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Distr.: General
23 December 1999
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13
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17
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18
1
?L4P4":\>Z, @HR,HZ ]8@>@<4R,F8@(@ 4 E@P4":\>@(@ E@&,H", 1997 (@*, )@B@:>,>4,
(E/1997/28/Rev.1 4 E/CN.7/1997/12/Rev.1), R"FH\ B,D&"b, BJ>8H 80(")).
2
South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use, "Monitoring alcohol and drug abuse trends in South
Africa (July 1996-December 1998)", Research Brief, vol. 2, No. 1, 1998.
3
UNDCP, The Drug Nexus in Africa (Vienna, March 1999).
4
National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Drug trends in the United States and NIDA activities", paper presented to the
Council of Europe/Pompidou Group twenty-ninth meeting of epidemiological experts in drug problems, held in
Strasbourg on 7 and 8 June 1999.
5
Community Epidemiology Work Group, "Epidemiologic trends in drug abuse" (Rockville, Maryland, 1998).
6
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Extended Annual Report on the State of the Drugs
Problem in the European Union (Lisbon, 1999).
7
"Treated drug users in 23 European cities: data 1997, trends 1996-97", final report of the Pompidou Group project
on treatment demand (Strasbourg, Council of Europe, 1999).
8
"Report of the Asian Multicity Epidemiology Work Group", Centre for Drug Research International Monograph
Series (Penang, Universiti Sains Malaysia, December 1998).
9
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10
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National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, 1999).
11
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12
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14
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15
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16
National Institute on Drug Abuse, "Report on the inaugural meeting of the Global Research Network on HIV
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17
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18
National Institute on Drug Abuse, "25 years of discovery to advance the health of the public" (Bethesda, Maryland,
1999).
19
Bureau of HIV/AIDS, STD and TB, "HIV/AIDS Epi Updates" (Ottawa, 1998).
20
K. Dehne, "The HIV epidemic in central and eastern Europe: update", report prepared for UNAIDS (August 1999).
8
+/CN.7/2000/4
21
Centre for African Settlement Studies and Development, "The drugs nexus in Africa: Nigeria", study prepared for
UNDCP (Ibadan, Nigeria, 1998).
22
Asian Harm Reduction Network, "The hidden epidemic: a situation assessment of drug use in south-east and east
Asia in the context of HIV vulnerability" (Bangkok, 1998).
23
Department of Health of Myanmar, AIDS prevention and control project, "Sentinel surveillance data for March
1998".
24
"Exploratory studies on drug abuse in the Asian region", Centre for Drug Rese"rch International Monograph Series
(Penang, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1997).
25
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tuberculosis cases notified in 1997" (Saint-Maurice, France, 1997).
26
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of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 51:0 (1997).
27
National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, press release (Sydney, Australia, 7 December 1999).
19
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%@BD@F>48 8 ,0,(@*>Z< *@8:"*"<, R"FH\ II, 2:@JB@HD,$:,>4, >"D8@H48"<4. Gerry Stimson, Don C. Des Jarlais and Andrew Ball.
Drug Injecting and HIV Infection; (World Health Organization, 1998); UNAIDS/WHO fact sheet; 4 Pompidou Group project on treatment demand, final report on treated
drug users in 23 European cities.
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