Исследование межгодовой и сезонной изменчивости уровня

ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɆȿɀȽɈȾɈȼɈɃ ɂ ɋȿɁɈɇɇɈɃ ɂɁɆȿɇɑɂȼɈɋɌɂ
ɍɊɈȼɇə ɄȺɋɉɂɃɋɄɈȽɈ ɆɈɊə ɂ ɍɊɈȼɇə ȼɈȾɕ ȼ ɊȿɄȿ ȼɈɅȽȺ
ɉɈ ȾȺɇɇɕɆ ȺɅɖɌɂɆȿɌɊɂɂ ɋɉɍɌɇɂɄɈȼ TOPEX/POSEIDON ɂ JASON-1
ɋ.Ⱥ. Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ 1, 2
1
Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɊȺɇ,
Ƚɋɉ-1, 119991, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɭɥ. Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɚɹ, 3;
E-mails: [email protected];
2
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ,
119034, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, Ʉɪɨɩɨɬɤɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪ., 6.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɜɚɪɢɚɰɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɪɹ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) ɢ Jason-1 ɡɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɫ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1992 ɝ. ɩɨ ɢɸɧɶ 2004 ɝ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1992 ɝ. ɩɨ ɦɚɪɬ 1995 ɝ. ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɪɨɫ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 20.4 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ
1995 ɝ. ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ (ɫ ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1995 ɝ. ɩɨ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1996 ɝ. -23.1 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ, ɫ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1997 ɝ. ɩɨ ɢɸɧɶ 1998 ɝ. 5.3 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 1998 ɝ. ɩɨ ɚɩɪɟɥɶ 2001 ɝ. - 9.1 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2002 ɝ. ɩɨ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2003 ɝ. ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɦɨɪɹ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɦ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2002 ɝ. ɢ ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ
ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 13.7 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ
ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɛɨɥɟɟ 0.9). ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɥɫɹ ɩɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ
ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 235-ɝɨ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɢ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ (ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ
ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 0.71 ɢ 0.83 ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ).
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɸ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ.
ɂ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟɦ ɞɨɛɵɱɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ [1-2]. ɋɚɦɵɣ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɜ 1977
ɝɨɞɭ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ –29 ɦ ɜ Ȼɚɥɬɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɭɥɹ Ʉɪɨɧɲɬɚɞɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɮɭɬɲɬɨɤɚ.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɤ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɵɪɨɫ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 2.5 ɦ ɞɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɢ -26.62 ɦ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1996 ɝɨɞɚ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ
ɦɨɪɹ ɫɬɚɥ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ [3-8].
Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ 15 ɥɟɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ ɜ
ɦɨɪɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɬɟɨɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɫɥɭɠɛɵ [9]. ɋɟɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɰɢɣ ɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɧɚ Ʉɚɫɩɢɢ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ (1960 ɝ. – 79 ɩɨɫɬɨɜ, 1972 ɝ. – 51, 1992 ɝ. – 36), ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɟɧ ɢ ɨɛɦɟɧ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɦɢ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɧɚ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚ, ɚ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ Ʉɚɫɩɢɢ ɢɯ 7-8 [3, 9].
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɵ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, ɫ ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɹɡɤɢ. ȼ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɥɶɟɮɚ ɫɭɲɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ GPS (Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ, ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɨɫɬɵ (ɧɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɢ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɧɭɥɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɟɤ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ: -0.14 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ ɞɥɹ Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɵ, -0.09 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ – Ɏɨɪɬ-ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ, -1.10 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ – Ȼɚɤɭ ɢ -0.01 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ – Ɍɭɪɤɦɟɧɛɚɲɢ (Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɞɫɤ)
[6]. ɗɬɨ, ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɜ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɭɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɪɹ.
ȼ ɫɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ [7-8, 10]. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɜɨɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ
ɧɚ ɜɫɟɣ ɟɝɨ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ [3-5, 7-8]. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɦɚɫɫ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɶ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɢɡ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ. ɉɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
ɫɟɡɨɧɧɭɸ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɚɤ Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ [11], ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɨɪɟɣ [3-5, 1216] ɢ ɨɡɟɪ [16-22].
Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ ɨɩɵɬ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɥɟɬ, ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɤ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɢ, Ⱥɮɪɢɤɢ ɢ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ [8, 23-29] ɜ
131
ɬɪɭɞɧɨɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɦɚɥɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɛɨɪɬɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɟ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ.
ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɹ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ (ɨɤɨɥɨ 80% ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɨɤɚ [1-2]) ɜ ɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɟ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɚ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɢ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɟɤɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ.
ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɟ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɟɟ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɟ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ T/P, GFO,
Jason-1 ɢ ENVISAT [8]. Ⱦɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ T/P ɢ Jason-1. Ɍɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ
ɧɚɞ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 1.7 ɫɦ [30], ɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɨɪɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɫɱɟɬɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɥɢɩɫɨɢɞɚ – 4.2 ɫɦ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɥɭɱɲɟɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚɦɢ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ [31]. Ɋɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ (ɜɧɭɬɪɢ
ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ 10-ɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɨɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ) ɩɨ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ (ɪɢɫ.
1), ɱɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɟɦ 5-6
ɤɦ. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɬɪɟɤɚ 9.916 ɫɭɬɨɤ (ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ 3 ɪɚɡɚ ɜ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɢɥɢ 6
ɪɚɡ ɜ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ) ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɢɧɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɣ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ Ɍ/Ɋ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɢ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɹɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ (ɫ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1992 ɝ. ɩɨ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 2002 ɝ.) ɫ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɞɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Jason-1 (ɫ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 2002 ɝ. ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ), ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɫ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Ɍ/Ɋ ɞɨ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ
ɨɪɛɢɬɵ 19 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 2002 ɝ.
49°
51°
53°
55°
47°
49°
51°
53°
55°
23
5
47°
23
5
6
06
4
24
46°
44°
44°
42°
42°
40°
40°
38°
38°
46°
6
06
46°
05
7
05
7
46°
8
16
44°
03
1
42°
40°
10
7
20
9
20
9
19
03
1
38°
10
7
13
3
4
6
01
6
01
38°
8
16
2
40°
2
09
09
42°
24
13
3
44°
4
19
(ɚ)
36°
47° ɜ.ɞ.
49°
51°
53°
55°
183
4
36°
ɫ.ɲ.
36°
ɫ.ɲ.
47° ɜ.ɞ.
49°
51°
53°
36°
55°
(ɛ)
Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɉɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ T/P ɢ Jason -1 ɧɚ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɞɨ (ɚ) ɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ T/P ɩɨɫɥɟ (ɛ)
ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɛɢɬɵ 19 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 2002 ɝ. ȼɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɱɟɬɧɨɦɭ ɧɨɦɟɪɭ,
ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɤ – ɱɟɬɧɨɦɭ. Ȼɟɪɟɝɨɜɚɹ ɥɢɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ 1934 ɝɨɞɭ.
Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɪɹɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ: ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ T/P ɢ Jason-1 (ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1992 ɝ. – ɢɸɧɶ 2004 ɝ.) ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ T/P (ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 2002 ɝ. –
132
ɢɸɧɶ 2004 ɝ.). Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ T/P ɢ Jason-1 ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ
ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ (ɂȻȾɋȺ) Ƚɟɨɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɊȺɇ [8, 32-33], ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɯ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ PODAAC JPL NASA (Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA) [34-35] ɢ AVISO (Archivage, Validation et
Interprétation des données des Satellites Océanographiques, France) [35-36].
Ⱦɥɹ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ 8-ɦɢ ɭɪɨɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɯ ɧɚ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɟ ɢ ɧɚ 3-ɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɯ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɟ ȼɨɥɝɚ, ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɨɦ (ȽɈɂɇ).
Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɪɟɣ ɢ ɨɡɟɪ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ
ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [3-4]. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɟɣ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɢ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɢɡɨɦɚɪɲɪɭɬɧɵɣ ɰɢɤɥ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [8], ɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɷɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɪɹɞ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ.
ȼɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɭɱɟɬ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɜ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɦɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɧɵɦ, ɩɨɬɨɦɭ ɱɬɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 12 ɫɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɛɟɪɟɠɶɟ ɢ 2 ɫɦ ɜ
ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɦɨɪɟ [1-2]. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɚɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [3-5], ɩɪɢɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɜ Ɍɟɯɚɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ (ɋɒȺ) [37]. Ʉɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [7-8, 13],
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɜ ɜ ɨɤɪɚɢɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɹɯ ɞɚɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ
ɫ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ. Ⱥ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɧɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɧɢ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɨɜ.
ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɞɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɦɨɪɟɣ ɩɨɥɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (ɋȼɆɉ) [38] ɫɢɥɶɧɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ [8]. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
ɷɬɨ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɚɦɩɥɢɬɭɞɚ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫ 1985 ɝɨɞɚ (ɧɚɱɚɥɨ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ GEOSAT) ɩɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2 ɦ.
ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [4] ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɋȼɆɉ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1993 ɝ. ɩɨ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ
1995 ɝ., ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɢɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɪɨɫ, ɫɚɦ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɟɧ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ–ɮɟɜɪɚɥɟ, ɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ ɢɸɧɟ–ɢɸɥɟ [1-2].
ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɜ Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɟ, Ȼɚɤɭ, Ɏɨɪɬ-ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ ɢ Ɍɭɪɤɦɟɧɛɚɲɢ (Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɞɫɤ) ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ 1994-1995 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɥɫɹ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ [8]. Ɍɚɤ ɜ 1994 ɝɨɞɭ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚ Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɢɦɧɟɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ, ɚ ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ,
ɛɵɥ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦ, ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭ Ȼɚɤɭ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɯ Ɏɨɪɬ-ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ ɢ
Ɍɭɪɤɦɟɧɛɚɲɢ. ȼ 1995 ɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɭ Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɚ ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɥɟɬɧɟɝɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɟɳɟ ɞɜɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ
ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜ ɦɚɪɬɟ ɢ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ-ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɣ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɚ.
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1993 ɩɨ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ: Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɚ – -26.67 ɦ, Ȼɚɤɭ – -26.74 ɦ, Ɏɨɪɬ-ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ – -26.82 ɦ, Ɍɭɪɤɦɟɧɛɚɲɢ – 26.84 ɦ, ɚ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ -26.76 ɦ [8]. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨɥɟ ɋȼɆɉ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
[4], ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɨɬ 2 ɞɨ 9 ɫɦ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɤɚɤ ɭɠɟ ɨɬɦɟɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [7-8], ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɋȼɆɉ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ
ɡɢɦɨɣ ɥɶɞɚ ɜ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ (ɞɥɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɫɦ [1-2]) ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɥɶɞɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ [7-8].
Ɉɫɨɛɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ [34-35], ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [35], ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɨɲɢɛɤɭ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ «ɫɭɯɨɣ» ɬɪɨɩɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ. ɉɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɚ «ɫɭɯɭɸ» ɬɪɨɩɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɢɡ ɛɚɡɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ [34-35], ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ
ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɚ NCEP/NCAR «Reanalysis» [39-40] ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 0.7 ɫɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ
1992 ɝɨɞɚ ɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1.3 ɫɦ [7-8].
ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 1) (ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɤ – ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɣ ɬɪɟɤ) ɫɨ ɫɝɥɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɹɞɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɦɟɞɢɚɧ ɫ
«ɨɤɧɨɦ» 15 ɫɭɬɨɤ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɨɲɢɛɨɤ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɋȼɆɉ, ɚ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ.
133
Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 235-ɝɨ
ɬɪɟɤɚ (ɪɢɫ. 1ɚ) ɢ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ. Ɇɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɣ. ɍɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɫɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɚ,
ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɞɚɱɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɝɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɬ
ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɩɨ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɦ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɚ 0.1 ɫ [8]. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ
ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɫ 56 ɞɨ 1 ɤɦ [8], ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɫ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɚ ɋɟɪɨɝɥɚɡɨɜɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ 1-2 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɢ ɪɭɫɥɚ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɢɯ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ
-27
-26.7
1
2
3
-27.3
Ⱥɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɨɪɹ (ɦ)
-26.4
ɉɟɪɜɵɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ T/P ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1992 ɝɨɞɚ (ɫ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ) ɩɨ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ
1996 ɝɨɞɚ [3-4] ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɨ ɢɸɥɹ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 19 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɧɚɱɚɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ – 20-25 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ ɢ ɞɪ. [5] ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɥɢ ɷɬɨɬ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɞɨ ɢɸɧɹ 2000 ɝɨɞɚ
ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɦ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɟ, ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɚɹɫɹ ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ 1970-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɞɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɵ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɚ 20.4 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ
ɦɨɪɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1.7 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɨɪɹ ɫɬɚɥ ɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɞɨ ɡɢɦɵ 2001-2002 ɝɝ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ
ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɵ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ: -23.1 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ ɫ ɢɸɥɹ 1995 ɝ. ɩɨ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1996 ɝ., 5.3 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ ɫ ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 1997 ɝ. ɩɨ ɦɚɣ 1999 ɝ., -9.91 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ ɫ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1999 ɝ. ɩɨ ɢɸɧɶ 2001 ɝ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥ
ɧɟɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɢɸɧɹ ɩɨ ɧɨɹɛɪɶ 2001 ɝ. ɇɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 2001 ɝ., ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɡɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɜ ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ, ɢ ɞɨ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɤɨɥɨ 13.7 ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ. Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɡɚɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Ɍ/P ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɚ.
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
ȼɪɟɦɹ (ɝɨɞ)
Ɋɢɫ. 2. ɂɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ (ɦ) ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ ɹɧɜɚɪɹ 1993 ɝ. ɩɨ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 2003 ɝ. ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ɍ/P ɢ Jason-1 ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ: (1) – ɫɟɡɨɧɧɚɹ ɢ (2) – ɦɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. Ɇɚɪɤɟɪɚɦɢ (3) ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ.
134
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ (ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ) ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ
ɫ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɹ 1992 ɝ. ɩɨ ɢɸɧɶ 2004 ɝ. ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ɍ/P ɢ Jason-1.
ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ
ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ 1992 ɝ.
ɧɨɹɛɪɶ 1995 ɝ.
ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶ 1997 ɝ.
ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 1998 ɝ.
ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 2002 ɝ.
–
–
–
–
–
ɦɚɪɬ 1995 ɝ.
ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1996 ɝ.
ɢɸɧɶ 1998 ɝ.
ɚɩɪɟɥɶ 2001 ɝ.
ɢɸɧɶ 2004 ɝ.
ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
(ɫɦ/ɝɨɞ)
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ
ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ
ɘɠɧɵɣ
Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ
Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ
Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ
18.8 ± 1.8
22.2 ± 1.7
20.4 ± 2.4
-24.2 ± 2.0
-17.4 ± 2.4
-26.1 ± 2.1
-2.5 ± 1.0
-6.9 ± 2.0
-6.3 ± 2.1
-7.9 ± 1.3
-6.7 ± 1.6
-12.5 ± 1.8
11.9 ± 2.4
11.8 ± 1.7
17.5 ± 2.9
ɗɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 2). ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ
ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 1.
ȼ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [5] ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɦɨɪɹ, ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɦ ɜ Ȼɚɤɭ, Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɟ, Ɏɨɪɬ-ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ ɢ Ʉɭɭɥɢ-ɦɚɹɤ, ɢ ɩɨ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ
ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɦ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1995-1996 ɝɝ.. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ – 0,81-0.95, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɚ Ɍ/P.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɲɢɪɟ (ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1992 ɝ. –
ɢɸɧɶ 2004 ɝ.) ɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ
ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɵ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ (ɪɢɫ. 1), ɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ – ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɩɨ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ
ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɨ 8 ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɢ 7 ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2. ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 2.
Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɨɣ
ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ Ɍ/P ɢ Jason-1.
ɍɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɟ
ɩɨɫɬɵ
Ɏɨɪɬ ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ
Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɚ
Ɉ. ɀɢɥɨɣ
ɇɟɮɬɹɧɵɟ Ʉɚɦɧɢ
Ȼɚɤɭ
Ʉɭɭɥɢ-Ɇɚɹɤ
Ɍɭɪɤɦɟɧɛɚɲɢ
(Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɞɫɤ)
Ʉɚɪɚ-Ȼɨɝɚɡ-Ƚɨɥ
Ɇɨɪɟ (ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɦ)
Ɍɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɤɨɜ
Ɇɨɪɟ
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ
ɘɠɧɵɣ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ
(ɩɨ ɚɥɶɬ.)
057-092 133-244 133-092 209-092 209-016 031-092 031-016
0.876
0.859
0.923
0.931
0.918
0.931
0.892
0.938
0.899
0.739
0.862
0.853
0.901
0.883
0.874
0.906
0.876
0.863
0.948
0.942
0.932
0.931
0.901
0.950
0.876
0.876
0.943
0.942
0.941
0.948
0.901
0.953
0.841
0.889
0.951
0.960
0.913
0.919
0.892
0.941
0.859
0.874
0.952
0.953
0.925
0.954
0.937
0.958
0.861
0.850
0.918
0.933
0.914
0.948
0.908
0.940
0.880
0.831
0.925
0.932
0.922
0.942
0.912
0.946
0.909
0.876
0.963
0.964
0.956
0.966
0.936
0.978
ɇɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0.739 ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɭ Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɚ (ɋɪɟɞɧɢɣ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣ) ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ
ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 133-244, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ Ʉɚɫɩɢɢ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ 0.960 ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ
ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɚ Ȼɚɤɭ ɢ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 209-092. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ
ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ (Ɇɚɯɚɱɤɚɥɚ,
Ȼɚɤɭ, Ɏɨɪɬ-ɒɟɜɱɟɧɤɨ ɢ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɜɨɞɫɤ), ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɜɵɲɟɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ 133-244, ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 0.9. ɋɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ,
ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ (ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɛɵɥɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨ
ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2) ɞɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ 0.978. ɗɬɨ
ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɢɦɟɸɬ
ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɧɨ ɢ ɞɥɹ
ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ.
135
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
II
III
IV
V
V
VI
VII
Âðåì ÿ (ì åñ.)
(ɜ)
VIII
IX
X
XI
-20
XII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
1600
1200
-28
800
-36
-32
400
Óðî âåí ü âî äû (ñì )
1
2
3
4
0
-20
-24
-28
-32
-36
IV
Àí î ì àëèè âû ñî òû ï î âåðõí î ñòè âî äû (ì )
1600
1200
800
Óðî âåí ü âî äû (ñì )
400
0
III
VII
(ɛ)
1
2
3
4
II
VI
Âðåì ÿ (ì åñ.)
(ɚ)
I
-24
-28
-32
-36
I
Àí î ì àëèè âû ñî òû ï î âåðõí î ñòè âî äû (ì )
1600
1200
800
Óðî âåí ü âî äû (ñì )
400
XII
Âðåì ÿ (ì åñ.)
-20
IV
-24
III
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Àí î ì àëèè âû ñî òû ï î âåðõí î ñòè âî äû (ì )
II
1
2
3
4
0
-20
-24
-28
-32
-36
I
Àí î ì àëèè âû ñî òû ï î âåðõí î ñòè âî äû (ì )
1600
1200
800
400
0
Óðî âåí ü âî äû (ñì )
1
2
3
4
XII
Âðåì ÿ (ì åñ.)
(ɝ)
Ɋɢɫ. 3. ȼɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɯ ȿɧɨɬɚɟɜɤɚ (1), ɋɟɪɨɝɥɚɡɨɜɤɚ
(2), ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ Ʌɟɛɹɠɶɟ (3) ɢ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɵ (4), ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ: (ɚ) – 1995 ɝɨɞ, (ɛ) – 1996 ɝɨɞ, (ɜ) – 1999 ɝɨɞ, (ɝ) – 2001 ɝɨɞ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ
ɧɭɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚ ȿɧɨɬɚɟɜɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɹɬɚ ɧɚ 7 ɦ, ɩɨɫɬɚ ɋɟɪɨɝɥɚɡɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ 3 ɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚ ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ Ʌɟɛɹɠɶɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɚ
ɧɚ 1 ɦ. Ʉ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɝɟɨɢɞɚ (-7.05 ɦ), ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɚɧɨɦɚɥɢɣ ɜɵɫɨɬ
ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧ 1 ɦ.
Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɫɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɯ ȿɧɨɬɚɟɜɤɚ, ɋɟɪɨɝɥɚɡɨɜɤɚ ɢ ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ Ʌɟɛɹɠɶɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɫ 1993 ɝ. ɩɨ 2002 ɝ. (ɞɥɹ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ), ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɡɨɧɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. Ɍɚɤ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɵ ɩɨɥɨɜɨɞɶɹ 1995 ɢ 2001 ɝɨɞɨɜ
(ɪɢɫ. 3ɚ, 3ɝ) ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ 1996 ɝɨɞɚ (ɪɢɫ. 3ɛ) ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. ȼ 1999 ɝɨɞɭ (ɪɢɫ. 3ɜ) ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɜɢɞɧɚ ɩɨɥɤɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɟɡɨɧɟ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɱɬɢ 30 ɞɧɟɣ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ
ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 20 ɞɧɟɣ.
ɗɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɜ ɪɚɣɨɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɋɟɪɨɝɥɚɡɨɜɤɚ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɠɚɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɦɚɪɬɚ
1998 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɫ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɫ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɟɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ.
Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ 235-ɝɨ ɬɪɟɤɚ ɢ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4. Ɉɧɢ
ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɛɥɢɡɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ
(ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦɟɫɹɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ 0.71 ɢ 0.83 ɞɥɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ). ɉɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ 1994–1996 ɝɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɬɨɤɚ
ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ
1996 ɩɨ 1998 ɝɨɞ ɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɞɨ 2001 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɯ. ȿɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ – ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦɚ ɜ 2000 ɝɨɞɭ.
ɗɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɟɫɟɧɧɢɣ ɢ ɥɟɬɧɟ-ɨɫɟɧɧɟɣ ɦɟɠɟɧɢ.
136
Ɋɢɫ. 4. Ɇɟɠɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ȼɨɥɝɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ Ƚɗɋ (1), ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɯ
ȿɧɨɬɚɟɜɤɚ (2), ɋɟɪɨɝɥɚɡɨɜɤɚ (3) ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ Ʌɟɛɹɠɶɟ (4) ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɜɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ (5), ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ, ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɹɧɜɚɪɶ 1992 ɝ. – ɞɟɤɚɛɪɶ 2003 ɝ.. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɬɦɟɬɤɚ ɧɭɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɚ ȿɧɨɬɚɟɜɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɹɬɚ ɧɚ 7 ɦ, ɩɨɫɬɚ ɋɟɪɨɝɥɚɡɨɜɤɚ ɧɚ 3 ɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚ ȼɟɪɯɧɟɟ Ʌɟɛɹɠɶɟ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ 1 ɦ. Ⱦɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɬɵ -28.95 ɦ.
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ
ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɪɪɟɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ
ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ȼɨɥɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɸɬ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ
ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨ- ɩɨɫɬɨɜ.
ȼɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɢ ɜɨɞ
ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɯ ɦɨɪɟɣ, ɨɡɟɪ ɢ ɪɟɤ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɚ, ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɣ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ ɢ ɪɟɤɢ ȼɨɥɝɢ ɜ ɤɜɚɡɢɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɤɚɯ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɜɵɹɜɢɬɶ ɪɨɥɶ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤ, ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ,
ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɦɨɪɹ ɜ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɢ ɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢ, ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ, ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɶ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. Ɉɧ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɩɪɨɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɧɚɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɹ ɤ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɱɪɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɥɹ
ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɚɤɜɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɛɟɪɟɝɚɯ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ, ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
Ʉɚɫɩɢɢ.
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɎɐɇɌɉ «ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɧɚɭɤɢ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ» Ɇɢɧɨɛɪɧɚɭɤɢ ɊɎ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɊɎɎɂ ʋ 03-05-96630 ɢ ʋ
03-07-90174. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɋ.ȼ. ɉɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɰɟɜɭ (ȽɈɂɇ) ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ
ɩɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɦ ȼ.Ɏ. ɉɨɥɨɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɢ Ʌ.ɉ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɭɦɨɜɨɣ (ȽɈɂɇ) ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ
ɝɢɞɪɨɩɨɫɬɚɦ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1.
2.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɹ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɯɢɦɢɹ ɦɨɪɟɣ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ «Ɇɨɪɹ». Ɍɨɦ VI. Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɦɨɪɟ. ȼɵɩ. 1. Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ. / ɉɨɞ ɪɟɞ. Ɏ.ɋ. Ɍɟɪɡɢɟɜɚ, Ⱥ.ɇ. Ʉɨɫɚɪɟɜɚ ɢ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ʉɟɪɢɦɨɜɚ. // ɋ.-ɉɛ.: Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ. 1992. 359 ɫ.
Kosarev A.N., Yablonskaya E.A. The Caspian Sea. Academic Publishing. // The Hague. 1994. 259 pp.
137
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
138
Ɍɚɬɟɜɹɧ ɋ.Ʉ. Ʉɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ.
1997. ʋ 3. ɋ.21–23.
Cazenave A., Bonnefond P., Dominh K., Schaeffer P. Caspian sea level from Topex/Poseidon altimetry: Level now falling.
// Geophys. Res. Letters. 1997. V. 24. ʋ 8. P. 881–884.
ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜ Ⱥ.ɋ., Ʌɚɩɲɢɧ ȼ.Ȼ., Ʌɭɩɚɱɟɜ ɘ.ȼ., Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜ ɉ.ɉ., ɉɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɰɟɜ ɋ.ȼ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹɦ. // Ɍɪɭɞɵ ȽɈɂɇ. 2002. ȼɵɩ. 208. ɋ. 277-292.
Ɏɪɨɥɨɜ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ɇɨɞɟɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ: ɬɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. // Ɇ.:
ȽȿɈɋ. 2003. 174 ɫ.
Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ. 2004. ʋ 3. ɋ. 82101.
Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ Ⱥ.Ƚ. ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɹ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. // Ɇ.: ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɨɤɟɚɧɚ. 2005. 352 ɫ. (ɜ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ)
Ȼɟɞɪɢɰɤɢɣ Ⱥ.ɂ., ɏɨɞɤɢɧ ɋ.ɋ., Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜ Ⱥ.Ⱥ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɨɯɪɚɧɧɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɟɣ ɨ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɨ-ɤɥɢɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ. 2001. ʋ 5. ɋ. 96-115.
Ʉɨɫɬɹɧɨɣ Ⱥ.Ƚ., Ʌɨɛɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ Ʌ.ɂ. ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝ Ʉɚɫɩɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɪɹ. // ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ Ʉɚɫɩɢɹ. 2003. ʋ
6. ɋ.56-65.
Nerem R.S., Mitchum G.T. Sea Level Change. // In: Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences. A Handbook of Techniques
and Applications (Eds. L.L. Fu and A. Cazenave). Academic Press. San Diego. 2001. P. 329-350.
Larnicol G., Le Traon P.-Y., Ayoub N., De Mey P. Mean sea level and surface circulation variability of the Mediterranean
Sea from 2 years of TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry. // J. Geophys. Res. 1995. V. 100. ʋC12. P. 25163–25177.
Lebedev S.A., Zilberstein O.I., Popov S.K., Tikhonova O.V. Analysis of temporal sea level variation in the Barents and the
White Seas from altimetry, tide gauges and hydrodynamic simulation. // In: International Workshop on Satellite Altimetry
(Eds. C. Hwang, C.K. Shum, J.C. Li). IAG Symposia. V. 126. Springer-Verlag. Berlin. Heidelberg. 2003. P. 243–250.
Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ɍɢɯɨɧɨɜɚ Ɉ.ȼ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɸɝɨ–ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɪɟɧɰɟɜɚ ɦɨɪɹ. // VI Ɇɟɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ–ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ». Ɇɨɫɤɚɜ, 15–17 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 2000 ɝ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɇ.: ɂɈ ɊȺɇ. 2000. ɑɚɫɬɶ 2.
ɋ. 58–64.
Fenoglio-Marc L. Analysis and representation of regional sea-level variability from altimetry and atmospheric–oceanic
data. // Geophys. J. Int. 2001. V. 145. ʋ 1. P. 1–18.
Kostianoy A.G., Zavialov P.O., Lebedev S.A. What do we know about dead, dying and endangered lakes and seas? // In:
Dying and Dead Seas Climatic Versus Anthropic Causes (Eds.J.C.J. Nihoul, P.O. Zavialov, P.P. Micklin). NATO Science
Series. Series IV: Earth and Environmental Science. V. 36. Kluwer Acad. Publ. Dordrecht. 2004. P. 1–48.
Morris G.S., Gill S.K. Variation of Great Lakes water levels derived from GEOSAT altimetry. // Water Resources Res.
1994a. V. 30. ʋ 4. P. 1009-1017.
Morris G.S., Gill S.K. Evaluation of the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter system over the Great Lakes. // J. Geophys. Res.
1994b. V. 99. ʋ C12. P. 24527-24540.
Birkett C.M. The contribution of TOPEX/Poseidon to the global monitoring of climatically sensitive lakes. // J. Geophys.
Res. 1995. V.100. ʋ C12. P. 25179–25204.
Birkett C.M., Murtugudde R., Allan T. Indian Ocean climate event brings floods to East Africa’s lakes and the Sudd
Marsh. // Geophys. Res. Letters. 1999. ʋ 26. Ɋ. 1031–1034.
Birkett C.M. Synergistic remote sensing of Lake Chad: variability of basin inundation. // Remote Sens. Environ. 2000. V.
72, ʋ 2. P. 218–236.
Mercier F., Cazenave A., Maheu C. Interannual lake level fluctuations (1993–1999) in Africa from TOPEX/Poseidon:
connections with ocean–atmosphere interactions over the Indian Ocean. // Global and Planetary Changes. 2002. ʋ 32. P.
141– 163.
Koblinsky C.J., Clarke R.T., Brenner A.C., Frey H. Measurement of river level variations with satellite altimetry. // Water
Resources Research. 1993. V. 29. ʋ 6. P. 1839–1848.
Birkett C.M. Contribution of the Topex NASA radar altimeter to the global monitoring of large rivers and wetlands. //
Water Resour. Res. 1998. V. 34. ʋ 5. P. 1223–1239.
Benveniste J., Berry P. Monitoring River and Lake Levels from Space. // ESA Bulletin. 2004. ʋ 117. P. 36–42.
Campos I.O., Mercier F., Maheu C., Cochenneau G., Kosuth P., Blitzkow D., Cazenave A. Temporal variations of river
basin waters from Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry. Application to the Amazon basin. // Earth and Planetary Sciences,
2001, V. 333. ʋ 10. P. 633–643.
Birkett C.M., Mertes L.A.K., Dunne T., Costa M.H., Jasinski M.J. Surface water dynamics in the Amazon Basin: Application of satellite radar altimetry. // J. Geophys. Res. 2002. V. 107. ʋ D20. 8059, doi:10.1029/2001JD000609.
Kouraev A.V., Zakharova E.A., Samain O., Mognard N.M., Cazenave A. Ob’ river discharge from TOPEX/Poseidon satellite alimetry (1992–2002). // Remove Sensing of Environment. 2004c. Vol. 93. Ɋ. 238–245.
Maheu C., Cazenave A., Mechoso C.R. Water level fluctuations in the Plata Basin (South America) from Topex/Poseidon
Satellite Altimetry. // Geophys. Res. Letters. 2003. V. 30. ʋ 3. P. 1143–1146.
Fu L.-L., Pihos G. Determining the response of sea level to atmospheric pressure forcing using TOPEX/Poseidon data. // J.
Geophys. Res. 1994. V. 99. ʋ C12. P. 24633–24642.
Chelton D.B., Ries J.C., Haines B.J., Fu L.-L., Callahan P.S. Satellite Altimetry. // In: Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences. A Handbook of Techniques and Applications. (Eds. L.-L. Fu and A. Cazenave). Academic Press. 2001. Ɋ. 1–131.
Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜ ɉ.ɉ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ. // VI Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ «ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ», 15–17 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ
2000, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ. Ɇ.: ɂɈ ɊȺɇ. 2000. ɑɚɫɬɶ 2. ɋ. 52-57.
33. Ʌɟɛɟɞɟɜ ɋ.Ⱥ., Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɟɜ ɉ.ɉ. ɂɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɚɥɶɬɢɦɟɬɪɢɢ ɤɚɤ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. // ɇɚɭɱɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ
ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚɯ – ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɯ ɋɇȽ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɚɹ 10-ɥɟɬɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ
Ɇɟɠɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɜɟɬɚ ɩɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɢ, 23 – 26 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2002, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ. Ɍɟɡɢɫɵ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ.
ɋɟɤɰɢɹ 2. Ƚɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹ, ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ. ɋɉɛ.: Ƚɢɞɪɨɦɟɬɟɨɢɡɞɚɬ. 2000. ɋ. 184-186.
34. Benada J.R. PODAAC Merged GDR (TOPEX/POSEIDON) Generation B User's Handbook. Version 2.0. JPL D-11007.
1997. 131 pp.
35. Picot N., Case K., Desai S., Vincent P. AVISO and PODAAC User Handbook. IGDR and GDR Jason Products. SMMMU-M5-OP-13184-CN (AVISO). JPL D-21352 (PODAAC). 2003. Edition 2.0. 107 pp.
36. AVISO/Altimetry. User Handbook. Merged TOPEX/POSEIDON Products. AVISO. Toulouse. AVI–NT–02–101–CN.
Edition 3.0. 1996. 201 pp.
37. Eanes R.J., Bettadpur S.V. The CSR 3.0 Global Ocean Tide Model. Center for Space Research. Technical Memorandum
CSR-TM-95-06. Austin: Univ. of Texas. 1995.
38. Tapley B.D., Kim M.-C. Applications to Geodesy. // In: Satellite Altimetry and Earth Sciences. A Handbook of Techniques
and Applications (Eds. L.L. Fu and A. Cazenave). Academic Press. San Diego. 2001. P. 371-406.
39. Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R., Collins W., Deaven D., Gandin L., Iredell M., Saha S., White G., Woollen J., Zhu Y.,
Chelliah M., Ebisuzaki W., Higgins W., Janowiak J., Mo K.C., Ropelewski C., Wang J., Leetmaa A., Reynolds R., Jenne R.,
Joseph D. The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. // Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1996. V.77.
ʋ 3. P. 437–471.
40. Kistler R., Kalnay E., Collins W., Saha S., White G., Woollen J., Chelliah M., Ebisuzaki W., Kanamitsu M., Kousky V., van
den Dool H., Jenne R., Fiorino M. The NCEP–NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation. // Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2001. V.82. ʋ 2. P. 247–267.
139