Дербенев А.С.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ¾Ëîìîíîñîâ 2012¿
Ñåêöèÿ ¾Èñòîðèÿ¿
Âîåííî-ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ìåæäó ÑØÀ è Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèåé
â ãîäû Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû
Äåðáåíåâ Àíäðåé Ñåðãååâè÷
Ñòóäåíò
Âÿòñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ãóìàíèòàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Èñòîðè÷åñêèé ôàêóëüòåò,
Êèðîâ, Ðîññèÿ
E-mail: [email protected]
Àìåðèêàíî-ñàóäîâñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ â âîåííî-ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîé ñôåðå â 1939-1945 ãã.
ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ñåðüåçíûé èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèé èíòåðåñ ïî ðàçíûì ïðè÷èíàì. Ïðåæäå âñåãî ðå÷ü èä¼ò î ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå Ñîåäèí¼ííûõ Øòàòîâ Àìåðèêè ñ äåñïîòè÷åñêèì ðåæèìîì Èáí Ñàóäà, ÷òî íå ñîîòâåòñòâîâàëî äåìîêðàòè÷åñêèì òðàäèöèÿì àìåðèêàíñêîé
âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè. Ýòî îáúÿñíÿåòñÿ òåì, ÷òî ïîäõîäû Âàøèíãòîíà ê ñèòóàöèè íà Áëèæíåì Âîñòîêå ê íà÷àëó Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû óêàçûâàëè íà íàëè÷èå æèçíåííî âàæíûõ
èíòåðåñîâ ÑØÀ â ýòîì ðåãèîíå (çíàòîê ðàññìàòðèâàåìûõ ñîáûòèé àìåðèêàíñêèé èñòîðèê Á. Êóíèõîëì ñ÷èòàåò, ÷òî àìåðèêàíñêèå ìîíîïîëèè ïîëíîñòüþ êîíòðîëèðîâàëè
äîáû÷ó íåôòè â Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè è Áàõðåéíå, 50% - â Êóâåéòå, 25% - â ðàìêàõ áðèòàíñêîé êîíöåññèè ¾Èðàê ïåòðîëåóì êîìïàíèè¿, êðîìå òîãî, áûëè ïðåäñòàâëåíû è â
äðóãèõ àðàáñêèõ ñòðàíàõ [5, P. 80]), â òîæå âðåìÿ, Âàøèíãòîí íå ðàñïîëàãàë ìåõàíèçìàìè ïî èõ çàùèòå. Â óñëîâèÿõ íàðàñòàþùåé àãðåññèâíîñòè Ãåðìàíèè ñòàíîâèëîñü ÿñíî,
÷òî àìåðèêàíñêîé äèïëîìàòèè åù¼ ïðåäñòîÿëî ðåøèòü íåïðîñòóþ çàäà÷ó âûðàáîòêè îïòèìàëüíîãî êóðñà â îòíîøåíèè Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè â ñïåöèôè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ Âòîðîé
ìèðîâîé âîéíû. Íîâûé ýòàï àìåðèêàíñêîé ïîëèòèêè â Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè, ïîêà íå íàøåäøåé ñèñòåìíîãî îòðàæåíèÿ â íàó÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå, ñâÿçàí ñ âîåííî-ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèì
ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâîì Âàøèíãòîíà ñ Ýð-Ðèÿäîì â ãîäû Âòîðîé ìèðîâîé âîéíû.
Èñïîëüçîâàíèå â äàííîé ñòàòüå àìåðèêàíñêèõ äèïëîìàòè÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòîâ[1] ïîçâîëÿåò âçãëÿíóòü íà àìåðèêàíî-ñàóäîâñêèå îòíîøåíèÿ â 1939-1945 ãã. ïîä íîâûì óãëîì.
Âàæíåéøèì ýëåìåíòîì àìåðèêàíî-ñàóäîâñêèõ ñâÿçåé áûëà âîåííàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ. Áåëûé äîì áûë çàèíòåðåñîâàí ñäåëàòü Áëèæíèé Âîñòîê áîëåå áåçîïàñíûì, íî ýòà áåçîïàñíîñòü äîëæíà áûëà â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü îáåñïå÷èâàòü èíòåðåñû ÑØÀ. Âàøèíãòîíó òðåáîâàëîñü íå äîïóñòèòü ïðåâðàùåíèÿ êîðîëåâñòâà â ïëàöäàðì äëÿ çàêðåïëåíèÿ
Ãåðìàíèè è ñâåñòè ê ìèíèìóìó àíãëèéñêîå âëèÿíèå íà Èáí Ñàóäà. Â ôåâðàëå 1942
ã. çàìåñòèòåëü ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ñåêðåòàðÿ Ñ. Óýëëåñ íàïðàâèë â àäðåñ ïðåçèäåíòà Ô.
Ðóçâåëüòà ìåìîðàíäóì, â êîòîðîì èíôîðìèðîâàë î íåîáõîäèìîñòè ñîçäàíèÿ àìåðèêàíñêîé âîåííî-âîçäóøíîé áàçû â Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè. Õîçÿèí Áåëîãî äîìà ïîëîæèòåëüíî
îöåíèë èíèöèàòèâó Óýëëåñà [3, P. 562-563.].
Íîâûé 1943 ã. ñòàë âàæíûì õðîíîëîãè÷åñêèì ðóáåæîì, êàê â ïîëèòè÷åñêîì, òàê è
â âîåííîì âçàèìîäåéñòâèè Âàøèíãòîíà ñ Ýð-Ðèÿäîì. B èþëå Ðóçâåëüò ïîäïèñàë èñïîëíèòåëüíîå ðàñïîðÿæåíèå 8926 î ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèè íà êîðîëåâñòâî ¾äâóõ ìå÷åòåé¿
ëåíä-ëèçà [6, P. 70].  1944 ã. àìåðèêàíî-ñàóäîâñêîå âîåííîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ðàçâèâàëîñü èíòåíñèâíî è ïî ìíîãèì íàïðàâëåíèÿì. Êëþ÷åâûì ìåõàíèçìîì âëèÿíèÿ ÑØÀ
íà ñèòóàöèþ â Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè ñòàëà ìàòåðèàëüíàÿ ïîääåðæêà ðåæèìà Èáí Ñàóäà.
Êîðîëåâñòâó áûëà îêàçàíà âîåííî-òåõíè÷åñêàÿ ïîìîùü, âêëþ÷àâøàÿ â ñåáÿ ïîñòàâêè
âîîðóæåíèé, ñðåäñòâ ñâÿçè, àâòîìîáèëüíîé òåõíèêè. Ñòîðîíû âåëè äèàëîã ïî âîïðîñàì
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Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ¾Ëîìîíîñîâ 2012¿
ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîé îáîðîíû, îñóùåñòâëÿëèñü âèçèòû àìåðèêàíñêèõ âûñîêîïîñòàâëåííûõ
âîåííûõ, ïðîâîäèëèñü îáðàçîâàòåëüíûå êóðñû äëÿ àðàáñêèõ âîåííûõ, à òàêæå íàáëþäåíèÿ çà âîåííûìè ó÷åíèÿì â êîðîëåâñòâå [2, P. 724/5; P. 744-745.]. Ïðè ýòîì àíãëèéñêèå âëàñòè âñåãäà ñòàâèëè â óïðåê Ñîåäèíåííûì Øòàòàì âîåííîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî ñ
Ýð-Ðèÿäîì. Ìîæíî êîíñòàòèðîâàòü, ÷òî óêðåïëåíèå âëèÿíèÿ â Ïåðñèäñêîì çàëèâå ñòàíîâèëîñü îäíèì èç ãëàâíûõ ïðèîðèòåòîâ âûñøåãî âîåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî ðóêîâîäñòâà
ÑØÀ.
Îäíîâðåìåííî ñ ýòèì ÑØÀ ïîëó÷èëè ñîãëàñèå ìîíàðõà íà ñòðîèòåëüñòâî àìåðèêàíñêîé âîåííî-âîçäóøíîé áàçû â Äàõðàíå äëÿ âîåííûõ ñàìîë¼òîâ, íàïðàâëÿþùèõñÿ â
ðàéîíû áîåâûõ äåéñòâèé ïðîòèâ ßïîíèè [4, P. 1509-1516].
Ïðè÷èíà àêòèâíîãî âîåííîãî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà êðîåòñÿ ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî â ïîçèöèè
àìåðèêàíñêèõ âëàñòåé, êîòîðûå, óêðåïëÿÿ ïðèñóòñòâèå ñâîèõ âîîðóæåííûõ ñèë â çîíå
Ïåðñèäñêîãî çàëèâà, çàëîæèëè îñíîâû âîåííî-ñòðàòåãè÷åñêîãî ïðåîáëàäàíèÿ ÑØÀ â
Ñàóäîâñêîé Àðàâèè, óñòàíîâèâ êîíòðîëü íàä ïîäñòóïàìè ê àðàáñêîìó ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîìó ýëëèïñó. Ðåçóëüòàòîì ýòèõ ìåð ñòàëî âêëþ÷åíèå Àðàâèéñêîãî ïîëóîñòðîâà â çîíó
ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêîãî âëèÿíèÿ ÑØÀ.
Èñòî÷íèêè è ëèòåðàòóðà
1. General Records of the Department of State, Internal Aairs and Foreign Aairs of
States, Saudi Arabia.790 f. (microlm edition, Macquarie University, Sydney); Foreign
Relations of the United States (äàëåå - FRUS).1941.Vol.III.The Near East and Africa.
Wash., 1959; FRUS.1942.Vol.IV.The Near East and Africa.Wash.,1963; FRUS.1943.Vol.IV.The
Near East and Africa. Wash.,1964; FRUS.1944.Vol.V.The Near East, South Asia, and
Africa. Wash., 1965; FRUS.1945.Vol.VIII.The Near East and Africa. Wash., 1969.
2. General Records of the Department of State, Internal Aairs and Foreign Aairs of
States, Saudi Arabia. 790f. (microlm edition, Macquarie University, Sydney); FRUS.1946.Vol.V
The Near East and Africa.
3. FRUS. 1942. Vol. IV. The Near East and Africa.
4. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull. Vol. II. N. Y., 1948.
5. Kuniholm B. R. The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East: Great Power Conict
and Diplomacy in Iran, Turkey, and Greece. Princeton. 1980.
6. Miller A. D. Search For Security: Saudi Arabian Oil and American Foreign Policy
1939-1949. N. C., 1980.
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