nomina instrumenti с суффиксом -(а) в современном русском языке

STUDIA ROSSICA POSNANIENSIA, vol. XXXV: 2010, pp. 115-121. 978-83-232-2247-7. ISSN 0081-6884.
Adam Mickiewicz University Press, PoznaĔ
NOMINA INSTRUMENTI ɋ ɋɍɎɎɂɄɋɈɆ -Ʉ(Ⱥ)
ȼ ɋɈȼɊȿɆȿɇɇɈɆ ɊɍɋɋɄɈɆ əɁɕɄȿ
NOMINA INSTRUMENTI WITH THE SUFFIX -K(A)
IN THE CONTEMPORARY RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
ɄȺɌȺɀɂɇȺ ɄɍɅɂȽɈȼɋɄȺ
ABSTRACT. The purpose of the article is to present the status of the derivational category nomina
instrumenti in the light of cognitive linguistics. The adoption of the prototype approach allows to
broaden the category nomina instrumenti by the names, which have been often excluded from it.
The results of structural and semantic analysis of nomina instrumenti with the suffix -k(a) in the
contemporary Russian language have been presented.
Katarzyna Kuligowska, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, PoznaĔ – Polska.
Ɉɪɭɞɢɹ ɬɪɭɞɚ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɨɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɟɟ
ɞɥɹ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ.
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɢ,
ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ
ɛɵɫɬɪɨ.
ɐɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɜ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɣ
ɢ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ). Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ, ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ
ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ 336 ɥɟɤɫɟɦ, ɩɨɱɟɪɩɧɭɬɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɛɳɢɯ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɯ
ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɣ, ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɟɣ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ1.
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ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ. Ⱥɇ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬ. 1–4, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1981–1984; ɋɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ
ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ 1950–1980 ɝɝ., ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɇ.Ɂ. Ʉɨɬɟɥɨɜɨɣ, ɋɚɧɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1995; Ȼɨɥɶɲɨɣ
ɬɨɥɤɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɋ.Ⱥ. Ʉɭɡɧɟɰɨɜɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1998;
Ɉɛɪɚɬɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɜɚɪɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɇ.ȼ. Ʌɚɡɨɜɨɣ ɢ Ɇ.ɋ. ɒɟɜɟɥɟɜɨɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
1974; SzeĞciojĊzyczny słownik techniki rolniczej, pod red. T. Pawlickiego, PoznaĔ 1996;
Słownik naukowo-techniczny rosyjsko-polski, Warszawa 2008.
Ʉ. Ʉ ɭ ɥ ɢ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɚ
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Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɚ, ɞɚɟɬ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜɵɯ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ2. Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɭɸ ɭɠɟ ɡɚ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɟɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɟɬ ɟɟ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɤɥɚɫɫɚɦ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɵɯ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ, ɬɚɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɥɢɰɨ, ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɢ ɞɪ.3
Ʉɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɩɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɵ ɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɦ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ
ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ Ɋ.ɍ. Ʌɚɧɝɚɤɤɟɪ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɭ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ4. Ɉɧ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ
ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɤɬ ɜ ɨɬɪɵɜɟ ɨɬ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ5.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ Ⱦɠ.Ɋ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ,
ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɢ ɜ ɮɨɧɟɬɢɤɟ,
ɢ ɜ ɦɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɢ ɜ ɫɢɧɬɚɤɫɢɫɟ6. ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɸɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɵɦɢ, ɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
– ɪɚɜɧɨɫɢɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɟɧɢɟ
ɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ
ɹɞɪɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ7 ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɚ, ɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɧɚɛɨɪɨɦ ɱɟɪɬ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ8. ɑɟɦ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɭ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ, ɧɚ
ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɹɦɢ Ɋ.ɍ. Ʌɚɧɝɚɤɤɟɪɚ ɢ Ⱦɠ.Ɋ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ. Ɋ.ɍ. Ʌɚɧɝɚɤɤɟɪ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ9.
ɋ ɷɬɢɦ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɧɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɟɬɫɹ Ⱦɠ. Ɋ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ, ɫɱɢɬɚɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɨɛɳɢɦ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɨɦ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ
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ɋɦ. K. W a s z a k o w a, Kategorie słowotwórcze z perspektywy semantyki kognitywnej (zarys problematyki), [ɜ:] JĊzykowa kategoryzacja Ğwiata, pod red. R. Grzegorczykowej
i A. PajdziĔskiej, Lublin 1996, ɫ. 285–295.
3
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 286–287.
4
ɋɦ. R.W. L a n g a c k e r, Nouns and Verbs, „Language” 1987, vol. 63, nr 1, ɫ. 53–94.
5
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 53.
6
ɋɦ. J.R. T a y l o r, Kategoryzacja w jĊzyku, tłum. A. SkuciĔska, Kraków 2001.
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Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, c. 93–94.
8
K. W a s z a k o w a, Słowotwórstwo a niektóre załoĪenia kognitywizmu, „Poradnik
JĊzykowy” 2004, z. 2, ɫ. 75.
9
R.W. L a n g a c k e r, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 54.
„Nomina instrumenti” c ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ „ɤ(ɚ)” ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
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ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɜɫɸ ɜɫɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɩɚɪɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɬɨɧɤɨɟ ɫɯɨɞɫɬɜɨ10.
ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɩɨ
ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ʉ. ȼɚɲɚɤɨɜɨɣ, ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɟɣ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɥɚɫɫɨɦ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ11. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɢ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ
nomina agentis. ȼ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɭɱɚɢ ɫɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ,
ɤɨɝɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɹɡɵɤɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɠɟ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɟɡɤɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɦɢ12. Ʉɚɤ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ⱦɠ.Ɋ. Ɍɟɣɥɨɪ, „JĊzykoznawcy, którzy
posługują siĊ klasycznymi modelami kategoryzacji, instynktownie wypatrują jasno
okreĞlonych zasad, takĪe w badaniach nad jĊzykiem. Nastawienie prototypowe natomiast skłania badacza do przyjĊcia, nawet oczekiwania rozmytoĞci i stopniowalnoĞci”13.
Ⱦɥɹ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɲɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti, ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɟɣ ɜ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɞɚɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɷɬɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ nomina
instrumenti – ɷɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɩɚɪɚɮɪɚɡɵ:
„ɬɨ, ɱɟɦ / ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɱɟɝɨ / ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ; ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ
ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ”. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɢɱɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɜɫɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ
sensu stricto, ɧɨ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ,
ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ.
Nomina instrumenti ɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɥɨɜ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɵ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɠɚɪɝɨɧɚɯ, ɢ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ
ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɜɫɟɞɧɟɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʌɚɩɬɟɜɚ, „ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɹɡɵɤ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɥ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɟɥɹ ɪɟɱɢ, ɞɥɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɧɚ,
ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɪɨɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɞɥɹ ɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɢ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɫɥɨɜɚ – ɷɬɨɦɭ
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J.R. T a y l o r, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 92–100.
K. W a s z a k o w a, Słowotwórstwo…, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 77.
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Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ.
13
J.R. T a y l o r, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 171.
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Ʉ. Ʉ ɭ ɥ ɢ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɚ
118
ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɥɟɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɪɟɱɟɜɵɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ”14.
ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɂɟɦɫɤɚɹ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ -ɥɤɚ, ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ:
„ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɭɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɜ ɧɟɭɡɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ”, ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ: „ɨɧɢ [ɧɨɦɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ -ɥɤɚ] ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɥɟɝɤɨ. Ɉɧɢ ɭɞɨɛɧɵ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɪɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɱɥɟɧɢɬɶ
ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ: ɭɦɵɜɚɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɯɥɢɩɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɛɪɵɡɝɚɥɤɢ, ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɬɟɥɢ – ɞɟɪɝɚɥɤɢ, ɬɪɹɩɤɢ – ɯɜɚɬɚɥɤɢ ɢ ɜɵɬɢɪɚɥɤɢ”15.
Ɉɫɨɛɨɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɬ.ɧ. ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɯ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ. ȿ. Ʉɚɥɢɲɚɧ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ
ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ
ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɟɦɤɢɦɢ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ16. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɵ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ȿ. ɓɟɩɚɧɶɫɤɚ17. Nomina instrumenti ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ), ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ, ɛɭɞɭɬ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ.
ȼ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɧɚɦɢ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ 336 ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ), ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ 240 ɫɥɨɜ, ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ – ɝɪɭɩɩɭ 96
ɫɥɨɜ18.
ɉɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ
ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ. Ɉɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 195
ɫɥɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɵɲɟ 81% ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ
ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦ ɢɡ
ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɤɚ < ɫɜɟɪɥɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɨɛɠɢɦɤɚ < ɨɛɠɢɦɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧ, ɥɭɞɢɥɤɚ < ɥɭɞɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ. Ɉɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 42 ɫɥɨɜ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɵɲɟ 17% ɜɫɟɯ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ. ɇɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɥɨɜɚ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɦɟɧɚɦɢ
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Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ʌ ɚ ɩ ɬ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ɇɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ „-ɤɚ” ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2008,
ɫ. 3.
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ȿ.Ⱥ. Ɂ ɟ ɦ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ, ɋɥɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɚɤ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2007, ɫ. 133.
ɋɦ. J. K a l i s z a n, Rosyjskie i polskie uniwerbizmy z formantem „-ka”, „Studia i Materiały. Filologia Rosyjska” 1989, XXX, z. 8, ɫ. 59.
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ɋɦ. ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ: E. S z c z e p a Ĕ s k a, Substantywizacja jako jeden z rodzajów
uniwerbizacji w jĊzyku polskim i czeskim, „Poradnik JĊzykowy” 1987, z. 3, ɫ. 169–176;
ɟɟ ɠɟ, O dezintegracji w procesie tworzenia uniwerbizmów, „Poradnik JĊzykowy” 1992, z. 2,
ɫ. 129–133.
18
ɋɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɪɮɟɦɨɣ -ɤ(ɚ) ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚɯ
ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɵɲɟ 490, ɧɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 150 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
16
„Nomina instrumenti” c ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ „ɤ(ɚ)” ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
119
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ. ɂɯ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɥɢɲɶ 3: ɤɨɪɦɭɲɤɚ
(ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɭɲɤɚ) < ɤɨɪɦ, ɦɚɫɥɟɧɤɚ (ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɟɧɤɚ) < ɦɚɫɥɨ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɤɚ (ɜ ɡɧɚɱ. ‘ɫɭɞɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ’, ɫ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɧɬɨɦ -ɹɧɤɚ) < ɧɟɮɬɶ.
Ɉɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ – 114 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɫɜɵɲɟ 58% ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ). ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ (ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ – 61 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɵɲɟ 31% ɜɫɟɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ), ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ
ɧɚ ɨɪɭɞɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨɟ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɟɦɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ,
ɧɚɩɪ.: ɧɚɛɨɣɤɚ (‘ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɣ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɛɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɱɟɝɨ-ɥ.’) < ɧɚɛɢɬɶ, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚ (‘ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɞɥɹ
ɧɚɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ’) < ɧɚɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ, ɪɚɫɤɚɬɤɚ (‘ɩɪɢɛɨɪ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɤɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɤɚɥɤɚ’) < ɪɚɫɤɚɬɚɬɶ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɜɢɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ (5 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ 2,5%
ɜɫɟɯ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ), ɧɚɩɪ.: ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ < ɛɥɨɤɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ
< ɢɡɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɧɟɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ (ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ – 15 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɤɨɥɨ 8% ɜɫɟɯ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɜ), ɧɚɩɪ.:
ɛɪɵɡɝɚɥɤɚ < ɛɪɵɡɝɚɬɶ, ɦɚɯɚɥɤɚ < ɦɚɯɚɬɶ, ɩɪɵɝɚɥɤɚ < ɩɪɵɝɚɬɶ.
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ 2 ɫɥɨɜɚ ɫ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ
ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɟɣ – ɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɧɨɣ: ɠɧɟɣɤɚ < ɠɚɬɶ, ɠɧɟɹ (ɜ ɡɧɚɱ. ‘ɠɚɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ’); ɤɨɥɨɬɢɥɤɚ < ɤɨɥɨɬɢɬɶ, ɤɨɥɨɬɢɥɨ. ȿɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɜɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɨɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟɦ (ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ) ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɦ. Ɉɧɢ ɛɭɞɭɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɨɜ, ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti ɪɹɞɨɦ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ) ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬ – ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɥɤ(ɚ), ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɷɤɫɩɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɟ ɜɚɪɢɚɧɬɵ, ɧɚɩɪ.: -ɢɥɤɚ (ɦɚɡɢɥɤɚ), -ɨɜɤɚ
(ɤɨɥɨɬɨɜɤɚ), -ɭɲɤɚ (ɤɨɥɨɬɭɲɤɚ).
ɇɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ
ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 42 ɟɞɢɧɢɰ. ȼɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɜɪɭɛɨɜɤɚ
< ɜɪɭɛɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɤɚ < ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ, ɪɟɥɶɫɨɪɟɡɤɚ
< ɪɟɥɶɫɨɪɟɡɧɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɤ. Ȼóɥɶɲɚɹ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢɸ:
15 ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɢ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦɢ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚ -ɥɶɧ- ɢɥɢ -ɧ-, ɢ ɱɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɥɶɧɨɬɟɪɟɛɢɥɤɚ < ɥɶɧɨɬɟɪɟɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ // ɥɟɧ, ɬɟɪɟɛɢɬɶ; ɤɚɦɧɟɞɪɨɛɢɥɤɚ < ɤɚɦɧɟɞɪɨɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ // ɤɚɦɟɧɶ, ɞɪɨɛɢɬɶ; ɬɟɫɬɨɦɟɫɢɥɤɚ < ɬɟɫɬɨɦɟɫɢɥɶɧɚɹ
ɦɚɲɢɧɚ // ɬɟɫɬɨ, ɦɟɫɢɬɶ; 16 ɥɟɤɫɟɦ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɥɢɛɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɬɚɦɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɥɤɚ < ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ,
Ʉ. Ʉ ɭ ɥ ɢ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɚ
120
ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɬɶ; ɬɟɪɟɛɢɥɤɚ < ɬɟɪɟɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɚɲɢɧɚ, ɬɟɪɟɛɢɬɶ; ɩɪɨɦɨɤɚɲɤɚ < ɩɪɨɦɨɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɭɦɚɝɚ // ɩɪɨɦɨɤɚɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ
ɤ ɨɬɝɥɚɝɨɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɚɦ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɪɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɥɤ(ɚ).
ɋɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ nomina instrumenti ɧɚ -ɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ 96 ɫɥɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ (91 ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ)
ɨɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹɦ ɢɦɟɧ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɨɜ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɝɜɨɡɞɟɥɨɜɤɚ, ɤɚɪɬɨɧɨɪɟɡɤɚ, ɤɨɮɟɦɨɥɤɚ. ɗɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ
ɨɫɧɨɜ ɞɜɭɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, cɪ.: ɜɨɞɨɦɚɫɥɨɝɪɟɣɤɚ, ɫɨɥɨɦɨɫɢɥɨɫɨɪɟɡɤɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɨ-ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɵ
ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɫɪ. ɦɢɤɪɨɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɥɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ,
ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɫɪ. ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɲɩɚɥɨɩɨɞɛɨɣɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɠɟ ɦɟɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɢɹ
ɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚ, ɫɪ. ɫɚɦɨɫɛɪɨɫɤɚ.
ɋɥɨɠɧɵɟ nomina instrumenti ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ) ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɤ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɭɡɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚɦ, ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ. ɉɨ
ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɧɚ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɨɜ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ, ɦɚɲɢɧ ɢ ɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.:
ɜɪɭɛɨɜɤɚ, ɡɟɦɥɟɱɟɪɩɚɥɤɚ (ɝɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ), ɤɚɲɢɪɨɜɤɚ, ɜɟɪɫɬɚɬɤɚ
(ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɹ), ɠɦɵɯɨɨɛɪɟɡɚɥɤɚ, ɤɪɭɩɨɞɟɪɤɚ (ɩɢɳɟɜɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ),
ɩɚɥɢɥɤɚ, ɲɢɪɢɥɤɚ (ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ), ɤɭɤɭɪɭɡɨɪɟɡɤɚ, ɲɜɵɪɹɥɤɚ
(ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ). Nomina instrumenti ɧɚ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ) ɷɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɛɪɭɫɨɜɤɚ, ɜɵɱɢɳɚɥɤɚ, ɦɟɲɚɥɤɚ, ɬɪɟɩɚɥɤɚ, ɬɹɩɤɚ. ȼ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ)
ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɢɯɨɞɚ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɤɨɮɟɦɨɥɤɚ, ɡɚɠɢɝɚɥɤɚ, ɫɬɢɪɚɥɤɚ, ɬɺɪɤɚ, ɦɵɲɟɥɨɜɤɚ, ɫɨɤɨɜɵɠɢɦɚɥɤɚ, ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɤɚ,
ɥɟɣɤɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ȼ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɟɳɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢɥɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.:
ɡɚɛɟɥɤɚ, ɦɨɪɢɥɤɚ, ɨɬɞɭɲɤɚ, ɫɦɚɡɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ,
ɧɚɩɪ.: ɡɟɪɧɨɜɨɡɤɚ, ɤɚɬɚɥɤɚ, ɧɟɮɬɹɧɤɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɦ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ; ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ (ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ), ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ.
ȼɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɥɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚ -ɤ(ɚ). ɋɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɤɨɥɨ 27% ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɫɟɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɫɥɨɜɚɦ19. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɭɞɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɤɨɧɨɩɚɬɤɚ, ɦɨɣɤɚ, ɦɚɫɤɢɪɨɜɤɚ,
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ȼ ɝɪɭɩɩɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɥɢɫɟɦɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ; ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɨ-ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ nomina instrumenti ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɦɨɧɨɫɟɦɢɱɧɵɦ ɥɟɤɫɟɦɚɦ.
„Nomina instrumenti” c ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ „ɤ(ɚ)” ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ
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ɬɪɚɦɛɨɜɤɚ, ɜɚɥɶɰɨɜɤɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ȿɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɪɢɜɚɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɦɚɫɥɨɛɨɣɤɚ, ɤɢɩɹɬɢɥɤɚ,
ɲɟɪɫɬɨɦɨɣɤɚ, ɝɥɚɞɢɥɤɚ, ɩɚɪɢɥɤɚ, ɜɟɲɚɥɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ
ɫɥɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɥɟɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɰɚ, ɧɚɩɪ.: ɛɨɥɬɭɲɤɚ, ɫɧɨɜɚɥɤɚ, ɪɟɡɚɥɤɚ, ɯɥɟɛɨɪɟɡɤɚ.
ɇɚɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɪɭɞɢɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ -ɤ(ɚ)
ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɹɞɵ ɫ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɫ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɨɦ
-ɬɟɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɢɡ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɫɪ.:
ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɥɤɚ – ɤɨɪɱɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ, ɞɟɪɠɚɥɤɚ – ɞɟɪɠɚɬɟɥɶ, ɝɜɨɡɞɟɥɨɜɤɚ – ɝɜɨɡɞɟɥɨɜɢɬɟɥɶ, ɬɟɫɬɨɞɟɥɢɥɤɚ – ɬɟɫɬɨɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶ, ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɥɤɚ – ɞɨɠɞɟɜɚɬɟɥɶ.
ɉɨɞɵɬɨɠɢɜɚɹ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɬɢɩɨɜ ɜ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ nomina instrumenti ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ
ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɥɢɫɶ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɢ ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɜ,
ɚ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ – ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ.
Nomina instrumenti ɧɚ -ɤɚ(-ɥɤɚ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɭ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ
ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɢ ɭɡɤɨɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɝɥɚɝɨɥɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ, ɯɨɬɹ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɛɚɰɢɢ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ
ɱɚɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫ -ɤ(ɚ), ɩɨɞɨɛɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɭɮɮɢɤɫɚɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ nomina instrumenti,
ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɩɨɥɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɢɦ
ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɥɢ
ɥɢɰɚ.
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Ʉ. Ʉ ɭ ɥ ɢ ɝ ɨ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɚ