ЮРИДИЧЕСКОЕ ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ В США
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Ä K T R N H J Y Y S Q U É E H Y F K d j J C E L F H C N D T Y Y J U J g h j L T G F H N F V T Y N F c C I F s Ltvjrhfnbb ÑHBLBXTCRJT JÅHFPJDFYBT D CIF F D U E C 2 N N J V 7 0 Y 0 J V T H 2 2 U J L F Ddtltybt Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF Jn htlfrwbb BPDTCNYSQ CELMZ Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF Hjåthn Létrcjy jlyféls crfpfk j pfrjyt nfr: ≤Vs yt gjnjve ghtlcnfdkztv cjåjq rjytxyeñ bycnfywbñ, xnj ytgjuhtibvs, f kbim gjnjve ytgjuhtibvs, xnj zdkztvcz rjytxyjq bycnfywbtq≥. Pfrjye ytbpåtéyj ghbyflktébn gjcktlytt ckjdj d jåotcndt – b yt njkmrj gj djghjcfv dbys bkb ytdbyjdyjcnb d ckexft ghtcnegktybz, yj b ghbvtybntkmyj rj vyjétcnde cgjhjd, ghtntypbq b dcnhtxysö bcrjd, rjnjhst ckeéfn ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ kñåjuj cjdhtvtyyjuj jåotcndf. Jncñlf b dféyjt pyfxtybt, ghblfdftvjt ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ, – d gjgsnrt gj vtht djpvjéyjcnb ljåbdfnmcz njuj, xnjås kñlb, hfåjnfñobt d yfibö celfö, gj cdjtq rdfkbabrfwbb b ghjatccbjyfkbpve yt ecnegfkb ybrjve. Vyjubö vjétn elbdbnm nj, xnj ghtlkfuftvst ctujlyz cbcntvjq ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz ltnfkmyst b dctcnjhjyybt rehcs gjzdbkbcm d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö jnyjcbntkmyj ytlfdyj. D cnfnmt, jnrhsdfñotq éehyfk, ghjatccjh ghfdf Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf Hjåthn E. Ujhljy jgbcsdftn ghjqltyysq cbcntvjq ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz d CIF genm jn gthdsö 2 bybwbfnbd d rjywt 19-uj b d 20-v dtrt r cjdhtvtyysv rhegysv ñhblbxtcrbv afrekmntnfv, xbckj rjnjhsö gj gjcktlybv gjlcxtnfv cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 200. D ntxtybt ltcznbktnbq hfpdbnbñ ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz cgjcjåcndjdfkb vyjubt afrnjhs, yj dféytqieñ hjkm d änjv ghjwtcct csuhfkf Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd (FFÑ). Rjycekmnfyn FFÑ gj djghjcfv ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz Léjy Cbåthn hfccrfpsdftn, rfr änf dféyfz jhufybpfwbz jghtltkbkf rjynehs ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, eltkzz jcjåjt dybvfybt gjllthéfybñ dscjrbö cnfylfhnjd. Ghbybvfz dj dybvfybt, yfcrjkmrj dféty pfrjy b pfrjyjgjhzljr lkz rféljuj uhfélfybyf, ytghthsdyjt jåhfpjdfybt kñltq, cdzpfyysö c ñhblbxtcrjq ghjatccbtq, bvttn jcjåjt pyfxtybt. Vfrfhtyf Nfvfqj-Rfkfåhtct, lbhtrnjh Cjdtnf kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbö ghfdjdsö bybwbfnbd, Fyytn Rer, gjvjoybr lbhtrnjhf Wtynhf FFÑ gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ, b Ibhkb Vtqth, pfdtleñofz ghjuhfvvjq jåhfpjdfntkmysö vfnthbfkjd ghb Wty- nht FFÑ gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ, hfccvfnhbdfz äne ntve, gjlxthrbdfñn, xnj ytjåöjlbvj blnb d yjue cj dhtvtytv d gjcnjzyyj vtyzñotvcz vbht pfrjyf b ñhbcgheltywbb. D cdjtq cnfnmt Cnñfhn Ujhby b Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdfñn j nhtö jcyjdysö bycnbnenfö, jåtcgtxbdfñobö ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, – Atlthfkmyjv celtåyjv wtynht, Yfwbjyfkmyjv celtåyjv rjkktlét b Yfwbjyfkmyjv wtynht infncrbö celjd. Fdnjhs hfccrfpsdfñn yt njkmrj j ibhjrjv hfpyjjåhfpbb xbnftvsö nfv rehcjd, yj b j gtcnhjv cjcnfdt cneltynjd, d rjnjhsq döjlzn ghjatccbjyfkmyst ñhbcns cj dctuj ptvyjuj ifhf. ntnf, hfccvfnhbdftn djghjcs eghfdktybz hfåjnjq celjd. Jy hfccrfpsdftn, rfr htajhvf celjd ecrjhbkf cnfyjdktybt ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj rkfccf vtytléthjd b flvbybcnhfnjhjd, pflfxf rjnjhsö – jåtcgtxbdfnm äaatrnbdyeñ hfåjne celf. D gjcktlybt ujls gjnhtåyjcnm d nfrbö gthtljdsö rflhfö ecbkbdftncz d htpekmnfnt edtkbxtybz yfuheprb yf cels dctö ehjdytq ñhbclbrwbb. Rfr dctulf, pfdthifñn éehyfk åbåkbjuhfabz rybu b cnfntq b dtå-cfqns gj ntvt ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf D pfrkñxbntkmyjq cnfnmt Léjpta F. Nhjnnth, ghjatccjh, lbhtrnjh jnltkf ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb ghfdjcelbz yf afrekmntnt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz Fvthbrfycrjuj eybdthcb- 3 C J L T H É F Y B T djghjcs Ltvjrhfnbb F d u e cn 2 0 0 2 uj l f 6 ÑHBLBXTCRJT JÅHFPJDFYBT D CIF: BCNJRB B HFPDBNBT Hjåthn E. Ujhljy, ghjatccjh ghfdf Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, fyfkbpbhetn ädjkñwbñ ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz jn Ufhdfhlcrjq vjltkb, djpybritq d 1870-t ujls, b ≤ghfdjdsö htfkbcnjd≥ dhtvty Yjdjuj rehcf, dytlhbdibö ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d cbcntve atlthfkmyjq dkfcnb, lj cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö dcnegbntkmysö ärpfvtyjd, rjnjhst ljkéys clfdfnm ctujlyz exfobtcz lkz pfxbcktybz yf ñhblbxtcrbq afrekmntn. 13 F C C J W B F W B Z F V T H B RF Y C R B Ö Ñ H B CN J D B Ñ H B L B X T C R J T J Å H F P J D F Y B T D C J T L B Y T Y Y S Ö I N FN F Ö Léjy F. Cbåthn, rjycekmnfyn Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd (FFÑ) gj djghjcfv ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, hfccvfnhbdftn, rfr FFÑ c ntxtybtv dhtvtyb cajhvbhjdfkf ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF b rfr ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns gjkexfñn frrhtlbnfwbñ d Cjdtnt FFÑ gj ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ b ghbtve d fldjrfnehe. 19 YTGHTHSDYJT ÑHBLBXTCRJT JÅHFPJDFYBT D CIF Vfrfhtyf Nfvfqj-Rfkfåhtct, lbhtrnjh Cjdtnf kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbö ghfdjdsö bybwbfnbd, Fyytn Rer, gjvjoybr lbhtrnjhf Wtynhf FFÑ gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ, b Ibhkb Vtqth, pfdtleñofz ghjuhfvvjq extåysö vfnthbfkjd ghb Wtynht FFÑ gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ, hfccvfnhbdfñn pyfxtybt ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz – ehjr, rjnjhsq vjétn jrfpfnmcz gjktpysv lkz ajhvbheñoböcz ltvjrhfnbq. 26 Y T G H T H S D Y J T Ñ H B L B X T C R J T J Å H F P J D F Y B T: N H B J H UF Y B P F W B B , E L J D K T N D J H Z Ñ O B T C G H J C D jåpjht ltzntkmyjcnb nhtö jhufybpfwbq, jåtcgtxbdfñobö ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt: Atlthfkmyjuj celtåyjuj wtynhf, Yfwbjyfkmyjuj celtåyjuj rjkktléf b Yfwbjyfkmyjuj wtynhf infnysö celjd – htlfrnjhs Cnñfhn Ujhby b Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdfñn j njv, rfr änb b lheubt jhufybpfwbb eljdktndjhzñn vyjujxbcktyyst gjnhtåyjcnb d ñhblbxtcrjv jåhfpjdfybb b htifñn åjktt ibhjrbt pflfxb. 4 33 J Å E X T Y B T V T N J L F V F LV B Y B C N H FN B D Y J U J EGHFDKTYBZ CELFVB CIF Léjpta F. Nhjnnth, ghjatccjh, lbhtrnjh jnltkf ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb ghfdjcelbz yf afrekmntnt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz Fvthbrfycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, hfccvfnhbdftn pyfxtybt celtåyjuj eghfdktybz b hfccrfpsdftn, rfr htajhvf celjd ecrjhbkf ajhvbhjdfybt cfvjcnjzntkmyjq ghjatccbb celtåysö vtytléthjd b flvbybcnhfnjhjd. 39 Å B Å K B J U H FA B Z 40 CFQNS BYNTHYTNF Ä K T R N H J Y Y S Q É E H Y F K U J C E L F H C N D T Y Y J U J D J G H J C S Ñ H B L B X T C R J T F L T G F H N F V T Y N F J Å H F P J D F Y B T D U E C N 2 0 0 2 D C I F U J L F B P L FN T K M LÉELBN CBUTK C G H F D J X Y J - B C C K T L J D FN T K M C R B Q H T L F RN J H L É E K B F Y Y G FE Y T C R E ÖELJÉTCNDTYYSQ H T L F R N J H - R J Y C E K MN F Y N EÄQY ÖJKK U H FA B X T C R J T H T L F RN J H B Y N T H Y T N - B P L F Y B Z L T Å J H F V. C . Å H F E Y H T L F RN J H S H T L F RN J H S ÄCNTKK ÅTHL JN D T N CN D T Y Y S Q C I F L T V J R H F N B B J N LT K H T L F RN J H JAJHVKTYBT HECCRJUJ BPLFYBZ FYBNF UHBY LFQÄY DEKDTHNJY C B K M D B Z C R JN N Y FN F K B Z Å F H Å F I KBLBZ DJHJYBYF VJYF ÄCRTNBYB H T L F RN J H CNÑFHN UJHBY HTLRJKKTUBZ HECCRJUJ BYNTHYTN-BPLFYBZ FKTRCFYLH CDBYJD LÉJHÉ RKÄR R F H K F Ö FN N J Y LÉELBN CBUTK LÉJY LÉTQCBR KTJYFHLJ EBKMZVC LÄDBL GBNNC Jabc vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF ghtljcnfdkztn vfnthbfks, hfpüzcyzñobt pfheåtéyjq felbnjhbb gjkbnbre, jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb CIF. Jabc geåkbretn gznm äktrnhjyysö éehyfkjd, gjcdzotyysö bpextybñ jcyjdysö ghjåktv, c rjnjhsvb cnfkrbdfñncz Cjtlbytyyst Infns b vtéleyfhjlyjt cjjåotcndj. Änb éehyfks – ≤Ärjyjvbxtcrbt gthcgtrnbds≥, ≤Ukjåfkmyst ghjåktvs≥, ≤Djghjcs ltvjrhfnbb≥, ≤Dytiyzz gjkbnbrf CIF≥ b ≤CIF: jåotcndj b wtyyjcnb≥ – gjvtofñn yf cdjbö cnhfybwfö ljrevtyns b vfnthbfks, jnyjczobtcz r gjkbnbrt CIF, f nfrét cjlthéfn fyfkbp, rjvvtynfhbq b ljgjkybntkmyeñ byajhvfwbñ gj cjjndtncndeñobv ntvfv.● Dct yjvthf éehyfkjd dsöjlzn yf fyukbqcrjv, bcgfycrjv, gjhneufkmcrjv b ahfywepcrjv, f jnltkmyst yjvthf geåkbreñncz nfrét yf fhfåcrjv b heccrjv zpsrfö. Yjvthf éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt gjzdkzñncz c bynthdfkjv ghbåkbpbntkmyj d jlby vtczw. Gthtdjls jåsxyj dsöjlzn xthtp ldt-xtnsht ytltkb gjckt jgeåkbrjdfybz éehyfkjd yf fyukbqcrjv zpsrt.● Vytybz, dscrfpsdftvst d änbö éehyfkfö, yt jåzpfntkmyj jnhféfñn dpukzls bkb gjkbnbre ghfdbntkmcndf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd Fvthbrb. Ujcelfhcndtyysq ltgfhnfvtyn CIF yt ytctn jndtncndtyyjcnb pf cjlthéfybt cfqnjd Bynthytnf, yf rjnjhst tcnm ccskrb d éehyfkfö, bkb ljcneg r nfrbv cfqnfv; äne jndtncndtyyjcnm ytcen bö cjplfntkb. Cnfnmb bp éehyfkjd, j rjnjhsö bltn htxm, vjéyj djcghjbpdjlbnm b gthtdjlbnm pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd pf bcrkñxtybtv ckexftd, rjulf änb cnfnmb cjghjdjélfñncz xtnrbv erfpfybtv yf yfkbxbt juhfybxtybq d bö bcgjkmpjdfybb, yfkfuftvsö fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv. Nt, rnj cjåbhftncz bcgjkmpjdfnm pfobotyyst fdnjhcrbv ghfdjv ajnjuhfabb, ljkéys gjkexbnm cjjndtncndeñott hfphtitybt. ● Ntreobt bkb ghtlsleobt yjvthf éehyfkjd, f nfrét fyjyc åeleobö éehyfkjd vjéyj yfqnb yf ljvfiytq cnhfybwt Jabcf vtéleyfhjlysö byajhvfwbjyysö ghjuhfvv d Bynthytnt gj flhtce “http://usinfo.state.gov/ journals/journals.htm”. Änb yjvthf ghtljcnfdkzñncz d ytcrjkmrbö äktrnhjyysö ajhvfnfö lkz jåktuxtybz bö ghjcvjnhf d jykfqyjdjv htébvt, gthtlfxb, pfuheprb b gtxfnb. ● Ghjcbv ghbcskfnm rjvvtynfhbb b pfvtxfybz jå änbö éehyfkfö d gjcjkmcndj CIF d dfitq cnhfyt bkb d htlfrwbñ gj flhtce: Editor, Issues of Democracy, Democracy and Human Rights – IIP/T/DHR, U.S. Department of State, 301 4th Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20547, United States of America Flhtc äktrnhjyyjq gjxns: “[email protected]” 5 Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF: bcnjrb b hfpdbnbt H j å t hn E . U j h l j y Bcnjhbz ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö jnhféftn ädjkñwbñ fvthbrfycrjq ltvjrhfnbb – c gthdsö lytq ceotcndjdfybz fvthbrfycrjuj ujcelfhcndf, rjulf tldf kb vjéyj åskj ujdjhbnm j ghjatccbjyfkmysö cnfylfhnjd, f ghjatccbjyfkmyfz ltzntkmyjcnm jcnfdfkfcm eltkjv åtksö, jåkflfdibö cjåcndtyyjcnmñ, lj ysytiytq cbnefwbb, rjnjheñ b ghtlcnfdbnm ctåt yt vjukb ås ghjdbywbfkmyst ñhbcns gjcnrjkjybfkmysö dhtvty, e rjnjhsö dct ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt juhfybxbdfkjcm ytcrjkmrbvb ujlfvb extybxtcndf d fldjrfncrjq rjynjht. Rfr gjlhjåyj jåüzcyztn d cdjtq cnfnmt Hjåthn E. Ujhljy, ghjatccjh ghfdf Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf, ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt ghtnthgtkj juhjvyeñ ädjkñwbñ, gj chfdytybñ c gthdsvb tuj ifufvb d 20-v dtrt. Yf ctujlyziybö ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö, xtq cjcnfd ntgthm ujhfplj hfpyjjåhfpytt, xtv dctuj ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq yfpfl, nhflbwbjyyst extåyst gkfys dct tot ecjdthitycndeñncz. R ybv ljåfdbkbcm pfyznbz gj nfrbv yfghfdktybzv, rfr pfrjyjlfntkmcndj j uhfélfycrbö ghfdfö, ghfdf étyoby, lbcrhbvbyfwbz ghb yfqvt yf hfåjne, f d gjcktlytt dhtvz b ukjåfkmyjt ghfdj. D CJTLBYTYYSÖ INFNFÖ ghjatccbz ñhbcnf vyjujuhfyyf. Ceotcndeñn celtåyst fldjrfns, dscnegfñobt yf ghjwtccfö gthtl celmzvb b ghbczéysvb, b vyjubt lheubt fldjrfns, ybrjulf yt åsdfñobt d pfkt celf; gfhnyths d öfhfrnthysö lkz åjkmibö ujhjljd ubufyncrbö ñhblbxtcrbö abhvfö, ult hfåjnftn gj 500 – 1000 ñhbcnjd, dsgjkyzñobö cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyeñ hfåjne lkz vtéleyfhjlysö rjhgjhfwbq; ñhbcns, hfåjnfñobt ghb herjdjlcndt rjvgfybq; fldjrfns, ghfrnbreñobt d jlbyjxre bkb d ytåjkmibö abhvfö, rjnjhst gjvjufñn ctvmzv b vfksv ghtlghbznbzv htifnm bö ñhblbxtcrbt ghjåktvs – hfpdjls, pfdtofybz, bveotcndtyyst cltkrb b cgjhs bkb åfyrhjncndf; fldjrfns, ghtlcnfdkzñobt kñltq, cnjkryediböcz c cthmtpysvb ghjåktvfvb d ébpyb, d njv xbckt gjcnhflfdibö d fdfhbzö bkb gjljphtdftvsö b jådbyztvsö d cjdthitybb ghtcnegktybq; ujcelfhcndtyyst fldjrfns, ghjrehjhs b celmb; ghtgjlfdfntkb ghfdf; cgtwbfkbcns gj ñhblbxtcrbv eckeufv vfkjbveobv; ñhbcns, jncnfbdfñobt jåotcndtyyst bynthtcs, dscnegfñobt pf rfrjt-nj ltkj. Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt nfrét yfbåjktt ghtlgjxnbntkmyj lkz dcnegktybz yf gjkbnbxtcreñ cntpñ. Rfrbvb ås hfpysvb yb åskb fvthbrfycrbt ñhbcns gj cdjbv cgtwbfkmyjcnzv, ljöj- 6 Hjåthn E. Ujhljy lfv b cnfnece, rkbtynfv b jgsne, dct jyb ghbyflktéfn r tlbyjq ghjatccbb b ajhvfkmyj bvtñn jlye b ne ét åfpjdeñ rdfkbabrfwbñ, jåhfpjdfybt b gjlujnjdre. Dct jyb ghbyzns d rjkktubñ – jabwbfkmyeñ jhufybpfwbñ ñhbcnjd – jlyjuj bkb ytcrjkmrbö bp 50 infnjd gj ghfdbkfv, bpkjétyysv dscibvb celfvb infnjd. B ghfrnbxtcrb dct exbkbcm yf rfrjv-ybåelm ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt. Dcnegktybt d ghjatccbñ rjynhjkbhetncz fccjwbfwbzvb ñhbcnjd, celfvb infnjd b ñhblbxtcrbvb afrekmntnfvb dscibö extåysö pfdtltybq. Ctqxfc gjxnb dct infns jåzpsdfñn xtkjdtrf, étkfñotuj cnfnm ñhbcnjv, ecgtiyj jrjyxbnm xtnshtöktnybq rjkktlé, pfntv nhtöktnybq ñhblbxtcrbq afrekmntn, frrhtlbnjdfyysq yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbtq ñhbcnjd (Fccjwbfwbtq fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd, bkb FFÑ) b, yfrjytw, clfnm ärpfvty yf ghfdj pfybvfnmcz fldjrfncrjq ghfrnbrjq. D åjkmibycndt infnjd jn 50 lj 80 ghjwtynjd rfylblfnjd, clfñobö fldjrfncrbq ärpfvty, ecgtiyj c ybv cghfdkzñncz. Yf ghfrnbrt änf cbcntvf ltkftn gjcnegktybt yf ñhblbxtcrbq afrekmntn dféytqibv b cfvsv nhelysv ifujv yf genb r ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rfhmtht. D yfcnjzott dhtvz ceotcndetn 185 frrhtlbnjdfyysö FFÑ ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, ult ghtgjlfñn jrjkj 2000 ghjatccjhjd yf gjkyjq cnfdrt. Änb afrekmntns abyfycbheñncz pf cxtn gkfns cneltynjd pf jåextybt, lfhjd jn ds- gecrybrjd, f d ujcelfhcndtyysö (jåotcndtyysö) extåysö pfdtltybzö b pf cxtn uhfynjd, dsltkztvsö ktubckfnehfvb infnjd. Yf ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö d CIF exfncz gjckt jrjyxfybz rjkktléf. Ghbybvfñn nelf jxtym bpåbhfntkmyj, ghb yfkbxbb dscjrbö jwtyjr d rjkktlét b gj htpekmnfnfv cnfylfhnyjuj ntcnf (dcnegbntkmyjuj ntcnf ñhblbxtcrjuj afrekmntnf, LSAT). Yfghbvth, ghb gjcnegktybb yf ñhblbxtcrbq afrekmntn Qtkmcrjuj eybdthcbntnf rjyrehc cjcnfdkztn 5000 pfzdktybq yf 170 vtcn. Hfcöjls nfrét ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq cthmtpysq åfhmth. Cneltyns xfcnysö ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd ljkéys gkfnbnm pf jåextybt ghbvthyj 30 000 ljkkfhjd d ujl; lfét yf ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö infnysö eybdthcbntnjd jyb ljkéys gkfnbnm 15–20 nsc. ljkkfhjd d ujl; gjänjve vyjubt pfrfyxbdfñn extåe c ljkufvb d 100 000 ljkkfhjd bkb åjkmit. Ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns jghtltkzñn yt njkmrj cjcnfd gjcnegfñobö, yj b bö djpvjéyjcnb gj jrjyxfybb extås. Dscjrj rjnbheñobtcz dsgecrybrb äkbnfhysö extåysö pfdtltybq frnbdyj ghbdktrfñncz yf cfvst dscjrjjgkfxbdftvst b ghtcnbéyst vtcnf, d njv xbckt d ñhblbxtcrbt abhvs åjkmibö ujhjljd, f dsgecrybrb afrekmntnjd hfyujv ybét byjulf djjåot c nheljv yföjlzn ctåt hfåjne gj cgtwbfkmyjcnb. Gthdsq ujl Öjnz ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns ltqcndbntkmyj ujnjdzn dsgecrybrjd r cfvsv hfpyjjåhfpysv rfhmthfv, bö åfpjdst extåyst ghjuhfvvs b vtnjls cöjéb. Yf gthdjv rehct dtplt ghtgjlfñncz jlyb b nt ét ghtlvtns – bveotcndtyyst jnyjitybz, rjynhfrns, bcrb (yt eujkjdyst ltkf – yfghbvth, jå eothåt, yfytctyyjv d htpekmnfnt ljhjéyjq fdfhbb bkb ghjlféb ltatrnysö njdfhjd), ghjwtccefkmyst yjhvs b eujkjdyjt ghfdj – b bcgjkmpetncz vtnjl ghtgjlfdfybz yf ghbvtht rjyrhtnysö ltk. Cneltyns ghböjlzn yf rféljt pfyznbt, ghjxbnfd ytcrjkmrj ltk – htitybq b vytybq celjd infnjd b celjd atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz – d jgeåkbrjdfyysö cåjhybrfö, gjckt xtuj ghtgjlfdfntkm djdktrftn cneltynjd d lbfkju jå änbö ltkfö. Nbgbxyjt gthdjt pfyznbt yf ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt vjétn yfxfnmcz c hfccvjnhtybz cktleñotuj dsvsiktyyjuj ltkf: 7 Ghtgjlfdfntkm (G): U-y Ajrc, rfrbt afrns cnfkb jcyjdfybtv lkz djpåeéltybz ltkf ≤Öjrbyc ghjnbd Vfrub≥? Ajrc: Öjrbyc gjdhtlbk here d htpekmnfnt ytcxfcnyjuj ckexfz b jåhfnbkcz r l-he Vfrub. Vfrub crfpfk, xnj vjétn dsktxbnm here öbhehubxtcrbv gentv, nfr xnj änj åeltn ≤yf 100 ghjwtynjd bltfkmyfz herf≥. Yj jgthfwbz ghjikf ytelfxyj, b herf jrfpfkfcm bcrfktxtyyjq. Gjänjve Öjrbyc ghtlüzdbk ljrnjhe bcr pf yfheitybt ljujdjhf. G: B rfrjdf åskf pfobnf Vfrub? Ajrc: Vfrub gjrfpfk, xnj jy ybxtuj nfrjuj yt jåtofk, f lfét tckb ås b jåtofk, dhfxtq ytkmpz ghbdktrfnm r jndtncndtyyjcnb pf nj, xnj jyb ujdjhzn gfwbtynfv j htpekmnfnfö ktxtybz. G: Rfr htifkjcm ltkf d celt gthdjq bycnfywbb d ghjwtlehyjv jnyjitybb? B rfr jyj gjgfkj d dthöjdysq cel infnf? Ajrc: Vfrub jåhfnbkcz r celmt gthdjq bycnfywbb c öjlfnfqcndjv j njv, xnjås jy ghtlkjébk ghbczéysv htibnm djghjc d gjkmpe jndtnxbrf, Vfrub, yf njv jcyjdfybb, xnj dhfxb yt ljkéys ytcnb jndtncndtyyjcnm pf crfpfyyjt bvb gfwbtynfv. Cel gthdjq bycnfywbb jnrfpfkcz änj cltkfnm, b ghbczéyst ghbyzkb htitybt d gjkmpe Öjrbycf. Vfrub gjlfk fgtkkzwbñ, erfpfd, xnj celmz gthdjq bycnfywbb ljkéty åsk eljdktndjhbnm tuj öjlfnfqcndj. Dthöjdysq cel gjlndthlbk htitybt celmb gthdjq bycnfywbb gj öjlfnfqcnde, yj cxtk, xnj celmz lfk ytghfdbkmyst yfcnfdktybz gj djghjce j djpvtotybb eåsnrjd. G: Yt egecnbk kb u-y Ajrc bp dble rfrbt-nj dféyst afrns? Ghtlüzdkzk kb Öjrbyc lheubt ghtntypbb? Gjéfkeqcnf, u-éf Ujklåthu? Ujklåthu: Öjrbyc nfrét jådbybk Vfrub d vtlbwbycrjq ytåhtéyjcnb, pfzdbd, xnj njn öfkfnyj jnytccz r cdjbv jåzpfyyjcnzv. Cel gthdjq bycnfywbb gjhexbk ghbczéysv gj änjq ghtntypbb htibnm djghjc d gjkmpe Vfrub. Celmz jnvtnbk, xnj ljrfpfntkmcnd ytåhtéyjcnb ytn. 8 G: Gjxtve? Rfrbt ljrfpfntkmcndf ljkéty åsk ghbdtcnb Öjrbyc? Rfrbö cdbltntktq, rfrjq ljrevtyn bkb ghtlvtn? Rnj vju ås lfnm cdbltntkmcrbt gjrfpfybz gj änjve djghjce? U-y Kb? Kb: Z levfñ, tve yeéyj åskj ljrfpfnm, xnj dhfx ljgecnbk jibåre, b nfrbt gjrfpfybz tve yflj åskj gjkexbnm jn lheujuj dhfxf. G: U-y Ajrc, lfdfqnt dthytvcz r vytybñ celf gj fgtkkzwbb. Ghfdbkmyst kb dsdjls cltkfk cel? Tckb ås ds dtkb änj ltkj yf cnjhjyt Vfrub, xtv ås ds fhuevtynbhjdfkb nj, xnj dhfxb yt ljkéys ytcnb jndtncndtyyjcnm pf yfheitybt ljujdjhf, lfét tckb jyb jåtofñn dsktxbnm åjkmyjuj, yj yt dsgjkyzñn cdjtuj jåtofybz? Gthdjyfxfkmyst nhtåjdfybz Änf cbcntvf ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz – nhtöktnyzz ghjuhfvvf gj jrjyxfybb rjkktléf c ghtgjlfdfntkzvb yf gjkyjq cnfdrt, ghtbveotcndtyyj cnfylfhnysv extåysv gkfyjv b bcgjkmpjdfybtv vtnjlbrb hfpåjhf rjyrhtnysö ltk – crkflsdfkfcm gjcntgtyyj. Ghfrnbxtcrb jyf gjzdbkfcm njkmrj d 20-jv dtrt. Jåhtnz ytpfdbcbvjcnm, fvthbrfyws htibntkmyj jndthukb fhbcnjrhfnbñ b vjyjgjkbb. D gthdst ujls htcgeåkbrb fvthbrfyws c gjljphtybtv jnyjcbkbcm r kñåsv ghjatccbjyfkmysv ghbdbktubzv b ghjatccbjyfkmysv jhufybpfwbzv. Åjkmibycndj infnjd yt ddjlbkj jabwbfkmysö nhtåjdfybq d jnyjitybb jåhfpjdfybz bkb ärpfvtyjd lkz ñhbcnjd, nhtåjdfkjcm yt åjktt xtv ytcrjkmrj ktn extybxtcndf d fldjrfncrjq rjynjht. Ntv yt vtytt, åskj jcyjdfyj ytcrjkmrj ñhblbxtcrbö bycnbnenjd, f njv xbckt pyfvtybnfz Kbnxabklcrfz irjkf ghfdf d pfgflyjq xfcnb Rjyytrnbrenf b ytcrjkmrj ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd d rjkktlét Ebkmzvf b Vähb, Ufhdfhlcrjv b Rjkevåbqcrjv eybdthcbntnfö. Änb gthdst ñhblbxtcrbt irjks gjlujnjdbkb vyjubö dtleobö ñhbcnjd yjdjuj ujcelfhcndf. Yj lkz gjcnegktybz d änb extåyst pfdtltybz nhtåjdfkcz kbim fnntcnfn chtlytq irjks, f ñhbcgheltywbz d ybö bpexfkfcm dctuj ujl bkb ldf. Ghtgjlfdfkb jåsxyj gj cjdvtcnbntkmcnde ñhbcns-ghfrnbrb. Cneltyns ckeifkb ktrwbb b xbnfkb kbnthfnehe gj ñhblbxtcrbv djghjcfv bkb rjvvtynfhbb yf ñhblbxtcrbt ntvs. Dtnhs gthtvty D 1870-ö ujlfö gjlekb dtnhs gthtvty. Åehysq ghjuhtcc tcntcndjpyfybz, ghtcnbé gthdjrkfccysö tdhjgtqcrbö (jcjåtyyj ytvtwrbö) eybdthcbntnjd, jcnhfz gjnhtåyjcnm d ghjcdtotyysö nfkfynfö d ghjvsiktyyjv herjdjlcndt b jhufyfö dkfcnb – dct änb afrnjhs gjhjlbkb yjdjt ljdthbt r öjhjij gjlujnjdktyysv ghjatccbjyfkfv b cghjc yf jhufybpjdfyyst ghjatccbjyfkmyst cnhernehs, d hfvrfö rjnjhsö vjéyj åskj bö djcgbnfnm. Dtleobt fldjrfns jcyjdfkb yjdst ñhblbxtcrbt fccjwbfwbb – yfghbvth, Fccjwbfwbñ ñhbcnjd Ymñ-Qjhrf (1870 ujl) b Fccjwbfwbñ fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd (1878 ujl) – c wtkmñ ddtltybz yjdsö jåhfpjdfntkmysö b ärpfvtyfwbjyysö nhtåjdfybq r gjcnegfñobv d rjkktléb gj ñhblbxtcrbv cgtwbfkmyjcnzv b cjplfybz lbcwbgkbyfhyjq cbcntvs lkz bcrkñxtybz rjhhevgbhjdfyysö b ytrjvgtntynysö fldjrfnjd b celtq. Jnxfcnb htajhvfnjhs herjdjlcndjdfkbcm cnhtvktybtv gjdscbnm cnfylfhns jåhfpjdfybz, dytlhbnm d ghfrnbre rjvgtntynyjcnm b änbxtcrbt yjhvs. Yj jyb yfltzkbcm nfrét, xnj yjdst cnfylfhns åelen dsntcyznm bp ghjatccbjyfkmysö hzljd yjdst djkys ñhbcnjd-bvvbuhfynjd bp ñéyjtdhjgtqcrbö cnhfy. Bö wtkmñ åskj pfrhsnm nfrbt fkmnthyfnbdyst genb d rjkktubb, rfr extybxtcndj b jrjyxfybt dtxthybö b pfjxysö extåysö pfdtltybq, b cjöhfybnm äne ghjatccbñ lkz fvthbrfywtd, jrjyxbdibö rjkktléb, f nfrbt d ne gjhe cjcnfdkzkb dctuj 2 ghjwtynf yfctktybz. (Gjcktlytq wtkb bv elfkjcm ljåbnmcz kbim d rjywt 20-uj dtrf, rjulf lbgkjvs rjkktlétq bvtkj cdsit 25 ghjwtynjd yfctktybz.) Ufhdfhlcrfz vjltkm Gthdjghjöjlwtv cnfk ñhblbxtcrbq afrekmntn Ufhdfhlf. C 1870 gj 1900 ujl ltrfy R.R. Kfyultkk b tuj rjkktub cjplfkb yjdeñ vjltkm ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. Ufhdfhl nhtåjdfk jghtltktyyjq gjlujnjdrb d rjkktlét b, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, lbgkjvf rjkktléf. Jy ddtk nhtöktnyññ ghjuhfvve gjcktljdfntkmysö rehcjd c htuekzhysvb ärpfvtyfvb gj rféljve ghtlvtne b jnxbckzk cneltynjd, rjnjhst yt clfdfkb ärpfvtyjd. Xnjås ghtgjlfdfnm ñhbcgheltywbñ rfr cnhjueñ yfere, jy juhfybxbk extåysq gkfy ntvfnbrjq xfcnyjuj ghfdf, ghtl- gbcfd yf gthdsq ujl ghjuhfvve, rjnjheñ lj cbö gjh ghbvtyzñn gjxnb dct ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns: bcrb (ltkbrns), rjynhfrns, bveotcndtyyjt ghfdj b uhfélfycrbq ghjwtcc. Jy yfyzk ghtgjlfdfntktq yf gjkyeñ cnfdre. Tuj ghtgjlfdfntkb jgeåkbrjdfkb gthdst extåybrb c hfpåjhjv ltk b exbkb cneltynjd gj nfrjq vtnjlbrt, gjhexfz bv hfpåbhfnm vfnthbfks celtåysö ltk b jcdfbdfnm ghtlvtn frnbdyj b bynthfrnbdyj gentv lbfkjuf c ghtgjlfdfntktv dvtcnj gfccbdyjuj ckeifybz ktrwbq. Kexibt cneltyns rféljuj rehcf dsåbhfkbcm d htlrjkktubñ ≤Ufhdfhlcrjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåjphtybz≥ – éehyfkf, geåkbrjdfdituj cnfnmb ghtgjlfdfntktq ghfdf, f nfrét pfvtnrb b rjvvtynfhbb cneltynjd gj jnltkmysv ltkfv b jåobv ntyltywbzv hfpdbnbz ñhbcgheltywbb. Exfcnbt d gjlujnjdrt ñhblbxtcrbö jåpjhjd cnfkj kexitq htrjvtylfwbtq lkz ecnhjqcndf yf hfåjne ctrhtnfhzvb celjd d celfö dscitq bycnfywbb, d fldjrfncrbt abhvs åjkmibö ujhjljd b ghtgjlfdfntkzvb ghfdf d rjkktléb. Ufhdfhlcrfz vjltkm ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz hfcghjcnhfyzkfcm jn afrekmntnf r afrekmntne, b d rjywt rjywjd åskf ghbyznf dctvb. Rhbnbrb ctnjdfkb, xnj änf vjltkm gjxnb yt bvttn ytgjchtlcndtyyjuj ghfrnbxtcrjuj jnyjitybz r ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrt: cneltynjd yt jåexfkb yfdsrfv hfåjns d celt bkb cjcnfdktybz ljrevtynjd, yt pyfrjvbkb cj cnfnenfvb (pfrjyjlfntkmcndjv) b gjcnfyjdktybzvb flvbybcnhfnbdysö jhufyjd, dct xfot ghböjlbdibvb yf cvtye ghtwtltynyjve (jåotve) ghfde d rfxtcndt jcyjdysö ajhv pfrjyjndjhxtcndf, yt lfdfkb pyfybq j rjhgjhfnbdyjv b htuekbheñotv ghfdt. Cnjhjyybrb ghbpyfdfkb, xnj änj ltqcndbntkmyj nfr, yj endthélfkb, xnj änf vjltkm lftn jåobq yfdsr ≤ñhblbxtcrjuj vsiktybz≥, rjnjhsq dsgecrybrb cvjuen ubårj ghbvtyznm r kñåjq ghfrnbxtcrjq cbnefwbb. D ljgjkytybt r vtnjle hfpåjhf rjyrhtnysö ltk djpybrkb lheubt ghjuhfvvs lkz ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, d njv xbckt extåyst celtåyst ghjwtccs, yf rjnjhsö cneltyns hfpåbhfkb ubgjntnbxtcrbt ltkf gthtl yfcnjzobvb celmzvb. Ghfdjdst htfkbcns Yfxbyfz c 20-ö ujljd, uheggf ñhbcnjd gjl yfpdfybtv ≤Ghfdjdst htfkbcns≥ rhbnbrjdfkf Ufhdfhlcreñ vjltkm pf nj, xnj jyf gjpdjkztn 9 ghtgjlfdfnm kbim ajhvfkmyst yjhvs b ghbywbgs ghfdf, ghfdjdeñ ljrnhbye bkb ghfdjdeñ ljuve. Jcyjdfybz, ghbdjlbvst celmzvb ghb htitybb ltk, cxbnfkb htfkbcns, htlrj åskb gjlkbyysvb afrnjhfvb, ktéfobvb d jcyjdt ghbybvftvsö htitybq. Ghfdj, endthélfkb jyb, yflj bpexfnm b ghtgjlfdfnm rfr cjwbfkmysq ghjlern, djpybrfñobq d htpekmnfnt jåotcndtyysö rjyakbrnjd b jåckeébdfñobq cjwbfkmyst bynthtcs b gjkbnbre. Htfkbcns ghbpsdfkb extysö cjtlbybnm ñhbcgheltywbñ c jåotcndtyysvb yferfvb, ghjdjlbnm ävgbhbxtcrbt bccktljdfybz ltzntkmyjcnb celjd b ñhblbxtcrbö dtljvcnd b ghjwtleh, exbnm cneltynjd ljåbdfnmcz htpekmnfnjd yf jcyjdt cjwbfkmyjq gjkbnbrb. Dsldbyenfz htfkbcnfvb ghjuhfvvf gjkexbkf vjoysq cnbvek, åkfujlfhz ghjdjlbditvecz Ghtpbltynjv Ahfyrkbyjv L. Hepdtkmnjv ≤Yjdjve rehce≥ (1932–1940 ujls). Yjdsq rehc ghbdktr vyjubö ghtgjlfdfntktq ghfdf yf ujcelfhcndtyyeñ ckeéåe d rfxtcndt hfphfåjnxbrjd pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b ñhbcrjycekmnjd yjdsö ghfdbntkmcndtyysö exhtéltybq. Gjnjr yjdsö atlthfkmysö yjhvfnbdjd lfk nsczxfv ytlfdybö dsgecrybrjd ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd djpvjéyjcnm ecnhfbdfnmcz yf hfåjne – rfr d xfcnyst ñhblbxtcrbt abhvs, nfr b d ujcelfhcndtyyst cnhernehs. Dtnthfys Yjdjuj rehcf cnfkb gjckt Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys ghtgjlfdfntkzvb yf ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö b ghbytckb c cjåjq yjdst ghtlvtns gj yjdsv jåkfcnzv pfrjyjlfntkmcndf – gj yfkjufv, nheljdsv jnyjitybzv, wtyysv åevfufv, fynbnhtcnjdcrbv pfrjyfv b htuekbhetvsv jnhfckzv. Yfhzle c celtåysvb ltkfvb, d extåybrfö cnfkb abuehbhjdfnm b hfpkbxyst vfnthbfks – cnfnens, gjcnfyjdktybz flvbybcnhfnbdysö jhufyjd, ghfdbntkmcndtyyst ljrkfls b bccktljdfybz d jåkfcnb jåotcndtyysö yfer. Yjdfz djkyf gthtvty Cjwbfkmyst gjnhzctybz 1960-ö b 1970-ö ujljd ghbytckb ytcrjkmrj yjdsö djky gthtvty d ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt. Jåotcndtyyst ldbétybz pf ghfdf fahj-fvthbrfywtd b étyoby ljåfdbkb yjdst rehcs d extåysq gkfy gj uhfélfycrjve ghfde, rjnjhjt dgthdst cnfkj wtynhfkmysv äktvtynjv rjycnbnewbjyyjuj ghfdf, b gj lbcrhbvbyfwbb ghb yfqvt yf hfåjne. 10 Vfccbd yjdsö cjwbfkmysö yjhvfnbdjd, jcjåtyyj gj jrheéfñotq chtlt, gjhjlbk cghjc yf yjdeñ jnhfckm – ärjkjubxtcrjt ghfdj. D 1965 ujle Ghtpbltyn Kbyljy Léjycjy cjplfk abyfycbhetveñ pf cxtn atlthfkmyjuj åñlétnf ghjuhfvve gj jrfpfybñ ñhblbxtcrbö eckeu vfkjbveobv rkbtynfv b gjlfxt bcrjd jn bö bvtyb. Änf b lheubt åñlétnyst ghjuhfvvs ≤pfrjyyjcnb lkz åtlysö≥ gjåelbkb ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns cjplfnm yf cdjtq åfpt cgtwbfkmyst fldjrfncrbt jabcs, erjvgktrnjdfyyst yjdsvb rflhfvb ghtgjlfdfntktq, dtleobö ñhblbxtcrbt ctvbyfhs. D hfvrfö änbö ghjuhfvv cneltyns exfncz yt njkmrj vsckbnm ghfdjdsvb rfntujhbzvb, yj b ghtlcnfdkznm htfkmysö rkbtynjd jlyjdhtvtyyj c extåjq yf ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt gjl herjdjlcndjv ghfrnbreñobö ñhbcnjd b ghtgjlfdfntktq, dtleobö ctvbyfhs. Ctujlyz yf vyjubö ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö åjkmibycndj cneltynjd ghbjåhtnftn jghtltktyysq jgsn, ghtlcnfdkzz rdfhnbhjcütvobrjd, pfrkñxtyysö, gjljphtdftvsö d ghtcnegktybzö, gjkexfntktq cjwbfkmysö gjcjåbq, bvvbuhfynjd, cnhtvzoböcz dütöfnm bkb jcnfnmcz d CIF, vfkjbveobö ljkéybrjd, f nfrét bynthtcs ärjkjubxtcrbö ldbétybq. Yjdst cjwbfkmyst ldbétybz nfrét ghtjåhfpbkb cjcnfd ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd. Lj 1970-ö ujljd yf Ñut ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns yt ghbybvfkb xthyjrjébö b kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbö cneltynjd, f yf Ctdtht bö ghbybvfkb d jxtym juhfybxtyysö vfcinfåfö. C ntö gjh ljkz fahj-fvthbrfywtd b kfnbyjfvthbrfywtd ljcnbukf 10 ghjwtynjd yf rehct. Lj 1970 ujlf yf ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö ltqcndjdfkb cnhjubt rdjns lkz étyoby; d gthbjl c 1970 gj 1990 ujls ljkz étyoby d yfåjhfö yf ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns djphjckf c 4 lj 50 ghjwtynjd. Lkz ghbtvf yjdsö cneltynjd ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns d 1970-t b 80-t ujls eldjbkb cdjñ xbcktyyjcnm. Flvbybcnhfnbdyjt b htuekbheñott ghfdj, ghfrnbxtcrbt ctvbyfhs, lbcwbgkbys gj ñhblbxtcrjq pfobnt vfkjbveobö, ärjkjubxtcrjve b uhfélfycrjve ghfde – dct änj åskb jndtns yf dytiybt ghjåktvs b gthtvtys. Yj ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns yfxfkb nfrét htfubhjdfnm b yf byntkktrnefkmyst pflfxb, gjcnfdktyyst frfltvbxtcrbvb rheufvb. D 1930-t ujls yf ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö ghjzdkzkb ytrjnjhsq bynthtc r lheubv cjwbfkmysv yferfv, jcjåtyyj r ärjyjvbrt, bcnjhbb, gcböjkjubb, cjwbjkjubb b rekmnehyjq fynhjgjkjubb, yj änb lbcwbgkbys jcnfdfkbcm yf gthbathbb ñhblbxtcrjq extås. D 1970-t ujls ghtgjlfdfntkb ghfdf cnfkb åjktt frnbdyj dytlhznm d extåyst gkfys lheubt lbcwbgkbys, d njv xbckt änbre b fyfkbnbxtcreñ abkjcjabñ, cjwbfkmyeñ bcnjhbñ, atvbybpv, gjkbnjkjubñ b rhbvbyjkjubñ. Cfvst ntcyst b gthcgtrnbdyst jnyjitybz ckjébkbcm vtéle ghfdjv b ärjyjvbrjq. Jlyf jåkfcnm ghfdf pf lheujq – yt njkmrj cdzpfyyst c fynbnhtcnjdcrbvb b htuekbhetvsvb jnhfckzvb, yj b c rjhgjhfwbzvb, rjynhfrnfvb, bcrfvb (ltkbrnfvb), bveotcndjv b vyjubvb lheubvb fcgtrnfvb – pfbvcndjdfkb ärjyjvbxtcrbt pyfybz lkz jåüzcytybz njuj, rfrbt bvtyyj ñhblbxtcrbt yjhvs b bycnbnens äaatrnbdys bkb vjuen åsnm cltkfys åjktt äaatrnbdysvb. Ärjyjvbxtcrfz ntjhbz b ärjyjvbxtcrbt dsrkflrb ntgthm cnjqrj pfrhtgbkbcm d frfltvbxtcrjq ñhblbxtcrjq kbnthfneht, f xfcnj b d celtåysö vytybzö, nfr rfr ytcrjkmrj bpdtcnysö ghjatccjhjd ärjyjvbrb b ghfdf cnfkb atlthfkmysvb celmzvb. Yjdst ghtgjlfdfntkb ñhbcgheltywbb, jcjåtyyj d äkbnfhysö extåysö pfdtltybzö, ntgthm xfcnj bvtñn ljrnjhcrbt cntgtyb yt njkmrj gj ñhblbxtcrbv yferfv, yj b gj ärjyjvbrt, bcnjhbb, gjkbnjkjubb, abkjcjabb bkb cjwbjkjubb. Fvthbrfycrbt ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns ghjikb genm gjcntgtyyjuj, vtlktyyjuj b pfxfcneñ ytjöjnyjuj, yj htfkmyjuj hfcibhtybz vbhjdjpphtybz. Cktlez ghbvthe Ufhdfhlf, cjdhtvtyyst ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns d CIF yfxfkb c ghtgjlfdfybz bcrkñxbntkmyj xfcnyjuj ghfdf lkz gjlujnjdrb dsgecrybrjd r xfcnyjq ghfrnbrt, yj gjcntgtyyj hfcibhbkb cdjb ghjuhfvvs, drkñxbd d ybö geåkbxyjt ghfdj lkz gjlujnjdrb r ujcelfhcndtyyjq ckeéåt b ghfrnbrt d bynthtcfö vfkjbveobö ckjtd yfctktybz b jåotcndtyysö ldbétybq. Änb bycnbnens yfxfkb c ghtgjlfdfybz ghfdf rfr jnltkmyjq cfvjcnjzntkmyjq jåkfcnb, yj gjpét hfcibhbkb cdjñ cathe, cjtlbybd ghfdj c lheubvb lbcwbgkbyfvb. Jyb yfexbkbcm ljgjkyznm vtnjlbre bpextybz rjyrhtnysö ltk ghfrnbxtcrjq hfåjnjq c htfkmysvb rkbtynfvb. B gjckt ldeö cnjktnbq bpjkzwbb jyb cnfyjdzncz åjktt jnrhsnsvb, exfcm e cneltynjd, gjcnbufz ghfdjdst nhflbwbb b fyfkbpbhez ñhblbxtcrbt ärcgthbvtyns d pfheåtéysö cnhfyfö. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf Ukjåfkmyjt ghfdj Ghtlcnjzobt rhegyst bpvtytybz d ñhblbxtcrjv jåhfpjdfybb – f jyb eét yfxbyfñncz – zdyj åelen blnb d yfghfdktybb ukjåfkmysö ñhblbxtcrbö bccktljdfybq. Fvthbrfycrbt ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns hfcibhzñn cdjb extåyst ghjuhfvvs lkz byjcnhfyysö cneltynjd, gjcntgtyyj ghbybvfñn dct åjkmit ytfvthbrfywtd yf htuekzhyst ñhblbxtcrbt ghjuhfvvs b yfghfdkzñn åjkmit fvthbrfycrbö cneltynjd yf ujlbxyeñ extåe d lheubt cnhfys. Yfxbyfñn hfcghjcnhfyznmcz rehcs gj nhfycyfwbjyfkmysv ghfdjdsv jåkfcnzv, jcjåtyyj nhfycyfwbjyfkmyjve njhujdjve ghfde b vtéleyfhjlysv ghfdfv xtkjdtrf, f nfrét gj nfrbv htubjyfkmysv cgtwbfkmyjcnzv, rfr rbnfqcrjt, zgjycrjt b bckfvcrjt ghfdj. 11 Ñ h b l b x t c rj t j å h f p j d f y b t b rj y w t g w b z c el t å y j u j y f l p j h f Ghjatccjh Ujhljy jåceélftn rjywtgwbñ celtåyjuj yflpjhf D CIF cels jceotcndkzñn eybrfkmyst gjkyjvjxbz, yfpsdftvst ≤celtåysv yflpjhjv≥. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj celmb vjuen jåüzdkznm ytltqcndbntkmysvb b jnvtyznm ghbybvftvst ktubckfnehfvb pfrjys bkb frns bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnb, rjnjhst cels njkreñn rfr yfheifñobt Rjycnbnewbñ. Änb gjkyjvjxbz yt egjvzyens d rjycnbnewbzö CIF b jnltkmysö infnjd. Yj cj dhtvtytv jyb cnfkb djcghbybvfnmcz rfr ktubnbvyst b htuekzhyj jceotcndkzñncz celmzvb rfr d celfö infnjd, nfr b d atlthfkmysö (jåotyfwbjyfkmysö) celfö. Rjywtgwbz celtåyjuj yflpjhf åskf jåüzcytyf d htitybb gj ltke ≤Vfhåthb ghjnbd Välbcjyf≥ (1803 ujl) – jlyjv bp gthdsö b cfvsö pyfvtybnsö ltk Dthöjdyjuj celf. Eöjlzobq ghtpbltyn, Léjy Flfvc, yfpyfxbk Ebkmzvf Vfhåthb vbhjdsv celmtq. Dcnegfñobq d ljkéyjcnm ghtpbltynf Njvfc Létaathcjy, rjnjhsq åsk ghjnbdybrjv gfhnbb Flfvcf b tt celtq, nfr b yt endthlbk Vfhåthb d ljkéyjcnb. Vfhåthb, jgbhfzcm yf htitybt Rjyuhtccf, gjlfk d Dthöjdysq cel öjlfnfqcndj j celtåyjv ghbrfpt, jåzpsdfñotv ghfdbntkmcndj endthlbnm tuj d ljkéyjcnb celmb. Gj tlbyjleiyjve htitybñ Dthöjdyjuj celf, tuj ghtlctlfntkm Léjy Vfhifkk pfkjébk jcyjde lkz åeleobö gjkyjvjxbq Celf, pfzdbd, xnj Rjycnbnewbz yt gjpdjkztn Rjyuhtcce ghtlgbcsdfnm Cele bplfdfnm celtåysq ghbrfp b gjänjve htitybt Rjyuhtccf yt bvttn ñhblbxtcrjq cbks. Rjycnbnewbz, erfpfk Vfhifkk, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq yt ghjcnj gkfy ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf, f dscibq pfrjy, rjnjhsq dsit lfét pfrjyjd, ghbybvftvsö ktubckfnehfvb. Gjcrjkmre ≤njkrjdfybt pfrjyf jcnftncz åtpeckjdyjq ghthjufnbdjq b jåzpfyyjcnmñ celtåyjuj dtljvcndf≥, jncñlf cktletn, xnj cels ljkéys bvtnm gjkyjvjxbz fyyekbhjdfnm b jnrfpsdfnmcz bcgjkyznm ytrjycnbnewbjyyst pfrjys. 12 D gjcktljdfdibt pf ≤ltkjv Vfhåthb≥ ltcznbktnbz vyjubt cels infnjd bcgjkmpjdfkb ghfdj celtåyjuj yflpjhf lkz jnvtys cnfnenjd, rjnjhst jyb cxbnfkb ghjnbdjhtxfobvb rjycnbnewbjyyjve ghfde. D gthbjl c 1880 gj 1937 ujl Dthöjdysq cel CIF xfcnj jnrkjyzk htitybz Rjyuhtccf b infnjd, rjnjhst cxbnfk dsöjlzobvb pf rjycnbnewbjyyst hfvrb ghfdf ghfdbntkmcndf htuekbhjdfnm ghtlghbybvfntkmcreñ ltzntkmyjcnm. Gjckt 1950 ujlf cels xfot dctuj gjkmpjdfkbcm änbvb gjkyjvjxbzvb lkz pfobns uhfélfycrbö ghfd b uhfélfycrbö cdjåjl jnltkmysö kbw jn htghtccbdysö htitybq infnjd, d njv xbckt jn eujkjdyjuj ghtcktljdfybz gjkbnbxtcrbö byfrjvsckzobö b ytgjgekzhysö htkbubjpysö uhegg. D pyfvtybnjv ltkt ≤Åhfey ghjnbd Cjdtnf gj jåhfpjdfybñ≥ (1954 ujl) Dthöjdysq cel jåüzdbk ytltqcndbntkmysvb dct ctuhtufwbjyyst pfrjys, jnyjczobtcz r jåhfpjdfybñ d ujcelfhcndtyysö (jåotcndtyysö) irjkfö, yf njv jcyjdfybb, xnj nfrbt pfrjys yfheifñn ghtlgbcfybt Rjycnbnewbb j njv, xnj rfélsq gjkmpetncz ≤hfdyjq pfobnjq pfrjyf≥. Njn afrn, xnj celfv ghbyflktébn gjcktlytt ckjdj d jnyjitybb rjycnbnewbjyyjcnb pfrjyjlfntkmcndf, jpyfxftn, xnj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö nfrbt dféyst gjkbnbxtcrbt djghjcs, rfr hfcjdfz ctuhtufwbz, xfcnj d bnjut jåceélfñncz b htifñncz rfr ñhblbxtcrbt djghjcs d celfö. Dcktlcndbt änjuj hfåjnf hzljdsö ñhbcnjd cdzpfyf c jcyjdjgjkfufñobvb ghjåktvfvb ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ecnhjqcndf b gjkbnbrb. Gjänjve c cfvsö gthdsö ktn fvthbrfycrjq htcgeåkbrb ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt ghtlgjkfufkj jåextybt ñhbcnjd jcyjdysv ghbywbgfv b wtkzv ujcelfhcndtyysö cnherneh b ujcelfhcndtyyjq ltzntkmyjcnb. Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd b ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö L é j y F. C b å t hn C vjvtynf cdjtuj djpybryjdtybz d 1878 ujle Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd (FFÑ) pfåjnbncz j gjdsitybb rfxtcndf ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz d CIF. Gj htpekmnfnfv vyjujxbcktyysö bccktljdfybq extåysö ñhblbxtcrbö ghjuhfvv d rjywt 19-uj dtrf åskj htityj, xnj ytjåöjlbvj dshfåjnfnm jåotyfwbjyfkmyst ghbywbgs rfxtcndtyyjq gjlujnjdrb åeleobö ñhbcnjd. R 1921 ujle FFÑ ghbyzkf ljrevtyn j vbybvfkmysö cnfylfhnfö ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b jgeåkbrjdfkf gthtxtym ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, dsgjkyzñobö änb cnfylfhns. Léjy F. Cbåthn, rjycekmnfyn Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, dtlftn frrhtlbnfwbjyyjq ghjwtlehjq FFÑ, herjdjlz gjcnjzyysv infnjv bp 13 xtkjdtr. D ghtlkfuftvjv jåpjht Cbåthn hfccvfnhbdftn, rfr FFÑ cj dhtvtytv cajhvbhjdfkf ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF b rfr ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns gjkexfñn frrhtlbnfwbñ d Cjdtnt Ctrwbb FFÑ gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe. FCCJWBFWBZ fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd – jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz jhufybpfwbz ghtlcnfdbntktq ñhblbxtcrjq ghjatccbb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Tt xktys – änj, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, ghfrnbreñobt fldjrfns, celmb, celtåyst flvbybcnhfnjhs, ghtgjlfdfntkb ghfdf, ñhbcns yf ujcelfhcndtyyjq ckeéåt, ñhbcns, ytgjchtlcndtyyj yt cdzpfyyst c ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrjq (nfrbt, rfr herjdjlbntkb ghtlghbznbq b ujcelfhcndtyyst ljkéyjcnyst kbwf) b cneltyns ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd. Bvtz d 2002 ujle åjktt 400 000 xktyjd, d njv xbckt cdsit 350 000 fldjrfnjd, FFÑ – rhegytqifz d vbht ljåhjdjkmyfz ghjatccbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz. Jyf lfdyj dsgjkyztn ldjqyeñ aeyrwbñ, pfobofz ghjatccbjyfkmyst b jåotcndtyyst bynthtcs, f d tt cjcnfd döjlbn ghbåkbpbntkmyj gjkjdbyf dctö ñhbcnjd, ghfrnbreñobö d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Öjnz htfkmyst gjkyjvjxbz gj ghbtve d fldjrfnehe b vthfv lbcwbgkbyfhyjuj djpltqcndbz gj jnyjitybñ r ñhbcnfv jcnfñncz pf jnltkmysvb infnfvb b lheubvb ñhbclbrwbzvb CIF, FFÑ buhftn dféyeñ hjkm d jghtltktybb änbxtcrbö ghbywbgjd ghjatccbb gentv hfcghjcnhfytybz cdjbö ≤Yjhv ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj gjdtltybz≥. FFÑ nfrét dscnegftn dkbzntkmyjq cbkjq d djghjcfö, jnyjczoböcz r ghf- 13 ij exbn cdjbö dsgecrybrjd ltqcndjdfnm ñhblbxtcrbvb vtnjlfvb. Åjkmibycndj ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd d CIF ghbikj r dsdjle, xnj cjxtnfybt ghtgjlfdfntktq yf gjkyjq cnfdrt (vyjubt bp rjnjhsö ghbjåhtkb åjufnsq jgsn ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrb lj gthtöjlf yf ghtgjlfdfntkmcreñ hfåjne) b jgsnysö celtq b ghfrnbrjd, rjnjhst dsgjkyzñn aeyrwbb flüñyrnghjatccjhjd, yfbåjktt gjlöjlbn lkz jåtcgtxtybz ibhjns b ukeåbys jåextybz yfdsrfv, ytjåöjlbvsv fldjrfne. Léjy F. Cbåthn de b ñhblbxtcrjq ghjatccbb, gthtl Rjyuhtccjv b bcgjkybntkmyjq dkfcnmñ d Dfibyunjyt. Yf ghjnzétybb gjcktlybö 25 ktn FFÑ buhftn dféyeñ hjkm d vtéleyfhjlyjv ldbétybb pf erhtgktybt ghfdjcjpyfybz b dkfcnb pfrjyf. Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö D jnkbxbt jn lheubö cnhfy, d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt cktletn pf ghbceéltybtv cntgtyb åfrfkfdhf. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, cneltyns exfncz ghjatccbb ñhbcnf gjckt gjkextybz lbgkjvf jå jrjyxfybb rjkktléf. Vyjubt fvthbrfycrbt cneltyns-ñhbcns nfrét gjcnegfñn yf ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns yf åjktt gjplybö änfgfö cdjtq ébpyb gjckt njuj, rfr ghbjåhtnen pyfxbntkmysq jgsn hfåjns bkb lheujt dscitt, kbåj ghjatccbjyfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybt. Cfvsv ceotcndtyysv cjlthéfntkmysv bpvtytybtv d fvthbrfycrjv ñhblbxtcrjv jåhfpjdfybb pf gjcktlybt 30 ktn cnfkj drkñxtybt ghtgjlfdfybz ghfrnbxtcrbö yfdsrjd d extåyst gkfys gjxnb dctö fvthbrfycrbö ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd. Änb yfdsrb ghbjåhtnfñncz, d jcyjdyjv, d hfvrfö ctvbyfhjd b ckjéysö bvbnfwbjyysö rehcjd. Nhflbwbjyyj fvthbrfycrjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt jnkbxyj cghfdkzkjcm c pflfxtq yfexbnm cneltynjd vsckbnm ñhblbxtcrbvb rfntujhbzvb b ghtgjlfnm bv vfnthbfkmyjt b ghjwtccefkmyjt ghfdj. D yfcnjzott dhtvz ghfdjdjt jåhfpjdfybt nfrét jxtym öjhj- 14 D gjcktlybt ujls åjkmijt dkbzybt yf ghfrnbxtcrjt jåextybt yf frrhtlbnjdfyysö FFÑ ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö jrfpfk ljrkfl Ctrwbb FFÑ gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe pf 1992 ujl ≤Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt b gjdsitybt rdfkbabrfwbb – jåhfpjdfntkmysq rjynbyeev≥, jåsxyj yfpsdftvsq ljrkfljv Vfrrhtqnf, rjnjhsq lftn gjlhjåyjt jgbcfybt jcyjdysö yfdsrjd b wtyyjcntq, ytjåöjlbvsö fldjrfne lkz rjvgtntynyjuj ghtlcnfdktybz rkbtynf. Frrhtlbnjdfyyst FFÑ bycnbnens Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö jåtcgtxbdftncz hfpyjjåhfpysvb bycnbnenfvb b d hfpyjjåhfpysö ajhvfö. Ctujlyz d jåotq ckjéyjcnb 185 bycnbnenjd frrhtlbnjdfys Fccjwbfwbtq fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd lkz dslfxb ghjatccbjyfkmysö lbgkjvjd gj ñhbcgheltywbb (cntgtym ljrnjhf ghfdf). 107 frrhtlbnjdfyysö ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd hfåjnfñn d xfcnysö bycnbnenfö, f 78 – d ujcelfhcndtyysö (jåotcndtyysö) extåysö pfdtltybzö, abyfycbhetvsö ghfdbntkmcndfvb infnjd bkb vtcnysvb dkfcnzvb. Jlyfrj lfét ujcelfhcndtyyst (jåotcndtyyst) extåyst pfdtltybz d jxtym åjkmijq cntgtyb gjkfufñncz yf gkfne pf jåextybt b xfcnyst gjéthndjdfybz lkz jåtcgtxtybz ytjåöjlbvjq abyfycjdjq gjllthérb cdjbö ñhblbxtcrbö ghjuhfvv. Jåobq yfåjh cneltynjd gj cgtwbfkmyjcnb ljrnjhf ghfdf yf frrhtlbnjdfyyst FFÑ afrekmntns dshjc c ghbåkbpbntkmyj 91 225 cneltynjd d 1971 ujle lj 127 260 jctymñ 2001 ujlf. Bp ybö ghbvthyj 21 000 cneltynjd åskb pfxbcktys yf ghjuhfvvs jåextybz åtp jnhsdf jn ghjbpdjlcndf, ghb rjnjhsö yf gjkextybt lbgkjvf e cneltynf jåsxyj eöjlbn xtnsht ujlf. Jcnfkmyjt åjkmibycndj cneltynjd åskj pfxbcktyj yf ghjuhfvvs lytdyjuj jåextybz ghjljkébntkmyjcnmñ nhb ujlf. Jctymñ 2001 ujlf jrjkj 45 000 yjdsö gthdjrehcybrjd gjcnegbkb yf frrhtlbnjdfyyst FFÑ ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns. 49 ghjwtynjd yjdsö cneltynjd cjcnfdkzkb étyobys, f 21 ghjwtyn åskb ghtlcnfdbntkzvb vtymibycnd. Ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns, frrhtlbnjdfyyst FFÑ, lfñn ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, cjjndtncndeñott yfåjhe vbybvfkmysö cnfylfhnjd, dytlhztvsö Cjdtnjv Ctrwbb FFÑ gj ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ b ghbtve d fldjrfnehe. Dct ñhbclbrwbb d CIF gjcnfyjdbkb, xnj dsgecrybrb jljåhtyysö FFÑ ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd vjuen cnfnm xktyfvb rjkktubq d cjjndtncndeñobö ñhbclbrwbzö. Hjkm yfwbjyfkmyjuj frrhtlbnfwbjyyjuj jhufyf, rjnjheñ buhftn FFÑ, gjpdjkbkf frrhtlbnfwbb cnfnm tlbyjq b jåotyfwbjyfkmyjq gj vfcinfåe, drkñxfz 50 infnjd, atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz, Cjlheétcndj Geähnj-Hbrj b lheubt ñhbclbrwbb CIF. Cjdtn b Frrhtlbnfwbjyysq rjvbntn Cjdtn Ctrwbb FFÑ gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe – ghbpyfyysq Vbybcnthcndjv jåhfpjdfybz CIF jhufy gj frrhtlbnfwbb ghjuhfvv, dsgecrybrb rjnjhsö gjkexfñn ghjatccbjyfkmyst ñhblbxtcrbt lbgkjvs. D Cjdtn döjlbn 21 xkty c ghfdjv htifñotuj ujkjcf, yt åjktt 10 bp rjnjhsö ljkéys åsnm ltrfyfvb bkb ghtgjlfdfntkzvb ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd. Lheubt xktys Cjdtnf – änj celmb, ghfrnbreñobt fldjrfns, jlby cneltyn ñhblbxtcrjuj afrekmntnf b yt vtytt nhtö jåotcndtyysö xktyjd, rjnjhst yt vjuen åsnm yb ñhbcnfvb, yb cjnhelybrfvb ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd. Ecnfyjdktyyfz Cjdtnjv ghjwtlehf frrhtlbnfwbb ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd ghbpdfyf jåtcgtxbdfnm nofntkmyeñ b dctcnjhjyyññ jwtyre rféljuj afrekmntnf b njuj, rfr jy cjåkñlftn Cnfylfhns gj frrhtlbnfwbb ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd. Cnfylfhns ecnfyfdkbdfñn nhtåjdfybz gj nfrbv yfghfdktybzv, rfr extåysq gkfy, ghtgjlfdfntkmcrbq cjcnfd, ghbtv b ltkf cneltynjd, åbåkbjntrb b byajhvfwbjyyst ntöyjkjubb b vfnthbfkmyfz åfpf. Cnfylfhns xfcnj gthtcvfnhbdfñncz lkz jåtcgtxtybz jhbtynfwbb yf djghjcs, bvtñobt rkñxtdjt pyfxtybt lkz rfxtcndtyyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. Cjdtn, rjnjhsq, d rjytxyjv cxtnt, ghbybvftn Cnfylfhns, ecnfyjdbk ibhjreñ ghjwtlehe lkz gjkextybz pfvtxfybq b djpvjéysö htlfrwbq jn ltrfyjd b ghtgjlfdfntktq ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, ghtpbltynjd eybdthcbntnjd, herjdjlbntktq rjkktubq b celjd, f nfrét lheubö kbw, bynthtceñoböcz djghjcfvb ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. Ghb jceotcndktybb yflpjhf pf ñhblbxtcrbvb afrekmntnfvb Cjdtne gjvjuftn Frrhtlbnfwbjyysq rjvbntn Ctrwbb gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe. Frrhtlbnfwbjyysq rjvbntn, gj cjcnfde gjöjébq yf Cjdtn, hfccvfnhbdftn ljrkfls gj dctv frrhtlbnjdfyysv FFÑ b gjlfñobv pfzdrb yf frrhtlbnfwbñ afrekmntnfv, xnjås jghtltkbnm, dsgjkyztn kb lfyysq afrekmntn nhtåjdfybz Cnfylfhnjd. D gjcktleñobö hfpltkfö jgbcfys aeyrwbb Cjdtnf b Frrhtlbnfwbjyyjuj rjvbntnf d ghjwtcct frrhtlbnfwbb. Rflhjdfz gjllthérf Cjdtnf b Frrhtlbnfwbjyyjuj rjvbntnf b lheubt yfghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnb Ctrwbb gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe jåtcgtxbdfñncz Jnltkjv rjycekmnfynf gj ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ, yföjlzobvcz d jabcfö FFÑ d Xbrfuj (infn Bkkbyjqc). Rjycekmnfyn b tuj infn rjynhjkbheñn ghjwtlehs frrhtlbnfwbb b gthtcvjnhf Cnfylfhnjd, jrfpsdfñn gjvjom b ghjdjlzn rjycekmnfwbb lkz ltrfyjd b flvbybcnhfnjhjd ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd b jåceélfñn ghjåktvs ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybt yf vyjubö ajhevfö. Dhtvtyyfz frrhtlbnfwbz Ñhblbxtcrbq afrekmntn yt vjétn gjlfnm d FFÑ pfzdre yf dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ lj ntö gjh, gjrf yt ghjhfåjnftn jlby ujl. D gjcktlybt ujls pfzdrb yf dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ gjcnegfñn jn ldeö nbgjd extåysö pfdtltybq. Jlyb pfzdbntkb – änj dyjdm cjplfyyst ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns. Lheubt – eét ckjébdibtcz afrekmntns, xmb dsgecrybrb bvtñn ghfdj clfdfnm ärpfvtys yf ghfdj pfybvfnmcz 15 fldjrfncrjq ghfrnbrjq d jlyjq bkb ytvyjubö ñhbclbrwbzö CIF. Jyb ljåbdfñncz frrhtlbnfwbb d FFÑ lkz njuj, xnjås bö dsgecrybrb bvtkb ghfdj yf ljgecr r ghfrnbrt dj dctö ñhbclbrwbzö Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd. Rjulf afrekmntn gjlftn pfzdre yf dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ, jy ljkéty gjlujnjdbnm jåibhysq ljrkfl j ctåt, ltnfkmyj öfhfrnthbpeñobq lfyyjt extåyjt pfdtltybt b cjlthéfobq hfpdthyeneñ byajhvfwbñ. Jnltk rjycekmnfynf yfpyfxftn rjvbccbñ bp itcnb-ctvb xtkjdtr lkz jwtyrb afrekmntnf yf vtcnt. Jåsxyj d nfreñ rjvbccbñ döjlzn ldf-nhb ghtgjlfdfntkz bkb ltrfyf ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, cjnhelybr ñhblbxtcrjq åbåkbjntrb, jlby rdfkbabwbhjdfyysq ghtgjlfdfntkm ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfdsrjd (ghfrnbxtcrbt pfyznbz yf ctvbyfhfö, pyfybz b yfdsrb d hfvrfö cgtwbfkmysö bvbnfwbjyysö rehcjd bkb cjcnfdktybt ñhblbxtcrbö ljrevtynjd), jlby celmz bkb ghfrnbreñobq ñhbcn b jlby flvbybcnhfnjh eybdthcbntnf, yt ghtgjlfñobq ghfdj. Rjvbccbz gj jwtyrt yf vtcnt nofntkmyj hfccvfnhbdftn ghtlcnfdktyyst afrekmntnjv vfnthbfks b gjctoftn extåyjt pfdtltybt d ntxtybt nhtö lytq. Jyf dcnhtxftncz c ltrfyjv, lheubvb dtleobvb ghtgjlfdfntkzvb b flvbybcnhfwbtq ñhblbxtcrjuj afrekmntnf, ghtpbltynjv b lheubvb flvbybcnhfnjhfvb eybdthcbntnf b c vfrcbvfkmyj djpvjéysv xbckjv ghtgjlfdfntktq. Rjvbccbz nfrét gjctoftn rfr vjéyj åjkmit pfyznbq, xnjås cltkfnm dsdjls j rfxtcndt ghtgjlfdfybz. Dcrjht gjckt jnütplf bp extåyjuj pfdtltybz rjvbccbz cjcnfdkztn b jrjyxfntkmyj jajhvkztn ljrkfl gj htpekmnfnfv tuj jwtyrb yf vtcnt. Änjn ljrkfl jödfnsdftn dct fcgtrns ltzntkmyjcnb afrekmntnf, drkñxfz ghtgjlfdfntkmcrbq cjcnfd b flvbybcnhfwbñ, extåyeñ ghjuhfvve, cneltyxtcrbq rjynbyutyn b tuj ecgtöb ghb clfxt ärpfvtyjd yf ghfdj pfybvfnmcz fldjrfncrjq ghfrnbrjq b nheljecnhjqcndt, ghtljcnfdkztvst cneltynfv eckeub, åbåkbjntxyst b byajhvfwbjyyst htcehcs, abyfycjdst htcehcs, vfnthbfkmyeñ åfpe b ntöyjkjubxtcrbt djpvjéyjcnb. 16 Ljrkfl gj htpekmnfnfv jwtyrb yf vtcnt yfghfdkztncz d Jnltk rjycekmnfynf, f nfrét yf afrekmntn, ult ghjbpdjlbkfcm jwtyrf. Pfntv änjve extåyjve pfdtltybñ ghtljcnfdkztncz djpvjéyjcnm dytcnb gbcmvtyyst bcghfdktybz afrnbxtcrbö jibåjr b lheubt pfvtxfybz gj ljrkfle. Gjckt änjuj ljrkfl yfghfdkztncz d Frrhtlbnfwbjyysq rjvbntn, rjnjhsq ghjdjlbn ckeifybz, ult ghbcencndeñn ghtlcnfdbntkb afrekmntnf, gjlfñotuj pfzdre yf frrhtlbnfwbñ. Gjckt ckeifybq Frrhtlbnfwbjyysq rjvbntn dyjcbn cdjñ htrjvtylfwbñ gj djghjce j dhtvtyyjq frrhtlbnfwbb d Cjdtn. Afrekmntn, gjlfñobq pfzdre yf dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ, ljkéty ljrfpfnm, xnj jy ≤d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb dsgjkyztn rfélsq bp Cnfylfhnjd b ghtlcnfdkztn ljcnjdthysq gkfy ghbdtltybz extåyjuj pfdtltybz d gjkyjt cjjndtncndbt cj Cnfylfhnfvb d ntxtybt nhtö ktn gjckt gjkextybz dhtvtyyjq frrhtlbnfwbb≥. Tckb Frrhtlbnfwbjyysq rjvbntn ghböjlbn r dsdjle, xnj extåyjt pfdtltybt d ceotcndtyysö djghjcfö cjåkñlftn cnfylfhns b bvttn ljcnjdthysq gkfy jåtcgtxtybz gjkyjuj cjjndtncndbz, nj jy htrjvtyletn Cjdtne dslfnm dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ. Rjulf extåyjt pfdtltybt ljåbdftncz dhtvtyyjq frrhtlbnfwbb, jrjyxfntkmyjt htitybt gj tuj pfzdrt ghbybvftn Cjdtn. Tckb jy htiftn ghtljcnfdbnm dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ, änj htitybt gthtlftncz d Gfkfne ltktufnjd FFÑ lkz tuj endthéltybz bkb jnrkjytybz b djpdhfotybz d Cjdtn. Afrekmntn, gjkexbdibq dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ, vjétn gjkmpjdfnmcz dctvb ghfdfvb gjkyjcnmñ frrhtlbnjdfyyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz. Cjjndtncndtyyj, dsgecrybrb dhtvtyyj frrhtlbnjdfyysö afrekmntnjd bvtñn ghfdj yf nfrjt ét ghbpyfybt, rfr b dsgecrybrb gjkyjcnmñ frrhtlbnjdfyysö extåysö pfdtltybq. Gjkextybt gjkyjq frrhtlbnfwbb Gjckt njuj, rfr extåyjt pfdtltybt gjkexbkj dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ, jyj jcnftncz d änjv cnfnect, gj vtymitq vtht, nhb ujlf, yj yt åjktt gznb ktn. Xnjås gjkexbnm gjkyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ, extåyjt pfdtltybt ljkéyj ghjltvjycnhbhjdfnm, xnj jyj gjkyjcnmñ cjåkñlftn rfélsq bp Cnfylfhnjd – ytljcnfnjxyj cjåkñlfnm bö d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb. D gthbjl dhtvtyyjuj cnfnecf afrekmntnf pf tuj ecgtöfvb dybvfntkmyj cktlzn. Hfp d ujl tuj gjctoftn rjvbccbz gj jwtyrt yf vtcnt, b gjckt rféljuj dbpbnf d extåyjt pfdtltybt d Frrhtlbnfwbjyysq rjvbntn ghtlcnfdkztncz ljrkfl gj htpekmnfnfv jwtyrb. Rjvbntn hfccvfnhbdftn änjn ljrkfl b jnpsd afrekmntnf b yfghfdkztn yf afrekmntn gbcmvj c erfpfybtv jåkfcntq, d rjnjhsö, gj vytybñ rjvbntnf, jy tot ljkéty jåtcgtxbnm gjkyjt cjåkñltybt Cnfylfhnjd. Dj dhtvz hfccvjnhtybz djghjcf j gjkyjq frrhtlbnfwbb extåyjuj pfdtltybz ltqcndetn ghjwtlehf, bltynbxyfz ghtlghbybvftvjq d cdzpb c pfzdrjq yf dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ. Htitybz j gjkyjq frrhtlbnfwbb ghbybvfñncz njkmrj Cjdtnjv gj htpekmnfnfv hfccvjnhtybz dsdjljd, pfrkñxtybq b htrjvtylfwbq Frrhtlbnfwbjyyjuj rjvbntnf. Hjkm Gfkfns ltktufnjd d hfccvjnhtybb htitybq Cjdtnf gj djghjce j gjkyjq frrhtlbnfwbb bltynbxyf hjkb Gfkfns d jnyjitybb htitybq j dhtvtyyjq frrhtlbnfwbb. Gjkexbd gjkyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ, afrekmntn gjldthuftncz dctcnjhjyytq jwtyrt yf vtcnt yf nhtnbq ujl gjckt gjkyjq frrhtlbnfwbb, f pfntv dctcnjhjyytq ujljdjq jwtyrt yf vtcnt rfélst ctvm ktn. Ghjwtlehf jwtyrb yf vtcnt b hfccvjnhtybz ljrkflf gj tt htpekmnfnfv jxtym gjöjéf yf ne, rjnjhfz åskf jgbcfyf d cdzpb c pfzdrjq extåyjuj pfdtltybz yf dhtvtyyeñ frrhtlbnfwbñ. Ghbtv d rjkktubñ fldjrfnjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Ghbtv d rjkktubñ fldjrfnjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö htukfvtynbhetncz ytpfdbcbvsvb yjhvfvb b ghfdbkfvb, ckjébdibvbcz d rféljv bp 50 infnjd, atlthfkmyjv jrheut Rjkevåbz, Cjlheétcndt Geähnj-Hbrj b lheubö ñhbclbrwbzö CIF. Cdsit gjkjdbys änbö ñhbclbrwbq nhtåeñn, xnj rfylblfn ljkéty jrjyxbnm frrhtlbnjdfyysq FFÑ ñhblbxtcrbq afrekmntn lkz njuj, xnjås bvtnm ghfdj yf ljgecr r ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrt d lfyyjq ñhbclbrwbb. Bp ntö ñhbclbrwbq, rjnjhst ljgecrfñn r ñhb- lbxtcrjq hfåjnt dsgecrybrjd yt frrhtlbnjdfyysö FFÑ afrekmntnjd, åjkmibycndj juhfybxbdftn äne ghbdbktubñ dsgecrybrfvb yt frrhtlbnjdfyysö FFÑ ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, hfcgjkjétyysö d lfyyjq ñhbclbrwbb. Dct ñhbclbrwbb, rhjvt jlyjq, jåzpsdfñn pfzdbntkz, rjnjhsq yt åsk ljgeoty r ghfrnbrt d lheujq ñhbclbrwbb CIF, ecgtiyj clfnm ghjdjlbvsq infnjv ärpfvty yf fldjrfnf. Bcrkñxtybt cjcnfdkztn infn Dbcrjycby, rjnjhsq ghtljcnfdkztn ≤lbgkjvyeñ ghbdbktubñ≥ dsgecrybrfv ldeö ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, hfcgjkjétyysö d änjv infnt, gjpdjkzz bv åsnm ljgeotyysvb r ghfrnbrt d Dbcrjycbyt åtp clfxb ärpfvtyjd yf fldjrfnf. Nbgbxysq ärpfvty yf ghfdj pfybvfnmcz fldjrfncrjq ghfrnbrjq d infnt ghjljkéftncz ldf bkb nhb lyz b cjcnjbn, gj vtymitq vtht, bp ldeö jcyjdysö xfcntq – ärpfvtyf (Ärpfvtyf yf ghfdj pfybvfnmcz fldjrfncrjq ghfrnbrjq dj vyjubö infnfö, hfphfåjnfyyjuj Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbtq ärpfvtyfnjhjd fldjrfnjd (YFÄF)), d öjlt rjnjhjuj ghjdthzñncz åfpjdst pyfybz d nfrbö jcyjdjgjkfufñobö jåkfcnzö, rfr rjynhfrns, bveotcndj, bcrb (ltkbrns), ghjwtccefkmyst yjhvs b rjycnbnewbjyyjt ghfdj, b gbcmvtyyjuj ärpfvtyf (äcct), jödfnsdfñotuj ntvs, dsåhfyyst jnltkmyjq ñhbclbrwbtq. Dct åjkmit ñhbclbrwbq bcgjkmpetn gjlujnjdktyysq YFÄF eybdthcfkmysq gbcmvtyysq ärpfvty lkz vyjubö infnjd dvtcnj hfphfåjnrb cjåcndtyysö dfhbfynjd äcct. Åjktt gjkjdbys ñhbclbrwbq d yfcnjzott dhtvz bcgjkmpeñn nfrét Vtéinfnysq ntcn äaatrnbdyjcnb (VNÄ, nfrét dshfåjnfyysq YFÄF) rfr cjcnfdyeñ xfcnm gbcmvtyyjuj ärpfvtyf. VNÄ ghjdthztn rjyrhtnyst ñhblbxtcrbt yfdsrb, cjjåofz ärpfvtyetvjve afrnbxtcrbt eckjdbz b ghfdjdst ghbywbgs, ghbvtybvst r lfyyjq cbnefwbb, gjckt xtuj jy ljkéty gjlujnjdbnm ñhblbxtcrbq ljrevtyn (yfghbvth, pfdtofybt, rjynhfrn bkb cjcnzpfntkmyeñ åevfue). Dct ñhbclbrwbb ghjdjlzn nfrét fyfkbp kbxyjcnb lkz dctö cjbcrfntktq, cnhtvzoböcz gjkexbnm ljgecr r ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrt. Åjkmibycndj ñhbclbrwbq hfphtiftn fldjrfne, ljgeotyyjve r ghfrnbrt yf jghtltktyyjt 17 xbckj ktn (jåsxyj gznm) b bvtñotve öjhjieñ htgenfwbñ d ñhbclbrwbb, ult jy gjkexbk ghfdj hfåjnfnm, ghjlktdfnm cdjq ljgecr gj öjlfnfqcnde åtp clfxb yjdjuj ärpfvtyf. Jlyfrj ytrjnjhst ñhbclbrwbb nhtåeñn, xnjås lfét fldjrfn, ljgeotyysq r ghjljkétybñ ghfrnbrb gj öjlfnfqcnde, clfdfk fldjrfncrbq ärpfvty, rjnjhsq jåsxyj jhbtynbhjdfy yf ghjwtlehyst yjhvs b änbxtcrbt nhtåjdfybz. Ytcrjkmrj infnjd, d njv xbckt Akjhblf b Rfkbajhybz, yt ljgecrfñn r ghfrnbrt lfét jgsnysö fldjrfnjd åtp clfxb ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj ärpfvtyf d cdjtv infnt. Cjdvtcnyfz ltzntkmyjcnm Jlyj bp åjkmibö ghtbveotcnd ghjwtlehs frrhtlbnfwbb ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd d FFÑ pfrkñxftncz d njv, xnj jyf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq cjdvtcnyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm, ghtlgjkfufñoeñ frnbdyjt exfcnbt ghtgjlfdfntktq b ltrfyjd ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd, ghfrnbreñobö fldjrfnjd, celtq, flvbybcnhfnjhjd eybdthcbntnjd b ghtlcnfdbntktq jåotcndtyyjcnb. Änj lftn yfctktybñ edthtyyjcnm d njv, xnj njxrb phtybz celtq b fldjrfnjd, flvbybcnhfnjhjd eybdthcbntnjd b ibhjrj jåhfpjdfyysö ghtlcnfdbntktq jåotcndtyyjcnb, f nfrét vytybz ghtgjlfdfntktq b ltrfyjd ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnjd exbnsdfñncz ghb endthéltybb cnfylfhnjd, rjnjhst ljkéys cjåkñlfnm fvthbrfycrbt ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns, b ghbyznbb htitybq j njv, cjjndtncndetn kb änbv cnfylfhnfv lfyyjt extåyjt pfdtltybt. Änb cjdvtcnyst ecbkbz vyjubt ujls lfñn öjhjibt htpekmnfns. D xfcnyjcnb, celmb b ghfrnbreñobt ñhbcns csuhfkb dféyeñ hjkm d ceotcndtyyjv hfcibhtybb jåextybz ckjéysv ghjatccbjyfkmysv yfdsrfv yf fvthbrfycrbö ñhblbxtcrbö afrekmntnfö pf gjcktlybt 30 ktn. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf 18 Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF Ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö Vfrfhtyf Nfvfqj-Rfkfåhtct, Fyytn Rer b Ibhkb Vtqth Yf ñhbcnjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö djpkfuftncz jcjåfz jndtncndtyyjcnm rfr yf cnhfétq dkfcnb pfrjyf b ltvjrhfnbxtcrjuj ghjwtccf. Dyt pfdbcbvjcnb jn caths, d rjnjhjq ghfrnbretn ñhbcn, dct lj jlyjuj ñhbcns d CIF – f bö åjktt vbkkbjyf – ghbdtltys r ghbczut d rfxtcndt celtåysö hfåjnybrjd. Dcktlcndbt änjuj jyb ytcen yf ctåt yt njkmrj vjhfkmyeñ b ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ, yj b ñhblbxtcreñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf jåtcgtxtybt pfrjyyjcnb, gjllthéfybt ljkéyjuj ehjdyz ghjatccbjyfkbpvf b åkfujghbcnjqyjcnb; jyb ljkéys åsnm xtcnysvb b ljåhjcjdtcnysvb ghb jceotcndktybb ghfdjdjuj ghjwtccf. Gjllthéfybt änbö jcyjdjgjkfufñobö wtyyjcntq cgjcjåcndetn erhtgktybñ ljdthbz jåotcndf r ghfdjdjq cbcntvt. D ghbdjlbvjv ybét jxthrt yf ntve ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz lbhtrnjh Cjdtnf kfnbyjfvthbrfycrbö ghfdjdsö bybwbfnbd Vfrfhtyf Nfvfqj-Rfkfåhtpt, gjvjoybr lbhtrnjhf Wtynhf FFÑ gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ Fyytn Rer, b pfdtleñofz ghjuhfvvjq extåysö vfnthbfkjd ghb Wtynht FFÑ gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ Ibhkb Vtqth hfpvsikzñn yfl pyfxtybtv gjljåyjuj jåhfpjdfybz d eckjdbzö hfpdbdfñotqcz ltvjrhfnbb. FVTHBRFYCRBT ÑHBCNS hfåjnfñn d hfpysö eckjdbzö, d njv xbckt d xfcnyjq ghfrnbrt (rfr jnltkmyst fldjrfns, nfr b d rhegysö xfcnysö abhvfö), d cjcnfdt ujcelfhcndtyysö dtljvcnd, ytghfdbntkmcndtyysö jåotcndtyysö jhufybpfwbq, ñhblbxtcrbö jnltkjd rjhgjhfwbq b extåysö pfdtltybq, lfñobö ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt. Rhjvt njuj, ñhbcns ghfrnbreñn d cfvsö hfpysö jåkfcnzö ghfdf, drkñxfz ghfdj, htuekbheñott jåkfcnm ltkjdsö jnyjitybq; rjycnbnewbjyyjt ghfdj; ghfdj, htuekbheñott ltzntkmyjcnm rjhgjhfwbq b jgthfwbb c wtyysvb åevfufvb; eujkjdyjt ghfdj; ghfdj d jåkfcnb äythutnbrb b jöhfys jrheéfñotq chtls; ctvtqyjt ghfdj; ghfdj d catht byntkktrnefkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb, ujcelfhcndtyyjt ghfdj; yfkjujdjt ghfdj, f nfrét ghfdj d jåkfcnb ljdthbntkmyjq cjåcndtyyjcnb b yfcktlcndf. Jcyjdjq cbcntvs ñcnbwbb b ghfdjcelbz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö dscnegftn Rjycnbnewbz CIF, jlyfrj ltzntkmyjcnm ñhbcnjd htuekbhetncz tot b pfrjyjlfntkmysvb frnfvb Rjyuhtccf CIF, 50 rjycnbnewbzvb infnjd, f nfrét ghfdjdsvb frnfvb jhufyjd dkfcnb infnjd b veybwbgfkmysö dkfcntq. Cbcntvf pfrjyjd d CIF pbéltncz nfrét b yf gjcnfyjdktybzö celjd atlthfkmyjuj ehjdyz, ehjdyz infnjd b vtcnyjuj ehjdyz. Cjdjregyjcnm nfrbö gjcnfyjdktybq cj- 19 cbjyfkmysö wtyyjcntq, rjnjhsvb ljkéty jåkflfnm b ljkéty herjdjlcndjdfnmcz ñhbcn, xnjås åsnm rjvgtntynysv d cdjtq hfåjnt, f nfrét cjlthéfncz htrjvtylfwbb, cktlez rjnjhsv ghböjlzobt d äne ghjatccbñ kñlb vjuen ghbjåhtnfnm änb dféytqibt yfdsrb b wtyyjcnb. D rfxtcndt ghtlgjcskjr rjvgtntynyjq b jndtncndtyyjq ghfrnbrb d ljrkflt Vfrrhtqnf yfpdfys cktleñobt yfdsrb b wtyyjcnb: Yfdsrb: ❍ Htitybt ghjåktv ❍ Ñhblbxtcrbq fyfkbp b jåjcyjdfybt ❍ Bpextybt ñhblbxtcrjq kbnthfnehs b ljreVfrfhtyf Nfvfqj-Rfkfåhtct cnfdkztn cbcntve jåotuj ghfdf Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, ghb änjv hfytt ghbyznst celtåyst gjcnfyjdktybz cjplfñn ghtwtltyn lkz gjcktleñobö celtåysö gjcnfyjdktybq gj ltkfv fyfkjubxyjuj öfhfrnthf. Ceotcndeñofz d CIF ghfdjdfz cbcntvf jnhféftn ghjwtcc eckjéytybz cjdhtvtyyjuj jåotcndf. Ckjéyst jgthfwbb d catht åbpytcf, åscnhst bpvtytybz d jåkfcnb ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj hfpdbnbz b ecbktybt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj htuekbhjdfybz nhtåeñn ytghthsdyjuj bpextybz. Ñhbcns jåzpfys gthtl cjåjq, cdjtq ghjatccbtq b cdjbvb rkbtynfvb gjcnjzyyj cjdthitycndjdfnm cdjb ghjatccbjyfkmyst yfdsrb b hfcibhznm cdjb gjpyfybz d jåkfcnb ghfdf. Gjänjve ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt ckeébn dféyjq cjcnfdyjq xfcnmñ ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb kñåjuj ñhbcnf. Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt rfr ytghthsdysq ghjwtcc D 1992 ujle ltqcndeñofz ghb Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd ctrwbz gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe jgeåkbrjdfkf ljrkfl Vfrrhtqnf j cjcnjzybb ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b gjkextybb xktyfvb Fccjwbfwbb lfkmytqituj jåhfpjdfybz. Änjn ljrkfl ghbpyfy dj dctq cnhfyt rfr åfpjdjt herjdjlcndj d ltkt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb ñhbcnjd. D ytv ghtlcnfdkty gjlhjåysq gthtxtym ntö åfpjdsö yfdsrjd b ghjatc- 20 vtynjd Bpextybt afrnjd Rjvveybrfnbdyjcnm Rjycekmnbhjdfybt Dtltybt gthtujdjhjd Pyfybt ghjwtleh, cdzpfyysö c celtåysvb nzéåfvb b fkmnthyfnbdysvb cgjcjåfvb hfphtitybz cgjhjd ❍ Jhufybpfwbz b eghfdktybt d jåkfcnb ñhblbxtcrjq hfåjns ❍ Dszdktybt b hfphtitybt ghjåktv änbxtcrjuj öfhfrnthf ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ ❍ Wtyyjcnb ❍ Rjvgtntynyjt ghtlcnfdbntkmcndj byntht- cjd rkbtynf ❍ Cjltqcndbt erjhtytybñ ghbywbgjd ghfdj- celbz, cghfdtlkbdjcnb b vjhfkb ❍ Ghjatccbjyfkmyjt cfvjcjdthitycndjdfybt B öjnz ñhblbxtcrbt extåyst pfdtltybz ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm gthtl ghjatccbtq pf jghtltktyysq ehjdtym rdfkbabrfwbb cdjbö dsgecrybrjd, d ljrkflt Vfrrhtqnf, ntv yt vtytt, ghbpyftncz, xnj ≤tldf kb cghfdtlkbdj nhtåjdfnm jn lfñobö ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt extåysö pfdtltybq CIF, xnjås jyb dpzkb yf ctåz pflfxe ghtdhfotybz lfét cfvsö cgjcjåysö cneltynjd d phtksö b jgsnysö ñhbcnjd, ujnjdsö pfybvfnmcz celtåysvb ltkfvb≥. Nhtöujlbxysq rehc jåextybz yf ñhblbxtcrjv afrekmntnt pfrkflsdftn jcyjde. D ljrkflt gjlxthrbdftncz, xnj ≤ghtgjlfdfntkb ghfdf... b ghfrnbreñobt ñhbcns... ltkfñn jlyj jåott ltkj: hfpdbdfñn ghbceobt rjvgtntynysv b jndtncndtyysv ñhbcnfv yfdsrb b wtyyjcnb d hfvrfö ytghthsdyjuj ghjwtccf, rjnjhsq yfxbyftncz tot lj gjcnegktybz d extåyjt pfdtltybt, ghbjåhtnftn cjpblfntkmysq b byntycbdysq öfhfrnth dj dhtvz extås d ytv b ghjljkéftncz yf ghjnzétybb dctq ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rfhmths ñhbcnf≥. D hfvrfö ckjébditqcz d CIF ghfdjdjq rekmnehs ytghthsdyjt ghjljkétybt ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz hfccvfnhbdftncz rfr gjébpytyyjt jåzpfntkmcndj. Ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d yfcnjzobq vjvtyn Ghjuhfvvfv ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz jndjlbncz dféytqifz hjkm d jåextybb ntv yfdsrfv b ghbdbnbb ntö wtyyjcntq, rjnjhst yeéys ñhbcne lkz ljcnbétybz b gjllthéfybz ghjatccbjyfkmysö cnfylfhnjd, ytjåöjlbvsö lkz ghfrnbxtcrjq hfåjns d catht ghfdf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. Ghjuhfvvs ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz hfpyjjåhfpys gj ajhvt b jhufybpfwbb b jceotcndkzñncz hfpkbxysvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Jåextybt gj vtcne hfåjns. Rhegyst ñhblbxtcrbt abhvs b ujcelfhcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb, d njv xbckt dtljvcndf atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf, dj vyjubö ckexfzö ghtlkfufñn ghjuhfvvs lkz cdjbö herjdjlbntktq, bö gjvjoybrjd, infnysö ñhbcnjd b kbw, yt bvtñobö ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. D hfpysö jhufybpfwbzö ceotcndeñn hfpkbxyst ghjuhfvvs jåextybz, yj ukfdyjt cjcnjbn d njv, xnj nfrjt jåextybt gj vtcne hfåjns gjpdjkztn cnhjbnm extåyst gkfys ghbvtybntkmyj r rjyrhtnysv gjnhtåyjcnzv lfyyjq abhvs bkb jhufybpfwbb. Jåextybt gj vtcne hfåjns, jcjåtyyj ytlfdyj dpznsö yf hfåjne ñhbcnjd, vjétn åsnm nfrét cjhbtynbhjdfyj yf cjdthitycndjdfybt cgtwbfkmysö yfdsrjd b ghjdjlbnmcz d dblt ctvbyfhjd gj cjcnfdktybñ ñhblbxtcrbö ljrevtynjd, pfrkñxtybñ rjynhfrnjd b erhtgktybñ yfdsrjd jceotcndktybz celtåysö ghjwtleh (yfghbvth, cyznbz gjrfpfybq, ghjdtltybz gthtrhtcnysö ljghjcjd). Yj pyfxbntkmyjt åjkmibycndj ytåjkmibö ñhblbxtcrbö abhv yt ghtlkfuftn cgtwbfkmysö ghjuhfvv jåextybz yjdsö ñhbcnjd. Dvtcnj änjuj, yfdsrb, rfr ghfdbkj, ghbjåhtnfñncz d ghjwtcct hfåjns. B öjnz ytrjnjhst ñhblbxtcrbt abhvs yfybvfñn cgtwbfkbcnf lkz rjjhlbyfwbb ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåextybz ñhbcnjd dj dctö gjlhfpltktybzö abhvs, ghjuhfvvs jåextybz gj vtcne hfåjns jåsxyj ghjdjlzncz herjdjlbntkzvb abhvs, bö gjvjoybrfvb bkb infnysvb cjnhelybrfvb. Ghjuhfvvs cnhjzncz gj ghbywbge cfvjjåhfpjdfybz, yfghbvth, c bcgjkmpjdfybtv dbltj- bkb felbjvfnthbfkjd, gjlujnjdktyysö cgtwbfkmysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, pfybvfñobvbcz ytghthsdysv ñhblbxtcrbv jåhfpjdfybtv. Jhufybpfwbb gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ. Ceotcndetn vyjétcndj ytrjvvthxtcrbö jhufybpfwbq, pfybvfñoböcz änbvb djghjcfvb, d njv xbckt yfwbjyfkmyst jhufybpfwbb, nfrbt rfr Wtynh ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz ghb Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd, Rjvbntn gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ ghb Fvthbrfycrjv bycnbnent ghfdf b Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd (FBG-FFÑ), Bycnbnen ghfrnbxtcrjuj ghfdf, fccjwbfwbb ñhbcnjd d infnfö b yf vtcnfö, f nfrét ñhblbxtcrbt afrekmntns. Ceotcndeñn b rjvvthxtcrbt jhufybpfwbb, d xbckj rjnjhsö döjlzn Fcgtycrfz ghjuhfvvf d jåkfcnb ghfdf b ghtlghbybvfntkmcndf, ≤Brptrñnbd äynthghfqptc≥, ≤Fvthbräy rjyathtyc bycnbnñn≥ b lheubt. Jåotyfwbjyfkmyst jhufybpfwbb gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ eltkzñn jcyjdyjt dybvfybt d cdjbö ghjuhfvvfö ntvfv atlthfkmyjuj pyfxtybz, nfrbv rfr atlthfkmyjt yfkjujjåkjétybt, jgthfwbb c wtyysvb åevfufvb b rjvgtycfwbz b kmujns hfåjnybrjd. Fccjwbfwbb ñhbcnjd d infnfö b yf vtcnfö ltkfñn egjh yf caths, ibhjrj htuekbhetvst pf- F y y t n R e r rjyfvb infnjd b hfpkbxfñobtcz jn infnf r infne: ctvtqyjt ghfdj, gkfybhjdfybt yfcktlcndf, pfrjys j ytldbébvjcnb, nhfdvs, eujkjdyjt ghfdj b n.l. Ghjuhfvvs, ghjdjlbvst fc- 21 cjwbfwbzvb ñhbcnjd d infnfö b yf vtcnfö, vjuen nfrét drkñxfnm d ctåz ajhvfkmysq gthtöjlysq rehc jåextybz, gjvjufñobq yjdsv xktyfv fccjwbfwbq hfpdbdfnm yfdsrb b wtyyjcnb, ytjåöjlbvst rjvgtntynyjve ghfrnbreñotve ñhbcne. Yf åfpt cdjtuj Wtynhf ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd ghtlkfuftn rehcs d nhflbwbjyysö ajhvfö, f nfrét d yjdjv ajhvfnt lbcnfywbjyyjuj jåextybz. Yfbåjktt nhflbwbjyyjq ajhvjq ckeébn ghjdtltybt ctvbyfhjd ghjljkébntkmyjcnmñ 1–3 lyz lkz tétujlyjuj jåyjdktybz pyfybq d jåkfcnb vfnthbfkmyjuj ghfdf, d njv xbckt gj nfrbv ntvfv, rfr ckbzybt b gjukjotybt rjhgjhfwbq bkb uheggjdst bcrb. Ctvbyfhs ghjdjlzncz ghbpyfyysvb d vfcinfåt cnhfys cgtwbfkbcnfvb d njq jåkfcnb ghfdf, rjnjhjq gjcdzoty ctvbyfh. Jlyj bp zdysö ghtbveotcnd nfrbö ctvbyfhjd cjcnjbn d djpvjéyjcnb ghzvjuj dpfbvjltqcndbz c ghtgjlfdfntkzvb b lheubvb exfcnybrfvb, ghfrnbreñobvb d ntö ét bkb cvtéysö jåkfcnzö ghfdf, f nfrét ecnfyjdktybz rjynfrnjd lkz dpfbvyjuj rjycekmnbhjdfybz d lfkmytqitv b ecnfyjdktybz ltkjdsö jnyjitybq. Öjnz d nfrbö ctvbyfhfö jåsxyj exfcndeñn jxtym vyjuj ckeifntktq, d bö hfvrfö xfcnj jhufybpeñncz gjluheggs lkz åjktt gjlhjåyjuj jåceéltybz cgtwbfkmysö hfpltkjd ghfdf. Ghbvtytybt ntöybxtcrbö chtlcnd d cbcntvt ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz FFÑ nfrét ghtlkfuftn rehcs pfjxyjuj jåextybz d åjktt cjdhtvtyysö ajhvfö, nfrbö rfr ctvbyfhs c gjvjomñ cgenybrjdjq cdzpb, ntktrjyathtywbb, dbltjrjyathtywbb c jlyjdhtvtyyjq ntktajyyjq cdzpmñ b dtå-nhfyckzwbtq, f nfrét lheubt dbls jykfqyjdsö ghjuhfvv. Cgenybrjdst ctvbyfhs – änj, rfr ghfdbkj, xtnshtöxfcjdst ghjuhfvvs gj frnefkmysv djghjcfv b ntvfv, ghtlcnfdkzñobv jåotyfwbjyfkmysq bynthtc, rjnjhst nhfyckbheñncz d ghzvjv äabht yf 80–100 felbnjhbq gj dctq cnhfyt. Cgenybrjdst ctvbyfhs lfñn djpvjéyjcnm hfcghjcnhfytybz rjyrhtnyjq byajhvfwbb b dpfbvjltqcndbz exfcnybrjd lheu c lheujv, ghb änjv yt nhtåez jn pfyznsö ñhbcnjd 22 nhfnbnm dhtvz b ltymub yf gjtplrb, d jnkbxbt jn nhflbwbjyyjq ajhvs jåextybz. Ntktrjyathtywbb ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq ctvbyfhs ghjljkébntkmyjcnmñ jn 60 lj 90 vbyen, exfcnybrb rjnjhsö vjuen yföjlbnmcz d kñåjv vtcnt, ult tcnm ntktajyyfz cdzpm. Gjckt jcyjdyjq xfcnb ghjuhfvvs ghjbcöjlbn ébdjq jåvty vytybzvb, ghb änjv exfcnybrb vjuen yfghzveñ pflfdfnm djghjcs ghtgjlfdfntkzv. Jlyj bp jcyjdysö ghtbveotcnd ntktrjyathtywbb cjcnjbn d njv, xnj jyf lftn djpvjéyjcnm ghjljkéfnm ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, yt dsöjlz bp jabcf, b pf vbybvfkmyeñ gkfne. Gjcrjkmre yf gjlujnjdre ntktrjyathtywbq nhtåetncz ytvyjuj dhtvtyb, bö exfcnybrb gjkexfñn djpvjéyjcnm jåceélfnm cfvst frnefkmyst ntvs, yfghbvth, dféyjt gjcnfyjdktybt, njkmrj xnj ghbyznjt Dthöjdysv celjv CIF. Extåyst vfnthbfks ghtljcnfdkzñncz d jykfqyjdjv htébvt yf cgtwbfkmyjv dtå-cfqnt d Bynthythnt. D rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp yfbåjktt ecgtiysö ghbvthjd änjuj vtnjlf gjlfxb vfnthbfkjd vjéyj yfpdfnm ≤FFÑ-Cdzpm≥ (ABA Connection) – tétvtczxyeñ ghjuhfvve d hfvrfö ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, d rjnjhjq xktys FFÑ exfcndeñn cjdthityyj åtcgkfnyj. Rfélsq vtczw éehyfk FFÑ geåkbretn cnfnmñ yf rjyrhtnyeñ ntve, rjnjhfz bcgjkmpetncz d rfxtcndt extåyjuj vfnthbfkf lkz ntktrjyathtywbb. Ñhbcns ghjcnj pfhfytt pyfrjvzncz cj cnfnmtq, f pfntv yfåbhfñn yjvth ntktrjyathtywbb. Dbltjrjyathtywbb, cjdvtoftvst c ntktrjyathtywbzvb b dtå-nhfyckzwbzvb – änj tot jlby ajhvfn, d rjnjhjv vjéyj ghjljkéfnm ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, yt gjrblfz jabcf. Nfrbt ghjuhfvvs ghjdjlzncz c gjvjomñ cgtwbfkmyjq dbltjfggfhfnehs, gj ntktajye bkb gjchtlcndjv Bynthytnf. Rfr b d ckexft c ntktrjyathtywbzvb, d rjywt ghjuhfvvs vjéyj pflfdfnm djghjcs b gjkexfnm jndtns. Ghjuhfvvs, j rjnjhsö ikf htxm dsit, pfgbcsdfñncz yf dbltj- bkb felbjgktyre, xnj lftn yfv gjdjl gthtqnb r hfccvjnhtybñ tot jlyjuj dféyjuj cgjcjåf gjdsitybz ñhblbxtcrjq rdfkbabrfwbb – cfvjjåhfpjdfybz. Ñhbcn vjétn ghbjåhtcnb felbj- bkb dbltjpfgbcm ghjuhfvvs, f nfrét cjghjdjlbntkmyeñ kbnthfnehe bkb lheubt extåyst vfnthbfks, b ghbcnegbnm r bö bpextybñ d eljåyjt lkz ytuj dhtvz. Felbj-rybub, felbjpfgbcb b rjvgfrn-lbcrb yf jcyjdt hfytt geåkbrjdfdiböcz rybu gjpdjkzñn pfyznjve ñhbcne, rjnjhjve, rfr ghfdbkj, yt ödfnftn dhtvtyb lkz xntybz, ckeifnm cltkfyyeñ yf rfcctnt bkb rjvgfrn-lbcrt pfgbcm, yfghbvth, gj genb yf hfåjne. Dbltj- b felbj pfgbcb vjuen åsnm xfcnmñ åjktt ibhjrjq ghjuhfvvs jåextybz gj vtcne hfåjns, d hfvrfö rjnjhjq wtkfz felbnjhbz ñhbcnjd cjåbhftncz dvtcnt lkz ghjcvjnhf bkb ghjckeibdfybz extåyjuj vfnthbfkf. Yfrjytw, ceotcndeñn ghfdjdst dbltjctvbyfhs gjl yfpdfybtv Video Law – ghjatccbjyfkmyj bpujnjdktyyst dbltjpfgbcb rehcjd YGJåh d dblt jnltkmysö ghjuhfvv bkb xfcntq vjlekmysö cthbq. Vyjubt dbltjctvbyfhs bvtñn wtkmñ cjdthitycndjdfybt ghjatccbjyfkmysö yfdsrjd b xfcnj cjlthéfn d ctåt ljrevtynfkmyst cütvrb, bycwtybhjdrb, cñétns c bcgjkmpjdfybtv rjvgmñnthyjq uhfabrb b lheubö dbpefkmysö äaatrnjd, ghbpdfyysö gjlrhtgbnm cjåjq cjlthéfntkmyeñ xfcnm ghjuhfvvs. Gj vtht hfpdbnbz ntöyjkjubq ljkéys hfpdbdfnmcz b vtnjls ghjljkétybz ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. Cjjndtncndeñobt jhufybpfwbb ljkéys gjcnjzyyj hfphfåfnsdfnm yjdst djpvjéyjcnb lkz ñhbcnjd. D rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp ghbvthjd, jcyjdfyysö yf cjdhtvtyysö ntöyjkjubzö, vjéyj yfpdfnm jlyjdhtvtyyeñ felbj- b dbltj dtå-nhfyckzwbñ (nfr yfpsdftvsq ≤cnhbvbyu≥), ghtlkfuftveñ FFÑ. Felbj dtå-nhfyckzwbz gjpdjkztn ñhbcnfv gjkexfnm ljcneg xthtp r Bynthytn r gthtlfñobvcz d lfyysq vjvtyn b r cnfhsv ghjuhfvvfv. Exfcnybrb bvtñn djpvjéyjcnm ghjckeibdfnm ghjuhfvve d jykfqyjdjv htébvt b jlyjdhtvtyyj ghjcvfnhbdfnm äktrnhjyyst ckfqls b lheubt extåyst vfnthbfks. Ghtgjlfdfntkb ét bvtñn djpvjéyjcnm dpfbvjltqcndjdfnm c exfcnybrfvb dtånhfyckzwbb ghjuhfvvs c gjvjomñ äktrnhjyyjq gjxns. Jlby bp ghbvthjd ghzvjq dtå-nhfyckzwbb – felbj dtå-nhfyckzwbz dj dhtvz ntktrjyathtywbq. Dbltj dtå-nhfyckzwbz jpyfxftn, xnj r cnhbvbyujdjve cbuyfke ljåfdkztncz dbltjcbuyfk, xnj lftn djpvjéyjcnm exfcnybrfv cvjnhtnm jykfqyjdst ghjuhfvvs dvtcnt c cjghjdjélfñobvb bö ckfqlfvb b vfnthbfkfvb. Tot jlby dbl jykfqyjdsö ghjuhfvv, ghtlkfuftvsö FFÑ cdjbv xktyfv b ghjatccbjyfkmysv ñhbcnfv – änj bynthfrnbdyst ghjuhfvvs. Byajhvfwbz gjcnegftn exfcnybrfv d ajhvt dbltjbpjåhfétybz, felbjcbuyfkf bkb ntrcnf. Lkz frnbdbpfwbb dybvfybz gjkmpjdfntktq yf ghjnzétybb dctuj bynthfrnbdyjuj ehjrf bv ghtlkfuftncz jndtxfnm yf djghjcs b dsgjkyznm eghféytybz. D rfxtcndt ghbvthf gjgekzhyjq bynthfrnbdyjq ghjuhfvvs vjéyj yfpdfnm jykfqyjdeñ ghjuhfvve gj yfgbcfybñ ntrcnjd, rjnjhfz lftn djpvjéyjcnm exfcnybrfv jnnfxbdfnm yfdsrb gbcmvf b htlfrnehs gjchtlcndjv dsgjkytybz nbgjdsö eghféytybq b ytpfvtlkbntkmyjuj gjkextybz rjvvtynfhbtd b jwtyjr gj htpekmnfnfv dsgjkytybz änbö eghféytybq. Jåzpfntkmyjt ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt D rféljv bp 50 infnjd ltqcndetn nhtåjdfybt jå jåzpfntkmyjv yfkbxbb e ñhbcnf kbwtypbb yf ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ ltzntkmyjcnm d lfyyjv infnt. Rfélsq infn jghtltkztn cdjb eckjdbz, dsgjkytybt rjnjhsö ufhfynbhetn cjöhfytybt ñhbcnjv gjkextyyjq bv kbwtypbb. D 40 bp 50 infnjd ltqcndetn nhtåjdfybt, cjukfcyj rjnjhjve ñhbcn jåzpfy htuekzhyj ghjöjlbnm ghfdjdjt jåextybt d rfxtcndt eckjdbz cjöhfytybz pf ybv kbwtypbb. Jlyjq bp dféysö aeyrwbq, rjnjheñ dsgjkyztn FFÑ yf ghjnzétybb dctq cdjtq 125-ktnytq bcnjhbb, cjcnjbn d hfphfåjnrt nbgjdsö ghfdbk. Änb ghfdbkf ghbpdfys ecnfyfdkbdfnm cnfylfhns lkz rjyrhtnysö jåkfcntq ghfdf c ntv, xnjås dj dctö infnfö ghbvtyzkfcm jlyf b nf ét cjdjregyjcnm ghfdjdsö yjhv. Pfrjyjlfntkmyst jhufys infnjd herjdjlcndeñncz änbvb nbgjdsvb ghfdbkfvb ghb ghbyznbb pfrjyjd, ghbvtybvsö d bö ñhbclbrwbzö. D 1986 ujle d rfxtcndt vjltkb lkz ghbyznbz tlbyjjåhfpysö cnfylfhnjd b chtlcnd frrhtlbnfwbb ghjuhfvv b jhufybpfwbq, pfybvfñoböcz ytghthsdysv ñhblbxtcrbv jåhfpjdfybtv, åskb endthéltys hfphfåjnfyyst Gjcnjzyysv rjvbntnjv Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd gj djghjcfv ytghthsdyjuj jåhfpjdfybz ≤Nbgjdst ghfdbkf FFÑ j vbybvfkmyjv ytghthsdyjv ñhblbxtcrjv jåhfpjdfybb≥. Änb nbgjdst ghfdbkf rfcfñncz, d njv xbckt, yfpyfxtybz b cjcnfdf flvb- 23 ybcnhfnbdyjuj jhufyf, d dtltybb rjnjhjuj åelen yföjlbnmcz djghjcs ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, ecnfyfdkbdfñn vbybvfkmyjt rjkbxtcndj xfcjd, rjnjhjt ljkéys tétujlyj jndjlbnmcz yf änj; gjhzljr jnxtnyjcnb ñhbcnjd j ghjckeifyysö rehcfö d änjq jåkfcnb gthtl dsitcnjzobvb bycnfywbzvb; gjhzljr yfkjétybz dpscrfybq b gjlfxb fgtkkzwbq; rfntujhbb ñhbcnjd, gjlgflfñobt gjl ltqcndbt lfyysö ghfdbk; ghjwtlehs endthéltybz bkb frrhtlbnfwbb jhufybpfwbq, pfybvfñoböcz ytghthsdysv ñhblbxtcrbv jåhfpjdfybtv, f nfrét htuekbheñn djghjcs cfvjjåhfpjdfybz. Nbgjdst ghfdbkf FFÑ bcgjkmpeñncz infnfvb d rfxtcndt herjdjlcndf, yj ghb änjv d rféljv bp 40 infnjd, ghbyzdibö cnfylfhn ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, endthéltys cjåcndtyyst ghfdbkf. Ceotcndetn dtkbrjt vyjétcndj ghfdbk, htuekbheñobö rjkbxtcndj b nbg (yfghbvth, ghjatccbjyfkmyfz änbrf) pfxtnysö xfcjd, rjnjhst ljkéys åsnm gjcdzotys ljgjkybntkmyjve jåhfpjdfybñ d ntxtybt jnxtnyjuj gthbjlf; ghjljkébntkmyjcnm cfvjuj jnxtnyjuj gthbjlf; rfntujhbb ñhbcnjd, d jnyjitybb rjnjhsö ltqcndeñn ghfdbkf j ytghthsdyjv ñhblbxtcrjv jåhfpjdfybb; jghtltktybt ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b gjhzljr pfxtnf xfcjd, pfnhfxtyysö yf ≤cfvjjåhfpjdfybt≥ yf jcyjdt dbltj- b felbjvfnthbfkjd b jykfqyjdsö ghjuhfvv. Nfr, d hzlt infnjd rjkbxtcndj pfxtnysö xfcjd cjcnfdkztn 12 bkb 15 pf ujlbxysq jnxtnysq gthbjl, f d lheubö infnfö änj rjkbxtcndj cjcnfdkztn 45 xfcjd, ghfdlf, ghjljkébntkmyjcnm jnxtnyjuj gthbjlf ghb änjv edtkbxbdftncz lj nhtö ktn. D ytrjnjhsö infnfö chjr ghtlcnfdktybz jnxtnf ghbdzpsdftncz r ujljdobyt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq ghfrnbrb ñhbcnf, f d lheubö infnfö – r rjyrhtnyjq rfktylfhyjq lfnt (yfghbvth, r 31 zydfhz tétujlyj bkb rfélst nhb ujlf), bkb lfét r lfnt hjéltybz ñhbcnf. Ljkz pfxtnysö xfcjd gj ghjatccbjyfkmyjq änbrt bkb gj cgtwbfkmyjcnb d jåotv pfxtnt gj vbybvfkmyjve ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ jnkbxftncz jn infnf r infne. D rféljv infnt ltqcndeñn cdjb ghfdbkf jnyjcbntkmyj njuj, rnj gjlgflftn gjl ltqcndbt ghfdbk j vbybvfkmyjv ytghthsdyjv ñhblbxtcrjv jåhfpjdfybb. D åjkmibycndt ckexftd 24 ceotcndeñn hfpyst ghfdbkf lkz frnbdyj hfåjnfñobö ñhbcnjd, yf htuekzhyjq jcyjdt pfybvfñoböcz ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrjq, b ntö ñhbcnjd, rjnjhst pfybvfñncz ñhblbxtcrjq ghfrnbrjq yf ägbpjlbxtcrjq jcyjdt. Rfr ghfdbkj, rj dnjhjq rfntujhbb ñhbcnjd ghtlüzdkzñncz vtytt dscjrbt nhtåjdfybz, xtv r bö frnbdyj hfåjnfñobv rjkktufv. Cntgtym frnbdyjcnb ñhbcnf jghtltkztncz tuj rkfccbabrfwbtq d rjyrhtnyjv infnt, jlyfrj ceotcndeñn b ytrjnjhst jåobt rhbnthbb. Nfr, dsitlibq yf gtycbñ ñhbcn, dthjznytt dctuj, åeltn rkfccbabwbhjdfy rfr yt frnbdyj hfåjnfñobq. Hfpyst nhtåjdfybz ghtlüzdkzñncz b rj dyjdm ghbybvftvsv d fccjwbfwbñ ñhbcnfv. Ñhbcnfv, ghfrnbreñobv vtytt nhtö ktn, dcrjht gjckt ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe vjétn åsnm ghtlüzdktyj nhtåjdfybt j ghjöjéltybb hzlf rehcjd gj ghbjåhtntybñ åfpjdsö yfdsrjd. Jn ñhbcnjd dctö ehjdytq vjuen gjnhtåjdfnm ghjöjéltybz pf jnxtnysq gthbjl jghtltktyyjuj rjkbxtcndf xfcjd jåextybz d jåkfcnb ghjatccbjyfkmyjq änbrb, ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb bkb pkjegjnhtåktybz fkrjujktv b yfhrjnbrfvb. D hfpysö infnfö ceotcndeñn b hfpyst jghtltktybz ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. D ytrjnjhsö infnfö yt hfphtiftncz ghbybvfnm d pfxtn vbybvfkmyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz xfcs, pfnhfxtyyst yf cfvjjåhfpjdfybt, b ceotcndetn jåzpfntkmyjt ghfdbkj j njv, xnj d pfxtn ñhbcnfv blen njkmrj nt xfcs, rjnjhst jyb pfnhfxbdfñn yf exfcnbt d htfkmysö ghjuhfvvfö. D ytrjnjhsö infnfö pfghtoftncz frrhtlbnfwbz jhufybpfwbq, ghjdjlzobö jåextybt xthtp Bynthytn. FFÑ eét lfdyj kblbhetn d ghbvtytybb cjdhtvtyysö ntöyjkjubq d jåkfcnb ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b frnbdyj dscnegftn pf nj, xnjås frrhtlbneñobt jhufys d infnfö lfdfkb ghfdj cjjndtncndeñobv jhufybpfwbzv ghtljcnfdkznm ñhbcnfv eckeub lkz ghjljkétybz cdjtuj jåhfpjdfybz c bcgjkmpjdfybtv cfvjuj ibhjrjuj cgtrnhf yjdtqibö vtnjljd. Pfrkñxtybt Dkfcnm pfrjyf d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö – änj njn aeylfvtyn, yf rjnjhsq jgbhfñncz yfib jcyjdjgjkfufñobt wtyyjcnb, gjänjve nfrjt dféyjt pyfxtybt ghblftncz jåhfpjdfybñ fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd, ghjljkéfñotvecz yf ghjnzétybb dctq bö ébpyb, gjcnjzyyjve jåyjdktybñ pyfybq, cjdthitycndjdfybñ yfdsrjd b yjdjve jcvscktybñ ghjatccbjyfkmysö wtyyjcntq. Bvtyyj xedcndj ytghthsdyjcnb änjuj ghjwtccf b gjcnjzyyjuj jåyjdktybz ckeébn ldbufntktv ghjxyjq cbcntvs lfkmytqituj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, ghbpdfyyjuj gjllthébdfnm bvtñobtcz e ñhbcnf pyfybz b yfdsrb yf cfvjv dscjrjv ehjdyt b ntv cfvsv ufhfynbhjdfnm lttcgjcjåyjcnm fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf 25 Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF Ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt: nhb jhufybpfwbb, eljdktndjhzñobt cghjc C n ñ f hn U j h b y b L ä d b l G b n n c Yjdsq celmz öjxtn pyfnm, rfr ghfdbkmyj herjdjlbnm celtåysv ghjwtccjv. Jgsnysq celtåysq ctrhtnfhm ljkéty åsnm pyfrjv c cfvsvb gjcktlybvb ghjwtccefkmysvb yjditcndfvb, xnjås åjktt äaatrnbdyj dsgjkyznm cdjb jåzpfyyjcnb. Celmb b celtåyst hfåjnybrb dj dctv vbht öjnzn pyfnm, rfr ecnhjtyf cbcntvf celtåysö jhufyjd d CIF. Tétujlyj gjcnegfñn nsczxb jåhfotybq j ghtljcnfdktybb byajhvfwbb b nsczxb djghjcjd j njv, rfr jceotcndkztncz celjghjbpdjlcndj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö – rfr yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, nfr b yf ehjdyt jnltkmysö infnjd. D lfyyjv jxthrt, gjcdzotyyjv nhtv jhufybpfwbzv, rjnjhst lfñn jndtns yf änb djghjcs, – Atlthfkmyjve celtåyjve wtynhe, Yfwbjyfkmyjve celtåyjve rjkktlée b Yfwbjyfkmyjve wtynhe infncrbö celjd – Cnñfhn Ujhby b Lädbl Gbnnc hfccrfpsdfñn j njv, rfr änb b lheubt jhufybpfwbb eljdktndjhzñn cghjc yf ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt b dsgjkyzñn tot vfcce lheubö aeyrwbq. YTGHTHSDYJVE ÑHBLBXTCRJVE jåhfpjdfybñ jndjlbncz xhtpdsxfqyj dféyfz hjkm, ujdjhbn Athy Cvbn, jrheéyjq celmz CIF, pfybvfñobq gjcn lbhtrnjhf Atlthfkmyjuj celtåyjuj wtynhf. Cvbn gjlxthrbdftn, xnj d celtåyjq cbcntvt ghjbcöjlzn juhjvyst bpvtytybz, jcjåtyyj tckb ghbybvfnm dj dybvfybt yjdst erfpfybz Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF, rjnjhst gjcnegfñn ghfrnbxtcrb dct dhtvz, b vtyzñoeñcz hjkm atlthfkmysö jrheéysö celtq. Atlthfkmysq celtåysq wtynh (ACW), cjplfyysq d cnjkbwt cnhfys Rjyuhtccjv d 1967 ujle gj htrjvtylfwbb Celtåyjq fccjwbfwbb CIF, – änj bccktljdfntkmcrjt b jåhfpjdfntkmyjt exhtéltybt atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs CIF. Änjn wtynh pfybvftncz djghjcfvb jhbtynfwbb b gjllthérb ytghthsdyjuj jåhfpjdfybz b gjlujnjdrb atlthfkmysö celtq b celtåysö ckeéfobö. Wtynh nfrét ghjdjlbn b gjllthébdftn bccktljdfybz d jåkfcnb atlthfkmyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf b hfåjns celtåysö jhufyjd. ≤Vs yt bvttv eprjq cgtwbfkbpfwbb b pfybvftvcz kñåsvb ltkfvb, gjcnegfñobvb d jrheéyst cels – b eujkjdysvb, b uhfélfycrbvb≥, – ujdjhbn Cvbn, ljåfdkzz, xnj ≤celmzv yeéyf gjvjom d bpextybb hfpkbxysö jåkfcntq 26 gjhzlrf yfpyfxtybz yfrfpfybq, ghbxtv pfxfcneñ nfrbt bccktljdfybz ghjdjlzncz gj ghjcmåt Celtåyjq fccjwbfwbb b tt rjvbntnjd, cfvbö celjd bkb lheubö uhegg d cnherneht atlthfkmyjq cbcntvs. Jcyjdyst chtlcndf ytghthsdyjuj jåhfpjdfybz Celmz Ötpth Dfy Yfqp ghfdf, f nfrét d gjkextybb byajhvfwbb j cfvsö gjcktlybö yjditcndfö, xnjås jyb vjukb hfåjnfnm yf cjdhtvtyyjv ehjdyt≥. Nhb jnltktybz C extnjv pflfx, rjnjhst Atlthfkmysq celtåysq wtynh dsgjkyztn lkz atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs, jy gjlhfpltkztncz yf nhb jnltktybz: jåextybz dcgjvjufntkmyjuj gthcjyfkf, jåextybz celtåysö hfåjnybrjd b bccktljdfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb. D ghjikjv ujle Atlthfkmysq celtåysq wtynh ghjdtk 985 ghjuhfvv lkz åjktt xtv 48 000 fvthbrfycrbö celtq b cjnhelybrjd fggfhfnf celtåysö jhufyjd, f nfrét wtksq hzl ctvbyfhjd b bycnhernfétq lkz 442 byjcnhfyysö celtq b celtåysö hfåjnybrjd bp 34 cnhfy. Bv nfrét jgeåkbrjdfyj jrjkj lñébys ljrkfljd b cghfdjxybrjd b jceotcndktyj dtofybt jåhfpjdfntkmysö ghjuhfvv d jåütvt gjxnb 2000 xfcjd gj ntktctnb atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs. R xbcke jcyjdysö chtlcnd jhbtynfwbb b ytghthsdyjuj jåhfpjdfybz celtq jnyjczncz rjyathtywbb, ctvbyfhs b cbvgjpbevs d ajhvfnt ébdjuj jåotybz. Cjnhelybrb fggfhfnf celtåysö jhufyjd exfcndeñn d vtcnysö extåysö vthjghbznbzö bkb d ghjuhfvvfö, gthtlfdftvsö xthtp cgenybrjdeñ cbcntve dtofybz, d jykfqyjdsö rjvgmñnthysö rjyathtywbzö, f nfrét felbj- b dbltjrjyathtywbzö. Jnltktybt jåextybz dcgjvjufntkmyjuj gthcjyfkf hfphfåfnsdftn b ghjdjlbn ghjuhfvvs jåextybz, gjlujnjdrb b eckeu lkz ytceltåysö hfåjnybrjd, yfghbvth, hfåjnfñobö d fggfhfnt celtåysö ctrhtnfhtq, d ckeéåfö ghjåfwbb b celtåysö ckeéåfö gj jceotcndktybñ ytjåöjlbvsö vth lj yfxfkf ckeifybz ltk, f nfrét ghjuhfvvs flvbybcnhfnbdyjq gjlujnjdrb celtqcrbö åhbufl b eghfdkzñobö. Cbvgjpbevs ACW jödfnsdfñn nfrbt ntvs, rfr gjcktlybt yjditcndf d ñhbclbrwbb, ghjwtcc cåjhf ljrfpfntkmcnd, yfpyfxtybt yfrfpfybz, nheljdjt ghfdj, utytnbxtcrfz ärcgthnbpf b vtéleyfhjlyst nzéås. Yf cgtwbfkmysö ctvbyfhfö lkz ytåjkmibö uhegg celtq bpexfñncz nfrbt ntvs, rfr byntkktrnefkmyfz cjåcndtyyjcnm, celjghjbpdjlcndj gj uhfélfycrbv ltkfv, vtnjls gjchtlybxtcndf, atlthfkbpv b åfyrhjncndj. Jnltktybt jåextybz celtåysö hfåjnybrjd hfphfåfnsdftn b ghjdjlbn ghjuhfvvs jåhfpjdfybz b eckeu lkz celtq, ghjatccbjyfkmysö celtåysö fldjrfnjd b cjnhelybrjd fggfhfnf atlthfkmysö pfobnybrjd. D rfxtcndt ghbvthjd ntvfnbrb ntktdbpbjyysö extåysö ghjuhfvv vjéyj yfpdfnm bpextybt vfnthbfkjd ctccbq Dthöjdyjuj celf b bcgjkmpjdfybt yfexysö ghbywbgjd ghb bpextybb ljrfpfntkmcnd d celtåyjv pfctlfybb. Jnltktybt bccktljdfntkmcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb jceotcndkztn ghfrnbxtcrbt bccktljdfybz b fyfkbp atlthfkmysö celtåysö ghjwtleh, vtnjljd flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj eghfdktybz celfvb b Chtlb vyjujxbcktyysö extåysö bplfybq, dsgeotyysö d gjvjom celmzv b celtåyjve gthcjyfke, vjéyj yfpdfnm yfcnfdktybz gj dtltybñ atlthfkmysö celtåysö ghjwtccjd j cvthn- 27 yjq rfpyb, ghbvtytybñ celfvb fkmnthyfnbdysö cgjcjåjd hfphtitybz cgjhjd b gjcjåbt gj dtltybñ celtåysö ghjwtccjd gj uhfélfycrbv ltkfv, f nfrét gjcjåbt gj gjdnjhzñobvcz ghjåktvfv d eujkjdyjv celjghjbpdjlcndt. Chtlb ljrkfljd b cghfdjxybrjd, dsgeotyysö d 2001 ujle, nfrbt rfr ≤Vtéleyfhjlyfz ytgkfntétcgjcjåyjcnm≥, ≤Celtåyst nzéås gj ltkfv jå jndtncndtyyjcnb≥, ≤Nzéås jå bpvtytybb uhfybw jrheujd≥ b ≤Ghfrnbrf bcgjkmpjdfybz ghbukfityysö celtq d atlthfkmysö jrheéysö celfö≥. Yfhzle c åhbabyufvb b lbcreccbzvb, ghjuhfvvs lkz byjcnhfyysö celtåysö hfåjnybrjd ghtlecvfnhbdfñn bö yfexyeñ cnfébhjdre d Wtynht. Änjn hfpltk ghjuhfvvs åsk ddtlty 10 ktn njve yfpfl, b pf änj dhtvz cdsit 30 byjcnhfyysö celtq ghjdtkb bccktljdfybz d nfrbö jåkfcnzö, rfr ytpfdbcbvjcnm celtq, flvbybcnhfnbdyjt eghfdktybt celfvb b hjkm celtåysö ctrhtnfhtq. Yfwbjyfkmysq celtåysq rjkktlé D 1961 ujle Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd ghbpyfkf ytjåöjlbvjcnm d fyfkbpt fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz. Dvtcnt c Fvthbrfycrbv jåotcndjv celtq b Bycnbnenjv celtåyjuj eghfdktybz xktys Fccjwbfwbb cajhvbhjdfkb Jåütlbytyysq rjvbntn gj äaatrnbdyjve jnghfdktybñ ghfdjcelbz, ghtlctlfntktv rjnjhjuj cnfk xkty njulfiytuj Dthöjdyjuj celf Njv Rkfhr. D xbckt hfphfåjnfyysö änbv rjvbntnjv htrjvtylfwbq åskj b gjkjétybt j ytghthsdyjv ñhblbxtcrjv jåhfpjdfybb, rjnjhjt d 1963 ujle åskj htfkbpjdfyj gentv cjplfybz Yfwbjyfkmyjuj celtåyjuj rjkktléf (YCR). C njuj dhtvtyb cdsit 58 000 celtq bp hfpysö cnhfy vbhf gjkexbkb d ytv ljgjkybntkmyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, gjdscbd cdjñ ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ rdfkbabrfwbñ. Celmb ghbtpéfñn d YCR cj dctuj vbhf – rfr ghfdbkj, gj kbybb Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf b Futyncndf CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ (FVH CIF), öjnz tcnm b ghjuhfvvs, jhufybpetvst ghb cjltqcndbb Dctvbhyjuj åfyrf. Rhjvt njuj, ceotcndeñn ghzvst cdzpb b rjynfrns vtéle rjkktlétv b ghfdbntkmcndfvb 28 byjcnhfyysö ujcelfhcnd. Yfhzle c celmzvb b lheubvb ñhbcnfvb, hfåjnfñobvb infnysvb ghtgjlfdfntkzvb, pfyznbz d rjkktlét dtlen b cgtwbfkbcns d lheubö jåkfcnzö, d njv xbckt dhfxb, gcböjkjub, ärcgthns d jåkfcnb rjvgmñnthysö ntöyjkjubq b rjvveybrfwbq. Pyfxbntkmyeñ xfcnm dhtvtyb ghtgjlfdfntkb hfåjnfñn d rjkktlét yf åtpdjpvtplyjq jcyjdt. Ukfdyfz pflfxf YCR cjcnjbn d cjdthitycndjdfybb hfåjns jhufyjd ghfdjcelbz c gjvjomñ jåotyfwbjyfkmysö ghjuhfvv jåextybz b gjlujnjdrb, ghbpdfyysö gjdscbnm ehjdtym rdfkbabrfwbb, ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rjvgtntynyjcnb, yfdsrjd b ghjlernbdyjcnb celtqcrbö hfåjnybrjd. Hfcgjkjétyysq yf nthhbnjhbb Ytdflcrjuj eybdthcbntnf d Hbyj, Yfwbjyfkmysq celtåysq rjkktlé bvttn cdzpb c wtksv hzljv lheubö extåysö pfdtltybq. Pyfxtybt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb celtq Celmz Dscituj celf infnf Dfibyunjy Ötpth Dfy Yfqp gjlxthrbdftn dféyjt pyfxtybt ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz celtq yt njkmrj yf ehjdyt infnf, yj b yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjv ehjdyt. ≤Jgsn wtkjuj hzlf ktn eåtélftn vtyz d njv, xnj rehcs jåextybz, ghtlkfuftvst Yfwbjyfkmysv celtåysv rjkktlétv, ghbyjczn åjkmieñ gjkmpe, – ujdjhbn jyf. – Jyb cnfkb dféysv ljgjkytybtv r njve jåhfpjdfybñ, rjnjhjt gjkexfñn celmb d extåysö pfdtltybzö infnf, gj wtkjve hzle ghbxby. Dj-gthdsö, jyb lfñn djpvjéyjcnm yfibv celmzv jåofnmcz c celmzvb bp lheubö ñhbclbrwbq b jåceélfnm gjlöjls r hfccvjnhtybñ ltk, ghbvtyztvst d cjjndtncndbb c ltqcndeñobvb d bö infnfö pfrjyfvb. R njve ét yf änbö rehcfö jåexfñncz yt njkmrj fvthbrfycrbt celmb. Yf pfyznbzö d YCR vjéyj xfcnj dbltnm b celtq bp pfheåtéysö cnhfy≥. Rhjvt njuj, rehcs gjctofñn kñlb hfpysö ghjatccbq, f yt njkmrj cgtwbfkbcns d jåkfcnb ghfdf. Dfy Yfqp ljåfdkztn, xnj jåhfpjdfybt d Yfwbjyfkmyjv celtåyjv rjkktlét gjkexfñn kñlb vyjubö ghjatccbq cj dctö rjywjd Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, yfghbvth, vtlbrb b extyst. Gj tt ckjdfv, jåextybt d YCR ≤lftn åjktt ukeåjrbt pyfybz, xtv rehcs yf ehjdyt inf- njd. Yfghbvth, z njkmrj ytlfdyj ghjikf ytltkmysq rehc gj vtnjlfv ghbyznbz htitybq. Yf ehjdyt infnf nfrbö ltnfkbpbhjdfyysö rehcjd ghjcnj ytn≥. Yf pfyznbzö jåceélfñncz b bvtñobt jnyjitybt r celtåysv pfctlfybzv djghjcs ytghfdjdjuj öfhfrnthf, jnvtxftn jyf. Jåhfpwjdsq pfk celtåysö pfctlfybq Jlyf bp ljcnjghbvtxfntkmyjcntq Yfwbjyfkmyjuj celtåyjuj rjkktléf – jåhfpwjdsq pfk celtåysö pfctlfybq, ghtlcnfdkzñobq cjåjq jcyfotyysq gj gjcktlytve ckjde ntöybrb wtynh, gjpdjkzñobq b gtxfnysv, b äktrnhjyysv CVB pfgbcsdfnm öjl celtåyjuj pfctlfybzv. D wtynht jåtcgtxbdftncz gjkyjwtyysq ljcneg cdbltntkzv, fldjrfnfv b ghbczéysv pfctlfntkzv c ytljcnfnrfvb phtybz bkb ckeöf rj dctve ghjbcöjlzotve d öjlt pfctlfybz, b jy nfrét jåjheljdfy pfvryenjq ntktdbpbjyyjq cbcntvjq lkz jghjcf cdbltntktq dyt pfkf. Änjn jåhfpwjdsq pfk celtåysö pfctlfybq yt njkmrj gjpdjkztn ckeifntkzv YCR ghbjåhtnfnm ghfrnbxtcrbt yfdsrb b pyfybz, yj b dhtvz jn dhtvtyb bcgjkmpetncz Ltdznsv jrheéysv fgtkkzwbjyysv celjv, f nfrét cbcntvjq celjd infnf Ytdflf. Cthnbabrfn j gjkextybb ljgjkybntkmyjuj ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz Cthnbabrfn j gjkextybb celmzvb ljgjkybntkmyjuj ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz dslftncz d hfvrfö yjdjq ghjuhfvvs rjkktléf ntv celmzv, rjnjhst étkfñn eukeåktyyj bpexbnm epreñ frfltvbxtcreñ lbcwbgkbye. D YCR ltqcndetn nfrét ghjuhfvvs gjlujnjdrb vfubcnhjd b ljrnjhjd ghfdf. Gjvbvj celtq bp 150 cnhfy vbhf, ghjitlibö jåextybt yf cnfylfhnysö rehcfö YCR, b ntö, rnj exfcndetn d ybö d rfxtcndt yfåkñlfntktq, d rjkktlét jhufybpjdfys b cgtwbfkmyst rehcs lkz celtq bp cnhfy c yfhjélfñotqcz ltvjrhfnbtq, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, cnhfy Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrb, Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs b åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf. Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh infncrbö celjd D 1971 ujle njulfiybq ghtlctlfntkm Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF Ejhhty Åthuth exhtlbk Yf- wbjyfkmysq wtynh infncrbö celjd (YWIC) – hfcgjkjétyyeñ d Ebkmzvcåehut, infn Dbhlébybz, ytrjvvthxtcreñ jhufybpfwbñ, ghbpdfyyeñ cjltqcndjdfnm erhtgktybñ cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz gentv jrfpfybz gjvjob b eckeu celfv infnjd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ltzntkmyjcnm YWIC wtkbrjv gjcdzotyf pflfxt cjdthitycndjdfybz gentq jnghfdktybz ghfdjcelbz d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö b pf bö ghtltkfvb gentv ghjdtltybz bccktljdfybq b ghtljcnfdktybz jåhfpjdfybz, rjycekmnbhjdfybz b byajhvfwbjyyjuj jåtcgtxtybz. YWCI bvttn d cdjtv cjcnfdt ytcrjkmrj jnltktybq, ghjdjlzobö vyjujxbcktyyst ghjuhfvvs. Nfr, bccktljdfntkmcrjt jnltktybt cgjcjåcndetn gjdsitybñ ehjdyz jåotcndtyyjuj ljdthbz, gjvjufz celfv infnjd htfubhjdfnm yf frnefkmyst djghjcs gjkbnbrb, ghtldjcöbofnm jåotcndtyyst ghjåktvs, cgjcjåyst pfnhjyenm ltzntkmyjcnm celjd, f nfrét dytlhznm nfrbt vtnjls herjdjlcndf, rjnjhst jåtcgtxbdfkb ås cghfdtlkbdjt b åtcghbcnhfcnyjt jnghfdktybt ghfdjcelbz. Jnltktybt rjycekmnbhjdfybz gj djghjcfv flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj eghfdktybz celtåysvb jhufyfvb ghtljcnfdkztn cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyeñ ntöybxtcreñ gjvjom d jhufybpfwbb hfåjns celjd, eghfdktybb gjnjrfvb hfccvfnhbdftvsö celfvb ltk, d djghjcfö ntöybxtcrjuj jåtcgtxtybz celjd, ctvtqyjuj ghfdf, gjlåjhf b hfccnfyjdrb rflhjd b d lheubö djghjcfö. Jnltktybt gj cdzpzv c ujcelfhcndtyysvb jhufyfvb pfybvftncz djghjcfvb ujcelfhcndtyyjq gjkbnbrb b bpexftn pfrjyjghjtrns, cgjcjåyst gjdkbznm yf ltzntkmyjcnm celjd infnjd, f nfrét gjvjuftn herjdjlbntkzv celtåysö jhufyjd infnjd åsnm ecksifyysvb dj dctö dtndzö atlthfkmyjuj ghfdbntkmcndf. Ltzntkmyjcnm Bycnbnenf celtåyjuj vtytlévtynf (BCV) jödfnsdftn dct ehjdyb b dbls celjd yf ehjdyt infnjd, drkñxfz cels gthdjq bycnfywbb b fgtkkzwbjyyst cels, f nfrét cels veybwbgfkmyjuj ehjdyz. D hfvrfö ukfdyjq ghjuhfvvs BCV – ghjuhfvvs lkz gjdsitybz rdfkbabrfwbb celtåyjuj herjdjlcndf – ghtljcnfdkztncz dscjrjrfxtcndtyyjt ghjatccbjyfkmyjt jåhfpjdfybt rflhjdsv hfåjnybrfv jhufyjd celtåyjq dtndb dkfcnb. Änf ghjuhfvvf 29 jnrhsnf lkz fvthbrfycrbö celtq, yf rjnjhsö djpkjétys eghfdktyxtcrbt aeyrwbb, f nfrét lkz celtåysö ctrhtnfhtq b eghfdkzñobö ltkfvb celjd. BCV nfrét ghjdjlbn yfwbjyfkmyst rehcs gj vyjubv hfpyjjåhfpysv ghtlvtnfv, d njv xbckt nfrbv, rfr gjchtlybxtcndj ghb ehtuekbhjdfybb uhfélfycrbö rjyakbrnjd, cnfylfhns, rjnjhsvb herjdjlcndeñncz d cdjtq hfåjnt cels gthdjq bycnfywbb, b abyfycjdst htcehcs celjd. Vtéleyfhjlyst ghjuhfvvs Cjplfyyjt d 1992 ujle lkz cjltqcndbz celfv, pfrjyjlfntkzv b lheubv rjvgjytynfv cbcntvs ghfdjcelbz pf ghtltkfvb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd, jnltktybt vtéleyfhjlysö ghjuhfvv YWIC gjcdzoftn cdjñ ltzntkmyjcnm pflfxt cjdthitycndjdfybz gentq jnghfdktybz ghfdjcelbz b erhtgktybz dkfcnb pfrjyf d cnhfyfö vbhf. Vyjujghjabkmyfz uheggf cgtwbfkbcnjd, bvtñobö cjkblysq jgsn d djghjcfö hfphfåjnrb gjkbnbrb b ghjuhfvv d catht celjghjbpdjlcndf, öjhjij pyfñobö dct fcgtrns eghfdktybz ltzntkmyjcnmñ celjd, drkñxfz djghjcs ntöybxtcrjuj jåtcgtxtybz b cbcntvyjuj fyfkbpf ghbvtybntkmyj r celfv b lheubv cdzpfyysv c ybvb cnhernehfv, jrfpsdftn cjltqcndbt celtqcrbv hfåjnybrfv pfheåtéysö cnhfy. Hbxfhl Dfy Lfqptyl, bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh vtéleyfhjlysö ghjuhfvv, ujdjhbn, xnj YWIC jrfpsdftn ntöybxtcreñ gjvjom b ghjdjlbn ljkujchjxyst ghjuhfvvs gjlujnjdrb gthcjyfkf d nfrbö cnhfyfö, rfr Vtrcbrf, Ybuthbz, Cthåbz, Öjhdfnbz b Vjyujkbz. Yfhzle c änbv, dj dpfbvjltqcndbb c Futyncndjv CIF gj vtéleyfhjlyjve hfpdbnbñ b lheubvb jhufybpfwbzvb. Wtynh tétujlyj jhufybpetn jpyfrjvbntkmyst dbpbns 300–400 hfåjnybrjd celtåysö jhufyjd pfheåtéysö cnhfy d cels yf dctq nthhbnjhbb CIF. Djpvjéyjcnb lkz dctö Jlybv bp exfcnybrjd vtéleyfhjlysö ghjuhfvv jåextybz, gjljåysö ntv, rjnjhst ghjdjlzncz d Hbyj b Ebkmzvcåehut, åsk celmz Fktc Pfkth, dbwt-ghtpbltyn Fccjwbfwbb celtq Ckjdtybb. ≤Bpexfz jgsn celtåysö htajhv d CIF, z gjyzk, xnj celmb ljkéys åsnm ntvb, rnj jrfpsdftn eckeub uhfélfyfv, f yt ghjcnj ckeufvb ujcelfhcndf≥, – ujdjhbn jy. Pfkthe 30 jcjåtyyj gjyhfdbkbcm ghjdjlbvst ghb celfö ghjuhfvvs fkmnthyfnbdyjuj hfphtitybz cgjhjd, rjnjhst ghtljcnfdkzñn uhfélfyfv djpvjéyjcnb gjkmpjdfnmcz nfrbvb eckeufvb, rfr gjchtlybxtcndj, fhåbnhfé bkb jåütrnbdyfz jwtyrf ltk yf hfyybö cnflbzö hfccvjnhtybz. ≤D htpekmnfnt vjtuj jåextybz d CIF, – ljåfdkztn celmz Pfkth, – ckjdtycrbq ghbvth ghblfyysö cele gjchtlybxtcrbö aeyrwbq, rjnjhst ntgthm jceotcndkzñncz Kñåkzycrbv jrheéysv celjv, cnfk bcnjhbtq ecgtöf yf genb ajhvbhjdfybz cghfdtlkbdjq, äaatrnbdyjq b ärjyjvbxyjq cbcntvs celjghjbpdjlcndf. Änjn jgsn ghbjåhtnftn jåhfpwjdj-gjrfpfntkmyjt pyfxtybt yt njkmrj lkz celjd pf ghtltkfvb Kñåkzys, yj b lkz celjd yf dctv ghjcnhfycndt Ñuj-Djcnjxyjq Tdhjgs≥. Ljgjkybntkmyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt yjcbn ceueåj ljåhjdjkmysq öfhfrnth. Yb jlby celmz bkb hfåjnybr celf yt jåzpfy gjkexfnm ljgjkybntkmyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt, jlyfrj jyb cfvb frnbdyj cnhtvzncz r änjve. Djpvjéyjcnb, bvtñobtcz e celtq b lheubö hfåjnybrjd celtåysö jhufyjd d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö b lheubö cnhfyfö vbhf, åkfujlfhz ecbkbzv nfrbö jhufybpfwbq, rfr Atlthfkmysq celtåysq wtynh, Yfwbjyfkmysq celtåysq rjkktlé b Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh infncrbö celjd, jåtcgtxbdfñn gjkjétybt, ghb rjnjhjv uhfélfyt kñåjq cnhfys cvjukb åsnm jåtcgtxtys cfvjq yfltéyjq pfobnjq, rjnjheñ njkmrj cgjcjåyf ghtljcnfdbnm bv dkfcnm pfrjyf. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf C el m z u j d j h b n j p y f x t y b b g h f d j d j u j j å h f p j d f y b z Rjvvtynfhbb celmb Ebkmzvf Lhtcctkf, ghtpbltynf Yfwbjyfkmyjuj celtåyjuj rjkktléf D cdzpb c ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrjq celtq, ujdjhbn celmz Ebkmzv Lhtcctk, ghtpbltyn Yfwbjyfkmyjuj celtåyjuj rjkktléf (YCR) d Hbyj, infn Ytdflf, dféyj jnvtnbnm, xnj jyf cnfkf ghjdjlbnmcz chfdybntkmyj ytlfdyj Celmz Ebkmzv Lhtcctk – d ntxtybt gjcktlybö cjhjrf ktn – b xnj cjlthéfybt b ajhvs änjq gjlujnjdrb dct änj dhtvz hfpdbdfkbcm, ghtnthgtdfz bpvtytybz. Yfhzle c änbv, celmb ntgthm cajrecbhjdfys ≤d åjkmitq cntgtyb yf gjlöjlfö b htitybb ghjåktv≥, f nfrét yf ghfdt rfr nfrjdjv, ujdjhbn Lhtcctk. Änj ghbdtkj r gjzdktybñ ≤dcgjvjufntkmysö exhtéltybq lkz hfphtitybz ghjåktv, nfrbö rfr cels gj ltkfv j yfhrjnbrfö – f nfrét cjdhtvtyysö vtnjljd htitybz ghjåktv, nfrbö rfr fkmnthyfnbdyjt hfphtitybt cgjhjd b gjchtlybxtcndj. Vjétn kb celmz, yfghbvth, cltkfnm xnj-ybåelm tot, rhjvt dsytctybz gjcnfyjdktybz gj öjlfnfqcnde; vjétn kb jy hfphtifnm ghjåktvs?≥ – cghfibdftn Lhtcctk. Yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn ghbvtyzkbcm cjdthityyj lheubt gjlöjls. ≤Celmb yt jnrfpfkbcm jn cdjbö nhflbwbjyysö aeyrwbq, yj ntgthm jyb d ujhfplj åjkmitq cntgtyb, xtv hfymit, gjldthufñn bö rhbnbxtcrjve fyfkbpe≥, – gjzcyztn jy. ≤Cjhjr ktn njve yfpfl ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb celtq rfr nfrjdjq yt ceotcndjdfkj≥, – jnvtxftn Lhtcctk. Rjulf nfrfz gjlujnjdrf cnfkf jceotcndkznmcz, nj yf gthdsö gjhfö änj ghjbcöjlbkj ukfdysv jåhfpjv d ajhvt nhflbwbjyysö ktrwbq. Ntgthm ét egjh ltkftncz yf ytajhvfkmyst pfyznbz, jcyjdfyyst yf ébdjv jåceéltybb ghtlvtnjd bpextybz, b jcyjdyjt dybvfybt jåhfoftncz yf ghbjåhtntybt yfdsrjd, ljåfdkztn jy. Lhtcctk nfrét ujdjhbn, xnj rjulf åskf dgthdst ddtltyf ghjatccbjyfkmyfz gjlujnjdrf celtq, egjh ltkfkcz yf vtöfybpvs uhfélfycrjuj b eujkjdyjuj ghfdf b yjhvs ljrfpfntkmcndtyyjuj ghfdf. Dct änj gj-ghtéytve bvttn dféyjt pyfxtybt, yj ntgthm celmb vjuen dtcnb htxm j nfrbö dtofö, rfr yfexyst ljrfpfntkmcndf. Rfr, yfghbvth, htibnm, zdkztncz kb rjyrhtnyjt kbwj yfcnjzobv ärcgthnjv? D nfrbö ckexfzö rnj-ybåelm vjétn gjcnfdbnm djghjc, yj lfkmit ghjbcöjlbn tuj jåceéltybt. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yfvyjuj åjkmit dybvfybz eltkztncz b njve, xnj ≤eghfdkznm celtåysv ghjwtccjv ljkéty celmz, f yt fldjrfns≥, ujdjhbn Lhtcctk. Änjn vjvtyn ghbjåhtk frnefkmyjcnm gjckt celtåyjuj ghjwtccf yfl J. Lé. Cbvgcjyjv. ≤Cxbnftncz, xnj bvtyyj celmz, f yt fldjrfns ljkéys jndtxfnm pf nj, rfr ghjbcöjlbn celtåyjt hfpåbhfntkmcndj njuj bkb byjuj ltkf, – ghjljkéftn Lhtcctk. – Yf ghjnzétybb vyjubö ktn vs levfkb yfl ntv, rfrbvb yfdsrfvb ljkéty jåkflfnm celmz, xnjås äaatrnbdyj eghfdkznm hfpåbhftvsvb d celt ltkfvb. Ntgthm ujhfplj åjkmit dybvfybz eltkztncz ytpfdbcbvjcnb celtq, djghjcfv änbrb, ghbyznbz htitybq b dpfbvjjnyjitybq c jåotcndjv≥. ≤Cjhjr ktn njve yfpfl djphfcn åjkmibycndf celtq cjcnfdkzk jrjkj 50 ktn, f djphfcn vyjubö ysytiybö celtq cjcnfdkztn 30–40 ktn, b yt e dctö tcnm ibhjrbq ghjatccbjyfkmysq jgsn, – ujdjhbn Lhtcctk. – Änj jpyfxftn, xnj ctujlyz celmz ljkéty gjkexfnm ujhfplj åjkmit åfpjdsö pyfybq b yfdsrjd b ghb änjv evtnm htifnm dct lheubt djghjcs, rjnjhst djpybrfñn d yfib lyb d pfkfö celtåysö pfctlfybq≥. Gjänjve gjdsitybt ghjatccbjyfkmyjq rdfkbabrfwbb (ytghthsdyjt jåhfpjdfybt) ctujlyz dféyj, rfr ybrjulf hfymit, ljåfdkztn jy. 31 Xnj ét rfcftncz ntö, rnj ghjöjlbn jåextybt d rjkktlét, nj, gj ckjdfv Lhtcctkf, ≤vs ghjdjlbv pfyznbz lkz atlthfkmysö celtq gj flvbybcnhfnbdysv ghfdjyfheitybzv (yj yt lkz atlthfkmysö celtq gj eujkjdysv ghtcnegktybzv), lkz celtq byltqcrbö gktvty b celtq gthdjq bycnfywbb infnjd. E yfc tcnm jåobt rehcs, rjnjhst gjctofñncz dctvb ckeifntkzvb, b hfpltkmyst rehcs gj uheggfv. E yfc jåexftncz dtcmvf hfpyjjåhfpysq rjynbyutyn celtq≥. Rhjvt njuj, d rjkktlét ceotcndeñn rehcs b lkz celtq bp lheubö cnhfy. ≤Tckb jyb dkfltñn fyukbqcrbv zpsrjv, nj jyb vjuen gjctofnm yfib cnfylfhnyst rehcs. Tckb ét ytn, nj vs jhufybpetv cgtwbfkmyst rehcs c extnjv bö rekmnehysö nhflbwbq b cgtwbabrb ntö cbcntv ghfdjcelbz, d rjnjhsö jyb hfåjnfñn≥, – ljåfdkztn Lhtcctk. 32 ≤D kñåjv ckexft vs yt ujdjhbv bv: djn nfrfz cbcntvf ghfdjcelbz ltqcndetn d Fvthbrt, gjänjve b ds ljkéys hfåjnfnm njxyj nfrét≥, – gjlxthrbdftn jy. C lheujq cnjhjys, ytrjnjhst byjcnhfyyst celmb ≤cthmtpyj bynthtceñncz fvthbrfycrjq cbcntvjq. Vs ujdjhbv bv: vs gsnftvcz ljcnbxm djn nfrbt wtkb. F rfr ås htifkb gjljåyst pflfxb e ctåz ljvf?≥ Jlyjq bp cgtwbabxtcrbö ghjåktv, c rjnjhjq cnfkrbdfñncz celmb dj vyjubö cnhfyfö, – änj jncencndbt ljdthbz r celtåyjq cbcntvt cj cnjhjys jåotcndtyyjcnb änbö cnhfy. D änjv cvsckt jxtym dféys ≤jåotcndtyyst ajhevs, bycwtybhjdrb celtåysö ghjwtccjd≥ b lheubt ajhvs geåkbxysö vthjghbznbq gj ghjcdtotybñ jåotcndtyyjcnb, ljåfdkztn jy. Ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt d CIF Jåextybt vtnjlfv flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj eghfdktybz celfvb CIF L é j p t a F. N h j n n t h , l j r n j h g h f d f Rfr d hfvrfö cbcntvs atlthfkmysö celjd CIF, ult hfccvfnhbdftncz 10 ghjwtynjd dctö celtåysö ltk d cnhfyt, nfr b d celtåysö cbcntvfö 50 infnjd CIF, ult hfccvfnhbdftncz 90 ghjwtynjd celtåysö ltk, dsgjkytybt gjdctlytdysö dytceltåysö aeyrwbq jnltkmysö celjd b celtåysö cbcntv jceotcndkztncz ukfdysv jåhfpjv cgtwbfkmyj jåextyysvb cjnhelybrfvb, nfr yfpsdftvsvb celtåysvb flvbybcnhfnjhfvb. D ghbdjlbvjv ybét jxthrt jå ädjkñwbb ljkéyjcnb celtåyjuj flvbybcnhfnjhf ljrnjh ghfdf, ghjatccjh Léjpta F. Nhjnnth, djpukfdkzñobq jnltk ghjuhfvv d jåkfcnb ghfdjcelbz yf afrekmntnt ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz Fvthbrfycrjuj eybdthcbntnf, hfccrfpsdftn j njv, rfr celtåyst htajhvs jåeckjdbkb cghjc yf flvbybcnhfnjhjd yjdjuj nbgf, f nfrét j cjdhtvtyysö djpvjéyjcnzö jåextybz b gjlujnjdrb nfrbö cgtwbfkbcnjd. CELTÅYST FLVBYBCNHFNJHS yfpyfxfñncz kbåj ukfdysv celmtq celtåyjq cbcntvs, kbåj ghtlctlfntkmcndeñobv bkb jåkflfñobv flvbybcnhfnbdysvb aeyrwbzvb celmtq njuj celf, d rjnjhjv jyb hfåjnfñn. Rfr b d ckexft c celmzvb, d CIF ytn ujcelfhcndtyyjuj extåyjuj pfdtltybz, rjnjhjt lfdfkj ås ghjatccbjyfkmyeñ gjlujnjdre celtåysv ckeéfobv, yfpyfxftvsv yf nfrbt ljkéyjcnb. R njve ét, pf bcrkñxtybtv ajhvfkmyjq ghjwtlehs cthnbabrfwbb, ddtltyyjq d gjcktlybt ujls atlthfkmysvb celfvb lkz ytvyjujxbcktyyjq rfntujhbb ljkéyjcnysö kbw atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs, yt ceotcndetn yb jåotyfwbjyfkmyjuj rdfkbabrfwbjyyjuj ärpfvtyf, yb cgtwbfkmyjq ghjwtlehs cthnbabrfwbb ghbvtybntkmyj r kbwfv, dsgjkyzñobv aeyrwbb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd. Yfrjytw, änb cjnhelybrb yt jåzpfys åsnm lbgkjvbhjdfyysvb ñhbcnfvb (b åjkmibycndj bp ybö yt bvttn ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz), ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj bvtyyj yf ybö djpkjétyf pflfxf eghfdktybz njq chtljq, d rjnjhjq celmb b fldjrfns dsgjkyzñn ukfdyjt ghtlyfpyfxtybt celf. B ntv yt vtytt hjkm änbö cjnhelybrjd bvttn nfrjt dféyjt pyfxtybt, c njxrb phtybz djpvjéyjcntq b fdnjhbntnf fvthbrfycrjq celtåyjq cbcntvs, xnj bö jåextybt b gjlujnjdrf drkñxtys d jåobq jåpjh ghfdjdjuj jåhfpjdfybz d CIF. 33 Celtåysq flvbybcnhfnjh rfr ghjatccbz Léjpta F. Nhjnnth Gjlujnjdrf flvbybcnhfnjhjd r ghjatccbjyfkmyjq hfåjnt d fvthbrfycrbö celfö jcyjdfyf yf bcgjkmpjdfybb hzlf jåhfpjdfntkmysö htcehcjd, rjnjhst åskb cajhvbhjdfys kbim pf gjcktlybt 30 ktn. D bö xbckj döjlzn ytcrjkmrj ghjuhfvv ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb yf åfpt rjkktlétq b eybdthcbntnjd, ytcrjkmrj cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyysö ghjuhfvv, ghjdjlbvsö ytghfdbntkmcndtyysvb jhufybpfwbzvb, ltzntkmyjcnm rjnjhsö gjcdzotyf cjdthitycndjdfybñ celtåyjq cbcntvs, jåextybt d ghjwtcct hfåjns, ghjdjlbvjt celtåysvb cbcntvfvb infnjd lkz cdjbö hfåjnybrjd, b, cfvjt ukfdyjt, gjcnjzyyj eckjéyzñobtcz ghjuhfvvs jåextybz, ghjdjlbvst ghjatccbjyfkmysvb fccjwbfwbzvb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd b cgtwbfkbcnfvb cvtéysö ghjatccbq d ajhvfnt extåyj-ghfrnbxtcrbö rjyathtywbq yf jåotyfwbjyfkmyjv, htubjyfkmyjv ehjdyzö b yf ehjdyt jnltkmysö infnjd. Nfrfz cbcntvf gjlujnjdrb b jåextybz ckjébkfcm d pyfxbntkmyjq cntgtyb c extnjv ntö bpvtytybq, rjnjhst ghjbcöjlbkb d cfvjq ghjatccbb celtåyjuj flvbybcnhfnjhf, b hfcneotuj vyjujjåhfpbz jhufybpfwbjyysö cnherneh celtåyjq cbcntvs, c rjnjhsvb ghböjlbncz hfåjnfnm flvbybcnhfnjhe. 34 Njkmrj xthtp ytcrjkmrj ltcznbktnbq gjckt jrjyxfybz Dnjhjq vbhjdjq djqys, rjulf cnhfyf cnfkf åjktt ehåfybpbhjdfyyjq, f xbckj gjcnegfdibö d cels hfpyjuj hjlf ltk htprj djphjckj, jåütv b ckjéyjcnm njq hfåjns, rjnjheñ ghböjlbkjcm dsgjkyznm celfv d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö rfr yf atlthfkmyjv ehjdyt, nfr b yf ehjdyt jnltkmysö infnjd, jåeckjdbkb ytjåöjlbvjcnm vtyznm ghjdthtyyst dhtvtytv gjkbnbre, ghjwtlehs b ghfdbkf hfåjns celjd. B cgtwbfkbcns, b jåhfofdibtcz d cels hzljdst uhfélfyt cnfkb dct åjktt frnbdyj åbnm nhtdjue gj gjdjle ytljcnfnrjd b ytäaatrnbdyjcnb celjd, jcjåtyyj d cdzpb c hfplhjåktyyjcnmñ celtåysö cbcntv infnjd. D jndtn yf äne rhbnbre d cthtlbyt 1960-ö ujljd cels gthdjq bycnfywbb b dthöjdyst cels hzlf infnjd yfyzkb yf hfåjne gthdsö celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd. Ibhjrjt ghbpyfybt d rfxtcndt cfvjcnjzntkmyjq ghjatccbb änf cgtwbfkmyjcnm gjkexbkf gjplytt. Yf gthdsö gjhfö kbwf, rjnjhst åskb ghbukfitys yf änb ljkéyjcnb, bvtkb cfveñ hfpyeñ gjlujnjdre, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, d jåkfcnb vtcnyjuj eghfdktybz b ghfdf, öjnz ytrjnjhst bp ybö eét gjkexbkb eghfdktyxtcrbq jgsn, hfåjnfz d xfcnyjv bkb ujcelfhcndtyyjv ctrnjht. Gjyfxfke änb cjnhelybrb ljkéys åskb jrfpsdfnm gjvjom ghtlctlfntkñ celf d dsgjkytybb bv flvbybcnhfnbdysö aeyrwbq, öjnz bö rjyrhtnyst ckeétåyst jåzpfyyjcnb yt åskb xtnrj jghtltktys. R 1971 ujle dj dctq cnhfyt åskj dctuj 50 celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd. R 1980 ujle bö xbckj ljcnbukj 500, f r 1990 ujle dshjckj tot d ldf hfpf, ukfdysv jåhfpjv, dcktlcndbt ghtlghbyznsö d 70-t b 90-t ujls jåotyfwbjyfkmysö ecbkbq gj vjlthybpfwbb, ltgjkbnbpfwbb b htjhufybpfwbb celtåysö cbcntv infnjd. D yfib lyb ghjatccbjyfkmysq cnfnec celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd, eghfdkzñobö ltzntkmyjcnmñ celjd bkb celtåyjq cbcntvs dj bcgjkytybt herjdjlzobö lbhtrnbd dthöjdyjuj celtåyjuj jhufyf gjkexbk gjdctvtcnyjt ghbpyfybt. Dj dctö 50 celtåysö cbcntvfö infnjd b dj dctö 11 jrheufö atlthfkmyjq ñhbclbrwbb ctujlyz hfåjnftn jrjkj 2500 celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd, gjl yfxfkjv rjnjhsö yföjlbncz vyjujnsczxysq gthcjyfk cgtwbfkbcnjd. Ägjöf celtåyjq htajhvs Ägjöf celtåyjq htajhvs 60-ö b 70-ö ujljd hfpdjhfxbdfkfcm yf djkyt abyfycjdjq gjvjob, rjnjheñ atlthfkmyjt ghfdbntkmcndj jrfpsdfkj infnfv d 70-t ujls d wtkzö cjdthitycndjdfybz cbcntvs eujkjdyjuj celjghjbpdjlcndf, f nfrét yf ajyt ljrkfljd, rjnjhst gjcnegfkb jn hfpkbxysö yfwbjyfkmysö rjvbccbq, wtktdsö uhegg b uhfélfycrbö jåütlbytybq, cgtwbfkmyj pfybvfdiböcz ghjåktvjq cjdthitycndjdfybz celtåyjq cbcntvs. Rekmvbyfwbtq dctö änbö ecbkbq cnfkj ghbyznbt Fccjwbfwbtq fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd wtkjuj hzlf cnfylfhnjd, wtktdsö gjrfpfntktq b rhbnthbtd rfxtcndf hfåjns ghbvtybntkmyj r jhufybpfwbb b ltzntkmyjcnb celtåyjq cbcntvs d 70-t, 80-t b 90-t ujls. Yfkbxbt cnfylfhnjd b rhbnthbtd rfxtcndf jåeckjdbkj ytjåöjlbvjcnm ghbdktxtybz r hfåjnt d celfö kñltq, jåkflfñobö ghjatccbjyfkmysvb eghfdktyxtcrbvb yfdsrfvb. Gjybvfybt änjq ytjåöjlbvjcnb ecbkbdfkjcm gjnhtåyjcnmñ dj dytlhtybb cjdhtvtyysö ntöyjkjubq, jcjåtyyj fdnjvfnbpbhjdfyysö cbcntv b rjvgmñnthjd, vbrhjabkmvbhjdfybz b lheubö vtnjljd öhfytybz fhöbdyjq byajhvfwbb, f nfrét yjdsö vtnjljd celtåyjq jnxtnyjcnb b cdzpb d ltzntkmyjcnm celtåyjq cbcntvs, rjnjhfz lj cbö gjh cxbnfkfcm fyrkfdjv nhflbwbjyysö b gj ghtbveotcnde nheljtvrbö vtnjljd hfåjns. D ntxtybt änjuj gthbjlf ljdjkmyj åjkmijt xbckj infnjd ghjdtkj htjhufybpfwbñ cdjbö celtåysö cbcntv gjchtlcndjv dytctybz gjghfdjr d Rjycnbnewbñ b ghbyznbz cjjndtncndeñobö pfrjyjd. Chtlb yfbåjktt aeylfvtynfkmysö bpvtytybq, cnfdibö htpekmnfnjv änjq htjhufybpfwbb, vjéyj yfpdfnm xtnsht, bvtdibö yfbåjktt pyfxbntkmyst gjcktlcndbz lkz jghtltktybz ntö yfdsrjd, rjnjhsvb jåzpfys jåkflfnm celtåyst flvbybcnhfnjhs: ❍ jåütlbytybt jåjcjåktyysö vtcnysö celjd c jcjåjq ñhbclbrwbtq d tlbyst cels gthdjq bycnfywbb c jnltkmysvb gjlhfpltktybzvb b jåobv ghtlctlfntktv, ytceobv flvbybcnhfnbdyeñ jndtncndtyyjcnm pf dct dbls celjghjbpdjlcndf; ❍ cjplfybt wtynhfkbpjdfyyjq cbcntvs eghfdktybz celfvb, yfxbyfz jn Dthöjdyjuj celf CIF lj cfvjuj ybpituj celf gthdjq bycnfywbb; ❍ cjplfybt cbcntvs rflhjdjuj jåtcgtxtybz celjd ytceltqcrbv gthcjyfkjv, hfåjnfdibv gjl eghfdktybtv cfvjq celtåyjq cbcntvs, f yt dtljvcndf bcgjkybntkmyjq dtndb dkfcnb; ❍ ghbyznbt yf ctåz infnfvb vfnthbfkmysö bplthétr, cdzpfyysö c hfåjnjq celtåyjq cbcntvs. Hfymit abyfycbhjdfybt jceotcndkzkjcm bp åjktt crelysö chtlcnd jrheujd b ujhjljd, d rjnjhsö yföjlzncz änb cels. Jlybv bp htpekmnfnjd änbö b lheubö htajhv cnfkj nj, xnj yf celtq cnfkb djpkfufnmcz ljgjkybntkmyst aeyrwbb eghfdktybz, cdzpfyyst c abyfycjdsvb, rflhjdsvb djghjcfvb, åtpjgfcyjcnmñ b lheubvb djghjcfvb, pfybvfnmcz rjnjhsvb jyb yt evtkb, lf b yt öjntkb. Tot åjktt dféysv cktlcndbtv änbö htajhv cnfkj hfpvsdfybt gjyznbz flvbybcnhfnbdyjq cfvjcnjzntkmyjcnb jnltkmysö celjd b celtq, f nfrét ecbktybt dybvfybz r bö gjljnxtnyjcnb. Yjdst wtynhfkbpjdfyyst cötvs eghfdktybz celtåysvb cbcntvfvb, d rjnjhsö cjplfyyst d infnfö jnltks celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd jrfpsdfkb gjvjom dthöjdysv celfv infnjd d yflpjht pf ltzntkmyjcnmñ celtåysö cbcntv, nhtåjdfkb jn jnltkmysö celjd b celtq ghtlcnfdktybz gthbjlbxtcrjq jnxtnyjcnb jå jåütvt hfåjns b ghbyznsö htitybzö. Änj gjpdjkzkj ghbvtyznm flvbybcnhfnbdyst vths lkz bcghfdktybz ytljcnfnjxyj äaatrnbdysö gjrfpfntktq bkb djcgjkytybz ytljcnfnrf htcehcjd jnltkmysö celjd b d nj ét dhtvz ltkfkj jxtdblyjq gjnhtåyjcnm celjd b yf ehjdyt infnjd, b yf vtcnyjv ehjdyt d ghjatccbjyfkmyj gjlujnjdktyyjv eghfdktyxtcrjv gthcjyfkt. D ntxtybt 20-ktnytuj gthbjlf c cthtlbys 60-ö lj cthtlbys 80-ö ujljd gj vtht eckjéytybz ltzntkmyjcnb celtåysö cbcntv b hjcnf cghjcf yf hfåjnybrjd, dkfltñobö flvbybcnhfnbdysvb yfdsrfvb, gjnhtåyjcnm d cgtwbfkmyj jåextyysö cjnhelybrfö, cgjcjåysö gjvjufnm celmzv d eghfdktybb celfvb, cnfyjdbkfcm dct åjktt jxtdblyjq. D änbö eckjdbzö djpybrkf wtkfz cbcntvf ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd, yf gjllthére rjnj- 35 hsö vjukb jgbhfnmcz cels bkb herjdjlbntkb celtåysö cbcntv. ctåt b yfdsrb d yfhjélfñotqcz ghjatccbb celtåyjuj flvbybcnhfnjhf. Cnfyjdktybt cbcntvs ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd Gthdst dsgecrybrb BCV hfpütöfkbcm gj celfv cnhfys eét d rfxtcndt ghjatccbjyfkmyj gjlujnjdktyysö celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd. Jyb endthélfkb cdjq ghjatccbjyfkmysq cnfnec d ukfpfö lheubö hfåjnybrjd celtåyjq cbcntvs, f nfrét ljkéyjcnysö kbw d infnfö b yf vtcnfö yf jcyjdt cdjbö pyfybq, yfdsrjd, cdjtq gjktpyjcnb lkz cbcntvs d wtkjv, f nfrét hfpdbdfz cdzpb cj vyjubvb jåckeébdfñobvb cels jhufybpfwbzvb b rjycekmnfynfvb. D rjywt 60-ö ujljd åskf cjplfyf ljåhjdjkmyfz jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd, ghfdlf, yf gthdsö gjhfö dtcmvf ytvyjujxbcktyyfz. Änf jhufybpfwbz cajhvekbhjdfkf ghjatccbjyfkmyst pflfxb b hjkm celtåyjuj flvbybcnhfnjhf, f nfrét jhufybpjdfkf jåextybt gj frnefkmysv djghjcfv b dpzkf yf ctåz aeyrwbb rjjhlbyfnjhf d hfvrfö yjdjq ghjatccbb. Dféysq vjvtyn, c rjnjhsv cnjkryekbcm änb hfåjnybrb yf hfyytq cnflbb cnfyjdktybz ghjatccbb, cjcnjzk d ytjåöjlbvjcnb hfpüzcyznm, xnj celtåysq flvbybcnhfnjh yt zdkztncz ytrbv ≤cegthctrhtnfhtv≥, gjcrjkmre ljkéyjcnm ≤ctrhtnfhz celf≥ åskf exhtéltyf pfljkuj lj änjuj. Gjänjve jlyf bp dféytqibö wtktq, rjnjheñ cnfdbkf gthtl cjåjq jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz, pfrkñxfkfcm d njv, xnjås dtcnb hfåjne gj hfpüzcytybñ öfhfrnthf ntö eghfdktyxtcrbö aeyrwbq, rjnjhst jnysyt djpkfufkbcm yf celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd b rjnjhst yt cjdgflfkb c jcjåsvb aeyrwbzvb celtåysö ctrhtnfhtq. D 1971 ujle gjl herjdjlcndjv njulfiytuj ghtlctlfntkz Dthöjdyjuj celf Ejhhtyf Åthuthf åskf exhtéltyf ytghfdbntkmcndtyyfz jhufybpfwbz, gjkexbdifz yfpdfybt ≤Bycnbnen celtåyjuj vtytlévtynf (BCV)≥, yf rjnjheñ åskf djpkjétyf pflfxf cjplfybz ghjuhfvvs ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåextybz b cthnbabrfwbb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd. Gthdsv lbhtrnjhjv änjq ghjuhfvvs cnfk Lby Ähytcn Ahbpty, d cdjt dhtvz cjplfdibq Yfwbjyfkmysq celtåysq rjkktlé – wtynhfkbpjdfyyjt extåyjt pfdtltybt lkz gjdsitybz rdfkbabrfwbb b lfkmytqituj jåhfpjdfybz celtq bp dctö infnjd cnhfys. Jhufybpfnjhs ghjuhfvvs cevtkb ghbdktxm r exfcnbñ d ytq d rfxtcndt ckeifntktq åjkmijt xbckj kñltq c hfpkbxysv jgsnjv hfåjns, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö åskb pfyzns d yfexyj-ntöybxtcrjq jåkfcnb. Dct jyb åskb pfbynthtcjdfys d njv, xnjås, jgbhfzcm yf cdjb fyfkbnbxtcrbt yfdsrb, f nfrét yf gjpyfybz d jåkfcnb ntöyjkjubq b eghfdktybz ghjtrnfvb, hfpdbnm d 36 Ghbvthyj d nj ét dhtvz, rjulf åsk exhtélty BCV, åsk cjplfy b Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh infncrbö celjd (YWIC) – nfrét gjl herjdjlcndjv ghtlctlfntkz Dthöjdyjuj celf Åthuthf. C cjplfybtv änjuj wtynhf bvtyyj celmb b celtåyst vtytléths gjkexbkb d cdjt hfcgjhzétybt jåotyfwbjyfkmysq bccktljdfntkmcrbq, byajhvfwbjyysq b ntöybxtcrbq htcehc. YWIC bvttn cnfnec ytghfdbntkmcndtyyjq jhufybpfwbb, b tuj ltzntkmyjcnm wtkbrjv gjcdzotyf jrfpfybñ cjltqcndbz b gjvjob celfv infnjd; wtynhjv herjdjlbn cjdtn lbhtrnjhjd, d cjcnfd rjnjhjuj döjlzn celmb b celtåyst flvbybcnhfnjhs, hfåjnfñobt d celfö infnjd. Njulf ét, d 70-t ujls åskf exhtéltyf b Yfwbjyfkmyfz fccjwbfwbz jhufyjd jåhfpjdfybz celtåysö hfåjnybrjd. C ujlfvb änf ljåhjdjkmyfz fccjwbfwbz cnfkf buhfnm dct åjktt pfvtnyeñ hjkm d cjltqcndbb jhufybpfwbzv, cgtwbfkbpbheñobvcz yf ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrt flvbybcnhfnjhjd, pf cxtn drkñxtybz vtytlévtynf d cdjb ghjuhfvvs gjlujnjdrb b jåextybz celtq b ytceltqcrjuj gthcjyfkf. Xktyfvb fccjwbfwbb cnfkb hfåjnybrb flvbybcnhfnbdysö jnltkjd celjd infnjd, pfybvfñobtcz gkfybhjdfybtv b ghjdtltybtv (dj dpfbvjltqcndbb c herjdjlcndjv celtåyjq cbcntvs infnf) ghjuhfvv lfkmytqituj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz lkz celtq b ytceltqcrjuj gthcjyfkf celjd infnf. D 1979 ujle d Cfhfcjnt, infn Akjhblf, åskf ghjdtltyf gthdfz cjdvtcnyfz jåotyfwbjyfkmyfz ghjuhfvvf jåextybz celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd b ntöybxtcrjuj gthcjyfkf celjd, f dcrjht gjckt änjuj yfwbjyfkmyst fccjwbfwbb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd b celtåysö ctrhtnfhtq dkbkbcm d cjcnfd ceotcndeñotq d yfib lyb Yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb celtåyjuj vtytlévtynf (YFCV). Yf vjvtyn ajhvbhjdfybz änjq jhufybpfwbb pyfxbntkmyfz ljkz flvbybcnhfnbdyjq ltzntkmyjcnb d celfö jceotcndkzkfcm yf ehjdyt infnjd bkb vtcnyjv ehjdyt, ult cjåcndtyyj b hfåjnfkb tt xktys. Gj vtht cnfyjdktybz ghjatccbb b ghböjlf ghjatccbjyfkmyj gjlujnjdktyysö celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd d atlthfkmyeñ celtåyeñ cbcntve, vyjubt bp ybö dcnegfkb d äne jhufybpfwbñ. Ctujlyz YFCV, bvtñofz jnltktybz dj dctö infnfö b htubjyfö cnhfys, jceotcndkztn gjlujnjdre celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd yf rheukjujlbxyjq jcyjdt. D yfxfkt 80-ö ujljd ghjbpjikj ckbzybt YWIC b BCV, b ctujlyz jnltktybt BCV d cjcnfdt YWIC gj-ghtéytve ghtlkfuftn ibhjrbq yfåjh ghjuhfvv jåextybz lkz eghfdktyxtcrjuj gthcjyfkf celjd, ghbxtv egjh ltkftncz yf ghbvtytybt ntöyjkjubq d hfåjnt celtåyjq cbcntvs. Nfrbt nhflbwbjyyst ghtlvtns, rfr eghfdktybt gjnjrjv ltk, abyfycfvb, rflhjdsvb b vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrbvb htcehcfvb, gkfybhjdfybt, f nfrét vtédtljvcndtyyst b jåotcndtyyst cdzpb gj-ghtéytve döjlzn d ghjuhfvvs jåextybz. Tot lj änjuj ytrjnjhst eybdthcbntns CIF nfrét ddtkb d cdjb extåyst gkfys ghjuhfvvs gjlujnjdrb d jåkfcnb flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj eghfdktybz celfvb. Chtlb ybö vjéyj yfpdfnm Fvthbrfycrbq eybdthcbntn d u. Dfibyunjyt, Ltydthcrbq eybdthcbntn d Ltydtht, infn Rjkjhflj, b Ñéyjrfkbajhybqcrbq eybdthcbntn d Kjc-Fylétktct. Änb ghjuhfvvs åskb ukfdysv jåhfpjv jhbtynbhjdfys yf gjkextybt cntgtyb vfubcnhf, öjnz rehcs gj flvbybcnhfnbdyjve eghfdktybñ celfvb xbnfkbcm nfrét b lkz cneltynjd xtnshtöujlbxysö rjkktlétq. D Ltydthcrjv eybdthcbntnt ghjuhfvvf ghjdjlbkfcm yf åfpt afrekmntnf ghfdf, f d lheubö eybdthcbntnfö – yf afrekmntnfö ujcelfhcndtyyjuj eghfdktybz. D yfcnjzott dhtvz, jlyfrj, ghjuhfvvs jåextybz gj ghtlvtne flvbybcnhfnbdyjuj eghfdktybz celfvb d änbö extåysö pfdtltybzö kbåj d åjkmibycndt cdjtv ghbjcnfyjdktys, kbåj djjåot ghtrhfotys, öjnz d ytrjnjhsö bp ybö dct tot vjéyj ghjckeifnm hzl cgtwbfkmysö rehcjd. Ljgjkybntkmyst afrnjhs C yfxfkf 80-ö ujljd infncrbt b vtcnyst cels bcgsnfkb dphsdyjq hjcn eghfdktyxtcrbö aeyrwbq – c njxrb phtybz rfr lbfgfpjyf pflfx, rjnjhst nhtåjdfkb cdjtuj htitybz, nfr b bö ckjéyjcnb. Gjnhtåyjcnm d ghjatccbjyfkmyj gjlujnjdktyysö celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhfö ctqxfc eét ghbpyftncz cj dctq jxtdblyjcnmñ, gjcrjkmre djpkfuftvst yf ybö aeyrwbb jcyjdfys yf dkfltybb ibhjrbv lbfgfpjyjv yfdsrjd b pyfybq, lkz ghbdytctybz rjnjhsö d ltzntkmyjcnm celjd, rfr ghfdbkj, nhtåetncz edtkbxtybz xbcktyyjcnb gthcjyfkf. Rfr b dct jcnfkmyst caths, celtåyst cbcntvs d xhtpdsxfqyjq cntgtyb gjldthétys dkbzybñ ntöyjkjubq, rjnjhst pfnhfubdfñn dtcm gjnjr hfccvfnhbdftvsö celfvb ltk b dtcm ghjwtcc eghfdktybz änbvb ltkfvb, d njv xbckt cgjcjås gjcnegktybz ltk d cels, bö fhöbdbhjdfybz, ghtlcnfdktybz celfvb jnxtnjd j cdjtq hfåjnt b cgtwbabre jåjheljdfybz, rjnjhsv ljkéys jcyfofnmcz cels. Djghjc j gjlujnjdrt ghjatccbjyfkmysö celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd cnfyjdbncz tot nhelytt, tckb cjtlbybnm dvtcnt ntöyjkjubxtcreñ htdjkñwbñ c lheubvb afrnjhfvb, nfrbvb rfr åtpjgfcyjcnm vtcnysö celtåysö cbcntv, bö vfnthbfkmyj-ntöybxtcrbt gjnhtåyjcnb, pflfxb eghfdktybz abcrfkmysvb b rflhjdsvb htcehcfvb, f nfrét nfrbvb, rfr pfrjyjlfntkmyst frns, pfnhfubdfñobt hfåjne celjd, yfghbvth, Pfrjy jå bydfkblfö, b ljgjkybntkmyst aeyrwbb, rjnjhst ghböjlbncz åhfnm yf ctåz vyjubv celfv gthdjq bycnfywbb d nfrbö djghjcfö, rfr pfobnf jn åsnjdjuj yfcbkbz b cgjhs jå jgtrt, hfdyj rfr b ytjåöjlbvjcnm jåckeébdfnm dct åjktt hfpyjjåhfpysq rheu jåhfofñoböcz d cel kbw, vyjubt bp rjnjhsö yt bvtñn fldjrfnjd b/bkb yt dkfltñn fyukbqcrbv zpsrjv. Ghfrnbxtcrfz jhbtynfwbz jåextybz b gjlujnjdrb Dj dct djphfcnfñotq cntgtyb jcyjdjq ajhvfkmyjuj jåextybz b gjlujnjdrb flvbybcnhfnjhjd celjd gthdjq bycnfywbb cnfyjdzncz ghjdjlbvst åtp jnhsdf jn hfåjns ghjuhfvvs, d hjkb jhufybpfnjhjd rjnjhsö dscnegfñn jnltks celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd infnjd, b/bkb fyfkjubxyst vtcnyst ghjuhfvvs, ghjdjlbvst cbkfvb cfvbö celjd. Dslfñofz cthnbabrfns 37 cdjbv dsgecrybrfv ghjuhfvvf YWIC/BCV gj-ghtéytve jåckeébdftn kbim ytåjkmijq rjynbyutyn celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd, f yf pfctlfybzö yfwbjyfkmyjq fccjwbfwbb jåceélfñncz gjxnb bcrkñxbntkmyj cfvst yfceoyst djghjcs. Yf ghjnzétybb gjcktlybö ytcrjkmrbö ktn YFCV njét yfxfkf ghjdjlbnm htubjyfkmyst rjyathtywbb d wtkzö edtkbxtybz xbckf ckeifntktq cdjbö ghjuhfvv, f nfrét jhbtynfwbb ghtlkfuftvjuj tñ jåextybz yf ceotcndeñobt d htubjyfö gjnhtåyjcnb. Ltqcndeñobt d infnfö fccjwbfwbb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd njét hfphfåfnsdfñn b eét vjuen ghjdjlbnm åjktt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst ghjuhfvvs jåextybz, c extnjv cgtwbabrb hfåjns celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd yf vtcnfö. Ctujlyz eét cxbnftncz, xnj d cdtnt njuj ehjdyz gjlujnjdrb, rjnjhsq ntgthm nhtåetncz lkz äaatrnbdyjuj dsgjkytybz aeyrwbq celtåyjuj flvbybcnhfnjhf d celfö gthdjq bycnfywbb yf ehjdyt infnjd b vtcnyjv ehjdyt, pyfxbntkmysq jåütv gjlujnjdbntkmysö b jpyfrjvbntkmysö pyfybq, bpyfxfkmyj hfcghjcnhfyzdiböcz gjchtlcndjv hfpkbxysö jgbcfyysö dsit vtöfybpvjd, ljkéty åsnm gjkexty celtåysv flvbybcnhfnjhjv d öjlt ghtlsleotuj jåextybz b/bkb d ghjwtcct hfåjns. D gjcktlytt dhtvz jåextybt celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd jhbtynbhjdfyj yf ghbvtytybb änjuj ytjåöjlbvjuj jåütvf pyfybq b yfdsrjd r htfkmyjq hfåjnt celjd b cgtwbabrt celtåysö ghjwtleh d eckjdbzö rjyrhtnyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs. Rhjvt njuj, gj vtht djpybryjdtybz aeyrwbb celtåyjuj flvbybcnhfnjhf b gjcktleñotuj ajhvbhjdfybz cjjndtncndeñobö cnherneh, rjvgtntynyjcnm d djghjcfö eghfdktybz rflhfvb, jhufybpfwbb hfåjns rjkktrnbdf, gjdsitybz rdfkbabrfwbb gthcjyfkf b cnhfntubxtcrjuj gkfybhjdfybz cnfkf jghtltkzñotq pflfxtq ghjatccbjyfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd. 38 D pfrkñxtybt cktletn jnvtnbnm, xnj hfpdbnbt cbcntvs gjlujnjdrb b jåextybz celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd lkz hfåjns d celfö infnjd b celfö vtcnyjuj ehjdyz d CIF ecgtdfkj pf ghjwtccjv gjzdktybz yjdsö aeyrwbq b yfdsrjd, rjnjhst cnfkb ytjnütvktvjq xfcnmñ änjq hfåjns d ntxtybt gjcktlybö ytcrjkmrbö ltcznbktnbq. Jgbhfzcm yf ytajhvfkmyjt gfhnythcndj vtéle jåotcndtyysv b xfcnysv ctrnjhfvb yf dctö ehjdyzö, ghjatccbjyfkmyfz gjlujnjdrf celtåysö flvbybcnhfnjhjd ädjkñwbjybhjdfkf jn gthdjyfxfkmyjq yfwtktyyjcnb yf dféytqibt äktvtyns njq hjkb, rjnjhfz jndjlbkfcm änbv cgtwbfkbcnfv d celtåyjq cbcntvt, d cnjhjye åjktt ibhjrjuj ghbvtytybz bö pyfybq b yfdsrjd d ntöyjkjubxtcrbö, eghfdktyxtcrbö b rflhjdsö jåkfcnzö änjq cbcntvs. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf Å b å k b j u h f a b z Armytage, Livingston Educating Judges: Towards a New Model of Continuing Judicial Learning. Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1996. Apple, James G. and Robert P. Deyling A Primer on the Civil-Law System. Washington, D.C.: Federal Judicial Center, 1995. Austin, Arthur The Empire Strikes Back: Outsiders and the Struggle Over Legal Education. New York: New York University Press, c1998. Balkin J.M. and Sanford Levinson, eds. Legal Canons. New York : New York University Press, © 2000 Beaning, David Law School Involvement in Community Development: A Study of Current Initiatives and Approaches. Washington, D.C.: Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, 1999. Crane, Linda R. “Interdisciplinary Combined-degree and Graduate Law Degree Programs: History and Trends,” The John Marshall Law Review, vol. 33, Fall 1999, pp. 47-80. Feinman, Jay M. “The Future History of Legal Education,” Rutgers Law Journal, vol. 29, Spring 1998, pp. 475-85. Hegland, Kenney F. Introduction to the Study and Practice of Law in a Nutshell, 3rd ed. St. Paul, MN: West Group, 2000. Hess, Gerald F. “Seven Principles for Good Practice in Legal Education: History and Overview,” Journal of Legal Education, vol. 49, no. 3, September 1999, pp. 367-70. Holland, Laura G. “Invading the Ivory Tower:The History of Clinical education at Yale Law School,” Journal of Legal Education, vol. 49, no. 4, December 1999, pp. 504-534. Jaszi, Peter “Experience as Text:The History of External Pedagogy at the Washington College of Law, American University,” Clinical Law Review, vol. 5, Spring 1999, pp. 403-35. King, Donald B. , ed. Legal Education for the 21st Century. Littleton, CO: F.B. Rothman, 1999. Moliterno, James E. & Frederick I. Lederer An Introduction to Law, Law Study, and the Lawyer’s Role. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1991. Sherman, Mark Andrew “Teaching Grassroots Democracy through Service-Learning: Lessons from the Collaborative Teaching/Lawyering Method of Clinical Legal Education,” Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, vol. 6, Fall 1999, pp.74-83. Stevens, Robert Bocking Law School: Legal Education in America from the 1850s to the 1980s. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983. United States Courts for the District of Columbia Legal Education in the 21st Century: Panel Discussion at the 2000 Judicial Conference, Moderator, Harry T. Edwards. Washington, D.C. U.S. Courts for the D.C. Circuit, 2000. White, James Boyd From Expectation to Experience: Essays on Law and Legal Education. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, c1999. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf 39 C F Q N S B Y N T H Y T N F American Bar Association Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar Continuing Legal Education Ctrwbz Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghbtvf d fldjrfnehe http://www.lpig.org/cle.html Ytghthsdyjt ñhblbxtcrjt jåhfpjdfybt Byajhvfwbjyysq cghfdjxybr lkz fldjrfnjd. http://www.abanet.org/legaled/ Yfcxbnsdfñofz 6500 xktyjd uheggf hfåjnftn yfl ekexitybtv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz b ghjwtlehs dslfxb fldjrfncrjq kbwtypbb; jhufybpfwbz eukeåkztn cjnhelybxtcndj vtéle ghtgjlfdfntkzvb ghfdf, ghfrnbreñobvb ñhbcnfvb b celmzvb, jhufybpez cbvgjpbevs b rjyathtywbb, f nfrét cgjcjåcndez geåkbrfwbb vfnthbfkjd gj cjjndtncndeñotq ntvfnbrt. Federal Judicial Center (FJC) Atlthfkmysq celtåysq wtynh (ACW) http://www.fjc.gov/ Bccktljdfntkmcrbq bycnbnen b extåyjt pfdtltybt d hfvrfö atlthfkmyjq celtåyjq cbcntvs. Legal Terms Glossary Ukjccfhbq gj ñhblbxtcrjq nthvbyjkjubb ALI-ABA http://www.ali-aba.org/ Rjvbntn gj djghjcfv ytghthsdyjuj ghjatccbjyfkmyjuj jåhfpjdfybz ghtljcnfdkztn jåibhyeñ byajhvfwbñ d htébvt jy-kfqy jnyjcbntkmyj nhflbwbjyysö b cgenybrjdsö ghjuhfvv ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. http://www.lawyers.com/lawyers-com/content/ glossary/glossary.html Drkñxftn 10 nsczx nthvbyjd gj ñhbcgheltywbb, bö ghjbpyjitybt b ñhblbxtcrbt jghtltktybz. The Judicial Education Reference, Information and Technical Transfer Project (JERITT) Åfpf lfyysö gj ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ, byajhvfwbjyyj-ntöybxtcrbq ghjtrn Association of American Law Schools (AALS) Fccjwbfwbz fvthbrfycrbö ñhblbxtcrbö extåysö pfdtltybq http://www.aals.org/ Ytrjvvthxtcrfz fccjwbfwbz 164 ñhblbxtcrbö extåysö pfdtltybq, dsgecrfñofz chtlb lheubö bplfybq ≤Léjhyfk jd ktufk älñrtqiy≥. Pfybvftncz cjcnfdktybtv jåpjhjd, f nfrét ghjdtltybtv tétujlysö dcnhtx b cbvgjpbevjd. 40 http://jeritt.msu.edu/ Yfwbjyfkmysq wtynh, cjlthéfobq byajhvfwbñ gj ytghthsdyjve ñhblbxtcrjve jåhfpjdfybñ lkz celtq b ñhbcnjd, flvbybcnhfnjhjd b eghfdkzñobö, ghtgjlfdfntktq d celtåyjq cbcntvt b lheubö rkñxtdsö hfåjnybrjd celjd vtcnyjuj, infnyjuj b atlthfkmyjuj ehjdytq. Principles and Standards of Continuing Judicial Education Ghbywbgs b cnfylfhns ytghthsdyjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz http://jeritt.msu.edu/pdf/Standardsforweb2.pdf Jurist:The Legal Education Network Ñhbcn: hjéltybt ñhblbxtcrjuj afrekmntnf Legal Education Bibliography Åbåkbjuhfabz gj djghjcfv ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz http://www.wvu.edu/~lawfac/jelkins/orientation/ biblio.html Legal Information Institute: About: Legal Education http://www.jurist.law.pitt.edu Bycnbnen ñhblbxtcrjq byajhvfwbb jå jåhfpjdfybb d jåkfcnb ghfdf Hfccxbnfyysq yf ghtgjlfdfntktq ghfdf, lfyysq dtå-cfqn cjlthébn bccktljdfntkmcrbt vfnthbfks, yjdjcnb, extåyst gkfys b lheueñ byajhvfwbñ. http://www.law.cornell.edu/topics/ legal_education.html The McCrate Report Ljrkfl Vfrrhtqnf Jurist:The Birth of a Law School Ñhbcn: hjéltybt ñhblbxtcrjuj afrekmntnf http://www.abanet.org/legaled/publications/onlinep ubs/maccrate.html http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/idea.htm Cnfnmb j nhelyjcnzö, cdzpfyysö c jnrhsnbtv yjdjuj ñhblbxtcrjuj afrekmntnf. The Law Teacher Htrjvtylfwbb Rjvbntnf Fccjwbfwbb fvthbrfycrbö ñhbcnjd gj ekexitybñ ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz. DJGHJCS LTVJRHFNBB, Äktrnhjyysq éehyfk Ujcelfhcndtyyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf CIF, Njv 7, yjvth 2, fduecn 2002 ujlf Ghjatccjh-ghfdjdtl http://law.gonzaga.edu/ilst/newsltr.htm Vfnthbfk, hfccxbnfyysq yf ghtgjlfdfntktq ghfdf b cjlthéfobq cnfnmb j hfpkbxysö cnbkzö ghtgjlfdfybz b extåysö gkfyfö, f nfrét ghfrnbxtcrbt cjdtns. The Institure for Legual Education publications page Bycnbnen ñhblbxtcrjuj jåhfpjdfybz, cnhfybwf geåkbrfwbq gj flhtce: http://law.gonzaga.edu/ILST/PubsResources/main.htm 41 Ä K T R N H J Y Y S Q U É E H Y F K d j J C E L F H C N D T Y Y J U J g h j C I F L T G F H N F V T Y N F c s Ltvjrhfnbb ÑHBLBXTCRJT JÅHFPJDFYBT D CIF F D U E C 2 N N J V 7 0 Y 0 J V T H 2 2 U J L F
