ÄRJKJUBXTCRBQ LJRKFL Rfxtcndj ujhjlcrjuj djpleöf 1 Rähnbc Veh Tldf kb d vbht yfqltncz öjnm jlby ujhjl, rjnjhjve elfkjcm bpåtéfnm pfuhzpytybz djpleöf, änjq xevs yfituj dhtvtyb. Lfét d ujhjlfö, ytrjulf ckfdbdiböcz xbcnjnjq b ytpfuhzpytyyjcnmñ fnvjcaths, nfrbö rfr ÅeäyjcFqhtc, Ltydth b Vflhbl, djpleö ntgthm yfcnjkmrj jnhfdkty dhtlysvb dtotcndfvb, xnj cgjcjåty eåbnm bkb ekjébnm yf åjkmybxyeñ rjqre yt njkmrj åjkmysö b jckfåktyysö, yj b ghfrnbxtcrb pljhjdsö kñltq. Jlyfrj gjkjétybt ytåtpyfltéyj, gjcrjkmre ujhjlf b cnhfys dj dctv vbht yfxbyfñn ghbybvfnm ecgtiyst vths gj åjhmåt c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf. Bö lbfgfpjy ljcnfnjxyj ibhjr, jn pfghtnjd yf gfhrjdre fdnjvjåbktq b ddtltybz gtitöjlysö lytq lj vfccjdsö jabwbfkmysö jåzpfntkmysö ghjuhfvv gj ecnfyjdrt yf äktrnhjcnfywbzö gthtljdsö cbcntv jxbcnrb dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe. Kbim jxtym ytvyjubt bp gthtxbcktyysö vth lfñn bltfkmyst htpekmnfns, yj ytvfkj b nfrbö, rjnjhst gjpdjkzñn ljcnbxm pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd, b bvtyyj gjänjve bö xfcnj gjghjcne yt pfvtxfñn. YTPFVTNYST ECGTÖB D Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, yfghbvth, fdnjvjåbkbcns jnrfpfkbcm jn åtypbyf c ljåfdrfvb cdbywf, jcyjdyjq ghbxbys pfuhzpytybz djpleöf, nfr xnj gj- lfdkzñott åjkmibycndj cnfywbq jåckeébdfybz åjkmit yt ghjlfñn tuj. Gjcrjkmre d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö d åtypby ntgthm ghfrnbxtcrb yt ljåfdkztncz cdbytw, tuj chtlyzz rjywtynhfwbz d rhjdb ltntq egfkf gjxnb dldjt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj ghjbpdjlbntkb åtypbyf c ghbvtcmñ b ljåfdrfvb cdbywf ghtlcrfpsdfkb hjcn wty yf njgkbdj b cjrhfotybt tuj gjcnfdjr, bö ghjuyjps yt jghfdlfkbcm. Ctqxfc fvthbrfycrbt djlbntkb tldf kb pfvtxfñn jncencndbt änjuj jgfcyjuj lkz pljhjdmz njgkbdf, tckb djjåot bvtñn ghtlcnfdktybt j tuj ceotcndjdfybb. Evtymitybt rjywtynhfwbb cdbywf d fnvjcatht cnfkj ≤jlybv bp dtkbxfqibö ecgtöjd d jöhfyt jrheéfñotq chtls≥, cxbnftn Vfqrk Ejki, rjycekmnbheñobq ghfdbntkmcndf Rbnfz, Idtwbb, Idtqwfhbb b hzlf lheubö cnhfy. Ltqcndbntkmyj, kbrdblfwbz cjlthéfotuj cdbytw åtypbyf gjvjukf ghjldbyenm yf hsyjr yjdjt gjrjktybt tot åjktt ≤ärjkjubxtcrb xbcnsö≥ dbljd vjnjhyjuj njgkbdf. Bö öbvbxtcrbq cjcnfd gjldthucz bpvtytybñ, b ntgthm d ytv jncencndetn lj 90 ghjwtynjd åtypjkf b lheubö njrcbxysö byuhtlbtynjd. Änj ghbdtkj r njve, xnj gjckt dcnegktybz d cbke ghfdbk jå jåzpfntkmyjq ghjlfét ärjkjubxtcrb xbcnsö dbljd åtypbyf ehjdtym pfuhzpytybz djpleöf dj vyjubö fvthbrfycrbö ujhjlfö egfk lj 15 ghjwtynjd. Jlyfrj ecgtöb åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf yt juhfybxbdfñncz ghjuhfvvfvb gthtöjlf yf lheujt njgkbdj. D Zgjybb dct äktrnhjcnfywbb cnhfys åskb jcyfotys nfrbvb ntöyjkjubzvb cybétybz ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls, rfr abkmnhs, ecnfyfdkbdftvst yf lsvjdsö nheåfö – ecnhjqcndf, gjpdjkzñobt elfkznm lj 95 ghjwtynjd cthysö cjtlbytybq bp ghjvsiktyysö dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe. D 1974–1983 uu., ytcvjnhz yf åehyjt hfpdbnbt ärjyjvbrb, änj gjpdjkbkj ghbvthyj yf 40 ghjwtynjd cjrhfnbnm dsåhjcs ldejrbcb cths, pfuhzpyzñotuj dtotcndf, jåhfpeñotujcz ghb cébufybb cthjcjlthéfobö dbljd njgkbdf, nfrbö rfr eujkm b ytanm. Dj Ahfywbb gjckt pfvtys änbö dbljd njgkbdf yf fnjvyeñ äythubñ GLR ldejrbcb cths gj cnhfyt egfkf ghbvthyj yf 75 ghjwtynjd. Hfpevttncz, yt dct cnhfys ghjzdkzñn ujnjdyjcnm gthtqnb yf zlthyjt njgkbdj. Vyjubt bp ybö yt étkfñn d jåzpfntkmyjv gjhzlrt ddtcnb ecnfyjdre jåjheljdfybz, gjpdjkzñotuj evtymibnm dhtlyst dsåhjcs d fnvjcathe. Nj, xnj ujlbncz lkz jlyjuj ujhjlf bkb jlyjq cnhfys, yt gjlöjlbn lkz lheubö. Ntv yt vtytt, gjzdkztncz dct åjkmit djpvjéyjcntq lkz htitybz ibhjrjuj rheuf ghjåktv pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. D jnltkmysö jåkfcnzö elftncz ljcnbxm pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd. D lheubö ét-gjrf ytn pfvtnyjuj ghjuhtccf. JGFCYJCNB PFUHZPYTYBZ DJPLEÖF Gj jwtyrfv Dctvbhyjq Jhufybpfwbb Plhfdjjöhfytybz (DJP), 70 ghjwtynjd ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz d vbht lsibn dhtlysv lkz pljhjdmz djpleöjv, gj rhfqytq vtht d jghtltktyyst ghjvtéenrb dhtvtyb, f 10 ghjwtynjd – djpleöjv, ehjdtym pfuhzpytyyjcnb rjnjhjuj ghbåkbéftncz r jgfcyjve ghtltke. Lfét d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, ult djpleö pfuhzpyty ujhfplj vtymit, xtv d ujhjlfö vyjubö hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy, d bccktljdfybzö extysö Ufhdfhlcrjuj eybdthcbntnf ghbdjlzncz lfyyst j njv, xnj xhtpvthyfz pfuhzpytyyjcnm djpleöf zdkztncz ghbxbyjq cvthnb 50 000–100 000 xtkjdtr d ujl. Pfuhzpytybt djpleöf åjkmit djpltqcndetn yf ltntq, xtv yf dphjcksö, b åtlyst ltnb, gjldthétyyst åjktt hfpyjjåhfpysv dblfv b åjktt dscjrbv ehjdyzv pfuhzpytybz, cnhflfñn åjkmit dctö. Bccktljdfybz gjrfpfkb, xnj e ltntq, ébdeobö d ujhjlfö c gjdsityysv ehjdytv pfuhzpytyyjcnb djpleöf, vtymibq jåütv kturbö, xnj jyb xfot ghjgecrfñn irjke gj åjktpyb b xfot gjgflfñn d åjkmybwe. Åjktt ybprbq dtc b yföjlzobtcz yf cnflbb hfpdbnbz jhufys ltntq ghbdjlzn r njve, xnj gj chfdytybñ cj dphjcksvb bö pljhjdmñ uhjpbn åjkmifz jgfcyjcnm. Ghbdsxrb ltntq eceueåkzñn äne jgfcyjcnm: vkfltyws åtp hfpåjhf cjcen pfuhzpytyyst ghtlvtns, f ltnb gjcnfhit buhfñn yf ekbwfö, ult djpleö jnhfdkty dsökjgysvb ufpfvb, cjlthéfobvb cdbytw. Nfr, yfghbvth, gj cjjåotybzv, gjcnegbdibv bp åhfpbkmcrjuj ujhjlf Reåfnfj, d 1980 u. 40 bp rfélsö 1000 vkfltywtd d änjv ujhjlt hjélfkbcm vthndsvb, tot 40–bvtkb dhjéltyyst jnrkjytybz b evbhfkb d ntxtybt gthdjq ytltkb ébpyb. D njv ét ujle, d Reåfnfj, yfctktybt rjnjhjuj cjcnfdkztn 80 000 xtkjdtr, yfcxbnsdfkjcm 10 000 dspjdjd ytjnkjéyjq vtlbwbycrjq gjvjob d cdzpb c pfåjktdfybzvb neåthrektpjv, djcgfktybtv kturbö, åhjyöbnjv, ävabptvjq, fcnvjq b lheubvb htcgbhfnjhysvb pfåjktdfybzvb. 2 D Uhtwbb d Åjkmibö Fabyfö d gthbjls yfbåjkmituj pfuhzpytybz djpleöf ehjdtym cvthnyjcnb djphfcnftn yf 500 ghjwtynjd. Lfét d hfqjyfö, elfktyysö jn ghjvsiktyysö ghtlghbznbq, pfuhzpytybt djpleöf vjétn yfytcnb dhtl pljhjdmñ. Nfr, yfghbvth, gj cjjåotybzv extysö, d nhjgbxtcrbö ktcfö Fahbrb yfåkñlfñncz rbckjnyst ljélb b cvju, gj cdjtq byntycbdyjcnb yt ecnegfñobt fyfkjubxysv zdktybzv d Wtynhfkmyjq Tdhjgt, xnj, dthjznyj, jåüzcyztncz htuekzhysv dsébufybtv keujd c wtkmñ jxbcnrb ptvkb. Cnjkm zhrbt ghbvths ecrjhbkb dj dctv vbht ghjwtcc ghjdtltybz vthjghbznbq gj clthébdfybñ pfuhzpytybz ujhjlcrjuj djpleöf. DTOTCNDF, PFUHZPYZÑOBT DJPLEÖ C 1970-ö uu. d ghjuhfvvfö åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf jcyjdyjt dybvfybt eltkzkjcm ghtljndhfotybñ dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe yfbåjktt jgfcysö dtotcnd, jnhfdkzñobö ujhjlcrjq djpleö: vfrhjxfcnbw (lsvf b cféb), euktdjljhjljd, ldejrbcb cths, jrbcb fpjnf, jpjyf (ajnjöbvbxtcrjuj cvjuf), eufhyjuj ufpf b cdbywf. Eufhysq ufp. Dctvbhyfz Jhufybpfwbz Plhfdjjöhfytybz jåyfheébkf, xnj dj vyjubö ujhjlfö cjlthéfybt eufhyjuj ufpf htuekzhyj ljcnbuftn jgfcyjuj lkz pljhjdmz ehjdyz b vjétn ghbdtcnb r cybétybñ ävåhbjyfkmyjuj dtcf, gjdsityyjq ghtyfnfkmyjq cvthnyjcnb b gjdhtéltybzv vjpuf d pfdbcbvjcnb jn gthbjlf dhtvtyb, d ntxtybt rjnjhjuj åthtvtyyfz étyobyf gjldthufkfcm djpltqcndbñ änjuj dhtlyjuj dtotcndf, f nfrét jn tuj rjywtynhfwbb d djpleöt. Dj vyjubö ujhjlcrbö hfqjyfö dsåhjcs jrbcb eukthjlf d fnvjcathe gjxnb gjkyjcnmñ ghböjlzncz yf dsökjgyst ufps nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd. Gjänjve ecgtö ghjuhfvv gj cybétybñ cjlthéfybz jrbcb eukthjlf d djpleöt pfdbcbn, ghtélt dctuj, jn rjynhjkz pf dsåhjcfvb dsökjgysö ufpjd, yfghbvth, jn ghbvtytybz rfnfkbnbxtcrbö ytqnhfkbpfnjhjd, ghtdhfofñobö åjkmieñ xfcnm jrbcb eukthjlf d tuj ldejrbcm. D ujhjlfö dctuj bylecnhbfkmyjuj vbhf gjljåyst rjynhjkmyst ecnhjqcndf ceotcndtyyj cybéfñn dsltktybt jrbcb eukthjlf b tt rjywtynhfwbñ d djpleöt: d Zgjybb d gthbjl 1973–1984 uu. cjlthéfybt jrbcb eukthjlf d jrheéfñotq chtlt cybpbkjcm ghbåkbpbntkmyj yf 50 ghjwtynjd, f d CIF c 1980 gj 1989 uu. rjywtynhfwbz jrbcb eukthjlf d djpleöt evtymibkfcm yf 28 ghjwtynjd, ytcvjnhz yf 39-ghjwtynysq hjcn eltkmyjuj ghjåtuf nhfycgjhnf. Jlyfrj d åjkmibycndt hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfy cjlthéfybt jrbcb eukthjlf d djpleöt edtkbxbdftncz gj vtht hjcnf xbckf nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd b ljhjéysö ≤ghjåjr≥. Jhbtynbhjdjxyst gjlcxtns DJP cdbltntkmcndeñn j njv, xnj, gj-dblbvjve, ghbåkbpbntkmyj d gjkjdbyt ujhjljd vbhf ehjdtym rjywtynhfwbb eufhyjuj ufpf d fnvjcatht yfyjcbn dhtl pljhjdmñ xtkjdtrf. Jrbcb fpjnf. Änb dtotcndf, jåhfpeñobtcz gjchtlcndjv cjtlbytybz fnvjcathyjuj fpjnf b rbckjhjlf gjl djpltqcndbtv ntgkjdjq äythubb, dsltkzñotqcz d htpekmnfnt hfåjns ldbufntktq dyenhtyytuj cujhfybz, ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq wtksq hzl jgfcyjcntq lkz pljhjdmz xtkjdtrf. Cfvb gj ctåt jrbcb fpjnf hfpheifñn kturbt. Fnvjcathyfz htfrwbz ghbdjlbn r jåhfpjdfybñ vtkmxfqibö xfcnbw ybnhfnf, jxtym ukeåjrj ghjybrfñobö d kturbt. Nt ét ybnhfns htfubheñn c djlyjq chtljq – dkfujq d kturbö bkb djlzysvb gfhfvb d fnvjcatht – b jåhfpeñn rbckjns. Yfrjytw, ghb zhrjv cjkytxyjv cdtnt jrbcb fpjnf htfubheñn c ytcujhtdibvb åtypbyjdsvb gfhfvb b lheubvb euktdjljhjlfvb, jåhfpez ybprjfnvjcathysq jpjy, bkb ≤cvju≥ rhfcyj-åeheñ lsvre, jådjkfrbdfñoeñ åjkmibycndj ujhjljd vbhf. Ldejrbcm cths. Dsåhjcs ldejrbcb cths ghjbcöjlzn d jcyjdyjv d htpekmnfnt cébufybz cthjcjlthéfobö bcrjgftvsö dbljd njgkbdf – d jcyjdyjv eukz – lkz ghjbpdjlcndf äktrnhjäythubb bkb jnjgktybz ébksö ljvjd. Gj jwtyrfv dctvbhyjq Cbcntvs ärjkjubxtcrjuj rjynhjkz, abyfycbhetvjq JJY, d 1987 u. ldt nhtnb ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz ébkb d ujhjlfö, ult rjywtynhfwbz ldejrbcb cths d fnvjcatht hfdyzkfcm ecnfyjdktyyjve DJP ghtltkmyjve ehjdyñ bkb ghtdsifkf tuj. Ghtlcnfdkzñofz cjåjq tlrbq, yj åtcwdtnysq ufp, ldejrbcm cths vjétn dspdfnm ghbcnegs fcnvs. Yföjlzcm d fnvjcatht, änj cjtlbytybt gjldthuftncz htfrwbb, jåhfpez ndthlst xfcnbws b rbckjns. Ndthlst xfcnbws. Jåsxyj yfpsdftvst ghjcnj lsvjv bkb cfétq, ndthlst xfcnbws xfcnj zdkzñncz yfbåjktt jxtdblysvb b, rfr ghfdbkj, nfrét yfbåjktt jgfcysvb pfuhzpyzñ- obvb dtotcndfvb d djpleöt. Gj jwtyrfv dctvbhyjq Cbcntvs ärjkjubxtcrjuj rjynhjkz, abyfycbhetvjq JJY, d 1987 u. 70 ghjwtynjd vbhjdjuj ujhjlcrjuj yfctktybz ghjébdfkj d ujhjlfö, ult rjywtynhfwbz dpdtityysö xfcnbw ghtdsifkf jcyjdyst cnfylfhns DJP. Ytrjnjhst ndthlst xfcnbws dsåhfcsdfñncz bp nheå ghjvsiktyysö ghtlghbznbq d dblt uecnjuj xthyjuj lsvf, yj yfbåjktt jgfcysvb bp änbö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd zdkzñncz ≤vtkrbt xfcnbws≥. D cbke cdjtuj vfkjuj hfpvthf jyb ukeåjrj ghjybrfñn d kturbt. Åjkmibycndj bp änbö vtkrbö xfcnbw djpybrftn gfhfkktkmyj c lheubvb pfuhzpyzñobvb dtotcndfvb, jcjåtyyj c ldejrbcmñ cths b jrbcmñ fpjnf, b öbvbxtcrb bpvtyzñncz, jåhfpez ybnhfns b cekmafns. D pfdbcbvjcnb jn ujhjlf lj gjkjdbys dctö ndthlsö xfcnbw, gjzdkzñoböcz d ghjwtcct ltzntkmyjcnb xtkjdtrf, jåhfpeñncz d htpekmnfnt ghtjåhfpjdfybz d fnvjcatht ldejrbcb cths d xfcnbws cekmafnf. D lheubö ujhjlfö ybnhfns, jåhfpeñobtcz fyfkjubxysv jåhfpjv bp jrbctq fpjnf, vjuen cjcnfdkznm jlye nhtnm bkb åjktt ndthlsö xfcnbw. Euktdjljhjls. Yfpsdftvst ≤ktnexbvb jhufybxtcrbvb cjtlbytybzvb≥ (KJC) bkb ≤frnbdysvb jhufybxtcrbvb ufpfvb≥ (FJU), euktdjljhjls zdkzñncz ytcujhftvsvb gfhfvb åtypbyf b gjåjxysvb ghjlernfvb ytgjkyjuj cujhfybz. Lheubt euktdjljhjls, ytrjnjhst bp rjnjhsö dspsdfñn ktqrtvbñ, hfr bkb lheubt euhjéfñobt ébpyb pfåjktdfybz, dtcmvf hfpyjjåhfpys – jn ghbvtyztvsö d öbvxbcnrt hfcndjhjd lj ghjvsiktyysö jåtpébhbdfñobö dtotcnd. Jpjy, bkb ajnjöbvbxtcrbq ≤cvju≥. Cjcnjzobq åerdfkmyj bp cjnty öbvbxtcrbö dtotcnd, cjlthéfoböcz d cvjut, jpjy jåhfpetncz d htpekmnfnt htfrwbb dctö ghbcencndeñobö d ujhjlcrjv djpleöt euktdjljhjljd c jrbczvb fpjnf. Jlyfrj d cbke njuj, xnj chtlb ybö ghtdfkbhetn jlby – jpjy, ghfdbntkmcndf gjkmpeñncz bv d rfxtcndt rhbnthbz lkz jghtltktybz rjywtynhfwbb ghjlernjd ajnjöbvbxtcrjuj hfpkjétybz d wtkjv. Jpjy (yfhzle c ökjhjv) zdkztncz yfcnjkmrj cbkmysv jrbckbntktv, xnj d ytrjnjhsö ujhjlfö jy bcgjkmpetncz lkz ltpbyatrwbb gbnmtdjq djls. Vyjubt extyst cxbnfñn, xnj änj yfbåjktt njrcbxyjt bp dctö jåsxysö pfuhzpyzñobö djpleö dtotcnd. Jyj yfcnjkm- rj zljdbnj, xnj ghb ghjdtltybb tuj kfåjhfnjhysö bcgsnfybq ghbikjcm elfkbnm bp bcgsnfntkmysö rfvth rféljuj ltcznjuj ljåhjdjkmwf, gjcrjkmre e ybö gthtödfnbkj lsöfybt. Ghb ghjdtltybb jgsnjd yf kfåjhfnjhysö ébdjnysö jpjy ghbdjlbn r jåhfpjdfybñ ihfvjd b gjdhtéltybñ rktnjr, yfgjvbyfñobö ihfvs b gjdhtéltybz rktnjr e rehzobö kñltq. Gjcrjkmre ävbccbb jrbctq fpjnf b euktdjljhjljd edtkbxbkbcm, lfét d ctkmcrjq vtcnyjcnb rjywtynhfwbz jpjyf eldjbkfcm b ctqxfc ghbåkbéftncz r ghtltkmyjve ehjdyñ njrcbxyjcnb lkz vyjubö åbjkjubxtcrbö dbljd. Cdbytw. Cthtåhbcnj-cthsq vtnfkk, njrcbxysq d kñåjq bpdtcnyjq ajhvt, cdbytw ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq jcjåtyyj cthmtpyeñ euhjpe lkz ltntq lj itcnb ktn, rjnjhst jåsxyj ghjukfnsdfñn tuj d dblt recrjd rhfcrb c dyenhtyybö cnty plfybz. Nzétksq vtnfkk yfheiftn evcndtyyjt hfpdbnbt, pfvtlkztn hjcn, eöeliftn ckeö b htxm htåtyrf b kbiftn tuj cgjcjåyjcnb cjchtljnjxbnmcz. Lfét djpltqcndbt rhfqyt ybprbö rjywtynhfwbq, gjdblbvjve, cdzpfyj c gjcktleñotq evcndtyyjq jncnfkjcnmñ ltntq. Gjcrjkmre jcyjdysv bcnjxybrjv cdbywf zdkzñncz dsökjgyst ufps nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, pfghfdktyysö åtypbyjv, cjlthéfobv ghbvtcb cdbywf, tuj vjéyj yfqnb gjdcñle, ult njkmrj tcnm kturjdst fdnjvjåbkb, uhepjdbrb b fdnjåecs. Lfét d cnhfyfö, jnrfpfdiböcz jn bcgjkmpjdfybz åtypbyf c ghbvtcmñ cdbywf, gskm jcnftncz pfuhzpytyyjq gjckt ltcznbktnbq tuj bcgjkmpjdfybz. D Vtöbrj, yfghbvth, åskj jåyfheétyj, xnj e 7 bp 10 yjdjhjéltyysö änjuj ujhjlf cjlthéfybt cdbywf d rhjdb åskj dsit yjhvs DJP. D ujhjlcrbö hfqjyfö yt njkmrj cdbytw, yj b vyjubt lheubt njrcbxyst dtotcndf cbkmyj pfuhzpyzñn djpleö. R ybv jnyjczncz fcåtcn b nzétkst vtnfkks (nfrbt rfr rflvbq, vsimzr, vfhufytw, ybrtkm b wbyr) b wtksq hzl jhufybxtcrbö cjtlbytybq (nfrbö rfr åtypjk b lheubt euktdjljhjls b fkmltubls). D 1987 u. fvthbrfycrbt rjvgfybb ghjbpdtkb yt vtytt 1,2 vky vtnhbxtcrbö njyy njrcbxysö dtotcnd, pfuhzpyzñobö fnvjcathe. Gj jwtyrfv Futyncndf gj jöhfyt jrheéfñotq chtls CIF, djpltqcndbt änbö dtotcnd tétujlyj dspsdftn 1700–2700 hfpyjdblyjcntq hfrjdjq åjktpyb. GHJUHFVVS ÅJHMÅS C PFUHZPYTYBTV DJPLEÖF Bcgjkmpjdfybt fdnjvjåbkmyjuj nhfycgjhnf dspsdftn åjkmitt pfuhzpytybt djpleöf, xtv kñåfz lheufz jnltkmyj dpznfz ltzntkmyjcnm. Yf ytuj ghböjlbncz gjxnb gjkjdbyf jrbctq fpjnf, gjkexftvsö d htpekmnfnt xtkjdtxtcrjq ltzntkmyjcnb, 2/3 eufhyjuj ufpf b jrjkj gjkjdbys euktdjljhjljd d ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnsö cnhfyfö, f nfrét dtcm cjlthéfobqcz d djpleöt cdbytw d hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö. D åjkmibycndt ghjvsiktyyj hfpdbnsö cnhfy äktrnhjcnfywbb jåotuj gjkmpjdfybz dsåhfcsdfñn d fnvjcathe lj 2/3 ldejrbcb cths b 1/3–1/2 jåotq ävbccbb åjkmibycndf lheubö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ldt gthdjjxthtlyst ghjåktvs vyjubö ghjuhfvv gj åjhmåt c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf – änj fdnjvjåbkmysq nhfycgjhn b äktrnhjcnfywbb, öjnz d ytrjnjhsö hfpdbdfñoböcz cnhfyfö gthdjcntgtyyjt dybvfybt eltkztncz ghtljndhfotybñ pfuhzpytybz d htpekmnfnt ibhjrjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz ltitdjuj b bvtñotujcz d åjkmijv rjkbxtcndt eukz, ghbvtyztvjuj lkz ghbujnjdktybz gbob d ljvfiybö eckjdbzö b ytwtynhfkbpjdfyyjuj jnjgktybz ljvjd b rdfhnbh. Tckb yt cxbnfnm ujhjljd, ult öjlmåf b tplf yf dtkjcbgtlfö jcnfñncz jcyjdyjq ajhvjq gthtldbétybz, gjxnb ytdjpvjéyj dcthmtp åjhjnmcz c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf, yt cjchtljnjxbd dybvfybz yf dsåhjcfö dhtlysö dtotcnd d fnvjcathe, ghjbpdjlbvsö vjnjwbrkfvb, vjgtlfvb, vfibyfvb, uhepjdbrfvb b fdnjåecfvb. Lfét d ujhjlfö, ult ghtjåkflfñobv dbljv nhfycgjhnf zdkztncz dtkjcbgtl, åscnhj hfcntn xbckj fdnjvjåbktq. Åjktt 500 vky fdnjvjåbktq b lheubö xfcnysö b jåotcndtyysö fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd tplzn ctqxfc gj ljhjufv vbhf. Änj d 10 hfp åjkmit, xtv d 1950 u. Cjukfcyj gjcktlybv ghjuyjpfv, xthtp cjhjr ktn vbhjdjq gfhr nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd eldjbncz b cjcnfdbn ghbvthyj vbkkbfhl vfiby. Åjkmifz xfcnm änjuj hjcnf ghbltncz yf hfpdbdfñobtcz cnhfys. Jéblftncz, xnj r rjywe dtrf cghjc yf fdnjvjåbkb edtkbxbncz nfv åjktt xtv yf 200 ghjwtynjd, xnj pyfxbntkmyj jåjcnhbn ceotcndeñobt ghjåktvs pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls, jcjåtyyj d ujhjlfö. Nfv, ult lj cbö gjh ibhjrj bcgjkmpetncz cjlthéfobq cdbytw 3 HTDJKÑWBZ D RJYNHJKT PF FNVJCATHYSVB DSÅHJCFVB Ldflwfnm ktn njve yfpfl rfnfkbnbxtcrbö ghtjåhfpjdfntktq yf hsyrt yt ceotcndjdfkj. Rjulf herjdjlbntkb Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd dgthdst ddtkb juhfybxtybz yf dsåhjcs pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd d fnvjcathe, xnj b cltkfkj ytjåöjlbvsv hfphfåjnre änbö ghtjåhfpjdfntktq, ghtpbltyn ≤Létythfk vjnjhc≥, rhegytqituj vbhjdjuj ghjbpdjlbntkz fdnjvjåbktq, pfzdbk: ≤Yfcrjkmrj yfv bpdtcnyj, ljcnbétybt änbö wtktq ytdjpvjéyj ghjcnj c ntöybxtcrjq njxrb phtybz≥. Ntv yt vtytt, c rjywf 1980-ö uu. gjxnb rfélfz dyjdm dsgecrftvfz kturjdfz fdnjvfibyf, vbrhjfdnjåec bkb ytåjkmijq uhepjdbr-gbrfg, ghjlfdftvst d CIF, åskb jcyfotys rfnfkbnbxtcrbv ytqnhfkbpfnjhjv, rjnjhsq gjvju cjrhfnbnm dsåhjcs ktnexbö jhufybxtcrbö cjtlbytybq b jrbcb eukthjlf d fnvjcathe ghbvthyj yf 85 ghjwtynjd, f jrbckjd fpjnf – ghbåkbpbntkmyj yf 60 ghjwtynjd d ntxtybt dctuj chjrf ckeéås fdnjvfibys. D 1980-ö uu. yfxfkjcm gjdctvtcnyjt ddtltybt jåzpfntkmyjuj ujcelfhcndtyyjuj rjynhjkz pf dsökjgjv kturjdsö fdnjvfiby b uhepjdbrjd d CIF b Zgjybb, rjnjhst zdkzkbcm tlbycndtyysvb cnhfyfvb, bvtñobvb gthtljdst ghjuhfvvs rjynhjkz pf pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq chtls fdnjnhfycgjhnjv. Jlyfrj r 1993 u. cbnefwbz d rjhyt bpvtybkfcm: rfélfz dtleofz uheggf cnhfy (öjnz b yt rfélfz cnhfyf dyenhb nfrjq uheggs), drkñxfz b ytrjnjhst cnhfys åsdituj Cjdtncrjuj Cjñpf, ghbyzkf åjktt étcnrbt ghfdbkf rjynhjkz dsökjgf fdnjvjåbktq. Fvthbrfycrbq nbg rjynhjkz gjkexbk åscnhjt hfcghjcnhfytybt d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgt d htpekmnfnt njuj, xnj Uthvfybz, Idtqwfhbz, Fdcnhbz b Idtwbz åskb dct åjktt jåtcgjrjtys åscnhj hfcneobvb vfcinfåfvb eothåf jrheéfñotq chtlt, rjnjhsq jnyjcbkb yf cxtn pfuhzpytybz fnvjcaths. Uthvfybz cnfkf jrfpsdfnm lfdktybt yf cdjbö gfhnythjd gj Jåotve hsyre c wtkmñ ddtltybz åjktt étcnrbö cnfylfhnjd, d nj dhtvz rfr jcnfkmyst nhb cnhfys, yt zdkzñobtcz xktyfvb TÄC b gjänjve ltqcndeñobt gj cdjtve ecvjnhtybñ, zcyj lfkb gjyznm, xnj jyb d jlyjcnjhjyytv gjhzlrt gjnhtåeñn ecnfyjdktybz rjynhjkz yf jcyjdt rfnfkbnbxtcrbö ytqnhfkbpfnjhjd. Nfrjt cjxtnfybt lfdktybz bpyenhb b cyfheéb ghbdtkj d 1989 u. r ghbyznbñ htitybz jå jåzpfntkmyjv ddtltybb fvthbrfycrbö cnfylfhnjd lkz dctö vfiby, yfxbyfz c vjltktq 1992 u., dj dctö cnhfyfö Jåotuj hsyrf. Änjn gjdjhjn yf 180 uhflecjd ghjbpjitk jxtym djdhtvz, nfr rfr d 1988 u. dgthdst d bcnjhbb xbcktyyjcnm vbhjdjuj gfhrf fdnjvfiby ghtdscbkf 400 vky tlbybw. Öjnz cfvsq cnhtvbntkmysq hjcn ghjbcöjlbk d ntö htubjyfö Fpbb, ghjvsiktyyjcnm rjnjhsö hfpdbdfkfcm åscnhsvb ntvgfvb, ghjlféb kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq ljcnbukb htrjhlysö ehjdytq b d dscjrjhfpdbnsö htubjyfö, nfrbö rfr Pfgflyfz Tdhjgf. R 1989 u. gj ljhjufv vbhf rjktcbkb åjktt 500 vky fdnjvjåbktq (drkñxfz ghjbpdjlcndtyysq nhfycgjhn) – d 10 hfp åjkmit, xtv d 1950 u. Gj-dblbvjve, änjn cnhtvbntkmysq hjcn rjkbxtcndf kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq b uhepjdbrjd åeltn ghjljkéfnmcz åtcrjytxyj. Ghtlgjkfuftncz, xnj r 2000 u. bö xbcktyyjcnm eldjbncz gj chfdytybñ c 1960 u., d gthdeñ jxthtlm åkfujlfhz edtkbxtybñ gfhrf fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd d Fpbb åjktt xtv d ldf hfpf b d Kfnbycrjq Fvthbrt – gjxnb d ldf c gjkjdbyjq hfpf. Gjcrjkmre hfpheibntkmyst gjcktlcndbz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf cnfkb åjktt jxtdblysvb d rhegytqibö ujhjlfö hfpdbdfñotuj vbhf, nfrbt cnhfys, rfr Vtrcbrf, Åhfpbkbz b Nfqdfym, nfrét ddtkb vths gj cybétybñ pfuhzpytybz fnvjcaths yf jcyjdt rfnfkbnbxtcrbö ytqnhfkbpfnjhjd. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, r rjywe ysytiytuj ltcznbktnbz änjn vtnjl åeltn ghfrnbrjdfnmcz dj dctv vbht: d Zgjybb, yf Nfqdfyt b d Ñéyjq Rjhtt–d Fpbb, d Åhfpbkbb–d Ñéyjq Fvthbrt, b d cnhfyfö Jåotuj hsyrf, f nfrét Fdcnhbb, Idtwbb b Idtqwfhbb–d Pfgflyjq Tdhjgt. D yfcnjzott dhtvz 80 ghjwtynjd dctö ghjbpdjlbvsö d vbht fdnjvjåbktq jndtxfñn cjjndtncndeñobv cjdhtvtyysv cnfylfhnfv yf jcyjdt rfnfkbnbxtcrjq ytqnhfkbpfwbb. F d Rfkbajhybb gjckt ghjljkébntkmysö ckeifybq ghfdbntkmcndj infnf d 1991 u. ddtkj nhtåjdfybt jå jåzpfntkmyjq ghjlfét ≤nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c yektdsv dsökjgjv≥ (NCYED) yfxbyfz c vjltktq 1998 u. NCYED zdkzñncz jlyjq bp vth d hfvrfö rjvgktrcf dct eétcnjxfñoböcz cnfylfhnjd, rjnjhst åelen ddjlbnmcz gjcntgtyyj. Gthdst NCYED ljkéys gjzdbnmcz yf ljhjufö r 1998 u., b jyb cjcnfdzn 2 ghjwtynf jn dctö ghjlfé yjdsö fdnjvjåbktq, f r 2003 u. ehjdtym bö ghjlfé djphfcntn lj 10 ghjwtynjd. Yfåbhftn cbke b ldbétybt pf ghtrhfotybt pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls lbptkmysvb ldbufntkzvb: tckb nfrbt ldbufntkb yt cyfåétys cybéfñobvb pfuhzpytyyjcnm djpleöf ecnhjqcndfvb, jyb dsåhfcsdfñn d fnvjcathe d 30–70 hfp åjkmit ndthlsö xfcnbw, xtv åtypbyjdst ldbufntkb, jåjheljdfyyst rfnfkbnbxtcrbvb ytqnhfkbpfnjhfvb. Lj ytlfdytuj dhtvtyb pf lbptkmysvb ldbufntkzvb afrnbxtcrb yt jceotcndkzkjcm ybrfrjuj rjynhjkz, yj yjdst cnfylfhns, ghbyznst d CIF b Tdhjgt, lfkb cnbvek hfpdbnbñ ntöyjkjubq, jåtofñobö pyfxbntkmyjt ekexitybt gjrfpfntktq dsökjgf lbptkmysö ldbufntktq. Åskb hfphfåjnfys cfétekjdbntkb, n.t. ecnhjqcndf, ekfdkbdfñobt ghjbpdjlbveñ lbptkmysvb ldbufntkzvb cfée c wtkmñ tt gjcktleñotuj eybxnjétybz, f nfrét cgtwbfkmyj vjlbabwbhjdfyyst rfnfkbnbxtcrbt ytqnhfkbpfnjhs. D Zgjybb ghfdbntkmcndj ecnfyfdkbdftn yjhvfnbds rfr gj cjcnfde njgkbdf, nfr b gj öfhfrnthbcnbrfv ldbufntktq, b cxbnftncz, xnj d änjq cnhfyt ltqcndeñn cfvst étcnrbt d vbht nhtåjdfybz r rfxtcnde njgkbdf. Njkmrj gjcnjzyyj eétcnjxfñobtcz cnfylfhns cltkfkb djpvjéysv clthébdfnm pfuhzpytybt djpleöf fdnjnhfycgjhnjv, ytcvjnhz yf åscnhsq hjcn rfr rjkbxtcndf fdnjvjåbktq yf ljhjufö, nfr b, xnj tot dféytt, bö cevvfhyjuj ghjåtuf. Ytbpdtcnyj, xnj ghbytctn åeleott. Kbåj dsåhjcs dsökjgysö nheå yeéyj jåzpfntkmyj ghbåkbpbnm r yekñ, kbåj yeéyj rjynhjkbhjdfnm edtkbxtybt gfhrf fdnjvjåbktq, kbåj b nj b lheujt dvtcnt. Tckb åjkmibt ujhjlf vbhf öjnzn bvtnm djpleö, ghbujlysq lkz lsöfybz, ytbpåtéyj ghbltncz kbåj cjrhfofnm jåütv gjcnegfñobö d fnvjcathe dsökjgysö ufpjd lj åkbprbö r yekñ pyfxtybq, kbåj clthébdfnm hjcn gfhrf fdnjnhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, kbåj ltkfnm nj b lheujt dvtcnt. 4 Lfyyst gj dytlhtybñ nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c yektdsv bkb åkbprbv r yekñ dsåhjcjv (GNCYD, NCYD, NCCYD, NCYED) D ybétghbdtltyyjq nfåkbwt erfpsdfñncz lfyyst, erfpsdfñobt, xnj ghjbpdjlbntkb fdnjvjåbktq ljkéys yfxfnm ghjlfdfnm yjdst, vtytt pfuhzpyzñobt djpleö nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf d cjjndtncndbb c nhtåjdfybzvb infnf Rfkbajhybz yf ghbvtht dsåhjcf euktdjljhjljd. Yfghbvth, d 1998 u. 48fi jn yjdsö ghjlfyysö vfiby ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm ghtltkmyjve dsåhjce 0,25 u/rv, 48fi ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm cnfylfhne yf nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf c ybprbv dsåhjcjv (NCYD) 0,075 u/rv, 2fi ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm cnfylfhne yf nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf cj cdthöybprbv dsåhjcjv (NCCYD) 0,040 u/rv, 2fi ljkéys cjjndtncndjdfnm cnfylfhne yf nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf c yektdsv dsåhjcjv (NCYED). D chtlytv änf wbahf lkz dctö yjdsö vfiby ljkéyf cjcnfdkznm 0,157 u/rv. Vjltkm Ujl 0,39 0,25 GNCYB¡ 0,125 NCYD 0,075 NCCYB 0,040 NCYEB 0,00 1994 10fi 80fi 10fi 0,250 1995 85fi 15fi 0,231 1996 80fi 20fi 0,225 1997 73fi 25fi 2fi 1998 48fi 48fi 2fi 2fi 0,157 1999 23fi Ch.py. 0,202 73fi 2fi 2fi 0,113 2000 96fi 2fi 2fi 0,073 2001 90fi 5fi 5fi 0,070 2002 85fi 10fi 5fi 0,068 2003 75fi 15fi 10fi 0,062 ¡ GNCYD (N£Tª) – gthtöjlyst nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf c ybprbv dsåhjcjv (transitional low emission vehicles) åtypby, jlby bp yfbåjktt äaatrnbdysö vtnjljd åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf cjcnjbn kbåj d ghzvjv pfghtotybb ljåfdktybz cdbywf d åtypby, kbåj d htprjv gjybétybb ehjdyz tuj ljgecnbvjq rjywtynhfwbb d åtypbyt. Rjulf gjljåyst vths åskb ghbyzns d CIF, c 1976 gj 1980 uu. bcgjkmpjdfybt njgkbdf, cjlthéfotuj cdbytw, cjrhfnbkjcm nfv åjktt xtv yf 50 ghjwtynjd. Ghb änjv cjlthéfybt cdbywf d rhjdb evtymibkjcm yf 37 ghjwtynjd. Ytrjnjhst ujhjlf b cnhfys egjhyj cnhtvzncz r bcgjkmpjdfybñ fkmnthyfnbdysö dbljd njgkbdf, rjnjhst cujhfñn åjktt gjkyj, xtv jåotghbyznst åtypby b lbptkmyjuj njgkbdj, bvtñobt ytanzyeñ jcyjde. D rfxtcndt fkmnthyfnbdyjuj njgkbdf ghtlkfufñncz ärjkjubxtcrb xbcnst cvtcb c yjdsv öbvbxtcrbv cjcnfdjv, rjnjhsq evtymiftn bö bcgfhztvjcnm b, cjjndtncndtyyj, dsåhjcs d fnvjcathe bcgfhzñoböcz jhufybxtcrbö cjtlbytybq, f nfrét rjywtynhfwbñ åtypjkf b lheubö njrcbxysö rjvgjytynjd. Lheufz djpvjéyjcnm cjcnjbn d ≤rbckjhjlyjv jåjufotybb≥ njgkbdf gentv ljåfdktybz cgbhnf. Nfrbt ≤åtypjcgbhns≥ gjldthétys åjktt gjkyjve cuj- hfybñ, d htpekmnfnt xtuj cjjndtncndtyyj evtymifñncz dsåhjcs eufhyjuj ufpf. Lbptkmyjt njgkbdj c gjybétyysv cjlthéfybtv cths dsåhfcsdftn d fnvjcathe vtymit ldejrbcb cths b lheubö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd. Änj njgkbdj c bpvtytyysv öbvbxtcrbv cjcnfdjv vjétn cfvj gj ctåt cjrhfofnm hfpkbxyst dsåhjcs vfrcbvev yf 30 ghjwtynjd, rfr änj bvttn vtcnj yf ctdthj-djcnjrt CIF, ult tuj bcgjkmpjdfybt åskj dgthdst ddtltyj d pfrjyjlfntkmyjv gjhzlrt d rjywt 1980-ö uu. Tot åjktt ibhjrbt djpvjéyjcnb jnrhsdftn bcgjkmpjdfybt njgkbdf, yt bvtñotuj ytanzyjq jcyjds, yfghbvth, vtnfyjkf, änfyjkf, céfnjuj ghbhjlyjuj ufpf bkb cébétyyjuj ytanzyjuj ufpf b djljhjlysö bkb äktrnhbxtcrbö åfnfhtq, gjcrjkmre jyb gjkyjcnmñ ecnhfyzñn pfuhzpytybt, cdzpfyyjt c dsökjgysvb ufpfvb. YJDST DBLS VTÖFYBXTCRBÖ NHFYCGJHNYSÖ CHTLCND Gjcrjkmre d 70-ö uu. infn Rfkbajhybz ddtk åjktt étcnrbt cnfylfhns yf ecnhjqcndf gj evtymitybñ pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls fdnjvjåbkzvb b uhepjdbrfvb, ghjbpdjlbntkb rfnfkbpfnjhjd yfxfkb cjdthitycndjdfnm cdjñ ghjlerwbñ, hfphfåfnsdfz chtlcndf lkz ghtldfhbntkmyjuj yfuhtdf rfnfkbpfnjhjd, xnj ecrjhztn yfxfkj bö hfåjns b nfrbv jåhfpjv tot åjkmit cjrhfoftn dsåhjcs pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd d fnvjcathe. Cnfylfhns Rfkbajhybb nfrét lfkb njkxjr wtkjve hzle yjdjddtltybq d fdnjvjåbkmyjq ghjvsiktyyjcnb. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj äktrnhjvjåbkb åskb jlybvb bp gthdsö nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd änjuj cnjktnbz, ntöyjkjubz bö yt hfpdbdfkfcm, gjrf d Rfkbajhybb yt bplfkb hfcgjhzétybt j ghjlfét njkmrj ≤nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c yektdsv ehjdytv dsåhjcf≥, bkb NCYED, yfxbyfz c vjltktq 1998 u. C ntö gjh ghfrnbxtcrb rfélsq dtleobq ghjbpdjlbntkm fdnjvjåbktq d vbht, yfxbyfz c ≤ÅVD≥ b rjyxfz ≤Létythfk vjnjhc≥, hfphfåjnfk äktrnhjvjåbkm. Nfr ét gjcnegbkb b dct rhegyst rjvgfybb, ghjbpdjlzobt cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyst vtöfybxtcrbt chtlcndf. Xnjås gjvjxm fvthbrfycrbv ghjbpdjlbntkzv, ghfdbntkmcndj CIF ghtljcnfdbkj Fvthbrfycrjve rjycjhwbeve gj bpujnjdktybñ dscjrjntöyjkjubxysö frrevekz5 njhjd 8 vky ljkkfhjd lkz hfphfåjnrb kturbö b vjoysö frrevekznjhysö åfnfhtq. Gjcnfyjdktybt jå jåzpfntkmyjq ghjlfét NCYED ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq njkmrj jlby rjvgjytyn rjvgktrcyjq cbcntvs åjktt étcnrbö cnfylfhnjd yf cjlthéfybt dhtlysö dtotcnd d dsökjgysö ufpfö, ecnfyjdktyysö Rfkbajhybtq d gjgsnrt htprj cjrhfnbnm pfuhzpytybt djpleöf kturjdsvb fdnjvjåbkzvb, uhepjdbrfvb b fdnjåecfvb. Pfrjyjlfntkmcndj infnf nfrét ghtlgbcsdftn ghjlfée nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c ybprbv dsökjgjv (NCYD), nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd cj cdthöybprbv dsökjgjv (NCCYD) b gthtöjlysö nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd c ybprbv dsökjgjv (GNCYD), xnj, gjvbvj ljgecrf yf hsyjr njkmrj åjktt ärjkjubxtcrb xbcnsö vfiby, ghtcktletn b wtkm ghjlféb åjktt xbcnjuj njgkbdf. Gjrf xnj ghbyznfz d Rfkbajhybb ghjuhfvvf åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv fnvjcaths dsgjkyztncz ecgtiyj. Yfåkñlftncz nfrét ytdthjznyj åscnhsq ghjuhtcc d hfphfåjnrt cdthöxbcnsö ldbufntktq yf ghbhjlyjv ufpt. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj vfiby b uhepjdbrjd, pfghfdktyysö ghbhjlysv ufpjv yfcxbnsdftncz cjnyb nsczx b ghb änjv bvttncz åjkmijq bö gfhr d Bnfkbb, Yjdjq Ptkfylbb b åsditv Cjdtncrjv Cjñpt, jyb yt åskb jgnbvbpbhjdfys yfcnjkmrj, xnjås cjrhfnbnm pfuhzpytybt djpleöf dhtlysvb dtotcndfvb, cjlthéfobvbcz d dsökjgysö ufpfö. Jlyfrj c gjzdktybtv rfkbajhybqcrjq ghjuhfvvs NCYD/NCYED ghjbpdjlbntkb fdnjvjåbktq b gjcnfdobrb ghbhjlyjuj ufpf yfxfkb cjnhelybxfnm d hfphfåjnrt nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, bpyfxfkmyj jhbtynbhjdfyysö yf bcgjkmpjdfybt ghbhjlyjuj ufpf, b ljåbkbcm pfvtxfntkmysö ecgtöjd. Gjljåyst nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf yt njkmrj cjjndtncndjdfkb cnfylfhne NCCYD, yj åskb yf 96 ghjwtynjd ybét tuj. Ntv yt vtytt, bcöjlz bp ghfrnbxtcrbö cjjåhfétybq, vjéyj ghtlgjkjébnm, xnj, gjcnegbd yf hsyjr kturbö vtöfybpbhjdfyysö nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, äktrnhjvjåbkb, gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, cnfyen pfdjtdsdfnm yf ytv dct åjktt ghjxyst gjpbwbb. Dcktl pf Rfkbajhybtq 11 lheubö infnjd CIF, d jcyjdyjv yf ctdthj-djcnjrt, pfyzkbcm ddtltybtv cnfylfhnjd yf NCYED/NCYD. Tckb änb cnfylfhns cjöhfyzncz, yf ljhjufö CIF d 2003 u. åeltn jrjkj 2 vky NCYED. 6 Ljgecrfz, xnj rfélfz vfibyf d CIF d chtlytv ghjöjlbn 48 rv d ltym, gjnhtåkzz 0,5 rDn/x yf 1,6 rv (gjnhtåktybt äythubb äktrnhjvjåbktv ≤Rhfqckth≥ nbgf ≤TEVan≥, gjrf cfvsv ≤ghjéjhkbdsv≥ bp hfphfåjnfyysö äktrnhjvjåbktq), rfélfz vfibyf åeltn gjnhtåkznm 15 rDn d ghjwtcct cnfwbjyfhyjq djcmvbxfcjdjq gjlpfhzlrb. Cjdjregyjt gjnhtåktybt äythubb gfhrjv änbö vfiby cjcnfdbn jrjkj 4 vky rDn, n.t. yf 1 ghjwtyn åjkmit vfrcbvfkmyjuj jåotuj gjnhtåktybz. Gthtöjl dctuj fdnjvjåbkmyjuj gfhrf yf frrevekznjhyjt gbnfybt edtkbxbn gjnhtåyjcnm d äktrnhjäythubb ghbvthyj yf 25 ghjwtynjd. Jlyfrj ghb änjv yf cnjkmrj ét evtymifncz dsåhjcs ldejrbcb eukthjlf, tckb ghtlgjkjébnm xnj cnhernehf gjnhtåktybz äktrnhjäythubb jcnfytncz ytbpvtyyjq. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, äktrnhjvjåbkb ghbytcen ldjqyeñ gjkmpe: d cdzpb c jncencndbtv dsökjgysö nheå, cjrhfnbncz vtcnyjt pfuhzpytybt jrheéfñotq chtls, drkñxfz cvju b dsåhjcs d fnvjcathe jrbcb eukthjlf; ukjåfkmyjt ≤ntgkjdjt≥ pfuhzpytybt, yfghbvth, gjchtlcndjv dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe ldejrbcb eukthjlf, åeltn clthébdfnmcz pf cxtn pfvtys jåotghbyznsö ldbufntktq dyenhtyytuj cujhfybz yf wtynhfkmyst cnfywbb gjlpfhzlrb åfnfhtq, xnj ghbyjcbn åjkmibq äaatrn. Tckb ås elfkjcm ghtdhfnbnm gfhr fdnjvjåbktq d gfhr äktrnhjvjåbktq, åjktt äaatrnbdysö, xtv ≤TEVan≥, vfcinfås pfuhzpytybz djpleöf evtymibkbcm ås tot åjkmit. LHEUBT CHTLCNDF ÅJHMÅS C PFUHZPYTYBTV JRHEÉFÑOTQ CHTLS VTÖFYBXTCRBVB NHFYCGJHNYSVB CHTLCNDFVB Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj dj vyjubö ujhjlfö jcyfotybt vfhihenysö fdnjåecjd, vjnjwbrkjd b fdnjvfiby cjdhtvtyysvb ecnhjqcndfvb, cybéfñobvb ehjdtym pfuhzpytyyjcnb fnvjcaths, lftn jghtltktyyst gjkjébntkmyst htpekmnfns, jyj yt ljcnfnjxyj åscnhj b d yeéysö hfpvthfö evtymiftn pfuhzpytybt djpleöf. Änb ujhjlf ddtkb e ctåz wtksq hzl ghjuhfvv, bpdtcnysö gjl jåobv yfpdfybtv ≤vthjghbznbz gj åjhmåt c pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq chtls nhfycgjhnysvb chtlcndfvb≥ (VÅPJCNC), yfxbyfz jn gtitöjlysö lytq b rjyxfz pfghtotybtv gfhrjdrb fdnjvjåbktq d ujhjlt. Vyjubt VÅPJCNC cnhjzncz yf cybétybb byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz. Lkz änjuj bcgjkmpeñncz hfpkbxyst vtnjls jn abpbxtcrbö – rjjhlbyfwbz hfåjns cdtnjajhjd, gfhfkktkmyst ekbws c jlyjcnjhjyybv ldbétybtv, jnltkmyst gjkjcs lkz ckeétåysö vfiby b fdnjåecjd – lj ärjyjvbxtcrbö cnbvekjd, yfghbvth, ≤gkfnf pf cjplfybt pfnjhf≥, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq djlbntkb gkfnzn pf tple d xfcs ≤gbr≥. Juhfybxtybz yf dütpl. D 1977 u. d Åeäyjc-Fqhtct gj hfåjxbv lyzv cnfkb ddjlbnm juhfybxtybz yf dütpl fdnjvjåbktq d wtynh ujhjlf c 10 x enhf lj 7 x dtxthf. Fdnjåecfv b nfrcb hfphtiftncz tplbnm kbim gj ytcrjkmrbv ekbwfv. Änb pfghtns yfghfdktys yf cybétybt byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz d ujhjlt b ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz fnvjcaths, dspdfyysö ntv, xnj d rfélsq bp hfåjxbö lytq d wtynh Åeäyjc-Fqhtcf ghbtpéftn vbkkbjy xtkjdtr. Dyfxfkt lkz ghfrnbxtcrjuj jceotcndktybz egjvzyensö juhfybxtybq ghböjlbkjcm ecnfyfdkbdfnm gjkbwtqcrbt rjhljys. Ntgthm ét ljcnfnjxyj ytåjkmibö ljhjéysö pyfrjd, gjrfpsdfñobö, relf ytkmpz dütpéfnm yf fdnjvjåbkt. Xfcnbxysq bkb gjkysq pfghtn yf dütpl fdnjvjåbktq åsk nfrét ecnfyjdkty d åjkmibycndt rhegysö bnfkmzycrbö ujhjljd, drkñxfz Hbv, Akjhtywbñ, Ytfgjkm, Åjkjymñ b Utyeñ, f nfrét d ytrjnjhsö åjktt vtkrbö ujhjlfö. C 7.30 x enhf lj 7.30 x dtxthf d wtynhfkmyst hfqjys Hbvf b Akjhtywbb hfphtityj dütpéfnm njkmrj fdnjåecfv, nfrcb, nhfycgjhnysv chtlcndfv, bcgjkmpetvsv lkz gthtdjprb njdfhjd b eckeu, b fdnjvjåbkzv ébntktq änbö hfqjyjd. Fyfkjubxyst pfghtns åskb ddtltys d ltqcndbt d Fabyfö, Fvcnthlfvt, Åfhctkjyt, Åelfgtint, Vtöbrj b Vñyötyt. D ntxtybt åkbéfqituj ltcznbktnbz dkfcnb u. Åjhlj, Ahfywbz, cjåbhfñncz eåhfnm fdnjvjåbkb c gjkjdbys ekbw ujhjlf, jcdjåjlbd bö lkz gtitöjljd b dtkjcbgtlbcnjd. Pfghtns yf gfhrjdre. Pfghtns yf gfhrjdre juhfybxbdfñn xbckj fdnjvjåbktq, rjnjhst vjuen åsnm gjcnfdktys yf cnjzyre d rfrjv-kbåj hfqjyt, yj ybrjbv jåhfpjv yt dkbzñn yf xbckj vfiby, ghjtpéfñobö åtp jcnfyjdrb. Vjéyj htibnm ghjåktvs, cdzpfyyst c yfkbxbtv bpkbiytuj nhfycgjhnf d ujhjlt, tckb djjåot yt gecrfnm tuj d wtynh ujhjlf. Cjplfybt gtitöjlysö pjy d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp gentq evtymitybz pfuhzpytyyjcnb djpleöf, cnbvekbhjdfybz nehbpvf b gjdsitybz ehjdyz ébpyb cnfyjdbncz dct åjktt gjgekzhysv d Tdhjgt. Jgsn Cjtlbytyysö Infnjd d änjq jåkfcnb ujhfplj crhjvytt: pjys c juhfybxtyysv ljgecrjv fdnjvjåbktq, rfr ghfdbkj, dcnhtxfñncz d ytåjkmibö nehbcncrbö hfqjyfö bkb hfqjyfö, ult cjchtljnjxtys vfufpbys b njhujdst njxrb, b vfkj dkbzñn yf jåobt pfrjyjvthyjcnb ujhjlcrjuj ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz. Nhfycgjhnyst ≤ctrnjhs≥. D 1970 u. d Utntåjhut, Idtwbz, wtynh ujhjlf åsk gjltkty, rfr gbhju, yf gznm rjyecjjåhfpysö ctrnjhjd, xnjås juhfybxbnm ≤crdjpyjt≥ ljhjéyjt ldbétybt b cgjcjåcndjdfnm hfpdbnbñ jåotcndtyyjuj nhfycgjhnf. Vfibys Crjhjq gjvjob, jåotcndtyysq nhfycgjhn, dtkjcbgtls b vjgtls vjuen cdjåjlyj gthtvtofnmcz bp jlyjq pjys d lheueñ, yj änjuj yt vjuen ltkfnm fdnjvjåbkb. Evtymitybt fdnjvjåbkmyjuj nhfycgjhnf d wtynht Utntåjhuf ghbdtkj r cjdthitycndjdfybñ hfåjns ujhjlcrjuj nhfycgjhnf b evtymitybñ rjkbxtcndf ytcxfcnysö ckexftd. Nfr yfpsdftvsq vtnjl nhfycgjhnysö ctrnjhjd, djpybribq d Åhtvtyt, Uthvfybz, nfrét ghbvtyztncz d Uhjybyutyt, Ujkkfylbz, b Åtpfycjyt, Ahfywbz. Gtitöjlyst lyb. D rjywt 1991 u. Hbv, Vbkfy, Ytfgjkm, Nehby b ctvm lheubö bnfkmzycrbö ujhjljd jåüzdbkb djqye pfuhzpytybñ djpleöf b cnfkb juhfybxbdfnm xbckj vfiby yf ljhjufö. D cjjndtncndbb c änbv gkfyjv, d jlby bp lytq pfghtoftncz djlbnm vfibye, gjcktlyzz wbahf yjvthyjuj pyfrf rjnjhjq zdkztncz ytxtnyjq, f d lheujq – vfibye c xtnyjq gjcktlytq wbahjq yf yjvthyjv pyfrt. Vyjubt fdnjvjåbkbcns, djpveotyyst yfheitybtv bö ghfd yf djéltybt, ghjbuyjhbhjdfkb ghfdbkj xtnysö-ytxtnysö wbah. D jlby bp ltrfåhmcrbö lytq jabwths gjkbwbb dsgbcfkb 12 983 rdbnfywbq d rfxtcndt inhfaf yfheibntkzv pf dstpl d ujhjl yf cdjtv fdnjvjåbkt yt d bö ltym bkb pf gjlltkre yjvthysö pyfrjd. Jlyfrj vbybcnh ärjkjubb Bnfkbb cxbnftn, xnj c gjvjomñ étcnrbö ghbyelbntkmysö vth xthtleñobqcz xthtp ltym pfghtn yf djéltybt vjétn cjrhfnbnm pfuhzpytybt fnvjcaths yf 20–30 ghjwtynjd. Ujhjlcrbt dkfcnb Kjc-Fylétktcf, Rfkbajhybz, nfrét hfphfåjnfkb gkfy, fyfkjubxysq bnfkmzycrjve. D ltqcndbntkmyjcnb, änjn ghjnbdjhtxbdsq dcgjvjufntkmysq gkfy bvtk wtkmñ jrfpfybt gjvjob cjåkñltybñ cnfylfhnjd yjdjuj Pfrjyf j xbcnjv djpleöt. Yfxbyfz c 2000 u. d Kjc-Fylétktct åelen ddtltys ≤gtitöjlyst lyb≥ rfr gjcktlytt chtlcndj cybétybz ehjdyz jpjyf b eufhyjuj ufpf d fnvjcatht. Tckb gkfy åeltn dsgjkyty, rféljve fdnjvjåbkbcne ghbltncz jlby ltym d ytltkñ jcnfdkznm cdjñ vfibye ljvf d pfdbcbvjcnb jn gjcktlytq wbahs yf tt yjvthyjv pyfrt. Dtkjcbgtlysq nhfycgjhn. Lfdyj cnfd cfvsv hfcghjcnhfytyysv dbljv nhfycgjhnf d vbht, dtkjcbgtl gthtébdftn ctqxfc gthbjl djphjéltybz. Ghfdbntkmcndf boen cgjcjås lfkmytqituj hfpdbnbz dtkjcbgtlyjuj nhfycgjhnf gjchtlcndjv cgtwbfkmysö gjjohbntkmysö ghjuhfvv. D yfcnjzott dhtvz yf gkfytnt yfcxbnsdftncz åjktt 800 vky dtkjcbgtljd, ghbåkbpbntkmyj dldjt åjkmit, xtv xbckj kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq. Jlyfrj d wtkzö tot åjkmituj hfpdbnbz dtkjcbgtlyjuj nhfycgjhnf nfrbt cnhfys, rfr Ujkkfylbz, Lfybz, Åtkmubz b Uthvfybz, hfcibhzñn ctnm jnltktyysö jn fdnjvfubcnhfktq dtkjcbgtlysö ljhjétr. Yfkbxbt cgtwbfkmysö dtkjcnjzyjr, rjynjh ghjrfnf dtkjcbgtljd gjl pfkju, djpdhfn rjnjhjuj ufhfynbhetncz, b lfét dtkjcbgtlysö ufhfétq cgjcjåcndetn bcgjkmpjdfybñ dtkjcbgtljd d rfxtcndt nhfycgjhnyjuj chtlcndf. Gjljåyst ghjuhfvvs jrfpsdfñn juhjvyjt djpltqcndbt yf kñltq ghb dsåjht bvb njuj bkb byjuj dblf nhfycgjhnf. Nfr, yfghbvth, gjckt njuj, rfr d ytvtwrjv ujhjlt Ähkfyutyt åskj gjcnhjtyj 160 rv dtkjcbgtlysö ljhjétr, byntycbdyjcnm dtkjcbgtlyjuj ldbétybz nfv djphjckf dldjt. Dj vyjubö rbnfqcrbö ujhjlfö bvtñncz gznb- b itcnbgjkjcyst dtkjcbgtlyst ljhjérb. Ltqcndbntkmyj, d Rbnft dtkjcbgtl jcnfdkztn lfktrj gjpflb dct lheubt dbls nhfycgjhnf. Cnfnbcnbrb ljhjéyjq ckeéås d ujhjlt Nzymwpby gjlcxbnfkb, xnj d ntxtybt xfcf jlby bp gthtrhtcnrjd änjuj ujhjlf gthtctrfñn 50 000 dtkjcbgtljd. Crjkmpzobq uhfabr. D 1984 u. dj dhtvz ktnybö Jkbvgbqcrbö buh d Kjc- Pfuhzpytybt djpleöf, dspdfyyjt vtöfybxtcrbvb nhfycgjhnysvb chtlcndfvb (d ghjwtynfö) z rf bz tz bz bz bz ys bz wb cb qp jh tw fy jy gb hw dt tr fkf Uh ,R Ne bg Zg hv I , V k , k , t , e b j, , V hf j f ys rf ,U hu A Ct br eh rf cf yl ,R ty ab åj f, u. tö g Fy yö tc 3 nt Kj .J .F bk . V Kev u t 8 u ñ y u u. tk . U f u 19 82 76 u. .V V 80 lé 78 87 kf 19 uu 19 u. 19 80 19 Fy 19 Ref 7 75 c8 19 / . j 9 u 1 K 74 u. 87 19 2 19 z z yb jh a kb kb yu F y, 8 19 (Yf jcyjdt lfyysö cghfdjxybrf ≤Vbhjdst htcehcs≥ pf 1992–1993 uu.) 7 JÅPJH ECGTÖJD Rehbnbåf, Åhfpbkbz. D Ñéyjq Fvthbrt ckfdf j åhfpbkmcrjv ujhjlt, rjnjhsq htrkfvbhetn ctåz rfr ≤cnjkbwe ärjkjubb≥, bltn gj dctve rjynbytyne. Rehbnbåt c yfctktybtv 2,3 vky. xtkjdtr, drkñxfz ghbujhjls, elfkjcm jhufybpjdfnm åtcgkfnyjt vtlbwbycrjt, peåjdhfxtåyjt jåckeébdfybt b cbcntve ltncrbö exhtéltybq, ljcnbxm jlyjuj bp cfvsö dscjrbö d vbht ehjdyz gththfåjnrb jnöjljd b cybpbnm ehjdtym pfåjktdfybq, cdzpfyysö c ärjkjubtq, – b dct änj ytcvjnhz yf åtpelthéyeñ byakzwbñ b djgbñoeñ åtlyjcnm jrheéfñobö ctkmcrbö hfqjyjd. F rkñx r änjve b vyjubv lheubv ljcnbétybzv, gjvbvj dctuj ghjxtuj, cjcnjbn d dslfñotqcz fdnjåecyjq cbcntvt. Öjnz rjkbxtcndj dkfltkmwtd fdnjvjåbktq yf leie yfctktybz ujhjlf cnjbn yf xtndthnjv vtcnt chtlb åhfpbkmcrbö ujhjljd, gjnhtåktybt nhfycgjhnyjuj njgkbdf, f jncñlf b pfuhzpytybt djpleöf yf 25–30fi ybét. Ghbxbyf änjve d njv, xnj fdnjåecs pltcm åscnhtt, ltitdkt b rjvajhnfåtkmytt vfiby. Fdnjåecs gthtdjpzn c njq ét äaatrnbdyjcnmñ, xnj b cjdhtvtyyjt vtnhj, yj njkmrj pf 1–3fi tuj cnjbvjcnb. D wtkjv fdnjåecs gthtdjpzn åjktt 900 000 gfccfébhjd d ltym. Gjcrjkmre nfr vyjuj kñltq bcgjkmpeñn änjn nhfycgjhn, jy zdkztncz jlybv bp ytvyjubö dbljd jåotcndtyyjuj nhfycgjhnf d vbht, rjnjhsq htynfåtkty. Rehbnbåf yfxfkf cjplfdfnm fdnjåecyeñ cbcntve d 1970-ö uu. gjl herjdjlcndjv vähf, Létqvf Kthyfhf, fhöbntrnjhf b ujhjlcrjuj ghjtrnbhjdobrf. Jy cjplfk dtkbrjktgyeñ ctnm ärcghtcc-vfubcnhfktq, vtcnysö dcgjvjufntkmysö fdnjåecjd b cgtwbfkmysö vfhihenjd d wtynht ujhjlf. D ujhjlt hzljv c jcyjdysvb vfubcnhfkzvb hfphtiftncz cnhjbnm njkmrj vyjujänféyst ébkst ljvf, b d rféljv ljvt ldf ybéybö änféf ljkéyj åsnm jndtltyj gjl vfufpbys. Åkbpktéfobt vfufpbys cybéfñn lj vbybvevf ytjåöjlbvjcnm gjtpljr lkz ébntktq, f vyjujänféyst ljvf lfñn åjkmijve rjkbxtcnde gfccfébhjd cdjåjlysq ljcneg r fdnjåecfv. Pf gjcktlybt nhb ujlf Rehbnbåf hfphfåjnfkf tot jlye jhbubyfkmyeñ bltñ, rjnjhfz cltkfkf fdnjåecs åscnhtt – gjcfljxyst wbkbylhbxtcrbt gkfnajhvs. Yföjlzcm jrjkj ljhjub, änb wbkbylhs bp cnfkb b cntrkf ljcnbufñn gjxnb 3 v d lbfvtnht b 10 v d lkbye. Dvtcnj njuj, xnjås dpåbhfnmcz gj cnegtymrfv d fdnjåec b pfntv gkfnbnm pf åbktn, gfccfébhs jgecrfñn étnjys d gjcfljxyst fdnjvfns b ghjcnj élen ghböjlf fdnjåecf, cgtwbfkmyj cghjtrnbhjdfyyjuj lkz änjq cbcntvs. Xthtp ytrjnjhjt dhtvz, jåsxyj ghbvthyj xthtp 5 vbyen, pdexbn vtkjlbxysq cbuyfk, d wbkbylh-gkfnajhve dütpéftn cgtwbfkmysq fdnjåec ≤Djkmdj≥, ghb änjv ghbvtyztncz ajnjäktrnhbxtcrbq äktvtyn-ukfpjr. Hfcrhsdfñncz ldt ldthb gj 1,3 v d ibhbye, ythéfdtñofz cnfkm cgjkpftn dybpb d cxbnfyyst ctreyls gfccfébhs eét dyenhb fdnjåecf c abuehysvb rhtckfvb, ibhjrbvb cntrkzyysvb jryfvb b åjkmibv fccjhnbvtynjv ythéfdtqrb, bvbnbheñobv yjdtqibt vbhjdst lbpfqys vtnhj. Fdnjåec, xfcnj d nhb hfpf lkbyytt jåsxyjuj, dvtofñobq 270 xtkjdtr, yfåbhftn crjhjcnm b xthtp 20 vbyen gfccfébhs pfrfyxbdfñn 12-rbkjvtnhjdeñ gjtplre d wtynh ujhjlf. Vtöbrj, Vtrcbrf. Cnjkbwt c 20 vky. xtkjdtr, Vtöbrj jåsxyj ghbgbcsdftncz cfvsq cjvybntkmysq djpleö d vbht. Htitybt ghjåktvs pfuhzpytybz djpleöf gjnhtåjdfkj, gj vytybñ vyjubö, lhfrjyjdcrbö vth. Gjcktlybt drkñxfkb pfghtn yf djéltybt fdnjvjåbkz jlby ltym d ytltkñ, ddtltyysq d 1989 u. yf ajyt yfcnegfntkmyjq htrkfvyjq rfvgfybb b inhfaf d 150 ljkkfhjd pf yfheitybz, xnj cybpbkj pfuhzpytybt ghbvthyj yf 10fi. Öjnz ébntkb Vtöbrj dyfxfkt éfkjdfkbcm yf äne ghjuhfvve, ctqxfc 80fi bp ybö öjnzn ghjljkéfnm. Ecgtö pfghtnf yf djéltybt d Vtöbrj cgjcjåcndjdfk yfxfke cjåcndtyysö ghjuhfvv d ldeö lheubö rhegytqibö ujhjlfö cnhfys Vjynthhtt b Udflfkföfht. Cbyufgeh. Änjn ujhjl-ujcelfhcndj vjétn gjödfcnfnmcz cfvjq cjukfcjdfyyjq d vbht ghjuhfvvjq gj evtymitybñ pfuhzpytybz gentv rjynhjkz pf ldbétybtv. Gjtplrf yf vfibyt d Wtynhfkmysq ltkjdjq hfqjy (WLH) nhtåetn cgtwbfkmyjuj hfphtitybz, rjnjhjt vjétn åsnm regktyj yf ltym bkb yf vtczw. Juhfybxtybt ldbétybz d WLH ltqcndetn c 7.30 x enhf lj 6.30 x dtxthf tétlytdyj, rhjvt djcrhtctymz b yfwbjyfkmysö ghfplybrjd. Gjkbwtqcrbt hfpvtofñncz yf cgtwbfkmysö gjcnfö yf äcnfrflfö gj gthbvtnhe WLH lkz rjynhjkz pf yfheitybzvb, pf rjnjhst c gjvjomñ fdnjvfnjd dpbvftncz inhfa. Cnhjubq rjynhjkm hfcghjcnhfyztncz yf nfrcb, rjnjhst jåjheljdfys cbuyfkmysvb cbcntvfvb d gfccfébhcrjv jnltktybb, rjnjhst fdnjvfnbxtcrb chfåfnsdfñn, tckb crjhjcnm ghtdsiftn 80 rv/x. Dct fdnjvjåbkmyst chtlcndf ljkéys ghjqnb tétujlysq jcvjnh lkz ecnfyjdktybz bö ghbujlyjcnb lkz djéltybz b cjjndtncndbz cnfylfhnfv yf dsåhjcs. Jnkbxyfz ctnm jåotcndtyyjuj nhfycgjhnf drkñxftn fdnjåecs, nfrcb b ≤vfccjdst crjhjcnyst gthtdjprb≥, bkb vtnhj. Gtrby, Rbnfq. Itcnjq gj dtkbxbyt ujhjl vbhf, Gtrby yfxfk ibhjrjt yfcnegktybt yf pfuhzpytybt djpleöf c gjvjomñ ghjuhfvv pfobns ujhjlcrjuj djljcåjhf, gthtcnhjqrb nheojå, gjjohtybz dtkjcbgtljd (90fi gjtpljr d ujhjlt cjdthiftncz yf dtkjcbgtlfö) b ghtrhfotybz cébufybz eukz d ujhjlt. Xnjås jcnfyjdbnm ibhjrjhfcghjcnhfytyyjt bcgjkmpjdfybt eukz, ujhjl gjcnhjbk ldf rhegysö pfdjlf gj ghjbpdjlcnde rfvtyyjeujkmyjuj ufpf, rjnjhsq gthtrfxbdftncz gj nheåjghjdjlfv ghbvthyj d 1 vky ljvjd b 600 ghtlghbznbq. 8 Fylétktct d änjv ujhjlt åsk ddtlty crjkmpzobq uhfabr hfåjns, xnj gjpdjkbkj ljåbnmcz nfv cfvjuj ybprjuj pf gjcktlybt ujls ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. D yfcnjzott dhtvz vyjubt ujhjlf gsnfñncz jcnfyjdbnm pfuhzpytybt fnvjcaths, yfxbyfz jåsxysq hfåjxbq bkb irjkmysq ltym yf xfc-ldf hfymit bkb pfrfyxbdfz tuj gjpét, evtymifz nfrbv jåhfpjv pfnjhs ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz. D ytrjnjhsö ujhjlfö gjjohzñn xtnshtölytdyeñ hfåjxeñ ytltkñ d rfxtcndt jlyjuj bp cgjcjåjd evtymitybz byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz. Nfr, yfghbvth, d ujkjdyjq rjynjht Jrheéyjuj ltgfhnfvtynf jåotcndtyysö hfåjn Kjc-Fyétktcf c gjytltkmybrf gj xtndthu ckeéfobt hfåjnfñn gj 10 xfcjd d ltym. Gj gznybwfv dct plfybt pfrhsdftncz, xnj yt njkmrj cgjcjåcndetn cybétybñ ehjdyz pfuhzpytyyjcnb fnvjcaths cvjujv b vtymitq byntycbdyjcnb ljhjéyjuj ldbétybz, yj b gjpdjkztn cärjyjvbnm yf ärcgkefnfwbjyysö hfcöjlfö 1,7 vky ljkkfhjd d ujl. Bcgjkmpjdfybt rjvgmñnthjd b ntktrjvveybrfwbjyysö cbcntv. Tot jlybv bp cgjcjåjd evtymitybz pfuhzpytyyjcnb fnvjcaths zdkztncz bcgjkmpjdfybt ckeéfobvb rjvgmñnthjd b ntktrjvveybrfwbjyysö cbcntv ghb hfåjnt yf ljve. Änj gjpdjkztn rjvgfybzv cjrhfnbnm yfrkflyst hfcöjls, f ckeéfobv cärjyjvbnm dhtvz b ltymub. C gjvjomñ ghjuhfvv hfåjns yf ljve dkfcnb Kjc-Fylétktcf yfltñncz bpåfdbnmcz jn 3 vky ckeétåysö gjtpljr d ltym. Gj lfyysv Wtynhf bccktljdfybq åeleotuj, 5 vky fvthbrfywtd bvtñn hfåjne, cdzpfyyeñ c rjvgmñnthjv, rjnjheñ r 1993 u. jyb cvjuen dsgjkyznm yf ljve, f Fccjwbfwbz vtcnysö jhufyjd dkfcnb Ñéyjq Rfkbajhybb ecnfyjdbkf, xnj, tckb rfélsq djcmvjq hfåjnybr ghtlgjxntn hfåjne yf ljve bkb d vtcnyjv hfåjxtv wtynht, bvtñotv äktrnhjyyeñ cdzpm c wtynhfkmysv jabcjv, elfcncz gjxnb yf nhtnm cjrhfnbnm dhtvz pfnjhjd yf crjhjcnysö fdnjcnhflfö c nhfycgjhnysvb hfpdzprfvb. Ntöjcvjnh b ntöjåckeébdfybt. Ddtltybt cnhjubö ghfdbk ntöjåckeébdfybz b ntöjcvjnhf vtöfybxtcrbö nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd b jåtcgtxtybt bö cjåkñltybz ghtlcnfdkzñn cjåjq dféyjt ljgjkytybt r ecnfyjdktyysv cnfylfhnfv yf dsåhjcs. Åtpjndtncndtyysq gjlöjl r htitybñ änjuj djghjcf b gkjöjt cthdbcyjt jåckeébdfybt CNHJBNTKMCNDJ LJVJD BP GHJLERNJD PFUHZPYTYBZ DJPLEÖF Cdfktyyjt d rexe dljkm étktpyjljhjéysö gentq rjvgfybb ≤Ryfea ubgcev≥, rhegytqitq ytvtwrjq rjvgfybb cnhjbntkmysö vfnthbfkjd, ktébn nj, xnj rjulf-nj åskj htfkmysv ghjlernjv pfuhzpytybz djpleöf d cnhfyt. Dcrjht jyj ghtdhfnbncz d ljvf. Pfuhzpytybt djpleöf vfnthbfkbpjdfkjcm d dblt ubgcjdsö åhbrtnjd – ndthlsö, rfr rfvtym, b ghbvthyj cjjndtncndeñobö zqwfv gj hfpvthe b wdtne, rjnjhst ktéfn, cdfktyyst d uhele yf pbvytv ghjybpsdfñotv öjkjlt b cytue. Änb åhbrtns – gjåjxyst ghjlerns ufpjjxbcnbntktq lsvjdsö nheå, ecnhjqcnd, rjnjhst hfpåhspubdfñn d pfuhzpytyysq djpleö djle b bpdtcnre, jåhfpez gekmge, d åjkmibycndt cnhfy cgecrftveñ d cnjr. Yj d Uthvfybb äktrnhjcnfywbb hfphfåfnsdfñn fkmnthyfnbde ufpjjxbcnbntkzv bkb yföjlzn cgjcjå bcgjkmpjdfnm äne gekmge. Uthvfycrfz ghjvsiktyyjcnm ltkftn b nj b lheujt, yfghfdkzz jlby gjnjr yjdjddtltybq yf hfphfåjnre åjktt ghjuhtccbdys ecnhjqcnd rjynhjkz pf pfuhzpytybtv, xtv ufpjjxbcnbntkb, f lheujq – yf cjdthitycndjdfybt gentq bcgjkmpjdfybz gekmgs, gjkextyyjq bp ufpjjxbcnbntktq. Jlby bp htpekmnfnjd änjuj – ghjwtcc cnhjbntkmcndf ljvjd bp ghjlernjd pfuhzpytybz rjvgfybtq ≤Ryfea≥. vjuen jxtym åscnhj ghbdtcnb r ytäaatrnbdyjcnb rjynhjkz pf dsökjgfvb. Cnfhtybt jåjheljdfybz, ghbvtyzñotujcz d öjlt åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq chtls, nfrét cybéftn tuj ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm. Gjänjve ghbvtytybt ghjuhfvv, yfghfdktyysö yf elfktybt c ljhju cnfhsö fdnjvjåbktq, yfghbvth, c gjvjomñ rfrjuj-kbåj abyfycjdjuj cnbvekf, cgjcjåcndetn ceotcndtyyjve cybétybñ dsåhjcf fdnjvjåbkzvb d fnvjcathe pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd. ÄKTRNHJCNFYWBB Lkbntkmyjt dhtvz cxbnfdibtcz dj vyjubö cnhfyfö ljhjujcnjñobvb b gkjöj gjllfñobvbcz rjynhjkñ, äktrnhjcnfywbb dct åjkmit cnfyjdzncz jåütrnjv ghbvtytybz yjdsö ntöyjkjubq b ghfrnbxtcrbö vtnjljd. Lkz änjuj tcnm cdjb jcyjdfybz. Tckb yt cxbnfnm vtöfybxtcrbö nhfycgjhnysö chtlcnd, äktrnhjcnfywbb zdkzñncz rhegytqibv cjdjregysv bcnjxybrjv pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. Nfr, yfghbvth, d CIF äktrnhjcnfywbb dsåhfcsdfñn d fnvjcathe jrjkj ldeö nhtntq dctq ldejrbcb cths b xenm vtymit jlyjq nhtnb dctö jrbctq fpjnf. Ytcvjnhz yf jncencndbt lfyysö d jnyjitybb vyjubö lheubö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd, gj dctq dthjznyjcnb, nj ét cfvjt vjéyj crfpfnm b gj gjdjle lheubö dsåhjcjd, jcjåtyyj ndthlsö xfcnbw b nzétksö vtnfkkjd b, ytrjnjhsv jåhfpjv, jpjyf. Dj dctv vbht ljkz äktrnhjcnfywbq d pfuhzpytybb djpleöf, gj-dblbvjve, åeltn hfcnb, gjcrjkmre cghjc yf äktrnhjäythubñ d hzlt cnhfy gjdsiftncz yf 10 ghjwtynjd d ujl. Änj jpyfxftn, xnj gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb åeltn eldfbdfnmcz ghbåkbpbntkmyj rfélst ctvm ktn. Djpltqcndbt cnjkm vfccjdjuj pfuhzpytybz yf ujhjlf nhelyj gjllftncz njxyjq jwtyrt, gjcrjkmre d wtkzö hfcghtltktybz pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd yf cjnyb rdflhfnysö rbkjvtnhjd vyjubt äktrnhjcnfywbb gjcnhjbkb nfr yfpsdftvst ≤dscjrbt lsvjdst nheås≥– dsnzérb, ljcnbufñobt 396 v. D htpekmnfnt yf åjkmibö nthhbnjhbzö htprj eöelibkjcm rfxtcndj djpleöf. Gjljåyjt pfuhzpytybt fnvjcaths cnfkj dtcmvf hfcghjcnhfytyysv zdktybtv, yj tuj nhelyj bpvthbnm. Gjcktlytt jåcnjzntkmcndj pyfxbntkmyj eckjéybkj ecnfyjdktybt ghbxbyyj-cktlcndtyyjq cdzpb vtéle pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf b yfkbxbtv e xtkjdtrf hfpkbxysö åjktpytq. Ntv yt vtytt, rhegyst bccktljdfybz, abyfycbhetvst ghfdbntkmcndjv (jlyj bp nfrbö bccktljdfybq d CIF ghjdjlbkjcm d ntxtybt 10 ktn b jåjikjcm d 600 vky ljkkfhjd), jghtltktyyj cdzpsdfñn pfuhzpytybt jrheéfñotq chtls d htpekmnfnt dsåhjcjd äktrnhjcnfywbq c hfcghjcnhfytybtv ärjkjub9 xtcrjuj eothåf, yfghbvth, gjdsitybtv rbckjnyjq rjywtynhfwbb jpth b htr b ubåtkmñ ktcjd. Gjcktlybt bccktljdfybz cjcnjzybz pljhjdmz kñltq, nfrét yjcbdibt ibhjrbq öfhfrnth, cjlthéfn dsdjl j njv, pfuhzpytybt djpleöf ghbdjlbn r gjdsityyjq xtkjdtxtcrjq cvthnyjcnb. Ghb änjv jåhfoftncz dybvfybt yf njn afrn, xnj njkmrj d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö d htpekmnfnt pfuhzpytybz djpleöf ndthlsvb xfcnbwfvb tétujlyj evbhftn åjktt 50 000 xtkjdtr. Nfrbv jåhfpjv, ghfdbntkmcndf d 90-ö uu. yfxbyfñn jåhfofnm dybvfybt yf äktrnhjcnfywbb rfr yf cthmtpyst, yj chfdybntkmyj kturj gjllfñobtcz rjynhjkñ, bcnjxybrb pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. Ghbåkbpbntkmyj gjl ntv ét eukjv phtybz d 70-ö b 80-ö uu. xbyjdybrb hfccvfnhbdfkb fdnjvjåbkmysq nhfycgjhn. Fyfkjubxyj rjynhjkñ yfl dsökjgfvb kturjdsö fdnjvjåbktq, uhepjdbrjd b fdnjåecjd, chtlcndf åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf äktrnhjcnfywbzvb dtcmvf hfpyjjåhfpys – jn yjdsö dbljd njgkbdf, yfghbvth, eukz c åjktt ybprbv cjlthéfybtv cths, lj nfrbö ntöyjkjubq, rfr ufpjjxbcnbntkb dsnzéysö nheå, rjnjhst yf 90 b åjktt ghjwtynjd cybéfñn dsåhjcs d fnvjcathe ldejrbcb cths, jcyjdyjq ghbxbys rbckjnysö ljéltq. Fyfkjubxyj njve, rfr c gjzdktybtv ytrjnjhsö yjdsö ntöyjkjubq pfhjlbkfcm yfltélf yf gjkyjt ecnhfytybt pfuhzpytybz djpleöf fdnjnhfycgjhnjv, ltkftncz egjh yf cbcntvs, cgjcjåyst gjkyjcnmñ ghtljndhfnbnm dsåhjcs äktrnhjcnfywbzvb dhtlysö dtotcnd d fnvjcathe. Nfr, yfghbvth, dtnhj-äythutnbxtcrbt ecnfyjdrb vjuen ghjbpdjlbnm äythubñ c ntvb ét pfnhfnfvb, xnj b eujkm, cfvjt ltitdjt b uhzpyjt bcrjgftvjt njgkbdj, yj c yektdsv pfuhzpytybtv djpleöf. Djpvjéyjcnb evtymitybz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf c gjvjomñ ljgjkybntkmysö ecnhjqcnd c ghbvtytybtv gjlöjlf, fyfkjubxyjuj nhtåjdfybñ ecnfyjdbnm rfnfkbnbxtcrbt ytqnhfkbpfnjhs yf fdnjvjåbkzö, eåtlbntkmyj gjlndthélfñncz pfvtxfntkmysvb ecgtöfvb, ljcnbuyensvb d änjq jåkfcnb d Uthvfybb. D 1980-1981 uu. jåotcndtyyjcnm änjq cnhfys pfåbkf nhtdjue gj gjdjle ≤Dfkmlinähåäy≥ bkb ubåtkb ktcjd. Jåyfheébd gjxnb vbabxtcreñ cdzpm cj cdjbvb ktcfvb, yfxbyfz jn Xthyjuj ktcf b rjyxfz uhfwbjpysvb kbgfvb Åthkbyf, b dshf10 éfz ytgjrjktåbveñ edthtyyjcnm d njv, xnj pfuhzpytybt cdjlbn bö yf ytn, Uthvfybz bplfkf gjcnfyjdktybt j cjrhfotybb yf 90 ghjwtynjd d ntxtybt 6 ktn dsåhjcjd äktrnhjcnfywbq. Ghjuhfvvf jåjikfcm ult-nj d 21 vkhl uthvfycrbö vfhjr (12,6 vkhl ljkkfhjd), yj ghb änjv ljcnbukf cdjtq wtkb – cjrhfotybz dldjt dsåhjcjd ldejrbcb cths d vfcinfåfö dctq cnhfys. D öjlt dsgjkytybz ghjuhfvvs Uthvfybz pfhtrjvtyljdfkf ctåz d rfxtcndt vbhjdjuj kblthf d ghjbpdjlcndt rfr ufpjjxbcnbntktq (gsktekjdbntktq), nfr b cbcntv ≤bpåbhfntkmyjq rfnfkbnbxtcrjq ytqnhfkbpfwbb≥ (BRY), rjnjhst vjuen cjrhfofnm yf 90 b åjktt ghjwtynjd cjlthéfybt d dsåhjcfö äktrnhjcnfywbq jrbctq fpjnf, ghbdjlzobö rfr r cvjue, nfr b rbckjnysv ljélzv. Pfntv ytvtwrbt äktrnhjcnfywbb åskb ecjdthitycndjdfys, b bö ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm djphjckf ghbvthyj yf 12 ghjwtynjd. Gj lfyysv Vtéleyfhjlyjuj äythutnbxtcrjuj futyncndf, d hfpkbxysö cnhfyfö vbhf ecnfyjdktys bkb ecnfyfdkbdfñncz ufpjjxbcnbntkb yf äktrnhjcnfywbzö jåotq vjoyjcnmñ jrjkj 104 500 vuDn. YJDST NTÖYJKJUBB Hzl jnyjcbntkmyj yjdsö ntöyjkjubq jåtoftn ceotcndtyyjt cjrhfotybt dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe gj chfdytybñ c cjdhtvtyysvb cbcntvfvb. Pf cxtn bcgjkmpjdfybz djljhjlf ytrjnjhst bp ybö vjuen ltqcndbntkmyj ljcnbuyenm yektdjuj pyfxtybz bkb yfcnjkmrj åkbprjuj r yekñ ehjdyz dsåhjcjd, xnj hfpybwe ytdjpvjéyj åeltn bpvthbnm ceotcndeñobvb ghbåjhfvb. Lfét ghb hfåjnt äktrnhjcnfywbq yf bcrjgftvjv njgkbdt, yfghbvth, yf ghbhjlyjv ufpt, änb ntöybxtcrbt htitybz vjuen jåtcgtxbnm yektdst dsåhjcs jlybö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd b åkbprbt r yekñ dsåhjcs lheubö. Nfrbt cnfwbjyfhyst ntöybxtcrbt vtnjls drkñxfñn d ctåz: Nehåbys rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf. Ghb bcgjkmpjdfybb ufpjdsö nehåby rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf lkz dshfåjnrb äktrnhjäythubb pfuhzpytybt djpleöf cjrhfoftncz yf 50–99 ghjwtynjd gj chfdytybñ c hfåjnfñobvb yf eukt äktrnhjcnfywbzvb. (D cbcntvfö rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf njgkbdj bcgjkmpetncz lkz jåtcgtxtybz ärcgkefnfwbb ldeö nehåby, jlyf bp rjnjhsö hfåjnftn yf ufpfö cujhfybz, f lheufz ghbdjlbncz d ldbétybt äythubtq gfhf. Änf rjywtgwbz fyfkjubxyf bcgjkmpjdfybñ åtypbyf lkz hfåjns ldbufntkz fdnjvjåbkz b jlyjdhtvtyyjuj jndjlf äythubb dsökjgysö ufpjd lkz ghbdtltybz d ldbétybt lheujq vfibys). Gjcrjkmre nfrbt cbcntvs hfåjnfñn yf ghbhjlyjv ufpt, jyb yt dsåhfcsdfñn d fnvjcathe ldejrbcm cths bkb ndthlst xfcnbws. Tckb jyb jcyfotys cjdhtvtyyjq cbcntvjq rjynhjkz pf pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq chtls, bpdtcnyjq rfr bpåbhfntkmyfz rfnfkbnbxtcrfz ytqnhfkbpfwbz (BRY), dsåhjcs jrbctq fpjnf cjcnfdkzñn yt åjktt jlyjq ltcznjq dsåhjcjd lheubö cjdhtvtyysö äktrnhjcnfywbq. Nehåbys cfvjktnyjuj nbgf. Yf hfphfåjnre nfrbö cbcntv rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf vjuen eqnb ujls b cjnyb vbkkbjyjd ljkkfhjd. R cxfcnmñ, e ybö tcnm vtymibt gj hfpvthfv b vtytt ljhjujcnjzobt ≤ldjñhjlyst åhfnmz≥, bpdtcnyst rfr fähjnehåbys, gjcrjkmre jyb jcyjdfys yf cfvjktnysö ldbufntkzö, ghbvtyztvsö d Åjbyufö-747 b lheubö cjdhtvtyysö cfvjktnfö. Äktrnhjcnfywbb, bcgjkmpeñobt nfrbt nehåbys cfvjktnyjuj nbgf, vjuen åsnm gjcnhjtys c vtymibvb pfnhfnfvb b d ntxtybt vtczwtd, f yt ktn. Åjktt njuj, ntjhtnbxtcrb jyb vjuen jåtcgtxbnm cybétybt ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf lfét nzétkj gjllfñotqcz rjynhjkñ ldejrbcmñ eukthjlf yf 20–90 ghjwtynjd. Njgkbdyst äktvtyns. Öjnz njgkbdyst äktvtyns (ecnhjqcndf lkz öbvbxtcrjuj ghtjåhfpjdfybz njgkbdf d äktrnhbxtcndj gj ghbywbge åfnfhtb) ctqxfc njkmrj yfxbyfñn ghjbpdjlbnmcz yf rjvvthxtcrjq jcyjdt, eét ceotcndeñobt vjltkb vjuen jåtcgtxbnm RGL lj 40 ghjwtynjd, xnj åjktt xtv dldjt ghtdsiftn chtlybq RGL fdnjvjåbkmyjuj ldbufntkz b ceotcndtyyj ghtdjcöjlbn gjrfpfntkb jåsxysö äktrnhjcnfywbq. Gjcrjkmre jyb hfåjnfñn yf ghbhjlyjv ufpt bkb lheujv ≤xbcnjv≥ njgkbdt, dsåhjcs ldejrbcb cths b ndthlsö xfcnbw hfdys yekñ. Åjktt njuj, njgkbdyst äktvtyns elbdbntkmyj rjvgfrnys – ytrjnjhst bp ybö yt åjkmit yfcnjkmyjuj rcthjrcf – b ghfrnbxtcrb åtcievys, gjänjve bö vjéyj ecnfyfdkbdfnm ghzvj d jabcfö, yf afåhbrfö b lfét ljvf. Rfr nehåbys cfvjktnyjuj nbgf, nfr b njgkbdyst äktvtyns vjuen åsnm hfpvtotys d rjvåbybhjdfyysö cbcntvfö, dshfåfnsdfñobö ntgkjdeñ b äktrnhbxtcreñ äythubñ b nfrbv jåhfpjv lfñobö djpvjéyjcnm bcgjkmpjdfnm äythubñ, rjnjhfz d ghjnbdyjv ckexft ghjgfkf ås, lkz cfvsö hfpysö wtktq, jn jnjgktybz b jökféltybz gjvtotybq lj ghjbpdjlcndf ntöyjkjubxtcrjuj gfhf yf ghjvsiktyysö ghtlghbznbzö. Jåobq RGL nfrbö cbcntv ljcnbuftn 80 b lfét 90 ghjwtynjd, xnj gjxnb d 3 hfpf ghtdjcöjlbn jåsxyst gjrfpfntkb, b ghb änjv cybéftncz ehjdtym pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls. Änb yjdst cbcntvs ghjlfñncz ytrjnjhsvb bp rhegytqibö b yfbåjktt gthtljdsö rjvgfybq d vbht. Yfghbvth, nehåbys rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf ghtlkfufñncz b ≤Létythfk äktrnhbr≥, b ≤Cbvtyc≥. Pfdjls, rjnjhst bcgjkmpeñn änb rjvåbybhjdfyyst cbcntvs dvtcnt c yjdsvb vtnjlfvb ufpbabrfwbb eukz, bpåfdkzzcm nfrbv jåhfpjv jn åjkmitq xfcnb pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls, drkñxfñn d ctåz ≤Fptf Åhfey Åjdthb≥, ≤Itkk≥, ≤Kehub≥ b ≤Ntrcfrj≥. Njgkbdyst äktvtyns bkb cdzpfyyjt c ybvb jåjheljdfybt ghjbpdjlzncz, d xfcnyjcnb, abhvfvb ≤Ñyfqntl ntryjkjlébp≥, ≤Aeléb äktrnhbr≥, ≤Dtcnbyuöfec≥, ≤Cbvtyc≥ b ≤Njibåf≥. Cjdthityyj yt pfuhzpyzñobt jrheéfñoeñ chtle dtnhzyst nehåbys, rjnjhst ghjbpdjlzn äktrnhbxtcndj ghb ntö ét bkb tot åjktt ybprbö pfnhfnfö, xnj b eujkmyst äktrnhjcnfywbb, vjéyj ghbjåhtcnb e rjvgfybq ≤Ñ.Äc. ebylgfeäh ja Kbdthvjh≥, infn Rfkbajhybz, f cjkytxyst äktvtyns ghjlfñncz åjktt xtv ltcznrjv rjvgfybq, drkñxfz ≤Cbvtyc cjekfh≥, ≤Frrehtrc≥, ≤Cjkfhtrc≥ b ≤Ntrcfc bycnhevtync≥. Vyjubt cnhfys ltkfñn ghbvtytybt änbö ntöyjkjubq jåzpfntkmysv bkb gjjohzñn bö bcgjkmpjdfybt c ntv, xnjås cybpbnm ehjdtym pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. Åtkmubz b Fyukbz ecnfyfdkbdfñn dtnhzyst nehåbys, f Uthvfybz b Zgjybz cnhtvzncz hfpdbdfnm cjkytxyeñ ajnjäktrnhbxtcreñ äythutnbre. Äktrnhjcnfywbb, bcgjkmpeñobt gthtljdst cbcntvs rjvåbybhjdfyyjuj wbrkf d cjxtnfybb c bpåbhfntkmyjq rfnfkbnbxtcrjq ytqnhfkbpfwbtq, cnhjzncz d Zgjybb b Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö, f ärcgthbvtynfkmyst njgkbdyst äktvtyns ecnfyfdkbdfñncz d Rfkbajhybb, Zgjybb, Uthvfybb b Yblthkfylfö. Ntv dhtvtytv nfrét hfcntn bynthtc r cybétybñ ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls bysvb cgjcjåfvb – gentv tt ghtljndhfotybz c gjvjomñ cfvsö hfpkbxysö chtlcnd. GHTLJNDHFOTYBT PFUHZPYTYBZ JRHEÉFÑOTQ CHTLS Fvthbrfycrbq ärjyjvbcn Hjåthn Öfvhby yfpsdftn ghtljndhfotybt pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls ≤yfbåjktt dféysv jnltkmyj dpznsv afrnjhjv... bpvtytybz cjpyfybz fvthbrfycrjq bylecnhbb b gthtcvjnhf ecnjzdiböcz ghjwtccjd ghjbpdjlcndf b eghfdktybz≥. Yfxbyfz c cthtlbys 90-ö uu. gjxnb ldt bp rfélsö nhtö rjhgjhfwbq endthélfñn, xnj åskb bybwbfnjhfvb dféytqibö ärjkjubxtcrbö ghjuhfvv. Yfghbvth, c 1975 u. rjhgjhfwbz ≤3V≥ cärjyjvbkf 530 vky ljkkfhjd åkfujlfhz ghjuhfvvt ≤3H≥, rjnjhfz hfcibahjdsdftncz rfr ≤Ghtljndhfotybt pfuhzpytybz htynfåtkmyj≥ (Pollution Prevention Pays). Änf öbvbxtcrfz rjvgfybz ghtljndhfnbkf dsåhjc d jrheéfñoeñ chtle åjktt 575 000 n pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd. ≤Ghtljndhfotybt pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls cnfkj jåhfpjv ébpyb≥, pfzdbkf änf rjhgjhfwbz, xnj htprj gjdscbkj tt ghbåskb b rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnm. Yf afhvfwtdnbxtcrjv pfdjlt ≤3V≥ d Rfkbajhybb pfvtyf gjrhsnbz nfåktnrb yf jcyjdt hfcndjhbntktq yf gjrhsnbt yf djlzyjq jcyjdt gjpdjkbkf cärjyjvbnm 120 000 ljkkfhjd d ujl b cybpbnm pfuhzpytybt djpleöf. Yfghbvth, yf pfdjlt ≤Lñgjy≥ d Åmtvjynt, infn Ntöfc, ghjuhfvvf gj ghtljndhfotybñ pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls jåtcgtxbkf cjrhfotybt fnvjcathysö dsåhjcjd ghbvthyj yf 27 vky ru d ujl b ärjyjvbñ gjxnb 1 vky ljkkfhjd tétujlysö ghjbpdjlcndtyysö hfcöjljd. Jrjkj 1200 fvthbrfycrbö rjvgfybq ljåhjdjkmyj dpzkb yf ctåz jåzpfntkmcndf cjrhfnbnm dsåhjcs 17 jcyjdysö öbvbxtcrbö dtotcnd yf gjxnb 160 vky ru. RJYNHJKM B HTUEKBHJDFYBT CGHJCF Futyncndj gj pfobnt jrheéfñotq chtls CIF (FPJC) jåyfheébkj, xnj vyjubt fvthbrfycrbt rjvveyfkmyst ckeéås c ujnjdyjcnmñ ghbybvfñn exfcnbt d ghjuhfvvfö gj cjrhfotybñ pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls gentv clthébdfybz cghjcf yf äktrnhjäythubñ. Gjcrjkmre cnjbvjcnm rfr cnhjbntkmysö hfåjn, nfr b rfgbnfkf djphjckf, rjvveyfkmyst ckeéås dct åjktt cnhtvzncz eljdktndjhbnm hfcneobq cghjc yf äktrnhjäythubñ pf cxtn ärjyjvbb, xnj bpdtcnyj gjl yfpdfybtv ≤rjynhjkm b htuekbhjdfybt cghjcf≥ – RHC. C ärjkjubxtcrjq njxrb phtybz RHC – ghjcnj jlby bp cgjcjåjd åjhmås c pfuhzpytybtv jrheéfñotq chtls, f bvtyyj, gentv tuj ghtljndhfotybz. Yj chtlb rjvveyfkmysö ghtlghbznbq b bö rkbtynjd RHC jxtym gjgekzhty, gjcrjkmre jy dsujlty dctv. Zhrbv ghbvthjy d änjv jnyjitybb ckeébn pfdjl ≤Létythfk aelp≥ d Ahfvbyufvt, infn Vfccfxectnc, ult ghjbpdjlbncz jrjkj 76 vky kbnhjd vjhjétyjuj d ujl. Rjvgfybz pfybvftn 55-t vtcnj d cgbcrt rhegytqibö gjnhtåbntktq äktrnhjäythubb, gjcnfdkztvjq rjhgjhfwbtq ≤Åjcnjy-Älbcjy≥, b d cbke cdjbö hfpvthjd, ecnfhtdituj jåjheljdfybz b ytäaatrnbdyjcnb änjn pfdjl cnfk gthdjjxthtlysv jåütrnjv ghjuhfvvs rjhgjhfwbb ≤Cjnhelybxtcndj d äaatrnbdyjv bcgjkmpjdfybb äythubb≥. D cjjndtncndbb c ytq ≤Älbcjy≥ gjvjuftn rjvgfybzv cjdthitycndjdfnm b vjlthybpbhjdfnm jåjheljdfybt b nfrbv jåhfpjv cybpbnm gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb. Gjcrjkmre pfrjyjlfntkmcndj infnf gjpdjkztn ≤Älbcjye≥ rjvgtycbhjdfnm hfcöjls yf änb ghjuhfvvs b gjkexbnm ghbåskm (gentv ytpyfxbntkmyjuj gjdsitybz wty), rjvveyfkmyjt ghtlghbznbt vjétn ltkfnm ltymub yf äktrnhjäythubb, rjnjhfz nfr b yt ghjlftncz – nfr yfpsdftvst ytufdfnns. ≤Älbcjy≥ nfrét gjvju rjvgfybb ≤Rhfan, Byr.≥ hfphfåjnfnm dctcnjhjyyññ ghjuhfvve vjlthybpfwbb, rjnjhfz drkñxftn yjdjt, yt bcgjkmpeñott ahtjy öjkjlbkmyjt jåjheljdfybt, dscjrjäaatrnbdyst ldbufntkb lkz ujvjutybpbheñotuj b gfcnthbpfwbjyyjuj jåjheljdfybz b cbcntvs jcdtotybz c ärjyjvysvb kfvgfvb yfrfkbdfybz b rjynhjkmysvb ecnhjqcndfvb. Änj gjpdjkbkj cjrhfnbnm gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb yf jlye nhtnm b, nfrét åkfujlfhz ghtljcnfdktyysv ≤Älbcjyjv≥ crblrfv, d ntxtybt 2 ktn rjvgtycbhjdfnm pfnhfns yf ghjuhfvvs vjlthybpfwbb d hfpvtht 3,6 vky ljkkfhjd. Änj åsk rkfccbxtcrbq ckexfq jåotq dsujls. Pfnhfns yf ärjyjvbñ äktrnhjäythubb jregfñncz d ntxtybt 2 ktn, f pfntv ≤Rhfan≥ yfxbyftn gjkexfnm ghbåskm. ≤Åjcnjy-Älbcjy≥ nfrét cärjyjvbk chtlcndf, nfr rfr cvju jåjqnbcm åtp cnhjbntkmcndf yjdjq ljhjujcnjzotq äktrnhjcnfywbb. Dsbuhfkf b jrheéfñofz chtlf, gjcrjkmre ehjdyb pfuhzpytybz rfr djpleöf, nfr b djls åskb pyfxbntkmyj cybét11 ys. Nfrbt ckexfb nbgbxys yt njkmrj lkz äktrnhjäythutnbrb d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö. HSYJXYST CBCNTVS D gjcktlytt dhtvz ecbkbz gj ghtljndhfotybñ pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls wtktyfghfdktyyj ghtlghbybvfkbcm d vfcinfåfö wtksö jnhfcktq fvthbrfycrjq ärjyjvbrb d hfvrfö ghjuhfvv c nfrbvb rhfcjxysvb yfpdfybzvb rfr ≤Pjkjnfz vjhrjdm≥ b ≤Ptktyst juyb≥. Dct jyb åskb yfghfdktys yf bcgjkmpjdfybt bpjåhtnfntkmyjcnb zyrb d hfphfåjnrt åjktt xbcnsö, rfxtcndtyysö, åscnhj ghjbpdjlbvsö b ltitdsö ghjlernjd b d nj ét dhtvz yf cjrhfotybt ehjdyz pfuhzpytybz djpleöf. Ghjuhfvvf ≤Ptktyst juyb≥ åskf yfxfnf Futyncndjv gj pfobnt jrheéfñotq chtls (FPJC) CIF d 1991 u. c wtkmñ evtymitybz pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls gentv ärjyjvbb pfnhfn äktrnhjäythubb yf jcdtotybt. Rjhgjhfwbb, rjvveyfkmyst ckeéås b ghfdbntkmcndj gjlgbcsdfñn rjynhfrns c FPJC, jåzpezcm ecjdthitycndjdfnm 90 ghjwtynjd cdjtuj jcdtnbntkmyjuj jåjheljdfybz d ntxtybt gznb ktn c vjvtynf gjlgbcfybz. Gjcrjkmre yf jcdtotybt pfnhfxbdftncz ghbvthyj jlyf gznfz dctq gjnhtåkztvjq d Cjtlbytyysö Infnfö äktrnhjäythubb, lfét ytpyfxbntkmyfz ärjyjvbz d änjq jåkfcnb vjétn jåtcgtxbnm ceotcndtyyjt cybétybt ehjdytq pfuhzpytybz djpleöf b djls. Vtytt xtv pf 2 ujlf FPJC pfrkñxbkj rjynhfrns c åjktt xtv 650 rjvgfybzvb b exhtéltybzvb, drkñxfz vyjubt bp rhegytqibö fvthbrfycrbö rjhgjhfwbq, pfybvfñobö gjxnb 279 vky rd.v gkjoflb jabcjd, xnj cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 3 ghjwtynjd jn tt jåotuj jåütvf d cnhfyt. Ghtlgjkfufkjcm, xnj exfcnybrb cjrhfnzn gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb yf 12 vkhl rDn/x d ujl, ärjyjvz ghb änjv 870 vky ljkkfhjd. Yfghbvth, rjvgfybz ≤Ébktnn≥ vjlthybpbhjdfkf cdjb gjvtotybz gkjoflmñ 4650 rd.v d Rfkbajhybb b åkfujlfhz änjve cjrhfnbkf cdjb hfcöjls yf äktrnhjäythubñ yf 61 ghjwtyn. Gj jwtyrfv FPJC, r 2000 u., gj rhfqytq vtht, yf 4,65 vkhl rd.v rjynjhcrbö gkjofltq d CIF åelen dytlhtys ghjuhfvvs ärjyjvbb äythubb yf jcdtotybb, xnj gjpdjkbn bpåtéfnm dsåhjcjd d fnvjcathe vbkkbjyjd njyy ldejrbcb eukthjlf, ldejrbcb cths b jrbckjd fpjnf. 12 Ecgtö ghjuhfvvs ≤Ptktyst juyb≥ gjlujnjdbk gjxde lkz yjdsö ljåhjdjkmysö ≤hsyjxysö≥ ghjuhfvv. Jlyf bp ybö – ghjuhfvvf ≤Rjvgmñnth-äythutnbxtcrfz pdtplf≥, rjnjhfz yfghfdktyf yf hfpdbnbt hsyrf lkz rjvgmñnthjd, fdnjvfnbxtcrb gthtöjlzobö d htébv ärjyjvbb äktrnhjäythubb, rjulf bvb frnbdyj yt gjkmpeñncz. Änf ntöyjkjubz, dgthdst bcgjkmpjdfyyfz d gjhnfnbdysö rjvgmñnthfö ≤kägnjg≥, ghfrnbxtcrb yt edtkbxbdftn wtye rjvgmñnthf, yj vjétn cjrhfnbnm gjnhtåktybt bv äythubb yf 80 ghjwtynjd. Gjcrjkmre gjnhtåktybt äktrnhjäythubb rjvgmñnthfvb cjcnfdkztn ghbvthyj 5 ghjwtynjd tt jåotuj gjnhtåktybz rjvvthxtcrbv ctrnjhjv, änj – ytgkjöjt ljcnbétybt. Ghjuhfvvf ≤Äythutnbxtcrfz pdtplf≥ jrfpfkfcm yfcnjkmrj gjgekzhyjq, xnj vjétn afrnbxtcrb cnfnm ghjvsiktyysv cnfylfhnjv. Djpvjéyj, yfbåjktt bpjåhtnfntkmyjq bp hsyjxysö ghjuhfvv zdkztncz ≤Pjkjnfz vjhrjdm≥, d cjjndtncndbb c rjnjhjq hzl dsgecrfñobö cgtwbfkmyjt jåjheljdfybt ghtlghbznbq b ghfdbntkmcnd infnjd jåütlbybkb chtlcndf, xnjås ecnfyjdbnm ghbp d 30 vky ljkkfhjd lkz rjvgfybb, rjnjhfz cvjukf ås yfkflbnm vfccjdjt ghjbpdjlcndj dscjrjäaatrnbdysö åsnjdsö öjkjlbkmybrjd, d rjnjhsö ås yt bcgjkmpjdfkcz xtnshtöökjhbcnsq eukthjl. Gjcrjkmre öjkjlbkmybrb gjnhtåkzñn 20 ghjwtynjd dctq ghjbpdjlbvjq d CIF äktrnhjäythubb b lj 1/3 äktrnhjäythubb, gjnhtåkztvjq chtlytcnfnbcnbxtcrjq ctvmtq, ghtlgjkfuftvfz ärjyjvbz åskf juhjvyjq. Rjyrehc dsbuhfkf rjvgfybz ≤Ejhkgek≥, b ntgthm ecbkbz cjchtljnjxbdfñncz yf dytctybb bpvtytybq d rjycnherwbñ ntgkjdsö yfcjcjd, cnbhfkmysö vfiby b hzlf lheubö äythujtvrbö bpltkbq. PFRKÑXTYBT Ldflwfnm ktn yfpfl åskj ås cvtiyj dscnegfnm c bltzvb cybétybz ehjdytq pfuhzpytybz fnvjcaths gentv vjlbabrfwbb cnbhfkmysö vfiby b kfvg yfrfkbdfybz. Yj ytghthsdysq hjcn xbcktyyjcnb yfctktybz, cjghjdjélfñobqcz edtkbxtybtv ehjdytq pfuhzpytybz jrheéfñotq chtls, yt jcnfdkztn dkfcnzv, jcjåtyyj flvbybcnhfwbb åjkmibö ujhjljd, rfrjuj-kbåj dsåjhf. D htpekmnfnt änjuj yf cdtn gjzdkztncz juhjvyjt vyjétcndj yjdsö ntöyjkjubq, jn fdnjvjåbktq b äktrnhjcnfywbq lj rhfcjr, jn kfvg yfrfkbdfybz b cnbhfkmysö vfiby lj ufpjyjrjcbkjr, rjnjhst cjdthityyj bkb gjxnb cjdthityyj yt pfuhzpyzñn fnvjcathe. Yjdst ärjkjubxyst ntöyjkjubb cnfyjdzncz yfcnjkmrj jåsxysvb, xnj vs ntgthm tldf bö pfvtxftv. Nhelyj ghtleuflfnm, r xtve dct änj ghbdtltn. Dgjkyt dthjznyj, xnj änf yjdfz ghjvsiktyyfz htdjkñwbz pfrjyxbncz njkmrj njulf, rjulf ghtrhfnzn cdjt ceotcndjdfybt pfuhzpytybt djpleöf b lheubt dspdfdibt tt r ébpyb afrnjhs. F änjuj vjétn yt ghjbpjqnb ybrjulf. CKJDFHM Rbckjnysq ljélm: Ytrjnjhst pfuhzpyzñobt dtotcndf, jcjåtyyj jrbcb cths b fpjnf, gjl djpltqcndbtv cjkytxyjuj cdtnf cj dhtvtytv ghtdhfofñncz d cjtlbytybz, dcnegfñobt d htfrwbñ c cjlthéfotqcz d djpleöt djljq c jåhfpjdfybtv rbckjn. Änb pfuhzpyzñobt dtotcndf, xfcnj yfpsdftvst ≤rbckjnysv ljéltv≥, drkñxfñn d ctåz cytu, nevfy b lsvre, f nfrét ceöbt cjtlbytybz, rjnjhst jrfpsdfñn dhtlyjt djpltqcndbt yf gjdthöyjcnm kbcnmtd bkb ptvkb. Änb rbckjns yt njkmrj jnhfdkzñn jpthf b htrb, eåbdfz hsåe b lheueñ afeye, yj b dspsdfñn rjhhjpbñ vtnfkkjd b rhfcjr b åerdfkmyj hfcndjhzñn ytrjnjhst rfvtyyst plfybz b gfvznybrb (cv. ldejrbcm cths). Ldejrbcm eukthjlf (CJ2): Jåhfpetvfz ghb cébufybb eukthjljcjlthéfobö njgkbd, yfghbvth, eukz bkb ytanb, ldejrbcm eukthjlf ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq åtcwdtnyjt pfuhzpyzñott dtotcndj, yt bvtñott pfgföf, rjnjhjt zdkztncz jlybv bp ufpjd, ghbdjlzob r gfhybrjdjve äaatrne, yfpsdftvjve nfr gjnjve, xnj änb ufps pflthébdfñn ntgkj Ptvkb, gjljåyj cntrkzyysv gfytkzv d jhfyéthtt. Jrbcm eukthjlf (CJ): Htpekmnfnjv ytgjkyjuj cujhfybz nfrbö eukthjljcjlthéfobö njgkbd, rfr eujkm b ytanm, zdkztncz åtcwdtnysq ufp åtp pfgföf, bpdtcnysq gjl yfpdfybtv jrbcm eukthjlf. Ghb åjkmibö rjywtynhfwbzö jrbcm eukthjlf tétujlyj eåbdftn nsczxb kñltq, f ghb ybprbö rjywtynhfwbzö d ujhjlfö vjétn jckjéybnm fyubye, jnhbwfntkmyj djpltqcndjdfnm yf cthlwt b ghbxbybnm lheujq dhtl. Ghbvthyj 80 ghjwtynjd gjgflfñotq d fnvjcathe jrbcb eukthjlf ghböjlbncz yf vtöfybxtcrbt nhfycgjhnyst chtlcndf. Euktdjljhjls (YC): Ytcvjnhz yf yfkbxbt hzlf lheubö yfpdfybq änjuj pfuhzpyzñotuj dtotcndf, yfxbyfz c ≤htfrnbdysö jhufybxtcrbö ufpjd≥ b rjyxfz ≤dhtlysvb jhufybxtcrbvb cjtlbytybzvb≥, dct jyb jnyjczncz r nsczxfv hfpkbxysö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd, cjlthéfoböcz d ytcujhtditv åtypbyt, éblrjcnzö, ghbvtyztvsö d öbvxbcnrt, ghjvsiktyysö hfcndjhbntkzö b vyjubö lheubö cjtlbytybzö djljhjlf c eukthjljv. Vyjubt euktdjljhjls jgfcys cfvb gj ctåt: nfr, yfghbvth, åtypjk, jlby bp rjvgjytynjd åtypbyf, vjétn dspdfnm ktqrtvbñ. Tcnm b euktdjljhjls, ghb cjkytxyjv cdtnt dcnegfñobt d htfrwbñ c jrbczvb fpjnf. D htpekmnfnt änjq htfrwbb jåhfpetncz ≤cvju≥, bkb ≤jpjy≥ (cv. jpjy). Cdbytw (Pb): Ghtlcnfdkzñobq cjåjq cthtåhbcnj-cthsq vtnfkk, bpdtcnysq rféljve, rnj ghbdtibdfk uhepbkj r eljxrt, cdbytw njrcbxty d kñåjq bpdtcnyjq ajhvt b yt bvttn ybrfrjq gbnfntkmyjq wtyyjcnb. Ytrjnjhst cgtwbfkbcns gjkfufñn, xnj tuj ibhjrjt bcgjkmpjdfybt d rfxtcndt rjycthdfynf dby d Lhtdytv Hbvt ghbdtkj r hfcghjcnhfytybñ ckfåjevbz b csuhfkj cdjñ hjkm d gfltybb bvgthbb. Rhjvt nfrbö ujhzxbö njxtr, rfr gkfdbkmyst wtöf, cjdhtvtyyjt pfuhzpytybt cdbywjv xfot dctuj zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv tuj ljåfdktybz d åtypby d dblt ≤änbkf≥ bkb lheubö ljåfdjr. Jrbcb fpjnf (NO): Ghb cujhfybb eukz, ytanb, ufpf b lfét cgbxrb d fnvjcatht dsltkzñottcz ntgkj cgjcjåcndetn öbvbxtcrjq htfrwbb, ghb rjnjhjq tcntcndtyysv gentv dscdjåjélfñncz fpjn b rbckjhjl, rjnjhst, cjtlbyzzcm lheu c lheujv, jåhfpeñn wtksq hzl rhfcyj-åehsö pfuhzpyzñobö dtotcnd, yfpsdftvsö jrbczvb fpjnf. Ytcvjnhz yf nj, xnj gjzdktybt ytrjnjhsö jrbctq fpjnf vjétn åsnm jnytctyj pf cxtn cjlthéfybz fpjnf d cfvjv njgkbdt, jcyjdyfz bö xfcnm bvttn ≤ntgkjdjt≥ ghjbcöjéltybt. Änb ufps dspsdfñn htcgbhfnjhyst pfåjktdfybz, jcjåtyyj e ltntq. Jrbcb fpjnf nfrét ghtjåhfpeñncz d xhtpdsxfqyj vtkrbt xfcnbws ybnhfnjd, rjnjhst vjuen jxtym ukeåjrj ghjybrfnm d kturbt. Cvtibdfzcm c djljq, åelm nj d djpleöt bkb d kturbö, ybnhfns jåhfpeñn rbckjns (cv. rbckjnysq ljélm b xfcnbws). Jpjy (J3): D ghbhjlt rbckjhjl ceotcndetn d ldeö ajhvfö, jlyjq bp rjnjhsö zdkztncz jpjy. Cfvjt jåsxyjt cjtlbytybt rbckjhjlf, gjllthébdfñott ébpym, ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ldeöfnjvyeñ vjktreke, rjnjhfz cjcnfdkztn jrjkj 20 ghjwtynjd jrheéfñotuj djpleöf. Jlyfrj, d dscjrbö ckjzö cnhfnjcaths ckjq jpjyf, nhtöfnjvyjuj cjtlbytybz rbckjhjlf, ghtgzncndetn ghjybryjdtybñ hflbfwbb, rjnjhfz bpkexftncz yf Ptvkñ d htpekmnfnt nthvjzlthysö dphsdjd yf Cjkywt. Jpjy nfrét dcnhtxftncz åkbprj r ptvkt, xfcnbxyj rfr cktlcndbt htfrwbb vtéle ldevz jåsxysvb pfuhzpyzñobvb dtotcndfvb – jrbczvb fpjnf b euktdjljhjljd. Rhfqyt jgfcysq pfuhzpybntkm djpleöf, jpjy zdkztncz yfcnjkmrj cbkmysv jrbckbntktv, xnj bcgjkmpetncz d ytrjnjhsö ujhjlfö (yfghbvth, KjcFylétktct, infn Rfkbajhybz, b Wñhböt, Idtqwfhbz) lkz ltpbyatrwbb gbnmtdjq djls. Cvtcm bp änbö pfuhzpybntktq djpleöf, dcnhtxfñofzcz dj vyjubö ujhjlfö, xfcnj yfpsdftncz jåobv (yj ytdthysv) nthvbyjv ≤jpjy≥, gjcrjkmre änj ljvbybheñobq b ktuxt dctuj gjllfñobqcz bpvthtybñ rjvgjytyn. Ndthlst xfcnbws (HV): Lsv b cféf yfpsdfñncz ndthlsvb xfcnbwfvb, yj yfbåjktt jgfcyfz ajhvf änbö ndthlsö dtotcnd ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq rhfqyt vfkst gj hfpvthe ≤vtkrbt xfcnbws≥, rjnjhst ljcnfnjxyj vfks lkz njuj, xnjås ghjybryenm ukeåjrj d kturbt, ult ntkj pfobotyj njkmrj cntyrfvb rktnjr njkobyjq d vjktreke. Xfcnj ndthlst xfcnbws yfpsdfñncz HV10, gjcrjkmre jyb bvtñn hfpvth vtymit 10 vbrhjy, b uhjvflyjt åjkmibycndj änbö vtkrbö xfcnbw cjcnjbn bp cjtlbytybq cths b fpjnf, rjnjhst d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö xfcjd bkb lytq bp ufpjd ghtdhfofñncz d ndthlst dtotcndf. Ldejrbcm cths (ßJ2): Jåhfpetvfz ghb cujhfybb cths, pjkjnbcnj-étknjuj gjhjirf, cjlthéfotujcz d eukt b ytanb, ldejrbcm cths ghtlcnfdkztn cjåjq ytdblbvsq ufp c htprbv rbcksv pfgföjv, jrfpsdfñobv htprj jnhbwfntkmyjt djpltqcndbt yf lsöfntkmyeñ cbcntve xtkjdtrf b cgjcjåysv eåbnm fcnvfnbrf. Jcnfdfzcm d djpleöt d ntxtybt ytcrjkmrbö xfcjd bkb lytq, ldejrbcm cths jåhfpetn rhfqyt vtkrbt xfcnbws, yfpsdftvst cekmafnjv, rjnjhsq vjétn ukeåjrj ghjybrfnm d kturbt. D cdjñ jxthtlm, cekmafn – d djpleöt bkb kturbö – htfubhetn c djljq, jåhfpez cthyeñ rbckjne, xfcnj yfpsdftveñ rbckjnysv ljéltv. 13 ÅBÅKBJUHFABZ A Look Ahead: Year 2020: Proceedings of the Conference on Long-Range Trends for the Nation’s Highway and Public Transit Systems Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, 1988 Economic Commission for Europe National Strategies and Policies for Air Pollution Abatement New York: United Nations, 1987 The Economist “Singapore’s Green Crusade – Cleaning the Neighbours” February 1, 1992 Anderson, Evert “Trains of Tomorrow” presented at Global Survival: Sustainable Development in the Networking World Stockholm: Swedish Royal Institute of Technology, August 9–10, 1993 Enquete Commission of the German Bundestag Protecting the Earth’s Atmosphere (Klimaänderung gefährdet globale Entwicklung) Ed. & transl. into English by Wolfgang Fehlberg and Monica Ulloa-Fehlberg Bonn: Economica Verlag; Karlsruhe: Müller, 1992 Weidner, Helmut Air Pollution Control Strategies and Policies in the Federal Republic of Germany: Laws, Regulations, Implementation and Principal Shortcomings Berlin: 95 Edition Sigma Bohn, 1986 Bates, D.V. and R. Sizto “A Study of Hospital Admissions and Air Pollutants in Southern Ontario” Aerosols. S.D. Lee, et. al., eds. Chelsea: Lewis Publishers, 1986 Environmental Economics Associate “The Environmental Industry in the United States” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January 1991 Blodgett, John Health Benefits of Air Pollution Control: A Discussion Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, February 27, 1989 Environmental Protection in the Industrial Sector in Japan Tokyo: Industrial Pollution Control Association of Japan, 1983 Cogan, Douglas The Greenhouse Gambit: Industry Response to Climate Change Washington, D.C.: Investor Responsibility Research Center, Inc., 1991 Congress of the United States Office of Technology Assessment Acid Rain and Transported Air Pollutants: Implications for Public Policy Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985 Congress of the United States Office of Technology Assessment Catching Our Breath: Next Steps for Reducing Urban Ozone Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, July 1989 14 Japan’s Industries Work for Conservation of Global Environment Tokyo: Keidanren, 1992 Moore, Curtis and Alan S. Miller Green Gold: Japan, Germany, the United States and the Race for Environmental Technology Boston: Beacon Press, 1994 Sand, Peter “Air Pollution In Europe: International Policy Responses” Environment (v. 29, no. 10). December 1987 Schneider, Tonny, et al., eds. Atmospheric Ozone Research and Its Policy Implications: Proceedings of the 3d U.S.-Dutch International Symposium New York: Elsevier, 1989 Wetstone, Gregory S. and Armin Rosencranz Acid Rain in Europe and North America: National Responses to an International Problem Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute, 1983 World Resources Institute Car Trouble: How New Technology, Clean Fuels and Creative Thinking Can Revive the Auto Industry and Save Our Cities from Smog and Gridlock Boston: Beacon Press, 1993 World Resources Institute World Resources 1992–93 New York: Oxford Union Press, 1992 RJYNFRNS California Air Resources Board Public Information Office P.O. Box 2815 Sacramento, CA 95814 Tel: 916-322-2990 Fax: 916-445-5025 Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management 85 Merrimac Street Boston, MA 02114 Tel: 617-367-8540 Fax: 617-742-9162 Office of Technology Assessment Press Office U.S. Congress Washington, D.C. 20510 Tel: 202-228-6204 Fax: 202-228-6218 Press Office Palacio 29 De Marco Centro Civico 80530 Curitiba, Parana Brazil Tel: 55-41-321-8399 Fax: 55-41-254-6033 South Coast Air Quality Management District Public Information Center 21865 East Copley Drive Diamond Bar, CA 91765-4182 Tel: 909-396-3600 Fax: 909-396-3335 Umweltbundesamt Bismarckplatz 1 14193 Berlin Germany Tel: 4930-89030 Fax: 4930-89032285 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air and Radiation 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 Tel: 202-260-7400 Fax: 202-260-5155 State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators 444 North Capitol Street Suite 307 Washington, D.C. 20001 Tel: 202-624-7864 Fax: 202-624-7863 Rähnbc Veh – rjycekmnfyn b fdnjh, cjnhelybxfñobq c hzljv vtéleyfhjlysö jhufybpfwbq; hfåjnftn ytlfktrj jn Dfibyunjyf, Atlthfkmysq jrheu Rjkevåbz; xfcnj xbnftn ktrwbb j cdzpb gthtljdsö äythuj-ärjkjubxtcrbö ntöyjkjubq c yfwbjyfkmyjq rjyrehtynjcgjcjåyjcnmñ. Cjfdnjh rybub ≤Ptktyjt pjkjnj: Zgjybz, Uthvfybz, CIF b ujyrf ärjkjubxtcrbö ntöyjkjubq≥, jgeåkbrjdfyyjq bplfntkmcndjv ≤Åbrjy ghtcc≥. Cthbz ≤Ärjkjubxtcrbt ljrkfls≥ Htlfrnjh: Öfefhl Cbyrjnnf Gjvjoybr htlfrnjhf: Ltåjhf V.C. Åhfey