Бабореко А.Д.

Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ¾Ëîìîíîñîâ 2011¿
Ñåêöèÿ ¾Èñòîðèÿ¿
Êàòåãîðèÿ "âàðâàðñòâà"èðëàíäöåâ ïî àíãëèéñêèì èñòî÷íèêàì XII â. êàê
ýëåìåíò ýòíè÷åñêîé èäåíòèôèêàöèè.
Áàáîðåêî Àëåêñàíäð Äìèòðèåâè÷
Ñòóäåíò
ÁÃÓ - Áåëîðóññêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé óíèâåðñèòåò, Èñòîðè÷åñêèé ôàêóëüòåò,
Áîðèñîâ, Áåëàðóñü
E-mail: [email protected]
Ýòíè÷åñêàÿ èäåíòè÷íîñòü, áóäó÷è êîìïëåêñíûì ôåíîìåíîì, îïðåäåëèòü êîòîðûé
ìîæíî êàê îáúåêòèâèðîâàííîå çíàíèå î ¾ñåáå¿ è ¾äðóãèõ¿, à òàêæå èõ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîâðåìåííûõ ãðàíèöàõ, ñêëàäûâàåòñÿ èç ñîâîêóïíîñòè êàòåãîðèé êîíñòðóèðóåìûõ è ðåêîíñòðóèðóåìûõ â ðÿäå ñìåíÿþùèõ äðóã äðóãà ïîêîëåíèé: ïðåäñòàâëåíèé, óáåæäåíèé,
ñòåðåîòèïîâ, óñòàíîâîê, ìîäåëåé ïîâåäåíèÿ è äð., îáëàäàþùèõ òîé èëè èíîé ñòåïåíüþ
óñòîé÷èâîñòè è ñïîñîáíîñòüþ ê ðåòðàíñëÿöèè.
Îäíîé èç íàèáîëåå óñòîé÷èâûõ êàòåãîðèé â (âçàèìî-) èäåíòèôèêàöèè àíãëè÷àí è èðëàíäöåâ ÿâëÿåòñÿ êàòåãîðèÿ ¾âàðâàðñòâà¿ íàñåëåíèÿ Èðëàíäèè, àïåëëèðóÿ ê êîòîðîìó
(â òîì ÷èñëå) ëåãèòèìèðóåòñÿ ýêñïàíñèÿ íà îñòðîâ àíãëî-íîðìàíäñêîãî ðûöàðñòâà, íà÷àâøàÿñÿ â XII â. Ñàìî ïîíÿòèå ¾âàðâàðñòâà¿, çàðîäèâøèñü â Äðåâíåé Ãðåöèè ñ îäíîé
ñòîðîíû ýâîëþöèîíèðîâàëî, ïðèñïîñàáëèâàÿñü ê ñîöèàëüíî-êóëüòóðíîìó êîíòåêñòó îò
ýòíè÷åñêîãî ê êîíôåññèîíàëüíîìó îïðåäåëåíèþ, âêëþ÷àÿ, ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ¾âñå íåãðå÷åñêîå¿, ¾âñå íå-ãðå÷åñêîå è íå-ðèìñêîå¿, ¾ãðå÷åñêîå è ðèìñêîå¿ (ÿçû÷åñêîå) [2].
Îäíàêî â îòíîøåíèè íàñåëåíèÿ Èðëàíäèè ðåëèãèîçíûé ïðèíöèï áûë de facto ìàëîïðèåìëèì âñëåäñòâèå åãî ïðèíàäëåæíîñòè ê Öåðêâè è áåçóñëîâíîìó ïðèçíàíèþ àâòîðèòåòà
Ïàïû. Èìåííî îòñþäà ïðåîáëàäàíèå êàòåãîðèé ¾âàðâàðñòâî¿ è ¾âðàãà¿ íàä ¾åðåòèê¿ â
èäåíòèôèêàöèè íàñåëåíèÿ îñòðîâà [6, 9].
Òàê, Giraldus Cambrensis, ó÷àñòíèê ïîõîäîâ Ãåíðèõà II Ïëàíòàãåíåòà è Èîàííà, ñîñòàâèâøèé îïèñàíèå Èðëàíäèè XII â., ïèøåò:
The Irish are a rude people, subsisting on the produce of their cattle only, and living
themselves like beasts a people that has not yet departed from the primitive habits of pastoral
life. In the common course of things, mankind progresses from the forest to the eld, from the
eld to the town, and to the social condition of citizens; but this nation, holding agricultural
labour in contempt, and little covering the wealth of towns, as well as being exceedingly averse
to civil institutions lead the same life their fathers did in the woods and open pastures, neither
willing to abandon their old habits or learn anything new. (Giraldus Cambrensis 1894, p.
124)
Îòìå÷àÿ â ïåðâóþ î÷åðåäü ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ÷åðòû, îòëè÷íûå îò ñëîæèâøåéñÿ íà êîíòèíåíòå è â Àíãëèè ôåîäàëüíîé ñèñòåìû.
Òî÷íî òàêæå â æèòèè ñâ. Ìàëàõèÿ ñâ. Áåðíàðä Êëåðâîññêèé [8] âèäèò â ¾âàðâàðñòâå¿ èìåííî îïðåäåëåííûé ñîöèàëüíûé ïîðÿäîê, êîòîðûé âèäèòñÿ åìó íå êàê íå÷òî
íåèçìåííîå, íî îò êîòîðîãî âîçìîæíî ïðèéòè ê Áîãó:
Our Malachy, born in Ireland, of a barbarous people, was brought up there, and there
received his education. But from the barbarism of his birth he contracted no taint, any more
than the shes of the sea from their native salt. But how delightful to reect, that uncultured
barbarism should have produced for us so worthy a fellow-citizen with the saints and member
1
Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ¾Ëîìîíîñîâ 2011¿
of the household of God. (St. Bernard of Clairvaux's life of St. Malachy of Armagh, 1920, p.
34)
Ïðè ýòîì, Giraldus Cambrensis â ñâîåì òðàêòàòå îäíîâðåìåííî àïåëëèðóåò ê ñôîðìèðîâàâøåìóñÿ åùå â ýïîõó Ýëëèíèçìà îáðàçó ¾âàðâàðà¿ êàê ÷åëîâåêà â åñòåñòâåííîì
ñîñòîÿíèè, áëèçêîì ê ïðèðîäå [3] but abandoning themselves to idleness, and immersed in
sloth, their greatest delight is to be exempt from toil, their richest possession the enjoyment
of liberty (Giraldus Cambrensis 1894, p. 125). Íàçûâàÿ ãëàâíîé öåííîñòüþ òàêîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ, ¾îáëàäàíèå ñâîáîäîé¿.
Ýòî ñâèäåòåëüñòâóåò î âíåðåëèãèîçíîì õàðàêòåðå îáîñíîâàíèÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ äåéñòâèé ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê Èðëàíäèè, ñêîðåå ïðîèñòåêàþùåì èç ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêîé ìîäåëè
¾Pax Ecclesia¿ (èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, íà÷èíàÿ ñ XI â.), êîòîðàÿ íàñëåäóåòñÿ çàïàäíûì õðèñòèàíñêèì ìèðîì îò ¾Pax Romana¿. Ïðè ýòîì îòíîøåíèÿ ìåæäó àíãëî-íîðìàííàìè è
èðëàíäöàìè íå íîñèëè êñåíîôîáñêèé õàðàêòåð (ìîæíî îòìåòèòü òîò ôàêò, ÷òî Ãåíðèõ
II ïðèíèìàåò â Äóáëèíå ïðèñÿãó îò èðëàíäñêèõ ðèàãîâ (âîæäåé-êîðîëåé) â ñïåöèàëüíî
âûñòðîåííîì ïî äëÿ ýòîãî ïî èðëàíäñêîìó îáû÷àþ äåðåâÿííîì êîðîëåâñêîì äâîðöå,
óêðàøåííîì îðóæèåì è óòâàðüþ êîðîëÿ, äåìîíñòðèðîâàâøåé åãî ñèëó è áîãàòñòâà); íî
ñêîðåå òÿãîòåëè ê èíòåãðàòèâíîé ñòðàòåãèè. Ýòî òåì áîëåå ïðîÿâëÿåòñÿ â ïîñëåäóþùèé
ïåðèîä, êîãäà ê XIV â. ñòàëî íåîáõîäèìî ââåñòè íîðìàòèâíîå îïðåäåëåíèå Englishness
[7], òàê êàê ïîñåëèâøèå íà îñòðîâå àíãëè÷àíå ñòàëè ïðèäåðæèâàòüñÿ îáðàçà æèçíè ¾âàðâàðîâ¿, ÷òî ïðîÿâëÿëîñü â òàêèõ ýëåìåíòàõ êàê ëè÷íûå èìåíà, ÿçûê, îäåæäà, ðàçâëå÷åíèÿ, ìàíåðà âåðõîâîé åçäû è äð., î êîòîðûõ ñ ïðåíåáðåæåíèåì â XII â. Ïèøåò Giraldus
Cambrensis.
Ïîäîáíûå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, òåì íå ìåíåå, ñâèäåòåëüñòâóþò íå îá óðîâíå ðàçâèòèÿ èðëàíäñêîãî îáùåñòâà, à ñêîðåå î åãî îñîáîì ïóòè, êîòîðûé õàðàêòåðèçóåòñÿ îòñóòñòâèåì
ïðÿìîãî âîçäåéñòâèÿ ðèìñêîé òðàäèöèè, êîòîðàÿ çäåñü, â îòëè÷èå îò êîíòèíåíòà, íå
çàìåñòèëà ñîáîé ìåñòíûå èíñòèòóòû, íî îðãàíè÷åñêè â íèõ âïèñàëàñü. Ýòî, â ïåðâóþ
î÷åðåäü õîðîøî âèäíî íà ïðèìåðå ¾ïèñüìåííîé êóëüòóðû¿ ìîíàøåñòâà, âîñïðèíÿâøåé
âûñîêèé ñîöèàëüíûé ñòàòóñ îò òðàäèöèîííîãî êåëüòñêîãî èíñòèòóòà aes dana (ëþäåé èñêóññòâà). Òî÷íî òàêæå ðÿä ñîâðåìåííûõ èññëåäîâàòåëåé, îòñòàèâàþùèõ ìóëüòèêóëüòóðàëüíûå âçãëÿäû íà èñòîðèîãðàôèþ, óêàçûâàþò, ÷òî ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ñèñòåìà
Èðëàíäèè áûëà íå ñòîëüêî ïðèìèòèâíîé, ñêîëüêî èíîé, ÷òî íå ìåøàëî åé áûòü ñëîæíîèåðàðõè÷íîé è îäíîâðåìåííî âåñüìà ñòðîãîé â ñâîåì ïîðÿäêå[1, 4, 5].
Òàêèì îáðàçîì, èñïîëüçîâàíèå êàòåãîðèè ¾âàðâàð¿ â êà÷åñòâå èäåíòèôèêàöèè èðëàíäñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ õàðàêòåðèçóåò îáùåñòâåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèå è ãåîïîëèòè÷åñêèå òåíäåíöèè âî âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿõ ñ Èðëàíäèåé, äëÿ êîòîðûõ â ïåðèîä Âûñîêîãî ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ ðåëèãèîçíûå îñîáåííîñòè òðàäèöèé íàñåëåíèÿ èãðàëè ðàçâå ÷òî âòîðîñòåïåííóþ
ðîëü, âûõîäÿ íå ïåðåäíèé ïëàí íå ðàíåå ýïîõè Ðåôîðìàöèè.
Ëèòåðàòóðà
1. Áèðí Ô. Ä. Êîðîëè è âåðõîâíûå ïðàâèòåëè Èðëàíäèè. ÑÏá, 2006.
2. Ìîñîëèí À. Â. Ïîíÿòèå barbarus ó ðàííèõ ðèìñêèõ ïèñàòåëåé (àíàëèç èñòî÷íèêîâ)
// Àí-òè÷íûé ìèð è àðõåîëîãèÿ, Âûï. 11. Ñàðàòîâ, 2002. Ñ. 47 51.
3. Õàäèíà À. Â. Ýëëèíèçì è âàðâàðû: îòêðûòèå Ïîñèäîíèÿ // Àíòè÷íûé ìèð è
àðõåîëîãèÿ, Âûï. 11. Ñàðàòîâ, 2002. Ñ. 37 39.
2
Êîíôåðåíöèÿ ¾Ëîìîíîñîâ 2011¿
4. Øêóíàåâ Ñ.Â. Îáùèíà è îáùåñòâî çàïàäíûõ êåëüòîâ. Ì., 1989.
5. Charles-Edwards T. M 2000 Early Christian Ireland, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge New York.
6. Giraldus Cambrensis 1894, The Topography Of Ireland, And The History Of The
Conquest Of Ireland, T. Wright (ed.), The Historical Works Of Giraldus Cambrensis,
George Bell Sons, London New York, pp. 1 324.
7. Statute of Kilkenny (1367) 1841 Tracts Relating To Ireland Printed For The Irish
Archaeological Society, Vol. 2, Dublin.
8. St. Bernard of Clairvaux's life of St. Malachy of Armagh, 1920, Lawlor, H. J (ed.) The
Macmil-lan Company, London New York.
9. Lawlor, H. J 1920, St. Bernard of Clairvaux's life of St. Malachy of Armagh, The
Macmillan Company, London New York.
3