Микроэкономика: Тематика контрольных работ

реклама
n¾Ã¾ÇÈ»ÆÇȸÄķƶ½Ä¸¶Ã¾µrÄÇǾ¿ÇÀÄ¿v»º»Æ¶Ì¾¾
t¶Â·Ä¸ÇÀ¾¿¹ÄÇɺ¶ÆÇȸ»ÃÃÑ¿È»ËþͻÇÀ¾¿Éþ¸»ÆǾȻÈ
FBDJHWDHGHFBD:
t»Â¶È¾À¶ÀÄÃÈÆÄÁÒÃÑËƶ·ÄÈ
ºÁµÇÈɺ»ÃÈĸ½¶ÄÍÃĹÄÄȺ»Á»Ã¾µ
È»ËþͻÇÀ¾ËÇŻ̾¶ÁÒÃÄÇÈ»¿¾ÇÁÉζȻÁ»¿vqql
cclupµu
n
t¶Â·Ä¸x j½º¶È»ÁÒÇȸÄtetux uȸ»Æ¼º»ÃÄr»º¶À̾ÄÃÃľ½º¶È»ÁÒÇÀ¾ÂÇĸ»ÈÄÂÉþ¸»ÆǾȻȶ
r»Ì»Ã½»ÃÈ
l¶Ãº¾º¶ÈÓÀÄÃľͻÇÀ¾ËöÉÀºÄÌ»ÃÈ
mbh¶Æ¾Àĸ¶
sÄÇȶ¸¾È»Á¾
cje»Æ¶Ç¾Âĸ€el¾Æ¾Á¾Ã¶
n
n¾ÀÆÄÓÀÄÃľÀ¶ t»Â¶È¾À¶ ÀÄÃÈÆÄÁÒÃÑË Æ¶·ÄÈ
sÄÇÈ c j e»Æ¶Ç¾Âĸ € e l¾Æ¾Á¾Ã¶ t¶Â·Ä¸
sÄÇÈ c j e»Æ¶Ç¾Âĸ € e l¾Æ¾Á¾Ã¶ t¶Â·Ä¸
j½º¸Ät¶Â·¹ÄÇÈ»ËÃÉÃȶ Ç
f¶ÃÑ Åƾ»Æöµ Ȼ¶ȾÀ¶ ÀÄÃÈÆÄÁÒÃÑË Æ¶·ÄÈ
ÅÁ¶ÃÑ Â»Èĺ¾Í»ÇÀ¾» Æ»ÀÄ»ú¶Ì¾¾ ÅÄ ¾Ë
¸ÑÅÄÁÃ»Ã¾Ô qÆ»ºÇȶ¸Á»ÃÑ ÇžÇÄÀ Á¾È»Æ¶ÈÉÆÑ ¾
¸ÄÅÆÄÇѺÁµÅĸÈÄƻþµ
qÆ»ºÃ¶½Ã¶Í»Ã¶ ºÁµ ÇÈɺ»ÃÈĸ ½¶ÄÍÃÄ¿ ÊÄÆÂÑ
Ä·ÉͻþµÈ»ËþͻÇÀ¾ËÇŻ̾¶ÁÒÃÄÇÈ»¿¾ÇÁÉζȻÁ»¿
vqql
t¶Â·Ä¸ÇÀ¾¿¹ÄÇɺ¶ÆÇȸ»ÃÃÑ¿
È»ËþͻÇÀ¾¿
Éþ¸»ÆǾȻÈ
tetu¹
”
xj½º¶È»ÁÒÇȸÄtetux
cclupµu
IJ?>F?LB F?LH>WDHGHFBQ?KDHCL?HJBB
QlhbamqZ_lwdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyb dZdh\u__ nmgdpbb
F_lh^ubamq_gbywdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbb
FbdjhwdhghfbdZb fZdjhwdhghfbdZGhjfZlb\gZyb ihablb\gZywdhghfbdZ
A Z ^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Ijh[e_fZij_^f_lZbkke_^h\Zgbyy\ey_lkyh^ghcbakihjguo\ wdhghfbq_kdhcgZmd_b
^bkdmkkbbihwlhfm\hijhkmijh^he`Zxlky^hkboihjMykgbl_qlhbamqZ_lwdhghfbq_kdZy
l_hjbyIhq_fm__ bamqZxlBamqbl_f_lh^uwdhghfbq_kdh]hZgZebaZJZkdjhcl_kh^_j`Zgb_
lZdbo ihgylbc dZd ijbgpbi aZdhg fh^_ev <uykgbl_ jZaebqby b \aZbfhk\yav f_`^m
fbdjhwdhghfbdhc b fZdjhwdhghfbdhc Q_f hlebqZxlky ghjfZlb\gZy b ihablb\gZy
wdhghfbdZ
JZa\blb_wdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdb
DeZkkbq_kdZywdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjby
G_hdeZkkbq_kdZyl_hjby
BgklblmpbhgZevgh_gZijZ\e_gb_\ wdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
JZkkfhljbl_]_g_abkwdhghfbq_kdhcl_hjbbbklhdbijh[e_fb dhgp_ipbcIhiulZcl_kv
djZldh hoZjZdl_jbah\Zlv \Z`g_crb_ gZijZ\e_gby b rdheu wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb
fZj`bgZebafg_hdeZkkbq_kdbckbgl_abgklblmpbhgZebaf
WDHGHFBD:B ?? HKGH<GU?WE?F?GLU
WdhghfbdZdZd_^bgkl\hijhba\h^kl\ZjZkij_^_e_gbyh[f_gZb ihlj_[e_gby
WdhghfbdZdZdkhq_lZgb_kn_j^_yl_evghklb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
JZkkfhljbl_ bkoh^gu_ ijbagZdb wdhghfbdb ijhba\h^kl\h jZkij_^_e_gb_ h[f_g
ihlj_[e_gb_ b bo khklZ\eyxsb_ we_f_glu HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ ihgylby nZdlhju
ijhba\h^kl\Z kj_^kl\Z ijhba\h^kl\Z l_ogheh]by hj]ZgbaZpby ijhba\h^kl\Z Z lZd`_
ijhba\h^bl_evgu_ kbeu b bo jZagh\b^ghklb Bamqbl_ kn_ju wdhghfbdb b mjh\gb
ohayckl\h\Zgby\ wdhghfbd_
WNN?DLB<GHKLVBKIHEVAH<:GBYH=J:GBQ?GGUOJ?KMJKH<DJB<:Y
IJHBA<H>KL<?GGUO<HAFH@GHKL?C
<ZjbZgl Wdhghfbq_kdb_ j_kmjku bo h]jZgbq_gghklv <u[hj Zevl_jgZlb\ bkihevah\Zgby
j_kmjkh\
Ijh[e_fZaZgylhklbj_kmjkh\Djb\Zyijhba\h^kl\_gguo\hafh`ghkl_c
<f_g_ggu_ba^_j`dbAZdhg\hajZklZgby\f_g_gguoba^_j`_d
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<:JB:GL Ihlj_[ghklbj_kmjkuH]jZgbq_gghklv[eZ]
Ohayckl\h\Zgb_b wnn_dlb\ghklv
Wdhghfbq_kdbc\u[hjb Zevl_jgZlb\gu_ba^_j`db
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<uykgbl_qlhlZdh_ijhba\h^kl\_ggu_j_kmjkub dZdh\uijbgpbiubodeZkkbnbdZpbb
JZkdjhcl_ ihgylb_ wdhghfbq_kdZy wnn_dlb\ghklv Mykgbl_ qlh ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc
fh^_ev b djb\Zy ijhba\h^kl\_gguo \hafh`ghkl_c dZdh\u bo hkgh\gu_ nmgdpbb \
wdhghfbq_kdhf ZgZeba_ JZkdjhcl_ k ihfhsvx djb\hc ijhba\h^kl\_gguo \hafh`ghkl_c
kmsghklv Zevl_jgZlb\guo ba^_j`_d b aZdhgZ m[u\Zxs_c ijhba\h^bl_evghklb nZdlhjh\
ijhba\h^kl\ZDZdl_ogheh]by\eby_lgZijhba\h^kl\_ggu_ \hafh`ghklbh[s_kl\Z"
Wdhghfbq_kdb_kbkl_fub bodeZkkbnbdZpby
<:JB:GL Wdhghfbq_kdZykbkl_fZDjbl_jbbb lbiudeZkkbnbdZpbbwdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_f
Kf_rZggZywdhghfbdZb __fh^_eb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Knhjfmebjmcl_ ihgylb_ wdhghfbq_kdZy kbkl_fZ Mykgbl_ deZkkbnbdZpbx
wdhghfbq_kdbo kbkl_f gZ hkgh\_ kljmdlmjhh[jZamxsbo khpbZevghwdhghfbq_kdbo
djbl_jb_\Z lZd`_djbl_jb_\keh`ghklbb baf_gqb\hklbkbkl_f
JZkkfhljbl_ jZaebqgu_ ljZdlh\db l_jfbgZ kf_rZggZy wdhghfbdZ hoZjZdl_jbamcl_
g_dhlhju_ fh^_eb kf_rZgghc wdhghfbdb Zf_jbdZgkdZy ]_jfZgkdZy r\_^kdZy yihgkdZy
dblZckdZyDZdh\u\hafh`ghklbnhjfbjh\Zgbykf_rZgghcwdhghfbdb\ Jhkkbb"
<:JB:GL Hkgh\gu_wdhghfbq_kdb_ijh[e_fuklhysb_i_j_^h[s_kl\hf
Lbiub fh^_ebwdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_f
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Ex[h_ h[s_kl\h ^he`gh gZclb hl\_lu gZ \hijhku qlh ijhba\h^blv dZd ijhba\h^blv
^ey dh]h ijhba\h^blv JZkkfhljbl_ jZaebqgu_ wdhghfbq_kdb_ kbkl_fu hlebqZxsb_ky
ih^oh^hfb f_lh^Zfbj_r_gbyhkgh\guowdhghfbq_kdboijh[e_f
JughqgZykbkl_fZohayckl\h\Zgby
H[sZyoZjZdl_jbklbdZjughqghckbkl_fuohayckl\h\Zgby
Jhevp_gh\h]hf_oZgbafZb dhgdmj_gpbb\ jughqghcwdhghfbd_
Ij_bfms_kl\Zb g_^hklZldbjughqgh]hf_oZgbafZohayckl\h\Zgby
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
HagZdhfblvky k hkgh\gufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb jughqghc kbkl_fu ohayckl\h\Zgby
mykgblv ijbgpbiu b klbfmeu jZa\blby k\hckl\_ggu_ jugdm Ihgylv jhev p_gh\h]h
f_oZgbafZb dhgdmj_gpbb\ jughqghcwdhghfbd_MykgblvdZdbfh[jZahfp_gh\hcf_oZgbaf
b dhgdmj_gpby j_rZxl nmg^Zf_glZevgu_ ijh[e_fu wdhghfbq_kdhc hj]ZgbaZpbb h[s_kl\Z
JZkdjulvij_bfms_kl\Zb g_^hklZldbjughqgh]hf_oZgbafZohayckl\h\Zgby
KMSGHKLVB NMGDPBBJUGD:
KmsghklvjugdZMkeh\by\hagbdgh\_gbyjugdZ
KljmdlmjZjugdZ
NmgdpbbjugdZ
Dhgdmj_gpby\ kbkl_f_jugdZ
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
L_hjbyjugdZy\ey_lkynmg^Zf_glhf^eyihgbfZgbydexq_\uoijh[e_fwdhghfbq_kdh]h
jZa\blby b _]h wnn_dlb\ghklb gZ fbdjh b fZdjhmjh\gyo Ke_^m_l ^Zlv g_kdhevdh
hij_^_e_gbc jugdZ \uy\blv gZb[he__ m[_^bl_evgh_ JZkdjulv h[t_dlb\gu_ mkeh\by
\hagbdgh\_gby b nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby jughqgh]h ohayckl\Z IhdZaZlv ihablb\gu_ b
g_]Zlb\gu_ihke_^kl\byjughqguohlghr_gbcgZwdhghfbdm
KH>?J@:GB?KH;KL<?GGHKLBB ??NHJFU
IJ:<:KH;KL<?GGHKLBB WDHGHFBQ?KD:Y <E:KLV
Xjb^bq_kdh_ihgylb_kh[kl\_gghklb
Hkgh\gu_q_jluwdhghfbq_kdh]hkh^_j`Zgbykh[kl\_gghklb
IjZ\Zkh[kl\_gghklbL_hjbyijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb
Wdhghfbq_kdZy\eZklvWdhghfbq_kdZyaZ\bkbfhklv
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ Z[k
Ihgylb_ kh[kl\_gghklb ho\Zlu\Z_l keh`gmx kbkl_fm xjb^bq_kdbo b wdhghfbq_kdbo
hlghr_gbcJZkkfhljbl_jZaebqbywdhghfbq_kdh]hih^oh^Zd kh^_j`Zgbxkh[kl\_gghklbhl
ijZ\h\h]hih^oh^Zb \u^_ebl_hkgh\gu_q_jluwdhghfbq_kdh]hkh^_j`Zgbykh[kl\_gghklb
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ ^\Z hkgh\guo gZijZ\e_gby bamqZxsbo ijZ\Z kh[kl\_gghklb
dhglbg_glZevgh_b Zg]ehkZdkhgkdh_Mykgbl_kmlvl_hjbbijZ\ kh[kl\_gghklbb jZaebqgu_
\ZjbZgludeZkkbnbdZpbbijZ\kh[kl\_gghklb
HJ=:GBA:PBHGGHIJ:<H<U?NHJFUIJ?>IJBGBF:L?EVKL<:
Ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\hb _]h\b^u
Hj]ZgbaZpbhgghijZ\h\u_nhjfu ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z
:dpbhg_jgh_h[s_kl\h
Kh\j_f_ggu_nhjfudjmigh]hb f_edh]hij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
< aZ\bkbfhklb hl nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb h[jZamxlky jZaebqgu_ lbiu ij_^ijbylbc
kdeZ^u\Zxlky bo hj]ZgbaZpbhggZy kljmdlmjZ b oZjZdl_j ohayckl\_gghc ^_yl_evghklb
JZkdjhcl_ wdhghfbq_kdh_ kh^_j`Zgb_ jZaebqguo nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb DeZkkbnbdZpby
ij_^ijbylbc fh`_l ijh\h^blvky ih jZaf_jm nhjf_kh[kl\_gghklbf_j_hl\_lkl\_gghklb\
kemqZ_jZahj_gbyb li
IJ?>IJBYLB??=H<B>UB NHJFUKH;KL<?GGHKLB
Ij_^ijbylb_aZ\h^NbjfZ
IjZ\h\u_nhjfu^_eh\uoij_^ijbylbc
Nhjfuij_^ijbylbc\ gZr_ckljZg_\ i_j_oh^guci_jbh^
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
K lhqdb aj_gby nhjf kh[kl\_gghklb ke_^m_l ih^hclb d deZkkbnbdZpbb \b^h\
ij_^ijbylbc kms_kl\mxsbo gZ aZiZ^_ b kdeZ^u\Zxsboky m gZk \ ijhp_kk_ i_j_oh^Z d
jugdm
KLJMDLMJ:JUGDH<
JughqgZykljmdlmjZKh\_jr_ggZyb g_kh\_jr_ggZydhgdmj_gpby
Hkgh\gu_lbiujughqguokljmdlmjg_kh\_jr_gghcdhgdmj_gpbb
NZdlhjuhij_^_eyxsb_kljmdlmjmjugdZ
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
DZdb_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb hij_^_eyxl kljmdlmjm jugdh\" <uy\bl_ hkgh\gu_ q_jlu jugdZ
kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb < q_f jZaebqb_ f_`^m fhghiheb_c heb]hiheb_c b djmiguf
[bag_khf D qbkem nZdlhjh\ hij_^_eyxsbo kljmdlmjm jugdZ hlghkylky dhgp_gljZpby
ijhba\h^kl\Z b p_gljZebaZpby dZiblZeZ JZkkfhljbl_ kh\j_f_ggu_ nhjfu dhgp_gljZpbb
bgl_]jZpby ^b\_jkbnbdZpby dhg]ehf_jZpbyb __ ihdZaZl_eb jZaf_j qbkluo ijb[ue_c
qbkehnbjf\ hljZkebdhwnnbpb_gljughqghc dhgp_gljZpbb
KIJHKIJ?>EH@?GB?B P?G:
KijhkNmgdpbykijhkZAZdhgkijhkZ
Ij_^eh`_gb_Nmgdpbyij_^eh`_gbyAZdhgij_^eh`_gby
Baf_g_gby\ kijhk_b ij_^eh`_gbb
<aZbfh^_ckl\b_kijhkZb ij_^eh`_gbyJughqgh_jZ\gh\_kb_
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Khklhygb_ jughqghc wdhghfbdb mjh\_gv b f_oZgbaf __ jZa\blby jZkdju\Z_lky k
ihfhsvxlZdboihgylbcdZdkijhkb ij_^eh`_gb_kihkh[ubodhhj^bgZpbbb ijbkihkh[e_gby
^jm] d ^jm]m Ke_^m_l jZaebqZlv ihgylby jughqguc kijhk b jughqgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_
<uy\blv hkgh\gu_ nZdlhju \ebyxsb_ gZ kijhk b ij_^eh`_gb_ Ihgylv ]jZnbq_kdh_
bah[jZ`_gb_ nmgdpbb kijhkZ b nmgdpbb ij_^eh`_gby DZd ^hklb]Z_lky jZ\gh\_kb_ gZjugd_
lh\ZjZH[tykgbl_ihq_fmb dZdbaf_gy_lkyjughqgh_jZ\gh\_kb_
WE:KLBQGHKLVKIJHK:B IJ?>EH@?GBY
H[s__ihgylb_weZklbqghklb
<b^uweZklbqghklbkijhkZb ij_^eh`_gby
Ijbf_g_gb_dhgp_ipbbweZklbqghklb\ fbdjhZgZeba_
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Mykgblv ^ey dZdbo p_e_c bkihevam_lky ihdZaZl_ev weZklbqghklb \\_^_gguc \
wdhghfbq_kdbcZgZeba:FZjrZeehfIhgylvdZdp_gh\ZyweZklbqghklvkijhkZfh`_l[ulv
bkihevah\ZgZ ^ey baf_j_gby j_Zdpbb h[t_fZ kijhkZ gZ baf_g_gb_ \ p_g_ lh\ZjZ <uy\blv
q_f h[mkeh\e_gu jZaebqby \ \_ebqbgZo dhwnnbpb_glZ p_gh\hc weZklbqghklb kijhkZ gZ
jZaebqgu_ lh\Zju Ihgylv qlh hagZqZ_l weZklbqghklv kijhkZ ih ^hoh^m b mykgblv dZd hgZ
jZkkqblu\Z_lky Bamqblv i_j_dj_klgmx weZklbqghklv kijhkZ b f_lh^ __ jZkq_lZ kjZ\gblv
jZaebqby\ \_ebqbg_i_j_dj_klghcweZklbqghklbih\aZbfhaZf_gy_fuf\aZbfh^hihegy_fuf
b g_cljZevguflh\ZjZfIhgylvqlhhagZqZ_lp_gh\ZZyweZklbqghklvij_^eh`_gbyH[jZlblv
\gbfZgb_ gZ nhjfmem jZkq_lZ __ dhwnnbpb_glZ Z lZd`_ aZ\bkbfhklv _]h \_ebqbgu hl
nZdlhjZ\j_f_gb
JUGHQGH?J:<GH<?KB?
<aZbfh^_ckl\b_kijhkZb ij_^eh`_gbyJZ\gh\_kb_ihE<ZevjZkmb ih:FZjrZeem
JZ\gh\_kb_\ f]gh\_gghfdhjhldhfb ^ebl_evghfi_jbh^_
?^bgkl\_gghklvb klZ[bevghklvjZ\gh\_kbyIZmlbghh[jZagZyfh^_ev
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
JZkkfhljbl_ijhp_kkdhhj^bgZpbbkijhkZb ij_^eh`_gbygZhkgh\_p_gh\h]hf_oZgbafZ
b dhgdmj_gpbb DZd \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ kijhkZ b ij_^eh`_gby ijb\h^bl d nhjfbjh\Zgbx
jZ\gh\_kghc p_gu Bf__l eb jZ\gh\_kgZy p_gZ _^bgkl\_ggh_ agZq_gb_ Bkihevamy f_lh^
kjZ\gbl_evghc klZlbdb ijhZgZebabjmcl_ jZ\gh\_kgh_ khklhygb_ jugdZ \ f]gh\_gghf
dhjhldhf b ^ebl_evghf i_jbh^_ Bkihevamcl_ dhgp_ipbx klZ[bevghklb jZ\gh\_kby ^ey
h[hkgh\Zgbyg_h[oh^bfhklb]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hj_]mebjh\ZgbyjugdZ
=HKM>:JKL<?GGH?J?=MEBJH<:GB?JUGD:
GZeh]bb ^hlZpbb
Ihlhedbp_gb ^_nbpbluGb`gbcmjh\_gvp_gb lh\Zjgu_baebrdb
<aZbfh\u]h^ghklv ^h[jh\hevgh]h h[f_gZ Baebrdb ihlj_[bl_ey b baebrdb
ijhba\h^bl_ey
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<uy\bl_ijbqbgunhjfub h[t_dlb\gu_]jZgbpu\f_rZl_evkl\Z]hkm^Zjkl\Z\ jZa\blb_
jughqghcwdhghfbdbJZkkfhljbl_\ha^_ckl\b_gZjughqgh_jZ\gh\_kb_gZeh]h\b ^hlZpbc
mklZgh\e_gby nbdkbjh\Zgguo p_g Ihq_fm dhjj_dlbjmy ^_ckl\b_ jughqgh]h f_oZgbafZ
kfy]qZy _]h hljbpZl_evgu_ klhjhgu ]hkm^Zjkl\h g_ ^he`gh ih^ju\Zlv hkgh\u jughqgh]h
p_ghh[jZah\Zgby b k\h[h^gmx dhgdmj_gpbx" IhdZ`bl_ \aZbfh\u]h^ghklv ^h[jh\hevgh]h
h[f_gZ
L?HJBYIHLJ?;BL?EVKDH=HIH<?>?GBY
<:JB:GL L?HJBYIJ?>?EVGHCIHE?AGHKLB
Ihe_aghklvh[sZyb ij_^_evgZyAZdhgm[u\Zxs_cij_^_evghcihe_aghklb
Ihlj_[bl_evkdbc\u[hjb [x^`_lgh_k^_j`b\Zgb_
IjZ\behfZdkbfbaZpbbihe_aghklbIj_^_evgZyihe_aghklvb djb\ZykijhkZ
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
JZkdjhcl_ kh^_j`Zgb_ ij_^_evghc ihe_aghklb lh\ZjZ ihdZ`bl_ __ hlebqb_ hl h[s_c
ihe_aghklb b knhjfmebjmcl_ aZdhg m[u\Zxs_c ij_^_evghc ihe_aghklb Mykgbl_ ijZ\beh
fZdkbfbaZpbbihe_aghklb
Bamq_gb_eh]bdbihlj_[bl_evkdboj_r_gbcg_h[oh^bfh^ey\uykg_gbyaZdhghf_jghkl_c
ihlj_[bl_evkdh]hkijhkZJZkkfhljbl_wnn_dluaZf_s_gbyb ^hoh^Z
<ZjbZgl DHGP?IPBYDJB<UO;?AJ:AEBQBY
Djb\u_[_ajZaebqbyIj_^_evgZyghjfZaZf_s_gbyDZjlZdjb\uo[_ajZaebqby
;x^`_lgZyebgbyHij_^_e_gb_lhqdbjZ\gh\_kby
Ihkljh_gb_djb\hckijhkZWnn_dl^hoh^Zb wnn_dlaZf_s_gby
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Bamqbl_djb\u_[_ajZaebqbyJZa[_jbl_kv\ dZjl_ djb\uo[_ajZaebqbyb mklZgh\bl_q_f
hlebqZxlky ^jm] hl ^jm]Z jZaebqgu_ djb\u_ jZkiheh`_ggu_ gZ dZjl_ H[jZlbl_ \gbfZgb_
gZ ij_^_evgmx ghjfm aZf_s_gby ijh^mdlh\ b ihdZ`bl_ qlh e_`bl \ hkgh\_ baf_g_gby __
\_ebqbguJZkdjhcl_kh^_j`Zgb_[x^`_lghcebgbbb nZdlhjuhij_^_eyxsb___ iheh`_gb_
gZ]jZnbd_
Mykgbl_ iheh`_gb_ ihlj_[bl_evkdh]h jZ\gh\_kby b \uy\bl_ ih^ \ebygb_f dZdbo
nZdlhjh\ hgh fh`_l baf_gylvky DZdbf h[jZahf fh]ml [ulv ihkljh_gu djb\u_ ^hoh^
ihlj_[e_gb_ b p_gZihlj_[e_gb_ b dZd gZ hkgh\_ djb\hc p_gZihlj_[e_gb_ kljhblky
djb\ZykijhkZ
IJHBA<H>KL<H
<ZjbZgl NZdlhjuijhba\h^kl\ZIjhba\h^kl\_ggZynmgdpbyBahd\Zglu
Ijhba\h^kl\h k h^gbf i_j_f_gguf nZdlhjhf ijhba\h^kl\Z ljm^hf Kj_^gbc b
ij_^_evgucijh^mdluAZdhgm[u\Zxs_chl^Zqb
<:JB:GL L_ogheh]by dZd nZdlhj ijhba\h^kl\Z Ijhba\h^kl\h k ^\mfy i_j_f_ggufb \\h^bfufb
nZdlhjZfbAZf_sZ_fhklvijhba\h^kl\_gguonZdlhjh\
Wnn_dlfZkrlZ[Z
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
:gZeba ijhba\h^kl\Z nhjfZevgh eh]bq_g ZgZebam ihlj_[e_gby Bamqbl_
ijhba\h^kl\_ggmx nmgdpbx \uykgbl_ dZdbf h[jZahf hgZ \ujZ`Z_l k\yav f_`^m
kljmdlmjhc aZljZl b \uimkdhf ijh^mdpbb =jZnbq_kdb bah[jZabl_ __ k ihfhsvx dZjlu
bahd\Zgl
<uy\bl_ ihgylby kj_^g_]hb ij_^_evgh]hijh^mdlZi_j_f_ggh]hnZdlhjZijhba\h^kl\Z
H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_gZaZdhgm[u\Zxs_cij_^_evghcijhba\h^bl_evghklb
Knhjfmebjmcl_ ijZ\beh aZf_s_gby nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z JZkdjhcl_ kh^_j`Zgb_
ij_^_evghcghjful_ogheh]bq_kdh]haZf_s_gbyj_kmjkh\H[jZlbl_\gbfZgb_gZjZaebqgu_
\b^uwnn_dlZfZkrlZ[Zijhba\h^kl\Z
BA>?J@DBIJHBA<H>KL<:
<ZjbZgl Wdhghfbq_kdb_ba^_j`db<g_rgb_b \gmlj_ggb_ba^_j`dbG_\ha\jZlgu_ba^_j`db
Ba^_j`db \ djZldhkjhqghf i_jbh^_ OZjZdl_j djb\uo ba^_j`_d ijhba\h^kl\Z
NZdlhjuhij_^_eyxsb_ \_ebqbgmdjZldhkjhqguoba^_j`_d
<:JB:GL Ba^_j`db ijhba\h^kl\Z \ ^he]h\j_f_gghf i_jbh^_ BahdhklZ <u[hj nZdlhjh\
ijhba\h^kl\ZFbgbfbaZpbyba^_j`_dijbjZaebqguoh[t_fZoijhba\h^kl\Z
=jZnbdb ^he]h\j_f_gguo b djZldhkjhqguo ba^_j`_d G_]b[dhklv ijhba\h^kl\Z \
djZldhkjhqghfi_jbh^_<aZbfhk\yavf_`^mdjZldhkjhqgufbb ^he]hkjhqgufbba^_j`dZfb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
>ey ijbgylby nbjfhc hilbfZevguo j_r_gbc g_h[oh^bfh mqblu\Zlv bgnhjfZpbx h[
mjh\g_ ba^_j`_d JZkdjhcl_ kh^_j`Zgb_ \k_o \b^h\ ba^_j`_d b bamqbl_ bo ^bgZfbdm Mykgbl_
ihgylb_ bahdhklu <uy\bl_ mkeh\b_ fbgbfbaZpbb nbjfhc k\hbo ba^_j`_d Z lZd`_
hilbfZevgucimlvjhklZnbjfu
IJ?>EH@?GB?< MKEH<BYO KH<?JR?GGHCDHGDMJ?GPBB
<ZjbZgl JUGHDKH<?JR?GGHCDHGDMJ?GPBB
Wdhghfbq_kdZydhgdmj_gpbyJughqgZykljmdlmjZ
Hkgh\gu_q_jlujughqghcdhgdmj_gpbb
KijhkgZijh^mdldhgdmj_glgh]hijh^Z\pZKj_^gbc\Zeh\hcb ij_^_evgucijh^mdl
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Lbi jugdZ hij_^_ey_lky ke_^mxsbfb hkgh\gufb nZdlhjZfb dhebq_kl\hf nbjf
oZjZdl_jhf \uimkdZ_fhc ijh^mdpbb gZebqb_f beb hlkmlkl\b_f h]jZgbq_gbc gZ \oh^ \
hljZkev b \uoh^ ba g__ ^hklmighklvx bgnhjfZpbb <uy\bl_ hkgh\gu_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb
jugdZkh\_jr_gghcdhgdmj_gpbbH[tykgbl_ihq_fmdhgdmj_glgZynbjfZg_fh`_l\ebylv
gZ jughqgmx p_gm ijh^mdlZ H[tykgbl_ djb\u_ kijhkZ kj_^g_]h b ij_^_evgh]h ijh^mdlZ
dhgdmj_glgh]hijh^Z\pZ
<ZjbZgl F:DKBFBA:PBYIJB;UEB < DJ:LDHKJHQGHFI?JBH>?
IjbgpbikhihklZ\e_gby\Zeh\h]h^hoh^Zk \Zeh\ufbba^_j`dZfbLjbkemqZy
IjbgpbikhihklZ\e_gbyij_^_evgh]h^hoh^Zk ij_^_evgufbba^_j`dZfbLjbkemqZy
Ij_^_evgu_ba^_j`dbb djb\Zyij_^eh`_gby\ djZldhkjhqghfi_jbh^_
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
H[tykgbl_ dZd dhgdmj_glgZy nbjfZ fZdkbfbabjmxsZy ijb[uev ijbgbfZ_l j_r_gb_ h
ij_^eh`_gbb lh\Zjh\ b mkem] JZkkfhljbl_ kemqZc fZdkbfbaZpbb ijb[ueb kemqZc
fbgbfbaZpbbm[uldh\ kemqZcaZdjulby
<:JB:GL Djb\Zyij_^eh`_gbydhgdmj_glghcnbjfub jugdZ\ p_ehf
\ djZldhkjhqghfb ^he]hkjhqghfi_jbh^Zo
Ij_^_evgu_ba^_j`dbb djb\Zyij_^eh`_gby\ djZldhkjhqghfi_jbh^_
NbjfZb hljZkevp_gZjZ\gh\_kby
>he]hkjhqgZydjb\Zyij_^eh`_gbynbjfub jugdZ\ p_ehf
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
H[tykgbl_ ihq_fm djb\Zy ij_^eh`_gby nbjfu hjb_glbjh\Zgghc gZ fZdkbfbaZpbx
ijb[ueb gZ djZldhkjhqghf \j_f_gghf bgl_j\Ze_ kh\iZ^Z_l k \hkoh^ys_c qZklvx djb\hc
ij_^_evguo ba^_j`_d e_`Zs_c \ur_ lhqdb fbgbfmfZ kj_^gbo i_j_f_gguo ba^_j`_d
IhdZ`bl_ qlh h[t_f ijhba\h^kl\Z hljZkeb ± wlh kmffZjgh_ ij_^eh`_gb_ \k_o hl^_evguo
nbjf Ijhbeexkljbjmcl_ wlh ]jZnbq_kdb Mykgbl_ dZd mklZgZ\eb\Z_lky ^he]hkjhqgh_
jZ\gh\_kb_\ dhgdmj_glghchljZkeb
<ZjbZgl F:DKBFBA:PBYIJB;UEB < >HE=H<J?F?GGHFI?JBH>?
<j_f_ggu_ Z ijb[ueb [ m[uldb b \hkklZgh\e_gb_ jZ\gh\_kby lbibqghc nbjfu b
hljZkeb\ ^he]h\j_f_gghfi_jbh^_
>he]h\j_f_ggZy djb\Zy kh\hdmigh]h ij_^eh`_gby hljZkeb Z k ihklhyggufb
ba^_j`dZfb[k \hajZklZxsbfbba^_j`dZfb\khkgb`Zxsbfbkyba^_j`dZfb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<Zfke_^m_lmykgblvqlh^he]h\j_f_ggh_dhgdmj_glgh_jZ\gh\_kb_bf__l f_klhdh]^Z
nbjfu fZdkbfbabjmxl ijb[uev \k_ nbjfu ihemqZxl gme_\mx wdhghfbq_kdmx
ijb[uevb ihwlhfmg_lklbfmeZ^ey\klmie_gby\ ^_ehbeb\uoh^Zbag_]hkijhkgZlh\Zj
jZ\_g _]h ij_^eh`_gbx IhdZ`bl_ qlh gZ ^he]h\j_f_gghf wlZi_ dhgdmj_glgu_ nbjfu
fZdkbfbabjmxsb_ ijb[uev \u[bjZxl h[t_f ijhba\h^kl\Z ijb dhlhjhf p_gZ jZ\gZ
^he]h\j_f_gguf ij_^_evguf ba^_j`dZf H[tykgbl_ ihq_fm djb\Zy ij_^eh`_gby \
^he]h\j_f_gghfi_jbh^_kh\_jr_gghweZklbqgZ^eyhljZkebk ihklhyggufbba^_j`dZfbgh
y\ey_lky\hkoh^ys_c^eyhljZkebk \hajZklZxsbfbba^_j`dZfb
FHGHIHEBY
OZjZdl_jgu_q_jluqbklhcfhghihebb;Zjv_ju^ey\klmie_gby\ hljZkev
Hij_^_e_gb_p_gub h[t_fZijhba\h^kl\ZFhghihevgh_jZ\gh\_kb_
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Mykgbl_ ihgylb_ fhghihebb Hij_^_ebl_ mkeh\by ijb dhlhjuo fh`_l kms_kl\h\Zlv
fhghiheby IhdZ`bl_ dZd fhghiheby \u[bjZ_l h[t_f \uimkdZ ijh^mdpbb b p_gm ijb
dhlhjuoijb[uevfZdkbfZevgZ
H[s_kl\_ggu_ba^_j`dbfhghihevghc\eZklb
<ZjbZgl Wdhghfbq_kdb_ihke_^kl\byfhghihebb
>bkdjbfbgZpbyp_gb __nhjfu
Fhghihebyb ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_j_]mebjh\Zgb_J_]mebjh\Zgb_p_g
KjZ\gbl_ j_amevlZlu nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgby fhghihebb b dhgdmj_glghc hljZkeb k lhqdb
aj_gby Z p_gu h[t_fZ ijhba\h^kl\Z b jZkij_^_e_gby j_kmjkh\ [ ba^_j`_d \ gZmqgh
ijh]j_kkZ ] jZkij_^_e_gby ^hoh^Z H[tykgbl_ ihq_fm fhghihebb ijZdlbdmxl p_gh\mx
^bkdjbfbgZpbx b ihdZ`bl_ __ ihke_^kl\by JZkdjhcl_ \ZjbZglu ]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]h
j_]mebjh\Zgbyp_ghh[jZah\Zgby
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<:JB:GL Fhghihebyb fhghihevgZyjughqgZy\eZklvFhghihebyb weZklbqghklvkijhkZ
Hp_gdZfhghihevghc\eZklbFhghihebyb wnn_dlb\ghklv
:glbfhghihevgh_Zglblj_klh\kdh_aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hb j_]mebjh\Zgb_wdhghfbdb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
JZkkfhljbl_ nhjfu ij_^ijbylbc nmgdpbhgbjmxsbo \ mkeh\byo g_kh\_jr_gghc
dhgdmj_gpbb DZd bkihevah\Zgb_ dZiblZebklbq_kdhc fhghiheb_c jZaebqguo
hj]ZgbaZpbhgguo nhjf iha\hey_l _c ^h[b\Zlvky ih^oh^ysbo ^Zgghfm i_jbh^m mkeh\bc
\hajZklZgby dZiblZeZ k p_evx fZdkbfbaZpbb ijb[ueb JZkkfhljbl_ hkgh\gu_ fhf_glu
Zglbfhghihevgh]haZdhgh^Zl_evkl\Z
FHGHIHEBKLBQ?KD:YDHGDMJ?GPBY
OZjZdl_jgu_q_jlufhghihebklbq_kdhcdhgdmj_gpbb
Hij_^_e_gb_ p_gu b h[t_fZ ijhba\h^kl\Z JZ\gh\_kb_ \ ^he]hkjhqghf b
djZldhkjhqghfi_jbh^_
Fhghihebklbq_kdZy dhgdmj_gpby b wdhghfbq_kdZy wnn_dlb\ghklv G_p_gh\Zy
dhgdmj_gpby
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Hij_^_ebl_ ijbjh^m b jZkijhkljZg_gghklv fhghihebklbq_kdhc dhgdmj_gpbb
IjhZgZebabjmcl_ b hp_gbl_ ih\_^_gb_ nbjf hkms_kl\eyxsbo fhghihebklbq_kdmx
dhgdmj_gpbx \ h[eZklb p_g b \uimkdZ ijh^mdpbb H[tykgbl_ ^hklb]Zxlky eb gZ jugdZo k
fhghihebklbq_kdhc dhgdmj_gpb_c ijhba\h^kl\_ggZy wnn_dlb\ghklv b wnn_dlb\gh_
bkihevah\Zgb_ j_kmjkh\ H[tykgbl_ b hij_^_ebl_ jhev g_p_gh\hc dhgdmj_gpbb l _
dhgdmj_gpbb hkgh\Zgghc gZ dZq_kl\_ ijh^mdlZ b j_deZf_ \ hljZkeyo k fhghihebklbq_kdhc
dhgdmj_gpb_c
Heb]hiheby
Hkgh\gu_ijbagZdbheb]hihebbIjbqbgu__ \hagbdgh\_gbyb kms_kl\h\Zgby
Ih\_^_gb_ nbjf \ heb]hihebklbq_kdbo hljZkeyo \ hlghr_gbb p_gu b \uimkdZ
q_luj_\ZjbZglZ
Jhevg_p_gh\hcdhgdmj_gpbbHeb]hihebyb wdhghfbq_kdZywnn_dlb\ghklv
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Mykgbl_ ihgylb_ heb]hihebb GZkdhevdh qZklh hgZ \klj_qZ_lky \ wdhghfbd_" Ihq_fm
jZa\beZkv wlZ kljmdlmjZ" Ihq_fm ljm^gh bkihevah\Zlv nhjfZevguc wdhghfbq_kdbc ZgZeba
ijb h[tykg_gbb p_gh\h]h ih\_^_gby heb]hihebc" Mykgbl_ dZd \aZbfh^_ckl\b_ nbjf \
mkeh\byo heb]hihebb \eby_l gZ mklZgh\e_gb_ p_g b h[t_fh\ \uimkdZ JZkkfhljbl_
kh^_j`Zgb_ hkgh\guo fh^_e_c ih\_^_gby nbjfu gZ heb]hihebklbq_kdhf jugd_ DZdh\Z
jhev g_p_gh\hc dhgdmj_gpbb" Y\ey_lky eb k lhqdb aj_gby h[s_kl\Z heb]hiheby
wnn_dlb\ghcjughqghckljmdlmjhc"
JUGDB J?KMJKH<KIJHK G: J?KMJKU< KHHL<?LKL<BB
K L?HJB?C IJ?>?EVGHC IJHBA<H>BL?EVGHKLB
Ij_^_evgZy^hoh^ghklvj_kmjkZIj_^_evgu_ba^_j`dbj_kmjkZ
JughqguckijhkgZj_kmjkBaf_g_gby\ kijhk_gZj_kmjk
WeZklbqghklvkijhkZgZj_kmjkNZdlhju\ebyxsb_gZweZklbqghklv
<u[hjdhebq_kl\Zb \ZjbZglZkhq_lZgbyj_kmjkZ
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<uykgbl_ hkh[_gghklb kijhkZ gZ j_kmjk Hij_^_ebl_ ihgylb_ ij_^_evghc ^hoh^ghklb
j_kmjkZb ij_^_evguoba^_j`_dgZj_kmjkQlhijb\h^bld baf_g_gbxkijhkZgZdZdhceb[h
j_kmjk b qlh hij_^_ey_l weZklbqghklv kijhkZ gZ j_kmjk" Knhjfmebjmcl_ ijZ\beh
gZbf_gvrboba^_j`_d b ijZ\behfZdkbfbaZpbbijb[ueb
N:DLHJUIJHBA<H>KL<: B
L?HJBYIJ?>?EVGHCIJHBA<H>BL?EVGHKLB
Ljm^a_feydZiblZeij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\hdZdnZdlhjuijhba\h^kl\Z
Ijhba\h^kl\_ggZynmgdpbyL_hjbyij_^_evghcijhba\h^bl_evghklb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
DZ`^Zy gZmqgZy rdheZ ih^oh^beZ d ijh[e_f_ nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z kh k\h_c
f_lh^heh]b_c JZkkfhljbl_ jZaebqgu_ \ZjbZglu l_hjbb nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z
deZkkbq_kdZy iheblbq_kdZy wdhghfby Z\kljbckdZy rdheZ l_hjby ij_^_evghc
ijhba\h^bl_evghklbljm^h\Zyl_hjbyklhbfhklb
< q_fkmlvkh\j_f_ggh]hih^oh^Zd
ZgZebam nZdlhjh\ ijhba\h^kl\Z" DZd hp_gblv k\yav \uimkdZ ijh^mdpbb k aZljZlZfb
nZdlhjh\ijhba\h^kl\Zb bol_ogheh]bq_kdbfbdhf[bgZpbyfb"
Jughdljm^Z
Kijhkb ij_^eh`_gb_gZjugd_ ljm^Z\ mkeh\byokh\_jr_gghcdhgdmj_gpbb
Jughdljm^Z\ mkeh\byog_kh\_jr_gghcdhgdmj_gpbb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<uykgbl_hkh[_gghklbkijhkZgZljm^Hij_^_ebl_ihgylb_ij_^_evgh]hijh^mdlZljm^Z
\ ^_g_`ghf \ujZ`_gbb b ij_^_evguo ba^_j`_d gZ ljm^ <uy\bl_ nZdlhju hij_^_eyxsb_
baf_g_gb_ kijhkZ gZ ljm^ H[tykgbl_ ijZ\beh ih dhlhjhfm hij_^_eyxl dhebq_kl\h
jZ[hlgbdh\gZgbfZ_fuonbjfhc\ mkeh\byodh]^Zljm^y\ey_lky_^bgkl\_ggufi_j_f_gguf
j_kmjkhf H[tykgbl_ hkh[_gghklb djb\hc jughqgh]h ij_^eh`_gby ljm^Z <uykgbl_ dZd
mklZgZ\eb\Zxlky jZ\gh\_kgu_ h[t_fu aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu b dhebq_kl\Z jZ[hqbo gZ
kh\_jr_gghdhgdmj_glghfb fhghikhgbq_kdhfjugdZo<uykgbl_\ha^_ckl\b_gZjughdljm^Z
fbgbfmfZaZjZ[hlghcieZlu
A:J:;HLG:YIE:L:LJM>H<U?HLGHR?GBYIJHNKHXAU
Qlh lZdh_ aZjZ[hlgZy ieZlZ <ebygb_ kijhkZ b ij_^eh`_gbygZ \_ebqbgm aZjZ[hlghc
ieZlu
Jughdljm^ZIjh[e_fuaZgylhklbb khpbZevgu_]ZjZglbb
Jhev ijhnkhxah\ \ nhjfbjh\Zgbb ljm^h\uo hlghr_gbc F_lh^u ih\ur_gby
aZjZ[hlghcieZluijhnkhxaZfb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
<uykgbl_wdhghfbq_kdmxhkgh\maZjZ[hlghcieZlukhihklZ\vl_ih^oh^d hij_^_e_gbx
aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu deZkkbdh\ iheblbq_kdhc wdhghfbb b kh\j_f_ggu_ ljZdlh\db aZjZ[hlghc
ieZlu DZd \ebyxl kijhk b ij_^eh`_gb_ gZ \_ebqbgm aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu" Q_f h[tykgyxlky
jZaebqby \ aZjZ[hlghc ieZl_ jZ[hlgbdh\" DZd \eby_l gZ aZjZ[hlgmx ieZlm dhgdmj_gpby gZ
jugd_ ljm^Z" DZdb_ khpbZevgu_ ]ZjZglbb bf_xl [_ajZ[hlgu_ b dlh hlghkblky d bo qbkem"
Qlh lZdh_ dhee_dlb\guc ^h]h\hj b dZd \ebyxl ijhnkhxau gZ mklZgh\e_gb_ aZjZ[hlghc
ieZlu"
Ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\hb ijb[uev
Kmsghklv ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z _]h f_klh \ kh\j_f_gghf h[s_kl\_ Nbehkhnby
ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z
Ijb[uevWdhghfbq_kdZyhkgh\Zijb[uebb __klbfmebjmxsZyjhev
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
Ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\h \ kljZgZo k jZa\blhc jughqghc wdhghfbdhc y\ey_lky ]eZ\ghc
^\b`ms_c kbehc jZa\blby JZkdjhcl_ nmgdpbb ij_^ijbgbfZl_ey HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ hkgh\u
nbehkhnbb ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z ± g_hij_^_e_gghklv g_mklhcqb\hklv jbkd DZdh\u
ljZdlh\dbijb[ueb"JZkkfhljbl_kh\j_f_ggu_hij_^_e_gbyijb[ueb
Jugdbijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\
QbklZywdhghfbq_kdZyj_glZ>bnn_j_gpbZevgZyj_glZ
J_glZZj_g^gZyieZlZdZdjZ\gh\_kgZyp_gZJZ\gh\_kb_gZjugd_a_febP_gZa_feb
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
JZkkfhljbl_jZaebqgu_ih^oh^ud hij_^_e_gbxj_glu<uy\bl_mkeh\byhij_^_eyxsb_
\hagbdgh\_gb_wdhghfbq_kdhcj_glub __bklhqgbdbBkihevamcl_ij_^_evgu_\_ebqbgu^ey
h[tykg_gby j_glu ihdZ`bl_ \aZbfhk\yav mjh\g_c jZ\gh\_kguo p_g gZ jZaebqguo jugdZo
lh\Zjh\dZiblZeh\ljm^Za_febDZdjZkkqblu\Z_lkyp_gZa_feb"
JUGHDD:IBL:E:B IJHP?GL
DZiblZedZdnZdlhjijhba\h^kl\ZJZaebqgu_bgl_jij_lZpbbdZiblZeZ
DZiblZeb kljZl_]bynbjfu± ^bkdhglbjh\Zgb_
Mjh\_gv^hoh^ZgZdZiblZe
A Z^ Zq Z Wdhghfbdk]e‹ k
HoZjZdl_jbamcl_ jZaebqgu_ lhqdb aj_gby gZ dZiblZe Qlh gZau\Zxl ^hoh^hf b dZd hg
khhlghkblkyk dZiblZehf"DZdhij_^_ey_lkyl_dmsZy^bkdhglbjh\ZggZyklhbfhklvdZiblZeh\
bebZdlb\h\"QlhgZau\Z_lkyijhp_glghcklZ\dhcb dZdhgZhij_^_ey_lky"
<HIJHKU>EYIH<LHJ?GBY
Ij_^f_lb f_lh^wdhghfbq_kdhcgZmdb
FZdjhwdhghfbdZ b fbdjhwdhghfbdZ Ihablb\guc b ghjfZlb\guc ZgZeba
Wdhghfbq_kdb_p_eb
;_a]jZgbqgu_ihlj_[ghklbb j_^dhklvj_kmjkh\DZl_]hjbbj_kmjkh\a_feydZiblZe
ljm^ij_^ijbbfqb\hklv
Ihba\h^kl\_ggZyb wdhghfbq_kdZywnn_dlb\ghklvIhegZyaZgylhklvb iheguch[t_f
ijhba\h^kl\Z
Djb\Zy ijhba\h^kl\_gguo \hafh`ghkl_c b __ jhev \ \u[hj_ hilbfZevgh]h
wdhghfbq_kdh]h\ZjbZglZAZdhg\hajZklZxsbo\f_g_gguoba^_j`_d
Lbiub fh^_ebwdhghfbq_kdbokbkl_f
Jughdb mkeh\by_]h\hagbdgh\_gbyNmgdpbbjugdZ
KljmdlmjZ jugdZ ih h[t_dlZf jughqguo k^_ehd b kl_i_gb k\h[h^u dhgdmj_gpbb
Ij_bfms_kl\Zb g_^hklZldbjughqgh]hf_oZgbafZ
Wdhghfbq_kdb_km[t_dlujughqghcwdhghfbdbKo_fZwdhghfbq_kdhcZdlb\ghklb
Kijhk gZ lh\Zju b mkem]b Nmgdpby kijhkZ Djb\Zy kijhkZ __ lbiu AZdhg kijhkZ
K^\b]bdjb\hckijhkZ
Ij_^eh`_gb_ lh\Zjh\ b mkem] Nmgdpby ij_^eh`_gby Djb\Zy ij_^eh`_gby __
hq_jlZgbyAZdhgij_^eh`_gbyK^\b]bdjb\hc ij_^eh`_gby
<aZbfhk\yavkijhkZij_^eh`_gbyb p_guJughqgh_jZ\gh\_kb_
F]gh\_ggh_djZldhkjhqgh_b ^ebl_evgh_jZ\gh\_kb_
WeZklbqghklv kijhkZ IjyfZy lhq_qgZy ^m]h\Zy weZklbqghklv kijhkZ ih p_g_
NZdlhjup_gh\hcweZklbqghklbkijhkZ
WeZklbqghklvkijhkZih^hoh^mI_j_dj_klgZyweZklbqghklvkijhkZihp_g_
WeZklbqghklvij_^eh`_gbyNZdlhj\j_f_gb
Dhebq_kl\_gguc dZj^bgZebklkdbc ih^oh^ d ZgZebam ihe_aghklb b kijhkZ L_hjby
ij_^_evghcihe_aghklbIjZ\behfZdkbfbaZpbbihe_aghklb
Dhgp_ipbydjb\uo[_ajZaebqbyIj_^_evgZyghjfZaZf_s_gby
;x^`_lgZyebgby<ebygb_baf_g_gbc^hoh^Zb p_ggZih\_^_gb_[x^`_lghcebgbb
Hij_^_e_gb_ lhqdb jZ\gh\_kby Ihkljh_gb_ djb\hc kijhkZ Wnn_dl aZf_s_gby
Wnn_dl^hoh^Z
Hj]ZgbaZpbhgghijZ\h\u_ nhjfu ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\Z _^bghebqgh_ ohayckl\h
iZjlg_jkl\Zlh\Zjbs_kl\Z
:dpbhg_jgu_ h[s_kl\Z hldjulh]h b aZdjulh]h lbiZ :dpbb ijhklu_
ijb\be_]bjh\Zggu_dmjkZdpbc
L_ogheh]bq_kdb_ ij_^ihkuedb wdhghfbq_kdh]h ZgZebaZ ijhba\h^kl\_ggZy nmgdpby
F_lh^bahd\Zgl
Wdhghfbq_kdb_ ba^_j`db <g_rgb_ b \gmlj_ggb_ ba^_j`db Wdhghfbq_kdZy b
[mo]Zel_jkdZyijb[uevGhjfZevgZyijb[uev
DjZldhkjhqgucb ^he]h\j_f_gguci_jbh^u\ ^_yl_evghklbnbjfuAZdhgm[u\Zxs_c
hl^Zqb
H[sbckj_^gbcb ij_^_evgucijh^mdlbo]jZnbdb
Ihklhyggu_i_j_f_ggu_b h[sb_ba^_j`dbbodjb\u_b \aZbfhk\yav
Kj_^gb_ba^_j`dbkj_^gb_ihklhyggu_kj_^gb_i_j_f_ggu_ij_^_evgu_ba^_j`db
bodjb\u_b \aZbfhk\yav
Ba^_j`dbijhba\h^kl\Z\ ^he]h\j_f_gghfi_jbh^_
Iheh`bl_evgucb hljbpZl_evgucwnn_dlujhklZfZkrlZ[h\ijhba\h^kl\Z
FbgbfZevgucwnn_dlb\gucjZaf_jij_^ijbylbcFWJb kljmdlmjZhljZkeb
DeZkkbnbdZpbyjughqguokljmdlmjJ_Zevgu_b b^_Zevgu_kljmdlmju
Kh\_jr_ggZy dhgdmj_gpby HilbfbaZpby ^_yl_evghklb nbjfu \ djZldhkjhqghf
i_jbh^_
FZdkbfbaZpbyijb[ueb\ ^he]h\j_ff_gghfi_jbh^_
QbklZyfhghiheby;Zjv_ju^ey\klmie_gby\ hljZkev
KjZ\g_gb_ h[t_fh\ \uimkdZ b p_g \ mkeh\byo qbklhc dhgdmj_gpbb b qbklhc
fhghihebbFhghihebyb l_ogbq_kdbcijh]j_kkMs_j[gZghkbfucfhghiheb_c
Fhghihebklbq_kdZydhgdmj_gpbyDjZldhkjhqgh_b ^he]hkjhqgh_jZ\gh\_kb_
Jhevg_p_gh\hcdhgdmj_gpbb< q_faZdexqZ_lky^bnn_j_gpbZpbylh\ZjZ
Heb]hihebyK]h\hjb dhgdmj_gpbyKlZ[bevghklvp_gb klmi_gqZlZyebgbykijhkZ
Kijhk gZ nZdlhju ijhba\h^kl\Z dZd ijhba\h^guc hl kijhkZ gZ ijh^mdpbx
Ij_^_evguc ijh^mdl \ ^_g_`ghc nhjf_ 053 IjZ\beh bkihevah\Zgby j_kmjkh\ 053 05&
Baf_g_gby\ kijhk_gZj_kmjkWeZklbqghklvkijhkZgZj_kmjk
HilbfZevgh_ khhlghr_gb_ j_kmjkh\ IjZ\beh gZbf_gvrbo ba^_j`_d IjZ\beh
fZdkbfbaZpbbijb[ueb
Ljm^dZdnZdlhjijhba\h^kl\Z
DZiblZedZdnZdlhjijhba\h^kl\Z
A_feydZdnZdlhjijhba\h^kl\Z
Ij_^ijbgbfZl_evkl\hdZdnZdlhjijhba\h^kl\ZIjb[uevdZdnZdlhjguc^hoh^
Jughd ljm^Z Kijhk gZ ljm^ Ij_^eh`_gb_ ljm^Z b hij_^_eyxsb_ _]h nZdlhju
jZaf_j aZjZ[hlghc ieZlu khhlghr_gb_ f_`^m jZ[hqbf b k\h[h^guf \j_f_g_f
AZ]b[ZxsZykydjb\Zyij_^eh`_gbyljm^Z
JZ\gh\_kgZy aZjZ[hlgZy ieZlZ Ijbqbgu jZaebqbc \ aZjZ[hlghc ieZl_ gZ jZaguo
jugdZob gZh^ghfjugd_
J_glZ gZ jugd_ ljm^Z AZdhgu h fbgbfZevghcaZjZ[hlghcieZl_b bo\ha^_ckl\b_gZ
jughdljm^ZJhevijhnkhxah\
Jughdijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\Ij_^eh`_gb_ijbjh^guoj_kmjkh\b p_gZgZgboJ_glZ
Jughd dZiblZeZ Kijhk gZ dZiblZe b ij_^eh`_gb_ dZiblZeZ Ijhp_gl DZd nbjfZ
ijbgbfZ_lj_r_gbyh dZiblZevguo\eh`_gbyo
KIBKHDEBL?J:LMJU
;_f;Z\_jd?Hkgh\u l_hjbbp_gghklbohayckl\_gguo[eZ]FIjb[hck
;ZjjJIheblbq_kdZywdhghfby< lFF_`^mgZjhlghr_gbyLk
;eZm]FWdhghfbq_kdZyfukev\ j_ljhki_dlb\_I_jk Zg]e_ ba^F>_ehEL>
k
<wjbZg O J FbdjhwdhghfbdZ Ijhf_`mlhqguc mjh\_gv Kh\j_f_gguc ih^oh^
Mq_[gbd^ey\mah\I_jk Zg]eih^j_^GENjheh\hcFXGBLBk
;hjbkh\?NWdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyDmjke_dpbcFXjZclk
FbdjhwdhghfbdZ< lH[sZyj_^<F=Zevi_jbgZ KI[ Wdhghfbq rdheZ kLkL
Dhauj_\ < F Hkgh\u kh\j_f_gghc wdhghfbdb Mq_[gbd F
NbgZgku bklZlbklbdZk
DhgklblmpbyHkgh\ghcaZdhgJNFXjb^bq_kdZyebl_jZlmjZ
Dmjk wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb Mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ Ih^ j_^ : <
Kb^hjh\bqZ F F=M bf F < Ehfhghkh\Z Ba^\h >BK k
Dmjk wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb Mq_[gbd _ ba^ ^hi b i_j_jZ[
Dbjh\$&$k
FZddhgg_ee D J ;jx K E WdhghfbdZ Ijbgpbiu ijh[e_fu
iheblbdZI_jk Zg]eFJ_kim[ebdZk
=Zevi_jbg <F =j_[_ggbdh\ IB E_mkkdbc :B LZjZk_\bq
E K FbdjhwdhghfbdZ Mq_[gbd ^ey \mah\ < l KI[ Ba^\h KI[
=MWN k
FZjrZee : Ijbgpbiu iheblbq_kdhc wdhghfbdb < l I_j k
Zg]eFIjh]j_kkk
Fbeev >` Kl Hkgh\u iheblbq_kdhc wdhghfbb I_j k Zg]e H[s j_^ : =
Fbe_cdh\kdh]hFIjh]j_kkLkLkLk
H[sZy wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby iheblwdhghfby Ih^ j_^ < B
<b^yibgZ=I@mjZ\e_\hcF IjhfhF_^bZk
H[sZy wdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyDmjk e_dpbc^ey \mah\Ih^ j_^
=I@mjZ\e_\hcFBa^\h JW:bf=<Ie_oZgh\Zk
Hkgh\u wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb Mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ ^ey \mah\ Ih^
j_^ < > DZfZ_\Z F Ba^\h F=LM bf G W ;ZmfZgZ k
Ibg^Zcd J Jm[bgn_ev^ > FbdjhwdhghfbdZ Khdj i_j k Zg]e GZmq j_^ < L
;hj`_\bq<FIhel_jh\bq<B>Zgbeh\b ^jFWdhghfbdZ>_ehk
Jh[bgkhg >` Wdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjby g_kh\_jr_gghc dhgdmj_gpbb F Ijh]j_kk
k
JmaZ\bg = B FZjlugh\ < L Dmjk jughqghcwdhghfbdb Ih^
j_^=BJmaZ\bgZF;Zgdb b[bj`bXGBLB k
JughqgZy wdhghfbdZ Mq_[gbd < l >L@ L_hjby jughqghc wdhghfbdb Q FbdjhwdhghfbdZHl\j_^X;Jm[bgFKhfbglwdk
F : KZ`bgZ = = Qb[jbdh\ Hkgh\u wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbb
Mq_[gh_ ihkh[b_ Ih^ j_^ I < KZ\q_gdh F WdhghfbdZ L_oebl
k
KZfmwevkhgIWdhghfbdZ< lF:e]hg
K_eb]f_g I ; Hkgh\gu_ l_q_gby kh\j_f_gghc wdhghfbq_kdhc
fukeb I_j k Zg]e Ih^ h[s j_^ : F Jmfygp_\Z F Ijh]j_kk
k
Kh\j_f_ggZy wdhghfbdZ H[s_^hklmiguc mq_[guc dmjk GZmqg
j_^HXFZf_^h\Jhklh\gZ>hgmk
L_hjby ihlj_[bl_evkdh]h ih\_^_gby b kijhkZ Ih^ j_^ < F =Zevi_jbgZ KI[
Wdhghfbq_kdZyrdheZ<_obwdhghfbq_kdhcfukeb<uik
L_hjby nbjfu Ih^ j_^ < F =Zevi_jbgZ KI[ Wdhghfbq_kdZy rdheZ <_obwdhghfbq_kdhcfukeb<uik
L_hj_lbq_kdZy wdhghfbdZ Iheblwdhghfby Mq_[gbd ^ey \mah\ Ih^ j_^ = I @mjZ\e_\hc bG G FbevqZdh\hcF;Zgdb b[bj`b
XGBLBk
DZfZ_\ <>K_f_gh\ <NKhjhdbg >?Mq_[gbd ihhkgh\Zf
wdhghfbq_kdhc l_hjbbwdhghfbdZF<E:>HKk
Nbr_j K>hjg[mr JRfZe_gab JWdhghfbdZI_jk Zg]eF
>_eh EL>k
OZcfZg > G Kh\j_f_ggZy fbdjhwdhghfbdZ ZgZeba b ijbf_g_gb_ < o l I_j k
Zg]eFNbgZgkub klZlbklbdZlk
Oh\Zj^ D @mjZ\e_\Z = WjfZr\beb G F Wdhghfbq_kdZy
l_hjby L_hjby k\h[h^gh]h jugdZ Mq_[gbd ^ey \mah\ ;Zgdb b
[bj`bk
Rbrdbg :NWdhghfbq_kdZy l_hjbyMq_[gh_ ihkh[b_^ey \mah\
< dg_ ba^F<eZ^hk
WdhghfbdZ Mq_[gbd Ih^ j_^ : B :jobih\Z F Ijhki_dl
k
WdhghfbdZ b [bag_k Ih^ j_^ < > DZfZ_\Z F Ba^\h F=LM bf G W ;ZmfZgZ
k
WdhghfbdZMq_[gbdIh^j_^:K;meZlh\Z_ ba^i_j_jZ[b ^hiFXjbklt
k
Wdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyMq_[gbd^ey\mah\Ih^j_^<>DZfZ_\Z_ ba^i_j_jZ[
b ^hiF<eZ^hkk
Wdhghfbq_kdZyl_hjbyMq_[gbd^ey\mah\Ih^j_^GB;Zaue_\ZKI=mjdh_
ba^i_j_jZ[b ^hiFbgkd;=WMk
Wdhghfbq_kdZywgpbdehi_^by =ej_^EB:[ZedbgBgklblmlwdhghfbdbJ:GF
Ba^\hWdhghfbdZk
uÍ»·ÃÄ»¾½º¶Ã¾»
njlrplpopnjlb
t»Â¶È¾À¶ÀÄÃÈÆÄÁÒÃÑËƶ·ÄÈ
sÄÇȶ¸¾È»Á¾
e»Æ¶Ç¾Âĸ cÄƾÇj¸¶Ãĸ¾Íl¾Æ¾Á¾Ã¶ €Á¾µeƾ¹ÄÆÒ»¸Ã¶
r»º¶ÀÈÄÆtnv»ºÍ»ÃÀÄ
lÄÂÅÒÔÈ»ÆÃĻ¶À»È¾Æĸ¶Ã¾»jdg¸Ç»»¸Ä¿
mr²ÄȹqÁƲÄȹ
qĺžǶÃÄÀŻͶȾ =ZjgblmjZ 7LPHV(7 vÄƶÈu cɶ¹¶ÄÊÇ»Èöµq»Í¶ÈÒÄÊÇ»Èöµ
p·Ð»ÂÉÇÁÅ»ÍÁÉ;½ºÁ
t¾Æ¶¼ÓÀ½s
j½º¶È»ÁÒÇÀÄÅÄÁ¾¹Æ¶Ê¾Í»ÇÀ¾¿Ì»ÃÈÆtetu
t¶Â·Ä¸sĸ»ÈÇÀ¶µÀ
Скачать