 :4H,D"HJDZ @ 9. =. G@:FH@< 4 ">" @(D@<>4b *4"B@2@> >" F&,H@&>4H, JR,>4b >" :`$@&H"" (',@D(4,& & %"H@&" 1994: 284). E"<@ F@$@6 >"BD"T4&",HFb &Z&@*, RH@ B4F"H,:\ !D&4* aD>,L,:\H FH": 42&,FH,> & #@:("D44 8"8 BD,*FH"&4H,:\ H@:FH@&F8@(@ >,BD@H4&:,>R,F8@(@ *&40,>4b, >" @F>@&">44 :4R>@(@ 2>"8@<FH&". 3F8@(@ B4F"H,:b 4 $@:("DF84N BD@B"(">*4FH@& $Z:@ @$X,*,>,>@ F4:@6 4*,6 9. =. 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G4">*,D" - RH@ BD4&@*4H 8 H@<J, RH@ $@:("D4> B@:JR",H "*,8&"H>J` L4>>"< 4 DJFF84< 8"DH4>J H&@DR,FH&" aD>,L,:\H". A,D,&@*4:4F\ 4 >,8@H@DZ, *DJ(4, L4>F84, B4F"H,:4, >@ 8 F@0":,>4`, <Z >, D"FB@:"(",< >4 @*>4< L"8H@< $@:("DF8@6 D,P,BP44 ^H4N "&H@D@&. =,F8@:\8@ D"FF8"2@& -N">>,F" 94>>">8@F84 $Z:4 B@BJ:bD>Z<4 & #@:("D44: D"FF8"2Z "IF<4&8"H"" (Hymy, 1911) 4 ")>,&>48", >"B,R"H">Z & B,D&Z6 D"2 & 1925 (. S,FH\ D"2 B,D,B,R"HZ&":Fb D"FF8"2 "O,:J&8"H"" (Suudelma, 1901), & 8"R,FH&, :.(8@(@ RH,>4b *:b ("2,HZ. 9JRT,, BD@42&,*,>4, B4F"H,:b "A,F,> 2" R,D&,>@H@ P&,H," (Laulu tulipunaisesta kukasta, 1905) 42*">@ & 1943 (. & B@BJ:bD>@6 4 BD,FH40>@6 $4$:4@H,8, "1:"H>4 2XD>"" & B,D,&@*, F LD">PJ2F8@(@ b2Z8" ;"D4,6 ?D:4>@&@6. )&"0*Z $Z:@ @BJ$:48@&">@ BD@42&,*,>4, B4F"H,:\>4PZ 108 M,:\<4 E,Hb:b (Helmi Krohn) "),H,H@ >" F8DX$H"" (Surun lapsi, 1905) & 1912 4 1918 (. AD@42&,*,>4b C. 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(3&">@&" 1985": 45) #@:("DF846 0, 113 `>"TF846 ^B@F :,(8@ F&b2"H\ F@ &D,<,>,<, JH&,D0*",H C. 3&">@&". +(@ BD@H@H4B@< $Z: &:"FH4H,:\ AD4:,BZ - 8@D@:\ ;"D8@ (XIV &,8), $J*JR4 &"FF":@< @F<">F84N B@D"$@H4H,:,6, @> B@(4$, FD"0"bF\ BD@H4& F&@4N ,*4>@&,DP,& & 1371 (@*J. #,FFB@D>@, RH@ 2" 7D":4 ;"D8@ 8D@,HFb 4 $@:,, *D,&>46 @$D"2, H"8 8"8 `>"84 $@D`HFb 4 BD@H4& *,<@>4R,F84N FJV,FH&, & `>"TF8@< ^B@F, b&>@ &ZFHJB"`H FH"D4>>Z, &,D@&">4b 4 D4HZ. %F, F`0,HZ B,F,>, *"0, F&"*,$>Z,, &@4>FH&,>>Z 4 8@>L:48H>Z. =" >"T &2(:b*, `>"TF84 B,F>4 F8@D,, <@0>@ F@B@FH"&4H\ F DJFF84<4 $Z:4>"<4, H"8 8"8 H"< H@0, <@0>@ @$>"DJ04H\ ND@>@H@B 4 *"0, J2>"H\ D,":\>ZN (,D@,&; 8>b2,6, $@bD, 8JBP@&, >@ (,D@6 DJFF8@6 $Z:4>Z &F,(*" >" FH@D@>, F&@,6 C@*4>Z 4 (@H@& 2"V4V"H\ E&bHJ` CJF\ 4 &,DJ BD@H4& ,. &D"(@&. C. 3&">@&" *,:",H &Z&@*, RH@ %b6>b<.6>,> 4<,,H BD@<,H,,&F846 *JN, F&b2">>Z6 F B@N4V,>4,< F&,H" *:b :`*,6 4 4N BD@F&,V,>4,<, " $@:("DF846 ^B4R,F846 (,D@6 >@F4H FB,P4L48J B@&H@Db`V,(@Fb *,6FH&4b, 8@H@D@, F@&,DT",HFb 8"0*Z6 D"2, 8@(*" >"D@* H,Db,H RH@-:4$@. (3&">@&" 1985": 46-47) ?$ZR>@ ^H@ *@$Z&">4, 0,>Z ($:"(@F@FH@b>4,) 4:4 &@*Z (&,F>", @F&@$@0*,>4, &@*Z @H@ :\*"). =@ ,F:4 F&"*,$>@, T,FH&4, 7D":b ;"D8@ &FHD,R",H >" BJH4 &D"("37 4 *@:0>@ B@$,*4H\ ,(@, &F:,*FH&4, R,(@ F&"*\$" 8@>R",HFb $@,<, H@ & L4>F8@< ^B@F, F@B,D>4R,FH&@ <,0*J %b6>b<.6>,>@< 4 3:<"D4>,>@< 8@>R",HFb <4D>@. ?H&,D(>JHZ6 FH"DZ6 %b6>b<.6>,> B@8"2Z&",H F&@` <J*D@FH\ 4 <"(4R,F8J` F4:J >"D@*J 4 JF:"0*",H ,(@ B,F>b<4. C. 3&">@&", @H<,R"b <>@(@FH"*4":\>@FH\ (D"2>Z, &D,<,>" 4 D"2>Z, P48:Z >"8:"*Z&"`HFb *DJ( >" *DJ(") @$@4N ^B@F@&, BD4N@*4H 8 &Z&@*J, RH@ "7":,&":"" $@:,, P,:@FH,> B@ FD"&>,>4` F P48:@< @ 7D":,< ;"D8@. E:@0>@FH\ FJ*\$Z $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*" >" BJH4 8 ^H>4R,F8@6 @$V>@FH4, 8@H@D"b @$D"2@&":"F\ 42 >,F8@:\84N 8@<B@>,>H@& 4 BD,0*, &F,(@ HD"846F8@6, F:"&b>F8@6 4 BD"$@:("DF8@6 4 <>@(@&,8@&@, HJD,P8@, 4(@ BD4*":@ B,F>b< @ ;"D8@ F:@0>Z6 4 BD@H4&@D,R4&Z6 N"D"8H,D, :4T4&T46 $@:("D &@2<@0>@FH4 F@2*"H\ F&@6, B@*@$>Z6 "7":,&":,", ^B@F. (3&">@&" 1985": 49) =48@:@& H"80, F@0":,,H @ H@<, RH@ >48H@ >, @$X,*4>4: D"2D@2>,>>ZN L@:\8:@D>ZN BD@42&,*,>46 @ 7D":, ;"D8@ 4 ;"FH,D, ;">@:, (=48@:@& 1992: 4), B@F8@:\8J <4L, & R"FH>@FH4, "7":,&":"" *": L4>F8@<J >"D@*J 4<BJ:\F 8 2@:@H@<J &,8J L4>F8@(@ 4F8JFFH&". ="* H,<"<4 "7":,&":Z" D"$@H":4 NJ*@0>484 ],D@ aD>,L,:\H, !8F,:\ '"::,>-7"::,:", 4< $Z:4 4>FB4D4D@&">Z FH4N4 ]6>@ 9,6>@ 4 <J2Z8" a>" E4$,:4JF" - F&@6 $@:("DF846 ^B@F <@( $Z B@F:J04H\ B@*@$>@<J H&@DR,F8@<J 4<BJ:\FJ. A,D,&@*R48 =4>@ =48@:@&, 8@H@DZ6 B@F&bH4: B,D,&@*J “7":,&":Z” (@*Z 042>4 4 (:J$@8@ BD@>48 & F4<&@:48J ^B@F", & 4>H,D&\` _N" 37 ?$ZR>@ ^H@ ;JF" 7"F"*04b, Q,D,> !D"B4> 4:4 K4:4B ;"*0"D4>, 8@H@DZ, 4<,`H B@ HD4, F,<\ 4:4 *,&bH\ 2<,4>ZN F,D*,P. 114 %4D88J>,>J BD42>".HFb, RH@ $Z: &Z>J0*,> D,T4H\ HDJ*>,6T4, B,D,&@*R,F84, BD@$:,<Z: &Z$@D BD"&4:\>@(@ B:"FH" :,8F484, RH@$Z RJ&FH&@&":"F\ *D,&>@FH\ ^B@F", >@ 4 $Z:" B@>bH>@6 F@&D,<,>>48J, @H B@:>@6 D4L<Z BD4T:@F\ @8"2"H\Fb @>" *,:":" F:4T8@< >"B,&>@6 4 @H&:,8":" R4H"H,:b @H F@*,D0">4b. ?R,&4*>@, B,D,&@* B@:JR4:Fb >,B:@N@6, H"8 8"8 42 H4D"0" & 2 500 ^82,<B:bD@& BD@*">@ J0, 2000 8>4(. % R"FH>@FH4, >"Db*J F *JN@&>@FH\`, 2>">4,< <"(44, J<,>4,< 2":,R4&"H\ D">Z 4 &F,6 BD@>42Z&"`V,6 ^B@F 8@F<@(,>4R>@FH\`, =4>@ =48@:@& @H<,R",H P,>>@FH\ “7":,&":Z” 8"8 ^>P48:@B,*44 042>4 >"T4N BD,*8@&: Kalevala on ensyklopedia, kansan elämän haku- tai tietotieos, ensyklopedia sanan syvimmässä ja varsinaisessa merkityksessä - aikoina, jolloin sanat kärsivät erittäin suuren inflaation ja etääntyivät erittäin kauas akuperäisestä merkityksestään. Kalevala oli ja on erittäin hyvä sanojen alkuperäisten merkitysten ja sisällön opettaja. Monet sen sanoista ovat häipyneet tavallisesta kielestä, kielten nykyisyydestä, mutta kun pääsemme niiden juuriin, alkuperään, pääsemme samalla tunkeutumaan ihmisen alkuperäiseen ja konkreetttisen ajatteluun, aikaan ennen kuin sivilisaatio tulvii yli. Kalevala antaa meille elämän alkuperäisen melodian... (Virkunen 1995: 103)13. “7":,&":"” F@ F&@,6 FH@D@>Z BD4&>,F:" & @P,>8J L4>F8@(@ >"D@*" <>@(@ B@:@04H,:\>ZN @P,>@8: “$@("HFH&@H@ >" L4>:">*F8"H" >"D@*>" FX8D@&4V>4P" , >,42R,DB",<@". %b6>b<.6>,> 4<,,H BD@<,H,,&F846 *JN, F&b2">>Z6 F B@N4V,>4,< F&,H" *:b :`*,6 4 4N BD@F&,V,>4,<, <4D@:`$4,: F@B,D>4R,FH&@ <,0*J %b6>b<.6>,>@< 4 3:<"D4>,>@< 8@>R",HFb <4D>@. ?H&,D(>JHZ6 FH"DZ6 %b6>b<.6>,> B@8"2Z&",H F&@` <J*D@FH\ 4 <"(4R,F8J` F4:J >"D@*J 4 JF:"0*",H >"D@* B,F>b<4. ('J>R,& 1923: 106) 3.3.5 C,":4FH K. ]. E4::">Bb & $@:("DF8@6 D,P,BP44 7 H&@DR,FH&J KD">F" ]<4:b E4::">Bb (1888-1964) & #@:("D44 @$D"H4:4F\ H@:\8@ B@F:, BD4FJ0*,>4b ,<J =@$,:,&F8@6 BD,<44 & 1939 (@*J. % 1939 (@*J K4>:b>*4b $Z:" & F:@0>,6T,6 B@:4H4R,F8@6 @$FH">@&8, & F&b24 F H,DD4H@D4":\>Z<4 BD,H,>24b<4 EEEC, 4, 8@(*" 30.11.1939 (@*" >"R4>",HFb &@6>" F K4>:b>*4,6, H@ ^H@ @$JF:@&4:@ @(D@<>@, 8@:4R,FH&@ BJ$:48"P46 @ K4>:b>*44 & $@:("DF8@6 BD,FF,. % >4N >,42<,>>@ BD@b&:b:"F\ F4<B"H4b 8 <":,>\8@6 FHD">,, @8"2"&T,6Fb @$X,8H@< BD@42&@:" B@:4H4R,F8@6 4(DZ F4:\>ZN (@FJ*"DFH&: EEEC 4 ',D<">44. =" ^H@< L@>, FH">@&4HFb B@>bH>Z< H@ F@FH@b>4, ^6L@D44, & 8@H@DJ` &B"*",H $@:("DF8"b BD,FF", BD4 42&,FH44, RH@ >@$,:,&F8"b BD,<4b 1939 (@*" $Z:" BD4FJ0*,>" 4<,>>@ L4>F8@<J B4F"H,:`. AD"&*", &B,D&Z, @HDZ&@8 42 BD@42&,*,>4b "14<>" >@V & K4>:">*44" $Z: >"B,R"H"> & 1933 (@*J, >@ H@(*" 4Bb ,V. >, BD@2&JR":@ 4 >, 2"B@<>4:@F\. E,6R"F 0, >@&@FH\ @$:,H",H &F, ("2,HZ 4 H,B:@ 8@<<,>H4DJ,HFb. '"2,H" "1@D"" BJ$:48J,H FH"H\` 42&,FH>@(@ B4F"H,:b E&,H@F:"&" ;4>8@&". "+*>@ HXD0,FH&@ >" K4>:">*4b. KD">F 115 +<4: E4:">B,, - >@&4bH :"JD,"H >" >@$,:,&"H" BD,<4b 2" :4H,D"HJD"". ("1@D"" 1939 m 6127: 6) Q4H"H,:,6 ("2,HZ "1@D"" ;4>8@& 8@D@H8@ 2>"8@<4H F $4@(D"L4,6 K.]. E4::">Bb, " H"80, F ,(@ >"4$@:,, 42&,FH>Z<4 BD@42&,*,>4b<4. % D@<">, "/4&@H 4 F:X>P," (Elämä ja aurinko 1916) @> @H<,R",H :4D42<, <@:@*Z, :`*4 & >.< "F" >"*"D,>4 F 8D@H84 4 <,RH"H,:>4 *JT4, 8@4H, F, B@*R4>b&"H >" &:"FH>4b 2@& >" 2,<bH", 2" *" F, F:,bH >"8D"6 F <@(XV"H" *JT" >" &F,:,>"H". G, >, F" >4V@ *DJ(@, @F&,> R@&,T84 D"FH,>4b, 8@4H@ BD4D@*"H" @H8XD"D,* F $,2$D@6 2,:,>4 8:,H84". 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Q,D,*JbF\ F B@:@04H,:\>Z<4 @P,>8"<4 @ >.<, 4*JH 4 8D4H4R,F84,: @ >,*@FH"H8"N FH4:b, >,2">4<"H,:\>@FH4 F`0,H" 4 *:4>>@H"N 4 >,BD4&:,8"H,:\>@FH4 *:b R4H"H,:b. ?H<,R",HFb, RH@ K.]. E4::">Bbb F"<Z6 2"$ZHZ6 42 >@$,:,&F84N :"JD,"H@&, B@F8@:\8J >48@(@ >, 4>H,D,FJ,H L4>F8"b :4H,D"HJD". (Hein 1989, Branch 1989) A,D,&@*R4P" >" >,<,P846 b2Z8 2"<,>4:" JR4H,:\>4PJ JR4H,:,< & >@&,::, Muuan Tellervo-niminen ((Hein 1989: 91) A,D,&@*R48 >" ">(:46F846 b2Z8 !. ;"HF@> B@2&@:b: F,$, B@BD"&:bH\ H,8FH K.]. E4::">Bbb & <,FH"N, 8@H@DZ, FR4H": F:"$Z<4 (Branch 1989: 100) 4 ^H@ $:40, 8 F,D,*4>, MM &,8", 8@(*" J0, $Z:4 JFH">@&:,>Z 8D4H,D44 "*,8&"H>@(@ B,D,&@*". ="< BD,*FH"&:b,HFb, RH@ B@*@$>Z6 >,J&"04H,:\>Z6 B@*N@* 8 H,8FHJ L4>F8@(@ B4F"H,:b (@&@D4H @ >,(@H@&>@FH4 BD,*FH"&4H,:,6 BD42>">>ZN 8J:\HJD (>,<,P8@6, ">(:46F8@6) @04*"H\ @H "&H@D" <":@(@ >"D@*" R,(@-H@ B@->"FH@bV,<J P,>>@(@. 3.5 7@>H"8HZ <,0*J K4>:b>*4,6 4 #@:("D4,6 & 50-90-, ((. MM &,8" A@F:, *@:(@(@ B@F:,&@,>>@(@ 2"H4T\b & 50-N (@*"N >"R":4 &@FFH">"&:4&"H\Fb F&b24 <,0*J #@:("D4,6 4 K4>:b>*4,6 &>"R":, >" 122 @$V,FH&,>>@< 4 @L4P4":\>@< JD@&>,. % 1952 (@*J $Z:@ F@2*">@ K4>F8@$@:("DF8@, @$V,FH&@. % R4F:, JRD,*4H,:,6 $Z:4 B4F"H,:4 aD>@ A,>>">,> (Jarno Pennanen) - B,D&Z6 BD,*F,*"H,:\, !>\b %"<<,:&J@ (Anja Vammelvuo) 4 ]*4H %"::4>N"D\` (Edith Wallinharju). % B,D&Z, HD4 (@*" *,bH,:\>@FH\ >48"8 >, <@(:" >"$D"H\ F4:Z. =@ & 1956 (@*J BD@42@T:@ HD4 &"0>ZN F@$ZH4b 23.4.1956 (@*" & #@:("D4` @HBD"&4:"F\ @L4P4":\>"b *,:,("P4b, & F@FH"&, 8@H@D@6 $Z:4 BD,*FH"&4H,:4 BD"&4H,:\FH&", *,:@&@6 4 8J:\HJD>@6 042>4. 18.8.1956 (@*" >"R":@ F&@` D"$@HJ B@F@:\FH&@ #@:("D44 & K4>:b>*44 F B,D&Z< B@F:@< GD"6R@ )@$D@F:"&F84<, 8 R,<J $Z:" H"80, BD4JD@R,>" &ZFH"&8", 8@H@D"b @H8DZ:"F\ 20.10.1956 (@*". =" ,. @H8DZH44 BD4FJHFH&@&":@ 80 R,:@&,8 4 & 4N R4F:, E`:\&4 7,88@>,>. =" F:,*J`V46 (@* &ZFH"&8" $Z:" H"80, ^8FB@>4D@&">" & G"<B,D, 4 GJD8J. %F, ^H4 F@$ZH4b T4D@8@ @F&,V":4F\ L4>F8@6 BD,FF@6. % 1971 (@*J &@ <>@(4N (@D@*"N K4>:b>*44 $Z:" BD@&,*,>" &ZFH"&8" $@:("DF84N 48@>, 8@H@DZ, 2"H,< $Z:4 B,D,*">Z >" ND">,>4, 8"L,*D, BD"&@F:"&4b M,:\F4>8F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H". % GJD8J <,FH>"b F,8P4b K4>F8@-$@:("DF8@(@ @$V,FH&" *DJ0$Z $Z:" @D(">42@&">" & 1957 (@*J, " & G"<B,D, & 1959 (@*J. % *,8"$D, 1957 (@*" & #@:("D44 $Z:" BD@&,*,>" >,*,:b K4>:b>*44 F JR"FH4,< *,:,("P44 8J:\HJD>ZN *,bH,:,6, B@8"2Z&":4F\ L4>F84, L4:\<Z, B@ D"*4@ B,D,*"&":"F\ <J2Z8" a>" E4$,:4JF". % K4>:b>*44 >" %F,<4D>@< K,FH4&":, <@:@*.04 & 1962 (@*" BD4>b:" JR"FH4, $@:("DF8"b *,:,("P4b R4F:@< & 250 R,:@&,8 (F<.Kiuru-Kitaigorodski 1982), " & 1968 (@*J >" L,FH4&":, & E@L44 L4>F8"b *,:,("P4b F@FH@b:" 42 650 R,:@&,8. % 1962 (@*J, 8@(*" HJD4FH4R,F8@, $`D@ “9@<"<"H8"H” FH":@ BD@&@*4H\ B@,2*84 & #@:("D4`, R:,>@& & @$V,FH&, $Z:@ @8@:@ 200, F D@FH@< 8@:4R,FH&" HJD4FH@& $ZFHD@ D@F:@ 4 8@:4R,FH&@ R:,>@& @$V,FH&", *@FH4(>J& 8 1982 (@*J 3 000 R,:@&,8. 3<,>>@ & ^H@ &D,Z 4 B,D,42*">Z $D@T`D84 @ #@:("D44 G. _:4>,>" 4 E. E":@8@DB4. E. E":@8@DB4 B@F&bH4:" $@:("DF84< *@FH@BD4<,R"H,:\>@FHb< >,F8@:\8@ FH"H,6: @ C4:\F8@< <@>"FHZD, (Salokorpi 1979), (@ C4:\F8@< <@>"FHZD, F<. H"80, Takala 1983), <J2,6>@< (@D@*, 7@BD4&T4P, (Salokorpi 1983), :,H, & #@:("D44 (Salokorpi 1980). ?>" BD@*@:0",H BD,2,>H4D@&"H\ #@:("D4` L4>>"< 4 & >"FH@bV,, &D,4("N @ $@:("DF8@6 8JN>, (Salokorpi 2000), Bulgarian ABC F@&<,FH>@ F CJ@6 Q"B">@&@6 4 H. *. C"2J<,,HFb, RH@ & 42*">4bN *:b HJD4FH@& H4B" Europan matkaopas (1964), Kaunis maailma (1967,1969) 4:4 Maailman maat ja kansat (1997) &F,(*" ,FH\ F&,*,>4b 4 @ #@:("D44. E 1980 (@*" 42*".HFb ("2,H" Bulgarian viesti, 8@H@D"b >, F<@HDb >" >,$@:\T@6 D"2<,D, 4(D",H $@:\TJ` D@:\ & B@BJ:bD42"P44 #@:("D44, 042>4 >"D@*", 8J:\HJDZ 4 :4H,D"HJDZ. AD,*F,*"H,:,< @$V,FH&" J0, & H,R,>4, <>@(4N :,H b&:b,HFb E4D88"-9462" 94>*8&4FH. =" B@F:,*>4, (@*Z FJV,FH&@&">4b F@P4":4FH4R,F8@6 #@:("D44 BD4T:@F\ <>@(@ `$4:,,& 4, F HD"*4P4@>>@6 *:b ^H4N &D,<.> 123 B@<B,2>@FH\`, >, FR4H"bF\ F 2"HD"H"<4, @>4 FBD"&:b:4F\ >, H@:\8@ & F"<@6 #@:("D44, >@ 4 &@ &F,N *DJ0,FH&,>>ZN FHD">"N & H@< R4F:, 4 & K4>:b>*44. AD"2*>,FH&" >"R":4F\ F 1978 (@*", B@ B@&@*J FH@:,H4b @F&@$@0*,>4b #@:("D44 42-B@* HJD,P8@(@ 4(". AD@&@*4:4F\ &ZFH"&84, 8"8 >"BD4<,D “E@L4b & M,:\F4>84” & 1977 (@*J 4 “M,:\F4>84 & E@L44” & 1978 (@*J. % 1981 (@*J R,FH&@&":@F\ 1300-:,H4, FJV,FH&@&">4b $@:("DF8@(@ (@FJ*"DFH&", >" H@D0,FH&,>>@< &,R,D, $Z:@ @8@:@ 1700 (@FH,6. % 1982 (@*J K4>F8@-$@:("DF8@, @$V,FH&@ FBD"&:b:@ F&@. 30-:,H4,, " & 1992 - 40-:,H>46 `$4:,6. K4>F8@-$@:("DF8@, @$V,FH&@ 42*"&":@ B@ B@&@*J `$4:,,& >,$@:\T4, B@ D"2<,DJ 8>4(4. GJD8JF8"b F,8P4b @$V,FH&" H"80, @H<,H4:" F&@6 40-:,H>46 `$4:,6 BJ$:48"P4b<4 (Kaila 1997, BulgariaSuomi seura toiminut Turussa jo 40 vuotta 1997 4 *D.). ="8@>,P, & 1984 (@*J FBD"&:b:@F\ 40-:,H4, #@:("DF8@6 ="D@*>@6 C,FBJ$:484. ]H@ $Z:4 (@*Z 4>L@D<"P4@>>@(@ $J<" @ #@:("D44 & L4>F84N E;3 4 L4>F8"b BJ$:48" B@:JR4:" T4D@8J` &@2<@0>@FH\ J&4*,H\ 4 JF:ZT"H\ $@:("DF84N "DH4FH@& J F,$b >" D@*4>,. 7@>P,DHZ *"&":4F\ F"<Z<4 :JRT4<4 4 BD@F:"&:,>>Z<4 $@:("DF84<4 "DH4FH"<4 4 H">P,&":\>@-N@D@&Z<4 (DJBB"<4, 8@H@DZ, B@HDbF":4 L4>F8J` BJ$:48J F&@4< $:,F8@< 4 H,<B,D"<,>H@< (M,6884:b *".H F&@,6 D,P,>244 2"(:"&4,: Slavia värisytti “ E:"&4b $D@F":" & *D@0\” 4:4 B@-*DJ(@<J “E:"&4b B@HDbF:"”(Heikkilä 1992)). A@$Z&":4 ^FHD"*>Z, B,&PZ &@ (:"&, F BD@F:"&:,>>@6 94:4 3&">@&@6 &B:@H\ *@ (DJBBZ P,D8@&>@(@ B,F>@B,>4b “7J8J2,:”. #@:("D4b, ,. 4F8JFFH&@, D,<.F:" FH":4 T4D@8@ 42&,FH>Z<4 & K4>:b>*44, B,FR">Z, B:b04 Q.D>@(@ <@Db BD4&:,8":4 HZFbR4 L4>F84N HJD4FH@& 4 <,FH>Z, @D(">42"P44 K4>F8@$@:("DF8@(@ @$V,FH&" *DJ0$Z BD@&@*4:4 "8H4&>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\ &B:@H\ *@ @D(">42"P44 8JDF@& $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8", 8@H@D@<J N@H,:4 >"JR4H\Fb L4>F84, HJD4FHZ. 7 1984 (@*J & @$V,FH&, >"FR4HZ&":@F\ 3063 R:,>" 4 $Z:@ 14 <,FH>ZN @D(">42"P46. 26 <"b 1985 (@*" &,R,D>bb ("2,H" Iltalehti F@@$T",H @ &424H, BD,24*,>H" ;"J>@ 7@6&4FH@ & #@:("D4` & jatkuvasti kohentuvaan Bulgariaan, ruusujen valtakuntaan ‘& FHD">J D@2, (*, B@FH@b>>@ D"FH.H $:"(@B@:JR4,’. #@:("D4b BD@*@:0":" FJV,FH&@&"H\ F@ FH,D,@H4B@< 2,<:b D@2 4 BD,8D"F>ZN $,:@(@ 4 8D"F>@(@ &4>" 4 D"844, H,<B,D"<,>H>@6 >"D@*>@6 <J2Z84 4 H">P,& 4 FR4H":"F\ FB@8@6>@6 FHD">@6 (Ruokanen 1982). A@ >"T4< F&,*,>4b<, B,D&Z<4 FH":4 B,D,&@*4H\ $@:("DF8J` :4H,D"HJDJ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 J0, & 50-, ((. 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A,D,&@*Z %":H"8"D4 b&:b`HFb &ZF@8@NJ*@0,FH&,>>Z<4, " B@ "*,8&"H>@FH4 B,D,&@*" B@^H4R,F8@(@ H,8FH" ,(@ >,:\2b F@B@FH"&4H\ >4 F 8,<. ="<4 & FHJ*,>R,F84, (@*Z $Z: F*,:"> ">":42 ,(@ B,D,&@*" FH4N@H&@D,>4b +. #"(Db>Z “A@H@<8"H"” Jälkeläinen >" L4>F846 b2Z8 *:b FHJ*,>R,F8@(@ 0JD>":" >" $@:("DF8@< b2Z8, “EH@H4>8"”41, & 8@H@D@< B@8"2">@, 8"8 A. %":H"8"D4 *@$4&",HFb >" L4>F8@< b2Z8, F@@H&,HFH&J`V4N 4FN@*>@<J BD@42&,*,>4` B@^H4R,F84N BD4.<@& 4 RH@ ,(@ B,D,&@* <@0>@ FR4H"H\ "*,8&"H>Z<: A. %":H"8"D4 >, 2"<,>b,H F4::"$@H@>4R,F846, D4L<@&">>Z6 $@:("DF846 FH4N $,:Z< FH4N@<, 8"8 ^H@ BD"8H48J`H @$ZR>@ F@&D,<,>>Z, L4>F84, B,D,&@*R484, A. %":H"8"D4 B,D,&.: H"80, D"FF8"2Z 5@D*">" 5@&8@&" “A@ 04P"H"” Valkoisen varpusen tarina, +:4>" A,:4>" “A,R,>"H" H48&"” Paistettu kurpitsa, !. 'J:bT84 “ED,VJ 07" Zahov ja 07, B\,FZ =48@:"b M"6H@&" “AXH,84” Teitä 4 “7JR,H"” Koirat 4 #. !BD4:@&" “7@>R,H@” Varsa, BD,*FH"&:,>>Z, & D"*4@H,"HD, & 1974-75 (@*"N. % 1975 (@*J D"*4@B\,F" Koirat $Z:" BD42>">" :JRT,6 4>@FHD">>@6 B\,F@6 4 B@&H@D,>" B@ D"*4@ & 1976 (@*J. A. %":H"8"D4 >"B4F">Z FH"H\4 @ A,>\@ A,>,&,, 74D4::, 4 ;,L@*44, $@:("DF8@6 "DN4H,8HJD, ,V. & 1966 (@*J. A@F:, *@(@&@D" @ &2"4<@@$<,>, BD,B@*"&"H,:b<4 <,0*J #@:("D4,6 4 K4>:b>*4,6 <@0>@ >"$:`*"H\ 4>H,>F4&42"P4` 8J:\HJD>ZN <,D@BD4bH46 4 B,D,&@*R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4. 7"0*Z6 42 BD4,N"&T4N 42 #@:("D44 BD,B@*"&"H,:,6 $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" &>.F F&@` :,BHJ & ^H@ *,:@. ="4$@:,, B:@*@H&@D>Z< 4 &,D>Z< *DJ(@< K4>:b>*44 @FH":Fb ',@D(4 %Z:R,&. #@D4F A"D"T8,&@& F@2*": L4>F8@-$@:("DF846 F:@&"D\ F@&<,FH>@ F BD@L,FF@D@< _. M`D88b>,>@< 4, & R"FH>@FH4, B,D,&.: 2>"<,>4HZ6 D@<"> ;484 %":H"D4 “E4>JN, - ,(4BHb>4>”. 7J:\HJD>Z< *,b>4,< FH":@ 42*">4, F$@D>48" D"FF8"2@& 42&,FH>ZN $@:("DF84N B4F"H,:,6-8:"FF48@& >" L4>F846 b2Z8 “Helakukkula”. A,D,&@*Z $Z:4 F*,:">Z F4:"<4 FHJ*,>H@&-$@:("D4FH@& B@* DJ8@&@*FH&@< 42&,FH>@6 H":">H:4&@6 B,D,&@*R4PZ 74DFH4 E4D"FH,.? 2>"R,>44 42*">4b F$@D>48" $@:("DF84N D"FF8"2@& “M,:"8J88J:"” H@R>@ &ZD"24:Fb ]. EJ&4:,NH@, >"2&"& ^H@ “@H8DZH4,< &@D@H”. (Suvilehto 1981). 3<, 8"8 4 M. =48:">*,D@< (Niklander 1980), B@*R,D84&",HFb &"0>@FH\ ^H@(@ 8J:\HJD>@(@ F@$ZH4b. G, >,F8@:\8@ D"FF8"2@&, 8@H@DZ, $Z:4 >"B,R"H">Z *@ ^H@(@, >, FZ(D":4 F,D\.2>@6 D@:4 & @2>"8@<:,>44 F $@:("DF8@6 >@&,::@6. % 1980 (@*J >"<4 $Z: BD@&,*.> @BD@F FD,*4 L4>F84N B,D,&@*R48@&, 8@H@DZ, 2>":4 $@:("DF846 b2Z8 4 8 ^H@<J &D,<,>4 B,D,&@*4:4 F 41 EHJ*,>H"<4 8"L,*DZ DJFF8@(@ b2Z8" M,:\F4>8F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" 42*"&":Fb 0JD>": “7@B,68"”, >@<,D, 42*">>Z6 $@:("D4FH"<4 &ZT,: B@* >"2&">4,< “EH@H4>8"”. 125 $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8". =" @BD@F @H&,H4:4 3D<" G4<@>,> (Irma Timonen), ]^D@ EJ&4:,NH@, 74DFH4 E4D"FH, (Kirsti Siraste), G"D<@ ;">,:4JF, !FF,D 9"&488":" (Asser Lavikrala), M">>J =48:">*,D, G"B4@ %4:8"<" (Tapio Vilkama), A,DHH4 %":H"8"D4, 9,@ #,FF@>@LL (Leo Bessonoff) C46HH" 7@6&4FH@ (Riitta Koivisto), A"J:" =@JF4"6>,> (Paula Nousiainen), !D\b ?:84>J@D" (Arja Olkinuora), I::" M@F4b (Ulla Hosija) 4 G,J&@ _:4>,>. A@RH4 &F, @>4 B,D,&@*4:4 "&H@D@& F$@D>48" “M,:"8J88J:"”(Helakukkula). K4>F84, 42*"H,:\FH&", B@ <>,>4` B,D,&@*R48@&, >, @F@$,>>@ @N@H>@ $D":4F\ 2" 42*">4, $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ, FR4H"b ^H@ >,&Z(@*>Z<. AD,FH40>Z, ("2,HZ 4 0JD>":Z $@:("DF8@6 H,<@6 >, 4>H,D,F@&":4F\. A. %":H"8"D4 & @H&,H, >" >"T @BD@F & 1980 (@*J B4T,H: Kuluttaja-lehti, Apu-lehti ja Kansan Uutiset olivat ilmeiseti ainoat julkaisut ja Tammi ainoa kustantamo, joille 1960-luvulla edes saattoi esittää vaatimattomien Bulgarian kirjallisuuden tuotteiden kääntämistä ja julkaisemista. (!DN4& 9.E.)14 G. _:4>,>, H"80, @H<,R",H: Erittäin tylyä suhtautumista kaikkien suomalaisten kustantajien taholta ’@F@$@ N@:@*>@, @H>@T,>4, &F,N L4>F84N 42*"H,:,6‘, >@ *@$"&:b,H, RH@ & B@F:,*>,, &D,@T,>4, FH":@ :JRT, (!DN4& 9.E.). 32<,>,>4, @H>@T,>4b F&b2">@, F8@D,, &F,(@, F 2"8:`R,>4,< *@(@&@D@& B@ 8J:\HJD>@<J @$<,>J <,0*J FHD">"<4.G. _:4>,> H"80, H,F>@ F&b2"> F #@:("D4,6 FB,P4":\>@FH\` 4 F,<,6>Z<4 J2"<4.?> 2"8@>R4: E@L46F846 J>4&,DF4H,H B@ FB,P4":\>@FH4 $@:("D4FH48", b&:b,HFb JFH>Z< 4 B4F\<,>>Z< B,D,&@*R48@< >" F"<@< &ZF@8@< (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@< JD@&>,, " H"80, >"B4F": <>@(@8D"H>@ B,D,42*">>J` $D@T`DJ @ #@:("D44 Bulgaria, kultahietikon maa (1968, 1971, 1975, 1978). ?> B,D,&.: B\,FJ ',@D(4b )0"("D@&" “AD@8JD@DXH” Yleinen syyttäjä *:b D"*4@ (1973) ?FH":\>Z, &ZT,>"2&">>Z, B,D,&@*R484 @(D">4R4:4F\ B@RH4 :4T\ JR"FH4,< & F$@D>48, “M,:"8J88J:"”. 9. #,FF@>@LL 2"4>H,D,F@&":Fb $@:("DF84< b2Z8@< F 1974 (@*", B,D,&.: *:b G% BbH\-T,FH\ *:4>>ZN $@:("DF84N L4:\<@&, *&, B@&,FH4 & F$@D>48, “M,:"8J88J:"”. C. 7@6&4FH@ F 1978 (. 2">4<":"F\ $@:("DF84< b2Z8@< 4 >" ,. *@:` &ZB":@ B,D,&,FH4 *&, B@&,FH4 94:4">Z ;4N"6:@&@6 Muurahaisia “;D"&84”, Solisti “E@:4FHXH” *:b F$@D>48" “M,:"8J88J:"”. 3.G4<@>,> 2">4<",HFb $@:("DF84< F 1978. ):b F$@D>48" Helakukkula @>" B,D,&,:" >@&,::J 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&" Leipä “M:,$”, 7ivet “7"<,>4” ja Miloiko “;4:@68@”. ?>" 0, F@FH"&4:" BD,8D"F>Z6 L4>F8@-$@:("DF846 F:@&"D\ (F<. #4$:4@(D"L4`). A@^H M">>J =48:">*,D 2"4>H,D,F@&":Fb $@:("DF84< b2Z8@< 4 :4H,D"HJD@6 F 1978 (@*". ?> B,D,&@*4H B@^24` M. #@H,&", M. E<4D>,>F8@(@ Tulkon valkeus, “Siulaset”, " H"80, FH4N4 =. %"BP"D@&" “Usko”, Nyt ei ole runouden aika 4 BD. !. 9"&488":" B,D,&.: D@<"> 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&" 126 “AD"F8"” Vuoret tulivat lähelle”(1981), " H"80, F*,:": *:b L4>F8@(@ D"*4@ 4>H,D&\` 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&" (1978) 4 B,D,*"RJ Viisisataa vuotta sissiliikettä vuorilla B@ D@<">J =48@:"b M"6H@&" “M"6*JH4” (1978). AD@L,F4@>":\>"b B,D,&@*R4P" 7. E4D"FH, B,D,&@*4H 4 F *DJ(4N F:"&b>F84N b2Z8@&, & @F>@&>@< F B@:\F8@(@, " F $@:("DF8@(@ F F,D,*4>Z 70-N ((. ?>" B,D,&,:" 5@D*">" C"*4R8@&" Me varpusenpojat “=4, &D"$R,H"H"” (1976), Riehakka “EJ<"H@N"” (1978), B\,FJ Tammikuu “a>J"D4” (1980) , " H"80, BD@42&,*,>4b #@D4F" !BD4:@&" Me pingvininpojat (1978) “=4, B4>(&4>R,H"” Perhonen ja papukaija (1980), ',@D(4b )0"("D@&" Yleinen syyttäjä (1970) “AD@8JD@DXH” F@&<,FH>@ F #,FF@>@LLZ< B\,FJ ;4N"4:" %,:4R8@&" “Niin kauan kuin olemme elossa” (1980), 4 B\,FJ =,*b:8@ 5@D*">@&" Mopedi “;@B,*XH”, BD,<\,D" 8@H@D@6 $Z:" & H,"HD, (@D@*" C@&">4,<4 & >"R":, 70-N ((. " H"80, BD4>b:" JR"FH4, & 8@::,8H4&>@< B,D,&@*, B\,FZ EH">4F:"&" EHD"H4,&" Lampaanvillatakki “E"8@ @H &,:JD” F@&<,FH>@ F 9. #,FF@>@LLZ<, 3. G4<@>,>, C46H@6 7@6&4FH@, G. %4:8"<". ?>" $Z:" B@FH"&:,>" & :,H>,< H,"HD, >" ;JFH48"<"", @FHD@&8, Db*@< F M,:\F4>84. ):b L4>F8@(@ H,:,&4*,>4b 7. E4D"FH, B,D,&,:" >,F8@:\8@ B@:>@<,HD"0>ZN L4:\<@& Viimeinen sana “A@F:,*>"H" *J<"”, Maalaismies ja polkupyörä , Ikiajat, Juureton puu “)XD&@H@ $,2 8@D,>”. ?H*,:\>@ F:,*J,H F8"2"H\ @ B@^H, G"D<@ ;">,:4JF,, 8@H@DZ6 2">4<",HFb $@:("DF84< b2Z8@< 4 :4H,D"HJD@6 F 1971 (@*". #@:\T"b R"FH\ $@:("DF8@6 B@^244 B,D,&,*,>" 4<. G. ;">,:4JF" R"FH@ JBD,8":4 & >,"*,8&"H>@FH4 B,D,&@*". G. ;">,:4JF R"V, &F,(@ 0,DH&J,H L@D<@6: B,D,&@*4H $,:Z< FH4N@< 4 >, &F,(*" F:,*J,H 2" "DN,H,8H@>48@6 FH4N", FHD,<bF\ &@FF@2*"H\ F@*,D0">4, FH4N@H&@D,>4b H"8, 8"8 @> F"< ,(@ “BD@R4H":”. ?*>"8@, $:"(@*"Db G. ;">,:4JFJ, #@:("D4b BD,*FH"&:,>" 8"8 FHD">" B@^H@&. ?> D"FF8"2": @ *,FbH8"N $@:("DF84N B@^H@& 4 B,D,&.: 4N FH4N4 (F<. $4$:4@(D"L4` B,D,&@*@& F $@:("DF8@(@ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 & 8-6 (:"&,), >"T.: 8">":Z *:b 4N BJ$:48"P44 (F<. Sala 1978). E@ &D,<,>,< ,(@ B,D,&@*Z FH":4 B@:JR"H\ B@:@04H,:\>Z, @P,>84 (Kangasluoma 1978). '. %Z:R,& >"2&": ,(@ B,D,&@*R,F846 HDJ* “&@:T,$>Z< E"<B@”(%X:R,&), >@, & @F>@&>@< , @H<,R"b 2"F:J(4 G"D<@ ;">,:4JF", L4>F8"b 8D4H48" @H>@F4HFb 8 ,(@ <,H@*J B,D,&@*" F*,D0">>@ (Koskelainen 1995) G. ;">,:4JF FR4H",H, RH@ *"&>@ B@D" B,D,&,FH4 >" L4>F846 b2Z8 4FH@D4` #@:("D44 4 4FH@D4` $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ. =" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 J0, B,D,&,*,>Z 4FH@D44 L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 7. 9"6H4>,>" 4 _. %"DB4@. =,8@H@D@, &D,42@&">>Z6 BD,B@*"&"H,:\>4P,6 $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" & M,:\F4>8F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, G"H4">@6 S"<D"6, & FB4F8"N R:,>@& 8@H@D@(@ R4F:4:@F\ @8@:@ *&"*P"H4 R,:@&,8. !&H@D $Z:" F,8D,H"D.< ^H@(@ 8:J$". 7:J$ BD@*@:0": D"$@HJ 4 BD4 F:,*J`V,6 BD,B@*"&"H,:\>4P, +:,>, G@*@D@&@6. E@$D">4b BD@&@*4:4F\ & $@:("DF8@< B@F@:\FH&, 4:4 >" *@<J J R:,>@& 127 8:J$" & >,@L4P4":\>@6 @$FH">@&8, B@* $@:("DF8J` <J2Z8J 2" $@:("DF84< &4>@< 4 ,*@6 4 BD4 $@:("DF8@< 4>H,D\,D,, F@2*">>@< BD4 B@<@V4 BD4&,2.>>ZN 42 #@:("D44 FJ&,>4D@&. 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AD,FF" F<"8@&":" 8JD\.2>Z, F@$ZH4b, H"84, 8"8, RH@ *,:"H\ F <"&2@:,,< )4<4HD@&" (Marttinen 1991), BD4<,H :4 $Z&T"b P"DF8"b L"<4:4b JR"FH4, & $@:("DF84N F@$ZH4bN (Rutanen 1997), >@ FH"&4:4F\ &@BD@FZ 4 @ (J<">4H"D>@6 B@<@V4 #@:("D44 (Varis 1991) 4 ,. B@:4H4R,F84N JF:@&4bN 4 B,DFB,8H4&"N (Vanhanen 2000, Ilkko Suvilehto 2000 in Balkan info 2000). #":8">F84, F@$ZH4b 90-N ((. @HBJ(>J:4 HJD4FH@& F 2@:@HZN B,F8@& $@:("DF8@(@ B@$,D,0\b Q.D>@(@ <@Db 4 &<,FH, F ^H4< JB":@ R4F:@ R:,>@& L4>F8@-$@:("DF8@(@ @$V,FH&", " H"80, D,28@ 42<,>4:"F\ D@:\ @$V,FH&", 8@H@D"b D">,, $Z:" 8">":@< BD@&,*,>4b B@:@04H,:\>@6 4>L@D<"P44 @ F@P4":4FH4R,F8@6 FHD">,, " F L4>F8@6 FH@D@>Z & @$V,FH&, R"V, F@FH@b:4 :`*4 F :,&Z<4 BD@F@P4":4FH4R,F84<4 &2(:b*"<4. ? B@4F8, >@&@6 D@:4 @$V,FH& *DJ0$Z F@ FHD">"<4 %@FH@R>@6 +&D@BZ B@FH"&4: &@BD@F GJ@<@ 9"BB":"6>,> J0, & 1990 (@*J (Lappalainen 1990). 9"6>, B4T,H @ >,@$N@*4<@FH4 "8H4&42"P44 *,bH,:\>@FH4 <,0*J (@D@*"<4-B@$D"H4<"<4. (Laine 1999). AD4&:,R,>4, HJD4FH@& &FH".H >" B,D&Z6 B:">: Bulgaria sopii suomalaisille ‘#@:("D4b B@*N@*4H L4>>"<’ (Aula 2000) ’% #@:("D44 *"0, &4>@ B@:>@ :,(,>*"<4‘ (Uljas 2000) JH&,D0*"`H "&H@DZ FH"H,6, B@BJ:bD42J`V4N HJD42< & #@:("D4`. 128 1 %8:"* L4>>@& *@&@:\>@ F4:\>@ @H:@04:Fb & $@:("DF8@< F@2>">44; @> B@:JR4: F4<&@:4R,F8@, 2>"R,>4,. ]H@ @F>@&Z&",HFb, & R"FH>@FH4, >" H@<, RH@ *,bH,:\>@FH\ L4>>@& &@FBD4>4<":"F\ 8"8 $,F8@DZFH>"b. 3N JR"FH4, >, @$JF:"&:4&":@F\ (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z<4 4 B@:4H4R,F84<4 4>H,D,F"<4, 8"8 J *DJ(4N JR"FH>48@& &@6>Z (Suvilehto 1988: 3). 2 A"<bH\ @ L4>F84N *@$D@&@:\P"N BD@*@:0",H 04H\ >, H@:\8@ >" JD@&>, BD"2*>4R>ZN D,R,6 *4B:@<"H@&, >@ F@ND">4:"F\ & B"<bH4 4 $@:,, T4D@8@6 BJ$:484. 3FH@D4R,F8@, F@2>">4, & #@:("D44 &@@$V, @R,>\ 8D,B8@, 4 4FH@D4b 8"84<-H@ FHD">>Z< @$D"2@< b&:b,HFb BDb<@-H"84 R"FH\` B@&F,*>,&>@6 042>4 $@:("D4>" (Suvilehto 1988: 3). 3 %B@F:,*>4, (@*Z F&@,6 042>4 ;488@:" FH": 2">4<"H\Fb 4FH@D4,6 K4>:b>*44. % @*>@6 42 8>4( "Hämärän ja sarastuksen ajoilta" ;488@:" @$D"V",H &>4<">4, >" <ZF:\ ,B4F8@B" a8@$" G,>*FHD.<" @ D@:4 K4>:b>*44, FR4H"b ,. >"4&>@6: "Suomen tehtävänä olisi olla Länsi-Europan ja Venäjän sivistyksellisenä välittäjänä... hän piti tärkeänä, että nuoret lahjakkaat suomalaiset miehet oppisivat venäjän kieltä ja tutustuisivat Venäjän kultuuriin". ‘1"*"R,6 K4>:b>*44 b&:b,HFb $ZH\ B@FD,*>48@< <,0*J 8J:\HJD@6 1"B"*>@6 +&D@BZ C@FF44... @> B@:"(": &"0>Z<, RH@$Z L4>F8"b H":">H:4&"b <@:@*,0\ 42JR":" DJFF846 b2Z8 4 8J:\HJDJ. ’74B"DF846 & 1966 (@*J D"FN@*4HFb F ;488@:@6: "Nykyään Tendströmin ajatuksia ehkä ei pidettäisi niin naiiveina" ‘E,(@*>b 4*,4 G,>*FHD.<", B@0":J6, >, &@FBD4>4<"`HFb FH@:\ >"4&>Z<4’(Kiparsky 1966: 4). 4 [),bH,:\>@FH\ ',$N"D*"] FH"&4H ^8@>@<48J >" F:J0$J @$V,<J $:"(@B@:JR4`, $J*4H F@:4*"D>@FH\ 4 J8D,B:b,H H"84< @$D"2@< D"*@FH\ @H F@$FH&,>>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 [...] G"84N *@FH40,>46 <@( *@$4H\Fb H@:\8@ H"8@6 R,:@&,8, 8@H@DZ6 >, H@:\8@ @$:"*": 2*D"&Z< F<ZF:@< 4 4<,: @D(">42"H@DF84, FB@F@$>@FH4, >@ H"80, 4<,: R4FH@, F,D*P,, 4FB@:>,>>@, :`$&4 8 F&@,<J >"D@*J, $,F8@DZFH4, 4 >,B@8@:,$4<J` ^>,D(4`, F 8@H@D@6 @> @HFH"4&": H@, RH@ FR4H": BD"&4:\>Z<. 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Ab6&bD4>HJ 8 :JRT4< B4F"H,:b< +&D@BZ, N"D"8H,D42Jb ,(@ B@&,FH4 >, H@:\8@ 8"8 BD,8D"F>Z, NJ*@0,FH&,>>@, >@ 4 ^H4R,F84 &ZF@8@>D"&FH&,>>Z,, $@:,, &F,(@ P,>b :`$@&\ B4F"H,:b 8 4FH4>,, R,FH>@FH4 4 >D"&FH&,>>@FH4. (O@>,& 1896: 4). G,<@6 H&@DR,FH&" B4F"H,:b !D&4*" aD>,L,:\H" $Z:@ *JN@&>@, F@&,DT,>FH&@&">4, R,:@&,8". #@:("DF846 8D4H48 3. O">,& FH"&4: <"FH,DFH&@ !. aD>,L,:\H" &ZT, *DJ(4N B4F"H,:,6 ^H@(@ >"BD"&:,>4b, &ZF@846 ^H4R,F846 >"8": BD@42&,*,>46 B4F"H,:b >, D"2 B@*R.D84&":Fb 8D4H48@<, @H<,R"&T4< J !. aD>,L,:\H" FHD,<:,>4, 4F8@D,>4H\ 42 *JT F&@4N (,D@,& J8@D,>,:@, 2:@, >48@(*" >, B@FHJB"bF\ NJ*@0,FH&,>>@6 BD"&*4&@FH\`, ("D<@>4R>@ B,D,B:,H"b <@D":\>Z, 4 NJ*@0,FH&,>>Z, ^:,<,>HZ. (O">,& 1921: 176). Q,DH" $:42@FH4 8 BD4D@*, 4 F:4b>>@FH4 F >,` &@FN4V",H E. ;4>8@&" 4 *DJ(4N "&H@D@&, " B@F8@:\8J BD4D@*" - $,2(D,T>", H@ @HF`*" >,*":,8 &Z&@*, RH@ 4 $:42846 8 >,6 R,:@&,8 *":.8 @H (D,N". 4.2 7 B@b&:,>4` <,H"L@DZ $,:Z, :4:44 & L4>F8@< *4F8JDF, E&4*,H,:,< @F@$@(@ &@FBD4bH4b L4>>@& & 30-N ((. MM &,8" FH": B@F@: K4>:b>*44 & #@:("D44 ?>>4 G":"F (1934-1940). ?. G":"F $Z: B@F:@< & * , F b H 4 FHD">"N 4 B@^H@<J ,(@ &@FB@<4>">4b (Muistelmia. Itsenäisyyssenaattorina ja lähettilänä kymmennessä maassa) @F@$,>>@ P,>>Z, H"8 8"8 @> 4<,: &@2<@0>@FH\ F@B@FH"&4H\ @H>@T,>4, 8 L4>>"< & #@:("D44 B@ FD"&>,>4` F *DJ(4<4 FHD">"<4, (*, ,<J BD4T:@F\ $Z&"H\ B@ *@:(J F:J0$Z. AD4 &FHD,R"N $@:("DF846 P"D\ &F,(*" B@*D@$>@ 4>H,D,F@&":Fb, 8"8 @$FH@bH *,:" & K4>:b>*44, & B@,2*8"N B@ #@:("D44 G":"F >"$:`*": BD@b&:,>4b @F@$,>>@(@ *DJ0,:`$4b 8 L4>>"<. G":"F >, F8:@>,> BD4B4FZ&"H\ ^H@ *DJ0,:`$4, H@:\8@ JR"FH4` L4>>@& & @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44, 8@H@D@, J0, <>@(4<4 $@:("D"<4 $Z:@ 2"$ZH@, (:"&>@6 BD4R4>@6 @> >"2Z&",H 8>4(J A,HD@&" “% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46”. (Talas 1960: 266-267, 280) 132 Varsinaisesti johtui tämä suosio eräästä kirjasta. Muuan bulgarialainen1 kirjailija (nimen olen valitettavasti unohtanut) oli jo viime vuosisadalla kirjoittanut kirjan nimeltä “Valkoisten liljojen maa”, jossa hän ylistää Suomea vallan tavattomasti (Talas 1960: 267)1. ="F8@:\8@ T4D@8@ 8>4(" '. A,HD@&" F BD,*4F:@&4,< ). #@08@&" 4 <4>4FHD" 5@&@&" &@2*,6FH&@&":" >" D,P,BP4` $@:("D"<4 L4>>@& BD,8D"F>@ 4::`FHD4DJ`H B4F\<" )4<@ #@`8:4,&"2, >"B4F">>Z, 4< F&@4< L4>F84< 8@DD,FB@>*,>H"<. ). #@`8:4,& b&:b,HFb H,< D,*84< D,P,B4,>H@<, 8@H@DZ6 @FH"&4: P,>>@, B4F\<,>>@, F&4*,H,:\FH&@ H@(@, 8"8@6 @$D"2 L4>>@& 4 K4>:b>*44 F:@04:Fb & #@:("D4 8 1939 (@*J. ? F,$, ). #@`8:4,& F@@$V",H & B4F\<, <4>4FHDJ IJ>@ M">>J:" (9. 6. 1939 (.), RH@ 4<,,H *4B:@< "(D@>@<" 4 FH,B,>\ *@8H@D", 42*": >,F8@:\8@ 8>4(, 04&.H & #J*"B,TH,, (*, D"$@H",H BD,B@*"&"H,:,< $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8". ?> J0, *"&>@ 4>H,D,FJ,HFb L4>F84< b2Z8@< 4 K4>:b>*4,6, :,H@< 1938 (@*" 2" F&@6 FR.H B@$Z&": & FHD">,, (*, B@2>"8@<4:Fb, & R"FH>@FH4, F BD@L,FF@DF8@6 R,H@6 ;488@:", " H"80, BD4@$D.: 2>"8@<FH&" & 7@>FJ:\FH&, #@:("D44 & K4>:b>*44, RH@ &@ &D,4FHD" K4>:b>*44 G.;. 74&4<b84 & #J*"B,TH & <", 1939 (. @> $D": J H@(@ 4>H,D&\` *:b $@:("DF84N ("2,H. ?$" B4F\<" ). #@`8:4,&" 8 ;"6:, G":&4@ (30.5.1939, 9.6.1939) F@*,D0"H BD@F\$J @ F@*,6FH&44 & B@:JR,>44 FH4B,>*44 @H ;4>4FH,DFH&" *:b B@,2*84 & K4>:b>*4` >" *&" <,FbP" F P,:\` >"B4F"H\ 8>4(J 4 BD4JD@R4H\ ,. &ZN@* 8 ?:4<B46F84< 4(D"<, 8@H@DZ, BD,*B@:"(":@F\ BD@&,FH4 & K4>:b>*44 & 1939 (@*J. A4F\<" >"B4F">Z >" BD,8D"F>@< L4>F8@< b2Z8,, BD"8H4R,F84 $,2 @T4$@8. A4F\<" )4<@ #@`8:4,&" F:J0"H F&4*,H,:\FH&@< H@6 "2"("*@R>@6" B@:@04H,:\>@6 D,BJH"P44, 8@H@D@6 B@:\2@&":"F\ K4>:b>*4b & #@:("D44. =40, <Z BD4&,*.< &Z*,D084 42 B4F,< ). #@`8:4,&" @H 9.6.1939 4 30.5.1939. K,>>@L4:, @> F@$D": 4 42JR4: *@FHJB>Z, ,<J 8>4(4 @ K4>:b>*44. "a F:ZT": <>@(@ BD,8D"F>@(@ @ RJ*,F>@< >"D@*, K4>:b>*44", B4T,H #@`8:4,&, 4 F@ &D,<,>,< &@FN4V,>4, K4>:b>*4,6 &F. &@2D"FH":@. %@ &D,4b & K4>:b>*44 & 1938 (@*J ). #@`8:4,& @$D"H4: @F@$@, &>4<">4, >" 2*@D@&Z6, 8@>FHDJ8H4&>Z6 *JN & FHD">,. =@ 2>"8@<4H\Fb F K4>:b>*4,6 4 B4F"H\ @ >,6 8>4(J @> N@R,H 42 B"HD4@H4R,F84N B@$J0*,>46. ). #@`8:4,& N@R,H B,D,F"*4H\ BD,8D"F>Z, L4>F84, BD4>P4BZ >" D@*>J` B@R&J 4 B@8"2"H\ >" D@*4>, "mitenkä pieni kansa voi tula suureksi” ‘8"8 <":Z6 >"D@* <@0,H FH"H\ $@:\T4<’. K4>F846 >"D@*, B@ <>,>4` )4<@ #@`8:4,&", <@0,H B@F:J04H\ BD4<,D@< *:b 1 ?>>4 G":"F @T4$@R>@ @H>@F4H 8>4(J 8 BD@T:@<J &,8J, " "&H@D" >"2Z&",H $@:("DF84< B4F"H,:,<. 2 % B4F\<"N @> B@*B4FZ&",HFb :"H4>F84<4 $J8&"<4 D.D.H. Boikliev, >@ <Z B@:\2J,<Fb $@:("DF8@6 L@D<@6 ,(@ L"<4:44. 133 $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*", &@-B,D&ZN, & HDJ*@:`$44, " &@-&H@DZN, & R,FH>@FH4. % F&@,6 8>4(, @> N@R,H B@8"2"H\: 1. Haluan näyttää jalon esikuvan minun paljon kärsineelle ja sorretulle kansalleni, mitenkä sorrettu maa ja kansa voi muuttua paratiisiksi. 2. Näyttää, mitenkä voi toteutua yhteiskunnallisessa elämässä rehellisyyden, joka teillä on todellisuutta, mutta meillä on vain utopia. 3[...] pienen Suomen järjestämistä Bulgariaan. (Bojukliev, 30.5.1939)2 C"2(@&@D @$ JFHD@6FH&, “>,$@:\T@6 K4>:b>*44 & #@:("D44" $Z&T46 J >,(@ F ;488@:@6, B@ F:@&"< #@`8:4,&", &Z2&":" $@:\T@6 4>H,D,F & $@:("DF84N BD"&bV4N 8DJ("N 4 H"< "alituisesti tiedustelevat, mitenkä se olisi toteuttavissa" ’H"< B@FH@b>>@ 4>H,D,FJ`HFb, 8"84< @$D"2@< <Z <@(:4 $Z ^H@ @FJV,FH&4H\‘. "Haluaisin istuttaa Suomen jalon kansan terveellistä henkeä omaan kelpo kansaani". ’a N@H,: $Z &>,*D4H\ 2*@D@&Z6 *JN $:"(@D@*>@(@ >"D@*" K4>:b>*44 & F&@6 *@$DZ6 >"D@*’ [B@*R.9.E.] (B4F\<@ #@`8:4,&" 8 M">>J:, 9.6.1939) ="B@<>4<, RH@ & ^H@ &D,,8@H@DZ, "(D@8DJ084, BD4>b&T4, 2" <@*,:\ L4>F846 8@@B,D"H4&>Z6 @BZH 4 >"2&">4, “$,:Z, :4:44” K4>>Z & &@FBD4bH44 $@:("D4>" ). #@`8:4,&" ^H@ >"D@*, J 8@H@D@(@ ,FH\, R,<J B@JR4H\Fb. A@ FH4:` 4 F@*,D0">4` B4F\<" ). #@`8:4,&" >" B,D&Z6 &2(:b* <@0>@ BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ ,(@ F<,:Z, B:">Z 4 @$,V">4b 42*"H\ 8>4(J @ K4>:b>*44, 8@H@D"b >"8@>,P-H@ $J*,H B@:,2>" *:b $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*", & :JRT,< F:JR",, ,FH\ ^82":\H4D@&">>@FH\ <@:@*@(@ R,:@&,8", & NJ*T,<, - D"FR.H:4&@, 0,:">4, B@:\FH4H\ F&@4< 8@DD,FB@>*,>H"< 4 F8:@>4H\ 4N 8 B@:@04H,:\>@<J D,T,>4` >" BD@F\$J @ &Z*"R, FH4B,>*44. ]<@P4@>":\>@FH\ 4 H,<B,D"<,>H>@FH\ & B4F\<, <@0>@ @H>,FH4 4 8 `0>@<J H,<B,D"<,>HJ "&H@D": “Siitä lähtien kun jätin Teidän satumaisen maanne, minulla oli vain yksi ainoa halu, se, että saisin vielä palata sinne” ‘E H,N B@D, 8"8 b B@84>J: %"TJ F8"2@R>J` FHD">J, b 04&J ,*4>FH&,>>Z< 0,:">4,<: ,V. D"2 J&4*,H\ ,.’. (#@`8:4,& 9.6.1939). ?*>"8@ &F, ^H4 N"D"8H,D4FH484: BD,8D"F>Z6, RJ*,F>Z6 >"D@*, <":Z6 >"D@* FH": $@:\T4<, HDJ*@:`$4,, R,FH>@FH\, $:"(@D@*>Z6, D"6, F8"2@R>"b FHD">" - 8"8 <Z B@8"2":4 J0, >, D"2 B@&H@D,>Z & #@:("D44 4 >, b&:b`HFb B:@*@< :4R>@(@ 8D"F>@D,R4b ). #@`8:4,&", " &ZH,8"`H 42 J0, F@2*"&T4NFb & #@:("D44 FH,D,@H4B@& @ K4>:b>*44. 3< B,D,LD"24DJ`HFb ^B4H,HZ 42 8>4(4 A,HD@&" "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46". E:@&": D"6, F8"28", R4FH@H" - >"N@*bHFb & BD,*4F:@&44 ). #@08@&" 8 ^H@6 8>4(,. ;Z *":,84 @H <ZF:4 2"B@*@2D4H\ ). #@`8:4,&" & H@<, RH@ @> B4F": B4F\<" 4<,b B@* DJ8@6 8>4(J '. A,HD@&". =" >"T &2(:b*, B@*@$>"b D,P,BP4b K4>:b>*44 4 L4>F8@(@ >"D@*" J0, &>,*D4:"F\ & #@:("D44 8@ &D,<,>4 >"B4F">4b B4F,< ). #@`8:4,&Z< & 1938-39 (@*J. %@2<@0>@, RH@ F&@` D@:\ & ^H@< B"L@F, FZ(D": L"8H BD@04&">4b ). #@`8:4,&" & #J*"B,TH, & %,>(D44, (*,, 8"8 134 42&,FH>@, @H>@FbHFb 8 *":.8@<J D@*FH&,>>@<J >"D@*J F >,42<,>>@6 F4<B"H4,6. %,>(D4b $Z:" <,FH@< ^<4(D"P44 $@:("D 4 H"< B@FH@b>>@ BD@04&":4 F@H>4 $@:("D, <@0>@ BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ %,>(D4b BD4&>,F:" F&@` *@:` & L@D<4D@&">4, F&,DNB@24H4&>@6 L4>F8@(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" & 8"DH4>, <4D" ). #@`8:4,&" 4 *DJ(4N BD@04&"`V4N H"< $@:("D. A:">Z ). #@`8:4,&" >, @FJV,FH&4:4F\, " B@F:, &@6>Z 8"B4H":4FH4R,F8"b K4>:b>*4b @8"2":"F\ 2"8DZH@6 *:b (D"0*"> F@P4":4FH4R,F8@(@ :"(,Db. ). #@`8:4,& B@F&bH4: F&@` ^>,D(4` B@BJ:bD42"P44 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ & %,>(D44. ="R4>"b F 1936 (@*" @> BJ$:48J,H FH"H\4 @ $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD,, @D(">42J,H 8DJ084 $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8", R4H",H *@8:"*Z. % 1938 (@*J B@b&4:"F\ ">H@:@(4b $@:("DF84N B@^H@&, 8@H@D"b &8:`R":" 57 4<.> $@:("DF84N B@^H@& 4 B4F"H,:,6, " & 1942 (@*J @> @BJ$:48@&": "EB"F@&J <@(4:J" +:4>" A,:4>" (C"8@T4 1980: 406-407).). #@`8:4,& B@:\2@&":Fb $@:\T4< "&H@D4H,H@<: &Z*"`V46Fb $@:("DF846 JR.>Z6 /@D0 =JD40"> B@FZ:": ,<J F&@` 8>4(J "AD4bH,:4 >" #X:("D4b" >" D,P,>24`. AD,*">>@FH\ ). #@`8:4,&" :4H,D"HJD>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 B@2&@:b,H BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ @> $Z 4FB@:>4: F&@. @$,V">4, >"B4F"H\ 8>4(J @ K4>:b>*44 =J0>@ :4 J*4&:bH\Fb, RH@ BD,*"H,:\F8@, >"B"*,>4, @(D@<>@(@ E@&,HF8@(@ E@`2" >" <":,>\8J` K4>:b>*4` - FHD">J $,:ZN :4:46 &Z2&":@ <"FFJ BJ$:48"P46, 4FB@:>,>>ZN RJ&FH&" RJH\ :4 >, :4R>@6 $,*Z: "?, EJ@<4, 8"8&@ H, R"8". 1"$D"&4<, &F4R84H, F4 :4R>4 <X84 4 H4 42BD"V"<, >" H,$, 4 H&@b *@$XD >"D@* &F4R8@ >"6-NJ$"&@" ("%R,D" 4 *>,F" 1939 mm 54-57, FHD. 2). %@ &D,Z 1939 - 44 (@*" 4*.H BD@*@:0,>4, >"8@B:,>4b B@:@04H,:\>ZN @P,>@8.% #@:("D44 ,0,*>,&>@ BJ$:48J`HFb B@:>Z, F4<B"H44 8 K4>:b>*44 >@&@FH4 F L4>F8@-F@&,HF8@(@ LD@>H". % FH"H\bN 8D"F>@6 R,DH@6 BD@N@*4H RJ&FH&@ &@FN4V,>4b (,D@42<@< L4>F84N F@:*"H 4 L4>F8@(@ >"D@*" & ^H@6 &@6>, D"2>@&,:484N FHD">: "MD"$D@FHXH" >" L4>:">*F84 >"D@* 42D"2,>" 2" &H@D4 BXH & D"FH@b>44 >" 20 (@*4>4 H"8" *,6>@ 4 D,T4H,:>@, $J*4, >,2"&4F4<@ @H <,0*J>"D@*>4 :"(,D4 4 4>H,D,F4, &F,F&,HF8" "*<4D"P4b". ("%R,D" 4 *>,F" 1939 m 41: 2) ?F@$,>>@ <>@(@ &>4<">4b J*,:b,HFb L4>F84< F@$ZH4b< 42*"&",<Z<4 ). #@08@&Z< ("2,H"<4 “%R,D" 4 *>,F” 4 “%,R,D”. % FH"H\bN ,FH\ FHD,<:,>4, @2>"8@<4H\ R4H"H,:b H"80, F L"8H4R,F84<4 *">>Z<4 @ K4>:b>*44: "% K4>:b>*4b 4<" B@&,R, @H 70 000 ,2,D", >,8@4 @H 8@4H@ 4<"H B@&XDN>@FH F"<@ @H 200 8&. <." ("1@D"" 1939 m 6141: 6). E,8D,H"D\ $@:("DF8@(@ 8@>FJ:\FH&" & M,:\F4>84 ',@D(4 S4T8@& D"FF8"2Z&",H, & R"FH>@FH4, RH@ & @$:"FH4 A,HF"<@ D"2&@*bH *@ 100 000 @:,>,6 ("1@D"" 1939 m 6150: 3), "E&,V,>48 >, <@0, *" &,>R", L4>:">*,P 4 L4>:">*8", "8@ >, 2>"bH *" R,H"H" ("1@D"" 1939 m 6159: 3), D"FF8"2Z&",HFb @ $">bN ("1@D"" 1939 m 6169: 6). K"8HZ R,D,*J`HFb 4 B,D,B:,H"`HFb F R,DH"<4, 8@H@DZ, >"N@*bHFb & B@:, @04*">4b B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 ND@>@H@BJ 135 F,&,D": H,<" FJD@&@6 BD4D@*Z, 24<Z 4 Hb0.:@6 042>4 F,&,Db>4>" "H,084b 04&@H 4 FHD"*">4b >" :"B:">*,P" ("1@D"" 1940 m 6176: 6). =,@$N@*4<@ @F@$@ @H<,H4H\ $@:\T@6 D,B@DH"0 & >,F8@:\84N >@<,D"N ("2,HZ "%R,D" 4 *>,F" "K4>:">*4b & B:"<XP4H, >" &@6>"H"” 8"8 L"8H@D 8@(>4H4&>@6 D,P,BP44 K4>:b>*44. % FH"H\, *".HFb @B4F">4, 8J:\HJDZ K4>:b>*44 F L@H@(D"L4b<4 %b6>. !":H@>,>" & F&@.< "H,:\,, (*, @> FH@4H >" L@>, F8J:\BHJDZ !:,8F4FJ 74&4, &4* M,:\F4>84 F&,DNJ 4 BD. 7D"F>@6 >4H\` BD@N@*4H H,<", 8"8 J0"F>@ $Z:" >"DJT,>" B@&F,*>,&>"b J`H>"b 042>\ $:"(@JFHD@,>>@6 K4>:b>*44 &@6>@6, &4>@&>4P,6 8@H@D@6 &F, &4*,:4 EEEC, A@*R.D84&",HFb, RH@ <4D>Z6 L4>F846 >"D@* >, & F@FH@b>44 $Z: B@&,D4H\, RH@ >"R":"F\ &@6>" *@ H@(@, 8"8 >" >,$, M,:\F4>84 B@b&4:4F\ F@&,HF84, F"<@:.HZ. IR.>Z6-(,@(D"L 'J>R@ 'J>R,& & 1940 (. B@F&bV",H @$T4D>J` FH"H\` &@``V,6 K4>:b>*44 & 0JD>":, "AD@F&,H"" (1940). EH"H\b F@*,D04H F&,*,>4b @ (,@(D"L44 4 ^8@>@<48, K4>:b>*44. '@&@Db @$ 4>H,D,F, F@&D,<,>>@6 $@:("DF8@6 4>H,::4(,>P44 8 F,&,D>Z< FHD">"< (K4>:b>*4b, )">4b, S&,P4b, =@D&,(4b) "8"8 BD4<,D"3 BXHb B@ 8@6H@ HDb$&" *" &XD&4 FH@B">F8@H@ 4 8J:HJD>@ D"2&4H4, >" #X:("D4b" ('J>R,& 1940: 545), @> 8@>FH"H4DJ,H, RH@ "@F@$,>@ 42&,FH>" J >"F K4>:">*4b" 4 >"2Z&",H BD4R4>@6 ^H@(@ 8>4(J A,HD@&" "% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44". % FH"H\, 1923 (@*", B@ BD4$ZH44 42 K4>:b>*44, '. 'J>R,& &@FN4V",HFb L4>F8@6 BD4D@*@6 4 ^B@F@< “7":,&":"”, H,B,D\ 0,, BD@R4H"& 8>4(J '. A,HD@&", 8"8 (,@(D"L, '. 'J>R,& 2"<,R",H, RH@ :4:44 D,*84 >" H"84N (,@(D"L4R,F84N T4D@H"N. ?*>"8@, <,H"L@D" L4>F8@(@ >"D@*", P&,H@8 :4:4b 8"0,HFb '. 'J>R,&J @R,>\ J*"R>@6. A,HD@& ">, <@(X: *" >"<,D4 B@-B@*N@*>@ 2"(:"&4, V, ,*>" 8>4(", B@F&,H,>" >" $@D$4H, 4 B@FH40,>4bH" >" ,*4> >"D@*, R4bH@ R,FH>@FH, *@$D@H" 4 BDb<@H" , B@D"2b&":" &F,84 RJ0*,>,P" ('J>R,& 1940: 545) . EH"H\b B4F":"F\ '. 'J>R,&Z< & 1940 (@*J, 8@(*" K4>:b>*4b ND"$D@ @H$4&":"F\ @H EEEC, RH@, >" &2(:b* '. 'J>R,&", b&:b,HFb >"R":@< *DJ(@(@ ^B@F": "3 &<,FH@ ,B42@*4 @H >"D@*>4b ,B@F 7":,&":", & 2"HDJB">4H, F,:F84 N404, 8D"6 2"B":,>4H, *X>,D4, FH"D4H, D"2BD"&bH F,(" 2" >@& ,B@F, 8@6H@ F, B4T, F 8D\&H" >" N4:b*4 F<,:4 <X04" ('J>R,& 1940: 545) . 7>4(" '. A,DH@&" $Z:" T4D@8@ 42&,FH>", &Z*,D0":" :,FbH\ 42*">46 4 ,` B@:\2@&":"F\ & T8@:"N: “koska haluttiin bulgarialaisista yhtä rehellisiä kuin kirjassa ihannoidut suomalaiset” ‘B@H@<J RH@ N@H,:4 &@FB4H"H\ $@:("D H"84<4 0, R,FH>Z<4, 8"8 4*,":424D@&">>Z, & 8>4(, L4>>Z’(Ylinen 1978: 5). A4F"H,:\>4P" 42 ="">H":4, GJJ:4884 E@6>4, D"FF8"2Z&",H, RH@ 3 ?>,@$N@*4<@FH4 $@:("D"< $D"H\ BD4<,D F L4>>@& (@&@D4HFb BDb<@ 4 B@FH@b>>@. E"<4 B@&@*Z <@(JH $ZH\ @R,>\ D"2>Z,, 8"8 >"BD4<,D *,bH,:\>@FH\ @$V,FH&" & 2"V4HJ BH4P. /JD>":@< BD4&@*4HFb B@:>Z6 JFH"& @$V,FH&" F P,:\`: "V, $X*, >, $,2 B@:2" [...] F, B@BJ:bD424D"H <,0*J >"T4H, "BH4R4 &D"(@&," 4 H. B. ()JN. BD@$J*" 1907 m 5: 15). 136 BJH,T,FH&Jb & #@:("D44, CJ<Z>44, " BD,0*, &F,(@ & GJDP44 - HZ J2>".T\, RH@ BD4,N": 42 - “valkoliljojen maasta” ‘ FHD">Z $,:ZN :4:46’. ED"2J *"0, >, B@>4<",T\, B4T,H @>", RH@ B@* ^H4< B@*D"2J<,&",HFb: “Kieloja, lumpeita vai liljanvaaleita suomalaisneitoja?”’:">*ZT4, 8J&T4>84 4:4 :4:,6>@$,:Z, L4>F84, *,&JT84‘ 3 BD@*@:0",H: “Varsin pian valkoliljojen maa osoitautui kirjaksi. Ja kaiken lisäksi todelliseksi best selleriksi” ‘)@&@:\>@ F8@D@ &ZbF>b:@F\, RH@ FHD">" $,:ZN :4:46 $Z:" 8>4(@6, *" ,V. >"FH@bV4< $,FHF,::,D@<’ (Kankamo 1977). A"J:\ _D8b>8"::4@, 8@H@DZ6 JR4:Fb & J>4&,DF4H,H, & !>8"D, (1950-1951), $Z: B@F:@< & #@:("D44 (19691972) 2"<,R": J&"04H,:\>@, @H>@T,>4, 8 L4>>"< 4 & GJDP44: "Suomalainen, joka liikkuu Turkissa, saa suureksi hämmästyksekseensa kuulla olevansa kotoisin valkeiden liljojen maasta" ’BJH,T,FH&J`V46 B@ GJDP44 L4>> 8 F&@,<J &bV,<J J*4&:,>4` J2>".H, RH@ @> 42 FHD">Z $,:ZN :4:46‘(Jyrkänkallio 1951). #,:Z, :4:44 &F. $@:,, H,F>@ B,D,B:,H",HFb F @$D"2@< L4>>". A@N&":Z L4>F8@6 $:"(@JFHD@,>>@FH4 A. _D8b>8"::4@ F:ZT": B@FH@b>>@, @H 8"0*@(@ @$D"2@&">>@(@ HJD8", (*, $Z @> >4 $Z: - & EH"<$J:,, !>8"D, 4:4 (:J$4>8,. 3>@(*" BD@&@*4:"F\ B"D"::,:\ <,0*J E>,:\<">@< 4 !H"H`D8@<. 4.3 7>4(" "% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. EJ@<4 - K4>:">*4b” % 1925 (@*J4 & #@:("D44 &ZT:" & F&,H 8>4(" "% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. EJ@<4 - K4>:">*4b" F B@F&bV,>4,< “A@F&,V"&" F, >" $X:("DF8" 4>H,:4(,>P4b”. % BD,*4F:@&44 F@@$V":@F\, RH@ ^H@ B,D,&@* F BD@42&,*,>4b T4D@8@ 42&,FH>@(@ & #@:("D44 DJFF8@(@ B4F"H,:b, "&H@D" F@H,> BJ$:4P4FH4R,F84N FH"H,6, (J<">4FH", F&bV,>>48" 'D4(@D4b A,HD@&". 1" 42*">4,< 8>4(4 FH@b:" BD"(<"H4R,F8"b P,:\: >"JR4H\ $@:("D FH"H\ (D"0*">"<4. AD@F&,H4H,:\F8"b P,:\ 42*">4b 8>4(4 A,HD@&" b&>@ &ZF&,R4&",H 42 B@F&bV,>4b ,, 4>H,::4(,>P44, " H"80, &H@D@(@ BD,*4F:@&4b 8 42*">4`, & 8@H@D@< <4>4FHD >"D@*>@(@ BD@F&,V,>4b ;. 5@&@& &ZF8"2Z&",H ";@,H@ B@0,:">4,", 8@H@D@, BD4&,*.< B@RH4 B@:>@FH\`, H"8 8"8 @>@ H@R>@ @BD,*,:b,H H, 2"*"R4, 8@H@DZ, FH"&4:4F\ 42*"H,:b<4: 4 EJ&4:,NH@ & FH. Fragmentteja suomalais-bulgarialaisten kontaktien historiasta (1988) oT4$@R>@ (@&@D4H @ H@<, RH@ 8>4(" B,D,&,*,>" >" $@:("DF846 4 HJD,P846 & 1910 (. ;Z >, 2>",< H@R>@ (@*" >"B4F">4b 8>4(4 A,HD@&Z< 4 ,. B,D,&@*" >" $@:("DF846 #@08@&Z<, >@ 42*">" @>" $Z:" & E@L44 & 1925 (., " >" HJD,P8@< & 1928 (. %@2<@0>@, @> @B4D":Fb >" FH"H\` 7">8"<@, & 8@H@D@6 *@BJV,>Z H, 0, >,H@R>@FH4. % H@6 0, FH"H\, &<,FH@ =48@:"6 II *@:0>@ $ZH\ !:,8F">*D II. 137 "7"H@ >"D,*4N H"b 8>4(" *" F, 42*"*, @H ;4>4FH,DFH&@H@ >" >"D@*>@H@ BD@F&,V,>4,, "2 F, &@*,N @H 0,:">4,H@ *" b >"BD"&b *@FHXB>" 2" &X2<@0>@ B@(@:b< $D@6 4>H,:4(,>H>4 $X:("D4. ;@,H@ B@0,:">4, ,, B@* &:4b>4,H@ >" NJ$"&4b 4 F&,HX: *JN >" H"24 8>4(", B4F">" FB,P4":>@ 2" #X:("D4b, *" F, b&"H B@&,R, $X:("DF84 E>,:<">@&P4 <,0*J $X:("DF8"H" 4>H,:4(,>P4b 4 @F@$,>@ <,0*J $X:("DF8@ JR4H,:FH&@. % H,084 &D,<,>", 8"H@ H4b, 8@4H@ D@*4>" BD,04&b&" *>,F, >4, 4<"<, &XB4`V" >J0*" 4<,>>@ @H H"84&" E>,:<">@&P4. G, HDb$&" *" F, >"<,DbH 4 V, F, >"<,DbH". (5@&@& 1936: 6)5 "7>4("H" >" '. A,HD@& , B4F">" >, $,2 @(:,* 4 8X< >"T4H, [$@:("DF84,] >D"&4, 8X< >"T4H, B@:4H48@-@$V,FH&,>4 4 48@>@<4R,F84 JF:@&4b. G@&" b BD"&4 H@:8@2 B@-P,>>" 2" >"F". (#@08@& 1936: 18) % >"T4 P,:4 >, &N@*4H 8D4H4R,F846 ">":42 B@^H484 8>4(4, @*>"8@ *:b &Zb&:,>4b BD4R4> ,. FH@:\ $@:\T@6 B@BJ:bD>@FH4 (@>" &Z*,D0":" 2" 8@D@H846 FD@8 10 42*">46, $Z:" 42*">" & 8@:4R,FH&, 50 000 ^82,<B:bD@& (=JD40"> 1940: 290)) 4 H@(@ F:,*", 8@H@DZ6 @>" @FH"&4:" & B"<bH4 4 8"DH4>, <4D" $@:("D, F:,*J,H 8D"H8@ BD,*FH"&4H\ F@*,D0">4, 8>4(4. 7>4(" F@FH@4H 42 17 (:"&, 8"0*"b 42 8@H@DZN @HD"0",H @*>J 42 FH@D@> >"D@*>@6 042>4 K4>:b>*44 4 J8"2Z&",H >" H@ 4:4 4>@, 2:@, 8@H@D@, L4>>"< J*":@F\ @$D"H4H\ & *@$D@*,H,:\. % B,D&@6 (:"&, 8@D@H8@ @F&,V",HFb 4FH@D4b K4>:b>*44, BD,0*, &F,(@ F H@R84 2D,>4b &"0>@FH4 BD4@$D,H,>4b &@2<@0>@FH,6 8 D"2&4H4` & F&b24 F BD4F@,*4>,>4,< 8 C@FF46F8@6 4<B,D44 (1808) 4 &ZF&@$@0*,>4,< @H 2"F4:\b (@FB@*-T&,*@&, B @ '. A,HD@&J, BD,24D"&T4N L4>F8J` R,D>\. 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E>,:\<">, 8@H@DZ6 J0, F `>ZN :,H 2">b:Fb B@:4H4R,F8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH\`, FHD"FH>@ BD42Z&"b *&JN<4::4@>>Z6 L4>F846 >"D@* BD@$J*4H\Fb 4 2"04H\ *@FH@6>@6 042>\` R,:@&,8" 4 ND4FH4">4>". %@ &H@D@6 (:"&, "="D@* 4 (,D@4" A,HD@& @$D"V",HFb 8 >"D@*J, B@8"2Z&"b, RH@ 4<,>>@ @>, >"D@*, b&:b,HFb 4FH4>>Z< 5 % F&@,6 D"$@H, <Z B@:\2@&":4F\ *,FbHZ< 4*,>H4R>Z< 42*">4,< 8>4(4 1936 (@*" 4 &F, P4H"HZ 4 FFZ:84 $J*JH >" >,(@. 138 H&@DP@< 4FH@D44, " >, :`*4, 8@H@DZ, BD4 @BD,*,:.>>ZN @$FH@bH,:\FH&"N @8"2":4F\ >" &,DNJ @$V,FH&" 4 N@D@T@ 4:4 B:@N@ FJ<,:4 4FB@:\2@&"H\ F&@` J*"RJ. ?> D"FF<"HD4&",H H"80, &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b P,D8&4 4 >"D@*", BD,*:"("b @H8"2"H\Fb @H *@(<, " >" >"D@*>@< b2Z8, JR4H\ 04&@6 &,D,. =, >"J8" B@&4>>" & B"*,>44 D,:4(4@2>@FH4, 2"b&:b,H '. 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A,HD@&" - >,*"D@< @> 4<,: &ZFT,, $@(@F:@&F8@, @$D"2@&">4,. '@&@D4:4, RH@ ,(@ :,8P44 4<,:4 H"8@6 0, JFB,N, 8"8 4 6 7 ;ZBD,*B@:"(",<, RH@ BD@H@H4B@< 9J84 ;"8*@>":\*" b&:b,HFb F&,DFH>48 A,HD@&" Ramsay Macdonald, 042>,>>Z6 BJH\ 4 <4D@&@22D,>4, 8@H@D@(@ $Z:4 F@2&JR>Z B,HD@&F84<. C"<F,6 ;"8*@>":\* BD@4FN@*4: 42 $,*>@6 T@H:">*F8@6 F,<\4. #:"(@*"Db >,@$Z8>@&,>>@<J JB@DFH&J 4 HDJ*@:`$4` ,<J J*":@F\ B@:JR4H\ @$D"2@&">4,. % 1893 (@*J @> F@2*": >,2"&4F4<J` D"$@RJ` B"DH4`, " & 1906 42$D"> & >40>`` B":"HJ A"D:"<,>H". ?> @$:"*": D,:4(4@2>@-4*,":4FH4R,F84< <4D@&@22D,>4,<, $Z: FH@D@>>48@< F&@$@*>@6 P,D8&4. ?> &F` 042>\ $Z: &,D,> F&@4< BD4>P4B"<, @H8"2":Fb @H BD,*:@0,>>@(@ ,<J *&@Db>FH&" 4, $J*JR4 B"P4L4FH@<, F >"R":@< A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z JT.: 42 B@:4H484. A@F:, 2"8:`R,>4b <4D" @> &>@&\ &@ (:"&, B"DH44 4 FH@4H BD@H4& D"*48":\>@(@ $@:\T,&4FHF8@(@ 8DZ:". % 8D424F>Z, *:b ^8@>@<484 (@*Z (1929-1935) @> $Z: BD,<\,D-<4>4FHD@< %,:48@$D4H">44 4 &F,(*" FH"&4: 4>H,D,FZ FHD">Z 4 >"D@*" &ZT, 4>H,D,F@& B"DH44. ED. "'@D@* E@:>P"" F@P4":4FH"-JH@B4FH" G@<<"2@ 7"<B">,::Z. 140 8@>P,DHZ K. S":bB4>" (=JD40"> 1940). % 8"0*@6 (:"&, D4H@D4R,F84< B@&H@D@< 4*.H @B4F">4, B:"R,&>@(@ B@:@0,>4b >,(D"<@H>@(@ >"D@*", ,(@ $,2ZFN@*>@6 042>4, BD@N@*bV,6 & Hb0.:@< HDJ*, 2" N:,$ >"FJV>Z6, *JN@&>@6 FBbR8, >"D@*", >,D"*4&@FH4 R4>@&>48@&, >4V4N *,D,&,>\. 1" @B4F">4,< F:,*J,H B:"<,>>Z6 BD42Z& 8 @$D"2@&">>Z< 4 F@FH@bH,:\>Z< :`*b< BD@F&,H4H\ >"D@* 4 B@<@R\ ,<J @$JFHD@4H\ F&@` 042>\. ?BH4<4FH4R,F846 >"FHD@6 8>4(4 D@0*",HFb B@H@<J, RH@ & 8"0*@6 FL,D, 042>4 J _.%. E>,:\<">" >"N@*4HFb <>@0,FH&@ ,*4>@<ZT:,>>48@&, 8@H@DZ, $,DJHFb 2" *,:@, & D,2J:\H"H, 8@H@D@(@ D@0*",HFb F@&D,<,>>"b >@&"b K4>:b>*4b: <":,>\8"b 4 <":@>"F,:.>>"b, >@ @(D@<>"b 4 F4:\>"b B@ F&@,<J 8J:\HJD>@<J B@H,>P4":J. 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A,HD@& $Z: D@*@< 42 ]FH:b>*F8@6 (J$,D>44, 04: & A,H,D$JD(, 4 B@^H@<J *:b >,(@ K4>:b>*4b >, <@(:" >, $ZH\ *@&@:\>@ $:428@6 FHD">@6. ;@0>@ *"0, BD,*B@:@04H\, RH@ ^FH@>F846 4 L4>F846 b2Z84 >, $Z:4 *:b >,(@ F@&,DT,>>@ RJ0*Z<4, &@ &Fb8@< F:JR",, @> & F&@4N F@R4>,>4bN @ K4>:b>*44 *".H L4>F84, F:@&" 4 4N B,D,&@*. % K4>:b>*44 @> &B,D&Z, B@$Z&": (*,-H@ >" DJ$,0, XIX - XX &,8@&, @$ ^H@< @> >"B4F": FH"H\` ")&" *>b & K4>:b>*44", 8@H@D"b $Z:" @BJ$:48@&">" & F$@D>48, ,(@ BD@42&,*,>46 "7 F&,HJ"8. % 1910 (@*J @> B@$Z&": & K4>:b>*44 4 &<,FH, F ). #@08@&Z<. C,2J:\H"H@< ^H@6 B@,2*84 FH":" 8>4(" "EHD">" $@:@H. K4>F84, &B,R"H:,>4b", & 8@H@D@6 "&H@D $,D.H <":,>\8J` K4>:b>*4` B@* 2"V4HJ @H >,8@H@DZN DJFF84N BJ$:4P4FH@&, HD,$@&"&T4N J>4L4P4D@&">4b BD"& &F,N (D"0*"> C@FF44. 1" BD,*,:"<4 >"T,(@ 4FF:,*@&">4b @FH">JHFb B,D,&@*Z >" L4>F846 4 *DJ(4, b2Z84 8>4( A,HD@&", BD,0*, &F,(@ @*>@(@ 42 F"<ZN 2>"R4H,:\>ZN F H@R84 2D,>4b <4D@&@22D,>4b B4F"H,:b "+&">(,:4, 8"8 @F>@&" 042>4". )DJ(4< 4FF:,*@&"H,:b< @FH"&4< <Z H"80, &@2<@0>@FH\ 4FF:,*@&"H\ B,D,&@*Z "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" >" *DJ(4, b2Z84 <4D" 4 D@:\ ^H@6 8>4(4 & F@2*">44 >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" L4>>@& & *DJ(4N FHD">"N. ! B,D,&@*@& $Z:@ >,<":@. A,D,&@*R48 8>4(4 "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" >" HJD,P846 b2Z8 (1968) G`D8,D !8"D@(:J T4D, 4FF:,*@&": 4>H,D,F 8 >D"&FH&,>>@8 EH"H\` >"< >, J*":@F\ >"6H4. 141 D,:4(4@2>Z< 4*,b< '. A,HD@&" & GJDP44. “% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" $Z:" 42*">" & GJDP44 &B,D&Z, & 1928 (@*J 4 B@F:, ^H@(@ $Z:" B,D,42*">" 16 D"2 8@:4R,FH&@< ^82,<B:bD@& @H 12 000 *@ 25 000. A@F:,*>46 D"2 & 1976 (@*J (15 000 ^82.) (Kankamo 1977). 3H@(@ (*,-H@ *@ 400 000 ^82,<B:bD@&. A@ 4>4P4"H4&, <4>4FH,DFH&" BD@F&,V,>4b 8>4(" $,FB:"H>@ D"2*"&":"F\ & JR,$>ZN 2"&,*,>4bN. ?F>@&"H,:\ >@&@6 GJDP44 7,<": !H"H`D8 &8:`R4: 8>4(J *:b @$b2"H,:\>@(@ RH,>4b & BD@(D"<<Z "D<,6F84N JR4:4V. % BD,*4F:@&44 8 HJD,P8@<J 42*">4` (@&@D4HFb, RH@ ^H@ >"4$@:,, R4H",<"b 8>4(" & GJDP44 B@F:, 7@D">" (Jyrkänkallio 1951) !&H@D BD,*4F:@&4b 8 L4>F8@<J 42*">4` "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" $4$:4@H,8"D\ C", ;JDNJ BD4&@*4H 4>H,D,F>Z6 L"8H. % 1960 (. $Z:@ >"B,R"H">@ 4>H,D&\` F HJD,P84< (,>,D":@< 4 ,(@ F@@$V>48"<4, @L4P,D"<4, F@&,DT4&T4<4 B,D,&@D@H. % @H&,H >" &@BD@F, 8"8"b 8>4(" @FH"&4:" >" >4N F"<@, $@:\T@, &B,R"H:,>4, & 042>4, B@F:,*@&": @H&,H: "% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46" (Petrov 1978: 11-12). A@ G. !8"D@(:J, BD@42&,*,>4b '. A,HD@& B,D,&,*,>Z >" ,&D@B,6F84, b2Z84, " 8D@<, H@(@ >" 84H"6F846, bB@>F846, " H"80, >" "D"$F846 b2Z8 & >,8@H@DZN FHD">"N !244 4 !LD484, =JD40"> F@@$V",H @ B,D,&@*"N >" HJD,P846, DJ<Z>F846, "DF846 4 *DJ(4, b2Z84 (=JD40"> 1940: 290). 3H"8, 8>4(" "% FHD">, >" $,:ZN :4:46", & 8@H@D@6 >" L4>F8@6 B@R&, DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ A,HD@& 4::`FHD4DJ,H F&@4 4*,4 D,:4(4@2>@(@ F"<@F@&,DT,>FH&@&">4b R,:@&,8" 4 ,(@ F:J0$Z-0,DH&Z &@ 4>ZN :`*,6, >,@$N@*4<@FH\ F@&<,V,>4b :4R>@(@ 4>H,D,F" F 4>H,D,F@< @$V,FH&", HD,$@&">4, F&@4< BD4<,D@< &@FB4HZ&"H\ & :`*bN 8"R,FH&" ND4FH4">4>", - $Z:" T4D@8@ 42&,FH>" & #@:("D44. #,2 F@<>,>4b, 4<,>>@ 8>4(" @ FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46 FH":" &"0>,6T,6 8@>FH">H@6 & R4F:, L"8H@D@&, 2"8D,B4&T4N B@24H4&>Z6 <4L @ K4>:b>*44 >, H@:\8@ & #@:("D44, >@ 4 & *DJ(4N FHD">"N, (*, ^H" 8>4(" $Z:" @BJ$:48@&">". ]H@ B@*H&,D0*",HFb F:@&"<4 L4>F84N B@F:@& A. _D8b>8"::4@ 4 ?. G":"F", 8@H@DZ, @H<,R"`H HJ @(D@<>J` B@:\2J, 8@H@DJ` 8>4(" '. A,HD@&" @ K4>:b>*44 - FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46 BD4>,F:" 4N D@*4>,: "Kaikesta hullunkurisuudestakin huolimatta Petrovin teos on arvostettava positiiviseksi saavutukseksi, sillä se on suorittanut tärkeän tehtävän tehdessään maatamme tunnetuksi niin Bulgariassa, Turkissa kuin Irakissa ja hankkinut meille monta ystävää". [B@*R. 9.E.] (Jyrkänkallio 1951) 7irja on tehnyt Suomelle suuria palveluksia. Kirja oli niin tunnustettu, että sitä jopa jaettiin kouluissa palkkiona lahjakkaille ja ahkerille oppilaille ja siten tieto Suomesta levisi laajalle. [B@*R. 9.E.] (Talas 1960: 267)3 =" HJD,P846 b2Z8 $Z:4 B,D,&,*,>Z 4 *DJ(4, BD@42&,*,>4b '. A,HD@&", H"84, 8"8: "/,>F846 &@BD@F" (1928) "AZ:"`V"b :`$@&\" "7 FHJ*,>H"<" (1932), "Q.D>Z6 @D.:" (1938), "I8"2"H,:\ *:b R.D>ZN", "S8@:" 4 042>\" (1963) (Petrov 1978: 9-10). 142 K4>>Z >" D@*>@< b2Z8, F<@(:4 &B,D&Z, BD@R,FH\ ^HJ 8>4(J H@:\8@ & 1978 (@*J & B,D,&@*, A,884 7"D&">,>" F HJD,P8@(@ 42*">4b 1976 (@*" B@* >"2&">4,<: Valkoliljojen maa - Suomi. 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C@:\ '. A,HD@&" & 8"R,FH&, F@2*"H,:b >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" L4>F8@(@ >"D@*" & #@:("D44 >,@$ZR"6>@ &,:48" 4 BD4R4>Z ^H@(@ 8D@`HFb & >,8@H@DZN @F@$,>>@FHbN ,(@ 042>,>>@6 4 :4H,D"HJD>@6 FJ*\$Z. ? '. A,HD@&, B4F":4 ,V. BD4 042>4, B@ >"T4< F&,*,>4b<, $Z:@ >"B4F">@ *&, 8>4(4 (!.CJ-@&, 1907 4 3.%. AD,@$D"0,>F846 1902), & #@:("D44 B@F<,DH>@ & 1927 (. &ZT,: & F&,H @R,D8 ).%. _DJ8@&", " H"80, FH"H\4 ). #@08@&" >"B4F">>Z, & D"2>@, &D,"8@, 42JR,>4, *,bH,:\>@FH4 4 042>4 2>"<,>4H@(@ & F&@. &D,>48" 4 @D"H@D" '.E. A,HD@&" & >"T, &D,"R4>",HFb (F<. K4DF@& 1996, ;,>*,:,,& 2001 4 *D.) '.E. A,H@& D@*4:Fb & 1868 (@*J & <":,>\8@< (@D@*8, a<\ & ]FH:b>*44, (a<$JD(, F 1922 (. 74>(4F,BB >" H,DD4H@D44 C@FF44) >,*":,8@ @H (@D@*" ="D&Z. ?*>"8@, @ ,(@ F@P4":\>@< BD@4FN@0*,>44 >,H H@R>ZN *">>ZN. A@ @*>4< 4FH@R>48"< @> D@*4:Fb & F,<\, 8D,FH\b>4>" (Haltsonen 1905: III), " B@ *DJ(4< - <,:8@(@ H@D(@&P" (]E #D@8("J2" 4 ]LD@>"), " B@ &@FB@<4>">4b< ). #@08@&", '. A,HD@& @ F,$, D"FF8"2Z&":: “!2 ... $bN F4> >" 8DXR<"D. #@D,N F, *" F, @F&@$@*b @H 8DXR<"H". E (@:,<4 :4T,>4b F&XDT4N FD,*>@ 4 &4FT, JR4:4V,” (#@08@& 2000: 179). ? 042>4 '.E. A,HD@&" B@F:, D,&@:`P44 & ^<4(D"P44 &B:@H\ *@ F<,DH4 & 1925 (@*J >,H 143 4FF:,*@&">46. ;Z B@R,DB>J:4 F&,*,>4b @ ,(@ 2"(D">4R>@6 042>4 42 $@:("DF84N 4FH@R>48@&, & R"FH>@FH4, FH"H\4 /. =JD40">" (1940) 4 &@FB@<4>">46 ). #@08@&" (2000). 32&,FH>@, RH@ B@F:, @8@>R">4b ="D&F8@6 (4<>"244 @> B@FHJB4: & *JN@&>J` F,<4>"D4` 4, B@ @8@>R44 ,., BD@*@:04: F&@. @$D"2@&">4, & )JN@&>@6 "8"*,<44 & A,H,D$JD(, (1892). % F"> F&bV,>>48" @> $Z: B@F&bV.> & 1891 (@*J. AD@D"$@H"& @*4> (@* 2"8@>@JR4H,:,< & (4<>"244 No 5, A,HD@& F 1893 B@ 1903 (@* F:J04: >"FH@bH,:,< P,D8&4 4 2"8@>@JR4H,:,< & ;4N"6:@&F8@< "DH4::,D46F8@< JR4:4V,. '. E. A,HD@& 4<,: D"FB@:"("`VJ` &>,T>@FH\, RH@ &4*>@ 4 B@ L@H@(D"L4b<. "EHD@6>Z6 <@:@*@6 R,:@&,8, F H.<>Z<4, F:,(8" &@:>4FHZ<4 &@:@F"<4, B@R,<J-H@ HD@>JHZ<4 F:4T8@< D">>,6 F,*4>@6. AD4bH>@, 8D"F4&@, :4P@. E8D@<>Z, B@:>Z, *@FH@4>FH&" <">,DZ. ;b(846 N@D@T46 (@:@F. %,D@bH>@ $"D4H@> 4:4 >42846 H,>@D" @B4FZ&",H A,HD@&" B4F"H,:\ M4D\b8@&, >"2Z&"b ,(@ "&2ZF8J`V4< (Db*JV,(@ (D"*" FHD">>48@<" (M4D\b8@& 1925). ? B@BJ:bD>@FH4 @. 'D4(@D4b <@0,H F&4*,H,:\FH&@&"H\ 4 H@H L"8H, RH@ ,(@ B@DHD,H $Z: >"B4F"> 3. +. C,B4>Z<. ]H@ BD@42&,*,>4, B@:JR4:@ B,D&J` BD,<4` 24.12.1909 (@*" >" A,D,*&40>@6 &ZFH"&8, & GD,H\b8@&F8@6 ("::,D,,. ?H,P 'D4(@D46 A,HD@& BZH":Fb @$X,*4>4H\ & F,$, F&bV,>>48" 4 BJ$:4P4FH", >@ @*>@&D,<,>>@ <ZF:4H\ 4 *,6FH&@&"H\ B@ 2"8@>"< (@D>4< 4 2,<>Z< $Z:@ HDJ*>@. ?> 4<,: BJ$:4P4FH4R,F84, >"8:@>>@FH4 4 >, <@( @H&,D>JH\Fb @H b&:,>46 F@&D,<,>>@6 042>4. AD,8D"F>@ 2>"b D,:4(4@2>@, ND4FH4">F8@, JR,>4,, @> FHD"*": @H H@(@, RH@ >, &4*,: BD4<,>,>4b 2"&,H@& MD4FH" & D,":\>@6 042>4, @ R.< ,(@ (:"&>"b 8>4(" “+&>(,:4, 8"8 @F>@&" 042>4” (1898). ?> FH": 42&,FH,> H"80, & 8"R,FH&, :4H,D"H@D", >"B4F"& 2" F&@` 042>\ @8. 2000 8>4(, FH"H,6 4 $D@T`D. =,8@H@DZ, 42 ,(@ 8>4( 42*"&":4F\ H4D"0@< *@ B@:J<4::4@>" ^82,<B:bD@&, *DJ(4, 0, B,D,42*"&":4F\ *@ 20 D"2! ?> "8H4&>@ &ZFHJB",H >, H@:\8@ 8"8 BJ$:4P4FH, >@ 4 8"8 42*"H,:\. ?> 42*".H 0JD>": ")DJ( HD,2&@FH4" (1900-1901), "AD"&*" #@04b" (1906) 4 *D., b&:bbF\ D,*"8H@D@< 4, B@*R"F, ,*4>FH&,>>Z< F@HDJ*>48@< 42*"&",<ZN 4< 0JD>":@& 4 ("2,H. ?> $Z: H"80, *@:(@&D,<,>>Z< F@HDJ*>48@< <@F8@&F8@6 ("2,HZ "CJFF8@, F:@&@" (F<. ;,>*,:,,& 2001). A,HD@& @$:"*": >,@$Z8>@&,>>@6 HDJ*@FB@F@$>@FH\`: @> F@&<,V": F:J0$J, :4H,D"HJD>J` *,bH,:\>@FH\ 4 RH,>4, BJ$:4R>ZN :,8P46, BD@RHb >" >D"&FH&,>>@-D,:4(4@2>Z, H,<Z @8@:@ 8 000 :,8P46 (=JD40"> 1940: 287). +(@ BD4(:"T":4 R4H"H\ BJ$:4R>Z, :,8P44 &F`*J: >" 8JDFZ, & &J2Z, D"$@R4, 8DJ084 4 BD. !. M":HF@>,>, B,D,&,*T46 8>4(J "+&">(,:4, 8"8 @F>@&" 042>4" >" L4>F846 b2Z8 (Evankeliumi elämän perustena 1905 (.) B@:JR4: &@2<@0>@FH\ B@2>"8@<4H\Fb F @. 'D4(@D4,< & 1901 (@*J >" :,H>4N 8JDF"N 144 JR4H,:,6, 8@H@DZ, $Z:4 @D(">42@&">Z B@* B@B,R4H,:\FH&@< %,:48@(@ 7>b2b 7@>FH">H4>" 7@>FH">H4>@&4R" & ,(@ 4<,>44 & A"&:@&F8,. ?*>@ &D,b2,6. ?$ J*4&4H,:\>@< H":">H, A,HD@&"-@D"H@D" M":HF@>,> F &@FH@D(@< B4T,H: "jokainen lause lisäsi aina syvällisintä totuutta, sattuvia vertauksia ja runollisen kauniita esityksiä [...] ajatukset seurasivat toisiaan kuten aallot tasaisessa virran juoksussa ja sydämestä lähteneenä ne sattuivatkin aina sydämiin" (Haltsonen 1905: VI)4. E&bV,>>48 '. A,HD@& BD4>4<",H $:428@ 8 F,D*PJ 042>\ B"FH&Z 4 ,<J >,F&@6FH&,>>@ "F<4D,>4," F <4D@<, B@ B@(@&@D8, ">" &F. &@:b #@0\b". ):b >,(@ ^H@ D"&>@F4:\>@ :@b:\>@FH4 8@ 2:J. ?> B@ >"HJD, (@DbR46 4 @FJV,FH&:b,H F&@` 042>,>>J` <4FF4`, FHD"FH>@ &FH"&"b >" FH@D@>J *@$D", & F&@.< B@>4<">44 ^H@(@ ^H4R,F8@(@ BD4>P4B", @HD4P"b "F<4D,>4," $,2D"2:4R4,, @ 8@H@D@< (@D,FH>@ (@&@D4HFb & !B@8":4BF4F,: "?, ,F:4 $Z HZ $Z: N@:@*,> 4:4 (@DbR! =@ 8"8 HZ H.B:, " >, (@DbR 4 >, N@:@*,>, H@ 42&,D(>J H,$b 42 JFH ;@4N!" (?H8. 3:15-16). '.A,HD@&J BD4T:@F\ F*,:"H\ &Z$@D <,0*J 0,:">4,< J:JRT4H\ 042>\ 4 2"$@H@6 @ FB"F,>44 *JT BD4N@0">. % P,D8@&>@6 *4F8JFF44 F&@,(@ &D,<,>4 @> &FH": & FH"> @$>@&:,>P,&. AD,*Xb&:bb 8 ND4FH4">"< HD,$@&">4b BD"&,*>@6 042>4 F H@R84 2D,>4b 4*,":@& =@&@(@ 1"&,H", H. ,. B@ 2"&,H"< MD4FH", '. A,HD@&, 8"8 4 9.=. G@:FH@6, FH"&4H >" B,D&Z6 B:"> &>JHD,>>,, F@*,D0">4, ND4FH4">FH&", " >, ,(@ &>,T>`` L@D<J: @$Db*@&J` 4 "*<4>4FHD"H4&>J`. EN@*FH&@ F 9.=. G@:FHZ< $Z:@ &B@:>, @F@2>">>Z<, '. A,HD@& >, D"2 P4H4DJ,H <ZF:4 G@:FH@(@. AD,8:@>bbF\ B,D,* &,:484< B4F"H,:,< 9.=. G@:FHZ<, A,HD@& ,V. $@:,, BD,8:@>b,HFb B,D,* >4< 8"8 B,D,* >"T,*T4< MD4FH" ND4FH4">4>@<. '. A,HD@& H"80, 2">4<":Fb $:"(@H&@D4H,:\>@FH\`, F$@D@< *,>,( 4 @D(">42"P4,6 FH@:@&ZN &@ &D,",H @P,>8J '. A,HD@&" 9.=. G@:FHZ< B@F:, &FHD,R4 F >4< &@ &D,@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4 & 1899 (@*J: "="< 8"0,HFb, RH@ &@H ^H@ >"T :"(,D\, " ^H@ 4N, 4 <,0*J @$@4<4 :"(,Db<4 >,H >4R,(@ @$V,(@. ':JN"b FH,>". =@ ,F:4 $Z H"8 $Z:@, H@ >, $Z:@ $Z *&40,>4b <ZF:4. =,&@2<@0>@ $Z:@ $Z >48"8@, *JN@&>@, &@2*,6FH&4,. ! &@H H"84, :`*4 8"8 A,HD@&, 8@H@DZ, <@(JH $ZH\ & @$@4N :"(,DbN @>4 FB@F@$FH&J`H *JN@&>@<J @$V,>4`, F$:40,>4` :`*,6. G"8, RH@ #@(-H@ J<>,, >"F" (M4D\b8@& 1925). M4D\b8@& &FB@<4>",H D,"8P4` <@:@*@(@ F&bV,>>48" A,HD@&" (F<bH,>4,, FHZ*) BD4 RH,>44 & 1893 (@*J >" *"R, =.E. 9,F8@&", >,*":,8@ @H ="D&Z, DJ8@B4F4 BD@42&,*,>4b 9.=. G@:FH@(@ "O"DFH&@ #@04, &>JHD4 >"F", >"BD"&:,>>@(@ BD@H4& *JN@&,>FH&" 4 BD"&@F:"&>@6 P,D8&4. AD@T:@ >,F8@:\8@ :,H 4 '. A,HD@& @H&,H4: 8>4(@6 "+&">(,:4, 8"8 @F>@&" 042>4". % (@* F<,DH4 9.=.G@:FH@(@ & @R,D,*>@6 145 8>408, "#4$:4@H,R84 “7@B,68""9 '. A,HD@& BJ$:48J,H B@F&bV.>>J` 9.=. G@:FH@<J FH"H\` "1"8@>R,>>Z6 8DJ(. A"<bH4 9\&" =48@:",&4R" G@:FH@(@". 7D4H48" '. A,HD@&Z< @L4P4":\>@6 P,D8&4 & F4HJ"P44 &@,>>@(@ &D,<,>4 1904 (. 4 D,&@:`P4@>>@(@ 1905 (. &Z2&":" >"D,8">4b E4>@*". 32*"&",<Z6 '. A,HD@&Z< 0JD>": "AD"&*" #@04b" $Z: BD4@FH"&>@&:,> & 1906 (@*J " >" FHD@BH4&@(@ '. A,HD@&" $Z:" >":@0,>" ,B4H4<\b - FFZ:8" >" B@F:JT">4, 4 B@8"b>4, & Q,D,<,>,P846 <@>"FHZD\. ?*>"8@ @$V,FH&,>>@FH\ C@FF44 4 F"< A,HD@& &@FBD4>b:4 ^HJ ,B4H4<\`, 8"8 BD@b&:,>4, <D"8@$,F4b 4 BD@42&@:" >"* F&@$@*@6 :4R>@FH4, 8"8 2"H@R,>4, & <@>"FHZD\, H@ ,FH\ F@2>"H,:\>@ BD@&@*4:"F\ B"D"::,:\ F H`D,<>Z< 2"8:`R,>4,<. % F"H4D4R,F8@< 0JD>":, "EHD,8@2"" $Z: B@<,V.> D4FJ>@8, 42@$D"0"`V46 '. A,HD@&" F@ F&b2">>Z<4 DJ8"<4, >@ F@ FB@8@6>Z< 4 $:"(@FH>Z< :4P@< >"B@<4>"`V4< :48 3FJF" MD4FH", " ,(@ FJ*\4 J(D@0"`H ,<J". (")JN. BD,(:,*" 1907 m 1: 14) ?HP" '. 'D4(@D4b H@D0,FH&,>>@ BD@&@0": & <@>"FHZD\ B@RH4 &,F\ A,H,D$JD( 4 >" FH">P4bN ,(@ &FHD,R":4 @&"P4b<4. =" %"DT"&F8@6 0,:,2>@*@D@0>@6 FH">P44 $Z:@ >"FH@bV,, FH@:B@H&@D,>4,, FD,*4 BD4T,*T4N B@BD@V"H\Fb $Z:, & R"FH>@FH4, 42&,FH>Z6 B4F"H,:\ %. 3. =,<4D@&4R-)">R,>8@. ="D@* H@:B"<4 T.: 8 >,<J B@* $:"(@F:@&,>4, 4 P,:@&": B@:Z ,(@ DbFZ.(")JN. BD,(:,*" 1907 m 1: 14) . =" &@:>, ^H4N F@$ZH46 '. A,HD@& $Z: 42$D"> & R:,>Z II '@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6 *J<Z (20.2.1907 - 2.6.1907). 7@(*" 0, E4>@* >, $:"(@F:@&4: ,(@ B@84>JH\ <@>"FHZD\ 4 @> >, F<@( BD4$ZH\ >" 2"F,*">4b, H@ ^H@ &Z2&":@ >@&Z6 &2DZ& >,(@*@&">4b 8"8 F"<@(@ '. A,HD@&", H"8 4 R:,>@& )J<Z, BD@H4& E4>@*", HD,H4DJ`V,(@ &@:` >"D@*". '. A,HD@& 4FBZHZ&": @F@$J` :`$@&\ 8 #@:("D44 4 :`$@&\ $Z:" &2"4<>@6. %B,D&Z, @> B@F,H4: E@L4` & 1903 (@*J, (*, &<,FH, F ). #@08@&Z< &FHD,R":Fb F@ <>@(4<4 42&,FH>Z<4 $@:("DF84<4 8J:\HJD>Z<4 *,bH,:b<4, & H@< R4F:, F BD@L. 3&">@< S4T<">@&Z<, B@:4H48@< Q,D,B@< EB4D4*@&4R,< 4 *D. E&@4 BJH,&Z, 2"<,H84 @> BJ$:48@&": & “CJFF8@< F:@&,”. "=48@6 *DJ( B4F"H,: >, , 4<": H"8X& (@:b< JFB,N & #X:("D4b, 8"8X&H@ 4<" 'D4(@D46 A,HD@&. =,(@&@H@ &:4b>4, &XDNJ $X:("DF8"H" <:"*,0 , (D@<"*>@" (=JD40"> 1940: 287). E&@,(@ ,*4>FH&,>>@(@ FZ>"10, @> >"2&": & R,FH\ $@:("DF8@(@ P"Db #@D4F@<, 4 >">b: ,<J JR4H,:b $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8". % 7@8H,$,:,, (*, $Z:" >,$@:\T"b $@:("DF8"b *4"FB@D", J '. A,HD@&" $Z:@ 4<,>4,, 8@H@DZ< JBD"&:b: 9 '.E. A,HD@& BD4>4<": $:40"6T,, JR"FH4, & 42*">44 "#4$:4@H,R84 7@B,68"", 8@H@D"b >"R":" 42*"&"H\Fb >, *:b H@(@, RH@$Z "J&:,R\ R4H"H,:b L"$J:@6, F8@:\ @$:"(@D@*4H\ ,(@ *JTJ, &Z2&"H\ & >.< (J<">>Z, RJ&FH&", RJ&FH&@ 8D"F@HZ, " F:,*@&"H,:\>@, 4 *@$D"" 8"8 (@&@D4HFb & @$D"V,>44 "7 R4H"H,:`" >" HZ:\>@6 FH@D@>, H4HJ:\>@(@ :4FH"). 10 #@D4F A,HD@& B@(4$ @L4P,D@< "D<44 (,>,D":" !.3. ),>484>". 146 $@:("D4> 4 & A,HD@(D"*, *&,D4 ,(@ *@<" &F,(*" $Z:4 @H8DZHZ *:b $@:("D. )" 4 F"<@(@ R,D>@&@:@F@(@ 4 8"D,(:"2@(@ '. 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A,HD@& BD,*B@R4H",H @H8"2"H\Fb @H F&bV,>>4R,F8@(@ F">"12, R,< @H F&@,(@ *,:": “BD@B@&,*>48" 04&@(@ #@("”. ?H:JR,>4, A,HD@&" @H B"FHZDF8@6 8"L,*DZ &@FBD4>4<",HFb B,HD@&P"<4 8"8 <JR,>4R,FH&@ &@ 4@ F&,V,>48 >" 04&4b #@( B"8 V, $X*,. ?H,P, *JN@&,> $"V", JR4H,:\ B"8 F4 @FH"&"". ()JN. BD@$J*" 1907 m 16: 12) C,T4H,:\>@ >"FHD@,> 4 F"< '. A,HD@&: "*":4 F" <4 D"F@H@, <@("H *" (@ &2,<"H. ?$"R, "2 FX< &,>R"> F PXD8&"H". !2 F:J(J&"< >" MD4FH". !2 BD@B@&,*"< MD4FH". E D"F@ 4 $,2 D"F@ V, '@ 4FB@&,*"<. '@H@& FX< *" J<D" 2" =,(@" ()JN. BD@$J*" 1907 m 16: 12). % 1907 (@*J '. A,HD@& BD,*B@R.: :4T4H\Fb F">" F&bV,>>48", R,< F8:@>4H\Fb B,D,* E4>@*@<. ?> FH": F&@$@*>Z< :4H,D"H@D@<, BJ$:4P4FH@< 4 B@:4H48@<. 7"8 R"FH@ & B@:4H4R,F84N *4FBJH"N, & ND@>48, *,:" '. A,HD@&", 0JD>":@< “)JN@&>" BD@$J*"” *@BJF8",HFb, >" >"T &2(:b*, <>@(@ B,D,$@D@&: >":@0,>>"b E4>@*@< ,B4H4<\b @ FFZ:8, & <@>"FHZD\ >" B@8"b>4,(!) HD"8HJ,HFb 8"8 "$,2$@0>"H" BD4FJ*"", '. A,HD@&" >"2Z&"`H DJFF84< ;,:\N4F,*,8@< 4 H.B (")JN. 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'D4(@D4b A,HD@&" 4 @. 3@">>" 7D@>TH"*HF8@(@ . 147 4 <"H,D4":\>Z6 B@*N@* 8 042>4, @>" @R,>\ >,2"<,H>"b - &,*\ *,bH,:\>@FH\ 4*.H &@ 44, F D,:4(4@2>@(@ *JN@&>@(@ D@FH" R,D,2 F<4D,>4, 4 @(D">4R,>4,: D@FH *JN@&>@(@ $:"(@F@FH@b>4b H"84< @$D"2@<, RH@ >48H@ >, ":8",H F,$, *@:4 *DJ(@(@, F@&,DT"b ^H4< 2"B@&,*\ $D"HFH&" >" 2,<:,. ]H@<J JR4: BD@F:"&:,>>Z6 F@&D,<,>>48 '. A,HD@&" @. 3@">> 7D@>TH"*F846 H"80, BD4>4<"&T46 "8H4&>@, JR"FH4, & 042>4, @FH"&4&T46 B@F:, F,$b JR,>48@&. 3< 4>FB4D4D@&">Z >@&Z, <@>"FHZD4 4 P,D8&4, $@("*,:\>4, >"B4F">Z B@JR,>4b @ *@FH40,>44 F<4D,>4b 4 *JT,&>@6 $:"(@*"H4 4 D"*@FH4 & #@(,. E:"&" ,(@ J0, BD4 042>4 $Z:" &,:48@6, 4 &,DJ`V4, F@ &F,6 CJF4 T:4 F:JT"H\ ,(@ BD@B@&,*4. E:@&@ 0, @. '. 'D4(@D4b $Z:@ FHD"FH>Z<, @$:4R"`V4< 4 $4RJ`V4< B@Db*84 & C@FF44, " 2>"R4H @> & FJV>@FH4 BD@B@&,*@&": ">,F<4D,>4,". )JN@&>Z6, ND4FH4">F846 BJH\ 8 FR"FH\`, 8"8 BJH\ 8 #@(J, BD,&D"V",HFb J '. A,HD@&" & B@4F8 FR"FH\b R,D,2 J*@&:,H&@D,>4, <"H,D4":\>ZN B@HD,$>@FH,6 &F,N R:,>@& @$V,FH&". ?> @8"2":Fb & @*>@< :"(,D, F, 8"8 D">\T, (@&@D4:4, “BD@(D,FF4&>@6” R"FH\` @$V,FH&" C@FF44, FJ*bV4N F&@` FHD">J 4 BD42Z&"`V4N 8 F@P4":\>Z< B,D,<,>"<, & 8@>,R>@< FR.H,, 8 D,&@:`P44. !. M":HF@>,> BD,*D,8",H &:4b>4, '. A,HD@&" & C@FF44, H"8 8"8, B@ <>,>4` M":HF@>,>", 4<,>>@ H"84, :`*4 >J0>Z >" FH,2, &,DZ, RH@$Z B@*>bH\ "&H@D4H,H BD"&@F:"&>@6 P,D8&4 (Haltsonen 1905: VI). 7"8 42&,FH>@, ^H@ BD@D@R,FH&@ >, F$Z:@F\, & C@FF44 &:"FH\ 2"N&"H4:@ <"D(4>":\>@, & B@:4H4R,F8@6 042>4, >@ 8D"6>, D"*48":\>@, "H,4FH4R,F8@, 8DZ:@, 8@H@D@, J>4RH@04:@ D,:4(4@2>@, 4 *JN@&>@, 4F8"H,:\FH&@ 42 &4*4<@6 042>4 >"F,:,>4b EEEC, N@Hb "H@:FH@&PZ" BD@*@:0":4 FJV,FH&@&"H\ ,T. & 30-, (@*Z MM &,8" 4 &,F\ F@&,HF846 B,D4@* FJV,FH&@&":" Db*@< F @L4P4":\>@6, B@*8@>HD@:\>@6 ,V. 4 “8"H"8@<$>"b” P,D8@&\. EJV,FH&J,H &@2<@0>@FH\, RH@ 44, & N@*, F@&D,<,>>@(@ B@4F8" BJH,6 C@FF44. =,@04*">>Z< B@*8D,B:,>4,< (4B@H,2, !. 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H@D0,FH&,>>@ & ^H@6 B,D&@$ZH>@6, *D,&>,6 BD4D@*,, (*, &F. &@ <NJ - F@ND">b,HFb J &F,N DJFF84N "&H@D"N, B4F"&T4N @ K4>:b>*44. A@F:, &@FFH">4b *,8"$D4FH@& & 1825 (@*J =48@:"6 I BD4>4<",H D,T,>4, >, *"H\ BD@>48>JH\ D,&@:`P4@>>@<J B@0"DJ 42 +&D@BZ & C@FF4`, *:b R,(@ 4<, & R"FH>@FH4, @(D">4R4&",HFb &@2<@0>@FH\ *:b F&@4N B@**">ZN &Z,20"H\ 2" DJ$,04 F&@,6 FHD">Z. ER4H",HFb, RH@ ^H@ R"FH4R>@ FZ(D":@ F&@` D@:\ & H@<, RH@ DJFF84,, " & @F>@&>@< B,H,D$JD0PZ, @$:`$@&":4 *:b :,H>,(@ @H*ZN" 04&@B4F>Z, <,FH,R84 & K4>:b>*44 4 ]FH@>44, >" $,D,(J #":H46F8@(@ <@Db 4 @2.D. ="R4>",HFb H"8 >"2Z&",<Z6 HJD4FH4R,F846 B,D4@* 2>"8@<FH&" F >"F,:,>4,< L4>F8@6 H,DD4H@D44. ;>@(4, “HJD4FHZ”, >, @$b2"H,:\>@ B@F&bH4&T4, F,$b :4H,D"HJD>@6 *,bH,:\>@FH4, H,< >, <,>,, B4F":4 BJH,&Z, 2"<,H84 4 BJ$:48@&":4 4N & D@FF46F84N 0JD>":"N 4 ("2,H"N. ;>@(4, 42 >4N %. 74B"DF846 FR4H",H @R,>\ >4284<4 B@ JD@&>` 4 @> BD4&@*4H BD4<,DZ >,&,0,FH&" >,8@H@DZN "&H@D@& (F<. B@*D@$>,,: Kiparsky 1945: 65 - 68). E:,*J,H 2"<,H4H\, RH@ ^H@H 0">D >,*@FH"H@R>@ 4FF:,*@&"> 4, &BD@R,<, F H@R84 2D,>4b >"T,6 D"$@HZ 42:"("H\ &,F\ FB,8HD DJFF84N BD,*FH"&:,>46 2" FH@:,H>,, H,F>@, @$V,>4, F L4>>"<4 >, BD,*FH"&:b,HFb >J0>Z<. 74B"DF846 BD4N@*4H 8 &Z&@*J, RH@ & 40-, ((. XIX &,8" 8@ &D,<,>4 @F>@&">4b 8"L,*DZ L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" & !:,8F">*D@&F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, DJFF84, J0, B@>b:4: “että suomalaisen yläluokan länsimäinen sivistys oli itse asiassa ruotsalaista ja että todellinen vanha suomalainen kulttuuri oli jotakin aivan toista, ei kansainvälistä “länsimaista”, muttei myöskään sitä primitiivistä “ossianimaisskandinaavista” ... ennen pitkään omaksuivat siihen [suomalaiseen kulttuuriin. L.S.] ... ihailevan, mutta hieman säälivän asenteen”. (Kiparsky 1945: 74)5 158 4.5.3 CJFF8@, L,>>@L4:\FH&@ 8@>P" XIX - >"R":" XX &,8" %. 74B"DF846 &&@*4H & @$@D@H H,D<4> DJFF84, L,>>@L4:Z, &2(:b*Z 8@H@DZN B@ ,(@ <>,>4`, bD8@ &ZD"0"`HFb J a.7. 'D@H", A.!. 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E4<B"H44 8 K4>:b>*44, L,>>@L4:\FH&@, $Z:@ $@:,, D"FBD@FHD">,>@ J “BD@(D,FF4&>@” 4 D"*48":\>@ >"FHD@,>>@6 4>H,::4(,>P44. ]H@ $Z: B@4F8 B@:@04H,:\>@(@ BD4<,D", B@4F8 B@R&Z *:b 0,FH8@6 8D4H484 DJFF84<4 4>H,::4(,>H"<4 @$FH">@&84 & F&@,6 FHD">,, 4 DJFF8@(@ BD"&4H,:\FH&". M@D@T46 BD4<,D *:b F&@,(@ “@HFH":@(@” >"D@*" 4 “@HFH":@6” (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@FH4 (P"D42<") 4 ^8@>@<484 4F8":4 >" 1"B"*, 4, & R"FH>@FH4, & K4>:b>*44, " <@D":\>Z, b2&Z, 8@H@DZ, &4*,:4F\ <>@(4< "&H@D"< J “F&@4N”, FHD,<4:4F\ 42:,R4H\ BD4<,D@< “*DJ(4N”, & H@< R4F:, L4>>@&. ?*>4< 42 >"8"2">46, 8@H@DZ, BD4<,>b:4F\ 8 D,&@:`P4@>>Z< "8H4&4FH"< $Z: 2"BD,H BD@04&">4b & FH@:4P"N. % 1907 (@*J & 4N R4F:, @8"2":Fb 4 'D4(@D46 A,HD@&. )"R4 >" 7"D,:\F8@< B,D,T,68,, 3<"HD", %Z$@D(, M,:\F4>84 FH":4 <,FH"<4, (*, F@&F,< Db*@< F A,H,D$JD(@< <@0>@ $Z:@ 2">4<"H\Fb D,&@:`P4@>>@-BD@B"(">*4FHF8@6 *,bH,:\>@FH\`, B@* 2"V4H@6 L4>F8@6 "&H@>@<44, BD4 B@@VD,>44 4 B@**,D08, H,N, 8@H@DZ, N@H,:4 @F:"$4H\ C@FF4`. (Ketola 1985, Kujala 1985) E@2*"&":"F\ &4*4<@FH\ $@:\T4N *,<@8D"H4R,F84N F&@$@* & K4>:b>*44. Suomen alkavaan taisteluun kansallista sortoa vastaan he tietenkin suhtautuivat myötämielisesti sitä suuremmalla syyllä, kun he eivät ollenkaan ajatelleet vihaamansa tsaarivaltion etuja, vaan elivät abstraktisten ihanteittensa lumoissa. “Sorrettu sivistynyt Suomi-raukka” oli yksi heidän monia samantapaisia iskusanojaan” [B@*R. 9.E.] (Kiparsky 1945: 102).6 =,8@H@DZ, D,&@:`P4@>,DZ, F8DZ&"&T4,Fb >" *":\>4N L4>F84N NJH@D"N, D"2@R"D@&":4F\ & L4>F8@< $ZH,. (Kiparsky 1945: 119, Kujala 1985) =@ BD4 8D4H4R,F8@< @H>@T,>44 8 >,*@FH"H8"< F&@,6 D@*4>Z BD,&":4D@&":@ JHD4D@&">4, B@:@04H,:\>ZN R,DH 8"8 F"<4N L4>>@&, H"8 4 F@P4":\>ZN JF:@&46 & K4>:b>*44. )"0, H"84, "&H@DZ, 8"8 %. 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I DJFF84N “BD@(D,FF4&>ZN” *,bH,:,6 FH":@ <@*>Z< &ZF<,4&"H\ F,$b, 8"8 (@&@D4H %. 74B"DF846: “1900-luvun alussa, kun venäläisten tavaksi tuli itsensä pilkkaaminen tekivät [...] kirjailijat tällaisissa tilanteissa venäläiset, eivätkä suomalaiset naurunalaisiksi” [B@*R.9.E.](Kiparsky 1945: 79)7 I <>@(4N DJFF84N, &B@:>, & *4F8JDF, H@(@ b&:,>4b, 8@H@DZ6 >"2Z&",HFb ^H>@P,>HD42<@<, FJV,FH&J,H @H>@F4H,:\>@ L4>>@&, 8"8 F@F,*>,6 >"D@*>@FH4, 4 >"F<,T:4&@, @H>@T,>4,, 8"8 4 8 >,<P"<, N@N:"< 4 *DJ(4<, 4, >"@$@D@H, J H,N - 8 DJFF84<. G"8@, @H>@T,>4, 4 JB@HD,$:,>4, F:@&" RJN>" , 2" 8@H@DZ< <"bR4: @$D"2 (Db2>@(@ B@:J*48@(@ @$@D&">P", ,*4>FH&,>>@, BD,*>"2>"R,>4, 8@H@D@(@ $Z:@ @$,FB,R4&"H\ B,H,D$JD0P,& N@D@T4< RJN@>F84< <"F:@<, L,>>@L4:"<4 B@D4P",HFb, @>4 FH">@&bHFb >" 2"V4HJ BD,8D"F>@(@ L4>F8@(@ >"D@*". GV,H>@, >"BD4<,D, ;. +. E":HZ8@&-U,*D4> @BD@&,D(": R,FH>@FH\ L4>>@& “J DJFF84N @>4 &@DJ`H @N@H>@” B4F": @> & 1886 (. & “;,:@R"N 042>4”. 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Niin hyvä kuin pahakin tahto ovat synnyttäneet käsityksiä, jotka ovat eläneet pitkään ja sitkeästi” (Pesonen 1991: 107).8 A,HD@& BD42>".H $:"(@H&@D>@, *:b K4>:b>*44 &D,Z< 8DZ:@< C@FF44. 7"8 T&,*Z, H"8 4 DJFF84, >, ,*4>@8D@&>Z L4>>"< "F H@` 166 H@:\8@ D"2>4P,`, RH@ F@ T&,*"<4 J L4>>@& $Z:4 4 >, 4FR,2:4 ,V. FH"DZ, 8J:\HJD>Z, FR.HZ, " C@FF44 L4>>Z @$b2">Z H,<, RH@ @>4 B@* 8DZ:@< ,. B@:JR4:4 &@2<@0>@FH\ &@2D@*4H\ 4 D"2&4H\ F&@` *JN@&>J` F"<@$ZH>@FH\" (A,HD@& 1910: 45). '. 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(A,HD@& 1910: 50). 167 !&H@DZ 4FBZHZ&"`H B@ @H>@T,>4` 8 K4>:b>*44 F4<B"H4`, *"0, <@0>@ F8"2"H\ :`$@&\-0":@FH\ B@ <>@(4< BD4R4>"<: 42-2", &@-B,D&ZN, Hb0.:ZN 8:4<"H4R,F84,N JF:@&46. ). #@08@& (@&@D4H, RH@ BD4T,*T4, F ID":" L4>>Z B@F,:4:4F\ >" F&@,6 >Z>,T>,6 D@*4>,: "2"V@H@ >48@6 H"< >, 04&,b: 4 >, <@0,: *" 04&,,"21; &@-&H@DZN, 42-2" >,FBD"&,*:4&@6 R,:@&,R,F8@6 FJ*\$Z, HDJ*>ZN JF:@&46 042>4 “luonnon surullinen poikapuoli”; &-HD,H\4N, 42-2" H@(@, FH@ @>" H"8"b "<":,>\8"b”, "$,*>"b", ">,@B"F>"b", "$,22"V4H>"b", “@$40,>>"b”. =@ & K4>:b>*44 ,FH\ 4 >,@$XbF>4<@, &@:T,$FH&@ 4 @R"D@&">4,: “Saiman rannan nymfi” ‘=4<L" E"6<,>F8@(@ B@$,D,0\b’ (Pesonen 1991: 107). ). #@08@&, 4FN@*b 42 H,24F" @ B:@N4N 8:4<"H4R,F84N JF:@&4bN, BD,&@2>@F4H L4>>@&, 8"8 >"D@* BD,@*@:,&T46 HDJ*>@FH4 4 BD,&D"H4&T46 F&@` D@*4>J & $:"(@JFHD@,>>J` FHD">J: "1"V@H@, >"4FH4>", FHD">"H" >" $:"H"H", E J @ < 4, , F,(" & 42&,FH,> F<4FX: >" *J<"H", D"6. G, F" @$XD>":4 $:"H"H" 4 F8":4H, & RJ*>" (D"*4>". 3 & H"24 (D"*4>" H, F" 8"H@ ,&">(,:F84H, $,:4 :4:4422 - $@*D4 R4FH4, >,&4>>4" [B@*R. 9.E.] (A,HD@& 1936: 14). '. A,HD@& B4F":, RH@ "K4>:b>*4b <,>,, &F,(@ >"B@<4>",H D"6 2,<>@6" B@ BD4D@*,, B@ 8:4<"HJ, B@ B@R&,. ]H@, (@&@D4H A,HD@&, >, $:"(@*"H>Z, 8D"b 7DZ<", 7"&8"2", 2*,F\ >,H BD4D@*>ZN $@("HFH&. G,< $@:,, 2>"R4H,:\>@, 8@(*" #@08@& B4T,H, RH@ ^H@H “=+ C!5" L4>>Z BD,&D"V"`H :`$@&\` 4 HDJ*@< & "C!5". ]H4 F:@&" b&:b`HFb "B@L,@2@< $@:("DF8@(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" L4>>@&, 8@(*" DJFF8@, L,>>@L4:\FH&@ B,D,D"FH",H & >"P4@>":\>Z6 <4L. 3<,>>@ HJH :4:44-8J&T4>84 B,D,04&"`H <,H"<@DL@2J 4 BD,&D"V"`HFb & ,&">(,:\F84, :4:44, " ^H@ F4<&@: #@(@<"H,D4, R4FH@HZ, >,&4>>@FH4 4 F&bH@FH4. =@ RH@ FHD">>@: BD,&D"V,>4, K4>:b>*44 & “D"6” BD@4FN@*4H FJ(J$@ <"H,D4":\>Z<4 4 0,FH84<4 <,H@*"<4: &F`*J &2DZ&"`H 8"<,>>Z, (:Z$Z, H,TJH (D">4H, Hb>JHFb F"0,>4 FB4:,>>ZN *D@&, &@8DJ( HZFbR4 $@R,8 21 %. 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H" 0, FHDJ8HJD" <4L" B@&H@Db,HFb >" B@:, "D,":\>@FH4" <4L": "=@&42>" F@&D,<,>>@(@ <4L" F@FH@4H & B,D,@P,>8, *D,&>4N F&bV,>>ZN P,>>@FH,6 >" F&,HF8@< JD@&>," (]:4"*, 1996: 28). ;. ]:4"*, & 8"R,FH&, BD4<,D" BD4&@*4H B@:4H4R,F8J` H,@D4` 7"D:" ;"D8F", 8@H@D"b b&:b:" ^FN"H@:@(4R,F846 <4L @ FB"F4H,:\>@6 D@:4, 8@H@DJ` *@:0,> $Z: FZ(D"H\ FBD"&,*:4&Z6 (42$D">>Z6, >,&4>>Z6) BD@:,H"D4"H & Hb08@6 $@D\$, F J(>,H"H,:b<4, ^8FB:J"H"H@D"<4 (]:4"*, 1996: 25). % >"P4@>":\>@< L4>F8@< <4L, BD"&,*>Z6, R,FH>Z6, HDJ*@:`$4&Z6, BD,*">>Z6 D@*4>, L4>F846 >"D@*, FHD"*">4b 8@H@D@(@ @$JF:@&:,>Z 0,FH@8@6 BD4D@*@6 4 Hb0.:Z< HDJ*@< & $@D\$, F BD4D@*@6 4 2"&@,&"H,:b<4 BD42&">, B@ <ZF:4 '. A,HD@&" 4 ). #@08@&", *@:0>Z F&@4< BD4<,D@< 2"0,R\ $@:("D 4 FB"FH4 4N. K4>>Z - BD,*FH"&4H,:4 )@$D", " 1:@ - ^H@ Hb0.:Z, 8:4<"H4R,F84, 4 B@:4H4R,F84, JF:@&4b. )@$D@ B@$,0*",H 4 BD4N@*4H 8@>,R>"b B@$,*", F@2*"> D"6: N"@F B@$,0*.>, 042>\ JB@Db*@R,>" 4 FR"FH:4&". A@F8@:\8J ^H@ F<@(:4 F*,:"H\ L4>>Z, H@ 4 <Z, $@:("DZ, FJ<,,< *@FH4R\ ^H@(@ 4*,":". ";4L @$ JH,Db>>@< D", *@ F4N B@D F@ND">b,HFb & @$D"2"N D"6F8@(@ @FHD@&" 4:4 $,2(D,T>@6 2,<:4, @F&@$@0*.>>@6 2,<:4, (*, 2"8@>Z JBD"2*>,>Z, " &D," <,FH," (]:4"*, 1996: 34). K4>>Z >, >J0*"`HFb & 2"8@>"N, JH&,D0*",H ). #@08@&: J >4N &>JHD4 #@046 2"8@> - @>4 8"8 ">(,:Z, $,:Z, :4:44 - 4 B@FHJB"`H BD"&4:\>@. K4>>Z *"0, F"<4 B,D,*"`H B@:4P44 >"DJT4H,:,6. ;@0>@ 177 H@:\8@ 2"*"H\Fb &@BD@F@<, @H8J*" 0, & H"8@< F:JR", &@2>48"`H >"DJT4H,:4 - >@ "&H@DZ ^H@H &@BD@F >, 2"*"`H, B@H@<J RH@ <,H"L@D" BD,8D"F>Z6 *48"D\ ,FH\ ^:,<,>H <4L4R,F8@(@ <ZT:,>4b. ="B@<>4<, RH@ >, $@:,, 8"8 200 :,H H@<J >"2"* H"8@&Z< 4<,>>@ L4>> 4 BD,*FH"&:b:Fb DJFF8@<J BJH,T,FH&,>>48J. ;. ]:4"*, (@&@D4H @ H,>*,>P44 "&ZFH"&:bH\ & 8"R,FH&, BD4<,D" 4FH@D4` @*>@6 R,:@&,R,F8@6 042>4 4 BD,&D"V"H\ 4FH@D4R,F846 B,DF@>"0 & "DN,H4B" (]:4"*, 1996: 33) % #@:("D44 JF4:,>>@ 4 B@FH@b>>@ D,8@<,>*J,HFb >"D@*J $D"H\ BD4<,D F 8@::,8H4&", P,:@(@ >"D@*". ' A,HD@& F " < B@*R.D84&",H >D"&@JR4H,:\>@FH\ F&@4N 8>4(, B@F&bV"b 4N $@:("DF8@<J >"D@*J 4:4 $@:("DF8@6 <@:@*.04. ):b D@0*,->4b <4L" >,@$N@*4< ^:,<,>H 8@::,8H4&>@(@ 0,:">4b. AD4 >,JFHD@,>>@FH4 @$V,FH&,>>@6 042>4 04&.H <,RH"-0,:">4, @ &@2<@0>@FH4 :JRT,(@ @$V,FH&" 4 :JRT4N :`*,6. AD@FHD">FH&@ - (,@(D"L4R,F8@, @HFH@b>4,, >,&@2<@0>@FH\ BD@&,D4H\ >" <,FH,, 2"8D,B:b,H <@*,:\ ^H4R,F8@6, <@*,:4: L4>>Z *JN@&>@ &B,D,*4 4:4 &ZT,. "7@B4D@&">4, ^H4N "DN,H4B@& &Z*".H @BD,*,:.>>J` >,J*@&:,H&@D.>>@FH\ F&@,6 F@$FH&,>>@6 :4R>@6 4FH@D4,6. E<JH>J` B@BZH8J &Z6H4 2" D"<84 F&@,6 <,FH>@6 BD@&4>P4":\>@6 4FH@D44 4 F>@&" @RJH4H\Fb & H@< 4:4 4>@< %,:48@< %D,<,>4" (]:4"*, 1996: 34). ="P4@>":\>Z, <4LZ, F@FH"&:b`H "4>H,D,F>J` (:"&J & D"<8"N &>,T>4N 8@>H"8H@&". 3N ">,:\2b 4(>@D4D@&"H\ BD4 FD"&>4H,:\>@< 42JR,>44, B@H@<J RH@ @>4 >,D,*8@ @VJH4<@ F8"2Z&"`HFb >" BD,*FH"&:,>4bN @ :4H,D"HJD, 4 H,< F"<Z< @$JF:"&:4&"`H 4 <,0:4H,D"HJD>@, &@FBD4bH4, 8"8 H"8@&@," ()`D4T4> 1975: 110). ="D@*Z F@2*"`H @ F,$, 4 *DJ(4N >"D@*"N L48H4&>Z, 8@<B:,8F>Z, BD,*FH"&:,>4b, 8@H@DZ, N@Hb 4 4<,`H D,":\>J` B@*@B:,8J 4 F@*,D0"H & F,$, 8"84,-H@ R,DHZ D,":\>@6 *,6FH&4H,:\>@FH4, &F. 0, B@* &:4b>4,< D"2:4R>ZN @$FH@bH,:\FH& FH4:42J`H ,., $@:,, 4:4 <,>,, *,L@D<4DJb (Krei…í 1968). 7. 7D,6R4, 42&,FH>Z6 R,TF846 :4H,D"HJD@&,* 4 8@<B"D"H4&4FH & D"$@H, "Mýtus a dialog v historických vztazích Slovanstva se Západem" (1968) BD4&@*4H >,8@H@DZ,, B@ <>,>4` 1"B"*", b8@$Z BD4FJV4, F:"&b>"< R,DHZ, 4 B@8"2Z&",H, 8"84< @$D"2@< FJV,FH&J`V46 >" 1"B"*, >,("H4&>Z6 DJFF846 >"P4@>":\>Z6 <4L B@&:4b: >" H@:8@&">4, :4H,D"HJD>ZN BD@42&,*,>46 (&@FBD4bH4, BD@42&,*,>46 K.;. )@FH@,&F8@(@ 4 9.=. G@:FH@(@), 4F8"0"b & @HD4P"H,:\>J` FH@D@>J 8J:\HJD>Z, b&:,>4b DJFF8@(@ >"D@*". AD4 &F.< 4F8"0,>44 *,6FH&4H,:\>@FH4 >"P4@>":\>Z6 <4L F@*,D04H @$X,8H4&>Z, BD,*B@FZ:84 *:b &@2*,6FH&4b >" D,":\>@FH\ 4 B@FH,B,>>@ F@2*"&"H\ >@&J`, “>" F,6 D"2 J0, >, “L48H4&>J`” D,":\>@FH\”, JH&,D0*",H ). )`D4T4>, 8@H@D"b & F&@` @R,D,*\, $:"(@*"Db F&@4< H&@DR,F84< &@2<@0>@FHb<, &:4b,H >" F"<Z, D"2>@@$D"2>Z, L@D<Z *,bH,:\>@FH4 >"D@*@&, >, 4F8:`R"b 4 NJ*@0,FH&,>>J` :4H,D"HJDJ ()`D4T4> 1975: 110). 178 ;Z B@2&@:4< F,$, >, F@(:"F4H\Fb F@ F:@&"<4 ">" ^H@H D"2 J0, >, L48H4&>J` D,":\>@FH\", H"8 8"8 $"24DJbF\ >" L48P44 - <4L,, &@2>48T"b D,":\>@FH\ $J*,H >, D,":\>@FH\`, >@ @R,D,*>Z< &"D4">H@<, B@*<,>@6 D,":\>@FH4, " 2>"R4H F@2*"FH >@&J` L48P4`. ?*>"8@ <Z @N@H>@ F@(:"F4<Fb F H,<, RH@ <4L BD@b&:b,H F,$b >" D"2>ZN JD@&>bN *,bH,:\>@FH4 >"D@*@&, "8H4&>@ &>,*Dbb @*>4 FH,D,@H4BZ 4 &ZH":84&"b *DJ(4,. 5.2 ?BZH @B4F">4b >"P4@>":\>ZN @$D"2@& $@:("D 4 L4>>@& 5.2.1 ="P4@>":\>Z, R,DHZ $@:("D 4 FH,D,@H4BZ @ >4N & L4>F8@6 D,P,BP44 =" L4>F8@6 B@R&,, 8"8 <Z J0, (@&@D4:4, >, &@2>48:@ FB,P4L4R,F8@6 <@*,:4 $@:("DF8@6 <,>H":\>@FH4. K4>F84, &@4>Z F8JB@ (@&@D4:4 @ $@:("DF8@< N"D"8H,D,. AD4 FH@:\ 8D"H8@&D,<,>>@< BD,$Z&">44, BD4R.< LD@>H@&@<, >,2>">44 b2Z8", ,FH,FH&,>>@, >, <@(:@ 4 $ZH\ >48"84N (:J$@84N &Z&@*@&. %@4>Z B,D,04&"`H &@,>>Z, F@$ZH4b 4 BJH,&Z, &B,R"H:,>4b R,D,2 F,$b, “<Z - H"<”. E@:*"HZ B@T:4 &@,&"H\ F $:"(@D@*>Z< RJ&FH&@< B@<@R\ @F&@$@*4H\Fb J(>,H.>>@<J >"D@*J 4 F@&,DT,>>@ FBD"&,*:4&@ RJ&FH&J`H F,$b (,D@b<4: "somamp on sotahan kuolla, kaunis miekan kalskehesen" ‘BD,8D"F>,, J<,D,H\ >" &@6>, B@* 2&J8 $X`V4NFb <,R,6’ (Lindfors 1883: 3) P4H4DJ,H &@4> !8F,:4 94>*L@DF B@^H" 5.9. CJ>,$,D(". E@:*"H P,>4H 4 ,(@ F"<@:`$4` :\FHbH *@$D@, 4 J&"04H,:\>@, @H>@T,>4, (@FJ*"Db, @> P,>4H >"(D"*Z: "Keisari tuli itse koko seurueinen meitä vastaan” ‘E"< P"D\ F BD4$:40.>>Z<4 &FHD,R":4 >"F’ (Lindfors 1883: 7); BD4 D"2*"R, @D*,>@& F&. ',@D(4b “kävi H M Keisari luonnamme [...]ja kiitti meitä osoitetusta urhollisuudesta ja saavutetusta voitosta" ‘+(@ %,:4R,FH&@ O"D\ BD4N@*4: [...]4 $:"(@*"D4: >"F 2" BD@b&:,>>J` ND"$D@FH\ 4 B@$,*J’(Lindfors 1883: 16); E *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, !. 94>*L@DF B,D,04&",H B@H,D` H@&"D4V,6: "Pieneksi oli joukko kutistunut, mutta rohkeus ei ollut rauennut".’?HDb* >"T FH": <,>\T,, >@ >, JHD"H4: ND"$D@FH4‘. ;>@(4,, &,D>J&T4,Fb >" D@*4>J, $Z:4 4>&":4*"<4 “saivat kantaa "vaivaavia vikoja", "mutta myös kunnian kiiltäviä merkkejä rinnallaan” ’3< BD4T:@F\ “&Z>@F4H\ $@:\”, >@ 4 >@F4H\ $:,FHbV4, 2>"84 @H:4R4b >" (DJ*4‘. !. 94>*L@DF @F@2>".H 2>"R,>4, BD4>,F.>>ZN 0,DH& 4 D"*J,HFb, RH@ ^H4 0,DH&Z F@:*"H @P,>,>Z H"80, (@FJ*"DFH&@< 4 &@4>Z-4>&":4*Z B@:JR"`H B,>F4`: “rinnassaan tyydyttävän tunteen siitä, että ovat piirtäneet Suomen historiaan rivin, vaikka kohta pienenkin, kuitenkin rivin, jota ei tarvitse hävetä [...] vioittuneet saavat nauttia "apurahoja" todistuksena, että ovat palkan "ansainneet"’‘. (Lindfors 1883: 35)1 . 179 %D"(@&, HJD8@&, 94>*L@DF D4FJ,H F&4D,BZ<4 4 FHD"T>Z<4 Baschibozuk"<4 (HJD,P84, &@:\>@>".<>Z,), B@D"0"bF\ H@<J, RH@ F&@6 R,:@&,R,F846 D"2J< @>4 4FB@:\2@&":4, RH@$Z BD4*J<Z&"H\ 0,FH@8@FH4: "järjestämättömiä ja harjoittamattomia sotureita, jos sitä nimitystä kehtaa antaa niille, jotka käyvät sotaa ainoastaan saadakseen ryöstää ja raastella, kuin vertahimoavat pedot, ja vielä monin kerroin kauheamminkin[...], mitä hirmuisempia tuskia ja kidutuksia[...], raa'alla ja julmalla tavalla pilstotuita ihmisjäännöksiä saattoi joskus nähdä".(Lindfors 1883: 30)2. ? F"<@< $@:("DF8@< >"D@*, *"`HFb, @$D"2>@ (@&@Db, “^H>@(D"L4R,F84,” @B4F">4b: "Kylän hökkelit olivat yksinomaan savesta rakennettuja hökkeleitä, joihin päivänvalo pääsi pienestä kalterilla eli rautaristikolla varustetusta ikkunasta. Asukkaat olivat ylipäätään puhtaita ja punan vereviä. Miehillä oli pitkät ja leveät roimahousut, karvalakki, lyhyt körttiröijy ja nahanliuskaleet, nauhoilla kiinnitetyt, jalkain alla. Vaimonpuolisten asu oli: lyhyt hame ja päässä liinasorko, jonka molemmat päät riipuivat takana, jalkineet samanlaiset kuin miehilläkin. Tytöillä sitäpaitsi jonkinlainen leima otsalla ("otsalehti") ja rannerenkaat. Katsannoltaan olivat kiivaita ja vilkkaita, niin myös liikunnoissaan", "Tässä kylässä huomasin ja ihmettelin, että miesväellä oli hiukset pienillä piiskoilla ympäri pään" [B@*R. 9.E.] (Lindfors 1883: 23-24)3. AD4D@*" 4 8:4<"H >, $":@&":4 &@4>@&: "Eikä ollut erittäin mieltä iloittavaa oloa sekään, kun sittemmin jolloin veden verosta rupesi lunta tulemaan, täytyi joka yö lumituiskussa ja pakkasessa seistä vyötäisiään myöten lumessa, maksoja myöten vilussa ja hampaita myöten nälässä, kranaattien lenneilessä kuni kyyhkyset kuserrellen päättemme päällitse [B@*R. 9.E.] (Lindfors 1883: 20)4. ? *@$DZN @H>@T,>4bN <,0*J $@:("D"<4 4 @F&@$@*4H,:b<4, & R"FH>@FH4, L4>F84<4 FHD,:8"<4, 8@H@DZ, *,:4:4F\ F&@4< BD@&4">H@< F $@:("D"<4: "asukkailla oli ankara hätä" ‘04H,:4 $,*FH&@&":4’, >@ 4 $@:("DZ >, 0":,:4 *:b F&@4N @F&@$@*4H,:,6 B@*"D8@&: "Kaupungin "bratuschkat" kurottelivat meille tupakkatukkuja sivumennessämme" (Lindfors 1883: 26) "leipää, suolaa, sianlihaa ja tupakkaa, [...] he suutelivat käsiämme, kiittivät ja toivat meille lämmintä kakkua ja mitä vaan [...] Eukko veti jalkimet jaloistani ja rupesi niitä kuivaamaan, ukko laittoi minulle kolpakkolisen viiniä ja lämpöisen leivän, joka kaikki maisti varsin makialta nälkäiselle miehelle" [B@*R. 9.E.] (Lindfors 1883: 23)5. K4>>Z, $Z&"&T4, & #@:("D44 B@2*>,,, >, L48F4DJ`H >48"84N @F@$ZN, 4<,>>@ $@:("D"< F&@6FH&,>>ZN R,DH, RH@ <@(:@ $Z F&4*,H,:\FH&@&"H\ @ FJV,FH&@&">44 & <@*,:4 <4D" L4>>@& @F@$@(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" $@:("D. ="<4 J0, P4H4D@&":4F\ F@&D,<,>>Z, HJD4FH4R,F84, $D@T`DZ. ?$D"H4<Fb 8 >4< &>@&\, RH@$Z B@F<@HD,H\, 8"84< @$D"2@< @>4 180 D,BD,2,>HJ`H R,DHZ N"D"8H,D" $@:("D: “Avoimet ja vieranvaraiset” ‘@H8DZHZ, 4 (@FH,BD44<>Z,’(Kondakov 1983: 7). ;@H4& @H8DZH@FH4, *JT,&>@FH4 4 (@FH,BD44<FH&" $@:("D B@&H@Db,HFb &@ &F,N $D@T`D8"N, N@Hb B@:@04H,:\>Z, N"D"8H,D4FH484 & HJD4FH4R,F84N 42*">4bN, F@(:"F>@ F&@,<J 0">DJ, BD,*F8"2J,<Z. 7H@ 0, B@,*,H & FHD">J F <D"R>Z< 4 >,BD4&,H:4&Z< >"D@*@<? =@, &ZT, (@&@D4:@F\, RH@ J0, & B,D&ZN (,@(D"L4R,F84 @B4F">4bN >"D@*@& $@:("D @H:4R"`H & &Z(@*>J` FH@D@>J B@ FD"&>,>4` F@ F&@4<4 F@F,*b<4 (E< Väänänen 1913, Maantieteellisia kuvaelmia 1906). ? *DJ0,:`$44 4 (@FH,BD44<FH&, B4T,H 4 B@F@: ?. G":"F: “kaikki virkamiehet olivat ystävällisiä” ’&F, *@:0>@FH>Z, :4P" $Z:4 *DJ0,:`$>Z<4‘; herttaista sydämellistä väkeä” ’F4<B"H4R>Z, F,D*,R>Z, :`*4‘; “köyhyydestä huolimatta on vieraanvaraisuus suuri” ’>,F<@HDb >" $,*>@FH\ (@FH,BD44<FH&@ - &,:48@‘ (Talas 1960: 278-9). G. _:4>,> @H<,R",H: ”bulgarialaiset suhtautuvat erittäin ystävällisesti kaikkiin ulkomaalaisiin vieraisiinsa" ‘$@:("DZ @H>@FbHFb @R,>\ *DJ0,:`$>@ 8@ &F,< 4>@FHD">P"<’, >@ "suhtautuminen suomalaisiin on tavallista sydämellisempää” ‘@H>@T,>4, 8 L4>>"< F,D*,R>,, @$ZR>@(@’(Ylinen 1978: 5). E. E":@8@DB4 @H<,R",H F4<B"H4` 8 L4>>"< 4 4F8D,>>@FH\ $@:("D: “Jos liikut maaseudulla, sinut kutsutaan välittömästi kotiin ja kestitään perusteellisesti. Kaupunkilaiset ovat ehkä hieman varautuneempia, mutta varmasti kuulet useammankin kerran sanan Finlandia. Ystävällisyys suomalaisia kohtaan on vilpitöntä”. [B@*R. 9.E.] (Salokorpi 1986: 15-16) 6 A@F:,*>bb LD"2" F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H ,V. @$ @*>@6 $@:("DF8@6 >"P4@>":\>@6 R,DH,, N@Hb F"<" P4H"H" >,B@FD,*FH&,>>@ ,. >, >"2Z&",H: $@:("DZ 4<,`H 8D,B8J` B"<bH\ >" *@$D@ 4 4< F&@6FH&,>>@ RJ&FH&@ $:"(@*"D>@FH4. % 1938 (@*J, 8@(*" >,2"&4F4<@6 #@:("D44 4FB@:>4:@F\ 60 :,H, P"D\ #@D4F >"(D"*4: &F,N ,V. $Z&T4N & 04&ZN (22 R,:@&,8") L4>F84N JR"FH>48@& ?F&@$@*4H,:\>@6 &@6>Z 1877-1878 (@*". EHJ*,>HZ E@L46F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H" F@$D":4 *,>\(4 >" B@*"D84 L4>F84< &,H,D">"< & 1939 (@*J (Koivisto 1993). /">D HJD4FH4R,F84N $D@T`D BD,*B@:"(",H H"80, @2>"8@<:,>4, F HD"*4P4b<4 4 8J:\HJD@6 FHD">Z. C"FF8"2Z&",HFb @ D,:4(44 4 @$ZR"bN. ;,>H":\>@FH\ $@:,, &Zb&:b,HFb R,D,2 B,F>4 4 B:bF84. % #@:("D44 B@`HFb >"D@*>Z, B,F>4 surullisista riehakkaan iloisin ‘@H (DJFH>ZN *@ $DZ20"V4N &,F,:\,< 4 D"*@FH\`’; rytmitajua vaativat iloiset horo tanssit ‘H">PZ N@D@ HD,$J`H >,@$ZR"6>@(@ RJ&FH&" D4H<"’; bulgarit pitävät kiinni perinteistä ja perinteisistä juhlista" ‘#@:("DZ *,D0"HFb F&@4N HD"*4P46 4 HD"*4P4@>>ZN BD"2*>48@&’. ?*>"8@ G. _:4>,> &F.-H"84 >, <@0,H >, @H<,H4H\, RH@ “ulkomaalainen korva erottaa niistä vahvan itämaisen värin" ’F:JN 4>@FHD">P" >, <@0,H >, @H<,H4H\ & >4N F4:\>J` &@FH@R>J` @8D"F8J’, H. ,. 181 >,8@H@D"b "FF4<4:bP4b F HJD,P8@6 8J:\HJD@6 &F. 0, BD@42@T:" (Ylinen 1978: 28-29). ? H@<, RH@ $@:("DZ *@D@0"H F&@4<4 HD"*4P4b<4 4 >, 2"$Z&"`H 4N, L4>F84, ("2,HZ B4F":4 J0, &@ &D,@(D"LF8@6 &ZFH"&84 & M,:\F4>84 & 1937 (@*J. 1" F:@&"<4 _:4>,>" &4*>" H,<B,D"<,>H>@FH\ $@:("D4>" 4 ,(@ &ZF@8"b :`$@&\ 8 D@*>@6 8J:\HJD, 4 B"HD4@H42<: “Bulgarialaiset ovat monien satojen vuosien myrskyjen jälkeen selviytyneet voittajina: heidän oma kulttuurinsa on säilynyt aitona” ‘#@:("DZ 2" &D,@(4N $JD>ZN FH@:,H46 &ZT:4 B@$,*4H,:b<4: 4N 8J:\HJD" F@ND">4:"F\ R4FH@6’ (Ylinen 1978: 28). A"HD4"DN":\>@FH\ @H>@F4H 8 *@FH@4>FH&"< $@:("DF8@6 042>4 H"80, E.E":@8@DB4: "sitä eivät ole hävittäneet valloittajat eikä teollisuuden kehitys. Lammaspaimenet laumoinein ovat yhtä aitoa Bulgariaa vuoristomaisemissaan kuin työstä palaavat Burgasin petrokemiallisen tehtaan työläiset” (Salokorpi 1986: 4) 7. +. 7@>*"8@& @$@("V",H &ZT,>"2&">>Z, N"D"8H,D4FH484 >@&Z<4 R,DH"<4: H,DB,>4, 4 &Z*,D08", :`$@&\ 8 D@*4>, 4 F&@$@*@:`$4,, (,D@42<, BD@b&:,>>Z6 & Hb0.:ZN JF:@&4bN 042>4 B@* HJD,P84< 4(@< (&Z*,:,>Z 04D>Z< TD4LH@<). ):b >"(:b*>@FH4 <Z B@*R,D8>.< R,DHZ >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" & *">>@< *@&@:\>@ *:4>>@< @HDZ&8,: “Bulgarialainen rakastaa maataan ja puhuu siitä kunnioittavasti. Hän arvostaa bulgarialaisuutta ja on ylpeä menneisyydestään. Ylpeä siitä, että hänen kansansa kesti lähes 500 vuotta vallinneen turkkilaisten ikeen, ajan, jolloin hänen oman kielensä bulgarian kirjoittaminen ja opettaminen oli kielletty. Hänen perheeltään perittiin kaikki mahdollinen veroina. Hänen kylänsä poltettiin, hänen sisarensa vietiin orjaksi, hänen veljensä kasvatettiin julmaksi janitsaariksi, joka ei tuntenut perhettään ja taisteli myöhemmin omaa sukuaan vastaan. Hän kertoo miten uudelleen ja uudelleen halu itsenäistyä virisi, kuinka yritykset toinen toisensa jälkeen murskattiin. Tänä päivänä hän puhuu omaa kieltään, bulgariaa, joka ei unohtunut 500 vuoden aikana. Miksi hän ei olisi ylpeä siitä, että on bulgarialainen”[04D>Z6 TD4LH 4 B@*R. 9.E.] (Kondakov 1983: 16)8 . #@:,, FB,P4L4R,F84, N"D"8H,D4FH484 *".H ?>>4 G":"F, BD@04&T46 & #@:("D44 >,F8@:\8@ :,H *@ %H@D@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>Z. G":"F@< 2"<,R,>Z >"P4@>":\>Z, R,DHZ, >,@04*">>Z, *:b FH,D,@H4B" @ F:"&b>"N 4 `0>ZN >"D@*"N. G":"F @H<,R",H R.H8@FH\ 4 H@R>@FH\ & D"$@H, $@:("D. ="BD4<,D, F@HDJ*>4R,FH&@ F ;4>4FH,DFH&@< 3>@FHD">>ZN *,: $Z:@ @F@$,>>>@ BD4bH>@: “mitä siellä oli luvattu, se pidettiin, olipa lupaus pantu paperille tai ei” ‘RH@ H"< @$,V":4, 4FB@:>b:@F\, >,2"&4F4<@ @H H@(@, $Z:@ ^H@ 2"B4F">@ >" $J<"(, 4:4 >,H’ (Talas 1960: 268); “pitivät, minkä lupasivat” ‘&ZB@:>b:4 H@, RH@ @$,V":4’(Talas 1960: 278); HDJ*@:`$4, 4 JB@DFH&@ & D"$@H,: “sen tarmo sai vainiot jälleen vilja kantamaan”, “ahkera, joskin köyhä kansa”’4N ^>,D(4b 2"FH"&4:" >" :J("N D"FH4 2,D>@” ‘ HDJ*@:`$4&Z6, N@Hb 4 $,*>Z6 >"D@*‘. 182 1>">4, F&@,(@ *,:": “taitava maanviljeilija ja erikoisen hyvä puutarhuri” ‘$@:("D4> J<,:Z6 2,<:,*,:,P, BD,8D"F>Z6 F"*@&>48’ F8D@<>@FH\ 4 J<,D,>>@FH\, F<4D,>4, & 042>4: “ihmiset tuntuvat osaansa tyytyväisiltä” ’:`*4 &Z(:b*bH *@&@:\>Z<4 F&@,6 FJ*\$@6‘ (Talas 1960: 279280). ?H<,R",HFb D,:4(4@2>@FH\ $@:("D: “vain harvassa maassa on kirkko voinut tunkeutua niin kansan sydämeen kuin siellä [...] bulgarialaiset eivät voisi käsittää kansallisuuttaan ilman kreikkalaiskatolistakirkkoa [...] tärkeä osa sen kansallisuudesta”’D,*8@, (*, J P,D8&4 ,FH\ FH@:\ H.B:@, <,FH@ & F,D*P,, 8"8 J $@:("D [...] $@:("DZ >, &@FBD4>4<"`H F&@,6 >"P4@>":\>@FH4 &>, BD"&@F:"&>@6 P,D8&4 [...] ^H@ &"0>"b R"FH\ >"P4@>":\>@6 <,>H":\>@FH4 (Talas 1960: 276). 9`$@&\ 8 P,D8&4 &Z2&">" H"80, H@6 @(D@<>@6 D@:\`, 8@H@DJ` @>" FZ(D":" & @F&@$@0*,>44 @H HJD,P8@(@ 4(" F&@,6 D@*4>Z. )"0, & F@P4":4FH4R,F846 B,D4@* - &D,FH&J`V,(@ "H,42<" & 4FH@D44 #@:("D44 - BD,F:,*@&">4, P,D8&4 B@ ^H@6 BD4R4>, $Z:@ >, FH@:\ H@H":\>Z<. % F&@4N &@FB@<4>">4bN ?. G":"F &FB@<4>",H 4 @ *DJ(4N FHD">"N, (*, @> F:J04: *4B:@<"H@<, >@ @ #@:("D44 F8"2">@ F"<Z<4 H.B:Z<4 F:@&"<4. ?> @H<,R",H 04&@B4F>J` BD4D@*J. 7"0*Z6, 8H@ B@$Z&",H & #@:("D44, >" ,(@ &2(:b*:“ihastuu siihen maahan. Bulgaria on erittäin luonnonkaunis. [...] Bulgaria on erittäin hyvin viljelty; paikotellen miltei puutarhamaisesti” (Talas 1960: 267), ‘&@FN4H4HFb ^H@6 FHD">@6. #@:("D4b @$:"*",H @F@$@6 ,FH,FH&,>@6 8D"F@H@6 [...] % #@:("D44 BD,8D"F>@ @$D"$@H">" 2,<:b, <,FH"<4 ^H@ BD@FH@ F"*’ (Talas 1960: 267);“Luontonsa puolesta voisi Bulgariasta tulla suosittu turistimaa”.’AD4D@*" *".H &F, BD,*B@FZ:84 *:b #@:("D44 FH"H\ B@BJ:bD>@6 FHD">@6 HJD42<"‘ (Talas 1960: 268). E &@FH@D(@< (JD<">" @> @B4FZ&",H *,T.&J` 4 &8JF>J` $@:("DF8J` ,*J. %ZT, &F,N *DJ(4N FHD"> @> FH"&4H @04&:.>>J` 8J:\HJD>J` 042>\ #@:("D44: BD,8D"F>"b @B,D" 4 $":,H (8"8 @$ZR>@ J F:"&b>, (@&@D4H ?.G":"F), BD,8D"F>Z6 8@>P,DH>Z6 2":, 42@$D"24H,:\>@, 4F8JFFH&@, >"J84 &F. BD@P&,H",H & #@:("D44 (Talas 1960: 274-275). ]H4 &Z(@*>@ @H:4R"`V4, FH@D@>Z $@:("DF8@6 042>4, " H"80, R,FH>@FH\ 4 (@H@&>@FH\ 8 B@<@V4 4 @8"2">4` JF:J( 2"<,H4: $Z&T46 BD@,2*@< & #@:("D44 =J@DH@ (Nuorto 1930: 267-288). % B@F&bV.>>@< #@:("D44 >@<,D, Suomen sotilas (1938) @ $@:("D"N F8"2">@ >,<":@ H.B:ZN F:@&, 8@H@DZ, <@0>@ $Z:@ $Z @H>,FH4 R4FH@ 8 `$4:,6>@<J 0">DJ, @*>"8@, H@:FHZ6 0JD>":, @F>@&"H,:\>@ BD,2,>H4DJ`V46 &F, FH@D@>Z $@:("DF8@6 042>4, $Z: F*,:"> H"84<4 8DJB>Z<4 FB,P4":4FH"<4 8"8 BD@L. %. ;">F488@6, 7. 7JJF4>,>@<, ?. G":"F@<, :`*\<4, 8@H@DZ, 2>":4 #@:("D4` 4 4F8D,>>, &Z*,:b:4 #@:("D4`, 8"8 FHD">J $:428J` K4>:b>*44. AD@*@:0",HFb <@H4& “<Z” $Z:4 “H"<” BD4 @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44: “pieni kansamme on täten saanut 183 edes pieneltä osalta olla mukana” ‘>"T <":,>\846 >"D@* F<@( N@Hb $Z <":@6 *@:,6 BD4>bH\ & ^H@< JR"FH4,’ (Suomen sotilas 1938 Nr 5-7: 65) ;Z “aseveljet” ‘H@&"D4V4 B@ @DJ04`’, BD4>4<":4 JR"FH4, & @F&@$@0*,>44, BD@:4&":4 8D@&\ 2" “Rauhantyössä vaatimattoman ja uutteran, sodassa urhean” & <4D>@6 D"$@H, <4D>Z6 4 JF,D*>Z6, " & &@6>, - (,D@4R,F846 >"D@*’ (Suomen sotilas 1938 Nr 5-7: 117). #@:,, H@(@, L4>>"<4 BD42>".HFb, RH@ #@:("D4b 8@F&,>>@ B@<@(:" ,. @F&@$@0*,>4`, 8@(*" & A,D&@6 <4D@&@6 &@6>, &@,&":" >" FH@D@>, BD@H4&>48@& C@FF44: (Suomen sotilas 1938 Nr 5-7: 65). ="B@<>4<, RH@ L4>F8"b 4*,b @F&@$@0*,>4b J8D,B:b:"F\ HD," “A@* 4(@H@” *@ 1917 (@*". 1"<,H>" D"2>4P" & <,>H":4H,H"N $@:("D 4 L4>>@&: L4>F84, D,P,B4,>HZ BD4&@*bH <>@(@ BD,8D"F>ZN N"D"8H,D4FH48 $@:("D. 3 ^H4 R,DHZ 4*,>H4R>Z H,< R,DH"<, 8@H@DZ, '. A,HD@& 4 ). #@08@& B@8"2Z&"`H J L4>>@&: :`$@&\ 8 D@*4>,, F&@$@*@:`$4,, (@H@&>@FH\ 8 0,DH&, D"*4 D@*4>Z, HDJ*@:`$4,, 4F8D,>>@FH\, F8D@<>@FH\,0,:">4, &ZD"FH4H\ F&@4N F>,:\<">@&P,& 4 BD42Z&"`H $@:("D $D"H\ BD4<,D F L4>>@&. =@ $@:("DZ J0, @$:"*"`H ^H4<4 R,DH"<4: F8@:\8@ (,D@,&, @H*"&T4N F&@` 042>\ 2" F&@$@*J D@*4>Z, " >,JH@<4<Z6 ). #@08@&, 042>\ F&@` B@F&bH4&T46 BD@F&,V,>4` >"D@*" D"2&, >, “F>,:\<">@&,P”? E. E":@8@DB4 2"<,R",H >,8J` FN@0,FH\: ”Me viihdymme hyvin bulgarialaisten kansa, jotka ovat vähän samanlaisia kun mekin: ystävällisiä, luontevia, helposti tutustuvia” ‘="< :,(8@ F $@:"("D"<4, 8@H@DZ, >,<>@(@ B@N@04 >" >"F: *DJ0,:`$>Z,, ,FH,FH&,>>Z, 4 :,(8@ 2>"8@<bHFb’ (B@*R. 9.E.) (Salokorpi 1986: 4). )DJ0,:`$4,, ,FH,FH&,>>@FH\, @H8DZH@FH\ (:,(8@ B@2>"8@<4H\Fb) H"84, 0, 8"8 4 J >"F, L4>>@&. E:,*J,H @$D"H4H\ &>4<">4, >" H@, RH@ H"84, R,DHZ: ,FH,FH&,>>@FH\ 4 FB@F@$>@FH\ :,(8@ 2"&b2Z&"H\ 2>"8@<FH&" - @$ZR>@ 8 L4>>"< >, @H>@FbH. E":@8@DB4 BD@*@:0",H, RH@ & ^H@< $Z:@ :,(8@ J$,*4H\Fb H,< 20 000 L4>>"<, 8@H@DZ, B@F,H4:4 #@:("D4` & 8"R,FH&, HJD4FH@&. % H@ 0, &D,:b>*44 B@$Z&":4 H@:\8@ 600 R,:@&,8 (Salokorpi 1986: 4) . M@Hb *,FbH84 HZFbR HJD4FH@& <@(:@ J$,*4H\Fb & &ZT, BD4&,*.>>ZN BD,8D"F>ZN 8"R,FH&"N $@:("D, L4>>Z >, &@2&@*bH $@:("D & 4*,":, 4 >, BD42Z&"`H F&@6 >"D@* JR4H\Fb J $@:("D. ? #@:("D44 JFH">"&:4&",HFb H@:\8@ Db* >,2>"R4H,:\>ZN FH,D,@H4B@&: FHD">" D@2, *@:(@04H,:,6 (,V. & >"T4 *>4 H"8 D,8:"<4DJ`H $@:("DF846 6@(JDH), F8D@<>@FH\, 4FH@D4R,F8"b B"<bH\, $:"(@*"D>@FH\ F&@4< @F&@$@*4H,:b< - L4>>"<. #@:,, H@(@, Db*@< F B@:@04H,:\>Z< L4>> &4*4H J $@:("D 4 B:@N@,. ?. G":"F B4T,H 4 @ $,*>@FH4 >"D@*", @ 8:@B"N, 4 N@:@*>@6 FB":\>, & C4:\F8@< <@>"FHZD,, @H<,R"`HFb F<,T>Z, FH@D@>Z @$ZR",&. /">D &@FBD4bH4b $@:("D *@BJF8",H >"Db*J F N@D@T4<4 FH@D@>"<4 J&4*,H\ >,*@FH"H84, BD4&,FH4 4N 4 B@F<,bH\Fb >"* >4<4. I L4>F84N D,P4B4,>H@& @HFJHFH&J,H <ZF:\, RH@ “>"<” >"*@ JR4H\Fb J “>4N”. 184 )@$D@0,:"H,:\>@FH\ 4 BD,8D"F>"b BD4D@*" &FHD,R"`H F@&D,<,>>@(@ L4>>" & #@:("D44 - ^H@ D"FN@*4HFb F &B,R"H:,>4b<4 B,D&ZN L4>>@&, 8@H@DZ, 2"L48F4D@&":4 F&@4 @VJV,>4b & B,F>bN 4 B4F\<"N @ N@:@*, 4 (@:@*, 4 B@(4$T4N H@&"D4V"N. 5.2.2 7@>FH">HZ L4>F8@(@ <4L" & #@:("D44 #@:("DF84N (@FH,6 & K4>:b>*44 $Z:@ (@D"2*@ <,>\T,, >,F8@:\8@ F@H,> $@:("D, 4 @>4, ,FH,FH&,>>@, >, <@(:4 D"2DJT4H\ FJV,FH&J`V4, FH,D,@H4BZ. #@:\T"b R"FH\ $@:("D >48@(*" >, $Z&":" & K4>:b>*44 4 >, <@(:" @$>"DJ04H\, 8"8 !. '@:,<">@&, RH@ $,:ZN :4:46 >,H. 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A@D"0,>4, <":,>\8@6 K4>:b>*44 8"2":@F\ 7.'D4(@D@&J >,@H&D"H4<Z<. 6 Sisu - JB@DFH&@, &@:b & D"$@H,, B@*R,D84&",HFb &@ <>@(4N L4>F84N B@(@&@D8"N 4 B@F:@&4P"N. 7 A@ ?. 7"D,<", FL@D<4D@&">>Z< F 1918 B@ 1923 (@*. 189 %F,N "&H@D@& @$X,*4>b,H <@H4& F@RJ&FH&4b 8 L4>>"< 2" H@ B:"R,&>@, B@:@0,>4,, & 8@H@D@< @>4 $Z:4 B@* T&,*F84< (@FB@*FH&@< & H,R,>4, FH@:,H46('.'J>R,&, 7.'D4(@D@&,'.A,HD@&). A@*R.D84&",HFb B@HD,$:,>R,F846 N"D"8H,D @H>@T,>4b T&,*F8@6 <,HD@B@:44 8 F&@,6 &@FH@R>@6 BD@&4>P44. I:JRT,>4b & "*<4>4FHD"H4&>@< B@:@0,>44 K4>F8@6 BD@&4>P44 & 1581 (@*J, B@ !. '@:,<">@&J, >, BD4>,F:" @$:,(R,>4b L4>>"<, H"8 8"8 $Z:" F@F:@&>@6, " F"<" BD@&4>P4b $J*JR4 &,:4R4>@6 F ",*>" R,H&XDH @H >"F,:,>4,H@ >" *&,H, FHD">4, Hb , *"&":" ,*>" HD,H" @H &@6>4P4H, & T&,*F8"H" "D<4b". ('@:,<">@& 1967: 12-13). 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'"R,& 4 BD4N@*4H 8 &Z&@*J, RH@ ^H@ BD4&,:@ 8 @H8DZH@FH4: G"84< @$D"2@<, >,J&,D,>>"b L@D<" ,(@ FJ0*,>46 @*>@&D,<,>>@ @2>"R",H *@BJV,>4, *DJ(4N (@D42@>H@& B@2>">4b, @H8DZH@FH\ 4<, @04*">4, 4FH4> F D"2>ZN FH@D@> - *@FH@4>FH&@, 8@H@D@(@ >, 4<,,H 8"H,(@D4R,F8"b L@D<" FJ0*,>4b" ('"R,& 1988: 109). C,28@ @H:4R>@6 @H $@:("D R,DH@6 b&:b,HFb FHD,<:,>4, L4>>@& 8 @HX,*4>,>4` @H *DJ(4N :`*,6. ?BbH\ &FB@<>4< (D"<<"H48J, (*, B@RH4 8"0*@, FJV,FH&4H,:\>@, & BD,*:@0,>44, JBD@V.>>@ (@&@Db, <@0,H 4<,H\ BD4Hb0"H,:\>@, “<,FH@4<,>4,” & B@FHB@24P44. “a &@2\<J <@` D"FR.F8J 4 BD4R,TJ <@4 &@:@FZ“ - (@&@D4H L4>>: otan kampani ja kamman tukkani, H@ ,FH\ 4*.H R.H8@, D"2(D">4R,>4, H@(@, RH@ <@., " RH@ >, <@.. I L4>>@& 2"<,R",< FHD,<:,>4, @HX,*4>4H\Fb (&@2<@0>@ "@H (D,N" B@*":\T,") @*>@<J 4:4 F@ F&@,6 F,<\.6, & H@ &D,, 4<,b &@2<@0>@FH4 JN@*4H\ & @$V,FH&,>>Z, >"*FHD@684, "B:@H>,, D"FB:"FHZ&":4F\ B@ 2,<:,, @$:,(":4 ,. 4 H,F>,, - H,:@ 8 H,:J BD404<":4F\ *DJ( 8 *DJ(J [...]. A@H@<J &Fb #@:("D4b @8"2":"F\ B@8DZH" B:@H>@6 F,H\` D@*FH&@< (@R,>\ D"2&,H&:.>>Z< J $@:("D) 4 "@*>@F,:\FH&@<" 195 F@,*4>.>>ZN :`*,6" ('"R,& 1988: 143) 4 4<,,H Hb(@H,>4, 8 B"HD4"DN":\>@FH4. A@b&4&T4,Fb B@F:, >,2"&4F4<@FH4 "&Z*&40,>PZ" *@:0>Z $Z:4 F"<4, RH@$Z BD4*"H\ F,$, 2>"R,>4b, F@2*"H\ @HRJ0*,>4, <,0*J F@$@6 4 F,H\` D@*FH&". K4>>"< >, BD4N@*4:@F\ @HDZ&"H\Fb @H D@*FH&,>>@6 F,H4, >@ J8D,B:,>4, B@24P46 &Z*&40,>P,& B,D&@(@ B@8@:,>4b 42&,FH>@ 4 H"<, >"BD4<,D, R,D,2 42<,>,>4, L"<4:44 >" T&,*F8@, 4:4 >"2Z&">4, F,$b &"0>Z<4 H4HJ:"<4. !. '@:,<">@& (@&@D4H, RH@ @> >4 & @*>@6 FHD">, >, &FHD,R": FH@:\8@ "6@NH"b"’*4D,8H@D@&‘, 8"8 & K4>:b>*44. E *DJ(@6 FH@D@>Z, &4*4< HD@("H,:\>@FH\ RJ&FH&" $:"(@*"D>@FH4 F@ FH@D@>Z $@:("D, (@H@&>@FH\ BD42>"H\ F&@. >,2>">4, 4 8"8 B@:@04H,:\>@, F:,*FH&4, ^H@(@: @H8DZH@FH\ 4 &@:b 8 2>">4`, JR,>4` 4 F"<@F@&,DT,>FH&@&">4`. %@2<@0>@, RH@ HJH FD"$"HZ&",H &,8"<4 &>JT",<@, BD"&@F:"&4,< FHD,<:,>4, 8 F<4D,>4` 4 @H8"2J @H (@D*Z>4, 8"8 F"<@(@ $@:\T@(@ (D,N", H"8 8"8 @>" &,D>,, &F,(@ &,*.H 8 F:,B@H, *JN@&>@6. GDJ*>@ F8"2"H\. %"0>@, RH@ 4<,b, BD"8H4R,F84, @*4>"8@&Z, *,H":4 >"P4@>":\>@(@ @$D"2" $@:("DZ @8"2":4F\ & B@:>@6 (@H@&>@FH4 JR4H\Fb J L4>>@&, L4>>Z 0, *@ F4N B@D &FB@<4>"`H @ F&@.< JR"FH44 & @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44, >,F<@HDb >" <42,D>@FH\ ,. *@:4 & ^H@6 &@6>,. ?*>" 42 HJD4FH4R,F84N $D@T`D @2"(:"&:,>" Bulgariaan - siellä kävi Suomen Kaartikin ‘A@,N":4 & #@:("D4` - &,*\ H"< B@$Z&": 4 K4>F846 $"H":\@>’ (Haapala 1985). % 1984 (@*J *,&bH\ L4>F84N 0JD>":4FH@& BD@,N":4 B@ <,FH"< BD@*&40,>4b K4>F8@(@ $"H":\@>" 4 & FH"H\, 8"0*@(@ 42 >4N :,6H<@H4&@< BD@N@*4H: <Z $Z:4 H"<, FH@ :,H >"2"* 4 <Z BD4>b:4 JR"FH4, & @F&@$@0*,>44 #@:("D44 (E<. F$@D>48 Balkanin retki, 1985). 5.3 ? BD@$:,<"N >"P4@>":\>@(@ <4L" A,D&@6 4 @F>@&>@6 BD@$:,<@6 FH":@ H@, RH@ L4>>Z >, J2>"&":4 F,$b & H@< >"P4@>":\>@< @$D"2,, 8@H@DZ6 @ >4N F@2*":Fb & #@:("D44 (4, *@$"&4<, & GJDP44). A@2>"8@<4&T4F\ F 8>4(@6 A,HD@&", L4>>Z, BDb<@ 2"b&:b:4 @ >,@04*">>@FH4 *:b >4N FH@:\ 8@<B:4<,>H"D>ZN N"D"H,D4FH48. ?*4> L4>F846 JR.>Z6, 8@H@DZ6 BD@R.: ^HJ 8>4(J: oli sitä mieltä, että siinä ylistetään Suomea koko lailla aiheettomasti”. (Talas 1960: 267) ’RH@ & >,6 BD,&@2>@FbH K4>:b>*4` $,2 8"8@(@ $Z H@ >4 $Z:@ >" H@ @F>@&">4b‘. (Talas 1960: 267); C. 7">8"<@: “teksti tekee tämän päivän suomalaiseen lukijaan todella mykistävän vaikutuksen” ‘;>@(4, F@&D,<,>>Z, R4H"H,:4 >,<,:4 @H 42J<:,>4b’ (Kankamo 1977). !&H@DZ >, >"N@*bH ">":@(" & *,6FH&4H,:\>@FH4 >4 & (,D@bN 8>4(4 “% FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46”, >4 & @$V,FH&,>>@6 042>4 K4>:b>*44. % 8"DH4>, <4D" L4>>" L4>F846 >"P4@>":\>Z6 @$D"2, &Z&,*,>>Z6 & 8>4(, '. A,HD@&Z< 4 ). #@08@&Z< >, F@@H&,HFH&J,H L4>F8@<J. %F, 42&,FH>Z, >"< L4>F84, D,P4B4,>HZ FN@*bHFb 196 & @*>@<: @$D"2, F@2*">>Z6 '. A,HD@&Z<, >, @H&,R",H D,":\>@FH4, H.,. ^H@ <4L & F"<@< F&@.< JBD@V.>>@< B@>4<">44. 7D@<, H@(@, D,P4B4,>HZ B@>4<"`H, RH@ '. A,HD@& 4FB@:\2@&": BD4<,D K4>:b>*44, RH@$Z 4::`FHD4D@&"H\ F&@4 4*,4, H@ ,FH\ ^H@ @*4> 42 H4B@& F@&D,<,>>@(@ <4L", F@2>"H,:\>@ F@2*">>@(@ 4 F8@>FHDJ4D@&">>@(@ B@ 2"8@>"< <4L@:@(4R,F8@(@ <ZT:,>4b. A. E4:\H">,>: “Suomi on otettu kirjan lehdille viitekehykseksi, johon Petrov nojaa ja sitoo käsityksiänsä” ’K4>:b>4b 4FB@:\2@&">" & 8>4(, & 8"R,FH&, D"<@8, >" 8@H@DZ, A,HD@& @B4D",HFb BD4 42:@0,>44 F&@4N 4*,6‘ (Siltanen 1978). A.E4:\H">,> >"2Z&",H &Z&,*,>>Z6 '. A,HD@&Z< @$D"2 K4>:b>*44 - JH@B4,6, $@:,, H@(@, @> @HFZ:",H 8>4(J 8 0">DJ F8"2@8 “itämaisia satunkertojia tapailen”, BD42>"&"b 2" DJFF84< (J<">4FH@< >"4BD,8D"F>,6T4, P,:4, D"*4 8@H@DZN @> *".H F&@4 BD4<,DZ &ZF@8@(@ @$V,FH&,>>@(@ F:J0,>4b: “suuren määrän ohjeita, joiden hän arvattavasti uskoi auttavan itseään kasvattamaan pyrkivien kansakuntien ponnisteluja” (Siltanen 1978:)”’@> *".H $@:\T@, 8@:4R,FH&@ F@&,H@&, 8@H@DZ,, 8"8 @> B@:"(":, *@:0>Z $Z:4 B@<@R\ >"P4b<, FHD,<bV4<Fb F@&,DT,>FH&@&"H\ F,$b‘ (Siltanen 1978). 5@J8@ G"::4><b84 (@&@D4H, RH@ B@*@$>Z6 4*,":42< “Hymyilyttää nykyajan ihmisiä”’2"FH"&:b,H JF<,N>JH\Fb F@&D,<,>>@(@ R,:@&,8"‘. ?> @H<,R",H BD,0*, &F,(@ 4*,@:@(4R,F846 BZ: '. A,HD@&": “Historiallinen luotettavuus vähäinen, mutta voisi sanoa, että aatteellisuus pyhittä keinot” ‘3FH@D4R,F8"b *@FH@&,D>@FH\ >,&,:48", >@ <@0>@ F8"2"H\, RH@ 4*,b @BD"&*Z&",H FD,*FH&"’ “eränlainen laboratorio”’^H@ 8"8 >,8"b :"$@D"H@D4b‘, “kyseessä on enemmän kaunokirjallinen kuin asiateos” ’HJH <Z F8@D,, 4<,,< NJ*@0,FH&,>>@,, " >, >"JR>@, BD@42&,*,>4,‘ (Tallinmäki 1978). /@D0 =JD40">, (@&@Db @$ ^H@6 8>4(,, *"0, >, JB@<4>",H (:"&>@(@ ,. (,D@b K4>:b>*4`, " :4T\ (@&@D4H @ 2>"R,>44 8>4(4 *:b #@:("D44, B@:>@FH\` B@>4<"b, RH@ BD4 >"B4F">44 ,. $Z: &"0,> @$X,8H - #@:("D4b. ]H@ #@:("D44 D"*4 *".HFb 4*,": *:b B@*D"0">4b (=JD40"> 1940: 290) .G"80, _D8b>8"::4@ &4*4H, RH@ B4F"H,:\, 8@(*" B4F": F&@. BD@42&,*,>4,, <,>,, &F,(@ *J<": @$ @$X,8H,, " $@:,,: lukijoitaan, siis lähinnä bulgarialaisia, joille se on ohjeeksi tarkoitettu" ‘@ R4H"H,:bN, BD,0*, &F,(@ $@:("D"N, *:b 8@H@DZN ^H" 8>4(" BD,*>"2>"R":"F\’ (Jyrkänkallio 1951). % #@:("D44 R4H"`V"b BJ$:48" BJ$:4P4FH4R>@FH\ 0">D" 8>4(4 'D4(@D4b A,HD@&" "% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44" @FH"&4:" $,2 &>4<">4b, 4 @H>,F:" 8>4(J 8 >"JR>@-B@BJ:bD>@<J 0">DJ 4, & 8"R,FH&, H"8@&@6, &@FBD4>bH" 8"8 8@(>4H4&>"b D,BD,2,>H"P4b K4>:b>*44. I0, 4<,`V4,Fb BD,*B@FZ:84 8 4*,":42"P44 ^82@H4R>@(@ F,&,D>@(@ >"D@*" B@:JR4:4 F&@,@$D"2>J` ">"JR>J`" @F>@&J. #@*DZ6 R4FHZ6 >"D@* >" L@>, *,&FH&,>>@6 BD4D@*Z ,FH,FH&,>>@ &D"FH",H & P4&4:42"P4` F BD,8D"F>@6 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>@FH\` 4 $:"(@D@*>Z<4 F,>"H@D"<4. I R4H"H,:b F@2*".HFb &B,R"H:,>4,, RH@ 8"0*Z6 L4>> J0, 4<,,H (@H@&>@FH\ (B@ 8>4(, A,HD@&" 197 ^H@ &F. 0, F8@D,, & B@H,>P4":,) 04H\ 4 D"$@H"H\ >" $:"(@ F&@,(@ >"D@*". AD,8D"F>"b <,H"L@D" & 2"(:"&44 8>4(4 @ K4>:b>*44 8"8 @ FHD">, $,:ZN :4:46 - P&,H@&, F4<&@:424DJ`V4N R4FH@HJ 4 *,&FH&,>>J` >,&4>>@FH\, " H"80, @$D"2 ). #@08@&" @ K4>:b>*44, 8"8 @ 2,<>@< D",, 04H,:4 8@H@D@6 $@*DZ, R4FHZ 4 >,&4>>Z 8"8 ,&">(,:\F84, $,:Z, :4:44 "&$4:4 (&@2*\" & @8@>R"H,:\>@, @L@D<:,>4, <4L". A4F\<" )4<@ #@`8:4,&" @$>"DJ04&"`H D,P,B4,>H" F J0, 2"8D,B4&T4<4Fb & 8"DH4>, <4D" FH,D,@H4B"<4 4 8:4T, @L4>>"N. ?> 0, F&4*,H,:\FH&J,H @ $ZH@&">44 L4>F8@(@ <4L" & #@:("D44: "b F:ZT": <>@(@ BD,8D"F>@(@ @ RJ*,F>@< >"D@*, K4>:b>*44". ;4L@:@(424D@&">>"b 8"DH4>" <4D" >, BD@BJF8",H 4>@6 4>L@D<"P44, 8D@<, B@:@04H,:\>@6. %@ &D,4b & K4>:b>*44 & 1938 (@*J #@`8:4,& &4*4H 2*@D@&Z6, 8@>FHDJ8H4&>Z6 *JN & ^H@6 F8"2@R>@6 FHD">,. #@`8:4,& >4<":@ >, F@<>,&",HFb, RH@ L4>F846 >"D@* <@0,H B@F:J04H\ $:"(@D@*>Z< BD4<,D@< *:b $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*" @ H@<, 8"8 J(>,H.>>"b 2,<:b 4 ,. >"D@* <@(JH FH"H\ D",<. 7@(*" & E@&,HF8@-L4>F8@6 &@6>, 1939 (@*" K4>:b>*4b BD,*FH":" &&4*, >,&4>>@6 $,22"V4H>@6 0,DH&Z, H@ >"D@* K4>:b>*44 BD4@$D.: >@&Z, >, <,>,, *@FH@6>Z, R,DHZ F"<@@H&,D0,>>@6 :`$&4 8 @H,R,FH&J 4 &ZF@8@(@ (,D@42<" (BD@: BD,*"H,:\FH&@ 4 HDJF@FH\). 1939 (@* - (@* :4R>@(@ 2>"8@<FH&" F L4>>"<4, H"8 8"8 8@DD,FB@>*,>HZ $@:("DF84N ("2,H B@$Z&":4 >" F,&,D>@< LD@>H,. 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E 1877 B@ 1878 (@* 8@>H"8HZ $Z:4 &>,:4H,D"HJD>Z, & #@:("D44, H@ ,FH\ H"< BD4FJHFH&@&":4 L4>F84, FHD,:84, 4FB@:>b: &@,>>J`, " 2"H,< 4 *4B:@<"H4R,F8J` F:J0$J 7"24<4D ]D>D@H 4 8"DH@(D"L (,>,D": !. aD>,L,:\H F@2*"&": 8"DHJ E,&,D>@6 #@:("D44. 1"H,< *@ 1896 (@*" @H>@F4H,:\>@ K4>:b>*44 >,H BJ$:48"P46, *@ B,D&@(@ B,D,&@*" & 1896 (@*J B@&,FH4 A. Ab6&bD4>H" “32(J$,> /4&@H”. % K4>:b>*44 0, >"@$@D@H T4D@8@ @F&,V":Fb “$":8">F846 &@BD@F”, 4 &,D>J&T4,Fb FHD,:84 >"B,R"H":4 <>@0,FH&@ &@FB@<4>">46 4 BJ$:4P4FH4R,F84N FH"H,6 @ #@:("D44. #@:("D4b FH":" 8@>FH">H@6 L4>F8@6 <,>H":\>@FH4 & D@:4 @F&@$@*4H,:\>4PZ #@:("D44: “<Z” “H"<”. EH"H,6 4 8>4( 2" ^H4 *,FbH\ F :4T>4< :,H, >"2&">>ZN '. %Z:R,&Z< “$@:("DF84< 4>L@D<"P4@>>Z< $J<@<”, $Z:@ @BJ$:48@&">@ >,F8@:\8@ *,FbH8@& 4 @>4 *@&@:\>@ N@D@T@ 42JR,>Z L4>F84<4 JR,>Z<4. %@ &D,>ZN F@$ZH46 L4>>Z ,V. >, @FH"&4:4 @ F,$, F:,*" & B"<bH4 $@:("DF8@(@ >"D@*", >@ B@2*>,, ^H@H L"8H FH": &"0Z< 8@<B@>,>H@< L4>F8@(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ <4L" & #@:("D44. 2. 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A,D,&@*bHFb B4F"H,:4, B@:JR4&T4, BD42>">4, & EEEC (;. 9"D>4, M. %J@:46@84). % K4>:b>*44 FB@D"*4R,F84 BJ$:48J`HFb B,D,&@*Z D"FF8"2@& $@:("DF84N B4F"H,:,6 +:4>" A,:4>", 3&"6:@ A,HD@&", )"" 7":,L@&" 4 BD. 6. E 1968 (@*" >"R4>",HFb T,FH@6 B,D4@*, 8@H@DZ6 BD@*@:0",HFb *@ 8@>P" 80-N ((. Q4F:@ H@R>@ JFH">@&4H\ >,&@2<@0>@. ):b >,(@ N"D"8H,D>" "8H4&>"b *,bH,:\>@FH\ 4 &FHD,R4, @F@$,>>@ >" @L4P4":\>@< JD@&>,. A@F:, @$<,>" &424H"<4 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>ZN *,bH,:,6 #@:("D44 4 K4>:b>*44 4 B@*B4F">4b 8J:\HJD>@(@ *@(@&@D" >"R":Fb @$<,> BD,B@*"&"H,:b<4 $@:("DF8@(@ 4 L4>F8@(@ b2Z8@&. % F&b24 F ^H4< D,28@ "8H4&424D@&":"F\ B,D,&@*R,F8"b, >"JR>"b 4 8J:\HJD>"b *,bH,:\>@FH\. #@:("DF8"b FH@D@>" 42*".H *&, 8>4(4 @ K4>:b>*44 !. '@:,<">@&" 4 +. 74DR,&@6. % K4>:b>*44 #":8">HJD4FH@< 42*"`HFb $D@T`D84 @ #@:("D44 E. E":@8@DB4 4 G. _:4>,>", 8@H@DZ, 2"H,< >,F8@:\8@ D"2 B,D,42*"`HFb. C"2&4&",HFb <"FF@&Z6 HJD42<, & K4>:b>*44 D"FH,H 4>H,D,F 8 #@:("D44, "8H4&>@ *,6FH&J`H @$V,FH&" *DJ0$Z. ),bH,:\>@FH\ 8JD4DJ,HFb BD"&4H,:\FH&"<4 @$,4N FHD">. A@ $4$:4@(D"L44 <@0>@ J&4*,H\ >"F8@:\8@ &ZD@F:" B,D,&@*R,F8"b *,bH,:\>@FH\, & @F>@&>@< B4F"H,:,6 F :,&Z<4 &2(:b*"<4, 8"8 >"BD4<,D, 213 ;"DHH4 9"D>4. ="R"&T"bFb & 1985 (@*J B,D,FHD@68" & EEEC FBJFHb >,8@H@D@, &D," 8J:\HJD>J` B@:4H48J #@:("D44 4 K4>:b>*44. 1"8@>R4:4F\ FJV,FH&J`V4, *@ F4N B@D >" (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z, FD,*FH&" @FJV,FH&:b,<Z, 8@>H"8HZ. 7. E >"R":" 90-N (@*@& <@0>@ @HFR4HZ&"H\ F,*\<@6 B,D4@* @H>@T,>46, 8@H@DZ6 >"R": HD,H46, >@&Z6 H4B <,08J:\HJD>ZN @H>@T,>46 <,0*J #@:("D4,6 4 K4>:b>*4,6. ]H@H H4B >,:\2b FR4H"H\ &@2&D"H@< 8 BD,0>,<J, *@&@,>>@<J, H"8 8"8 @> BD@N@*4H & “&,8 4>L@D<"P44”. A,D,&@*Z >"BD"&:,>Z >" D,BD,2,>H"P4` F"<@(@ P,>>@(@ & :4H,D"HJD"N 4 ^H4< 2">4<"`HFb :`*4, :4R>@ 2"4>H,D,F@&">Z, & B@**,D0">44 8@>H"8H@& <,0*J K4>:b>*4,6 4 #@:("D4,6, & @F>@&>@< ^H@ $Z&T4, BD,B@*"&"H,:4 $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" & K4>:b>*44 4 L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" & #@:("D44 4 4N JR,>484. 214 YHTEENVETO Työssä tarkastellaan Suomen ja Bulgarian välisten kulttuuri- ja kirjallisuussuhteiden syntymistä ja kehitystä sekä tutkitaan kanssakäymisen erityispiirteitä vertailevan kirjallisuustieteen ja kulttuurintutkimuksen näkökulmasta. Suomi ja Bulgaria ovat pieniä ja maantieteellisesti kaukana toisistaan sijaitsevia maita, jotka edustavat myös erilaisia sosiokulttuurisia alueita. Ensimmäiset kontaktit maiden välillä ajoittuvat vuosiin 1877-1878, jolloin 900 vapaaehtoista suomalaissotilasta taisteli bulgarialaisten rinnalla turkkilaisia vastaan. Varsinaiset kirjallisuussuhteet saivat alkunsa vuonna 1896. Työssä keskitytään tarkastelemaan maidenvälisten kulttuuri- ja kirjallisuuskontaktien muotoutumista ja ilmenemistä 1900-luvulla. Tätä ei ole aikaisemmin juurikaan tutkittu, minkä vuoksi aiheeseen liittyvät bibliografiat ovat varsin puutteellisia. Erityistä huomiota tässä väitöskirjassaan kiinnitetään kirjailijoiden välisiin henkilökohtaisiin suhteisiin, kustantamoiden ja yhdistysten välisiin kontakteihin sekä myös kirjallisuuden kääntämiseen ja käännöskirjallisuuden vastaanottoon kirjallisuuskritiikissä. Keskeisiä tekijöitä ovat siis tekstit ja kustantajat, kun taas lukija-vastaanottaja jää taka-alalle. Ensimmäinen suomalainen kirjailija, jonka teoksia käännettiin bulgariaksi, oli valistuskirjailija P. Päivärinta. Häntä seurasivat tolstoilainen A. Järnefelt ja vuodesta 1939 alkaen nobelisti F. E. Sillanpää. Ensimmäinen bulgarialainen kirjailija, jonka teoksia käännettiin suomeksi on I. Vazov. Käännöstoiminnalle oli tyypillistä, että käännettiin sellaista kirjallisuutta, jonka ajateltiin valistavan ja sivistävän kansaa sekä rikastuttavan oman kirjallisuuden tematiikkaa ja lajeja. Bulgarian ja Suomen kirjallisuuden klassikoita alettiin kääntää vasta 1960luvulla. Vastoin ennakko-odotuksia bulgarialaisilla näyttää olleen suomalaisista konkreettinen kansalliskuva, joka on korostetun myönteinen. Bulgarialaisten Suomi-kuvan voidaan katsoa edustaneen bulgarialaista fennofiilisyyttä, johon puolestaan vaikutti venäläinen fennofiilisyys. Suomalaisia koskevan kansalliskuvan syntyyn Bulgariassa vaikutti olennaisesti venäläisen fennofiilin G. Petrovin teoksen Valkoisten liljojen maassa. Suomi ilmestyminen vuonna 1925. Kyseisessä teoksessa suomalaisia luonnehditaan rehellisiksi, suoriksi, ahkeriksi, sisukkaiksi vaikkakin köyhiksi ihmisiksi, jotka rakastavat i isänmaataan ja ovat valmiita antamaan henkensä sen puolesta. Petrovin hengenheimolainen oli bulgarialainen D. Božkov, joka teki tunnetuksi fennofiili Petrovin teoksia kotimaassaan ja merkittävää on se, että hän teki yleisesti tunnetuksi käsitteen ”valkoiset liljat”, josta muodostui Suomen symboli Bulgariassa. Suomen kansalliskuvan muotoutuminen on mielenkiintoinen ja monitahoinen ilmiö, jota analysoidaan kulttuurintutkimuksen näkökulmasta käsitteiden maailmankuva, kansalliskuva, klisee ja stereotypia avulla. Työssä luodaan myös katsaus kansojen yhteiskunnallis-poliittiseen ja kulttuuriseen kehitykseen sekä tarkastellaan maidenvälisten kulttuurikontaktien dynamiikkaa. Siinä tarkastellaan myös bulgarialaisten ja suomalaisten kansallistunnon kehittymistä sekä valtioiden itsenäistymisprosessien vaiheita. Kulttuuristen prosessien analyysi paljastaa typologisia samankaltaisuuksia ja eroja, jotka selittävät Suomen ja Bulgarian keskinäisten suhteiden ainutkertaisuutta. Suomen ja Bulgarian välisiä kirjallisuus- ja kulttuurisuhteita koskevaa aineistoa analysoidaan erityisesti reseptioon liittyvien kysymysten näkökulmasta. Tarkastelun kohteena on sekä bulgarialaisen 215 kirjallisuuden reseptio Suomessa että suomalaisen kirjallisuuden reseptio Bulgariassa. Lisäksi kiinnitetään huomiota Bulgarian historian tapahtumiin osallistuneiden suomalaisten henkilöiden toimintaan. Tarkasteltavia elämänalueita ovat diplomatia (K. Ehrnrooth), tiede (J. J. Mikkola), kansanvalistus (P. Päivärinta), pahanvastustamattomuusliike eli tolstoilaisuus (A. Järnefelt) sekä osuustoiminta (H. Gebhard). Erityisesti kiinnitetään huomiota suomalaisten kirjailijoiden valistuskirjojen julkaisuun Bulgariassa kulttuurisen kanssakäymisen kolmen ensimmäisen vuosikymmenen aikana. Lisäksi käsitellään Suomen aikalaiskuvan ilmentymistä G. Petrovin, D. Božkovin, G. Guntshevin ja D. Bojuklievin kirjoituksissa. Suomalaisten sankarillinen toimintaa talvisodassa tarkastellaan yhtenä tekijänä, joka vahvisti myönteistä kuvaa suomalaisista Bulgariassa. Tutkimusaineistosta käy ilmi, että bulgarialaisten tuntevat erityistä sympatiaa Suomea ja suomalaisia kohtaan. Tämän ovat maininneet myös monet suomalaiset kirjoittajat (esim. T. Ylinen, O. Talas, S. Salokorpi ja P. Jyrkänkallio). Erityinen suhtautuminen suomalaisiin on herättänyt vastakaikua myös Golemanovin, Kiranovan ja muiden bulgarialaisten kirjailijoiden teoksissa vaikka ne ovat ilmestyneet vasta II maailmansodan jälkeen. Syitä siihen, miksi bulgarialaiset tuntevat ainutlaatuista kunnioitusta ja sympatiaa tuntematonta ja kaukaista Suomea kohtaan, pyritään löytämään analysoimalla molempien maiden historiallisia kohtaloita ja kirjallisuus- ja kulttuurisuhteita. Jotta olisi mahdollista luoda objektiivinen historiallinen kuva kanssakäymisestä ja kontakteista, on tärkeää ymmärtää, mitkä niistä tosiasiallisesti ovat jättäneet jälkensä vastaanottavan puolen tajuntaan ja vaikuttivat suomalaisista syntyneeseen kansalliskuvaan. Suomalaisten mielissä taas bulgarialaisilla ei ole erityisasemaa muiden etnosten joukossa. Mitä tulee suomalaisia koskevan kansalliskuvan reseptioon Bulgariassa, eräs keskeisimmistä teemoista on, miten määritellä G. Petrovin (1925) teoksen Valkoisten liljojen maassa. Suomi asema niiden tekijöiden joukossa, jotka vaikuttivat suomalaisista muotoutuneeseen kansalliskuvaan Bulgariassa. Venäläisen älymystön edustaja ja fennofiili G. Petrov, joka kirjoitti em. teoksen lisäksi Suomea käsitteleviä artikkeleita ja teoksia, nousee keskeiseksi hahmoksi. D. Božkov välitti bulgarialaiseen kulttuuriin venäläisten fennofiilien näkemyksiä, jotka puolestaan heijastuivat bulgarialaisten suomalaisista luomaan kansalliskuvaan. Tämän vuoksi tarkastellaan lyhyesti myös suomalaisten ja venäläisten välisten kontaktien historiaa ja pyritään selvittämään venäläisen fennofiilisyyden erityispiirteitä ja sen yhtymäkohtia bulgarialaisen fennofiilisyyteen. Olettamusta, jonka mukaan bulgarialaisten maailmankuvaan kuuluu erityinen myytti Suomesta ja suomalaisista, perustellaan teoreettisesti tarkastelemalla myytin ja erityisesti kansallismyytin käsitettä. Lisäksi analysoidaan suomalaisten stereotyyppisiä käsityksiä bulgarialaisista ja eritellään bulgarialaisten Suomi-kuvan osatekijöitä. Työssä kehitellään myös suomalaisia koskevan kansallismyytin syntyä sekä esitetään Bulgarian ja Suomen välisten kontaktien aikajaotus. Työssä on liitteenä bibliografia teoksista joita on suomennettu ja tärkeimmistä Suomesta kirjoitetuista artikkeleista ja päinvastoin. 216 3EA?9[1?%!==!a 93G+C!GIC! ?BJ$:48@&">>"b !&*04,& 1989 /,:`. #,>` O@>,& 8"H@ D,*"8H@D, :4H,D"HJD,> @D(">42"H@D 4 8D4H48. 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EH"H44 4 42F:,*&">4b. #X:("D4FH48"H" & RJ0$4>". A@DHD,H4 >" $X:("D4FH4. EXFH. #@b> 7"FH,:@&, %:"*4<4D E4<,@>@&. E@L4b. #X:("D4FH4R>4 42F:,*&">4b 1981. AXD&4 $X:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84 F4<B@24J< 24-30 F,BH,<&D4 1979 (. E@L4b. I>4&. "7:. ?ND4*F84". #X:("D4H, ,&D@B,6P4 :4 F"? 1925. EB.”32H@8” 18: 2. 217 #X:("D4b & RJ0*"H" :4H,D"HJD". #4$:4@(D"LF84 J8"2"H,:. 1917-1944. EXFH. 5@H" )">R,&" =48@:@&" & ;4N"4: ',@D(4,& 9"2"D@& 1977, 1944-1953. EXFH. %,F,:4> GD"68@& & 5@H" )">R,&" & ;4N"4: 9"2"D@& 1968. 1954-1963. EXFH. %,F,:4> GD"68@&. E@L4b, 1965. #X:("D4b <,0*J +&D@B" 4 CJF4b. ="JR>" 8@>L,D,>P4b 10-11 @8H@<&D4. E@L4b. 32*. "#X:("DF8" F$4D8"".1997. #X:("DF8" NJ*@0,FH&,>" :4H,D"HJD" >" RJ0*4H, ,24P4. E@L4b. 1944-57, 1823-1962. #X:("DF8" :4H,D"HJD". 7"H":@( $4@(D"L46 4 $4$:4@(D"L4b >" $X:("DF84H, B4F"H,:4 @H A"4F46 *@ *>,F. E@L4b, 1937. #X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" F:,* @F&@$@0*,>4,H@ (1878). EX&D,<,>>" $X:("DF8" :4H,D"HJD". )@8:"*4. 12. %H@D4 <,0*J>"D@*>4 8@>(D,F B@ $X:("D4FH8" (23.5. - 3.6.1986). E@L4b. 32*. #!=, 1988. #X:("DF84 B,D4@*4R,> B,R"H. 1844-1944. !>@H4D"> $4$:4@(D"LF84 J8"2"H,:. EXFH. )4<4HXD A. 3&">@&. 1-3. E@L4b, 1962-1969. #X:("DF84 B,D4@*4R,> B,R"H. 1944-1969. #4$:4@(D"LF84 J8"2"H,:. EXFH. ;"D4b %:. EB"F@&". 1-3. E@L4b, 1975. #X:("D@-(,D<">F84 @H>@T,>4b 4 &DX284. 32F:,*&">4b 4 <"H,D4":4. GH. I-II, 1972-1979. E@L4b. 32*. #!=. #X:("D@->,<F84 :4H,D"HJD>4 4 8J:HJD>4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b BD,2 XVIII 4 XIX &,8. 1985. E@L4b. 32*. #!=. #X:("D@-DJ<X>F84 :4H,D"HJD>4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b. 1980. E@L4b. 32*. #!=. #X:("D@-DJF84 >"JR>4 &DX284 XIX -XX &,8. )@8J<,>H4. 1968. EXFH. 9. 7@FH"*4>@&", %. K:@D@&", #. )4<4HD@&". E@L4b. 32*. #!=. #X:("D@-J>("DF84 8J:HJD>4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b. 1980, E@L4b. 32*. #!=. #XD2"8@&" 1979 ="*,0*". )@8J<,>H4 & O)3! 2" $X:("DF8@->,<F84H, :4H,D"HJD>4 &DX284 (1878-1944). #X:("D@-(,D<">F84 @H>@T,>4b 4 &DX284. 32F:,*&">4b 4 <"H,D4":4. G. II, E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 343-360. %"8"D,:F84 1939 MD4FH@. )-D 7":, 7JJF4>,>. #X:("DF84 (,>,D":,> 8@>FJ: & K4>:">*4b. E@L4b %-8 1@D", (@*. 21, No: 6135, F. 6. %&,*,>4, & 8J:\HJD@:@(4`. C,*. +. %. A@B@&. ;@F8&". %9!)?E. 1998. %2"4<@F&b24 4 &2"4<@*,6FH&4b >"P4@>":\>ZN :4H,D"HJD. ;@F8&", 1961. %@*@&@2@&" 1899 +. K4>:b>*4b. ;4D #@046 , 9 F. 3 %X:R,& 1981" ',@D(4. #X:("D4FH48"H" &X& K4>:">*4b. E@L4b. #X:("D4FH48" 4 $X:("D4FH4, F. 251-256. %X:R,& 1981$ ',@D(4. #X:("D4FH48"H" & S&,P4b. E@L4b. #X:("D4FH48" 4 $X:("D4FH4, F. 260-263. %X:R,& 1981& ',@D(4. #X:("D4FH48"H" & =@D&,(4b. E@L4b. #X:("D4FH48" 4 $X:("D4FH4, F. 257-259. %X:R,& 1994 ',@D(4. +FH@>P4H, >" E@:0,>4P4> 4 L4>:">*P4H, >" #X:("D4b. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 12, F. 8. %X:R,& 1977 ',@D(4. ?H M,:24>84 *@ '@D>4 )X$>48. 1"B4F84 >" $@6P4 @H K4>:">*F84 (&"D*,6F84 $"H":\@> @H &D,<,H@ >" ?F&@$@*4H,:>"H" &@6>". E@L4b. !>H,>4 No: 3-5. 218 %X:R,& 1993 ',@D(4. AD4:484 4 BD4@$V,>4b <,0*J F:"&b>F84, F8">*4>"&F84 4 J(D@L4>F84 :4H,D"HJD4". %: E$@D>48 *@8:"*@&. 11 F8">*4>"&F8@-$X:("DF84 F4<B@24J<. 7J>(,:&. %X:R,& 1978 ',@D(4. K4>:">*F84 *>,&>4P4 4 <,<@"D4 @H 1877-1878 (.?F&@$@0*,>4, >" #X:("D4b 4 :4H,D"HJD"H". E$@D>48 F 42F:,*&">4b. E@L4b. 32*. #!= F. 369-386. %X:R,& 1999 ',@D(4. K4>:">*P4H, 2" >"F 4 >4, 2" HbN. ?H 8D"b >" XIX *@ 8D"b >" XX &. E@L4b. I>4&. 42*-&@ ”E&. 7:4<,>H ?ND4*F84”. '">R,&" 1992 %,D". E4>\@ + 0X:H@ = 2,:,>@. (1" 5.9. CJ>,$,D(). E@L4b. I>4&,DF4H,HF8@ 42*. F. 177-179. '"R,& 1995 '. ="P4@>":\>Z, @$D"2Z <4D". 7@F<@-BF4N@-:@(@F. ;@F8&". 32*. ”AD@(D,FF 7J:\HJD"”. '"R,& 1988 ',@D(46. ="P4@>":\>Z, @$D"2Z <4D".?$V4, &@BD@FZ. CJFF846, $@:("DF846, 84D(42F846, (DJ24>F846, "DF846. ;@F8&". 32*. "E@&. B4F"H,:\". '"R,& 1964 '. ). IF8@D,>>@, D"2&4H4, :4H,D"HJDZ, ;@F8&". 32*. "="J8"". ',@D(4,& 1984 +<4:. #X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" & @$V@,&D@B,6F84 8@>H,8FH. E@L4b. 32*."="J8" 4 428JFH&@". ',@D(4,& 1978 +<4:. ?F>@&4 >" @$V@H@ 4 FD"&>4H,:>@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. AD@$:,<4 >" FD"&>4H,:>@H@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 5-30. ',@D(4,& & %"H@&" 1994. 9"2"D ',@D(4,& 4 A,>8" %"H@&". "%X2D"0*">,". A,D4@*48" 4 :4H,D"HJD". 94H,D"HJD>4 FB4F">4b 4 &,FH>4P4, F<,F">4 FB4F">4b, NJ<@D4FH4R>4 42*">4b (1902-1910), H. 3, E@L4b, 32*. #!=, F. 266-284. '@:,<">@& 1967 !:,8@. ED,V" F K4>:">*4b. E@L4b. 32*. ";,0*J>"D@*>" B@:4H48"". '@:@F@&8,D 1987 a.]. 9@(48" <4L". ;@F8&". '@DF846 1975 3. 7. !:,8F">*D %,F,:@&F846 4 F@&D,<,>>@FH\. ;@F8&". 32*. ”;ZF:\”. '@DF846 & al. 1983 '@DF846 3. 7. & )@D@>4>" C. K. & Q,<@*">@&" ;. '. C"2&4H4, :4H,D"HJD 2"B"*>ZN 4 `0>ZN F:"&b> & XIX &,8, 4 BD@$:,<" :4H,D"HJD>ZN >"BD"&:,>46. E:"&b>F84, :4H,D"HJDZ: IX ;,0*J>"D@*>Z6 FX,2* F:"&4FH@&. ;@F8&". 'D">,F 1980 !:L. "#X:("D4FH48"H" 4 $X:("D4FH4H, & =@D&,(4b". E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 5, F. 82-86. 'D">,F 1981 !:L. #X:("D4FH48" 4 $X:("D4FH4H, & =@D&,(4b. #X:("D4FH4R>4 42F:,*&">4b. AXD&4 $X:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84 F4<B@24J< 24-30 F,BH,<&D4 1979 (. E@L4b. I>4&. 42*. "7:. ?ND4*F84", F. 307-310. 'D4(@D@& 1940 7. K4>4H,. E@L4b. %-8 %,R,D, (@*. 1, No: 10, F.6. 'J>R,& 1923 'J>R@. 7":,&":". A:,&,>. Q"68". EB4F">4, 2" <:"*,0H" 8, F. 106-109. 'J>R,& 1940 '. K4>:">*4b. E@L4b. AD@F&,H" 5, F. 545-557. 'JD,&4R 1996 A. E. 7J:\HJD@:@(4b. ;@F8&". 32*. ”1>">4,”. )":\ 1981 %:"*4<4D. G@:8@&Z6 F:@&"D\ 04&@(@ &,:48@DJFF8@(@ b2Z8". ;@F8&". 32*. "CJFF846 b2Z8", H. 4. )4>@& 1935 %4R@ & 'D@2`. )">4b. 7"8 FH">" BD4<,D 2" >"D@*4H,. E@L4b. 32*. "E,:F84 8@@B,D"H@D". )@>R,& & C"T,& 1968. )@>R,& ). & C"T,& =. ?H ?F:@ L4@D* *@ K4>F84b 2":4&. E@L4b. )@>R,& 1967 =48@:"6. 7J:HJD>4H, >4 &DX284 F K4>:">*4b. E@L4b. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4 4557. 219 )@>R,& 1981 =48@:"6. AD@L. 9J4*04 E":&4>4. #X:("D4FH48" 4 $X:("D4FH4. EH"H44 4 42F:,*&">4b. #X:("D4FH48" & RJ0$4>". A@DHD,H4 >" $X:("D4FH4. EXFH. #@b> 7"FH,:@& 4 %:"*4<4D E4<,@>@&. E@L4b. 32*."="J8" 4 428JFH&@" F. 310 - 312. )D"(">@& 1908 !. 3&. K4>:">*F84b &XBD@F. #X:("DF84 BD,(:,*. '. 10, No: 70, F. 2. )D"(@,& 1940 A,HXD. "E&,V,>" >4V,H"" D@<"> @H KD">F +<. E4:">B,. EB. ;:"* 8@@B,D"H@D, DJ$D48" ”7"8&@ *" R,H,<?” 13-14, F. 16. )J*,&F84 1978 MD4FH@. 1" >b8@4 @F@$,>@FH4 >" *@8J<,>H":>"H" $,:,HD4FH48" 2" ?F&@$@*4H,:>"H" DJF8@-HJDF8"H" &@6>". ?F&@$@0*,>4, >" #X:("D4b 4 :4H,D"HJD"H". E$@D>48 F 42F:,*&">4b. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 149-164. )J6R,& 1980 3&">. 3FH@D4R,F84 &DX284 <,0*J #X:("D4b 4 S&,P4b. E@L4b. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 38 (1263). )`D4T4> 1979 )4@>42. G,@D4b FD"&>4H,:\>@(@ 42JR,>4b :4H,D"HJDZ. A,D,&@* F@ F:@&"P8@(@. ;@F8&". 32*. "AD@(D,FF". +*4> <4: >" #X:("D4b (@FH. AD@L,F@D ;48@:" 2" $X:("DF8"H" >"J8". E@L4b. %-8 )>,&>48. 15. 02. 1918. +:4FHD"H@& 1994 %.E. C@FF4b 8"8 <4L. 7 &@BD@FJ @ FHDJ8HJD>@-<4L@:@(4R,F84N H,<"N &@FBD4bH4b C@FF44 1"B"*@<. % F$. ”C@FF4b 4 1"B"*.. )4":@( 8J:\HJD”. ;@F8&". 32*. ;'I, F. 6-18. /,R,& 1978 ;"D4>. #X:("D@-(DXP84 :4H,D"HJD>4 &DX284 4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b. AD@$:,<4 >" FD"&>4H,:>@H@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 166 - 178. /4D<J>F846 1939 %. !. %,F,:@&F846 =.(1838-1906). 32$D">>Z, FH"H\4. 9,>4>(D"*. /4D<J>F846 1961 %. AD@$:,<Z FD"&>4H,:\>@-4FH@D4R,F8@(@ 42JR,>4b :4H,D"HJD. ;@F8&". 32&,FH4b != EEEC, 19. 1:"H,& 1997 3&">. K4>:">*P4 & @F&@$@0*,>4,H@ >" #X:("D4b. E@L4b. #X:("DF84 &@4> 794, F. 14-15. 1:Z*>,& 1985 %. E@&,HF8@-$@:("DF84, :4H,D"HJD>Z, F&b24 (&H@D"b B@:@&4>" 30-N - >"R":@ 40-N (@*@&). ED"&>4H,:\>@-4FH@D4R,F8@, 42JR,>4, 4 H,@D,H4R,F84, &@BD@FZ D"2&4H4b F@&D,<,>>ZN :4H,D"HJD. != EEEC. 3>FH4HJH E:"&b>@&,*,>4b 4 $":8">4FH484. ;@F8&", 32*. "="J8"", F. 141 - 150. 1:Z*>,& 1997 %.3. AD@$:,<Z 4FH@D44 & 8J:\HJD, $@:("DF8@(@ %@2D@0*,>4b. % F$. 7J:\HJD" 4 4FH@D4b. E:"&b>F846 <4D. C!=. 3>FH4HJH E:"&b>@&,*,>4b 4 $":8">4FH484. ;@F8&". 32*. 3>*D48, F. 221-237. 1@$@& & 7,:"F\,& 1997 1@$@& C.!. & 7,:"F\,& %.=. E@P4":\>"b <4L@:@(4b C@FF44 4 BD@$:,<Z "*"BH"P44. E.-A,H,D$JD(F846 (@F. J>-H. 3&">@&" 1985" C"*@FH. ”7":,&":"” 4 $X:("DF84bH >"D@*,> ,B@F. E@L4b. #X:("DF84 L@:8:@D 3, F. 44-50. 3&">@&" 1985$ C"*@FH. ;,0*J>"D@*,> F4<B@24J< ”7":,&":"” 4 F&,H@&>4H, ,B@F4. E@L4b. #X:("DF84 L@:8:@D 3, F. 112-114. 3(@& 1991 E&,H:@2"D. 3FH@D4b >" $X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" (1878-1944). E@L4b. 32*. #!=. 32 4FH@D44 ^FH@>F8@-$@:("DF84N F&b2,6. 7 FH@:,H4` DJFF8@-HJD,P8@6 &@6>Z 1877-1878 (@*@&.. A@* D,*. "8. %. ;""<b(4. G"::4>. 1977. 3F"8@& 1969 E,D(,6. 32 4FH@D4bH" >" ,FH@>F8@-$X:("DF84H, :4H,D"HJD>4 &DX284. #X:("DF84 H,<4 & ,FH@>F8"H" :4H,D"HJD". E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 2, F. 21-32. 220 3F"8@& 1970 E,D(,6. 7X< $X:("D@-,FH@>F84H, :4H,D"HJD>4 @H>@T,>4b. E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 5, F. 45-54. 3F"8@& 1983 E,D(,6. _N"> %,:b@HF. +FH@>F84 D,&@:`P4@>,D & #X:("D4b. E@L4b. A"DH42*"H. 5@&@& 1936 ;. ;@,H@ B@0,:">4,. % 'D4(@D46 A,HD@&. % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. EJ@<4 - K4>:b>*4b. 10 42*. AD,&@* @H DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ).[4<4HXD] 3&">@& #@08@&. E BD,*(@&@D @H ;. 5@&@&. E@L4b. (AD4:. >" FB4F">4, "IR4:4V,> BD,(:,*", (@* 35), F. 5-6. 7":,&":" 1992. K4>F84 >"D@*,> ,B@F. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ =48@:@&. E@L4b. 32*. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. #4$:4@H,8" "E&,H@&>" 8:"F48"". 7"<$JD@& 1997 ',>R@. GD,H4 L4>F84 $"H":\@> B@:JR4 $@6>@H@ F4 8DXV,>4, BD4 F,:@ '@D>4 )X$>48. E@L4b. 1," <4D" 4 b2Z8. E.-A,H,D$JD(F846 (@F. J>-H, %@FH@R>Z6 L"8J:\H,H. 7"FF4D,D 1998" ]D>FH. G,N>48" B@:4H4R,F84N <4L@&. ;@F8&". Alma mater. %,FH>48 &ZFT,6 T8@:Z 9, F. 153-164. 7"FF4D,D 1998$ ]D>FH. 32$D">>@,. ?BZH @ R,:@&,8,. ;@F8&". 32*. ”'"D*"D48"”, (9484 8J:\HJDZ). 74D">@&" 1981 +&(,>4b. EJ@<4. E BD,*(. @H !F,> =,68@&. E@L4b. 32*. #1=E. 74T84> 1992 9.E. 94H,D"HJD>Z, F&b24. AD,*<,H, P,:4, BD@$:,<"H48" 4 <,H@*48" 42JR,>4b. ;@F8&". 7:4>(, 1990 ;"HH4. ?R,D8 4FH@D44 K4>:b>*44. 7,JDJ. 32*. ”?H"&"”. 7@&":.&" 1992 3. 3. EHDJ8HJD" 4 <,H@* ")4":,8H484 <4L"". ;@F8&". Arbor mundi. ;4D@&@, *D,&@. The World Tree 1, 146-150. 7@>,& 1966 3:4b. #X:("D@-FDX$F84 4 $X:("D@-NXD&"HF84 8>40@&>4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b. (;"H,D4":4 4 *@8J<,>H4). E@L4b. 32*. #!=. 7@>FH">H4>@& 1940 ',@D(4. K4>F8" 8>4(", BD,&,*,>" >" $X:("DF84 ,248. ”E&,V,>" >4V,H"” D@<"> @H KD. +<. E4:">B,. E@L4b, &-8 )>,F 48, F. 4. 7@F,& 1972 7@>FH">H4>. CJF8@-(,D<">F84H, @H>@T,>4b 4 @F&@$@0*,>4,H@ >" #X:("D4b. #X:("D@-(,D<">F84 @H>@T,>4b 4 &DX284. 32F:,*&">4b 4 <"H,D4":4.E@L4b. 32*. #!=, H. I, F. 35-70. 7@FH@&" 1979 +<4:4b. #X:("D@-(,D<">F84H, @H>@T,>4b & FX&D,<,>>"H" $X:("DF8" 4FH@D4@(D"L4b. #X:("D@-(,D<">F84 @H>@T,>4b 4 &DX284. 32F:,*&">4b 4 <"H,D4":4. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, G. I, F. 577-589. 7@^> 1997 EH4&,>. 7"D: A@BB,D 4 4*,b @H8DZH@(@ @$V,FH&". ;@F8&". Alma mater. %,FH>48 &ZFT,6 T8@:Z 6, F. 20-21. 7D"F>@& 1963 '. %. AD@$:,<" >"P4@>":\>@(@ N"D"8H,D" & DJFF8@6 4 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJD"N 60-N ((. XIX &. '@D\846. 7D"H8"b L4:@F@LF8"b ^>P48:@B,*4b. 1994. ;@F8&". AD@(D,FF. 7J:\HJD" 4 4FH@D4b. E:"&b>F846 <4D. 1997. C!=. 3>FH4HJH F:"&b>@&,*,>4b 4 $":8">4FH484. ;@F8&". 32*. 3>*D48. 7J:\HJD@:@(4b. MM &,8. 1995. !>H@:@(4b. ;@F8&". 32*. ”_D4FH”, (9484 8J:\HJDZ). 221 7J:\HJD@:@(4b. MM &,8. 1998. ]>P48:@B,*4b & *&JN H@<"N. EA$. 32*. I>4&,DF4H,HF8"b 8>4(". 9,24> 1906 !. K4>:b>*4b. ;@F8&". 9.2@& 1998 E,D(,6. ]D>FH 7"FF4D,D 4 L4:@F@L4b <4L". ;@F8&". Alma mater. %,FH>48 &ZFT,6 T8@:Z 9, F. 164-167. 9,R,& 1992 ),R8@. #,:,084 >" 42*"H,:b. %: 'D4(@D46 A,HD@& % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. K4>:">*4b. 11 42*. AD,&@* @H DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ). #@08@&. E BD,*(@&@D @H ),R8@ 9,R,&. SJ<,>. 32*"H,:F8" 8XV" "3:. C. #:XF"8@&". 9,R,& 2000 ),R8@. U"FH:4& 04&@H. %<,FH@ BD,*(@&@D. %: #@08@& )4>\@. EXBD48@F>@&,>4b F :4R>@FH4 >" *JN" 4 B,D@H@. EXFH., BD,*(@&@D 4 $,:,084 ),R8@ 9,R,&.E@L4b. I>4&. 42*. ”E&. 7:4<,>H ?ND4*F84”, F. 5-7. 94>*FH,H 1981 5@J8@. K4>:">*F8"H" $X:("D4FH48" BD,2 70-H, (@*4>4. #X:("D4FH4R>4 42F:,*&">4b. AXD&4 $X:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84 F4<B@24J< 24-30 F,BH,<&D4 1979 (. E@L4b. I>4&. "7:. ?ND4*F84", F. 316-317. 9@F,& 1998 !.K. G,@D4b <4L4R,F8@(@ <ZT:,>4b J 7"FF4D,D". %: 7"FF4D,D ]D>FH. 32$D">>@,. ?BZH @ R,:@&,8,. ;@F8&". 32*. "'"D*"D48"". (9484 8J:\HJDZ), F. 730-758. 9@F,& 1999 !.K. E"<@, F"<@. E@R4>,>4b. ;@F8&". 1!? "32*."]7E;?-AD,FF". 9JD\, 1997 E. %. 3FH@D4R,F8"b ^H>@:@(4b. EB$. 32*. ”!FB,8H BD,FF”. 9`:4>F84 1942 9`*<4:. E,:F84 B4F"H,: >@F4H,: >" =@$,:@&"H" BD,<4b KD. +<. E4:">B,. EB. ;:"* 8@@B,D"H@D 13-14, F. 12. ;""<b(4 1977 C.%. D,*. 32 4FH@D44 ^FH@>F8@-$@:("DF84N F&b2,6. 7 FH@:,H4` DJFF8@HJD,P8@6 &@6>Z 1877-1878 (@*@&. G"::4>. ;">\8@&F8"b 1970 '.9. 32*">4, 4 D"BD@FHD">,>4, B,D,&@*@& NJ*@0,FH&,>>@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 8"8 @*4> 42 L"8H@D@& D"2&4H4b >"P4@>":\>@6 8J:\HJDZ (>" <"H,D4":, !:$">44, #@:("D44, _(@F:"&44 F F,D,*4>Z XIX &,8" *@ 1944 (.). ;@F8&". ;"D4>@&" & 7@FH@&" 1981. =4>" ;"D4>@&" & G">b 7@FH@&". 1" $X:("D4FH48"H" & M@:">*4b. E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 3, F. 124-125. ;"D8@& 1973 ). K. %@BD@FZ H,@D44 4 <,H@*@:@(44 FD"&>4H,:\>@(@ 42JR,>4b F:"&b>F84N :4H,D"HJD. ED"&>4H,:\>@, 42JR,>4, F:"&b>F84N :4H,D"HJD. ;@F8&", c. 21-22. ;,:,H4>F846 1995 +. ;@F8&". A@^H48" <4L". 2-, 42*. D,BD. E,D4b ”3FF:,*@&">4b B@ L@:\8:@DJ 4 <@L@:@(44 %@FH@8"”. ;@F8&". ;48J,F 1899 #. K4>:">*4b 4 CJF4b (EB@<,> @H ,*>" >"JR>" @$48@:8"). #X:("DF84 BD,(:,*, (@*. 5, 9-10, F. 104-206. ;4>8@& 1939 E&,H@F:"&. +*>@ HXD0,FH&@ >" K4>:">*4b. KD">F +<4: E4:">B, - >@&4bH :"JD,"H >" =@$,:@&"H" BD,<4b 2" :4H,D"HJD". E@L4b. %-8 1@D" 6127, F. 6. ;4>8@& 1940 E&,H@F:"&. AD,*(@&@D. %: E4:">B,, KD">F +<4:. E&,V,>" >4V,H". C@<">. AD,&. @H LD. 3D4>" E@8,D@&". E@L4b. 32*. "M,<JF". 32$D">4 BD@42&,*,>4b 42 F&,H@&>"H" :4H,D"HJD". ;4>8@&" 1985 94:b>". CJF8"H" 8J:HJD" 8"H@ B@FD,*>48 & >,<F8@-$X:("DF84H, >"JR>4 4 :4H,D"HJD>4 &DX284 BD,2 %X2D"0*">,H@. #X:("D@->,<F84 :4H,D"HJD>4 4 8J:HJD>4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b BD,2 XVIII 4 XIX &,8. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 242-256. ;4LZ >"D@*@& <4D". 1982. ]>P48:@B,*4b & *&JN H@<"N. ;@F8&". 222 ;4N"6:@&" 1980 +8"H,D4>". GJDP42<4H, & D@<">" >" 3&. %"2@& "A@* 4(@H@" 4 @HD"0,>4,H@ 4< & BD,&@*" >" D@<">" >" DJF84 ,248. E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD", 6. ;4T4> 1988 !. 3. AJH,T,FH&4, & ”7":,&":J”. ;@<R4:@& 1988 7. #X:("DF84 (@FH4 >" G@:FH@6. E@L4b. ?H,R,FH&@ 9, F. 29-31. =,8D"F@& 1993 '. !. GZFbR" :,H DJFF8@-T&,*F8@-L4>F84N 8J:\HJD>ZN F&b2,6 IX-XVIII &&. 32*. ”="J8"”. =,>@& 1928 =. K4>F8" :4H,D"HJD". [E@L4b] %-8 94H,D"HJD>4 >@&4>4 33, F. 2. =48@:",>8@ 1997 %.%. K@D<4D@&">4, >"P4@>":\>@(@ 8J:\H" & $@:("DF8@6 8J:\HJD, DJ$,0" XIX-XX &,8@&. 7J:\HJD" 4 4FH@D4b. E:"&b>F846 <4D. C!=. 3>FH4HJH F:"&b>@&,*,>4b 4 $":8">4FH484. ;@F8&". 32*. 3>*D48, F. 238-249. =48@:@& =4>@ F<. H"80, Nikolov, Nino. =48@:@& 1994 =4>@. 'JF:" @H 8@FH >" VJ8". E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 12 F. 8. =4R,& 1978 #@b>. ED"&>4H,:>@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4, 4 >"P4@>":>4 :4H,D"HJD4. AD@$:,<4 >" FD"&>4H,:>@H@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 31-45. =@&48@&" 1997 3. =. ',D<">4b 4 BD@$:,<" L4>:b>*F8@6 >,2"&4F4<@FH4 (1914 - 1916). %,FH>48 E">8H-A,H,D$JD(F8@(@ J>4&,DF4H,H", E,D. 2, &ZB. 1 (No: 2), F. 108-112. =JD40"> 1940 /@D0. AD4bH,:4 >" #X:("D4b. E@L4b. ?F&@$@0*,>4, >" #X:("D4b 4 :4H,D"HJD"H". E$@D>48 F 42F:,*&">4b. 1978. E@L4b. 32*. #!=. A"4F46 M4:,>*"DF84 1972. E:"&b>@-$X:("DF8" 4FH@D4b. E@L4b. A,>8@&" 1981 A4D4>8". #X:("D4FH48" & )">4b. #X:("D4FH4R>4 42F:,*&">4b. AXD&4 $X:("D@-F8">*4>"&F84 F4<B@24J< 24-30 F,BH,<&D4 1979 (. E@L4b. I>4&. "7:. ?ND4*F84" F. 316-317. A,D, 1940 /">-9J4. AD,*(@&@D. %: E4:">B,,, KD">F +<4: ”E&,V,>" >4V,H"”. C@<">. AD,&@* @H LD,>F84 +:4F"&,H" 74DR,&". E@L4b. #4$:4@H,8" ”E&,H@&>4 "&H@D4”. 1>"<,>4H4 FX&D,<,>4 D@<">4. '@*. 11, 8>. 8. A,F@>,> 1995 A,88". ? L4>F8@6 F:"&4FH48,. ;@F8&". =@&@, :4H,D"HJD>@, @$@2D,>4, 12, F. 226-237. A,H8">@& 1981 3&">. 3H":4">F84bH $X:("D4FH 9J4*04 E":&4>4. E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 1, F. 63-68. A,HD@& 1936 'D4(@D46. % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. EJ@<4 - K4>:">*4b. 10 42*. AD,&@* @H DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ).[4<4HXD] 3&">@& #@08@&. E BD,*(@&@D @H ;. 5@&@&. E@L4b. 231 F. (AD4:. >" FB4F">4, "IR4:4V,> BD,(:,*", (@* 35). A,HD@& 1992 'D4(@D46. % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. EJ@<4 - K4>:">*4b. 11 42*. AD,&@* @H DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ). #@08@&. E BD,*(@&@D @H ),R8@ 9,R,&. SJ<,>. 32*"H,:F8" 8XV" "3:. C. #:XF"8@&". A,HD@& 1902 '.[D4(@D46], F&bV. +&">(,:4, 8"8 @F>@&" 042>4. 7 42*. $,2 B,D,<,>. A,HD@& 1911 'D.[4(@D46]. 1"8@>R,>>Z6 8DJ(. A"<bH4 9\&" =48@:",&4R" G@:FH@(@. 28 "&(. 1828 (. - 7-(@ >@b$Db 1910 (. A#', 32*. #4$:4@H,R8" ”7@B,68"”. A,HD@& 1926 'D4(@D46. 7X< $X:("DF8" <:"*,0. (A@F:,*>@ B4F<@ 4 2"&,H). AD,&@* @H DX8@B4F" ). #@08@&. E@L4b. A,HD@& 1908 ['D4(@D46]. A4F\<@ F&bV,>>48" 'D4(@D4b A,HD@&" <4HD@B@:4HJ !>H@>4`. EA#. 32*. "AD"&*"". 223 A,HD@& 1929 'D4(@D46. CJF4b 4 #X:("D4b. GD"(,*4bH" >" CJF4b, 8"8 <@0, *" F, 42*4(>, ,*4> >"D@* 4 *" F, >"BD"&4 $:"(@D@*,>, >" $X:("DF8@H@ F,:F8@ >"F,:,>4,. AD,&. @H DX8@B4F" ). #@08@&. E@L4b. "="BD,*". A,HD@& 1910 '.E. EHD">" $@:@H. (K4>:b>*F84, &B,R"H:,>4b). ;@F8&". [A,HD@& 1928] #D"H@&">@& EH. ”% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44” >" HJDF84. 1>"<, 103. [A,HD@& 1925] ”% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44”. A@*J,>F84 (:"F 16. [A,HD@& 1925] 7@B4>"D@& '.!. +*>" P,>>" 8>4(". A:@&*4&. %-8 ”#@D$"” 1283. [A,HD@& 2001] ;,>*,:,,&, !.'. E&bV,>>48 4 BJ$:4P4FH 'D4(@D46 A,HD@&. /42>\ ("2,HZ ”CJFF8@, F:@&@”: 42*"H,:\, F@HDJ*>484. ;@F8&". F. 79-103. [A,HD@& 1902] AD,@$D"0,>F846 3.%. =@&Z6 4 HD"*4P4@>>Z6 @D"H@DZ: @@. 'D4(@D46 A,HD@& 4 3@"> E,D(4,&, 7D@>TH"*HF846. EA#. [A,HD@& 1907] CJ-@& !. %. (F@FH.) E&bV,>>48 '. E. A,HD@&, R:,> '@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6 )J<Z. #4@(D"L4b 4 4FH@D4b FFZ:84 & <@>"FHZD\. E B@DHD,H@< 4 &4*"<4 Q,D,<,>,P8@(@ <@>"FHZDb. ;@F8&". [A,HD@& 1996] K4DF@& E. 9. E&bV,>>48 'D4(@D46 EB4D4*@>@&4R A,HD@&. % F$. C@FF46F8"b 4>H,::4(,>P4b >" 4FH@D4R,F8@< B,D,:@<,. A,D&"b HD,H\ MM &,8". G,24FZ *@8:"*@& 4 F@@$V,>46 >"JR>@6 8@>L,D,>P44 19-20 <"DH" 1996 (. EB$., F. 211. [A,HD@& 1925] M4D\b8@& !. '.E. A,HD@&. CJFF8"b <ZF:\. A"D40. [A,HD@& 1925] Q">8@&, /. 'D. A,HD@& ”% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44”. E@L4b. IR4H,:F84 &,FH>48 6. [A,HD@& 1925] Q4:4>(4D@& EH4:4b>. C,P,>24b. ”% FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44” @H 'D4(@D4 A,HD@&. AD,&@* @H DX8@B4F" 4 BD,*(@&@D @H ). #@08@&. %-8 ”7"2">:ZT8" 4F8D"”, (@*. 1, No: 3, F. 3. [A,HD@& 1927] _DJ8@& ). %. 'D4(@D46 A,HD@&. 94R>@FHH" 4 *,:@H@. 7D4H4R,F84 @R,D8. E@L4b. 32*. ”A@FD,*>48”. A,HD@& '.E F<. H"80, Petrov, G. A:"H@>@& 2001 _.A. ]H>4R,F8"b BF4N@:@(4b. ”C,R\” EA$. A@B4&">@& 1980 3&">. A,>R@ E:"&,68@& 4 S">*@D A,H\@L4. #X:("D@-J>("DF84 8J:HJD>4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 400-426. A@B@&F846 1983 ;"D8. CJFF84, <J0484 D"FF8"2Z&"`H. A@F:,*@&"H,:4 9.=. G@:FH@(@ & E@&,HF8@< E@`2, 1918-1977. )@8J<,>H":\>Z6 D"FF8"2 @ 8D,FH\b>"N-H@:FH@&P"N & EEEC B@ <"H,D4":"< &Z&,2,>>@(@ >" 1"B"* 8D,FH\b>F8@(@ "DN4&".London. OPI. A@BB,D 1997 7"D:. ;"(4b <4L". ;@F8&".Alma mater. %,FH>48 &ZFT,6 T8@:Z 8, F.22-24. A@D@R84>" 1983 3. ;@F8&". 9,& G@:FH@6 4 F:"&b>F84, >"D@*Z. 94H,D"HJD>@-^FH,H4R,F84, 4 F@P4":\>@-L4:@F@LF84, &2"4<@F&b24 &H@D@6 B@:@&4>Z XIX - >"R":" XX &,8". 32*. 9,>4(D"*F8@(@ J>-H". A@N:,$84> 1974 %.%. K4>:b>*4b. ;@F8&". 32*. ”;ZF:\”. A@N:,$84> 1975 %.%. EEEC - K4>:b>*4b. 260 :,H @H>@T,>46 1713-1973. ;@F8&". AD@$:,<4 >" FD"&>4H,:>@H@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. 1978. E@L4b. 32*. #!=. Ab6&bD4>, 1995 E"D4. K4>:">*F8"H" :4H,D"HJD". E@L4b. ?DL,6 - Orfeus 2, F. 81-83. C"*@>@& 1979 1*D"&8@. %DX284 <,0*J $X:("DF84 4 (,D<">F84 JR,>4 4 <J2,4 (1878-1944 (.). #X:("D@-(,D<">F84 @H>@T,>4b 4 &DX284. 32F:,*&">4b 4 <"H,D4":4. G. II. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 305-326. 224 C"8@T4 1980 '"$@D. #X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" & I>("D4b. #X:("D@-J>("DF84 8J:HJD>4 &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 391-399. C,R>48 >" $X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" & 3 H@<". #!=. 3>FH4HJH 2" :4H,D"HJD". E@L4b. GH. 1-2. 1976-1977. C,R>48 B@ >@&" $X:("DF8" :4H,D"HJD". #4$:4@(D"L4b.1878-1992. ':. D,*. ;"(*":,>" S4T8@&". E@L4b. 32*. ”M,<JF”. C@FF4b 4 1"B"*. )4":@( 8J:\HJD. 1994, ;'I. CJF,& 1978 CJF4. AD@>48&">,H@ >" ">(:46F8"H" :4H,D"HJD" & #X:("D4b BD,2 XIX 4 & >"R":@H@ >" XX &. AD@$:,<4 >" FD"&>4H,:>@H@ :4H,D"HJD@2>">4,. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 192-206. CJF84b P"D42X< 4 "K4>:">*4b". 1898. #X:("DF84 BD,(:,*, (@*. 1, No: 20, F. 2-9. E&,H:@<4D@& 1967 ). O. K4>:">*4b 4 *,:@H@ >" <4D". E@L4b. "%,R,D>4 >@&4>4" 4781, F. 3. E4$,D( 1980 94:4b. #X:("D4FH48"H" &X& K4>:">*4b. E@L4b. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 43 (1268), s. 4. E8@D@N@*@&" 1934-35 ;"D4b. MD4FH@ )@F,& & CJF4b. %X2D"0*">, 24, F. 4-8. E:"&bF84H, :4H,D"HJD4 & #X:("D4b. AD@$:,<4 >" D,P,BP4bH". 1988. 32*. "7:4<,>H ?ND4*F84". E@LD@>46 %D"R">F846 1976. /42>,@B4F">4,. != EEEC. 94H,D"HJD>Z, B"<bH>484. 9,>4>(D"*. ”="J8"”. E:@&"D\ F@&D,<,>>@(@ DJFF8@(@ :4H,D"HJD>@(@ b2Z8". 1965. ;@F8&". != EEEC. 3>FH4HJH DJFF8@(@ b2Z8", H. 17. G"N@& 1995 C@F,>. #">*4H4H, $,F,>4 BJ$:4R>@ BD,2 1880 (. K4>:">*,P :48&4*4D" @D(">424D">"H" BD,FHXB>@FH & #X:("D4b 2" 6 <,F,P". 24 R"F" 27, F. 34. G4N<,>,&" 1998 G.E. ”%<,FH@ 8@<<,>H"D4,&”. %: K4>F846 ":\$@<: 42 DJFF8@6 B@^244 >"R":" XIX - >"R":" XX &,8". E@FH"&4H,:\ G.E. G4N<,>,&". _&bF8`:b. G@8"D,& &: ;,:,H4>F846 1982 G@8"D,& E. !. & ;,:,H4>F846 +. ;. ;4L@:@(4b. ;4L@:@(4b >"D@*@& <4D". ]>P48:@B,*4b & *&JN H@<"N. ;@F8&". G. 1, F. 11-20. G@B@D@& 1982" %. =. ;@*,:\ <4D". ;4L@:@(4b >"D@*@& <4D". ]>P48:@B,*4b & *&JN H@<"N. ;@F8&". G. 2, F. 161-164. G@B@D@& 1982$ %. =. 3FH@D4b 4 <4L. ;4L@:@(4b >"D@*@& <4D". ]>P48:@B,*4b & *&JN H@<"N. ;@F8&". G. 1, F. 572-674. K! 1998 = K4>F846 ":\$@<: 42 DJFF8@6 B@^244 >"R":" XIX - >"R":" XX &,8". E@FH"&4H,:\ 4 "&H@D ”%<,FH@ 8@<<,>H"D4,&” G.E. G4N<,>,&". _&bF8`:b. K4>:">*4b F:,* ,*>" (@*4>" &@6>" FD,VJ EEEC. 1942. “;4D”. '@*. 48, 12554. K:@D," 1978 C@*,8". #,:,084, FB@<,>4, 2"B4F84 4 B4F<" >" DJ<X>F84 $@6P4, JR"FH&J&":4 & CJF8@-HJDF8"H" &@6>" BD,2 1877-1878 (. %: ?F&@$@0*,>4, >" #X:("D4b 4 :4H,D"HJD"H". E$@D>48 F 42F:,*&">4b. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 297-310. MJ:H 1981 !D>,. #X:("D4FH48" & S&,P4b. #X:("D4FH4R>4 42F:,*&">4b. AXD&4 $X:("D@F8">*4>"&F84 F4<B@24J< 24-30 F,BH,<&D4 1979 (. E@L4b. 32*. "7:. ?ND4*F84", F. 303-306. M`D8b>,> 1972 _. "=b8@4 >"$:`*,>4b &XDNJ BD,&@*4H, >" D@<">" "A@* 4(@H@" >" L4>:">*F84 ,248". E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD" 3, 70-74. 225 O">,& 1936 ',@D(4. #"6 '">\@ 4 N"D"8H,D@:@(4bH" >" $X:("D4>". %: AD@$:,<4 >" H,@D4bH" 4 4FH@D4bH" >" :4H,D"HJD"H". E$@D>48 & R,FH >" 70-(@*4T>"H" >" A">H,:,6 1"D,&. E@L4b. 32*. #!=. 1984, F. 136-150. O">,& 1978 ',@D(4. C"2&@6 >" 0">D@&,H, & $X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" BD,2 80-H, (@*4>4 (1878-1890). ?F&@$@0*,>4, >" #X:("D4b 4 :4H,D"HJD"H". E$@D>48 F 42F:,*&">4b. E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 9-32. O">,& 1921 3&. !D&4* +D>,L,:*. #JD("F. %X2D"0*">,, F. 173-181. O">,& 1920 3&. ="R,>84 >" ,*>@ :4H,D"HJD>@ H,R,>4,. #JD("F. EB. %X2D"0*">, 6, F. 177185. O">,&" 1988 ;4:,>". #X:("DF8"H" :4H,D"HJD" F:,* @F&@$@0*,>4,H@ (1878). EX&D,<,>>" $X:("DF8" :4H,D"HJD". )@8:"*4. 12. %H@D4 <,0*J>"D@*>4 8@>(D,F B@ $X:("D4FH8" (23.5. - 3.6.1986). E@L4b. 32*. #!=, F. 15-24. O">,&" 1992 ;4:,>". 3&"> %"2@& 4 5@N"> 9J*&4( CJ>,$,D(. E@L4b. +248 4 :4H,D"HJD", 1, 18-25. O@>,& 1896 #,>\@. AD,*(@&@D. 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C4$,D( 1989 94:4b . ”=@$,:,&F846 :"JD,"H KD">F +<4: E4::">B, & #@:("D44” )@8:"* >" IV $@:("DF8@-F8">*4>"&F8@< F4<B@24J<, B@ $@:("D4FH48, 16-23.6.1989 Mb<,,>:4>>". E4$,D( 1989 94:4b. "%@2>48>@&,>4, @*>@(@ >"P4@>":\>@(@ <4L"" (=" BD4<,D, #@:("D44 4 K4>:b>*44). )@8:"* >" XI ;,0*J>"D@*>@< FX,2*, F:"&4FH@& 27.8.- 12.9. 1993 (. #D"H4F:"&". ()@8:"* *,B@>4D@&"> & '@FJ*"DFH&,>>@6 $4$:4@H,8, & AD"(,) E4$,D( 2000 94:4b. K4>F846 <4L & #@:("D44. 7J:\HJD>Z, 4 :4H,D"HJD>Z, &2"4<@@H>@T,>4b <,0*J #@:("D4,6 4 K4>:b>*4,6 *@ 1945 (@*". 94P,>P4"HF8"b D"$@H". I>4&,DF4H,H _&bF8`:b. 7"L,*D" DJFF8@(@ b2Z8". Aulamo 1987 Sirpa. Japanin kaunokirjallisuuden käännökset ja kääntäjät Suomessa sekä huomioita käännöstyöstä. Kirjallisuuden pro gradu työ. Jyväskylän yliopisto. Kirjallisuuden laitos. Monisteita 34. Hiisivaara-Hela 1983 Marjatta. Kosk’ riidat Turkki aloittaa, se kaadetaan. Arkkiveisut Turkin sodasta 1877-1878. Laudaturtyö. Tampereen yliopisto. Kotimaisen kirjallisuuden laitos. Holma 1986 Aulikki. 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Nikolov 1992 Nino. Kalevala - varjeltunutta ihmisen hellyyttä. Pääsiäisenä 1992. Suomentanut Tarmo Manelius, esitetty Jyväskylässä 2.3.1993. Siiberg 1982 Liilia. Kääntämisen taito. E. Bagrjanan ”A@H@<8"H"” ”Jälkeläinen” Pertti Valtakarin kääntämänä. EH@H4>8" 2, F. 6-7. Toshkov 1974 Veselin. Ivan Vazovin romaani ”Pod igoto” ja Tyyni Leision suomennos tyylivertailuja. Laudaturtutkielma prof. Virtarannan johdolla. Vastinesluoma 1999 Carita Mirjami. CJFF84, B">F:"&4FHZ 4 &@FH@R>Z6 &@BD@F - E,D$4b 4 #@:("D4b & B:">"N DJFF84N B">F:"&4FH@&. Pro-gradu tutkielma. Venäjän kieli ja kirjallisuus. Helsingin yliopisto. Valtšev 1989 Georgi. ”Suomalais-bulgarialaisia kulttuurisuhteita” Esitelmä seminaarissa Suomi ja Euroopan kansat 24.05.1989. Jyväskylä. !DN4&>Z, <"H,D4":Z 1. VA Valtion Arkisto - '@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z6 "DN4& K4>:b>*44 % B"B8, 43 Maila Talvio *&" B4F\<" @H Dimo Boikliev: 30.5.1939, 9.6.1939, 4 8@B4b ,(@ B4F\<" 8 <4>4FHDJ Uuno Hannula: 9.6.1939. % B"B8, J.J. Mikkola ND">4HFb B,D,B4F8" F S4T<">@&Z<4. 2. SKS:n arkisto - !DN4& K4>F8@(@ :4H,D"HJD>@(@ @$V,FH&" % "DN4&, Arvid Järnefelt ND">4HFb ,(@ B,D,B4F8" F $@:("D"<4 +. ',@D(4,&Z<, 3. O">,&Z<. #. '`*`:,&Z< 4 C"68@&Z<. ;"H,D4":Z B,D,&@*R48" T. Ma>,:4JF" *@ 1993 (. !#!= !DN4& >" #X:("DF8" !8"*,<4b >" >"J84H, 3>&. 3085 BD@L. %. 1:"H"DF84: 1. ?HB,R"HX8 @H 0JD>":" >" K4>>@-J(@DF8@H@ @$V,FH&@, 30, 1914 M,:24>(L@DF. CX8@B4F "MD@>@:@(4bH" >" HJD84H, BD4*J>"&F84 $X:("D4 @H 5. ;488@:"", F. 38 4 H"$:4P" "MD@>@:@(4bH" >" FH"D4H, $X:("DF84 N">@&,. 2. K@>* 9. !DN. ,*. 9.1692, 9.1708, 9.1713, 9.1714, 9.1911, 9.2224, 9.1715, 2. 9 1924, 9.8.1924, 9.2265, 9.2488 B,D,B4F8" %. 1:"H"DF8@(@ F ;488@:@6. 3. 236 3>&. 154, @B4F 1, !DN. ,*. 665 A4F\<@ ;4888@:Z 8 EH. ;:"*,>@&J F D,8@<,>*"P4,6 *:b E. !>8,D4b 22. 7. 1938 (. 4. (!;&X>D) !DN4& ;4>4FH,DFH&" >" &X>T>4H, D"$@H4 L@>* 176 @B. 18, ".,. 834, 28249. )@F\, !. 5. S4T<">@&" :. 1, 2, 4, 9, 19, 35, 60, 63, 65, 73, 74, 75, 81, 82 5. O)! O,>HD":,> *XD0"&,> "DN4& L@>* 177 @B. 2 ".,. 888 ]H>@(D"LF8" 42:@0$". 6. O)3! O,>HD":,> )XD0"&,> 4FH@D4R,F84 "DN4& K@>* 1027, @B4F 1, "DN. ,*. 16 #X:("DF84 +&">(,:F84 &X2*,D0"H,:,> FX`2. %N@*bV4 B4F<" BD,2 1931 - 1932. EH"H4FH4R,F84, @HR.HZ @$ JB@HD,$:,>44 ":8@(@:b & 42*">44 "Bureau International contre L" alcogolisme. Bulletin de presse" Lausanne. No 23 "La prohibition in Finlande". K@>* 713, @B4F 1, "DN. ,*. 41 A,D,B4F8" B@ B@&@*J JR"FH4b & @D(">42J`V,<Fb & M,:\F4>84 30.7. - 4. 8. 1939 (. "EX$@D BD@H4& ":8@N@:42<"" <,0*J CJF,>@< C"*8@&Z< ()4D,8H@D >" "="D@*>@H@ 2*D"&,") 4 M"D:"<B4 =,6R,&Z< F BD,*F,*"H,:,< >" EX`2" >" $@D$" BD@H4& ":8@N@:42<" & K4>:b>*44 a:<"D@< '"FHD,>@< (Jalmar Gastren) K@>* 108, @B4F 2 "DN. ,*. 1588. A"B84 Q4:4>(4D@&" EH4:4b>": 1. EHJ*4b &XDNJ L4>:">*F8"H" :4H,D"HJD" @H C,<F*,> '. & BD,&@* >" 9(`$,>) )4<4HD@&. 2. 38 :4FH@& $4$:4@(D"L4R,F84N 2"<,H@8 4 &ZD,2@8 42 ("2,H @ L4>F8@6 B@^244 4 :4H,D"HJD,: A. A,6&,D4>H", !:84@, ;"DH4 9"D>4, G. ;">,:4JF, M. G48">,> 4 5. CJ>,$,D( (1966 -1972). K@>* 108, @B4F 2 "DN. ,*. 1589, 23 :4FH" FH"H,6 D"2>ZN "&H@D@& @ K4>:b>*44. 7. ADN4& >" ="D@*>" $4$:4@H,8" ”7:4<,>H ?ND4*F84” K@>* 264 ".,.1, 4. A,D,B4F8" ). #@`8:4,&" 4 /. =JD40">". 237 Финская литература, переведённая на болгарский язык и статьи о ней до 1945 года ФИНСКАЯ НАРОДНАЯ СКАЗКА Пересказал по-болгарски Владимир Рангелов. Горският великан. Финландска народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. Печ. Добринов. 1935. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 17. Замъкът на съкровищата. Финландска. народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. 1937. 15 с. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 104. Конникът без глава. Финландска народна приказка. София. 1935. 15 с. Библиотека «Имало едно време» 3. Конникът без глава. Медната царкиня. Финландска народна приказка. Приказки от цял свет. София. Книгоизд. «Лотос». 1930. 112 с. Метларя и царя. Финландска приказка. Превод В. Сарживанов. София. 1932. Приказки от цял свет 7. Смелият княз. Финландска народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. 1937. 16 с. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 89. Феята от синия извор. Финландска народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. 1936. 8 с. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 29. Хвърковатият кон [Конникът без глава]. Финландска народна приказка. София. Изд. авт. 1938. 14 с. Библиотека «Детско другарче» 129. АЛКИО Сантери Баща им в Америка. Превод от немски. София. Сп. Ново време 1897:8, с. 844848. АХО Юхани Дървото на нечистата съвест. Разказ. Превод Ив. Георгиев. Пловдив. В-к Южна България 1909:21, с. 2. Женитба. Разказ. Превод A. Вълаков (П. Бакалов). София. Сп. Българска сбирка 1898:3, с. 280-283. Заселище. Разказ. В-к Вести 1903:6, с. 3-5. Малки и големи. Фейлетон. Превод Ив. O-ев. Сп. Възраждане 1929:2, с. 36-38. Поселище. Разказ. Превод Н. Ненов. София. В-к Литературни новини 1927:33, с. 1-2. Ти гасиш - аз запалвам. Разказ. Превод Ив. O-ев. Сп. Възраждане 1929:8, с. 24024З. [Ахо Юхани]Ненов Н. Финска литература. В-к Литературни новини 1928: 33, с. 2. ГЕБХАРТ Ганнес Защо е по-къс Малък Сечко. Превод от немски Иван Кръстев. София. Изд. Ал. Паскалев. [1918]. В сб. Слънчеви лъчи. Книжки за деца с картинки 3. ГЕБХАРТ Ганнес & ТРЕЙБЛ, В Доклад на положението на българското кооперативно дело. София. 15 октомври 1931. 17 уuni 1931. Приложени към «Известия на Българска Централна Кооперативна Банка». 1931:6. ЕРНЕФЕЛТ Арвид см. ЯРНЕФЕЛЬТ Арвид [ЙОТУНИ Мария] Съобщение за смъртта и. София. В-к Слово 1943:6339. Съобщение за смъртта и. София. В-к Литературен глас 1943:611. 238 ЛИНАНКОСКИ Ёханес Песен за червеното цвете. Превод от френски Мария Орлинова. София. Изд. Ст. Атанасов 1943, с. 274 - Библиотека «Златни зърна» год. 8, кн. 4. Песен за любовта. Финландски роман. Превод от френски Ник. Шивачев. В-к Дневник 1943 бр. 13072-13109. Библиотека на в-к “Дневник”. Целувката. София. В-к Дневник 1925:7670. Целувката. София. Вестник на жената 1937:704. Усмивката. София. В-к Дневник 1925:7676. Усмивката. София. Илюстрована седмица 1925:142. Усмивката. София. В-к Глобус 1928: 31. Усмивката. София. Народен театър 1935:44. Усмивката. София. Вестник на жената 1937:706. Усмивката. В-к Дъга 1942: 466. ПЕЙВЕРИНТ Арви Само една детска болест... Разказ на ... [1941]. «За това няма да ни отрежат главата я!” 3. ПЕЙВЕРИНТА Петер [Пайваринта. Пиетари] Изгубен живот. Превод Б.Ц. София. Сп. Български преглед 1896:3, с. 2-32. Изгубен живот. Превод от немски Б. Цонев. Битоля. Българско неделно училище. Книжки на Битолско неделно училище 1896:5. 63 с. Изгубен живот. Повест. Превод К. И. Л. София. Изд. Ст. Атанасов. 1909. 37 с. Библиотека за самообразование 5. Изгубен живот. Превод К. И. Л. София. Изд. Ст. Атанасов. 1917. 54 с. Библиотека «Цвят» 4. Изгубен живот. Изповед на един пияница. Повест. Превод Мария Ненова. София. Изд. Ив. Куюмджиев. «Борба с пиянството» кн. 6, 1928, с. 48. Мати сиромахът. Разказ. Превод Т. Маринов. В антология “Без маска”. София. 1934, с. 75-93. Петю и Ханка. Приказка. Превод Беньо Цонев. Сп. Български преглед. 1896:910, с. 132-154. Старата сиромахкиня. Разказ. Сп. Православен проповедник 1896:1, с. 3-13. Старата сиромахкиня. Силистра. В-к Добруджа 1901:13, с. 2-3. Спътник. Статия. Сп. Възраждане 1925:9, с. 270-278. [Пяйвяринта Пиетари] Излезе от печат книгата «Изгубен живот». Съобщение. В-к Книжрска дума. Варна 1928:19, с. 2. РУНЕБЕРГ Иохан-Лудвиг Възпоминани. [Припомням и аз днес…]. Превод Иван Арнаудов. София. Сп. Българска сбирка год. 9, 1902 от 1 май, с. 308-309. САЛМИНЕН Сали [Салли] Катерина. Роман. Превод от шведски оригинал Александър Шишманов. София. Печ. Бр. Миладинови. «Знаменити романи» поредица 1:1. 1943. 456 с. СЕТЕЛЕ Хелми Детето на скръбта. Повест. Превод Ат. Радев. Ямбол. Книж. «Просвета» 1912. 74 с. Худож. библиотека 4. 2 изд. София. Изд. «Знание» [1914-1915] Универс. библиотека №№ 327-329. Детето на скръбта. Финландски роман. София. Изд. и печ. Гутенберг. 1918. 84 с. Модерна Библиотека №№109-111. СИЛАНПЕЕ Франс Емил [СИЛЛАНПЯ Франс Емил] Зимна нощ в Финландия. Отрывок. В-к Победа 1933:163, с. 4. 239 “Свещена нищета“. Роман. С предговор от Жан-Луи Пере. Превод от фр. Елисавета Кирчева. София. 1940. 140 с. Библиотека «Световни автори» (Знаменити съвремени романи), год. 11, кн. 8. “Свещена нищета“. Роман. Превод от фр. Ирина Сокерова. С предговор от Светослав Минков. София. Изд. Хемус. 1930. 228 с. Худож. библиотека «Избрани произведения из световната литература». “Силя или една кратка съдба”. Превод Лукса Данаилова. София. 1941. 264 с. Библиотека «Знаменити романи», год. 1, кн. 3. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Бабев. Дим. Нобелевата награда за литература. София. 1939. Сп. Училищен преглед год. 37, с. 1252-1253. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Богданов. А. Рецензия на Франс Ем. Силанпе “Свещена нищета“. Превод от фр. Ирина Сокерова. София. Изд. Хемус. Сп. Читалище, год. 19, 1940:7-8, с. 253-254. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Драгоев. Петър “Свещена нищета“ роман от Франс Ем. Силанпе Сп. Млад кооператор, рубрика «Какво да четем?" 1940:13-14, с. 16. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Излезе от печат книга “Свещена нищета“ Съобщение. Варна. В-к Книжарска дума 1940:161, с. 4. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Константинов Георги. Финска книга преведена на български език. “Свещена нищета“роман от Фр. Ем. Силанпе. София. В-к Днес 1940:48, с. 4. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Люлински Людмил. Селски писател носител на Нобеловата премия Фр. Ем. Силанпе. Сп. Млад кооператор 1942:13-14, с. 1-2. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Минков Светослав. Едно тържество на Финландия. Франс Емил Силанпе - новият лауреат на Нобеловата премия за литература. София. В-к Зора 1939:6127, с. 6. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Нобеловата премия на литература. (Снимка с бележка под нея). Съобщение. Пловдив. В-к Борба 1939:5565, с. 1. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Нобеловата премия и телеграми между Шведската Академия и Франс Емил Силанпе. Съобщение. София. В-к Вечер 1939:29, с.1. [Силанпе. Франс Емил] Нови лауреати на Нобеловата премия. В-к Вчера и днес 1939:29. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Нобеловата премия на Франс Емил Силанпе. Съобщение. София. В-к Вчера и днес 1939:36, с. 3. [Силанпе Франс Емил. ] Нобеловата премия на Франс Емил Силанпе (с фото) Съобщение. София. В-к Зора 1939:6126, с. 6. [Силанпе Франс Емил] “Свещена нищета“ роман от Франс Ем. Силанпе (Без подпис). В-к Казанлышка искра 1940:379, с. 3. [Силанпе Франс Емил] Селски писател… Съобщение. София. В-к Подем 1939:154, с. 1. [Силанпе Франс Емил] За коя книга е дадена последната Нобеловата награда. В-к Зора 1942: 6875. СИЛАНПЕ Сикор. Злата планина. (Лапландски разказ) В-к Зора 1943: 6972. ТАЛВИО Маила Любов. Роман. Превод от шведски Ал. Шишманов. София. Изд. Просвещение. 1942. 195 с. Универс. библиотека 7-9. ТОПЕЛИУС Закариас Сампо Лапландчето. Приказка. София. Изд. Ал. Паскалев. [1918]. В сб. Слънчеви лъчи. Книжки за деца с картинки 2, 24 с. 240 ШИЛДТ Рюнар Капризите на любовта. Повест. Превод от шведски Ал. Шишманов. София. Изд. Просвещение. 1942. Универс. библиотека 1. ЯРНЕФЕЛЬТ Арвид В царството на безмълвието и мрака. Приказка. Превод И-ов. София. Възраждане 1934:7, с. 201-203. Деца на светлината и на щастието. Превод П.Г.П. Бургас. Възраждане 192З:6, с. 171-173. Смърт. Пиеска. Превод от немски Н. Желев. Бургас. Възраждане 1914:6, с. 816. Тит, разрушителят на Ерусалим. Драма в 5 дейст. Превод Цв. Маринов. София. Изд. Хемус. 1918. 96 с. Универс. библиотека, 16. Три съдби. Повест. Превод д-р Л. Аджаров. София. Кооп. д-во Възраждане 1932:205. 83 с. Чеда на земята. Разказ. Превод Ив. В-в. София. Възраждане 1934. 139 с. [Ярнефельт Арвид] Цанев Ив. Арвид Ернефелд. Бургас. Възраждане 1921:6, с. 173-181. [Ярнефельт Арвид] Цанев Ив. Наченки на едно литературно течение. Бургас. Сп. Възраждане 1920:6, с. 177-185. [Ярнефельт Арвид] Ненов Н. Финската литература. София. В-к Литературни новини 1928, год. 1:33, с. 2. [Ярнефельт Арвид] Наживин Иван. Финландски писател Арвид Ернефелд. София. В-к Свобода 1929:268, с. 3. Основные статьи о Финляндии до 1945 года БОЖКОВ Диньо В страната на "белите лилии". Пътни впечатления... София. Сп. Духовна пробуда 1910, г. 4. 14, стр. 12-19. В страната на "белите лилии". Пътни впечатления... София. Сп. Съвременна мисъл. 1914. В страната на белите лилии”. Бележки от преводача. В: Григорий Петров. В страната на белите лилии. Суоми - Финландия. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д.Божков. В изданиях с 1-го по 10-е. София. 1925-1936, с. 4-18. ВАКАРЕЛСКИ Христо. Д-р Кале Куусинен. Български генерален консул в Финландия. София. В - к Зора 1939 год. 21. 6135, с. 6. ГРИГОРОВ К. Фините. София. В -к Вечер 1940, год. 1:106. ГУНЧЕВ Гунчо Калевала. Плевен. Списание за младежта Чайка 1923 : 8, с. 106-109. Финландия. София. Сп. Просвета 1940:5, с. 545-557. ДРАГАНОВ А. Ив. Финландският въпрос. София. Сп. Български преглед год. 10, 1908:70, с. 2. ЕТИГХОФЕР П.Ц. В полярните лесове на Финландия. София. Библиотека «Нова Европа». 1943:15, с. 352-359. 241 Икономически сведения за Финляндия. София. Сп. Подем год. 2. 1918:11-12 (15-30 юни), с. 564-571. ЙОВОВ М. Моето пожелание. В: Григорий Петров. “В страната на белите лилии. Суоми – Финляндия”. 10 изд. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д.Божков. С предговор от М. Йовов. София. (Прил. на списание "Училищен преглед". год 35). 1936, с. 5-6. Лапландците. София. В-к Зора 1940:6176, с. б. МИКУЕС Б. Финляндия и Русия (Спомен от едка научна обиколка). София. Сп. Български преглед год. 5. 1899:9-10, с. 104-206. [МИКОЛА Иозефи] Един мил на България гост. София. В-к Дневник 15. 02. 1918. Златарски Васил. Към въпроса на българското летоброение. София. Списание на БАН. Клон истор.-филологически и филос.-обществени 1915:6, с. 1-17. Златарски Васил. Проф. Микола и българската наука. В-к Дневник 18.02. 1918:5396. НУАЛЕС Вирджиния. Една жена от финландския фронт! Статия от «Съндей Таймс» Превод от англ. Т. Ионов. София. Вестник на жената 1940:801, с. 10. За Лотта Сверд. София. В-к Зора 1939:6159. Финландия. София. "Страници за всички" год. 5. 1936:7 (16.12), с. 2. [О финской бане] София. В-к Зора 1939:6169. ПЕТРОВ Григорий. “В страната на белите лилии. Финландия”. Прев . от ръкописа и предг . от Д[имитър] Иванов Божков. София. ( култ. просвет. група Григорий Петров). 1925. 112 с. 2 изд. - 1925. 3. 4. 5 - 1926. 6. 7 - 1927. 8. 9 – 1929. “В страната на белите лилии. Суоми – Финландия”. 10 изд. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д. Иванов Божков. С предговор от М. Йовов. София. 1936. 231 с. (Прил. на списание "Училищен преглед" год 35). Към българска младеж. (I7 последно писмо и завет). Превод от ръкописа Д. Божков. София. 1926. 46 с. Русия и България.Трагедията на Русия. Как може да се издигне един народ и да се направи благороден. На българското селско население. Превод от ръкописа Д. Божков. София. 1929. Изд. “Напред”. 88 с. Родителите и деца (Откъс из «В страната на белите лилии). Изд.“Народна целина” 1926:2, с. 15-18. [Петров Григорий ] «В страната на белите лилии». Подуенски глас 1925:16. [Петров Григорий] Братованов Ст. «В страната на белите лилии» на турски. Знаме l928:103. [Петров Григорий] Копинаров Г. А. Една ценна книга. Пловдив. 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Н@V,< FX>4V"H" F>@&"H. 7D"H8@т@ FH4N@H&@D,>4,. E>,(\H. =" F,&,D. E&,H:4>"H" B"*". )" F4 BD42>"b. 1"FH4:" F4&4b F4 B@*. AD,&@* #:"(" )4<4HD@&" 4 !>H@">,H" AD4<"H@D@&"; C">,>4bH !>(,:. AD,&@* =4>@ ="8@:@& 4 C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 22-26. [7"DB,:"> #J] '">R,&" %,D". ;4FH48"H" >" D,":>@FHH". C"2(@&@D F L4>:">*F84 B4F"H,: #J 7"DB,:">. 94Hературен ф@DJ< 1992:44. 7+7?=+= IDN@ A@ &,D>4b BXH >" F4(JD>@FHH" 4 FXHDJ*>4R,FH&@. C,R4. FH"H44. 4>H,D&`H".19551979. EXFH"&. !F,> =,68@&. ПD,&@* @H L4>F84 )4<4HXD 1"(@D@& 4 %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E BD,*(. @H A,HXD G">R,&. E@L4b. 32*. #1=E. 1980. 279 F. 73%3 !:,8F4F. E,*<4>"H" $D"Hb. C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"8F4< EH@,&. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1987. [74&4 !:,8F4F] AXD&,&" +:8". AXD&@<"6FH@DXH. E@L4b. !#% 1986: 9. [74&4 !:,8F4F] 74&4<"" !D&4. K4>:а>*4b & >,6>4bH H,"HD":,> 04&@H. E@L4b. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 1979:8, F. 5 735E73=+= _D84 A@2"H" >" DX8"H". 32(J$,>" 2,<b. G@R>@ &D,4 R"F@&,. AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84 4 !*D4">" A@B@&"; %,*>X0. E:,* H@&". A,B,DJ*4H, 42:,HbN" @H JFH"H" <J. Gb:@. AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84 4 C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 74-78. 73=!C3 A,8" 32"$,:". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>". 32*. '.#"8":@&. 1978, F. 331-333. 793=' ;4Db< +F-?-+F. AD,&од @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>". 32*. '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 334-337. 7?5%3EG?5=+= +6>@ %X(:аV" 2" Q4:4. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>". 32*. ' . #"8":@&. 1978, F. 316-324. 7D":bH >" &,HD@N@*4H, ('JFH"& +D48F@>). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 GJ:" A"D8JFbD&4. 3&"> #:"(@,&. %"D>". 32* ' .#"8":@& . 1989. 143 F . G,:,(D"<" *@ '@FB@*". C"28"24. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 GJ:" A"D8JDFbD&4 4 3&"> #:"(@,&. %"D>". 32* ' . #"8":@&. 1984. 166 F. 246 7?E7+=3+;3 %,68@-!>H,D@ +F,>,> F@>,H. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 74D4: 7"*46F84 4 ',@D(4 %X:R,&. В сб. 100 T,*X@&D4 >" F@>,H". E@L4b. 1978, F. 245. +F,>,> F@>,H. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 74D4: 7"*46F84 4 ',@D(4 %X:R,&. E@L4b. !#%. 1986:9, F . 8. 7CI= 9,,>" % R@&,T84 *D,N4. A@&,FH 2" (D"*". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 4 B@F:,F:@&4, #@D4F A"D"T8,&@&. MJ*. 3>"D4 7DJ>. E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1981. EB@<,> 2" FH@D,>@H@ @H >"F. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&" В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b . 1996. F. 61-62. E&,H:4>" @H "8&"D4J<. AD,&@* C . A,HDJ>@&" В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 62-64. 9!5=+ aD8@ 1"<&@D>48X< >" 04&@H". E,:F8" 7@:,*" AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84 4 C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 64-65. 9!7E? G@6&@ A@FD,* 24<". %Fb8" ,F,>. A4D,6. A@D"F>":. Ч@&,8XH >, , &,R,> FXV4bH. 94FH"H" B@:,B&"H B@ @(:,*":@H@. G\0>@ , *" 8D"R4T. +:N@&"H" (@D". 7D"R,N 8X< >,b. AD,&@* ;4(:,>" 748@:R4>", ',@D(4 ;"D4>@&. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 5859. 9!A39!5=+= ?6&". AXH>4R8". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>". 32*. '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 325-330. 9!C=3 ;"DH4 #,2 BXH,> :4FH & 04&@H". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4 1977:7752, F. 4. %F4R8@ & F<,H8"H". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. C"$@H>4R,F8@ *,:@ 1977:147. 'D,T84H, >" FX&D,<,>>4H, @D"8J:4. EH"H4b 2" 9,>4>. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 1970: 16. F. $. )0,D4 K4> FH"&" 2>"<,>4H@FH & N4D@BD"8H48"H". ?H8XF @H "Q,H&XDH4b BD,T:,>". Aереводчик >, указан. EHXDT,: 1967:1095, F. 4. )4":@24. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 E&,H@F:"& 7@:,&. E@L4b. %,Rерни >@&4>4 1973:19. /,FH@8@ >"8"2">4,. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. E@L4b. %,Rерни н@&4>4 1970:5940 4 A@(:,* 1971:2. /4&@HXH F4 FHDJ&" *" F, 4204&,,. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 %,D" '">R,&". E@L4b. A:"<X8 1967:12, F. 36-38. /4&@H >" 42B:"V">,. MJ<@D4FH4R,> D"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>ски С&,H@F:"& 7@:,&. E@L4b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1967:77. F. 4. 1"V@ >, BD4FH4(>" B4F<@H@. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. E@L4b. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4. 1976:7648. 1" R@&,8" FH"&" &XBD@F. E@L4b. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 1967:19, F. 8. ;@*>" B,F>4R8". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. %":,>H4> 3&">@&. E@L4b A@(:,* 1974:19, F. 14. ;@bH >@& JR4H,:. C"28"2. Aереводчик >, указан. E@L4b. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4 1970: 5940. =, 4F8"< *" $X*" :@D*. A"<L:,H. E@L4b. C"$@H>4R,F8@ *,:@ 1969:296, F. 4. 247 AD,8D"F>"H" F&4>"D8". EB@<,>4H, >" FH@B">F8"H" FX&,H>4P" =4>" 7"D:F@>7">">,>. AD,&@* @H @D4(4>":" F BD,*(@&@D >" E&,H@F:"& 7@:,&. 32*. MD. '. )">@&. A:@&*4&. 1962. 200 F. 2-е изд. 1981, 164 с. C,":4FH4R>4bH H,"HXD. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H DJF84. E@L4b. A@(:,* 1971:47. E:J(4 >" $@(". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H ">(:. ;. %"F4:,&". E@L4b. !#%. 1985: 36-37. и %,Rерни н@&4>4 1985: 214. EB,P4":4FH. AD,&@* @H ">(:. ;"D("D4H" %"F4:,&". В сб. #@:8" 4 F<bN. ХJ<@D4FH4R>4 4 F"H4D4R>4 D"28"24. 32*. MD. '. )">@&. A:@&*4&. 1983 G,24F4 4 ">H4H,24F4. 328"2&">,. Aереводчик >, указан. E@L4b. E,BH,<&D4 1964:9, F. 121-123. I:>R>48XH. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>ски E&,H@F:"& 7@:,&. E@L4b. EB. ="T" D@*4>" 1976:6, F. 20-21. M@D@F8@B 2" 1969 (@*4>". K,6:,H@>. E@L4b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1969:7, F. 3. Q,H&XDH4bH BD,T:,> 4:4 ;@T,>48 B@ >,&@:b. C@<">. AD,&@* @H DJF84 E. )4<4HD@&". 32*. MD. '. )">@&. A:@&*4&. 1961. 287 F., 2-е изд. 1981. 228 F. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) 5@>R,&" 7"Hb. ;:"*,0H" , >"6-(@:b<@H@ &4 $@("HFH&@. 3>H,D&` 2" H&@DR,F84H, HXDF,>4b >" B4F"H,:b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1977:145. )&JF,*<4R>@ BD4:@0,>4, «A@8@:,>4,», F. 2. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) )X:( >" &F,84 B4F"H,: , *" F, $@D4 F B,D@H@ 4 H":">H" F4. C"2(@&@D. София. EB. /,>"H" *>,F 1979:12, F.2-3. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) %:"*4<4D@& C. +*4> L4>:">*,P >4 D"2&,0*" 42 !<,D48". C,P,>24b 2" D@<">" "Ч,H&XDH4b BD,T:,>"… 94H,D"HJD>4 >@&4>4 1961. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) '.=. +*4> L4>:">*,P F, F<,, >" b>84H,. #,:,08" 2" «Q,H&XDH4b BD,T:,>». CJF,. )J>"&F8" BD"&*" 1961:199, F. 2. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) )@>R,& =48@:"6. ;"DH4 9"D>4 J >"F. EH"H4b. София. ?H,R,FH&,> LD@>H. 1962:5602, F . 4. [9"D>и ;"DH4) K4>:">*F84 B4F"H,:, (@FH >" FHD">"H" >4. #,:,08". София. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1962:35, F. 4. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) EH">4T,&" +8. AD,8D"F>"H" F&4>"D8". ?H24&. София. A:"<X8 1962:11, F. 96. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) '@FHJ&" >4 &4*>4bH L4>:">*F84 B4F"H,: ;"DH4 9"D>4. EX@$V,>4,. София. ?H,R,FH&,> LD@>H 1967: 5597. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) 74D">@&" +&(,>4b. =" D"2(@&@D , ;"DH4 9"D>4. 3>H,D&`. ="T" D@*4>". 1976:6, F.2-3. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) !:<":,N, =,*b:8". 1" H"8@&" BD4bH,:FH&@... 3>H,D&`. София. ?H,R,FH&,> LD@>H 1967:6945, F. 4. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) ),>8@& )4<4HXD. ;"DH4 9"D>4 BD,* «94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H». 3>H,D&`. София. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>т1968:26, F. 4. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) A"F8@& G@*@D. ED,V" F ;"DH4 9"D>4. София. ="D@*>" 8J:HJD" 1977:21, F. 12. [9"D>4 ;"DH4) E@8D"H & M,:F4>84. 3>H,D&`. София. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>т 1985:3. 9!I7!C3=+= 946F" !>(,:-ND">4H,:. %F4R84 *DJ(4 <, @HN&XD:4N". >@ >, 4 H4. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&" В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 68-74. !>(,:-ND">4H,:. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4 Ab6&bD4>, E@L4b. ?DL,6-Orfeus 1995:2. 248 9+5=O +6>o E:X>P,H@ 4 <@D,H@. AD,&@* =. EH,L">@&". В сб. 100 T,*\@&D4 >" ,&D@B,6F8"H" :`$@&>" :4D48". MM &,8. E@L4b. 1981, F. 13. 9+? %,D@>48" E8":"H" >" &,R>@FHH". K4>:">*F8" >"D@*>" BD48"28". AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 5. !>*D,,&". E@L4b. Изд. #X:("DF84 NJ*@0>48. 1986. 9+MG?=+= 3@,: A,F,> 2" 9`(4b. C"28"2. AD,&@* #@D4F A"D"T8,&@&. !>H,>4 1977:22. A,F,> 2" 9`(4b. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #. A"D"T8,&@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. ”="D@*>" 8J:HJD"”. 1978, F. 55-61. 93+MI M,6*4 32<D\2>":@H@ F,&,D>@ F4b>4,. A@* >,@>@&"H" F&,H:4>". ?H*"&">,. A@>b8@(" <, @$N&"V" *4& J0"F. ;4F:b, R, D"2$4D"T H@&". ="BD"&4 8DX(. AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84 4 %,D@>48" ),:R,&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 80-85. 937E?; C@2" E:,* 8"H@ >"(:"F4 L@H@"B"D"H".G"24 &,R,D. AD,&@* +. 3&">@&" F 34-35; #,T, BD4FH4(>":" & (D"*". ?H *,8,<&D46F8"H" H,<>4>". AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&" F. 36; % >"R":@H@ >" >@,<&D4. AD,&@* !. A@B@&" F. 37-38. В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1996. % >"R":@H@ >" >@,<&D4 >"FH">"N" F4:>4 FHJ*@&, (32 «EB4D8" >" ,*н" >@V») #,:,08" 4 BD,&@* !. A@B@&". E@L4b.!#%. 1993:10. 93=! %b6>\@ GJ8 B@* F,&,D>"H" 2&,2*". C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D4FH4>" EJ&4:,NH@ c BD,*(. @H +,D@ EJ&4:,NH@. E@L4b. A"DH42*"H. 1985. 528 F. [94>" %b6>@1 A,HDJ>@&" C":4P". AD@V">, F %b6>\@ 94>". !#%. 1992:22. ;!=+93IE G"D<@ % EH"D" 1"(@D". A4F<@. EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 '. 7@>FH">H4>@&. M@D42@>H 1979:1, F. 98-100. * * *(E:JR"6>@FHH" , & FXV>@FH.. .) .* * *(7X*, @FH"&" <X08"H" *JT"... ) . AD,&@* G. ;">,:4JF 4 E . M"*048@F,&. E@L4b. AD@FH@D4. 1979:1, F. 122-123. )@$D@$JT>4H, F:@>@&,. A,D. G . ;">,:4JF 4 %":,>H4> 7DXFH,&. #JD("F. 94H,D"HJD>@-NJ*@0,FH&,> ":<">"N ;@D, 1983: 1, F. 70-72. AD"2>4R>4 FD,V4. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ ="8@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4 L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12, F. 8. * * * (/,>". H4 & HX<>4>"H". . . ). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 )4<4HXD #":8">F84. F . 130.#4@(D"L4b. %:`$,>4bH. AD@$J0*">,. =@V,<. 7@("H@ H, >b<". 1"&DXV">, >" J$4H4b. * * * (C"2(@&@Db< FXF F,$, F4...). 1"B4F">@. * * * (!2 F, BJH"<... ). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ',@D(4 %X:R,&. E@L4b. ”?8@:R4P"”. 1985. F. 128-131. AD"2>4R44 FD,V4. =, F" 2"HD"H" FH\B84H,. ED,V4. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ =48@:@&. C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 87. ;4F:4. AD,&@* #"68@ 9"<$@&F84. K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4 Ab6&bD4>, E@L4b ?DL,6-Orfeus 1995 : 2. [;">,:4JF G"D<@] )4<@&" G"Hb>". ',@ ;4:,& >" L4>:">*F84. A"D":,:4 1976:38. [;">,:4JF G"D<@] +*>@ 2"(D">4R>@ 4>H,D&`. BD,* ”E,BH,<&D4”. EH"D" 1"(оD". E,BH,<&D4 1976:64 (3570). [;">,:4JF G"D<@] =, (J$,H, F4:4 2" D"2BD"&4. 3>H,D&` BD,* ”="D@*>@ *,:@”. C"2(@&"Db =48@:,H" 7@8@D@&". %"D>". ="D@*>@ *,:@ 30.9.1992. 249 [;">,:4JF G"D<@ ]. E,(" , 4FH4>F84bH &4 T">F. 3>H,D&` BD,* ”="D@*>@ *,:@”. C"2(@&"Db )4<4HXD W(:,>. %"D>". ="D@*>@ *,:@ 1.10.1992. [;">,:4JF G"D<@] )":,R @H F,>8"H, >" <4>":@H@ 3>H,D&` BD,* ”K"8,:”. C"2(@&"Db )4<4HXD W(:,>. %"D>". K"8,: 1992:42 (28.10.1992). [;">,:4JF G"D<@] ;">,:4JF G"D<@. 3>H,D&`. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1972:15 (13.04.1972). [;">,:4JF G"D<@ ] %X:R,& ',@D(4. %X:T,$>@H@ C"<B@ >" G"D<@ ;">,:4JF. ”?8@:R4P"” 1985, c. 123-127. [;">,:4JF G"D<@] E B@*&4( 2" :4H,D"HJD"H" >" B@*&4(". G"D<@ ;">,:4JF пD,&ел >" L4>F84 #@H,& 4 ',@ ;4:,&. E@L4b. A:"<X8 1976:29. [;">,:4JF G"D<@] %42" >" &X:T,$>@ BXH,T,FH&4,. 3>H,D&`. E@L4b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1983:241. ;!=+C +&"-942" * * *(?H 04&@H" F4 FH4N V, >"BD"&4...). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ =48@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4 L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12,F. 8. ?H 04&@H" F4 FH4N F, >"BD"&b. 14<". 7@>HD"BJ>8H. I<@D4N F, *" $X*" F4:>". !8@ $D,(\H 4 >,(@&@H@ @HD"0,>4,. +:" & *&@D" >" Fъ2,DP">4,H@. U, 2"$D"&4< :4. =@ JHD4>4H, >"T4 B@-bF>4 F, 42BD"&bH. A@,<" , F&,HXH >" 04&@H@ <4 RJ&FH&@.... Q,D("DF84 (D"*. M4B@B@H"<. 1"V@H@ F<, F"<@H>4 & :`$@&H". AD4H"4N F, & *":,R>4b >"&,F. AD,&@* @H =4>@ =48@:@& 4 C":4P" A,HDJ>@&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 40-43. ;+9+C3 !DH@ =@8H`D>@. E:X>P,. 9,6*4 ),6. AD,&@* A"&,: E:"&b>F84 4 C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. И2*. 94P,. 1994, F. 40-43. ;+C3 %,6@ %X0, @H ;">4:". C@<">. AD,&@* @H >,<F84 (F BD,*(.) +:,>" =48@:@&"-CJ0 . E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1969, 128 F . 32$D">, >" B4,F". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 )@D" a>,&". В с6. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. [email protected]*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 114-116. 32$@D >" B4,F". AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 58-60. [;,D4 %,6@] =48@:@&"-CJ0 +:,>". E,&,D>4 H":">H4. AD,(:,*. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1967:29, F. 4. ;+C39I?G? !6:" 7"<,>,> $@(. AD,&@* ="*b 7,N:4$"D,&". В сб EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971. #D@>2@&" FH"HJb & ,F,>>4b B"D8. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@& 4 EH,L"> #,F"D"$@&F84. E@L4b. EHJ*,>HF8" HD4$J>" 18.1.1975. ;37?9! ;"Db-9,>" !>4 ;">4>,> (D@<">-BD48"28" 2" *,P"). AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"8F4< EH@,&. E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1987. 128 F . 74$D4H,>4H, <@<4R,H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, c. 180-190. ;I7! G4<@ 7. 1" B@F:,д>4H, *>4 @H (@*4>"H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %. G@T8@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 191-198. 1,<bH" , (D,N@&>" B,F,>. #":"*". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"8F4< EH@,&, BD,&@* >" FH4N@&, E. #D">P (E BD,*(. @H _. )4<4HD@&"). E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1986. 170 F. 250 ;IEG!A+ A. ;,H:4R4>4. ="D@*>" BD48"28". AD,&@* 7DXFH\@ EH">4T,&. В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971. ;[?C=+ !D&4* AD,* ,*4> DJ>4R,F84 8"<X8. _:F8и &,R,D >" @FHD@&". 9@*8" & 2":4&". AD,&@* 9. 3F",&". % сб. 100 T,*\@&D4 >" ,&D@B,6F8"H" :`$@&>" :4D48". MM &,8. E@L4b. 1981, F. 63. =379!=)+C M">>J K4>:">*F84bH 2":4&. Q,FH@ 4*&"< BD4 H,$,. 14<"H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7@:\@ E,&@&. E@L4b. AJ:F 1980. =I;3 9"F4 * * *(1<4bH" <D"<@D>" F, B@D"28DXT4.. . ). AD,&@* =4>@ =48@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>и L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12, F. 8. 1"* D,T,H84H,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %. G@T8@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 117-131. 1"H4N&"6, &,HD,! 1<4bH" <D"<@D>" F, B@D"28DXT4. )">"b-E"F84b. GD"84b. 1"B4F84 >" $,:4H, B@:,H". AD,&@* =4>о =и8@:@& и !*D4">" A@B@&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b . 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 27-33. +>,6. AD,&@* !*D4">" A@B@&". K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4 Ab6&bD4>,. E@L4b. ?DL,6-Orfeus 1995: 2. ?7E!=+= !J:484 7D"*ъP4 >" R,D,T4. =@&,:". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #@D4F A"D"T8,&@&. E@L4b. A">@D"<" 1983:4, F. 172-204. ?M!=+= E4<@ S"<B4@> B@ D@0*,>4`. MJ<@D4FH4R,> D"28"2. AD,&@* @H ">(:. =. ',:,&". E@L4b. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1985:291. A!%?9!5=+= ?:"&4 7@D"$>4 L4(JD4. AD,&@* 7DXFH\@ EH">4T,&. В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*.="D@*>" 8J:HJD". 1971. A!7!9! G,J&@ 942" <X08"D">"H". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #. A"D"T8,&@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 31- 41. A!C9!=) M,>D4 A,HD@:. %X& &4NDJT8"H" >" <D"8". ),P"H" <@("H. )@6*, BD4 <,>, <"68". 3<"T, ,*н@ &D,<,. A"D4. AD,&@* G,@*@D" )0,$"D@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971. A+9G?=+= _N">4 /4&@HXH , >42 @H @H*,:>4 <@<,>H4. C"28"24. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. A">@D"<" 1981, F. 39-50. EX8D@&4V"H" >" $"V" <4. AD,&@* '. ;"D4>@& 4 C. A,HDJ>@&" В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32* . 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, c. 20-32. A+7!=+= G@6&@ )":,R>4bH @FHD@&. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 )@D" aн,&". В сб. Kи>л">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 62-67. A+=!=+= +6:" ;":8" 8D"F4&" :`$@&. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 103-113. 251 AI973=+= ;"H4 A:"R,V"H" ,:". C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1983. 268 F. C!IM!9! =46:@ %,FH. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>и Lи>л">*F8и B@еH4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12, F. 8. E&,HXH 04&,, & Fb>8"H". ?FHD4bт <4D4F >" @L48". )XD&,H"H", 8@4H, R"8"H. )D,N4H, >" FHD"*">4,H@. С8@:8@ :4 , @H<4>":@. % 2":,2". C,8"H" &*4(" B"D". EBDbN BD,* >,$,F"H". E:,* HD4 ,F,>>4 $JD4. #@b F, @H &F4R8@. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ =48@:@& 4 C4FH@ 7@6&@FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&иH,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. И2*. 94P,. 1994, F. 40-43. C3=+;!! _D84 7X< R4H"H,:b. ':"*>4bH B@:4P"6. E&,H,PXH @H A"F4:". A,,684. ?L4P,DXH. AD,&@* !*D4">" A@B@&" 4 9`$"T" 7"<,>@&". K4>F84 &,HD@&,. EXFH. E"D4 Ab6&bD4>,. E@L4b. ?DL,6-Orfeus 1995:2. C3=G!9! A"&@ E:,* (:"*" 4*&" F<XDHH". ?H8XF @H D@<">" "9,>4>(D"*F8" F4<L@>4b". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1977:21. AD4&,HFH&4, *@ JR"FH>4P4H, & ;,0*J>"D@*>"H" FD,V" >" B4F"H,:4H, (E@L4b 7 10 `>4 1977). В сб. ;4DXH >"*,0*" >" B:">,H"H". E@L4b. 1981, F. 63-$$. CI=+#+C' 5@N"> 9J*&4( 7@>HD"$">*4FHXH. AD,&@* G . )0,$"D@&". В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>". 32*. '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 282-304. [CJ>,$,D( 5@N"> 9J*&4(] '">R,&" %,D". E4>\@ + 0X:H@ =2 ,:,>@. (1" 5. 9. CJ>,$,D() E@L4b. +248 4 :иH,D"HJD" 1992:1, F. 177-179. [CJ>,$,Dг 5@N"> 9J*&4(] O">,&" ;4:,>". 3&"> %"2@& 4 5@N"> 9`*&4( CJ>,$,D(. E@L4b. +248 4 :иH,D"HJD" 1992:1, F. 18-25. CIIG !:B@ 9`$@B4H>4H,. AD,&@* %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. EB. A">@D"<" 1981, F. 39-50. 7"8&@ :4 V, 42:,2, @H H,$ 8"H@ B@D"F>,T? AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В с6. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32* . 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 913. E!К!C3=+= ;"D8J IHD, & 11 R"F". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. E,&,D>4 <@DF84 >@&,:4. %"D>". 32* . '. #"8":@&. 1978, F. 349-357. E!9!;! M">J EHD@,0XH >" HD"L@B@FH". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. Kи>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. 32*. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 165-179. E!C3?9! +F" AD,*<,H>" B@,24b. AD,&@* 3>>" 9">84>,> F. 48-5; AD"&@. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&" F. 55-57. В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996. E+A+9a !DH@ A,H 0,>4 & *@<" >" B@8@6>48". A4,F". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 '. %X:R,& E@L4b. G,"HXD 1983:2, F. 84-96. E+Aa9a _N" EуB,D<"D8,H. E<XDH. AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 81-82. 252 E3+73=+= C"b U"FH:4&4H,. AD,&@* 1. 7":,&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 58-60. E39!=A+ KD">F +<4: EHD">>@ J&:,R,>4,. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 /. E@:@<@>@&. E@L4b. %,R,D>4 >@&4>4 1977:7864. E3;?=EIIC3 74DFH4 Q,D>4H, 8@D@$". =@V & ;">N"HX>. 59-H" J:4P". AD,*&"D4H,:>@. AD,&@* =4>@ =и8@:@& и C":4P" A,HDJ>@&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 53-54. E3=+C%? +:&4 +F,>,> *,>. AD,&@* %"F4:8" M4>8@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971. ED,V". AD,&@* @H L4>F84 MD. _:4>,>. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 97-102. E3C?=+= 7@FH4 7"8&@ *" F, BD"&4? AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %,F,:4> G@T8@& 4 EH,L"> #,F"D"$@&F84. E@L4b. EHJ*,>HF8" HD4$J>" 18.01.1975. EG+=#+C' +6D" AD4FH">4V,H@. ;XDH&@H@ &X:>,>4,. )&JBXB>"H" 0,>". AD48"284H, F" FHD"T>4. EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ). #":8">F84-+>"FH@,>*,. E@L4b. AD@FH@D4 1985:1, F. 69-71. EIE39I?G? !NH4 A,F,> 2" BD"$48". EH4N@H&@D,>4, , L":T4L48"P4b >" 04&@H". AD,&@* ;4(:,>" =48@:R4>" и C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 53-54. EI%39+MG? +D@ !L@D42<и. AD,&@* =4>@ =48@:@& и C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 5354. E[?)+C'C!= +*4H 9J>"H". #@:>4 *>4. )":,R>4 FHD">4. ),>bH 2"N:"*b&". A@F:,*>4bH P&bH >" ,F,>H". 9`$@&. ?(:,*":,> 8:"*,>,P. AD,&@* #. 14*"D@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971. IF:@&4,H@. 1&,2*4H,. )&, $@(4>4. #@:8"H" . #48XH . GD4J<L *" FXV,FH&J&"T. E:X>P,H@. EHD">"H", 8@bH@ >, FXV,FH&J&". EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 !>H@">,H" AD4<"H"D@&"-;4:R,&" 4 #:"(" )4<4HD@&". E@L4b. A">@D"<" 1983:6, c. 132-136. EH4N@H&@D,>4b. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 !>H@">,H" AD4<"H"D@&"-;4:R,&" 4 #:"(" )4<4HD@&". В сб. AD\FH,>\H >" в,R>@FHH". E$@D>48 FH4N@&, >" !>" !N<"H@&". '"$D4,:" ;4FHD": 4 +*4H E\@*,D(D">: 7XD&bV@ F:X>P,. )XD&,H"H" >" <@6H@ *,HFH&@. 1"&DXV">,. 9J>"H". EHD">"H", 8@bH@ >, FXV,FH&J&". AD4FH4(">, & M"*,F. !>4<":4FH4R,> N4<>. E:X>P,. C,T,>4,. IFHD,<XH >" F&,H8"&4P"H". '@:b<"H" (D"*4>". 1&,2*"H". O4(">8"H". %4*bN ,*>@ *XD&@. ),>bH 2"N:"*b&": 1. ),>bH 2"N:"*b&" >" <DX8&">,; 11. =" :`$@&H" F4 ":,>"H" D@2" N&XD:4 H4; 111. EX2DbN 2" BDX& път F&@b B@&,:4H,: *>,F; 1V. GXDF4: P&,H,. +F,>>4H, *>4. !2. %4@:,H@&4 2*D"R,&4>4. =,FB@8@6>4 FX>4V". 7@B>,0XH >" P&,H@&,H,. 7X< R,H4D4H, 8D"4V" >" F&,H". A@F:,*>@H@ P&,H, >" ,F,>H". Q,D>@ 4 $b:@. 1&,2*4H,. )&, 8D"6$D,0>4 FH4N@H&@D,>4b; 1. /4&@HXH <4 $, HX6 (@:; 11. ;,0*J F4&4H, F8":4 :,04. #:J0*",V4 @$:"P4. '@DF8@ ,2,D@. 1&,2*>" >@V. E:@&". 32 $,2*X>>4H, (@D4. 253 7@H, >" V"FH4,H@. 1"("*XR>@ <@D,. =4F84bH $Db(. A,F,>H" @H B:">4>"H". %,R,D. QJ0*4H, FHD">4. )&, $@(4>4. )JT"H" <4. 9`$@&. ?(:,*":@H@ >" 8:"*,>,P". 7D"F@H". E,FHD"H" >" 04&@H". /4&@HXH. !*XH. #@:8"H". C@2". A@DHD,H. =@V>а <"*@>". ?B"F>4 FX>4V". =,&,FH"H". ;@,H@ $X*,V,. #@:H>4 *>4. =4V@. +*4> 04&@H. GD4J<L *" FXV,FH&J&"T. 1*D"R. ?H8D4H4,. )XD&@H@ & (@D"H". A,62"0 >" 2":,2 F:X>P,. #48XH. C,&">T. IF:@&4,H@. =,*,6H, FX$4D" F8XB@P,>>4 8"<X>4 4 2:"H@. 9X0,P :4 FX<. ;@bH" :4D". ?DL,6. ="*,0*". AXD&@ 4F8"< *" B@8@Db Q4<$@D"F@. % 9`:8"H" >" L,4H,. #JDb. A,T HDb$&" *" BD,$D@*b F:X>R,&4H, F4FH,<4. Q"T"H" >" (@D,FHH". =" FHXB":"H" >" M4<":"b. A,F,> 2" @8,">". EH"HJbH" >" 8D"F@H"H". ;XR,>48XH. )4@>4F46. Q"FXH >" 0,DH&@BD4>@T,>4,. E8,DP@. A:,>. ;@6 04&@H, <@b F<XDH, <@b FX*$". ;4FH,D4b. G@:,D">H>@FH. %D"0*,$>4 2&,2*4. 'X<0"H 2&,2*4H,. A:">,H4H,. #:"0,>FH&@. G">H":,, R"T"H" F4 >"BX:>4. E:X>P,H@. %@*@B"*XH. E&,H8"&4P". Gb:@H@ >" F4:>4b. AD,*RJ&FH&4,. =" 42(D,& F:X>P,. ;"H,D4":42<XH. M"<:,H. 1`<$`:ъH; 1. EH@b H\6 ND"$Dо, пD,42BX:>,>" F @R"8&">,, ч,FH4H"....; 11. 32D"FH&"<, 2`<$`: @H 0,:b2>@8оD"&" 2,<b... E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1984, F. 219-231. G35M?=+= 3:B@ ;DXF,> ">(,:. Winter Dance. =" (D@$" >" D@*>4>"H". AD,&@* ;4(:,>" =48@:R4>" и A,HXD 7,N"6@&. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 66-69. G37!=+= ;,DH" E"<@ V, >"*2XD>". C"28"2. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 !(>,F )Db>@&F8". % сб: A@:J>@V>@ F:X>P,. 10 D"28"2&"R4 @H E,&,D. E@L4b. 1981, F. 179-194. G37!=+= M,>D48 '@:b<"H" >"(D"*". AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 %,D" '">R,&". E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 19.05.1966. G3C7?=+= E4>48" EX>bH >" F<XDH>"H" 0,>". AD,&@* !. A@B@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 65-67. GIC7! E4D8" +*>@ $,*>@ 8JR,. 3<":@ ,*>@ &D,<, ,*4> <X0. EHJ*,>@ ,, ,:" F <,>, в ,*4> FHD">4R,> BXH. E&,HXH FH@,T, 8ат@ 0,D"&. %XD>4 F,. <":8" S,$". 9,0" >" B@*". !2 <4F:b,R, FX< B@@F:"$>":". %":4. +*4>FH&,>а &@8":42"H" >" *X0*". AD,&@* ',@D(4 ;4P8@& и 7D4FH4>" EJ&4:,NH@. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 45-51. M!%37? A"&@ A@8@6>4P4. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ =48@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4 L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94Hературен L@DJ<. 1994:12, F. 8. #,2F>,0>@ &D,<,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 %. G@T8@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 132-151. =, F, 2"&DXV"6. ?*4F,6!. EXFH. 4 D,*. ',@D(4 %X:R,&. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 ;"D8@ '">R,& F B@*FтD@R>4P4 @H %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1979, F. 36-37. #@D@&,H, & F&@bH" 4(D". EH4N@H&@D,>4,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 EH,L"> %4T">@&. E@L4b. EHJ*,>R,F8" HD4$J>" 1968:36 (28.05.1968). E8"2">4, 2" 7J:,D&@. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 '. %X:R,&. E@L4b. EB. A">@D"<". 1991:34. * * * (7@("H@ <4F:b &XDNJ >b8@b *@8HD4>"... ). AD,&. @H L4>F84 ;"D8@ '">R,& 4 %,F,:4> G@T8@&. E@L4b. !#% 1986:9, F. 8. 254 %H@Db BD@:,H. 1"V@H@ 04&@HXH , 8D"HX8. 1" @$D"2" >" R,D>@H@. )X0*XH , B@:,("H. ?H8X*, 4*&" & >"F . )XD&,H"H" 4 >@V4H, F, J*X:0"&"H. 7D"bт >" &,8" , $:42@8. G4 BD4FH4("T 4 F4 @H4&"T. G@&" H, , ,*>" L4:@F@L4b. AD,&@* ',@D(4 ;4P8@&. В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 37-41. M!=Aa. A,>H4 AXF:,*>@ BXHJ&">,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 #. A"D"T8,&@&. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 68-75. M!C;!5a E"6<" % B:"<XP4. AD,&@* @H LD,>F84 '. ;4P8@&. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> LD@>H 1973:16. M+;+93=+= M,:&4 K4>:">*еP. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ ="8@:@&. A@*$@D8" ;@*,D>4 L4>:">*F84 B@,H4. E@L4b. 94H,D"HJD,> L@DJ< 1994:12, F. 8. K4>:">*,P. C"0*">,. #,:4H, >@V4 >" 9"B:">*4b. 1":b2&"V@H@ F:X>P,. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 =4>@ ="8@:@& и C":4P" A,HDJ>@&". В сб. C">,>4bH ">(,:. =@&" L4>:">*F8" B@,24b. EXFH"&4H,: C4FH@ 7@6&4FH@. E@L4b. 32*. 94P,. 1994, F. 5-11. M+;+C aD: AD,* D"2PXL>":@H@ *XD&@. EHD">4P" @H *>,&>48. AD,&@* 5@D*"> ;4:,в. В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971. MI9)+= +&,DH AD@:,H>" :аFH@&4P". EH4N@H&@D,>4,. AD,&@* @H DJF84. ="D@*>" <:"*,0 1967:68. MI?%3=+= %,68@ M@DF8" <X:&". C@<">. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 GJ:" A"D8JFbD&4 и 3&"> #:"(@,&. E BD,*(@&@D @H 3&"> #:"(@,&. E@L4b. AD@L42*"т. 1990. 180 F. M_C_ !>H4 ?B4F">4, 2" ,*>@ BX(J&">, F &:"8. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 152-164. ?H BXHb H@6 HDX(>". AD,&@* C. A,HDJ>@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, c. 7-8. MaC7[?=+= !>"-9,,>" E4:4b 9"6>,. AD,&@* !. A@B@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 81-82. S73KG+E%37 5@>4 G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. AD,&@* %. !H">"F@&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 39-45. SI9O E@:&,6( L@>. %:`$,>4т,. I<4D">4b. AD,&@* #. 14*"D@&". В сб. EX&D,<,>>" F8">*4>"&F8" B@,24b. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1971. a=E?= GJ&, =,&4*4<@(@ *,H,. AD48"2>" B@&,FH. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 G. )0,$"D@&". 3:. GJ&, a>F@>. E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1978. 160 F. ?<"(\@F">"H" 24<". A@&,FH 2" *,P". AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 G. )0,$"D@&". 3:. GJ&, a>F@>. A@F:,F:. @H 9. C"R,&". E@L4b. Изд. «?H,R,FH&@». 1985. 103 F. Q,FH>" 42<"<". C@<"> 4 D"28"24. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 4 B@*$. !. AD4<"H"D@&";4:R,&". E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1985. 288 F. ':"&>"H" D@:b. C"28"2. AD,&@* @H >,<F84 %. 7`<`D*04,&". E@L4b. ?H,R,FH&,> LD@>H 1983:11527 (10.01.1983). Q,D>@-$b:@. 7J8:,>F8" 8XV". C"28"24. AD,&@* @H T&,*F84 !. AD4<"H"D@&";4:R,&". В сб. A@:J>@V>@ F:X>P,. E@L4b. 1981, F. 160-178. 255 A4D"HF84 D@<. AD,&@* 1. 7":,&". В сб. G,>,84,>4H, B,B,DJ*4. =@&4 L4>:">*F84 D"28"24. 32*. 94P,. E@L4b. 1996, F. 75-80. [a>F@> GJ&,] C"68@&" )4">". %X:T,$>@H@ 2>">4, 4:4 $,28D",> 04&@H. AD48"284H, >" GJ&, a>F@>. ),P", 428JFH&@, 8>4(4. 1989:5, F. 29-32. aC=+K+9[G. !D&4*. Gb 4 "2. AD,&@* @H L4>F84 7D. EJ&4:,NH@ 4 M. _:4>,>. В сб. K4>:">*F84 D"28"24. E@L4b. Изд. «="D@*>" 8J:HJD"». 1978, F. 25 - 30. Основные статьи и книги о Финляндии c 1945 по 2000 год БАРЫМОВ Дончо Сауна. Чудната лечебна баня с горещ сук въздух. (За финландска сауна.). София. Вестник-книга 1993: 1-2. БЕЛЧЕВ Белчо. Из историята на културните връзки между две страны (между български и финландски народ). София. Отечествен фронт 1971: 8447, с. 3. БОЖКОВ Диньо Съприкосновения с личности на духа и перото. Съст. предговор и бележки Лечев Дечко. София. Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски". 2000. 226 с.+ 14 с. фото. ВЪЛЧЕВ Георги Приобщения. Литературни контакти и аналогии София Изд. «Народна просвета». 1971. 138 с. Българистиката във Финландия. София. Българистика и бългристи. 1981, с. 251256. От Хелзинки до Горни Дъбник. Записки на бойци от Финландски гвардейски батальон от времето на Освободителната война. София. Антени 1977, с. 3-5. Прилики и приобщения между славянски, скандинавски и угрофински литератури. 11 скандинавско-български симпозиум. Кунгелв. 1993. Финландски дневници и мемоари от 1877-1878 г. В сб. Освобождение на България и литературата. Сборник с изследвания. София. Изд. БАН. 1978, с. 369-386. Естонците на Солженицын и финландците на България. София. Литературен форум 1994: 12, с. 8. Финландците за нас и ние за тях. От края на ХIХ до края на ХХ в. Унив. изд-во "Св. Климент Охридски". София. 1999. 126 с. Финландски записки за Освободителната война и за България. София. Антени 19.1.- 2.2. 1977. Финландски дневници и мемоари от 1877-1878, или за Голямото начало на финландско-българската литературна взаимност. София. Литературна мисъл. 1977: 2, с. 117-131. Финландската българистика. София. Антени 24.5.1978, с. 12-13. 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В: Григорий Петров. В страната на белите лилии. Финландия. 11 изд. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д. Божков. С предговор от Дечко Лечев. Издателска къща "Ил. Р. Блъсаков". Шумен. 1992. Щастлив живот. Вместо предговор. В Божков Диньо. Съприкосновения с личности на духа и перото. Съст. предговор и бележки Дечко Лечев. Унив. изд. "Св. Климент Охридски". София. 2000, с. 5-7. ЛИНДСТЕДТ Йоуко Финландската българистика през 70-те години. Първи българо-скандинавски симпозиум 24-30 септември 1979 г. София. Унив. изд. "Кл. Охридски" Българистични изследвания. 1981, с. 316-317. ЛЮБОМИРОВ Стефан Обагрена от фолклора. Бележки за финландската литература. София. АБВ 1985:9, с. 1. 8. НИКОЛОВ Нино Човешката нежност може да бъде защитена. 150 г. от първото издание на финландски епос «Калевала». София. Литературен фронт 1985:33 (15.08.1985). Калевала - спасена човешка нежност. Предговор към “Калевала”1992. Гусла от кост на щука. София. .Литературен форум 1994 12, с. 8. НИКОЛОВА Лиляна Северни утрени. Пътеписни миниатюри. София. Вечерни новини 7.2.1983. ПАРАШКЕВОВ Борис "Птици" от българския юг. Анотация на Helakukkula. София. АБВ 1980: 24 (76). ПЕТРОВ Григорий. В страната на белите лилии. Суоми - Финландия. 11 изд. Превод от ръкописа и предговор от Д. Божков. С предговор от Дечко Лечев. Шумен. Издателска къща "Ил. Р. Блъсаков". 1992. 231 с. ПЕТРУНОВА Радица Скандинавският модел. Разговор с посланик Пекка Ойнонен. София. В-к 1000 дни 30.10.1991 г. Поетика на дезангажемента. Превод от англ. Миглена Николчина. из Books from Finland. София. Литературен вестник 20-26.6. 1994. ПОПОВА Адриана. В Финландии мълчат на два езика. София. В-к Стандарт 12-13. 12. 1993. Малочислените народ са като малките деца. София. Литературен форум 1993:4. Финландия - между сауната и църквата. София. В-к Стандарт 03.20.1993. ПОПОВА Стефка. 3емя на елени. Лапландия. Репортажи от Полярния кръг. София. Отечествен фронт 1983:11644, с. б (24.6.1983). 258 ПЯЙВЯРИНЕ Сари Финландската литература. София. Орфей-0rfeиs 1995 2, с. 81-83. РУЖ Елена Северни таланти. Преглед. София. Литературен фронт 1967:29. СВЕТЛОМИРОВ Д. Ц. Финляндия и делото на мира. София. Вечерни новини 1967:4781, с. 3. СИБЕРГ Лилия. Българистиката във Финландия. Превод от руски. София. Народна култура 1980:43, с. 8 Слалом покрай жалоните на комунизма. Превод от руски Рада Цонева. София. Литературен форум 1994:29. СОКОЛОВА Зина Голямото семейство. На книгоиздателите във Финландия. София. АБВ 1986:21. СТАВРЕЕВ Пламен Хелзинки - градът на езерта. София. Народна младеж 1986:144. ТАХОВ Росен Бандитите бесени публично през 1880 г. Финландец ликвидира организираната престъпност в България за 6 месеца. София. 24 часа 1995:27, с. 17. ТОНЧЕВ Стоян За мир сигурност и сътрудничество. Зем. знаме 1984: 16534. ХЮРКЯНЕН Юкка "Някои наблюдения върху преводите на романа "Под игото" на финландски език". София. Език и литература 1972 :3, с. 70-74. ЦАНЕВА Милена Българската литература след освобождението (1878). В сб. Съвременна българска литература. Доклади. 12. Втори международни конгрес по българистика (23.5. - 3.6.1986). София. Изд. БАН. 1988, с. 15-24. ЧЕРВЕНКОВ Страхил Скандинавия - «спокойният» ъгьл на Европа. (Политически очерк). София. Партиздат. 1973. 95 с. ЧИЛИНГИРОВ Стилиян. Търговското образование в Финландия. София. Народно стопанство 1952 год. 8:15-17. ЯНЕВА Дора Среща на Севера сЮга. София. Пламък 1978:8, с. 220. 259 Болгарская литература1, переведённая на финский язык и статьи о ней c 1910 по 2000 год Сборники: Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero Helsinki. 1938:5-7. Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Elämäkerralliset tiedot Irma Timonen ja K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980. 196 s. Salamoita helvetistä. Bulgarialaisia runoja. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Kustannus Oy Littera. 1995. 69 s. ALEKSANDROVA, Rada2 Heijastuksia. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Bulgarian viesti 1984:3, s. 7. Sinä joka et ymmärtänyt. Join aurinkoa. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Kulttuurivihkot 1984:6, s. 48. Mihin. Oikeastaan emme koskaan eronneet. Larissalle. Maailma. Sinä. joka et ymmärtänyt. Kun olin 32-vuotias. Löytäkää pari tuntia ajatteluun. Vasilena. Balladi alastomasta totuudesta. Kirje. Vanha motiivi. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Salamoita helvetistä. Bulgarian runoja. Helsinki. 1995, s. 18-31. Arvokkain hedelmä. Bulgarialainen kansansatu. Suomentanut H. Niklander. Pioneeritorvi. 1978. APRILOV, Boris Kuusi pingviinipoikasta. Kuunnelma. Suomentanut K. Siraste. Helsinki. 1977. 40 lehteä. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1978. Varsa. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Esitetty Radioteatterissa. Papukaija ja perhonen. Kuunnelma. Suomentanut K. Siraste. 41 lehteä. Esitetty yleisradiossa Helsinki. 1980. Kosketus. Syksyiset dyynit. Suomentanut U. Horstia. Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980, s. 96-106. ASENOV, Veselin Vedenpaisumuksen jälkeen. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:3, s. 6. Tukalaa. Metastaasi. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:3, s. 6. BAGRIANA, Elizaveta Jälkeläinen. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Stotinka 1981:2, s.6-7. Minun lauluni. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:2, s. 7. Esiäitini jälkeläinen. Rakkaus. Viisaus. Suomentanut S. Okoye. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1998:2, s. 13. 1998:3, s. 17. [Bagrjana, Elizaveta] Okoye, Sirkku. Elizaveta Bagrjana (1893-1990). Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1998:2, s. 12. 1 2 Нами включены в библиогрaфию также известные нам радиопередачи. Транслитерация болгарских букв еще не совсем сложилась. Особенно это касается букв Ъ, Ч, и Щ. Например, имя Вълчев можно встретить в виде: Valčev, Vultšev, Valtšev, Valtjev и т.п. Мы даем форму VÓLČEV. Мы повсюду заменим буквы соответственно новым стандартам за исключением имен, которые имеют традиционное написание, как например: Vaptsarov, Tsanev и некоторые другие. 260 [Bagrjana, Elizaveta] Siiberg, Liilia. Kääntämisentaito (”Потомката” ’Jälkeläinen’ P. Valtakarin kääntämänä). Helsinki. Stotinka 1982:2, s. 6-7. BALKANSKI (pseud. Enastående), Dimitre Violettikukan terä. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1984:3, s. 7. BERBEROV, Mihail Traakialainen hauta. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1978:5, s. 32. BORISLAVOV, Ivan Kamelikaravaani. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1990:4, s. 7. BOTEV, Hristo Runot.(В сборнике: Äidilleni. Veljelleni. Elegia. Ensimmäiselle rakastetulleni. Yhteisyys. Haidukit. Jäähyväisiksi. Taistelu. Salakihlatu neito. Naiselle. Muukalainen. Patriootti. Pyhän Yrjön Päivänä. Hadži Dimitór. Vasil Levskin hirttäminen. Minun rukoukseni. Tuuli synkän pilven kantaa. Kapakassa. Miksen ole? Epitafit 1-4.) Suomentanut ja selityksillä varustanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. 1976, 79 s. Runoja. Suomentanut H. Niklander. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1977. Epitafi. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Tiedottaja 1975, s. 14. Vasil Levskin hirttäminen. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Me. 1977: 2. BOŽILOV Božidar Laulu skandinaavisista kielistä. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Kansan Uutiset 1977:187, s. 5. Bulgarialaista sotilashuumoria. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 151. Bulgarian kansallishymni. Suomentanut V. J. Mansikka. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 80. D.U. Vahingoittunut asetakki. Eräs kertomus serbialais-bulgarialaisen sodan ajoilta. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 146. DALČEV, Atanas Vuonna 1944. Ikäneidot. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1978:5, s. 3436. Runoja. aforismeja. mietelmiä. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Kursiivi, 1984. 135 s. Käki. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Katsaus 1978:2, s.31. Rikkaruoho. Ihminen luotiin tomusta. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Tiedonantaja. 1984:93, s. 10. [Dalčev, Atanas] Niklander. Hannu. Atanas Daltševin viisaat lauseet. Helsinki. Kirjastolehti 1985:3, s.111. [Dalčev, Atanas] Niklander, Hannu. Klassiko, modernisti ja kokeilija. Suomenmaa 1984:4-5. [Dalčev, Atanas] Repo, Taina. Tyyni runoilija Atanas Daltšev. Helsinki. Tiedonantaja 1984:93, s. 10. DAMIANOV, Damian Minun pojalleni. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Tiedottaja 1975, s.14. Shakkia itsensä kanssa. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Suomen shakki 1979:3. DEBELJANOV, Dimčo Kaatunut. Rukous. Tahdon muista sinut sellaisena. Musta laulu. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:2, s. 6-7. 261 DIMITROV, Georgi Työväenluokan yhtenäisyys ja kansanrintama fašismia vastaan. Dimitrovin puheet kommunistisen internationaalin 7. kongressissa 1935. Sosialistinen opiskelijaliitto. Tampere. 1972. 168 s. DIMITROVA, Blaga Lapsi ja meri. Suomentanut S. Okoye. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 2001:4, s. 15. DIMITROVA, Kristin On lähinnä mukava. Suomentanut S. Okoye. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 2001:2, s. 16. DIMOV, Dimo Tupakka. Romaani meidän mielemme. Suomentanut Jaana Lappo. Esitetty katkelmia yleisradiossa 1976. DŽ AGAROV, Georgi Yleinen syyttäjä. Suomentanut T. Ylinen, sov. K. Siraste. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1973. DZAR, N. Haavoittunut vapaaehtoinen. Muistelmia Bulgarian vapaussodasta. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 134. EIJA, Svetlana Joko? Tokko?. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:3, s. 6. ELENKOV, Lótčezar Viimeinen “yö” Bukarestissa. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1978:5, s. 37. Muhun saari. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Kulttuurivihkot 1984:6, s. 43. ELIN PELIN (pseud.) Vieras. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 131-132. Keväinen viettelys. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Kuluttaja 1963:27, s. 10-11. Kolme ystävätärtä. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Kuluttaja 1963:38, s. 13. Toisessa maailmassa. Suomentanut J. Konkka. Kuluttaja 1962:39, s. 15. Rakkaudentunnustus. Suomentanut J. Konkka. Kuluttaja 1962:23, s. 29. Kiusaus. Suomentanut J. Konkka. Kuluttaja 1964:12-13, s. 38-39. Roskia vaihdetaan luumuihin. Suomentanut J. Konkka. Kuluttaja 1964:2. Kirsipuuta. Kesä. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Kuluttaja 1964:21-22, s. 29. Öinen vieras. Suomentanut J. Konkka. Kuluttaja 1965:15-16, s. 15-16. Helakukkula. Andreško. Suomentanut L. Bessonoff. Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980, s. 19-32. [ELIN PELIN] IVANOV, Dimitór. Piiriviskaalin Joulu. Helsinki. Karisto. Toinen hyvää yötä. Toim. V. Hämeen-Anttila. 1935, s. 248-256. GABE, Dora Odota, aurinko!. Suomentanut S. Okoye. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 2001:3, s. 9. Sanatta. Suomentanut S. Okoye. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 2001:2, s. 17. GANČEV, Marko Pariisissa syytetään kiristäjätärtä. Kukaties. Kateuden nerokkuus. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1980:6-7, s. 23. Paperipulaa. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1984:3, s. 6. GOLEV, Vladimir Kuvastin. Vastamyrkky. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1990:4, s. 7. 262 GOSPODINOV, Georgi Yksitoista määrittely-yritystä. Teoreema. Libido. Yhdyntä. P-e-r-s-i-k-k-a. Maistunko hyvältä, rakas. ym. runoja. Suomentanut Risto Koivisto Nuori voima 1995:2, s. 47-48. GULJAŠKI, Andrej Rajalla tuulee. Suomentanut ranskan kielestä V. Kirstinä (psevd. Anja Laminen). Helsinki. Tammi. 1969, 218 s. Ž ahov ja 07. Jännitysromaani. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Tammi. 1967, 244 s. HAITOV, Nikolaj Juureton puu. Suomentanut P. Nousiainen, U. Hosia, L. Bessonoff, J. Lindstedt, B. Paraškevov, K. Siraste. Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980, s. 55-64. Pojanpojanpoika. Suomentanut P. Nousiainen. Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980, s. 45-54. Mies, joka rakensi teitä. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1975, 1978. Koirat. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Esitetty radioteatterissa. 1975,1976. Laiva metsässä. Suomentanut Heljä-Talvikki Ahonen. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1967,1973. Viisisataa vuotta sissiliikettä vuorilla. Suomentanut A. Lavikkala. Esitetty yleisradiossa 1978. HRISTOV, Boris Isäni hautajaisista. Ikkuna. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Kulttuurivihkot 1984:6, s. 44-45. Muistoja elämästä. Uiva ravintola. Pelkoa. Merkki taivaalta. Kristuksen ikäkausi. Murteetta. Alku. Ääni. Teatteria. Kutsumus. Kuollut. Rukous. Mestauslava. Päällekirjoitus. Golgata. Hevonen. Työtä. Muisto. Tapaus. Hautausmaa. Vastarintaa. Salaisuus. Spleen. Kaasus. Kielto. Atavismia. Viimeinen tuomio. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Salamoita helvetistä. Bulgarian runoja. Kustannus Oy Littera. 1995, s. 3849. I. V. L-n. Laivataistelu. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:57, s. 144. ILKOV, Ani Aisic! (huomioita toisesta idiotismista Bulgariassa). Suomentanut Risto Koivisto. Nuori voima 1995:2, s. 49. JAVOROV, Peijo Armenialaiset. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:2, s. 6. [Javorov, Peijo] Salvini, Luigi. Petko Javorov. Bulgarialainen runoilija. Helsinki. Valvoja-Aika 1935, s. 210-212. JOVKOV, Jordan Albena. Переводчик не указан. Helsinki. Uusi Suomi 1937:294, s. 25. Albena. Langalla. Suomentanut Eija Kondakov. Helakukkula. Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980, s. 33-44. Valkoinen eskadroona. Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938: 5-7, s. 129-130. Valkoisen varpusen tarina. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Shibill. В сб. Yhdeksäs Hyvää yötä. Toim. V. Hämeen-Anttila. Helsinki. Karisto. 1942, s. 240-250. [Jovkov, Jordan] Mikkola, J.J. Bulgarian suurin kirjailija Jordan Jovkov on kuollut. Uusi Suomi 1937:294, s. 24. 263 KALEFOV, Damjan Kevät. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Kuluttaja 1964:14-15, s. 14-15. KARALIJČEV, Angel Se meidän Peshomme. В сб. Kahdeksas Hyvää yötä. Toim. V. Hämeen-Anttila. Helsinki. Karisto. 1941, s. 308-312. Kenraalin urotyö. Tuokiokuva maailmansodasta (Erään bulgarialaisen vääpelin kertomus). Helsinki. Suomen sotilas. Bulgarialle omistettu erikoisnumero 1938:5-7, s. 128. KONSTANTINOV, Georgi Myöhästynyt vastaus. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Tiedottaja 1975, s. 14. KÓNČEV, Nikolai Valkea varis. Mtsheta. Nocturne. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1980:6-7, s. 23. Seurallinen vertailu. Nokturno. Taide. Elämäsi. Jälkikirjoitus. Teksti ja raaka-käännös L. Siiberg. Suomentanut T. Laakso. Keskisuomalainen 29.5.1989. Varpunen. Vimmaa. Todennus. Ajan maanmittari. Lähtö matkalle. Kylmää. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Rahasodan kirkas pakkasyö. Like. Helsinki. Hakapaino Oy. 2000, s. 97-105. KORUDŽ IEV, Dimitór Ajatelka maailmaa. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1990:3. s. 5. LAZAROV, Marin Jotakin kuolee iltaisin. Punaisia dinosauruksia. Emigrantit. En kaskaan tajunnut. Sieluni on koira: Suomentanut T. Manelius. Rahasodan kirkas pakkasyö. Helsinki. Like. Hakapaino Oy. 2000, s. 81-88. LEONIDOV, Rumen Hirveän mieluisa. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1994:4, s. 6. LEVČEV, Ljubomir Haidukin yrtti. Pohjoinen. Balladi portaista. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Hälläpyörä 1979:4, s. 39-41. Illuusio. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Näköpiiri 1978:5, s. 33. Järjettömyys. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Kulttuurivihkot 1984:6, s. 45-46. On sitten suloista. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1984:4, s. 3. Satiirikon 89. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1994:4, s. 6. Synnyinmaa. Suomentanut T.Manelius. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:5, s. 5. Hidasta marssia eli Jäähyväiset avantgardelle. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Rahasodan kirkas pakkasyö. Helsinki. Like. Hakapaino Oy. 2000, s. 107-108. Tähdet ovat minun. В сборнике: Tähdet ovat minun. Uudenvuoden tervehdys. Laulu Garcia Lorcalle. Karl Liebknechtin jäähyväiset. Ainaiseksi Kremikovtšilainen alku. Häälaulu. Tilanne. Paljonko maksaa lippu Kremikovtšiin? Jatkunut runoelma. Pysähdyimme. Hautakirjoitus. Mutta ennen kuin vanhenen. Huomenna. Ja tässä... Hedelmiä. Minun äitini paratiisissa. Kun sähkö yhtäkkiä katkea. Salaista rakkautta. Observatorio. Sielu. Runoelma. Konjakin loputtua. Lausuntaa. Sanoja köydelle. Balladi väsyneistä naisista. Kapriisi No 2. Malja. Poseeraus No 13. Katot. Sofian аsema ja hautausasema. P.S. alun sijasta. Totuus. Hemingwayn talossa. Bulevardi ”Malecon”. Virtuoosi Carlos Molinan konsertti. Isä Negran kellot. Huuto Luis Corvalanille. Haava. Prologi. Oodi TU-134:lle. Unetonna. Synnyinmaa. Napapiiri. Epilogi. Keskustelu G. Dimitrovin kanssa. Kapriisi No 4. Kapriisi No 5. Kerro missä on ilo. Mutta älkämme puhuko tästä. Suomentanut T. Manelius Helsinki. Downtown. 1977. [Levčev, Ljubomir] Kangasluoma, Tuukka. Mielikuvituksen pyörre. Arvostelu Ljubomir Levčevin Tähdet ovat minun. Helsingin Sanomat 1978. 264 [Levčev, Ljubomir] Sala, Kaarina. Retkiä runouden maailmankartalla. Arvosteluja mm. Ljubomir Levčevin Tähdet ovat minun - käännökseen. Helsingin Sanomat 19.2. 1978. LILIEV, Nikolai Hiljainen kevätsade. Suomentanut P. Valtakari. Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1992:2, s. 6. MARANGOZOV, Cvetan *** (Milloin. jos ei nyt!). Suomentanut T. Manelius Helsinki. Bulgarian viesti 1993:4, s. 3. Milloin. jos ei nyt. Veli, pelkoni on kadonnut kyllä. Ystävyys – pettävyys. Kuulen koiran. Näyttely. Muusa. Painava on jokin käsi olkapäällä. Viimeinen ele. Geeni. Primavista. Homo sapiens. Onnea. Suomentanut T. Manelius. Salamoita helvetistä. Bulgarian runoja. Helsinki. Kustannus Oy Littera. 1995, s. 58-69. MATEV, Pavel Kuolleille sankareille. Tule. Suomentanut Eija Kondakov. Esitetty Yleisradiossa 1976. MIHAILOVA, Liljana Solisti. Muurahaiset. Suomentanut Riitta Koivisto. Helakukkula Bulgarialaista lyhytproosaa. Toim. K. Siraste. Helsinki. Kansankulttuuri. 1980, s. 137-157. MILEV, Geo Syyskuu ja muita runoja. В сборнике: Oi sade. oi sade. Päiväkirja. 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(Aaltonen Väinö, 19141946), L4>F846 F8J:\BH@D 135 !(D48@:" ;48",:\ (Agrikola Mikael, @8. 1508 4:4 1510-1557), (:"&" C,L@D<"P44 & K4>:b>*44, 42*": B,D&Z6 $J8&"D\ >" L4>F8@< b2Z8, & 1542, B,D,&,: =@&Z6 1"&,H & 1548 41, 109 !N@ _N">4 (Aho Juhani, >"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b Brofeldt, 1861-1921), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\ 57, 99, 101, 108, 200, 210-211 #"$,& )4<4HD (1880-1945), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\, D,*"8H@D 0JD>":" "94FH@B"*" 16 !*\b ]>*D, (Ady Endre, 1877-1919), &,>(,DF846 B@^H 91 #":"$">@& ;"D8@ (1837-1921), $@:("DF846 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\, JR"FH>48 P,D8@&>@->"P4@>":\>@(@ *&40,>4b 60 !8"D@(:J G`D8,D, B,D,&@*R48 '.E.A,HD@&" >" HJD,P846 b2Z8 140-141 #"D"HZ>F846 +&(,>46 !$D"<@&4R (18001844), DJFF846 B@^H 154-155, 160 !8F"8@& 3&"> E,D(,,&4R (1823-1886), DJFF846 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\, F:"&b>@L4: 157 #"HH,>$,D( !:,8F">*D (Battenberg Alexander, 1857-1913), >,<,P846 BD4>P, 8>b2\ #@:("D44 1879-1886 60, 64-65 !:,8F">*D I (1777-1825), D@FF46F846 4<B,D"H@D 1801-1825 43-44 #"H`T8@& 7@>FH">H4> =48@:",&4R (1787-1855), DJFF846 B@^H 154, 155 !:,8F">*D II (1818-1881), D@FF46F846 4<B,D"H@D 1855-1881 46, 60, 65, 130, 136 #,:4>F846 %4FF"D4@> 'D4(@D\,&4R (18111848), DJFF846 :4H,D"HJD>Z6 8D4H48 21 !:84@ E">H,D4 (Alkio Santeri, >"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b Frilander, 1862-1930), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\, @$V,FH-&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 56, 98, 210 #,D@> A,HD (1795-1871), $@:("DF846 BD@F&,H4H,:\, @BJ$:48@&": B,D&Z6 $J8&"D\ & 1824 37 !>*D,6R4> EH,L"> (1872-1934), D,*"8H@D $@:("DF8@(@ 0JD>":" "%X2D"0*">," 100 !>8,D4" E">H,D4 (Ankeria Santeri род. 1922), L4>F846 :4H,D"H@D 16, 73 !B@FH@: (-@&) !:,8F,6 (1866-1927), JD@0,>,P #@:("D44, 8"B,:\<,6FH,D & L4>F8@6 "D<44 67- 68 !BD4:@& %"F4: (1789-1847), $@:("DF846 BD@F&,H4H,:\, @D(">42"H@D B,D&@6 F&,HF8@6 T8@:Z & '"$D@&@ 1835 38, 123, 125 !D<L,:\H 'JFH"& ;@D4P (Armfelt Gustaf Mauritz, 1758-1814), L4>F846 B@:4H4R,F846 *,bH,:\ 44 1 Составила Лариса Вольфович. #,FHJ0,&-;"D:4>F846 !:,8F">*D !:,8F">*D@&4R (1797-1837), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, 8D4H48 154, 155 #4F<"D8 ',D$,DH (Bismark Herbert, D@*.1849), >,<,P846 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 65 #4F<"D8 ?HH@ L@> S.>N"J2,> (Bismarck Schönhausen, 1815-1918), B,D&Z6 D,6NF8">P:,D (,D<">F8@6 4<B,D44 18711910 48, 60, 61 #:"(@,& )4<4HD (1856-1924), $@:("DF846 *,bH,:\ D,&@:`P4@>>@-@F&@$@*4H,:\>@(@ *&40,>4b & C@FF44 4 #@:("D44 40, 100 #:@8 !:,8F">*D !:,8F">*D@&4R (18801921), DJFF846 B@^H 159, 160 276 #@$D48@& =. 3. 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A,HD@&" >" L4>F846 b2Z8 141 7"FF4D,D ]D>FH (Cassirer Ernst, 18741945), >,<,P846 L4:@F@L 173 7&">H,> ]<4:\ (Quanten Eemil, D@*. 1827), L4>F846 B@^H, B4F"&T46 >" T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 109 7,88@>,> IDN@ 7":,&" (Kekkonen Urho 74B"DF846 %":,>H4> (Kiparsky Valentin, 1924-2003), L4>F846 F:"&4FH, "8"*,<48 69, 151-154, 157-158, 160 74D4:: F&.(827-869), "DN4<">*D4H, F:"&b>F846 BD@F&,H4H,:\, F@2*"H,:\ B,D&@6 F:"&b>F8@6 "2$J84 34, 85 74D8@& ',@D(4 (1867-1919), @F>@&@B@:@0>48 BD@:,H"DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ & #@:("D44 40 74DR,&" +:,>", $@:("DF8"b B,D,&@*R4P" 115, 116, 212 7:4<,>H ?ND4*F846 F&.(840-916), $@:("DF846 BD@F&,H4H,:\, @*4> 42 @F>@&@B@:@0>48@& *D,&>,6 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 34, 132 7@6&4FH@ C46HH" (Koivisto Riitta, D@*.1948), B,D,&@*R4P" $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 125, 125 Койвисто Ристо (Koivisto Risto, род. 1955) переводчик болгарской литературы на финский язык 19, 79 7@::"D a> (Kollár Jan, 1793-1852), R,N@F:@&"HF846 B@^H 4 B,D,&@*R48 89 7@>*"8@& ]6b (Kondakov Eija), @BJ$:48@&":" FH"H\4 4 $D@T`DJ @ #@:("D44 14, 18, 26, 27, 59, 179, 211 7@>88" _N">4 (Konkka Juhani, 19241970), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\ 4 B,D,&@*R48 93, 123 7@>FH">H4>@& !:,8@ (1863-1917), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 168, 193 279 7@>T4> =48@:"6 ;4N"6:@&4R (17931859), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, B,*"(@( 155 7@D@:,>8@ %:"*4<4D '":"8H4@>@&4R (1853-1921), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 4 BJ$:4P4FH 101 7@F84>,> 3D\., H"80, 42&,FH,> B@* 4<,>,< 3D\.-7@F84>,> (Koskinen Yrjö, >"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b Forsman, 1854-1917), L4>F846 4FH@D48, B@:4H48 4 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\, L,>>@<"> 48, 54, 149 7D">4R,& ). $@:("DF846 0JD>":4FH, D,*"8H@D ("2,HZ "1@D"" 185 7D"F>@&F8"b 14>"4*" 3&">@&>", &H@D"b 0,>" '.E.A,HD@&" (>, F@FH@b:" & $D"8,), 148 7D"R8@&F846 3(>"H46 _:4">@&4R (18831951), DJFF846 &@FH@8@&,*, @*4> 42 @F>@&@B@:@0>48@& "D"$4FH484 75 7D,6R4 7"D,: (Krei…³ Karel, 1925-1979), R,TF846 :4H,D"HJD@&,* 4 8@<B"D"H4&4FH 32, 175 7DJ> _:4JF (Krohn Julius, 1835-1888), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\, L@:\8:@D4FH 62 Ленрот Элиас (Lönnrot Elias, 1802-1884), финский фольклорист, воссоздал эпос «Калевала» 112, 208 9,F8@& =48@:"6 E,<.>@&4R (1831-1915), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 144 9,R,& ),R8@ (D@*.1943), $@:("DF846 4FH@D48, @BJ$:48@&": 12 42*">4, 8>4(4 '.E.A,HD@&" % FHD">"H" >" $,:4H, :4:44. K4>:">*4b & 2002 17, 160 94:4е& =48@:"6 (1885-1940), $@:("DF846 B@^H 56, 90 94>*FH,*H 5@J8@ (Lindstedt Jouko, D@*.1955), L4>F846 JR.>Z6, $@:("D4FH, b2Z8@&,* 17, 19, 78, 81, 82 Линдфорс Аксели (Lindfors Akseli), участник войны 1877-8 178-179 Линна Вяйно (Linna Väinö род.1920) финский писатель 170 9`:4>F846 9`*<4:, $@:("DF846 8D4H48 118 9b>>,<"" 5@D<" (Lännemaa Jorma), L4>F846 B,D,&@*R48 142 7J,& 7J6@ ;"D8@& (1929-2001), $@:("DF846 JR.>Z6, F:"&4FH 74 ;"8*@>":\* C"<F,6 (Macdonald Ramsay, 1866-1937), ">(:46F846 B@:4H48, :,6$@D4FH 139 7JBD4> !:,8F">*D 3&">@&4R (1870-1938), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 101, 159, 160 ;"8L,DF@> )0,6<F (Macpherson James, 1736-1796), T@H:">*F846 B4F"H,:\ 154 7JJF4>,> 7"::, _N@ A,HH,D (Kuusinen Kalle Juho Petter, 1889-2000), $42>,F<,>, $@:("DF846 8@>FJ: & K4>:b>*44 19361942 78, 79, 182 ;":<FH,> ',@D( (Malmsten Georg, 19222001), L4>F846 B,&,P, *4D40.D, 8@<B@24H@D 68 7ZDR,&F846 M"*04 , $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 37 9"&488":" !FF,D (Lavikkala Asser, D@*.1935), B,D,&@*4: $@:("DF8J` :4H,D"HJDJ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 125 9"D>4 ;"DHH4 (Larni Martti D@*.1929), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\ 213 ;">,:4JF G"D<@ (Manelius Tarmo, D@*.1929), B@^H, B,D,&@*R48 $@:("DF8@6 B@^244 >" L4>F846 b2Z8 15, 19, 57, 125126 ;">>,D(,6< 7"D: 'JFH"& (Mannerheim Carl Gustaf, 1867-1954), D,(,>H K4>:b>*44 1918-1919, BD,24*,>H 19441946, L,:\*<"DT": F 1933 47, 50 9,">*,D !*@:\L (Leander Adolf, 18331919), L4>F846 &@,>>Z6 *4D40.D 67 ;">F488" %4:\@ (Mansikka Viljo, 18841947), L4>F846 F:"&4FH, L@:\8:@D4FH 18, 80-82, 182 9,&F846 %"F4: (1837-1873), $@D,P 2" @F&@$@0*,>4, #@:("D44 59, 87 ;"D4>@& 3&"> (J<,D 1935), $@:("DF846 B,D,&@*R48 97, 106 Лейно Эйно (Lönnbohm Eino, 18781926), финский поэт 192 ;"HF@> !:,8F (Matson Alex, 1888-1972), B,D,&@*R48 L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" ">(:46F846 b2Z8 121 280 ;,H,D:4>8 ;@D4F (Maeterlinck Moris, 1862-1949), $,:\(46F846 *D"<"HJD(, B@^H 105, 118 ;,L@*46 F&. 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S"D:\ (Montesguieu Charles, 1689-1755), LD">PJ2F846 BD@F&,H4H,:\, L4:@F@L 153 ?*@,&F846 %:"*4<4D K.*@D@&4R (1803(4)1869), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, 8D4H48 160 ;JDNJ C", (Murhu Rae Aurli Anton, D@*.1916), L4>F846 $4$:4@H,8"D\ 141 ;`((, G,@*@D (Mágge Theodor, 18021861), >,<,P846 B4F"H,:\ 207 A"&,: I (1754-1801), D@FF46F846 4<B,D"H@D 1796-1801 155 A"4F46 M4:,>*"DF846 F&. (1722-1798), 4*,@:@( $@:("DF8@(@ @F&@$@*4H,:\>@(@ *&40,>4b, BD@F&,H4H,:\ 35-36 281 A">,& =,DR@, $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 93 A"D"T8,&@& #@D4F (D@*.1938), $@:("DF846 b2Z8@&,*, B,D,&@*R48 L4>F8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" $@:("DF846 b2Z8 57, 79, 125 A,,& MD4FH@, $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 74 A,D, /">-9J4 (Perret Jean-Louis, 19151948), T&,6P"DF846 L4:@:@(, BD,B@*"&"H,:\ LD">PJ2F8@(@ b2Z8", B,D,&@*R48 F L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" 78, 116117 A,F@>,> A,88" (Pesonen Pekka, D@*.1947), L4>F846 JR.>Z6, DJF4FH, :4H,D"HJD@&,* 17, 82 AT4$ZT,&F846 EH">4F:"& (Przybyszewski Stanis»av, 1868-1927), B@:\F846 B4F"H,:\ 91 Ab6&bD4>>, E"D4 (Päivärinne Sari), BD,B@*"&"H,:\>4P" L4>F8@(@ b2Z8" & E@L46F8@< J>4&,DF4H,H, 19, 79 Ab6&bD4>H" A4,H"D4 (Päivärinta Pietari, 1827-1913), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\ 13, 15, 25, 57, 94-98, 120, 131, 200, 205, 210, 211 Радичков Йордан (род. 1929) болгарский писатель 126-127 C"2P&,H>48@& !F,> (1917-1951), $@:("DF846 B@^H 56 A,H.L4 S">*@D (Petöfi Šandor, 18231849), &,>(,DF846 B@^H 90, 91 C"4R 5@&"> (Pajuh, 1726-1801), F,D$F846 4FH@D48 86 A,HD@& 'D4(@D46 EB4D4*@>@&4R (18681925), DJFF846 BD"&@F:"&>Z6 F&bV,>>48,D,:4(4@2>Z6 <ZF:4H,:\ 14, 17, 25, 27, 45, 108, 132, 133, 135-148, 151, 158-168, 176, 183, 186, 188, 191, 195-200, 204-207, 209, 211 C"6>@& =48@:"6 (1889-1954), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 75 A,HD@& 3&"6:@ (D@*.1923), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 212 A,JD">,> +D884 (Peuranen Erkki, D@*.1939), L4>F846 JR.>Z6, DJF4FH, :4H,D"HJD@&,* 19, 152 A.HD I %,:4846 (1672-1725), DJFF846 P"D\ F 1682 (BD"&4: F 1689), B,D&Z6 D@FF46F846 4<B,D"H@D F 1721 43, 152 A:,H>,& A.HD !:,8F">*D@&4R (17921865/66), DJFF846 B@^H, 8D4H48, L,>>@L4: 151, 158 A@(@*4> ;4N"4: A,HD@&4R (1800-1875), DJFF846 4FH@D48, B4F"H,:\ 197 A@:b>@& )4<4HD (>"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b A@B@&, 1876-1953), $@:("DF846 B@^H 40 A@FHJB",& K.*@D, DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, H@:FH@&,P 102 ADJF #@:,F:"& (Prus Boles»aw, >"FH@bV,, 4*D ':@&"P846, G»owacki, 1847-1912), B@:\F846 B4F"H,:\ 101 C">(,:@& %:"*4<4D, $@:("DF846 42*"H,:\ *,HF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ 109 C"F8 C"F<JF (Rask Rasmus, 1787-1832), *"HF846 b2Z8@&,* 110 C,B4> 3:\b +L4<@&4R (1844-1930), DJFF846 04&@B4F,P 142 C,D4N =48@:"6 7@>FH">H4>@&4R (18741947), DJFF846 04&@B4F,P 4 L4:@F@L 76 C4FF">,> _N@ (Rissanen Juho, 18731950), L4>F846 NJ*@0>48 109-110 C@<,> /`:\ (Romains Jules, 1885-1972), LD">PJ2F846 B4F"H,:\ 118 CJ>,$,D( 5@N"> 9`*&4( (Runeberg Johan Ludvig, 1804-1877), L4>F846 B@^H, B4F"&T46 >" T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 24, 47, 53, 88, 107-109, 178 CJ>,$,D( KD,*,D48" (Runeberg Fredrik8a, 1807-1879), 0,>" L4>F8@(@ B@^H" CJ>,$,D(" 47 E""D48@F84 A,>HH4 (Saarikoski Pentti, 1937-2003), L4>F846 B@^H 56 ADJFH ;"DF,:\ (Proust Marsel, 18711922), LD">PJ2F846 B4F"H,:\ 118 E":<4>,> E"::4 (Salminen Sally, 19261976), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 74, 77, 108, 212 AJT84> !:,8F">*D E,D(,,&4R (17991837), DJFF846 B@^H 4 B4F"H,:\ 56, 89, 90, 119, 154, 200 E":@8@DB4 E4>488" (Salokorpi Sinikka), "&H@D FH"H,6 4 $D@T`D @ #@:("D44 14, 18, 27, 58, 122, 178, 179, 183, 212, 211 282 E":HZ8@&-U,*D4> ;4N"4: +&(D"L@&4R (1826-1889), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\-F"H4D48 160 E<4D>,>F846 MD4FH@ (>"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b 32<4D:4,&, 1918-1923), $@:("DF846 B@^H 40, 125 E":\&4>4 9J4*04 (Salvini Luigi, 19111957), 4H":\b>F846 F:"&4FH, B,D,&@*R48 78, 90-92 E>,:\<"> _N"> %4:\(,:\< (Snellmann Johan Vilhelm, 1806-1881), L4>F846 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 45-46, 54, 61, 72, 137-138, 140, 149, 168, 191, 199 E&4>NJ&J* A,D ]&4>* (Svinhufvud Pehr Evind, 1861-1944) B,D&Z6 BD,<\,D<4>4FHD K4>:b>*44 1917-1918, BD,24*,>H 1931-1937 50 E&4LH )0@>"H"> (Swift Jonathan, 16671745), ">(:46F846 B4F"H,:\, B@:4H4R,F846 *,bH,:\ 56 E,Hb:b +<4:\ =,FH@D (Setälä Eemil Nestor, 1864-1935), L4>F846 b2Z8@&,* 4 B@:4H48 69, 75 E,H,:b M,:<4 (Setälä Helmi, JD. Krohn, 1871-1947), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 108, 210 E4$,:4JF a> (Sibelius Jean, 1865-1957), L4>F846 8@<B@24H@D 104, 113, 121 E4(>,JF KD,*D48 (Cygneus Fredrik, 18071881), L4>F846 :4H,D"HJD@&,*, B@2H, 8J:\HJD>Z6 *,bH,:\ 47, 109 E4::">Bb KD">F ]<4:\ (Sillanpää Frans Eemil, 1888-1944), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\, :"JD,"H =@$,:,&F8@6 BD,<44 19, 26, 7677, 114-118, 119, 121, 188, 198-200, 205, 211 E4<,@> II - $@:("DF846 P"D\ 1943-1946, 2"H,< & 42(>">44, BD,<\,D-<4>4FHD #@:("D44 F 2001 85 E4D"FH, 74DFH4 (Siraste Kirsti, D@*.1939), B,D,&@*R4P", & R"FH>@FH4, $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" L4>F846 b2Z8 57, 125, 125 E4D,> _N"> (Sirén Johan, 1889-1941), L4>F846 "DN4H,8H@D 80 E8@D@N@*@&" ;"D4b, 0,>" $@:("DF8@(@ H@:FH@&P" )">R@ %"BP"D@&" 101 E:"&,68@& A,>R@ (1866-1912), $@:("DF846 B@^H (FZ> A,H8@ E:"&,68@&") 39, 83, 8992 E:"&,68@& A,H8@ (1827-1915), $@:("DF846 B@^H, @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\, BD,*F,*"H,:\ ="D@*>@(@ E@$D">4b #@:("D44 1880 38, 56, 65, 86, 90, 108 E@6>4 GJJ:4884 (Soini Tuulikki), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P", B,D,&@*R4P" 135, 142 E@8,D@&" 3D4>", $@:("DF8"b B,D,&@*R4P" 77, 115-118 E@:@&\,& %:"*4<4D E,D(,,&4R (18531920), DJFF846 L4:@F@L, B@^H, BJ$:4P4FH 159, 160 E@L@8: (@8.496-406 *@ >.^.), *D,&>,(D,R,F846 B@^H-*D"<"HJD( 90 E@LD@>46 %D"R">F846 F&. (1739-1814), $@:("DF846 BD@F&,H4H,:\ 35-37 EB,D">F846 ;4N"4: ;4N"6:@&4R (17721839), DJFF846 (@FJ*"DFH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 44 EBD,>(B@DH,> 5.D"> ;"(>JF (Sprengtporten Göran Magnus, 17401819), T&,*F846 @L4P,D, FH@D@>>48 BD4F@,*4->,>4b K4>:b>*44 8 C@FF44 43-44, 149 EH"<$J:@& EH,L"> (1854-1915), $@:("DF846 B@:4H4R,F846 4 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 86 EH,>$,88 9"DF (Stenbäck Lars, 18111870), L4>F846 BD@F&,H4H,:\ 109 EH@4:@& S@B@& ',@D(46 (1879-1933), $@:("DF846 H@:FH@&,P 100 EH@b>@& A"D"T8,& (J<,D 2006), @F>@&"H,:\ FHJ*,>R,F8@(@ @$V,FH&" $@:("D@-L4>F8@6 *DJ0$Z & 1938 (. 163 EHD4>*$,D( !&(JFH (Strindberg August, 1849-1912), T&,*F846 B4F"H,:\ 57, 105, 118 EJ&4:,NH@ Эеро (Suvilehto Eero, род.1947), L4>F846 B@^H, B,D,&@*R48 F $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" 19, 57, 63- 64, 66, 79, 125, 136 G"(@D C"$4>*D">"H (Thakur Rabindranath, 1861-1941), 4>*46F846 B4F"H,:\, @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 101 283 G":"F ?>>4 (Talas Onni *@ 1919 (. Gratschoff, 1877-1958), L4>F846 B@F@: & #@:("D44 1934-1940 14, 26, 27, 58, 131, 132, 141, 169, 178-183, 193 G":&4@ ;"6:" (Talvio Maila BF,&*@>4<, JD. Winter, 2"<J0,< 2" Mikkola, 18711951), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 16, 55, 69, 73, 75-77, 108, 132, 212 G"D84"6>,> %4:\@ (Tarkiainen Viljo, 1879-1951), L4>F846 :4H,D"HJD@&,* 105, 107 G4<@>,> 3D<" (Timonen Irma, D@*.1948), B,D,&@*R4P" $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" L4>F846 b2Z8, 4FF:,*@&"H,:\>4P" 125, 125 G4N<,>,&"-A,JD">,> G"H\b>" E,D(,,&>" (D@*.1942), L4:@(@(, 4FF:,*@&"H,:\>4P" 19, 152 G@*@D@&" +:,>", BD,B@*"&"H,:\ $@:("DF8@(@ b^Z8" 79, 126 G@*@D@& A,H8@ 5@D*">@& (1879-1916), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\ 40, 90 G@:FH@6 9,& =48@:",&4R (1828-1910), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 24, 56, 99-106, 120, 139, 144, 145, 162, 175 K@H4>@& 7@>FH">H4>, $@:("DF846 BJ$:4P4FH 38 KD4*D4N 7"D: ',FF,>F846 (Friedrich Karl, 1868-1940), BD,H,>*,>H >" <@>"DN" K4>:b>*44 B@F:, ,. >,2"&4F4<@FH4 1917 49 M""&488@ A""&@ (Haavikko Paavo, D@*. 1931), L4>F846 B@^H 19 M":HF@>,> !. (Haltsonen A.), B,D&@*R48 '.E A,HD@&" >" L4>F846 b2Z8 16, 141144, 147, 169 M":HF@>,> EJ:@ (Haltsonen Sulo, 19231973), L4>F846 $4$:4@(D"L, F:"&4FH 81 M">>J:" IJ>@ (Hannula Uuno,1911-1943), L4>F846 B@:4H48 132 M&@FH@&" !:,8F">*D" (1768-1853), DJFF8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 153 M4D\b8@& !., DJFF846 B4F"H,:\, H@:FH@&,P 102, 142, 144 M@<b8@& !. (1804-1860), DJFF846 F:"&b>@L4: 157 M`D88b>,> _88" (Hyrkkänen Jukka, D@*.1942), L4>F846 F:"&4FH 88, 125 G@<F,> %4:\(,:\< 9`*&4( (Thomsen Vilhelm Ludvig, 1842-1927), *"HF846 8@<B"D"H4&4FH 69 Mb<,,>-!>HH4:" %b6>. (Hämeen-Anttila Väinö, 1878-1942), L4>F846 42*"H,:\, 0JD>":4FH 93-95 G@B,:4JF O"8"D4"F (Topelius Zacharias, 1818-1918), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\,B4F"&T46 >" T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 47, 53, 57, 108, 109 O">,& 3&"> (D@*.1841), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\, B,D,&@*R48 _N">4 !N@ 4 !D&4*" aD>,L,:\H" 22, 99, 101-104, 107, 131 G@D@ ',>D4 ),6&4* (Thoreau Henry David, 1817-1862), "<,D48">F846 B4F"H,:\, <ZF:4H,:\, >,BD@H4&:,>,P 102 G@T8@& %,F,:4> (D@*.1951), $@:("DF846 B,D,&@*R48 57, 87-88 GJD(,>,& 3&"> E,D(,,&4R (1818-1883), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 101, 105 GJJ:4@ G`J>4 (Tuulio Tyyni, 1912-2001), L4>F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P", B,D,&@*R4P", :4H,D"HJD@&,* 79 K,D*4>">* I 7@$JD(F846 (E"8F-7@$JD('@H", 1861-1948) $@:("DF846 8>b2\ F 1887, P"D\ #@:("D44 1928-1918 60, 65 K@DHJ>"H@& K4:4BB K.*@D@&4R (18481914), DJFF846 b2Z8@&,* 69 O">8@& )D"("> (1830-1913), $@:("DF846 B@:4H48 60, 65 O@>,& #,>\@ (1863-1926), $@:("DF846 b2Z8@&,*, B,D,&@*R48 A4,H"D4 Ab6&bD4>H" 94-98, 131 O@D> !>*,DF (Zorn Anders, 1860-1920), T&,*F846 04&@B4F,P 4 (D"L48 109-110 Q,D>@D42,P MD"$D (M &,8), $@:("DF846 <@>"N, @*4> 42 F@2*"H,:,6 F:"&b>F8@6 "2$J84 34 Q,DH8@& %:"*4<4D 'D4(@D\,&4R (18541936), DJFF846 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\, 42*"H,:\, *DJ( 9.=.G@:FH@(@ 99, 100, 104 Q,N@& !>H@> A"&:@&4R (1860-1924), DJFF846 B4F"H,:\ 97, 101 284 Q4:4>(4D@& EH4:4b> (1881-1943), $@:("DF846 B4F"H,:\, L,>>@L4: 108 ]D48 E&bH@6 (Eerik IX Pyhä, MII &,8), T&,*F846 8@D@:\ 40 Q4>HJ:@& )@$D4 (1822-1886), $@:("DF846 B@^H 38-39 ]D>D@H 7"24<4D (Ehrnrooth Casimir, 1833-1913), L4>F846 (,>,D":-:,6H,>">H, B@:4H4R,F846 *,bH,:\ 13, 47, 60-61, 6467, 130, 206, 210 S":bB4> K.*@D 3&">@&4R (1873-1938), DJFF846 B,&,P 139 S"<D"6 Татиана, BD,B@*"&"H,:\ $@:("DF8@(@ b2Z8" 79, 126 S"J<"> ]J(,> (Schaumann Eugen , 18751924), "8H4&4FH *&40,>4b 2" >,2"&4F4<@FH\ K4>:b>*44, J$46P" =.3. #@$D48@&" 39, 49 S,8FB4D I4:\b< (Shakespeare William, 1564-1616), ">(:46F846 *D"<"HJD( 4 B@^H 56 S,::4 ;^D4 (Shelley Mary, 1797-1851), ">(:46F8"b B4F"H,:\>4P" 90 S,N">@&" ?:\(", $@:("DF8"b NJ*@0>4P", 0,>" ',@D(4b S4T8@&" 79, 81 S4:*H CJ>"D (Schildt Runar, 1888-1925), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\, B4F"&T46 >" T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 74, 77, 108, 212 S4::,D 3@(">> KD4*D4N (Schiller Freadrich von, 1759-1805), >,<,P846 B@^H 4 *D"<"HJD( 108 S4T8@& ',@D(4, D"$@H>48 $@:("DF8@(@ B@F@:\FH&" & K4>:b>*44 81, 134 S4T<">@& !*,8F">*D (D@*.1889), $@:("DF846 L4:@:@(, B,D,&@*R48 ;. G":&4@, E. E":<4>,> 4 C. S4:*H" 74-77, 108, 212 _:4>,> G,J&@ (Ylinen Teuvo, D@*.1936), B,D,&@*R48 $@:("DF8@6 :4H,D"HJDZ >" L4>F846 b2Z8, "&H@D FH"H,6 4 $D@T`D @ #@:("D44 14, 18, 26, 27, 57-58, 122, 125, 180-181, 212, _D8b>8"::4@ A"J:\ (Jyrkänkallio Pauli, *@ 1944 (. Schmidt, D@*. 1922), L4>F846 B@F@: & GJDP44 4 #@:("D44 1949-1972 14, 136, 141, 169, 196 _F:,>4JF )">4^:\ (Juslenius Daniel, 1676-1752), ,B4F8@B, L,>>@<"> 42 a&@D@& A,H8@ (>"FH@bV"b L"<4:4b 7D"R@:@&, 1877-1914), $@:("DF846 B@^H 22, 40, 56, 78, 91-92 a(,DN@D> a> (Jägerhorn Jan, 1757-1825), L4>F846 B@:4H48, FH@D@>>48 BD4F@,*4>,>4b K4>:b>*44 8 C@FF44 43 a8@$F@> A,H,D (Jakobson Peter, 18541919), ^FH@>F846 B@^H 62 a>RJ:,& %., $@:("DF846 *,bH,:\ 8@@B,D"H4&>@(@ *&40,>4b 72- 73, 131 aD>,L,:\H !&(JFH !:,8F">*D (Järnefelt August Alexsander, 1833-1916), L4>F846 (,>,D":, 8"DH@(D"L 67 S4T<">@& )4<4HD (1889-1945), <4>4FHD 4>@FHD">>ZN *,: #@:("D44 77 aD>,L,:\H !D&4* (Järnefeldt Arvid, 18611932), L4>F846 B4F"H,:\, B4F"&T46 >" T&,*F8@< b2Z8, 13, 16, 24, 25, 29, 56- 57, 67, 75, 99-107, 120, 130, 131, 200, 205, 206, 210, 211 S4T<">@& 3&"> (1862-1928), JR.>Z6, $@:("DF846 8J:\HJD>Z6 4 @$V,FH&,>>Z6 *,bH,:\ 77, 96, 145 aD>,L,:\H !D<"F (Järnefelt Armas, 18691958), L4>F846 *4D40.D 4 8@<B@24H@D 102 S4T<">@&" ;"D4b, 0,>" !:,8F">*D" S4T<">@&" 75-77 aD>,L,:\H +,D@ (Järnefelt Eero, 18631937), L4>F846 NJ*@0>48 102, 113 S<4* 7D4FH@L (Schmidt, 1768-1854), >,<,P846 B4F"H,:\ 120

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